Front Matter CYE 31 1 2021 Children, Youth and Environments EISSN: 15462250 Published by and © University of Cincinnati i EDITORS: Dr. Victoria Carr, Dr. Rhonda Brown, and Dr. Vikas Mehta, University of Cincinnati MANAGING EDITOR: Leslie Kochanowski, University of Cincinnati ASSISTANT MANAGING EDITOR: Ann Rossmiller, University of Cincinnati FIELD REPORT EDITORS: Dr. Sue Elliott, University of New England and Dr. Daniela DiGiacomo, University of Kentucky BOOK+MEDIA EDITORS: Dr. Catherine Volpe, University of New England and Ozlemnur Ataol, Eindhoven University of Technology COPY EDITOR: Dr. Jennifer Steffel Johnson, University of Colorado ADVISORY BOARD: Louise Chawla, University of Colorado; Roger Hart, City University of New York; Lynn Liben, Pennsylvania State University; Robin Moore, North Carolina State University; Fahriye Sancar, University of Colorado; Willem van Vliet, University of Colorado. EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD: Nicole Ardoin, Stanford University, USA; Mark Blades, University of Sheffield, UK; Caitlin Cahill, Pratt Institute, USA; Sudeshna Chatterjee, Action for Children’s Environments, India; Yolanda Alicia Corona-Caraveo, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, Mexico; Debra Cushing, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; Victoria Derr, California State University, USA; Janet Dyment, University of Tasmania, Australia; Ingunn Fjørtoft, University of South-Eastern Norway; Claire Freeman, University of Otago, New Zealand; Enakshi Ganguly, HAQ Centre for Child Rights, India; Jorgelina Hardoy, Int’l Institute for Environment & Development, Argentina; Laurie Harmon, University of Wisconsin, USA; Harry Heft, Denison University, USA; Lia Karsten, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Netherlands; Isami Kinoshita, Chiba University, Japan; Kevin Lalor, Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland; Jill Litt, University of Colorado, USA; Janet Loebach, Cornell University, USA; Laura Malinin, Colorado State University, USA; Lorraine E. Maxwell, Cornell University, USA; Barry Percy-Smith, University of Huddersfield, UK; Edith Phaswana, Thabo Mbeki African Leadership Institute UNISA, South Africa; Gina Porter, Durham University, UK; Sharon Ergetta Sutton, Parsons The New School, USA; Nancy Wells, Cornell University, USA The Children, Youth and Environments journal disseminates knowledge and stimulates discussion in support of inclusive and sustainable environments for children and youth everywhere. CYE has a global community and connects the worlds of research, policy and practice. The CYE journal is a peer-reviewed, multi-disciplinary, online journal, highlighting the physical environments where children and youth live, learn, work and play. The journal values the capacity of children and young people to meaningfully participate in the processes that shape their lives, and publishes papers from distinct viewpoints, varied approaches, and diverse cultures and regions around the world. The journal offers researchers a high-quality, refereed outlet for sharing work pertaining to the physical environments that impact the lives of children and youth around the world. The journal publishes papers in the form of research articles, field reports and book/media reviews ranging from quantitative and qualitative empirical research; theoretical, methodological, and historical investigations; critical literature reviews; design analyses; post-occupancy evaluations; policy studies; and program assessments. Children, Youth and Environments appeared as a print journal from 1984-1995 as Children’s Environments Quarterly and Children’s Environments. In 2003, it was revived as an online journal, which now reaches readers in more than 160 countries. Readers and authors include researchers and practitioners in education, childhood studies, geography, sociology, child and youth development, child welfare, child rights advocacy, development studies, architecture, landscape architecture and design, urban design, and planning. CYE is endorsed by UN-Habitat and guided by a distinguished Editorial Advisory Board. For more information visit https://www.cyenetwork.org Cover image from illustrations in Using Visual Q-Methodology to Explore Danish Children’s Outdoor Play Preferences by A. Christine Hempel Children, Youth and Environments EISSN: 15462250 Published by and © University of Cincinnati ii Acknowledgement of Reviewers As editors of Children, Youth and Environments, we count on the informed judgment of our reviewers to make the highest quality research and information available online to scholars and practitioners around the world. In a double-blind review process, a minimum of two experts contribute comments about each paper published in CYE. Their advice is essential to determining whether an article is accepted for publication and invaluable to authors when undertaking revisions. We, therefore, take this opportunity to thank all those who have acted as reviewers for CYE during the last year for your time, energy and commitment to the journal! The following list reflects reviewers of papers in 2020. — The Editors Abbey Alkon, University of California San Francisco; Adina Cox, University of Kentucky; Adriana Meireles, Federal University of Ouro Preto; Aimee Fraulo, North Carolina State University; Amina Salamova, Indiana University–Bloomington; Ann Rossmiller, University of Cincinnati; Anne Cleary, The University of Queensland; Becca Franzen, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point; Catherine Jordan, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities; Claire Freeman, University of Otago; Coral Bruni, Claremont Graduate University; Elizabeth Ann Wood, The University of Sheffield; Gabby Salazar, University of Florida; Gina Porter, Durham University; Giulia Amicone, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; Giyoung Park, HAQ: Centre for Child Rights; Harry Heft, Denison University; Helene Harte, University of Cincinnati, Blue Ash College; Ingunn Fjørtoft, University of South-Eastern Norway; Isami Kinoshita, Otsuma Women's University, Chiba University; Janet Loebach, Cornell University; Jennifer Pipitone, College of Mount Saint Vincent; Joe Hinds, University of Greenwich London; Jolien Zevalkink, VU Amsterdam; Jorgelina Hardoy, IIED - America Latina; Julia Torquati, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Julie Ernst, University of Minnesota–Duluth; Katie Richards- Schuster, University of Michigan; Klara Øverland, University of Stavanger; Kym Simoncini, University of Canberra; Laura Dell, University of Cincinnati; Laurie Harmon, University of Wisconsin–LaCrosse; Leah Frerichs, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill; Lee Miller, Sam Houston State University; Lia Karsten, University of Amsterdam; Lorraine E Maxwell, Cornell University; Louise Chawla, University of Colorado– Boulder; Lyn Schaefer, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point; Mary Ann Davis, University of New Orleans; Matthew Browning, Clemson University; Megan Ennes, University of Florida; Michelle Thornton, Berea College; Myae Han, University of Delaware; Olga Jarrett, Georgia State University; Paula Barros, The Federal University of Minas Gerais; Paula Jacoby-Garrett, College of Southern Nevada; Peter Gray, Boston College; Ruth Wilson, Bowling Green State University; Samuel Dennis Jr, University of Wisconsin–Madison; Sarah Schoen, STAR Institute; Scott Morrison, Elon University; Sharinne Crawford, La Trobe University; Shirley Thompson, University of Manitoba; Sruthi Atmakur-Javdekar, City University of New York; Sten Langmann, Edith Cowan University; Susan Mello, Northeastern University; Teresa K. Aslanian, University of South- Eastern Norway; Victoria Derr, California State University–Monterey Bay; Yingyi Lin, University of Southern California; Yolanda Corona, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco; Yuchang Yuan, University of Cincinnati; Ziba Vaghri, University of New Brunswick Children, Youth and Environments EISSN: 15462250 Published by and © University of Cincinnati iii Children, Youth and Environments Vol. 31 No. 1 2021 ISSN 1546-2250 Inside this issue, you will find diverse scholarly work that spans across the globe. First, Barger and co-authors take us to Australia, Canada, Europe, and the United States in their scoping review of the impact of green space on children and youths’ stress and attention. Next, we head to Southwest China where Liu and Chen take a closer look at the effect of green space and investigate the relationship between school green spaces and children’s environmental attitudes and pro-environmental behavior. Shifting our focus, we arrive in Denmark where Hempel highlights the visual Q- methodology and shares how the innovative method provides insights about the environmental affordances of children’s outdoor play settings. We then return to the United States and arrive in North Carolina where Jackson showcases long-term outcomes resulting from outdoor science education programs across many years. Heading south to Brazil, Alvim Leite and co-authors investigate the food environment surrounding schools in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais and discuss the implications such environments have on students’ health. We then end our global tour back in the Southeast United States where Fedewa and co-authors examine the relationship between frequency of recess breaks and discipline issues for elementary children. The issue continues with two reports from the field. First, McLauchlan shares his work on addressing educational inequality. Then, Gerstein and co-authors share how they used the RE-AIM Framework to evaluate the transformation of a green schoolyard. We wrap this issue with two book reviews: Kitching’s review of Transport and Children’s Wellbeing edited by E. Owen, D. Waygood, Margareta Friman, Lars E. Olsson, and Raktim Mitra and Whitzman’s review of Slow Cities: Conquering Our Speed Addiction for Health and Sustainability by Paul Tranter and Rodney Tolley. Happy reading! Children, Youth and Environments EISSN: 15462250 Published by and © University of Cincinnati iv Children, Youth and Environments Vol. 31 No. 1 2021 ISSN 1546-2250 Table of Contents Articles Measuring Green Space Effects on Attention and Stress in Children and Youth: A Scoping Review Brian Barger, Julia Torquati, Lincoln R. Larson, Jodie Marie Bartz, Cassandra Johnson-Gaither, Andrew Gardner, Eric Moody, Steven Rosenberg, Anne Schutte, Margaret Murray, and Bridgette M. Schram 1-54 Green Spaces in Chinese Schools Enhance Children’s Environmental Attitudes and Pro-Environmental Behavior Wanlu Liu and Jin Chen 55-87 Using Visual Q-Methodology to Explore Danish Children’s Outdoor Play Preferences A. Christine Hempel 88-115 Lasting Conservation and Science-Related Outcomes Associated with Science Education, Environmental Education, and Outdoor Science Education S. Brent Jackson, Kathryn Stevenson, M. Nils Peterson, Danielle F. Lawson, Ryan A. Olson, and E. Garland Joseph 116-145 Disparities in Food Availability around Schools in a Large Brazilian City Maria Alvim Leite, Maíra Macário de Assis, Ariene Silva do Carmo, Thales Philipe Rodrigues da Silva, Mário Círio Nogueira, Michele Pereira Netto, Renata Bertazzi Levy, and Larissa Loures Mendes 146-164 Relationship between the Timing of Recess Breaks and Discipline Referrals among Elementary Children Alicia L. Fedewa, Heather Erwin, Jason Wilson, and Soyeon Ahn 165-177 Reports from the Field Addressing Educational Inequality by Promoting the Love of Learning Richard McLauchlan 178-186 Evaluating a Green Schoolyard Transformation: A Protocol Utilizing the RE-AIM Framework Dana Engel Gerstein, Carolyn R. Bates, and Amy M. Bohnert 187-198 Children, Youth and Environments EISSN: 15462250 Published by and © University of Cincinnati v Book Reviews Transport and Children’s Wellbeing edited by E. Owen, D. Waygood, Margareta Friman, Lars E. Olsson, and Raktim Mitra Reviewed by Darcy Varney Kitching 199-201 Slow Cities: Conquering Our Speed Addiction for Health and Sustainability by Paul Tranter and Rodney Tolley Reviewed by Carolyn Whitzman 202-203