DOI: 10.3303/CET25120037
Paper Received: 29/04/2025; Revised: 24 August 2025; Accepted: 3 October 2025
Please cite this article as: Chuah L., Kafi A., Ooi J.W., Leong Y.H., Pua Y.L., Osman N.H., Maruf M., Mokhtar K., Jaeh A.M., Ibrahim I., 2025,
Factors Affecting Fishermen's Readiness to Pay for Protection and Indemnity Insurance in Kuala Kedah, Malaysia, Chemical Engineering
Transactions, 120, 217-222 DOI:10.3303/CET25120037
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS
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Factors Affecting Fishermen's Readiness to Pay for
Protection and Indemnity Insurance in Kuala Kedah, Malaysia
Lai Chuaha,*, Abdul Kafia, Jun Wei Ooia, Yee Hua Leonga, Yan Li Puaa, Nor Hasni
Osmana, Misaal Marufb, Kasypi Mokhtarc, Ahmad Mohd Jaehd, Ikhwaty Ibrahime
aSchool of Technology Management and Logistics, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia.
bSynergy Marine Group, Singapore.
cFaculty of Maritime Studies, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia.
dPersatuan Nelayan Kawasan Kuala Kedah, Malaysia.
ePejabat Perikanan Negeri Kedah, Malaysia
johnfatt2000@yahoo.com
The fisheries industry plays a crucial role in food security and nutrition while also contributing significantly to
Malaysia's economy. Despite the high risks of fishing in a dangerous environment, the adoption of Protection
and Indemnity (P&I) insurance among fishermen is surprisingly low. This study examines the impact of insurance
awareness, government intervention, risk perception, financial consideration and fishermen’s attitudes on the
readiness to pay (RTP) of P&I insurance. Data were collected from 343 respondents using a convenience
sampling technique and multiple regression analysis was conducted using SPSS version 27 to identify the
effects of these factors. The findings revealed that government intervention, financial factors, risk perception
and fishermen’s attitude had a significant positive impact on RTP for P&I insurance, while insurance awareness
did not show a notable impact. The results demonstrated that government intervention proved to be the main
factor (β = 0.396) affecting RTP. Through financial support and subsidy programs, government initiatives play
a crucial role in promoting P&I insurance, helping fishermen securing better financial stability and encouraging
the adoption of insurance policies to mitigate environmental risks. This study provides valuable insight for
government bodies and insurance policymakers in signifying suitable financial support and insurance schemes
for fishermen to increase P&I insurance uptake to mitigate their risks at sea among fishermen in Malaysia.
Future research could explore a broader geographical area, utilise mixed methods and also cross-tabulation
analysis to deepen understanding of this issue and support sustainable environmental protection.
1. Introduction
The fisheries industry has gained attention for its vital role in food security and nutrition in the twenty-first century.
In 2022, global fish production reached 101.7 x 106 t (FAO, 2024a), of which Malaysia accounted for 2.08 x 106
t (DOF, 2024), representing 0.7 % of the gross domestic product of the national agricultural sector. The fishing
industry fosters national development by generating job opportunities, with Asia having the largest fleet,
representing 3.5 x 106 vessels, accounting for 71 % of the global total (FAO, 2024b). In Malaysia alone, 116,613
fishermen and 48,605 vessels were registered under the Department of Fisheries Malaysia (DOF) in 2022 (DOF,
2024). Despite the growing demand, fishermen globally face severe environmental hazards (Misaal et al., 2024)
while at sea, leading to frequent incidents. Most fatalities and injuries occur in small-scale fishing operations,
which represent the main component of labour in global counted fisheries (FAO, 2024c). In Malaysia, the search
and rescue operations for the fisheries industry conducted in 2022 documented 270 cases (MMEA, 2022).
Studies from China (Jiang and Faure, 2020), Vietnam (Nguyen et al., 2021) and India (Parappurathu et al.,
2017) consistently highlight crucial factors affecting fishermen's willingness to pay (WTP) for insurance. Zheng
et al. (2018) found that better awareness and education among fishermen raise their insurance payment
readiness, but their income and farming experience together decrease this readiness. Nguyen et al. (2021)
showed that fishermen receiving risk management training together with income limitations tend to choose
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higher premium levels. In contrast, Malaysia lacks comprehensive studies in this area. Previous studies on
socioeconomic and environmental issues affecting Malaysian fishermen remains limited, particularly marine
insurance (Sanusi et al., 2024) and the factors influencing fishermen's WTP.
This lack of study hinders efforts to understand Malaysian fishermen's reluctance to adopt marine insurance
(Preye and Onovughakpo, 2019). Addressing this gap is crucial for creating effective insurance adoption
strategies that protect fishermen’s livelihoods and reduce risks. The adoption of marine insurance in Malaysia
depends on various critical aspects, including awareness levels, governmental policies and financial limitations
alongside fishermen's perceptions of risks and their attitudes toward readiness to pay (RTP). This study aims
to investigate these variebles affecting fishermen's RTP for Environmental Protection and Indemnity (P&I)
insurance in Kuala Kedah, Malaysia. A quantitative approach using multiple regression analysis was employed,
with the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) (Rogers, 1975) serving as the theoretical foundation. Hypotheses
were developed to assess how these factors shape fishermen's decisions regarding environmental protection
and P&I insurance adoption. The study provides practical insights for policymakers at the DOF and other
relevant agencies to create targeted interventions. These include strategies to increase insurance adoption,
enhance risk mitigation, promote environmentally responsible fishing practices and ensure the long-term
sustainability of Malaysia’s marine resources by protecting fishermen from unexpected financial losses.
2. Literature review
2.1 Underpinning theory
In PMT, insurance awareness is a key factor; however, it is the combination of awareness and the ability to
apply that knowledge effectively that significantly boosts fishermen's confidence in purchasing insurance
(Niedziółka, 2023). Studies indicate that greater awareness of P&I's role is an essential factor for enhancing
self-efficacy, which leads to better intentions towards insurance adoption among fishermen (Xiao et al., 2014).
Insurance adoption is also positively influenced by government financial support and subsidies, which reduce
fishermen’s financial burden and strengthen their motivation and capacity to engage with insurance products
(Puntsagdorj et al., 2021). Financial factors, particularly income and savings, shape perceived response costs
associated with protective actions (Sabri and Dass, 2017). A stable financial situation makes insurance
premiums appear less burdensome, increasing the likelihood of adoption. Risk perception, including perceived
vulnerability and severity, drives fishermen to adopt protective measures like P&I insurance to mitigate
environmental and occupational hazards (Faryabi et al., 2023). Positive attitudes toward safety, when combined
with strong self-efficacy, enhance motivation to engage in protective behaviours (Maddux and Rogers, 1983).
The financial stability of fishermen allows them to view insurance premiums as less burdensome, which
encourages them to adopt protective measures.
2.2 Hypothesis development
Beyond insurance awareness, knowledge and confidence, a key factor in driving adoption in sectors like
fisheries is the positive motivation that converts awareness into WTP. This is illustrated by the increased
insurance uptake among farmers and shrimp growers informed about available subsidies (Nguyen et al., 2021).
There are gaps in adoption among fishermen due to misconceptions that insurance is an unnecessary expense
(Bakshi et al., 2023). Efforts to boost awareness must include trust-building and the provision of actionable
information, which have proven effective in increasing WTP (Brahmantyo et al., 2021). To enhance insurance
adoption in vulnerable sectors, the awareness-WTP relationship should be examined in light of socio-economic
and cultural factors that shape the connection between awareness and payment willingness. Government
intervention, mainly through subsidies, tax exemptions or allowances (Zhang et al., 2023), has a significant
impact on the fishermen’s RTP for insurance. Their study highlights the effectiveness of government subsidies
in raising WTP across various sectors of the fishing industry. For example, while subsidies have proven effective
in boosting insurance adoption among farmers (Li et al., 2024) and fisheries (Zheng et al., 2020), many small-
scale fishermen still lack adequate coverage due to limited financial resources (Tikadar et al., 2022). Several
studies suggest that over-reliance on government support may suppress voluntary insurance demand,
complicating the relationship between financial preparedness and dependence on public assistance (Zhang and
Qian, 2018).
Financial factors such as income, debt levels and household wealth are closely associated with financial well-
being and ultimately, influence insurance purchasing decisions (Aisyah and Umami, 2022). More specifically,
WTP for insurance typically increases with income (Nosratnejad et al., 2016). Interestingly, Zheng et al. (2018)
reported a negative relationship between income and RTP among fishermen, suggesting that higher income
levels may promote risk diversification and reduce the perceived need for insurance. Affordability is another
major barrier, with premium costs deterring participation in insurance schemes (Maltby et al., 2023), further
revealing the intricate relationships between financial capacity and insurance adoption. A portion of the
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fishermen’s RTP insurance is dominated by their assessments of perceived risks. Nguyen et al. (2021) found
that shrimp farmers who engage in risk management practices are more likely to commit to insurance premium
payments. Xu et al. (2024) similarly showed that perceived vulnerability increases insurance adoption among
fishing producers. Fishermen often face difficulties with financial literacy and premium affordability, hindering
widespread insurance uptake despite facing evident occupational hazards. Their risk perception is reflected in
safety-related behaviors, such as engaging in group fishing and monitoring weather forecasts. Evidence from
Agbekpornu et al. (2014) showed that Indonesian fishermen who monitor weather forecasts are more inclined
to purchase insurance, whereas the use of personal protective equipment may reduce their perceived need for
coverage. Based on the reviewed literature, this study proposes the conceptual framework shown in Figure 1
and formulates the following hypotheses:
H1: There is a significant positive impact of insurance awareness and fishermen’s RTP for P&I insurance.
H2: There is a significant positive impact of government intervention and fishermen’s RTP on P&I insurance.
H3: There is a significant positive impact of financial factors and fishermen’s RTP for P&I insurance.
H4: There is a significant positive impact of risk perception and fishermen’s RTP for P&I insurance.
H5: There is a significant positive impact of fishermen’s attitude and fishermen’s RTP on P&I insurance.
Figure 1: Research framework for the study
3. Methodology
This study employed a cross-sectional quantitative research design to examine the variables influencing
fishermen's RTP for P&I insurance in Kuala Kedah. Data were collected using a convenience sampling method
from 343 fishermen across selected locations, providing a practical and cost-effective approach for obtaining
initial insights into RTP determinants (Golzar et al., 2022). A structured questionnaire covering 27 items was
adapted from previous studies such as insurance awareness (Han and Jiang, 2019), government intervention
(Jiang and Faure, 2020), financial factors (Maltby et al., 2023), risk perception (Agbekpornu et al., 2014) and
fishermen's attitudes (Xu et al., 2024). Respondents rated their agreement on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging
from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27, including descriptive statistics of demographics and the multiple linear
regression method for determining the independent variable's impact on RTP. To ensure the reliability of the
instrument, a pilot test was conducted with 40 respondents. The results yielded Cronbach’s alpha values above
0.70, confirming the internal consistency of all constructs and their suitability for further analysis.
4. Results
The study comprised 343 respondents, predominantly male (98 %) and Malay (99.4 %), with most participants
being married (75.2 %). The majority (33.8 %) possessed 11-20 y of fishing experience and had completed
primary education (52.8 %). A significant proportion (79.6 %) reported an annual income below RM 15,000. The
majority (92.7 %) had never previously purchased P&I insurance. Fibre vessels were the most common (91.5
%), with ages ranging from 6 to 20 y. Table 1 shows the means (2.60–3.68) and standard deviations (0.78–
1.02) for all variables. Internal consistency was high, with Cronbach’s alpha values ranging from 0.801 to 0.875,
confirming the reliability of the instrument. Normality of data was verified by skewness and kurtosis values within
the acceptable range of ±2 (Hair et al., 2010). Pearson correlation analysis in Table 2 revealed that insurance
awareness (r = 0.689), government intervention (r = 0.625), and financial factors (r = 0.556) exhibited strong
positive correlations with RTP (p < 0.001), while risk perception (r = 0.458) demonstrated a moderate correlation.
In contrast, fishermen’s attitude showed only a weak positive correlation with RTP (r = 0.280, p < 0.001) (Cohen,
1988). Following confirmation of linearity, multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the five independent
variables collectively explained 57.6 % of the variance in RTP (R² = 0.576). Government intervention emerged
as the strongest positive predictor (β = 0.396, p < 0.001), followed by risk perception (β = 0.211, p < 0.001),
Insurance awareness (IA)
Government intervention (GI)
Financial factor (FF)
Risk perception (RP)
Fishermen’s attitude (FA)
RTP for P&I
insurance
219
financial factors (β = 0.181, p < 0.001) and fishermen’s attitudes (β = 0.139, p = 0.004). In contrast, insurance
awareness did not significantly predict RTP (β = 0.042, p = 0.282).
No multicollinearity issues were detected, as variance inflation factor values remained below 5 (Sang and
Bekhet, 2015). These findings support hypotheses H2, H3, H4 and H5, but not H1.
Table 1: Description statistics of variables and correlation matrix
Var. I M SD α Var.
Correlation matrix
RTP IA GI FF RP FA
RTP 5 3.035 0.966 0.875 RTP 1
IA 5 3.678 0.782 0.801 IA 0.689** 1
GI 4 3.128 1.024 0.829 GI 0.625** 0.626** 1
FF 4 2.603 0.898 0.819 FF 0.556** 0.596* 0.612** 1
RP 5 3.636 0.894 0.836 RP 0.458** 0.370** 0.382** 0.257** 1
FA 4 3.418 0.955 0.809 FA 0.280** 0.256** 0.282** 0.120* 0.337** 1
Note: Var.-Variables; I-Items; M-Mean; SD-Stadard deviation; α- Cronbach’s Alpha; -RTP- P&I insurance; IA-;
Insurance awareness GI- Government intervention; FF- Financial factor; RP- Risk perception; FA- Fishermen’s
attitude; **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 2: Measurement model
F Unstd. Coeff. β SE Std. Coeff. β t P VIF Results
(Constant) -0.139 0.201 - -0.692 0.489 -
IA 0.051 0.048 0.042 1.078 0.282 1.183 Not supported (H1)
GI 0.374 0.047 0.396 8.007 <0.001 1.948 Supported(H2)
FF 0.195 0.043 0.181 4.500 <0.001 1.288 Supported (H3)
RP 0.228 0.055 0.211 4.157 <0.001 2.050 Supported (H4)
FA 0.140 0.049 0.139 2.884 0.004 1.841 Supported (H5)
Notes: F-Factors; Unstd. Coeff. β- Unstandardized coefficients β; SE-Standard error; Std. Coeff. β-
Standardized coefficient β; t- t-value; P- p-value; VIF- Variance inflation factor; Dependent variable = RTP; R
= 0.759, R2 = 57.6 %, adjusted R2 = 57 %, F = 91.689, significant = 0.05
5. Discussion
The study investigated the impact of various factors such as insurance awareness, government intervention,
financial stability, risk perception and fishermen's attitudes on their RTP for P&I insurance. The findings revealed
a positive correlation between insurance awareness and RTP, but no statistically significant evidence supported
this relationship (H1). This result contrasts with prior studies in China and Vietnam, where higher awareness
levels translated into greater insurance uptake (Xu et al., 2024). Malaysia’s comparatively limited approach has
resulted in lower adoption rates, highlighting the need for more targeted policy interventions. The inconsistency
arises because fishermen perceive existing government insurance programs adequately safeguard them which
reduces their motivation for additional P&I coverage (Wang et al., 2012). The findings confirmed that
government intervention through financial support and subsidies enhances RTP (H2), consistent with the
findings of Tikadar et al. (2022). This suggests that future insurance policies should be tailored to meet the
diverse needs of various fishing communities to optimize enrolment success. The study also supports the
hypothesis that financial resources improve insurance affordability (H3), as higher income and stronger financial
stability are directly linked to increased likelihood of insurance uptake (Maltby et al., 2023). To support this,
fishermen would benefit from educational programs in financial literacy and resilience, which could help them
secure P&I insurance coverage. The results also established that risk perception significantly affects RTP (H4),
as fishermen who recognize higher operational risks are more inclined to adopt insurance as a preventive
measure (Xu et al., 2024). Finally, fishermen’s attitudes showed a significant positive relationship with RTP (H5).
Community outreach and educational campaigns that promote positive attitudes towards insurance can
effectively encourage greater uptake of protection (Suharno et al., 2022).
6. Conclusions
This paper investigates fishermen’s RTP for P&I insurance and the factors affecting it in Kuala Kedah, focusing
on insurance awareness, government intervention, financial factors, risk perceptions and fishermen’s attitudes.
The demographic analysis revealed a predominantly male (98 %) and Malay (99 %) population, with a large
220
proportion reporting low annual income and minimal P&I insurance adoption. The key findings indicate that
government intervention, risk perception, financial capability and fishermen's attitudes were the most influential
positive factors affecting RTP, while insurance awareness showed no significant impact. To enhance
fishermen’s welfare and improve the affordability of insurance, targeted policy interventions are essential. An
effective approach is to encourage the establishment of community-based insurance groups, which can make
coverage more accessible and cost-effective, while simultaneously promoting environmentally sustainable
fishing practices. This study offers valuable insights into the structural challenges faced by the fisheries sector
and encourages stakeholders to implement more impactful strategies to boost insurance adoption, which in turn
promotes risk mitigation and environmental sustainability among fishermen.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) of Malaysia through the Fundamental
Research Grant Scheme - Early Career Researcher (FRGS-EC/1/2024/SS02/UUM/02/8).
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Factors Affecting Fishermen's Readiness to Pay for Protection and Indemnity Insurance in Kuala Kedah, Malaysia