DOI: 10.3303/CET25120024 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Paper Received: 14 May 2025; Revised: 26 August 2025; Accepted: 17 September 2025 
Please cite this article as: Silva G.M.V., Go A.J.A., Manlulu R.E.M., Calero J.A.R., Aviso K.B., Choi A.E.S., 2025, Advances in Biodegradable 
Plastic Production: Exploring Strategies and Technologies using Renewable Resources, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 120, 139-144  
DOI:10.3303/CET25120024 
  

 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS  
 

VOL. 120, 2025 

A publication of 

 

The Italian Association 

of Chemical Engineering 

Online at www.cetjournal.it 

Guest Editors: Bing Shen How, Viknesh Andiappan, Denny K.S. Ng, Hon Loong Lam, Petar S. Varbanov 

Copyright © 2025, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l. 

ISBN 979-12-81206-21-2; ISSN 2283-9216 

Advances in Biodegradable Plastic Production: Exploring 

Strategies and Technologies using Renewable Resources  

Gamille Marie V. Silva, Alijaeh Joshua A. Go, Ralph Emmanuel M. Manlulu, Jose 

Antonio R. Calero, Kathleen B. Aviso, Angelo Earvin Sy Choi* 

Department of Chemical Engineering, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Ave., Manila 0922, Philippines 

angelo.choi@dlsu.edu.ph 

Plastic pollution has escalated to critical levels, threatening terrestrial and marine ecosystems due to their 

persistent and non-degradable nature. Recent global initiatives, such as the UNEA resolutions advocating a 

legally binding treaty to address plastic pollution across the product life cycle, highlight the necessity for 

international cooperation to combat this crisis. Effective solutions remain elusive, hindered by cross-border 

coordination challenges, inadequate waste management, and the absence of integrated disaster risk reduction 

strategies. Biodegradable plastics offer a promising alternative to mitigate environmental impacts. These 

materials achieve substantial biodegradation within six months under specific conditions.  

This review examines production methods of biodegradable plastics utilizing renewable resources such as 

cassava, corn starch, and banana plant materials. This emphasizes their potential as sustainable alternatives 

to conventional plastics. Additives such as chitosan, glycerol, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) play pivotal roles in 

enhancing mechanical properties while addressing the inherent limitations of starch-based plastics. An analysis 

of multi-objective optimization techniques demonstrates how to reconcile conflicting goals while benchmarking 

efficacy against industrial requirements. The review advocates for hybrid optimization models that 

simultaneously target mechanical, environmental, and economic objectives. This work highlights the potential 

of biodegradable plastics as sustainable alternatives to mitigate the environmental impacts of synthetic plastics. 

1. Introduction 

The current state of plastic pollution has reached alarming levels, with significant impacts on both terrestrial and 

marine ecosystems, as plastics are notoriously difficult to degrade naturally. International cooperation on plastic 

pollution is increasingly recognized as essential to address this global crisis effectively. Recent initiatives, such 

as the resolutions from the United Nations Environmental Assembly (UNEA) such as UNEA Resolution 5/14 

advocating for a legally binding treaty to end plastic pollution, reflect a growing consensus  including the need 

for coordinated action across borders, the establishment of comprehensive waste management systems, and 

the integration of disaster risk reduction strategies to protect vulnerable communities from the adverse impacts 

of plastic pollution (Alaghemandi, 2024).  

This environmental crisis has prompted a pressing need to produce biodegradable plastics, which can mitigate 

the adverse effects of plastic waste by breaking down more efficiently in natural environments. Transitioning to 

biodegradable alternatives not only addresses the growing plastic waste problem but also aligns with global 

sustainability goals, emphasizing the importance of innovative materials that reduce reliance on traditional 

petrochemical plastics (Pilapitiya and Ratnayake, 2024).  

This paper aims to discuss how the use of renewable resources benefits recyclability, conversion efficiency, and 

conversion time of plastics. 

 

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2. Biodegradable Plastics 

Global plastic production reached 412 Mt in 2020, with packaging constituting 40 % of output (Pilapitiya and 

Ratnayake, 2024). Different types of plastics are used based on their properties and intended applications. High-

density polyethylene (HDPE) is strong and chemical-resistant, ideal for containers and pipes. Low-density 

polyethylene (LDPE) is flexible and used in bags and wraps. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is favored for 

bottles and textiles due to its barrier properties. The rigidity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) suits construction and 

medical uses. Selection depends on performance needs, cost, and environmental factors. It has been projected 

that plastic waste accumulation would be equal to the amount of marine line in the ocean (Stubbins et al., 2021). 

Biodegradable alternatives have potential use for packaging, as it accounts for 59 % of plastic waste (Sardon 

et al., 2021). 

According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), biodegradable plastics are defined 

as polymeric substances that are vulnerable to biological decomposition which lower the molar masses of the 

macromolecules composing of the substance (Vert et al., 2012). Biodegradation is a phenomenon of biotic 

degradation mostly brought about by an enzymatic process that stems from the activity of cells. It continues until 

mineralization occurs, producing new biomass, water, and either CO2 or CH4 in an aerobic or anaerobic 

environment. It must achieve a specified degree of biodegradation of 90 %, after a predetermined amount of 

time, six months.  This can be verified, monitored, and quantified using established assays. Various media such 

as compost or soil can be used in relation to the targeted uses. Compostability is related to the biodegradability 

analysis of compost. Based on their macromolecular structures, these polymers can then also be recycled as 

other polymers. The decision regarding the use, production, or disposal of biodegradable plastics by the 

stakeholders such as policymakers, manufacturers, and researchers must be based on the outcomes of their 

individual life-cycle assessments (LCAs), which evaluate the various approaches (Sardon et al., 2021). There 

are also problems with recycling materials with complex polymer composition, as they need additional resources 

to decompose. When conventional plastic composites are recycled, harmful gases such as CO2 and SOx/NOx 

gases are released into the atmosphere.  

2.1 Production of Biodegradable Plastic using Renewable Resources 

There have been various studies that have investigated using renewable resources. The study by Moro et al. 

(2017) demonstrated that cassava starch, corn starch, and passion fruit peel flour can be effectively combined 

to produce biodegradable plastics with desirable mechanical and environmental properties. In contrast, the 

biodegradable plastic material created by Abera et al. (2023) utilized banana plant materials, specifically the 

pseudo-stem for fiber extraction and the peel for starch extraction, both obtained from Musa Cavendish species. 

A study by Ago et al. (2016) showed that nanocellulose extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunches could 

reinforce bioplastics, enhancing mechanical and thermal properties. Furthermore, Chia et al. (2020) explored 

the use of algal biomass as a sustainable feedstock, producing bioplastics with rapid biodegradability in marine 

environments. Research by Haghighi et al. (2020) demonstrated that chitosan could be combined with gelatin 

to form biodegradable films with antimicrobial properties. It should be noted that a major concern regarding 

biodegradable plastics is their inferior mechanical strength compared to conventional synthetic plastics. While 

renewable resource-based bioplastics offer environmental benefits, their tensile strength, flexibility, and 

durability often fall short of petroleum-based alternatives (Singh et al., 2024). 

2.2 Mechanical Properties   

Starch-based biodegradable plastics naturally possess poor mechanical properties, which entail drawbacks in 

comparison to its synthetic polymer counterparts (Tafa et al., 2023). These challenges include controlling 

miscibility problems at high starch content, avoiding deterioration of mechanical properties at high starch 

content, and reducing costs at low starch contents (Gadhave et al., 2018). It also has water absorption, high 

moisture content, and swelling (Oluwasina et al., 2021). Additives such as plasticizers can enhance elongation 

up to 90 % (Lindriati et al., 2021). Hydrophobic agents such as chitosan reduce water absorption by 30–40 % 

(Tan et al., 2022). Despite these improvements, trade-offs persist. Starch blends degrade rapidly from 85–100 

% in 3–6 months, whereas synthetic additives such as PVA slow biodegradation at 60 % in 6 months (Zhang et 

al., 2021). Empirical studies confirm that starch-based plastics can degrade by up to 90 % within 3–6 months 

under composting conditions, as outlined by Vert et al. (2012). For instance, Moro et al. (2017) observed 85 % 

mass loss in four months, while Abera et al. (2023) reported complete degradation in soil within six months. 

However, blends containing polymers such as PVA exhibit slower breakdown rates due to their resistance to 

microbial action, with some studies noting only 60 % mineralization after six months Zhang et al. (2021). These 

findings underscore the trade-offs between mechanical performance and environmental impact, necessitating 

effective material design for specific applications. 

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2.3 Additives 

The following subsections discuss common additives used in biodegradable plastics to enhance their 

mechanical properties, flexibility, and functionality. These additives, such as chitosan, glycerol, and polyvinyl 

alcohol (PVA), are categorized based on their roles as copolymer reinforcements, plasticizers, and synthetic 

polymer modifiers, respectively. Each additive is examined in terms of its mechanism of action and effects on 

tensile strength and elongation. 

2.3.1 Chitosan 

Chitosan is derived from chitin, a natural polymer found in many living organisms including insect exoskeletons, 

fungal cell walls, invertebrate shells, fish scales, and eggshells. As a copolymer additive, chitosan is one of the 

most suitable additives for starch-based biodegradable plastics as it reduces the hydrophilic characteristics of 

the film and improves its mechanical properties in a non-toxic and low-cost way (Tan et al., 2022).  It is also 

used as a reinforcement and as a protective edible coating to block contamination (Syaubari et al., 2022).  

The relationship between chitosan and tensile strength can be attributed to the molecular weight of chitosan, 

which considers the degree of deacetylation when deriving chitosan. The lower the molecular weight, the lower 

the tensile strength value. This could be due to entanglement being less likely to occur with shorter chitosan 

molecules (Chen and Hwa, 1996). Increasing the amount of chitosan added to starch-based film blends leads 

to higher tensile strength and lower elongation. In a study published by Lestari et al. (2020), chitosan percentage 

and tensile strength are directly proportional due to the increase of hydrogen bonding.  

This results in stronger and harder-to-break biodegradable plastic. When the chitosan concentration in the blend 

is at 30 %, the tensile strength was close to zero. As the concentration increased to 50 %, the tensile strength 

reached a maximum of 31.8 MPa. Excessively increasing the chitosan content in the blend can reduce the 

tensile strength as 60 % chitosan added resulted in a decreased tensile strength of 3.33 MPa. In terms of 

elongation, however, the increase of hydrogen bonds leads to closing the distance between molecules, 

consequently losing stretchability.  

2.3.2 Glycerol  

In the production of starch-based biodegradable plastic, plasticizers are used to control the brittleness of the 

film, which can be attributed to high intermolecular forces. Glycerol is regarded as the best plasticizer as it 

possesses hydroxyl groups which are responsible for controlling and reducing internal hydrogen bonds in 

intermolecular bonds (Syaubari et al., 2022).  

The study by Lestari et al. (2020) revealed that a higher glycerol content added to the film blend would result in 

a lower tensile strength, but higher elongation. Its innate ability to reduce intermolecular bonds causes the tensile 

strength to decrease. Conversely, depleting hydrogen bonds allows the distance of biopolymer molecules to 

become tenuous. This state of strain among the molecules increases the flexibility of the biodegradable plastic. 

With a basis of 2 % elongation, a 10 % glycerol content in the blend leads to a 1.3 % increase in elongation 

percent. Further increasing the glycerol percent to 45 % then reached an elongation of 4 %. High elongation 

yield was expected as the function of glycerol as a plasticizer is to aid in the flexibility of the plastic.  Increasing 

plasticizers would also result in increased water resistance.  

The utilization of glycerol plasticizer in processing biodegradable plastics proves to be advantageous as glycerol 

does not evaporate when added to the blend in comparison to other plasticizers such as water, ethanol, or low-

molecular-weight polyethylene glycol (PEG), which can volatilize during thermal processing, leading to 

inconsistent plasticization and material defects (Syaubari et al., 2022).  

2.3.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol  

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a water-soluble synthetic polymer usually prepared by the hydrolysis of polyvinyl 

acetate. Mixing PVA with natural polymers proved to be an effective way to obtain a biopolymer with improved 

mechanical properties and biological performances (Elsaeed et al., 2023). It is important in additive-making 

water-soluble films as it can form films, emulsifiers, and adhesive properties. Similar to glycerol, PVA 

strengthens hydrogen bonds in starch-based biodegradable plastics. Higher amounts of PVA added to the film 

blend would lead to an increase in tensile strength and a decrease on elongation.  

Based on the study conducted by Lestari et al. (2020), the tensile strength of the starch-based biodegradable 

plastic increased at an estimate of 0.5 % per g of PVA added. The study obtained the highest tensile strength 

of 2.2 MPa for 3 g of PVA. Testing the effect of 3 g of PVA on the film resulted in around a 4.2 % elongation, 

whereas 1 g of PVA increased the elongation to 7 %.  

  

141



Table 1: Summary of pertinent mechanical properties of biodegradable plastic studies. 

Material Parameter Results Reference 

Chitosan, 

Glycerol 

Elongation Increases as glycerol increases Syaubari et al. (2022) 

Chitosan Tensile 

Strength 

At 30 %, tensile strength at 0. At 50 %, tensile 

strength at maximum of 31.8 kPa 

Lestari et al. (2020) 

PVA Tensile 

Strength 

Tensile strength increased as PVA increased Lestari et al. (2020) 

 

Glycerol Elongation A 45 % increase of glycerol increases elongation to 4 

% 

Lestari et al. (2020) 

 

Chitosan  Tensile, 

Elongation  

There is a 35.55 MPa increase of tensile strength, but 

decrease in elongation by 1.9 %  

Saputro and Ovita 

(2017) 

Chitosan  Elongation  With an addition of 35 % w/w chitosan, the highest 

elongation value was 76.76 %  

Ernita et al. (2020) 

 

PVA  Tensile 

Strength  

The additional 2 % reinforcement of PVA increased 

the tensile strength by 5.64 MPa  

Maryam et al. (2019)  

PVA  Elongation  At a 35 % PVA assistance, a 77 % elongation at break 

was achieved under acidic condition.  

Zhang et al. (2020) 

Glycerol  Tensile, 

Elongation  

The optimum conditions had a tensile strength of 7.27 

MPa, and 12.45 % elongation  

Ratnawati et al. (2022)  

Glycerol Tensile, 

Elongation 

Tensile strength at a maximum value of 14.33 MPa; 

Elongation at a maximum value of 94.22 % 

Lindriati et al. (2021) 

3. Evaluation of Environmental Measures 

Biodegradable plastics require comprehensive environmental assessment to verify sustainability claims. While 

offering ecological advantages over conventional plastics, their impact varies by production method and 

disposal. PLA emits fewer GHGs than petroleum-based plastics but generates N₂O from agricultural feedstocks 

(Benavides et al., 2020).  PLA uses 30-50 % less energy than PET but depends on fossil-fueled manufacturing 

(Kim et al., 2022). PHA production requires energy-intensive sterile conditions (Obulisamy and Mehariya, 2021). 

Biodegradable plastics demonstrate fossil fuel advantages, such as for PHA consuming 40 MJ/kg versus 78-88 

MJ/kg for petrochemical polymers (Yu and Chen, 2008). This could reduce the annual Bt-CO2 emissions of the 

plastic industry (Moshood et al., 2022). Complete adoption might cut emissions by 74 % through reduced 

production energy and improved recyclability. Critical challenges remain in agricultural impacts and industrial 

scalability. However, despite higher upfront costs, biodegradable plastics show strong potential for long-term 

emission reductions across manufacturing sectors when considering full lifecycle impacts. Their sustainability 

ultimately depends on optimized material use, renewable energy integration in production, and proper end-of-

life management. 

4. Applications of Optimization in Biodegradable Plastic Production 

Multi-objective optimization is a model that identifies many possible calibration alternatives that help in 

estimating parameters by dealing with conflicting objectives. Ayyubi et al. (2022) employed RSM-BBD multi-

objective optimization to enhance biodegradable plastic strength while maintaining degradation properties. Their 

Design-Expert analysis yielded optimal results of 25.11 MPa tensile strength (±4.8 %), 83.43 % elongation (±3.7 

%), and 50.45 % soil degradation after 30 d. The study evaluated individual additives (chitosan, glycerol, PVA) 

to isolate their mechanical effects on starch films. In other related literature it can be observed that the film blend 

mixtures make use of multiple additives in one film blend. The study by Syaubari et al. (2022) explores starch 

film blends with both glycerol and chitosan. The study by Lestari et al. (2020) included the addition of sorbitol to 

PVA, instead of only incorporating PVA by itself. These studies were not able to set a proper benchmark as to 

how a specific additive could affect the starch film blend by itself. With the study by Ayyubi et al. (2022), one 

film blend was done per additive. This serves as a clear basis as to how each additive would respond to the test 

for tensile strength and elongation at break. The study of Ayyubi et al. (2022) does not consider the material 

costs when determining the optimal composition. The study is optimized to achieve a single objective as it does 

not consider the conflicting objectives of simultaneously maximizing tensile strength and elongation. Nwaka et 

al. (2024) optimized starch-chitosan-glycerol bioplastics via CCD, achieving 2.25 MPa strength and 92.31 % 

biodegradability in 21 d.  

142



This shows superior degradation but lower strength than the single-additive samples from Ayyubi et al. (2022) 

Similarly, Adeyemo et al. (2024) used Box-Behnken RSM to develop waste-corn bioplastics (1.44 MPa strength, 

12.02 % elongation) with 99.01 % model accuracy. This demonstrates the effectiveness of using CCD/RSM for 

balancing biodegradability and mechanical properties. It should be noted that fuzzy optimization is well-suited 

for handling multi-objective trade-offs, as it allows for the simultaneous consideration of conflicting objectives 

through membership functions and degrees of satisfaction (Zimmermann, 1978). It is also important to 

acknowledge that various other optimization techniques exist for multi-objective problems, each with distinct 

advantages. Weighted sum methods transform multiple objectives into a single objective by assigning weights, 

though this approach can be sensitive to weight selection (Marler and Arora, 2004). Currently RSM is a tool 

used for the optimization of biodegradable plastic production. The integration of other methods can further enrich 

decision-making frameworks. Future discussions could explore hybrid approaches to optimize trade-off of the 

maximization of mechanical properties, minimization of environmental impacts, and minimization of costs. 

5. Conclusion 

This review underscores the critical transition toward biodegradable plastics derived from renewable resources, 

aiming to mitigate plastic pollution while enhancing material performance. By examining key studies on cassava, 

corn starch, and banana-based materials, the paper highlights how optimized formulations and additives can 

significantly improve mechanical properties such as strength, flexibility, and water resistance. The application 

of multi-objective optimization emerges as a pivotal strategy for balancing performance and scalability, ensuring 

that biodegradable plastics meet both environmental and industrial requirements. By synthesizing recent 

advancements, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, industries, and policymakers, 

facilitating informed decisions in the development and implementation of sustainable biodegradable plastics. 

The insights provided herein aim to accelerate the adoption of eco-friendly materials, contributing to global 

sustainability goals and the reduction of ecological harm associated with traditional plastics. 

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