







































Children and Teenagers 
ISSN 2576-3709 (Print) ISSN 2576-3717 (Online) 

Vol. 4, No. 2, 2021 
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7 
 

Original Paper 

Social Media Use: A Risk Factor for Depression among School 

Adolescents in Enugu State of Nigeria 
Agbo, Maria Charity (PhD)1* 

1 Department of Educational Psychology, Federal College of Education, Eha-Amufu, Nigeria 
* Agbo, Maria Charity, Department of Educational Psychology, Federal College of Education, 

Eha-Amufu, Nigeria 

 

Received: April 20, 2020          Accepted: May 7, 2021        Online Published: May 29, 2021 

doi:10.22158/ct.v4n2p7                              URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ct.v4n2p7 

 

Abstract 

Social media just like the rest of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) channels aid and 

promote speedy and easy access to information more especially among school adolescents. Social 

media use among school adolescents is a double-edged sword as they use them to connect friends and 

find information about many things including learning. However, they also spend too much time on 

them which affect their mental health and may cause them depression. This research investigated on the 

social media use: A risk factor for depression among school adolescents’ depression in Enugu State. 

Descriptive survey research was adopted for the study. The population of the study was all the school 

adolescents in Enugu State. Stratified random sampling was used to select 800 adolescents from 4 

states. In each of the four states, 200 adolescents were selected. Self-structured questionnaire and 

Hamilton depression scale were used to elicit information for data collection. The results were 

analyzed using mean scores and standard deviations. The findings revealed that many adolescents 

spend up to 10 hours daily on social media, they prefers chatting on social media to talking to their 

parents, among other behaviours. The findings also indicated that; adolescents who spend up to 10 

hours daily on social media have decreased activities and feeling of incapacity, adolescents who don’t 

have enough sleep in the night due their use of social media experience hallucination, low mood among 

other findings. 

Keywords 

depression, social media, adolescents, cyber bulling, failure to achieve nigh use of social media 

 

 

 

  



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1. Introduction 

The use of social media in everyday life activities is a relatively recent development that is welcome by 

the old and the young. Social media offer immeasurable benefits to humanity by creating a world in 

which people can gaze into their own crystal ball to see what their friends are doing at almost any time 

of the day. The world infact has been reduced to a global village. Social media applications actually are 

changing virtually everything now more than ever before, such as how we connect and make friends 

that are immediate and those in far-away lands, how we transact businesses, market our products and 

purchase goods. 

All these have changed drastically these days. In the same vein, access to information for personal and 

social use is also changing in a quick way. The changes in the telecommunication sect according to 

Abdullahi et al. (2018) has increased internet access and use among the general public and young 

people in particular.  

Young people especially adolescents in schools benefit from social media in a tremendous manner, as 

they offer students the opportunities to connect with friends and peers and have access to educational 

resources such as learning materials, online tutoring, study and or educational tips. Nevertheless, the 

way young people especially the adolescents are actively involved in global online communication 

through social media has become a source of worry for researchers, parents and educators, as they 

(adolescents) spend more time on social media than on real world, making friends easier online and 

making connections in far-away countries. Adolescents in Nigeria according researches spend less time 

with their friends in persons, less time reading their books or sleeping and more time on digital media 

(Abdullahi et al., 2018). 

While social media use has become an integral part of daily life of an adolescent, there are number of 

risks associated with social media use especially the negative effects on mental health such as 

depression, anxiety, suicide, worry, low self-esteem, suicide thoughts and so on. Research on social 

media use according to Chonning (2020) is a new focus area. Although a large number of studies on 

social media use and mental health with different vantage points has been conducted in both local and 

international journals. However, the researcher of the work feels that not much has been done on how 

social media use can lead to depression using any depression rating scale. For this work, the focus is on 

depression, highlighting on how social media raise depression. 

Social media can be defined as an interaction among people in which they create, share and exchange 

information and ideas in virtual communities and networks. Social media technologies are in different 

forms including magazines, internet forums, weblogs, social blogs, micro blogging, podcasts, 

photographs or pictures, video rating and social bookmarks (Ali et al., 2018). Social media according to 

Cambridge Dictionary (2019) are websites and computer programmes that allow people to 

communicate and share information on the internet, using a computer or mobile phone. 

There are seven types of social media which include: 



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- Photo sharing (instagram, snap chat, pinterest)  

- Blogs and micro blogs (such as Twitter, umbir) 

- Social news networking sites (such as dig and leaker net) 

- Content communities (such as You Tube and Daily motion) 

- Social networking sites (such as Facebook, Linkedin, Google +, WhatsApp) 

- Virtual game-worlds (such as World War craft)  

- Virtual social world (such as second life) 

- Collative projects (such as Wikipedia) (Kaplan et al., 2010; Cheung et al., 2011). 

Among all these social media types, the most commonly used by school adolescents include: 

1) Photo sharing, Blogs and Micro blogs, content communities, and social networking sites.  

Social media are dynamic and interactive computer mediated communication tools with high 

penetrating rates in the general population in high and middle class levels.  

Depression on its own is a mood disorder that is characterized by persistently low mood and a feeling 

of sadness and loss of interest. It is a persistent problem that may last 6-8 months. It is the most 

common illness worldwide and the leading cause of disability (Markus, 2017). Depression is defined 

by Higuera and Holland (2019) as a mood disorder or feelings or sadness, loss or anger that interferes 

with an individual’s everyday activitie, people experience in different ways. It may interfere with one’s 

daily activities, resulting in lost time and low productivity. It can also influence relationships and some 

chronic health conditions such as asthma, arthritis, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obesity. 

It is important to note that feeling of down at times is normal part of life, but if it persists up to 6 

months, or becomes a regular experience, it is depression. Depression is also viewed by Ali et al. (2018) 

as a cluster of specific symptoms that have associated with impairment. The clinical and diagnostic 

features of the disorder are broadly similar in adolescents and adults. 

Adolescence according to Psychology Today (2019) is transitional stage from childhood to adulthood 

which occurs between ages 13-19 although the physical and psychological changes that take place can 

start earlier during the preteen years between ages 9-12. Adolescence is a time of both disorientation 

and discovery. The transitional period can raise questions of independence and identity; as adolescents 

cultivate their sense of self, they may face difficult choices about academics, friendships, sexuality, 

gender identity, and alcohol. They tend to have more egocentric view and often focus on themselves 

and feel that they are the centre of attraction from the best and closest friend to the most distant one. 

They may grapple with insecurities and feelings of being judged. The transition can naturally lead to 

anxiety about the physical changes to one’s body and his or her evolving relationship with others and 

the larger world. Apart from physical and sexual maturation, adolescents also desire movement towards 

social, economic and moral independence where they will be free, earn their living, control their sense 

of judgment and socialize, and identify (Brown, 2008). However, the duration and defining 



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characteristics of this period may vary across time and space, cultures and sociometric circumstances 

(Shonde, 2010; WHO, 2015). 

While adolescence is a time of tremendous growth potential, it is also a time of considerable risks 

during which social contexts such as social media exert powerful influence on character building which 

may result in changing attitudes and behaviours for most adolescents. Despite the popularity of social 

media platforms and the rapidity with which they have inserted themselves into nearly all facets of our 

lives, there is a remarkable lack of clear data about how they affect us personally, our behaviours, our 

emotions and mental health. However, studies according to Mammoser (2018) have linked the use of 

social media to depression, anxiety, poor sleep quality, low self-esteem among other mental health 

problems especially in adolescents. Heid (2019) states that a substantial amount of research has found 

associations between heavy technology use and poor mental health outcomes among adolescents and 

young people. Research aside, many parents teachers, guidance and counselors and other people 

believe that social media and heavy technology use are a problem. It is because digital technology 

tends to expose adolescents to over load of information and stimulations, and a much bigger sphere of 

influence. Due to vulnerability and the intensive need for intimate and healthy social connections 

during adolescence stage, social media are likely to influence young people.  

The notion that social media has a negative impact on depression is widespread. For instance, studies 

by Diego according to Miller (2018) revealed that smartphones were introduced in 2007 and by 2015, 

fully 92% of adolescents owned smartphones. The rise in depressive symptoms correlates with 

smartphone adoption during that period, even when matched year by year. At the same period, the 

reports on students seeking help principally for depression and anxiety jumped to 30% between 2010 

and 2015. Adolescents these days usually look to social media for connecting friends and seeing the 

world. The use of social media such as Twitter, Instagram, WhatsApp. Snapchat, and many others have 

grown almost in lockstep with the rate of mental health problems. Epidemiological studies according to 

Sulcel (2019) have revealed a strong correlation between social media and symptoms of depression. 

There had been a lot of arguments on the actual relationship between social media and depression, and 

how social media can influence depression or cause depression among adolescents. A new study out of 

Texas State University suggests that it is how social media are used not the tool itself that may lie 

behind the correlation (Sulcel, 2019). Asmelash (2019) on her own, asserts that social media itself does 

not harm people, rather its frequent use. Another research in support of the assertion according to 

Asmelash opines that it is social media contents which young people are exposed to and its check 

spelling of healthy sleep and exercise that cause problems.  

In Nigeria, many adolescents especially those in higher and middle class levels living in cities may 

have been spending too much time on social media. Such adolescents usually fail in the academic 

performances which may also affect their mental health. Many parents teachers and educators in Enugu 

State worry so much as greater percentage of adolescents spend their time on Twitter, Facebook, Video 



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games, WhatsApp, Instagram, at the expense of their education and interaction with their real friends 

and parent.  

An adolescent who spends several hours a day on Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, Instagram, Video 

games and so on is likely to have less time to study, relate to physical friends and parents. Such 

adolescent may have social media anxiety disorder which can affect both physical and mental health. 

Spending too much time on social media has been proven to cause a lot of ill health and depression. For 

instance, according to Miller (2018), a recent research proved that there is a link between social media 

and depression among social media users who spend the most of their time on Intagram, Facebook and 

other platforms. Such people were reported to have a substantially higher rate of depression about 

sixty-six percent (66%) than those who spend the less time.  

There are many sources through which social media may lead to depression among adolescents. These 

include:  

• Teen’s night time use of social media: Adolescents who engage in social media during the night 

could be damaging their sleep and increasing their risk of depression and anxiety. Research on over use 

of social media showed that night time use specifically correlate to poorer sleep quality, lower 

self-esteem, higher levels of anxiety and depression (Heid, 2019). Young people usually stay up late to 

use social media and are woken up by alarm coming from their phones beside their beds, making them 

depressed and anxious (Ampbell, 2019). Teenagers are so emotionally invested in social media that 

many of them will wake up at night and log in just to make sure that they do not miss out. 

Perhaps, the worst thing about this is that adolescents need more sleep than adults do, so night time 

social media use could be detrimental to their health. Research has shown that adolescents need 9.5 

hours of sleep each day but unfortunately, many of them do not get up to six hours (6 hrs) sleep. This 

lack of sleep according Udorie (2019) can make them depressed, irritable among other ill health.  

• Another theory about the increase in depression is the loss of self-esteem especially in female 

adolescents who when they compare themselves negatively with artificial curated images of those with 

prettier, thinner appearance and more popular and richer, feel less attractive and worried. According to 

the study, many girls are bombarded with the most perfect pictures of their online friends and or 

celebrities and influencers who do a lot of photographing and makeup and hair teams. If the girls feel 

that these are normal, it is likely to affect their self-confidence (Miller, 2018). Curation of perfect 

images usually makes adolescents inadequate. Sometimes, adolescents feel like joining the utopic 

world of their online friends but cannot. This also brings depressive mood especially on those with 

negative emotions and lack of sense of belonging. 

• Failure to achieve: Another possible source of depression may be what adolescents fail to 

achieve when spending too much time on social media, such as accomplishment on academic 

excellence, admission into a higher school or promotion to higher grade. When a student who spends 

much of his or her time on social media fails to achieve academically, it may lead to regrets, anger and 



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depression. Such adolescents do not know that when they spend too much time online and less time 

studying that it cuts down their academic performance, and failure in academic performance has been 

proven to have a link with depression and suicide.  

• Cyber bulling: Cyber bullying refers to typical bullying behaviours such as verbal abuse, 

Mocking, insults and threats, transmitted over electronic media like e-mails, mobile phones, text 

messages and internet sites where an individual is ridiculed, insulted, or ostracized. Social network 

increased in recent years and with it the bullying, causing problems in young people’s mental health. 

These problems’ are expressed according to Ehararifa et al. (2017) through depressive symptoms 

suicide ideas and suicide attempts for instance, many female adolescent who are blackmailed, or 

ridiculed through internet are likely to experience depressive mood.  

The statement of problem of this research works argues that social media primary functions are to aid 

and promote speedy and easy access to information among the world population including Nigeria. 

However, adolescents are the most frequent users especially those in the school, and school leavers. 

These young people use social media to connect friends online get information about virtually 

everything they supposed to known about themselves and their environments. They also use social 

media to get information about job opportunities, school admissions and academic achievement. 

Regrettably, this emerging trend has drastically changed adolescents’ attitudes, orientations and values 

to an extent that many of them prefer connections and interactions in social media to their interactions 

with parents, siblings, peers and teachers. They therefore spend most of their time on Facebook, You 

tube, WhatsApp, Twitter among others connecting friends rather than learning. This social media abuse 

may lead to much mental health such as depression. 

This paper investigates the influence of social media on adolescents’ depression in Enugu State. 

The major objective of this study is to investigate on social media use as a risk factor for depression 

among school adolescents’ in Enugu State. In specific terms, the study tries to; 

1) Find out if adolescents spend most of their time on social media. 

2) Find out the sources of social media that can cause depressive behaviours among adolescents. 

The following research questions guided the study:  

1) How do school adolescents use social media? 

2) What are the sources of social media that can cause depression among school adolescents? 

Descriptive survey design was used for the study. The population of the study was the entire 

adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu State. A stratified random sampling technique was used to 

select 4 local Government Areas in Enugu State. These include; Igbo-Etiti, Nsukka, Enugu South, and 

Udenu Local Government Areas. From each Local Government, 200 adolescents were selected, 100 

males and 100 females. In all, there were 800 adolescents 400 males and 400 females for the study.  

The instrument for data collection was a 23 item structured questionnaire out of the 23 items, 12 items 

were developed personally by the researcher, while 11 items were adapted from Hamilton depression 



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HAM-D rating scale (Hamilton, 1960). It was divided into 3 parts. Part A was used to elicit information 

about the participants’ particulars, part B was used to find out if adolescents spend too much time on 

social media, while section C was adopted from Hamilton depression rating scale to elicit data about 

the effects of social media on depression among adolescents.  

The data collected were analyzed using mean scores and standard deviation. The criterion for 

acceptance of the mean score was 2.5 and above, why any score below was rejected. The questionnaire 

was face – validated by psychiatric doctor and a psychologist. 

Research question one: 

How do school adolescents use social media? 

 

Table 1. Mean Scores and Standard Deviations of the Social Media Use among School 

Adolescents 

S/N How school adolescents use social media  X
−

 SD Dec. 

1 Many adolescents use up to 10 and above hours daily chatting on 

social media 
3.35 0.73 Acc  

2 Adolescents prefer chatting on WhatsApp and Facebook to talking to 

their parents.  
3.25 0.71 Acc 

3 Most adolescent engage on 4-6 social media  2.40 0.80 Rej  

4 Many adolescents spend their siesta period on social media  2.58 0.72 Acc 

5 Many adolescents usually stay awake up to 2.00 AM on social media  3.18 1.00 Acc 

6 Adolescents get bored any day they fail to exercise their online 

connections.  
1.70 0.84 Rej  

7 Adolescents have more friends online than physical ones  2.25 0.84 Rej  

8 Adolescents prefer searching for solution to their problems online to 

discussing with their parents.  
3.20 0.79 Acc 

9 Adolescents make connecting friends online a hobby  2.14 0.80 Rej  

10 Adolescents use time for reading to chatting online  2.91 0.63 Acc 

11 Adolescents eat and chat online simultaneously  2.60 0.99 Acc  

12 Many adolescents chat on WhatsApp and or Facebook during class.  1.72 0.84 Rej  

 

The result in Table 1, revealed that the respondents rated items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10 and 11 out of 12 of 

the items as indicating the adolescents who spend most of their time on social media. These accepted 

items have 2.5 points and above, while items 3, 6, 7 and 9 were rejected.  

Research question two: 

What are the sources of social media that can cause depression among adolescents? 



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Table 2. Mean Scores and Standard Deviations of Sources of Social Media Use that Can Cause 

Depression 

S/N 
Way through which social media can be risk factors for 

depressive behaviours. (400 respondent)  X
−

 SD Dec. 

1 Adolescents who spend up to ten hours daily on social media have 

decreased social activities and feelings of incapacity  
3.25 0.72 Acc  

2 Adolescents who stay awake up to 2.00 AM may experience insomnia 

initial, headache and low mood  
3.18 1.01 Acc  

3 Adolescents who do not have enough sleep in the night because they 

use social media may experience hallucination, low mood, irritability.  
2.89 0.68 Acc  

4 Adolescents who compare themselves with artificial curated images 

online, may have low self-esteem and lack of interest on themselves.  
2.73 0.74 Acc 

5 Adolescents who prefer the environment of their online friends to 

their own environment experience gloomy attitude and percsimisism 

about the future  

1.77 0.84 rej 

6 Adolescents who feel uglier than the images on social media have 

self-hate and withdrawal.  
1.83 0.86 Rej 

7 When adolescents lose their admission due to over use of social 

media they feel guilty and that life is not worth living.  
3.26 0.62 Acc 

8 When adolescents spend all their time on social media and fail in 

examinations they have feelings of sadness, tendency to weep and 

suicide ideas.  

2.86 0.97 Acc 

9 If an adolescent is blackmailed by their assumed online friends, they 

lose appetite, have palpitation and lack of sleep. 
3.25 0.84 Acc 

10 When adolescents receive threats online they experience insomnia 

middle, fear and loss of libido  
2.88 0.96 Acc 

11 Adolescents who are mocked and or cajoled online usually lose 

weight, have inferiority complex and self-absorption.  
2.73 0.74 Acc 

 

The data in Table 2 indicated that the respondents rated items 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9 and 11 as some sources 

through which social media can cause depression among adolescents. The results revealed that the 

respondents agreed that sources of social media influence on depression among adolescents were 

adolescents night engagement on social media which were on items 1, 2, and 3, adolescents loss of 

self-esteem as they compare themselves with their online friends which is on item 4, adolescents’ 

failure to achieve which is on items 7 and 8 and finally cyber bulling on adolescents which is on items 

9, 10 and 11. 



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2. Discussion 

The data in table one revealed that school adolescents in Enugu State engage in social media. The data 

indicated that school adolescents in Enugu State spend much of their time on social media through the 

following; using up to 10 hours and above on social media daily, prefer chatting on WhatsApp and 

Facebook to talking to their parents and siblings. This finding is in line with the findings by Abdullahi 

et al. (2018) which showed that adolescents in Nigeria spend more time on social media than with their 

parents and physical friends. Other findings include; using their siesta period on social media, staying 

awake in the night on social media, preferring searching for solution to their problems online to 

discussing with their parents, using time for reading to chatting online and eating and chatting online at 

the same time. 

In table two, the data revealed that; night engagements on social media by adolescents may lead to 

depression. This finding supports a research carried out by Udorie (2015) which showed that 

adolescents who use social media during the night could be damaging their sleep and increasing their 

risk of anxiety and depression. Other findings include; that loss of self-esteem and failure to achieve 

are sources through which social media could cause depression, that cyber bulling may also lead to 

depression. This supports the finding by John et al. (2018) who after a research concluded that victims 

of cyber bullying are at greater risk of depression, self-harm, and suicide behaviours than non-victims. 

 

3. Conclusion 

Social media refers to interaction among people in which they create, share and or exchange 

information and ideas in virtual communities and networks. Currently, there are multiple social 

resources. The advent of S.M and smart phones is not only a strategy for improving social interactions 

but also contributes to impair health of Nigerian adolescents especial in Enugu State.  

Many researches have proven a correlation between the use of S.M and depression especially among 

adolescents. 

 

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