Microsoft Word - 192wang.doc VOL. Guest E Copyrig ISBN 9 Sc Norid Centre Iskand Norida In line feasib plants upon size in chem tempe optima furans produ compo 1. Int Malay resou clean are co bamb course has id specie bamb bamb size ( compa 2011) supply purpo report its wid the bi specie feasib type p prope 450, 5 CHE . 37, 2014 Editors: Eliseo Ran ght © 2014, AIDIC 978-88-95608-28- Prop cortechi dah B. Os e for Biofuel and dar, 31750 Tron ah.osman@petr e with Malaysi bility of bambo s in the world. fast pyrolysis n the range of ical and fuel p erature with h al reaction tem s compound ced as it raw onents. troduction ysia is well en rces (soil and energy to the onsidered as oo has alway e, its variety, a dentified herba es of bamboo oo as potent oo species, G (diameter of 6 ared to other ). Moreover, th y biomass (th oses with on a ted in (Maskay de application ofuel products es (Lou et al bility of utilizing pyrolyzer. Th erties of fuel re 500 and 550 ° EMICAL E nzi, Katharina Koh C Servizi S.r.l., 0; ISSN 2283-92 perties o nii) Pyro man*, Mol d Biochemical R oh, Perak, MAL ronas.com.my a direction tow oo species as This paper w technique. Th f 250-500 µm properties of b highest bio-oil mperature. Th class. Advan w bamboo, bi ndowed with r water base p e so called pe main candid ys been chos and as eco-fri aceous (bamb , 25 of which tial feedstock Gigantochloa 6.5 cm and g species (e.g. he rate of gro he culm part) average the e yu, 2013) and for the wood- s. Few papers l. 2013; Kant g bamboo as is is a simpl elated compo °C. Analysis o NGINEER se- Höinghaus 16 f Malays olyzed P Rea ly K.H. Pin Research, MOR LAYSIA ward clean an s a bio-energy ill present fuel hree temperat were investig bio-oil, -char, a at 450 °C, ch he main compo ntageous dete o-oil, and –ch renewable ene plants to waste etroleum-deriv ate to be a sen for experi endly species boo) plants as are indigenou for bio-fuel scortechinii s grows up to . species grow owth is also fa of 6.88 Mt/y ( xport of bamb d in particular -industry prod s reported on tarelis et al. 2 bio-energy fe e fast pyrolys onents were o f the bio-oil pr RING TRAN sia Bam Products actor: Bio ng, Yoshim Green Technol nd sustainable y feedstock in l properties of tures 450, 500 gated. Yield of and -gas. Amo har at 450 °C ounds of their ermined was har contained ergy biomass e products) ar ved energy. He potential feed imented beca s. China the w s potential bio us while the re production a pecies has b 14 cm) and ws in Kuala K ast with averag (metric). Bam boo products G. scortechini ducts, there is bamboo pyro 2010). Thus, eedstock. In th sis system a obtained by de roduct was the NSACTION mboo’s (G s via Dro o-Oil mitsu U. and ogy, Universiti T e renewable e n Malaysia as f bamboo spec 0 and 550 °C f bio-products ong these thre C, and gas at r bio-products s better quali d relatively low resources an re expected to ence, the natu dstock (Anon, ause of the v orld top five b ofuel feedstock est are exotics nd to break een given co it has the hig Keniam Fores ge maturity ag boo has been for a period o ii was commo not much has olysis unfortun the aim of t his study, the pplying drop ecomposition e focal point o NS o Gigantoc op Type d Norizan B Teknologi PETR nergy, this pa s it is one of cies viz. Gigan by drop type was determin ee temperature 550 °C were are acids, ph ty of bambo w content of nd the widely o be the backu ural and plant 2013). Amo ast population iomass power k. As Malaysia s (Wong, 198 it traditional nsiderable att ghest relative t, Pahang) (A ge of 2-3 y an n planted in M of 10 y was o nly used for c s been done t nately non from this experime bamboo was biomass way of bamboo at of interest for t A publica The Italian Asso of Chemical Engin www.aid chloa Pyrolyz B. Ali RONAS, Banda aper investigat the fastest g ntochloa scort reactor with p ned as well as res, the predo e obtained ind henols, ketone oo pyrolysis-o nitrogen and availability of up energy as w tation forest s ong all forest n, highly rene r capacity pro a has more th 9) it has cons application. A tention for its e density of 5 Asari and Sura nd therefore it Malaysia for m only RM 250,0 construction. D to utilize bamb m Malaysia ba ent is to inve pyrolyzed in y. The bio-pr t three tempe this paper, ho ation of ociation neering ic.it/cet zer r Seri tes the rowing techinii particle s basic minant icating es, and oil was sulfur f these well as species crops, ewable ducers han 70 sidered Among larger 58.8 % atman, t could multiple 000 as Despite boo for amboo stigate a drop roducts erature, wever, DOI: 10.3303/CET1437023 Please cite this article as: Osman N.B., Ping M.K.H., Yoshimitsu U., Ali N.B., 2014, Properties of malaysia bamboo’s (gigantochloa scortechinii) pyrolyzed products via drop type pyrolyzer reactor: bio-oil, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 37, 133-138 DOI: 10.3303/CET1437023 133 analysis of bio-char and bio-gas were also conducted. Hence, the objectives of this study are; to assess the biofuel related properties of bio-products from different temperatures by drop type reactor and to investigate the relationship between different temperature and properties of bio-products produced. The outcome of this study shall be the guidance on the feasibility of Gigantochloa bamboo usage and will be the basis for comparative study of bamboo species selection for bio-energy sector. 2. Material and Methods 2.1 Sampel Preparation Samples of Gigantochloa scortechinii was harvested from Tasik Banding Gerik, Perak Darul Ridzuan (estimated age was over 3 years) and it culm was used for this study. The bottom and top of the bamboo was removed prior to cutting into 1 m length. These culms were washed for any contamination and debris (such as fungi or sand). The bamboos obtained have culm size 15 cm diameter and 80 cm height. Then woody stem of bamboo was further cut to small size, approximately 7cm × 1cm × 1 cm (Figure 1). The samples were further dry in an open air to dry the surface of bamboo (air dry) for overnight and oven at 105 °C for 24 h to get less than 10 % moisture (approximately 5 %). The dry samples were ground into homogeneous particle to pass through 250 µm (low speed granulator to reduce size from flake to less than 4 mm; mill pulverizer to produce powder of 250 μm). Then, samples were stored in air-tight container for next step pyrolyze and analyses. Figure 1. Bamboo; raw, open air drying and grinded samples (200-500 µm) (left to right) 2.2 Pyrolysis Setup Pyrolysis of 15 g bamboo sample was conducted in a bench-scale drop type pyrolyzer. Three different temperatures were applied, 450, 500 and 550 °C. As shown in Figure 3, the reactor consisted of electrical heater and insulation as the reaction may reach up to 600 °C. It has cylindrical shape and was made of stainless steel. The nitrogen (inert gas) and vacuum lines were used to replace air inside the system. K- type of thermocouple is a device to measure the temperature. Once the temperature reaches desired point, the biomass was dropped into the pyrolysis zone. And, the decomposition was allowed to take place until no more smoke can be detected at the outlet of the pyrolysis zone (approximately 10 min) and no gas pulse detected is recorded. Upon reaction, three types of products were collected, char was collected inside the reactor, oil of condensed vapor in ice-traps, and gas from a teflon sampling gas bag. The obtained bio-oil products are depicted in Figure 2. 2.3 Bio-products Analyses 2.3.1. Proximate Analysis Moisture content values based on the total weight basis moisture of original bamboo samples were determined using the oven drying method slightly modified described by ASTM D 4442 (ASTM 2007). The weight was recorded after placed in an oven for 24 h at 105 °C. The bamboo sample was cooled in a desiccator for 30 mins to avoid reintake of moisture. The sample weight was taken again for the second time and recorded. The sample was weighed interval until the decrease of weight become negligible. Ash content analysis is done according to ASTM E1755-95 using 4 g of bamboo sample in a ceramic crucible to measure approximately the mineral content and other inorganic matter (ASTM 2003). The pre- weighed sample was combusted in a muffle furnace at 700 °C for 3 h with a heating rate 10°C/min. Fixed carbon content is calculated according to ASTM D3172-89 (ASTM 2002). Volatile matter content determination follows standard EN 15148 with slight adjustment. Weigh 2 gram±0.1 of bamboo sample into the crucible (EN 2009). Transfer the crucible into the pre-heated furnace of 900 °C for 7 minutes±5s. When cool, the weight of the crucible was recorded. 134 Figure 2.3.2 The C bamb down minus 2.3.3 Calori E711- theref samp partic the cy Metro (Riede 2.3.4 Chara 7890A BPX5 Oven this te helium 3. Re 3.1 Ba Table bamb 41.03 (2012 levis, 23 % by Bh compa within report was 1 was fo most close empir S con as als e 2. Schematic Elemental an CHNS mode oo material. P substances in s total of CHNS Physical ana ific value was -87 (ASTM 19 fore it’s in MJ/ le in particula ulate biomass ylinder as AST ohm 870 KF T el-de Haen) a Chemical An acterization of A. Bio-oil was 5 with 30 m, 0 was heated a emperature w m (99.999 %) w esults and D amboo feeds 1 summarize oo used for t and 7.33 % 2) determined and G. wrayi) (Scurlock et a hat et al. (2011 arable to wha the range of ted different b 8.60 % and th ound to be 16 grasses (Lou to literatures rical chemical ntents are con so recorded b c diagram of t nalysis is used to s Perkin Elmer C nto simple inte S content by w alysis s determined u 996). This CV /kg unit of hig ar the bio-oil s fuels with a m TM E873-82 s ritino Plus. Th nd Methanol R nalysis f chemical co injected into 0.25 mm, and at 35 °C for 2 was held for 2 was used at a Discussion stock charact ed the chemic his study. The respectively ( high moisture ) of green con al. 2000). Mea 1) (same bam t is found othe reported by S bamboo speci his is higher th 6.86 MJ/kg (d u et al. 2013; s 46.34, 7.00 formula of G. sidered advan y Scurlock et the drop type p simultaneously CHNS/O analy erested comp weight percen using a bomb V represents t h heating valu sample to i maximum part standard meth he titration rea Rapid, respect omposition on a HP5 fused s 0.25 µm) of it 2 min prior to 20 mins. Both a flow rate of 1 erization cal, physical a e moisture co according to A e content for th dition and Ph anwhile for pr boo species). er bamboo sp Scurlock et al. es and later s han other bam dry basis) and Montano et a and 37.40 % scortechinii b ntage for this al. (2000). C pyrolyzer reac y determine c yzer model 24 pounds. Oxyge tage. b calorimeter the latent hea ue properties. increase the rticle volume o hod (ASTM 20 gent and titrat ctively. n pyrolysis oil silica (5% phe ts length, inte actual temper injector and .5ml/min as a nd heating va ontent of the s ASTM of sam his species (1 yllostachys sp re-dried samp . The ash con pecies (Hamid . (2000) and W species not g mboo reported d bamboo sho al. 2012). Ca % respectively bamboo can b bamboo spec omparison of ctor carbon, hydro 400 was apply en content is a model C5003 at of the vapo . If necessary combustibility of 16.39 cm3 ( 013). Water c tion solvent us was done b enyl polysilphe ernal diameter rature 250 °C detector were a carrier gas. alue properties samples as re mple preparatio 109.18 %) am pecies raw ba le, this result tent was 1-2 % et al. 2012). V Wongsiriamnu given. Fixed ca d by previous a owed higher h rbon, hydroge y. From the be written as C cies (minimal N this bamboo ogen, nitrogen ying combustio assumed by th series follow or released fro , methanol wi y. Bulk densi 1 in.) where th content in bio- sed are HYDR y GC-MS of enylenesiloxan , and film thic by increasing e set at 280 s of the Gigan eceived (raw) on). In compa ong its own g mboo as rece was in the ran % or less, the Volatile conten ay et al. (201 arbon is the r authors mentio heating value en and oxyge ultimate analy CH1.81N0.01O NOx and sulfu species with n and sulfur on process to he difference wing ASTM sta om the samp ll be added to ity of the de he sample is f -oil is determin RANAL Comp Agilent Tech ne; capillary c ckness, respec g at 20 °C/min °C and the p ntochloa scort and pre-dried arison, Wahab genera (G. bra eived ranged f nged from 6.0 ese ash conten nt 72.83 % alt 3) nonetheles remaining left oned. Heating than rice stra en contents w yses tabulate O0.60. Lower ur oxide conve other bamboo in the o break of 100 andard ple and o liquid ensified filled in ned by osite 5 nology column ctively. ns and purified techinii d were b et al. ang, G. from 8- 0-10 % nts are though ss they which g value aw and were all ed, the N and ersion) os and 135 bioenergy crops showed that the fuel properties are comparable and better in term of moisture, ash, gross heating value, and sulfur contents. Table 1. Characteristic of the bamboo feedstock Proximate Analysis (wt%, db) Ultimate Analysis (wt%, db) Moisture (as received) 41.03 C 46.34 Moisture (as pre-dried) 7.33 H 7.00 Volatile matter (as received) 42.56 N 0.55 Volatile matter (as pre-dried) 72.83 S 0.14 Fixed carbon 18.60 *O 37.40 Ash (as received) 2.03 O/C 0.60 Ash (as pre-dried) 1.24 H/C 1.81 C/O 1.65 Empirical formula CH1.81N0.01O0.60 H/O 2.99 Calorific value, HHV (MJ/kg) 16.86 Bulk density, (g/m3) 0.2964 *O is by difference, using C, H, N, S, ash, and moisture content; db, dry basis; mean values 3.2 Product Yield The bio-product yield contents based on mass balance from pyrolysis by three different temperatures are shown in Fig 3. Besides this study on product yield, Lou et al. (2013) and Xiao et al. (2007) have been found to report on pyrolysis bamboo species however with addition of catalyst. Our liquid yields were 25.79, 24.52, and 24.38 % of 450, 500, and 550 °C respectively where it was clear that the yield was decreasing as temperature increasing and temperature at 450 °C generated the highest oil from this species. However comparing with mentioned literatures, the highest oil was obtained at 500 °C and the trend was opposite as an increase is observed with increasing temperature within the range of 400-550 °C. Gaseous product yield is increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 37.45 to 48.7 % following secondary cracking as secondary reaction intensified causing decreasing of liquid yield and in good agreement with these and pyrolysis of grasses and woody biomass literatures. Interestingly, char yield has lower impact from temperature as it showed that decrement is quite steady and in the range of 3%. While Lou et al. and Qi et al. reported increase and decrease yield of char product with no clear trend, Kantarelis et al. (2010) showed decrease of char yield as temperature increase. The presented yield obviously showed that no correlation between temperature and liquid yield of sample was apparent. In addition, proportional equation could be established with higher carbon and lower ash content of this bamboo will generate substantial amount of liquid yield as conversion better conversion of biofuel. 3.3 Effect of temperature on bio-products properties In term of CV, the G. scortechinii bio-oil at 450-500 °C showed no different values (15 MJ/kg), this inevitably showed no impact of temperature on CV value. This value was slightly lower than raw bamboo obtained in this study (15-16 MJ/kg) and literatures (Montano et al. 2012; Jung et al. 2008). It probably attributed to the mixing of bio-oil light and heavy (upper and lower phases, respectively) that contributed to the low CV value. In opposite, it was predicted that upper phase bio-oil could reach as high as 30 MJ/kg as reported by Kantarelis et al. (2010). Note that, calorific value has no significant impact by temperature as support by liquid yield. High heating values determined proved that this bamboo is comparable to most herbaceous, agriculture and woody residues biomass (Nakagawa et al. 2007). Water content was decreased at 500 °C (64.15 %) in bio-oil from 450 °C (62.08 %) and gain water at 550 °C (69.3 %). Therefore, it could be suspected that high liquid yield at low temperature be substantially water. Nonetheless, the trivial different between the water amount of 450 and 500 °C could be considered negligible. The derived liquid from the bamboo pyrolysis at different temperature is dark and light brown in colour with two phases. The dark color looks more viscous than light brown in liquefies form. Ultimate properties are tabulated in Table 2 for bio-oil two phases and char bio-products as a function of temperature. The pyrolysis temperature had shown to have a moderate impact on these properties. 136 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 450 500 550 Y ie ld ( w t % ) Y ie ld ( w t % ) Temperature °C Bio oil Char Gas Bio-oil 2 Gas 2 Char 2 Figure 3. Bio-products yield of pyrolyzed bamboo at different temperatures – Bio-oil2, Gas2 and Char2 are from (Lou et al. 2013) Table 2 Elemental and physical analysis of pyrolysis bio-oil Product Temp Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Sulfur Oxygen a CV (MJ/kg) Water (w t%) 450 °C 20.62 7.54 0 0.01 71.83 8.76 64.15 500 °C 23.42 9.93 0 0 66.65 9.82 62.08 550 °C 21.05 9.44 0.04 0.37 69.1 8.41 69.3 450 °C 62.03 7.52 0.32 0.3 29.9 15.47 500 °C 53.92 7.61 0.14 0.25 38.09 16 550 °C 60.56 7.52 0.23 0.24 31.45 15.36 BioOil (light) BioOil (heavy) Physical AnalysisElemental Analysis a By difference; mean values The detected components of ultimate analysis (wt %, db) of bio-oil light (upper phase) and heavy (lower phase), and also char were C, H2, N2, S and O2 they have difference concentration dictated by the temperature. Carbon content was shown highest at low temperature (450 °C) in the bio-oil (heavy) which supported by Jung et al. 2008 and reduction of C content in bio-oil (heavy) resulted to it increase in light phase as can be seen at 500 °C. This could be explained by the fact that secondary decomposition of solid residue nonetheless as temperature rising to 550 °C Carbon content also rose. Apparently, correlation can be drawn between C content and temperature as well as liquid yield obtained at low temperature. Contrary to hydrogen content (H) for bio-oil (heavy) product, H did not change much and as temperature increases H increment stop at 500 °C then decrease at high temperature (550 °C) as more volatile matter converted to fuel. Meanwhile Nitrogen (N2) and S contents could be considered negligible. Note that oxygen content are high for all temperature in the bio-oil light (upper phase) which indicate that this product require further treatment in order to be used in the energy sector. Nonetheless, this showed similar trend as reported in literatures. The characteristic of char were also examined for it ultimate analysis. Char has high C content with the elevated temperature however this value is lower than (Kantarelis et al. 2010) (536 °C) and reversely the O2 level declined. Other components (H2, N2) did not showed substantial amount and sulfur content could be considered negligible. 4. Conclusions In this paper G. scortechinii bamboo were pyrolyzed at three temperatures (450, 500, and 550 °C) using drop type reactor and their bio-oil was investigated. Experimental results showed that temperature dictated the bio-oil product properties. CHNS components in the bio-oil showed an impact of temperature to the 137 desire value as carbon production is preferable and at between 450-550 °C carbon content was obtained at 60 wt% in bio-oil (heavy phase). In reverse, O2 content become lower at high temperature for bio-oil product. Nitrogen and sulfur contents for both raw and bio-oil were considered relatively low and this is extra benefit over coal. The results proved that this bamboo species can be a new source of bio-energy feedstock. References Anon, 2013. National Biomass Strategy 2020: New wealth creation for Malaysia’s biomass industry. , accessed 01.01.2013. Asari N., Nazip S., 2010. In International Conference on Science and Social Research (CSSR 2010), December 5-7, 2010, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ASTM Standard D4442-07, 2007, “Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base Materials”, ASTM International, PA, 2007, DOI:10.1520/D4442-07, www.astm.org. ASTM E1755-95, 2003, “Standard Method for the Determination of Ash in Biomass”, ASTM International, PA, 2003, DOI:10.1520/E1755-95, www.astm.org. ASTM D3172-89, 2002, “Standard Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke”, ASTM International, PA, 2002, D:10.1520/D3172-89R97, www.astm.org ASTM E873 – 82, 2013, “Standard Test Method for Bulk Density of Densified Particulate Biomass Fuels”, ASTM International, 2013,D:10.1520/E0873, www.astm.org. ASTM Standard E711-87, 1996, “Standard Test method for Gross Calorific Value of Refuse-Derived fuel by the Bomb Calorimeter”, ASTM International, PA, 1996, DOI:10.1520/E0711-87R04, www.astm.org. Bhat I-u-H., Mustafa M.T. B., Mohmod A.L., Abdul Khalil H.P.S., 2011, Spectroscopic, thermal, and anatomical characterization of cultivated bamboo (Gigantochloa spp.), Bioresources 6(2), 1752-1763. EN 15148, 2009, European Standard, Solid biofuels - Determination of the content of volatile matter, CEN European Committee for Standardization, Brussels. 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Wongsiriamnuay T., Kannang N., Tippayawong N., 2013, Effect of operating conditions on catalytic gasification of bamboo in a fluidized bed, International Journal of Chemical Engineering, 1-9. 138 Controfacciata.pdf iconBM 4-7 May 2014, Florence, Italy Guest Editors Volume 35 : Proceedings of the 16th Conference Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction PRES’13, Rhodes, Greece, 29 September - 2 October 2013 Volume 36 : Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Safety and Environment in Process & Power Industry, Bologna, Italy, 13-16 April, 2014 Disclaimer Official Organizer IndiceAutori.pdf AUTHOR Index Pagina vuota Controfacciata.pdf iconBM 4-7 May 2014, Florence, Italy Guest Editors 25.pdf Reduction of PM Emissions from Biomass Combustion Appliances: Evaluation of Efficiency of Electrostatic Precipitators Gabriele Migliavaccaa *, Carmen Morrealea, Francesca Hugonya, Ivan Tombolatob, Giordano Pessionb 442-444.pdf 3.4 Evaluation of the briquettes combustion 442-444.pdf 3.4 Evaluation of the briquettes combustion 25.pdf Reduction of PM Emissions from Biomass Combustion Appliances: Evaluation of Efficiency of Electrostatic Precipitators Gabriele Migliavaccaa *, Carmen Morrealea, Francesca Hugonya, Ivan Tombolatob, Giordano Pessionb