short communication.cdr issn : 2693 6356 2018 | vol 1 | issue 1 issn 2693-6356 the best roi may be found in high-quality research. sandeep kowkuntla . bangalore, karnataka, india director, scientific angle publication abstract : both the economy and healthcare have benefited greatly from medical research. economically, medical research has made significant contributions to society, particularly in the areas of direct cost savings in healthcare and maintaining a healthy workforce.a wholesome community, successful drug research and development, etc [1].ality research has the potential to significantly lessen the prevalence of illness and its related costs. in the united states, for instance, the overall death rate has dropped from 842 per 100,000 in 1950 to 479 in 1997. the percentage of people who survive cancer after five years has increased from 35% in the 1950s to 62% in the 1990s. research has made a significant contribution to these successes [2].economic rewards for medical research are substantial, in addition to the obvious health benefits. the $31.8 million spent on creating the hepatitis b vaccine saved $346.6 million to $462.1/year in healthcare costs by reducing related deaths. research may have an effect not just through leading to the creation of new goods like the hepatitis b vaccine, but also by elucidating the causes of diseases and suggesting new ways to cure them. savings in treatment costs of $402–804 million per year were realized by a study that compared medicinal therapy with surgery in the population in whom coronary artery bypass grafting may possibly be avoided, whereas the research cost was only around $36.5 million [2]. introduction all the above was possible because of high quality support, funds, appropriate training, career opportunities, collaborations, informed health policies, improvement in public health awareness and improvement in public behaviour [3]. health research training is an important component of healthcare research infrastructure as the rapid progress in the is expected to transform biomedical research. physicianinvestigators or physician-scientists have a major role in translating the basic research to therapies useful in patients. however, the number of physician-scientists is decreasing all over the world [4]. unfortunately, the ground reality of research training and attitude is very poor in india. several indian studies stand in evidence of poor attitude and training in india. in a study by rani et al.[5] (done at a medical college in south india), although about 68% of undergraduate medical students were interested in research only about 9% actively participated. lack of knowledge of research methodology was the most important reason for non-participation followed by time support[5]. of students participated to a minimal or unsatisfactory levels with respect to research report writing and presentation. the learning time experience for close to 91% of participants. more than half of the participants reported that their priority during the period of internship was preparing for post graduate entrance test rather than learning research [6]. studies on attitude of ayurvedic practitioners towards research are lacking. however, it can't be denied that research over ayurveda. government has created institutes like central drug research institute, regional research laboratory, jorhat (rrlj), central council for research in ayurveda and sidha, and the department of ayurveda, yoga, unani, siddha and homeopathy (ayush), etc. to promote research in alternate medicine. most of the research has focused on development of new medications. in future, there is a need for research ayurveda [7]. in spite of all the efforts to promote research in alternate medicine, poor research practice is also a the study population is usually small. in addition, improper statistical methods and lack of consistency in treatment and product are also commonly observed. use of multiple or combination of treatment options (owing to whole body treatment including body and mind with drugs, lifestyle changes and non-drug therapies) has made arriving at practical conclusions of research outcomes a challenging task. lack of standardized physiological and pathological entities in traditional medicine makes high quality research and extrapolation of results to bigger populations' [8]. according to nahin and straus, the quality of research in traditional and complementary medicine can be improved through strong commitment by researchers and rigorous designing of studies [8]. in conclusion, changing the attitude towards research training, better designing of research, creating research careers and including research in early part of curriculum can probably improve research scenario in ayurveda. improved research scenario in ayurveda can ayurveda as well as people equally. inclusion of research methodology in bams curriculum by central counsel of indian medicine (ccim) is a welcome move towards creation of quality researchers and research environment. references: 1. of health economics, rand europe. medical research. medical research: what's it worth? estimating the economic ben from medical research in the uk. [internet], 2008, [ cited on 08 / 11 / 2015 ] . available on https://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/viewfile/5 1b 9c5e8a8c41.pdf. 2. of the chairman, mack c. united states senate. the of medical research and the role of the nih. [internet], 2000, [cited on 0 8 / 1 1 / 2 0 1 5 ] . a v a i l a b l e o n http://www.faseb.org/portals/2/pdfs/op a 3. sadana r, d'souza c, hyder aa, chowdhury am. importance of health research in south asia. bmj. 2004;328(7443):826–30. 4. alghamdi km, moussa na, alessa ds, alothimeen n, al-saud as. perceptions, attitudes and practices toward research among senior medical students. saudi pharmaceutical journal. 2014;22:113– 117. 5. rani rj, priya m. knowledge, attitude and practice on medical research: the perspective of medical students. biosciences biotechnology research asia. 2014;11(1):115–119. 6. chaturvedi s, aggarwal op. training interns in population-based research: learners' feedback from 13 consecutive batches from a m e d i c a l s c h o o l i n i n d i a . med educ . 2001;35(6):pp. 585–589. 7. s i n g h r m . e x p l o r i n g i s s u e s i n t h e development of ayurvedic research methodology. j ayurveda integr med . 2010;1(2):91–95. 8. nahin rl, straus se. research into complementary and alternative medicine: problems and potential. bmj. 2001;322:161–4. http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/viewfile/51b http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/viewfile/51b http://www.faseb.org/portals/2/pdfs/opa http://www.faseb.org/portals/2/pdfs/opa issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 solar panel with solar tracking device that doesn't require electrical power mr. b. kishor 1 ,m. anjali 2 ,h. srikanth 3 ,c. chaithanya 4 1,2,3,4 assistant professor, srinivasa institute of science and technology (snist) , hyderabad,telangana,india, abstract: the goal of this project is to use arduino to design and build a solar tracker system that automatically adjusts to the sun's position during the day in order to extract the greatest possible energy for use in solar-powered devices.the difficulty of balancing energy production and consumption has grown in recent years. optimizing solar energy use is the greatest option for resolving this unbalanced equation. to maximize solar energy production, solar panels must be placed in direct sunlight. with a stationary solar panel, the strength of the sun's rays vary throughout the day. changing the orientation of the solar panel increases the amount of energy it collects from the sun.a few light sensors and a motorized mechanism to turn the panel toward the sun make up this project. the motor and light detection are handled using an arduino-based control system. there are no breaks in the operation of this system.the project's primary controller is an arduino uno microcontroller, to which a series of light-dependent resistors (ldrs) and a servo motor have been connected via a control panel. the microcontroller receives data from the ldr sensors about the direction of the sun, processes the data, and directs the servo motor to move the solar panel. the battery stores this solar power for later use. the system is battery-operated. embedded c, a very effective programming language, is used to instruct the microcontroller keywords: led, light-dependent resistor, solar panel, and microcontroller 1. introduction. the goal of this arduino-based project is to build a solar tracker system that tracks the sun's movement to maximize energy harvest for use in solar-powered devices. the difficulty of balancing energy production and consumption has grown in recent years. optimizing solar energy use is the greatest option for resolving this unbalanced equation. to maximize solar energy production, solar panels must be placed in direct sunlight. with a stationary solar panel, the strength of the sun's rays vary throughout the day. changing the orientation of the solar panel increases the amount of energy it collects from the sun. a few light sensors and a motorized mechanism to turn the panel toward the sun make up this project. the motor and light detection are handled using an arduino-based control system. this system operates nonstop and without any downtime.the project's primary controller is an arduino uno microcontroller, to which a series of lightdependent resistors (ldrs) and a servo motor have been connected via a control panel. the microcontroller receives data from the ldr sensors about the direction of the sun, processes the data, and directs the servo motor to move the solar panel. the battery stores this solar power for later use. systematic thisuses a battery to operate. embedded c, a very effective programming language, is used to instruct the microcontroller. objectives: • design a single axis solar tracker. • conservation of non-renewable energy sources. • maximum output can be obtained. • using of arduino to archive this task. motivation an embedded system is a combination of software and hardware to perform a dedicated task. some of the main devices used in embedded products are microprocessors and microcontrollers. microprocessors are commonly referred to as general purpose processors as they simply accept the inputs, process it and give the output. in contrast, a microcontroller not only accept the data as inputs but also manipulates it, interfaces the data with various devices, controls the data and thus finally gives the result. the “solar panel with solar tracking device without power consumption” using arduino microcontroller is an exclusive project which is used to move the solar cell panel in the direction of sun and can increase the solar energy generated from the solar cell which is stored into the battery. the main blocks of this project are: 1.power supply. 2. arduino uno. 3. sun light sensor to sense the sun direction. 4. motorized mechanism to control the position of solar panel. 5. servo motor. advantages: • they have no moving parts and hence require little maintenance and work quite satisfactorily without any focusing device. • it does not cause any environmental pollution like the fossil fuels and nuclear power. • solar cells last a longer time and have low running costs • low power consumption. • conservation of nonrenewable energy sources. • maximum output can be obtained. • efficient and low-cost design. • low power consumption. • fast response. disadvantages: monitoring and maintenance is required. a drastic environmental change cannot be tolerated by the equipment. applications:  this energy can be utilized for simple house hold appliances.  this energy can be stored and utilized as backup power supply mainly in industry method ology feature s •high performance, low power avr® 8bit microcontroller •advanced risc architecture –131 powerful instructions – most single clock cycle execution –32 x 8 general purpose working registers –fully static operation –up to 20 mips throughput at 20 mhz –on-chip 2-cycle multiplier •high endurance non-volatile memory segments –4/8/16/32k bytes of in-system self programmable flash progam memory (atmega48pa/88pa/168pa/328p) – 256/512/512/1k bytes eeprom (atmega48pa/88pa/168pa/328p) –512/1k/1k/2k bytes internal sram (atmega48pa/88pa/168pa/328p) –write/erase cycles: 10,000 flash/100,000 eeprom –data retention: 20 years at 85°c/100 years at 25°c(1) –optional boot code section with independent lock bits in-system programming by on-chip boot program true read-while-write operation –programming lock for software security peripheral features –two 8-bit timer/counters with separate prescaler and compare mode–one 16-bit timer/counter with separate prescaler, compare mode, and capture mode –real time counter with separate oscillator –six pwm channels –8-channel 10-bit adc in tqfp and qfn/mlf package temperature measurement –6-channel 10-bit adc in pdip package temperature measurement –programmable serial usart –master/slave spi serial interface –byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface (philips i2c compatible) –programmable watchdog timer with separate on-chip oscillator –on-chip analog comparator –interrupt and wake-up on pin change special microcontroller features –power-on reset and programmable brown-out detection –internal calibrated oscillator –external and internal interrupt sources –six sleep modes: idle, adc noise reduction, power-save, power-down, standby, and extended standby • i/o and packages –23 programmable i/o lines –28-pin pdip, 32-lead tqfp, 28-pad qfn/mlf and 32-pad qfn/mlf •operating voltage: – 1.8 5.5v for atmega48pa/88pa/168pa/328p • temperature range: – -40°c to 85°c •speed grade: – 0 20 mhz @ 1.8 5.5v •low power consumption at 1 mhz, 1.8v, 25°c for atmega48pa/88pa/168pa/328p: –active mode: 0.2 ma –power-down mode: 0.1 μa –power-save mode: 0.75 μa (including 32 khz rtc) implementation the project “solar panel with solar tracking device without power consumption” is designed such that it used to construct a solar tracker system that follows the sun direction for producing maximum output of solar energy which can be used to charge the battery. a photo resistor or light dependent resistor or cadmium sulfide (cds) cell is a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. it can also be referenced asa photoconductor. a photo resistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. if light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. the resulting free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. a photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. an intrinsic semiconductor has its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, e.g. silicon. in intrinsic devices the only available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon must have enough energy to excite the electron across the entire band gap. extrinsic devices have impurities, also called dopants, and added whose ground state energy is closer to the conduction band; since the electrons do not have as far to jump, lower energy photons (i.e., longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. if a sample of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra electrons available for conduction. this is an example of an extrinsic semiconductor. the schematic symbol of a solar cell 1. photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed by semi conducting materials, suchas silicon. 2. electrons (negatively charged) are knocked loose from their atoms, allowing them to flow through the material to produce electricity. due to the special composition of solar cells, only allow the electrons to move in a single direction. the complementary positive charges that are also created (like bubbles) are called holes and flow in the direction opposite of the electrons in a silicon solar panel. 3. an array of solar panels converts solar energy into a usable amount of direct current (dc)electricity. compilation and simulation steps: step 1: parts step 1: parts 1 x arduino on a breadboard 1 x arduino uno connecting wires arduino ide installed on your pc step 2: the approach we use the arduino uno to bootload the atmega328 that is sitting on the arduino on-abreadboard. this is fairly straightforward having an atmega328ppu, but needs an extra step for an atmega328pu step 3: program your arduino uno as an isp we need to program the arduino uno to act as an isp (in-system programmer), so that it can burn the bootloader onto the breadboard chip. 1. open the arduino ide 2. open the arduinoisp sketch (under file, examples) 3. if you’re using version 1.0 of the ide: search for void heartbeat and change the line that reads: delay(40); to delay(20); connect your uno to the pc, making sure it’s not connected to the arduino on a breadboard. ensure your uno is selected under the boards menu option, and upload the sketch. step 4: connect your atmega328 now connect your atmega to your uno as follows:  uno 5v ---> atmega pin 7 (vcc)  uno gnd ---> atmega pin 8 (gnd)  uno pin 10 ---> atmega pin 1 (reset)  uno pin 11 ---> atmega pin 17 (mosi)  uno pin 12 ---> atmega pin 18 (miso)  uno pin 13 ---> atmega pin 19 (sck) in your arduino folder, find the subfolder.\hardware\tools\avr\ etc 1. make a backup copy of the file: avrdude.conf 2. open the file avrdude.conf in a text editor 3. search for: “0x1e 0x95 0x0f” (this is the atmega328p signature) 4. replace it with: “0x1e 0x95 0x14” (this is the atmega328 signature) 5. save the file 6. restart the arduino ide 7. continue with the rest of the steps in the instructable, and once bootloading is complete restore the backup copy you made. in the arduino ide, from the tools menu:  under the board option choose arduino uno  under the serial port option ensure the correct port is selected  under the programmer option choose arduino as isp to burn the bootloader, choose burn bootloader from the tools menu you should see a message “burning bootloader to i/o board (this may take aminute)" once the bootloader has been burned, a message of confirming the success gets displayed. conclusion: integrating features of all the hardware components used have been developed in it. presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully, thus contributing to the best working of the unit. secondly, using highly advanced ics with the help of growing technology, the project has been successfully implemented. thus, the project has been successfully designed and tested. references [1] nader barsoum and pandian vasant, “simplified solar tracking prototype,” transaction in controllers and energy, (2010). [2] kh.s. karimov, et al., “a simple photovoltaic tracking system,” solar energy materials & solar cells, pp. 49-59 (2004). [3] shubhajit roychowdhury and hiranmaysaha, “maximum power point tracking of partially shaded solar photovoltaic arrays,” solar energy materials & solar cells, pp. 1441-1447 (2010). [4] yie-tone chen and cing-hong chen, “a dc-dc buck converter chip with integrated pwm/pfm hybrid-mode control circuit,” department of electrical engineering, pp. 181 – 186 (2009). [5] vibhor gupta, “working and analysis of the h – bridge motor driver circuit designed for,” university institute of engineering and technology, pp. 441-444 (2010). [6] aung zaw latt and ni ni win, “variable speed drive of single phase induction motor using frequency control method,” education technology and computer, pp. 30-34 (2009). the sites which were used while doing this project: 1.www.wikipedia.com 2.www.allaboutcircuits.com 3.www.microchip.com 4.www.howstuffworks.com books referred: 1. raj kamal –microcontrollers architecture, programming, interfacing and system design. 2. mazidi and mazidi –embedded systems. 3.pcb design tutorial –david.l.jones. 4. pic microcontroller manual – microchip. 5. embedded c –michael.j.pont. http://www.wikipedia.com/ http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/ http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/ http://www.microchip.com/ http://www.microchip.com/ http://www.howstuffworks.com/ http://www.howstuffworks.com/ 1 issn : 2693 6356 2018 | vol 1 | issue 6 examining the many varieties of gold-containing mercury concoctions, or makaradhwaja g . manish1 , m.manoj 2, k.mohan kumar3 anuradha pharmacy collge abstract background: makaradhwaja is a mercurial concoction that contains gold. most ayurvedic doctors recommend this drug for its stimulating and revitalizing effects. kupipakwa is the preferred method of preparation (the medicine is prepared in a special glass made container called kupi layered seven times over with fuller's earth, by administering high temperature), while kharaliya is the second most common method (the medicine is prepared by triturating all the compounds using a mortar and pestle). different sources provide varying references for the preparation, which in turn produces variations in its chemical makeup, most notably the ppm of gold, and hence its effectiveness. the purpose of this research is to examine these variations in treatment and their clinical relevance. content & approach: the study was finished by reviewing data from a number of research publications, ayurvedic literature, and postgraduate theses. because of the inclusion of heavy metals like mercury and gold, several questions have been raised about the safety and toxicity of makaradhwaja. since then, several toxicity studies have shown the drug is generally safe for consumption within recommended dosage ranges. ayurvedic doctors continue to choose this treatment above all others because of how well it works. when taken correctly, the research indicates that makaradhwaja prepared in any of the many ways is generally safe to use. many people now self-medicate since the pharmaceutical is so widely available, even at drugstores that don't need a doctor's prescription. because of this, the drug is now being used irrationally, diminishing its usefulness. keywords: the three m's: makaradhwaja, preparation, and security introduction the preparation of medicine from parad (mercury), in rasashatra has been described by many methods. these different dosage forms thus made are kharaliya rasayana, parpati rasayana (medicine prepared by direct heat method in the form of flakes), kupipakwa rasayana. makaradhwaja can be prepared by two of these methods – kharaliya (chandroday rasa) and kupipakwa (makaradhwaja). kupipakwa makaradhwaja is made using elements like swarna (gold) and gandhak( sulphur). it also contains heavy metals like parad. the three elements i.e. swarna, gandhak and parad are taken in different ratios for eg: 1:8:16, 1:8:24 or 1:2:4 in valukayantra (sand bath) [1,2] and subjected to heat for obtaining the kupipakwa makaradhwaja. while in kharaliya method, trituration of the following compounds is done to obtain kharaliya makaradhwaja powder of jatiphala (myristica fragrans), lavang (syzygium aromaticum), karpur (camphor), marich (piper nigrum), kasturi (abelmoschus moschatus), swarnabhasma (gold ash) and rasasindoor (a kupipakwa preparation consisting of mercury and sulphur). many formulations have been mentioned under the name of makaradhwaja and chandroday rasa, though named differently in different texts (table.no.1) the preparation of makaradhwaja remains the same. the first reference for the preparation of makaradhwaja by kupipakwa method is mentioned in rasendra chintamani. the word makaradhwaja was first coined by rasratnakar. in some texts chandroday rasa has been prepared, having the same therapeutic action as makaradhwaja by kharaliya method. makaradhwaja is used as a rasayana (rejuvenator), vrishya (aphrodisiac) and shukral (spermatogenic) drug. it is the drug of choice in various diseases like sannipatajjwara (fever originating from the aggravation of tridoshas), twakroga (skin diseases), raktadosha (blood related disorders), vranastrava (oozing from wounds), aruchi (anorexia), atisara (diarrhoea), pravahika(dysentery), spotha (boils) etc. [3] in the kupipakwa method the the makaradhwaja is obtained at the neck of the kupi while the particles of swarna are found at the bottom, whereas in kharaliya method swarnabhasma is triturated along with all other contents. this apparent separation of swarna particles in the former method and blending in the latter creates difference in the chemical composition of the final product obtained. there is need to evaluate the therapeutic action as well as the safety of makaradhwaja prepared by both methods. hence an attempt has been made to review it's properties as per the available literature. materials and method all available textual references of makaradhwaja were reviewed. scientific s tudies conducted on makaradhwaja and digitalised information available from various reliable sources were collected and analysed. observations makaradhwaja is prepared by two different methods as follows: kupipakwa method: amalgam of swarna and shuddha parad is taken in a khalvayantra (mortar and pestle) and triturated for 4 6 hrs, subsequently shuddha gandhak is added to it in the following ratio of 1:8:16. mardan (trituration) is continued for 24 hrs until a fine nischandra kajjali a stage attained during trituration of kajjali (a dry powder like preparation of mercury and usually sulphur) wherein the preparation becomes completely black and lustre free is obtained. then it is subjected to bhavana with ghrutkumari swaras (the juice of aloe vera), this is done by adding sufficient quantity of the ghrutkumari swaras to kajjali and trituration is done for 3 hrs followed by drying it in the sun. this bhavit kajjali (the mercurial preparation which has undergone bhavana) is then filled in a kachkupi (a glass bottle specifically prepared to endure long duration of heat). this kupi is then placed in a valukayantra (sand bath) and heat is supplied was in kramagni pattern i.e. 3 hrs of mandagni (120 -250 c), 6 hrs of madhayamagni (250 -450 c) and 3 hrs of tivragni (450 650 c). during the course of heating, a hot shalaka (thin rod) is repeatedly inserted in the mouth of the kupi to disperse the accumulation of sulphur fumes, which may create blockage. after which the mouth of the kupi is corked and it is subjected to heat for another 2 hours. after this, the kupi is kept aside for cooling. a fine thread is tied over the kupi, 1 inch below the collected final product, and water is sprinkled over it to break it. makaradhwaja is then collected from the neck of the kupi.[4] while in an another reference 6 hours (dviyama) of mandagni, followed by 6 hours of madhyamangni and 6 hours of tivragni is said to be administered for the preparation of makaradhwaja.[5] kharaliya method: in this method first the following contents are mixed and subjected to trituration rasasindoor, jatiphala churna, lavang churna, karpur churna and marich churna. then swarna bhasm and kasturi are added to this mixture, trituration is continued for 3 hrs further. tablets of dvigunja size (250 mg) are prepared. [6] presently the bahirdhoom vidhi (heat applied in open medium) mentioned by rasatarangini is the one being followed, with changes in the procedure of heating and use of gold in three different forms – varkha (sheets of gold), foils and bhasmas. in which the maximum particles of gold was found to be in the makaradhwaja prepared using gold varkha[7]. the procedure of gandhak jarana (the addition and engulfing of sulphur by prad or mercury) for triguna, shadguna balijarit makaradhwaja (three times, six times mercury infused kajjali respectively) has shown to increase the efficacy of the preparation and also the ppm of gold. the increasing level of gandhak is linked with proportional rise in the level of gold in the final product obtained.[8] additionally, the efficacy of makaradhwaja made from ashtasanskarit parad (mercury which has undergone the eight stepwise procedures of purification) is shown to be better than only shodhit parad (purified mercury) when used in preparation of the medicine. [9] discussion there are many references found in different rasa texts by the name of makaradhwaja and chandroday rasa based on the method of preparation. few are as follows as mentioned in table 1: table no.1: formulation and its references sr.no formulation classical text reference 1 chandroday rasa rasa chandashu rasendra sar sangrah yog chintamani yog ratnakar bhaishajya ratnavali 2 makaradhwaja rasa ratnakar rasendra sar sangrah bhaishajya ratnavali rasamritam rasratnamanimala rasatarangini the therapeutic activity of makaradhwaja & chandroday ras are compiled in table 2. table no.2: therapeutic considerations sr.no formulation therapeutic activity 1 makaradhwaja removes signs of ageing like wrinkles and greying of hair, brain booster, improves skin glow, rejuvenation medicine, aphrodisiac, improves longevity and abates oldage [4] 2 chandroday ras aprodisiac and improves strength, agility and metabolism. [6] kupipakwa makaradhwaja is found at the neck of the kupi, while swarna or gold particles are found at the bottom of the same. the data of research studies of sanjay khedkar et al in the article standard manufacturing process of makaradhwaja prepared by swarna patra, varkh and bhasma wherein gold content was found to be 131pp, 268 ppm and 19 ppm respectively. this variation found in the gold content may be due to the difference in particle size. [12] in another article, the metallographic study of gold containing herbo-mineral preparation makaradhwaja the nature of growth of columnar crystal mercuric sulphide was shown to be devoid of gold while in icp spectrophotometry, gold content found was 130 ppm. [8] another study by prasanta kumar et al in their study “chemistry of kupipakwa rasayana” have mentioned the presence of very minute quantity of gold in combination with mercuric sulphide at the neck of the kupi.[13] the present market scenario offers kupipakwa makaradhwaja in two different forms – makaradhwaja and siddha makaradhwaja. there are five different pharmacies offering the product in various format namely dhootpapeshwar, zandu, dabur, baidyanath, uma ayurvedic pvt. ltd. the product is sold as makardhwaja, siddha makardhwaja, swarna makardhwajha etc. the kupipakwa method is preferred by almost all manufacturers. kharaliya vidhi and antardhoom vidhi (administering heat to the medicinal preparation, keeping it in a closed environment) mentioned in rasatarangini remains to be explored for its full potential. the safety evaluation of the preparation reveals that it is safe for usage and does not produce untoward effect on the body when given in the correct dosage. the easy availability of the product teamed with its popularity in enhancing vigour and vitality has caused it to be used indiscriminately by the masses. conclusion there has been no analytical study conducted on makaradhwaja by kharaliya method & the benefits or harm of mixing swarna found at the bottom of the kupi with the product at the neck to produce makaradhwaja. further studies must be conducted to evaluate the therapeutic and safety concerns of makaradhwaja made from both the methods. references 1. pt. hariprapanna sharma, rasa yoga sagar, varanasi, chaukhamba krishnadas academy, 2010, volume i, p.433 2. pt. hariprapanna sharma, rasa yoga sagar, varanasi, chaukhamba krishnadas academy, 2010, volume ii, p.4137-38 3. pal mn. role of mercury in ayurvedic drug. proceedings of first international conference elements in health and diseases. new delhi: who and institute of history of medicine and medical research. 1984, p. 249 4. shri govinda dasji, bhaishajya ratnavali, prof. siddhinandan mishra, 16th edition, varanasi, chaukhamba prakashan, 2015, p. 194 5. shri sadanand sharma, rasatarangini, shasta tarang, pt. kashinath shastri, 8th re-edition, new delhi, motilal banarasidas, 2014, 6/ 149-152 6. shri govinda dasji, bhaishajya ratnavali, prof. siddhinandan mishra, 16th edition, varanasi, chaukhamba prakashan, 2015, p.1135 7. sanjay khedekar, b.j.patgiri et al. standard manufacturing process of makaradhwaja prepared by swarna patravarkha and bhasma,. ayu. 2011;32(1):109-115 8. sanjay khedekar, b.j.patgiri et al. a scientific review of gold containing herbo-mineral preparation: makaradhwaja. intl. journal of green pharmacy, oct-dec 2015 (suppl);9(4): 7-11 9. shraddha nanasaheb dhundi, pradeep kumar prajatpati. review on various experimental and clinical studies conducted on makaradhwaja. annals of ayurvedic medicine. 2013;2(3) 10. gajendra kumar, amita srivastava et al. safety evaluation of mercury based ayurvedic formulation(sidh makardhwaja) on brain cerebrum, liver & kidney in rats. the indian journal of medicinal research. 2014;139(4): 610618 11. ibidem bhaishajya ratnavali (6), p.1136 12. prajapati pk, dubey gp, prakash b, pandey vb, kumar m, joshi d. pharmaceutical and experimental studies on makaradhwaja. md dissertation, bhu, varanasi; 1993 13. prasanta kumar sarkar, neky j. mehta, p. k. prajapati. chemistry of kupipakwa rasayanas – a review. ancient science of life. 2008; 27(4): 56-63 how to cite the article: mangala jadhav, swati s chirane, anjali menon. review of various types of makaradhwaja. j. res. tradit. med 2017; 3(2): 51-54 source of support: nil conflict of interest: nil disclaimer: journal of research in traditional medicine, its publisher, editorial board members or anyone involved in producing and delivering the online materials, does not assume any responsibility or liability for any consequences arising out of the usage of the contents in the published articles. the contents presented in the articles are purely the opinion of the contributing authors and not necessarily of the journal. 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 chinese traditional medical journal social status and individual identity a study of francis scott key fitzgerald’s ‘the great gatsby’ yoshitom hisa, gao min, zho tia school of pharmaceutical sciences, mukogawa women's university, hyogo , oncology department, dongfang hospital, beijing university of chinese medicine, beijing introduction: individuals' self-esteem and self-identity have always been subordinated because of their ethnicity, gender, or wealth. when it comes to society's social expectations, this is true even in advanced cultures where individuals are always striving to meet them. american society's moral code suffered greatly during the roaring twenties due to its pursuit of excessive material wealth. the american goal of creating a society in which all citizens abstract literature, francis scott fitzgerald was a well-known american novelist and short storey writer of the roaring twenties. they depict a lack of morality, lack of principles, and an internal moral dilemma among american youth during world war i. economic growth in the united states was out of control during the roaring twenties. aristocrats' extravagant banquets and fashionable attire inspired a new generation of wealthy businessmen. greed and hypocrisy have taken over the individualism and moral ideals of the typical american in the 1920s. in "the great gatsby," every character's desire to rise to a position of social prominence overshadows their uniqueness. because of his romantic feelings for daisy, jay gatsby, the main character, becomes more and more obsessed with the opulent lifestyle of the wealthy upper classes. in order to rekindle his relationship with daisy, gatsby uses his fortune from bootlegging to live an extravagant lifestyle. all his splendour, though, is dwarfed by his wife's aristocratic spouse, tom buchanan. a mistress for myrtle wilson is a way for her to escape her awful life and for tom it is just another status symbol. it's the upper class's whims and fancies that myrtle entertains. as a result, the deaths of gatsby and myrtle have little effect on daisy and tom's marriage, which is mostly a financial arrangement. keywords: it was a time of upheaval and euphoria for the american upper class, as well as for the rest of the world's young. 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 were treated equally and had equal access to opportunity had failed. americans of the roaring twenties will recognise francis scott key fitzgerald as an american novelist. he incorporates the shattered american ideal, marital strife, and the society's flimsy moral code. to put it another way, his focus is on the darkest corners of society. during the "roaring twenties," "the great gatsby" is set in new york city. after being smitten with daisy and her elegant lifestyle, jay gatsby sets out to establish himself as a wealthy aristocrat. gatsby's naivete and gullibility collide with society's class order. objective: 'the great gatsby' seems to be a love storey between two stars, jay gatsby and daisy buchanan, but it is a powerful statement on the racial divide in our society. the novel's protagonists' fates are decided by the novel's class system. studying fitzgerald's novel, "the great gatsby," the paper's major goal is to understand how socioeconomic status affects an individual's identity. america in 1920’s: equality for all men, or the american dream, is the foundation of america's culture. people came to the united states in search of the american ideal, which is that anybody can achieve if they work hard and have a clear goal in mind. the glitz and hedonism of the roaring twenties are vividly depicted in fitzgerald's writings, which include themes of american ideals. other than that, he focuses on a darker aspect of the american ideal, which he says leads to mindless ambition and the use of bootlegging to get money. he was not swayed by the wealth of the moment, but he was aware of the disparity between the rich and the poor and predicted the future of the united states. jay gatsby’s dreams and ambitions: american fears of the 1920s are depicted in "the great gatsby" by fitzgerald. the ancient aristocracy, the newly wealthy, and the poor are all represented by the two imaginary towns of east egg and west egg, as well as the valley of ashes. daisy, the love interest of jay gatsby, marries tom buchanan when gatsby enlists in the military during world war i. a few years later, gatsby becomes engaged in bootlegging and purports to be an oxford-educated man. since moving to west egg (across the bay from daisy's house on east egg) from east egg, he has hosted lavish parties in the hope that daisy may attend one. gatsby tries to get nick carraway, the cousin of daisy's best friend jordan baker, to set up a meeting between him and daisy. she goes on to describe to nick how, after receiving a letter from gatsby, daisy intended to call off her wedding to tom, but drank wine the night before and ended up marrying him. nick and daisy's visit to gatsby's west egg house causes daisy to burst into tears of joy. daisy seemed to have been overcome by the wealth of gatsby and was unable to control her feelings. it is shown later in nick's narrative that even gatsby's love for daisy is increased sub-consciously as a result of his drive for a high social standing and a luxurious way of life. he then added, "her voice has a lot of money in it." it was over. prior to this, i had no idea what you were talking about. the tinkling of it, the cymbals' song of it, the endless fascination that rose and fell in it—that was the inexhaustible charm that rose and fell in it. 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 the golden girl, the king's daughter, lives in a white mansion above the sky (7.1056) for gatsby, daisy represents riches, elegance, and nobility; he refers to her as the "golden girl" and uses money as a metaphor to describe her voice. for all his years in the past, he saw daisy's love as the only thing that mattered to him. gatsby believes that daisy's feelings for him haven't waned over time and that she was only forced to marry tom because of the circumstances. as a result of this realisation, gatsby is left disappointed and disheartened by the fact that daisy's love is not enough to satisfy him. even in an economically prosperous country, there is still a widening wealth difference between the old nobility and those who have lately come into their own. daisy is unable to make a decision when challenged with gatsby and tom, and she ends up choosing neither of them. she was infatuated with him. her position and royalty would be at risk if she were to be with gatsby. in this contact between them, the class system of society overpowers even fundamental human feelings. marriage and social security: east egg is home to a number of well-todo families, including the buchanans. tom, a young guy with a strong body and a racial outlook, is an aggressive and combative individual. "it's a great book, and i think everyone should read it. essentially, if we don't keep an eye out, the white race will be completely obliterated, according to this theory. it's all a matter of scientific fact." (1.78) a book tom has been reading recently claims that the white race is superior to all other races and must preserve its dominance over society, which tom discusses. because of their low social status, he maintains control over his mistress myrtle wilson and even her husband, george wilson. while tom is having an adulterous affair with a working-class lady, daisy chooses to ignore it because she believes that being a fool is the ideal role for a woman. to keep up with the upper-class social expectations, daisy pretends to be disappointed and unsure about her future with tom. upon injuring daisy's finger, she refers to him as a "hulking beast of a guy." for the sake of societal stability, daisy sacrifices her originality for the sake of her husband's devotion and pleasure. daisy's life seems idyllic on the surface, but the monotony of her existence drives her to seek solace in gatsby. exploitation of working class: a working-class neighbourhood halfway between manhattan and the east and west egg suburbs, myrtle is the wife of george, owner of a garage in the "valley of ashes." she lives in a manhattan flat with tom and imitates upper-class women's behaviours. since tom's catholic wife refuses to divorce him, she feels that he is unable to marry her. on hearing that his wife is not a catholic from nick, she incites him. he gets upset and attacks her when she refers to him as her first name in front of his legally married wife. even though he knows she's his wife, tom treats myrtle like just another one of his possessions. to him, aristocracy has a higher social standing than working class, so she's not even allowed to call herself myrtle. tom is terrified of losing his grip on myrtle and daisy, and his anxiety grows as he realises he may be losing it. his relationship with myrtle is little more 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 than a show of his egotistical and domineering nature. as a result, he fears that he has lost all of his authority however long it takes daisy to admit her genuine love for gatsby, tom refuses to give in to the strain in their marriage. by dismissing his relationship with myrtle, tom pretends to be in love with daisy. "what's more, daisy is one of my favourites. occasionally, i go on a wild escapade, but i always return, and in my heart, i always adore her." (7.251-252) he convinces daisy that he doesn't care about his "sprees," since he intends to return after they're done. tom's entire priority is maintaining his social status, and he cares more about his marriage and mistress than anything else. death of myrtle: after the turmoil, tom boasts that gatsby couldn't win him back and hands daisy the keys to his vehicle so she may accompany him on his trip. to save herself, myrtle leaps into the path of oncoming traffic, attempting to stop the vehicle. gatsby assures nick that he would take the blame and protect daisy, who was driving the car. there is no way for gatsby to repair his connection with daisy while he is still in a golden dream. as far as the repercussions go, he doesn't give a second thought to them. nick is shocked by jordan baker's carefree, devil-may-care attitude after myrtle's sad death. how can jordan not be affected by the death of a person? the next night, "you didn't treat me very well." was it even relevant at the time? (8.49-53) in this scene, nick recognises that the old money group is cold, reckless, and nasty, and that gatsby is the only one who can save him from them. death of gatsby: upon learning that george wilson is the one who murdered myrtle, wilson decides to kill gatsby in order to exact vengeance. the buchanan family then relocates to france, where they want to stay for the rest of their lives. in order to prevent a crime scene, drug lord meyer wolfsheim does not attend gatsby's burial. it is impossible to maintain a strong friendship with gatsby after he has passed away, even for wolfsheim. people are just disposable to wolfsheim, as he explains in his explanation. "any involvement in the death of a guy bothers me, and i avoid it at all costs. i maintain my distance. when i was a young guy it was different—if a buddy of mine died, no matter how, i remained with them until the end. you may think that's sappy but i mean it— to the bitter end…. our friendship should be shown while a person is still living, rather than after he has passed away "he made a suggestion. "my own guideline after that is to just let things be." (9.95-99) conclusion: in jordan baker's words, "there are only the pursued, the pursuing, the busy, and the fatigued," the core of the class conflicts in society is summarised. a society is divided into three groups: those who chased their aspirations, those who are still chasing their dreams, and the people from the valley of ashes, who are constantly busy suggesting exploitation of physical labour or enslavement, respectively. when gatsby and myrtle die, it becomes clear that tom and daisy will not be held responsible for their deaths. instead, they 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 may hide in their money and let others deal with the aftermath. this couple was sloppily behaved. they destroyed things and beings and then sank back into their money or the enormous carelessness or whatever held them together, leaving others to clean up the damage they had left behind (9.146) tom and daisy are protected from the consequences of their actions by their wealth, whilst others must suffer and even die to achieve their goals. despite his riches and grandeur, gatsby couldn't live up to his ambitions; he flaunted his fortune to become a member of society only to be abandoned and left with an empty heart at the end of his life. myrtle had always dreamed of living a rich lifestyle, but she didn't know it was impossible. consequently, we might infer that social standing has an impact on one's uniqueness. references 1. in the first place, fitzgerald f. scott (scribner, 1925) tender 2: the great gatsby. the following document may be found at this link: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in 2. https://chendrickson.wordpress.com/theme s/ \s3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/the great gatsby 3. . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/f. scott fitzgerald#novels 4 . https://blog.prepscholar.com/thegreat-gatsby-quotes 5. . https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/gatsby/ .6 . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hk22 6gvxiay . .7 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =u8 jik2lyrw 8 . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5zw c2cojls issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 3 a scientometric study of the productivity of the literature in the engineering and materials sciences mr. manjula g, mr. krishna associate professor 1,2 librarian kle society s. nijalingappa college rajajinagar, bangalore-560010 abstract this report examines the research output of the journal "indian journal of engineering and materials sciences (ijems)" between the years 2001 and 2018, focusing on a subset of the total 1215 papers published in the magazine. the year 2014 saw the greatest volume of published works. researchers most often used journal articles as references in their work. there were 10,952 papers published with two or more authors and just 120 published with a single author. the relative growth pace of academic communication is 1.99, which means it is growing at an average pace. this study indicates that ijems's research output and growth rate of scholarly communication are on the decline, and it also looks at the authorship pattern of this communication using the collaborative index, which is the collaborative coefficient. keywords: science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (stem), and scientometrics introduction scientometrics is a field that uses the analysis of scientific papers to learn more about how science works and how it develops over time. the quantitative and qualitative features of a publication are dissected using bibliometric, scientometric, and informetric methods. quantitative measures of scientific information, such as the number of scientific articles published in a given time period, the citation impact of those articles, etc., are used to examine the development of science in this discipline (rajendran, 2011)."scientometrics" is the "application of those quantitative methods dealing with the analysis of science viewed as information processes," as stated by patra et al. (2006). the indian journal of materials science and engineering launched in 1994, the journal features articles from a wide range of engineering disciplines, including aerospace, mechanical, metallurgical, electrical/electronic, civil, fluid mechanics, instrumentation, and materials science. as of the year 2018, the if of ijems was 0.794 (jcr). (http://op.niscair.res.in/index.php/ijems/index ) the mission of the indian journal of engineering & materials sciences is to disseminate significant new findings in the theory and application of all branches of engineering and materials science. aerospace, mechanical, metallurgical, electrical, electronic, civil, and materials engineering are all subfields of engineering. (https://www.niscair.res.in/jinfo/ijems/ijems_i nst_auth.pdf). the objective of the study  to study the growth of research productivity on during 2001-2018.  to examine the relative growth rate of articles.  to find out the doubling time of the articles.  to analyses the author pattern and collaboration like ci, cc, dc, etc.,  to know the ranking of the author. scope and methodology the paper represents the scientometric analysis of ijems publications in the field of engineering during the period 2001 to 2018. the data is confined to articles on ijems. a total number of 1215 articles have been found and the same has been analyzed by using the spreadsheet application. computed growth rate and collaborative measures using a set of formulas. analysis and interpretation of data analysis of the data based on the publishing chronological order from the year 2001 to 2018. using worldwide set of formulas i.e. log formula and mean value the study analyzing the author collaboration i.e collaborative index (ci), collaborative coefficient (cc), degree of collaboration (dc) also average author per publication (aapp) and average publication per author (appa) etc., also examines the growth rate of scholarly communication through relative growth rate (rgr) and doubling time (dt). growth rate of research publications table 1: growth rate of research publications year no. of publications cumulative no. of publications log(p)1 log(p)2 rgr(p) mean rgr dt(p) mean dt 2001 63 63 4.14 4.14 1.27 0.63 2002 74 137 4.30 4.92 0.62 1.13 2003 76 213 4.33 5.36 1.03 0.67 2004 80 293 4.38 5.68 1.30 0.53 2005 77 370 4.34 5.91 1.57 0.44 2006 72 442 4.28 6.09 1.81 0.38 2007 60 502 4.09 6.22 2.12 2.38 0.33 0.29 2008 74 576 4.30 6.36 2.05 0.34 2009 67 643 4.20 6.47 2.26 0.31 2010 63 706 4.14 6.56 2.42 0.29 2011 53 759 3.97 6.63 2.66 0.26 2012 50 809 3.91 6.70 2.78 0.25 2013 71 880 4.26 6.78 2.52 2.77 0.28 0.25 2014 87 967 4.47 6.87 2.41 0.29 2015 82 1049 4.41 6.96 2.55 0.27 2016 47 1096 3.85 7.00 3.15 0.22 2017 60 1156 4.09 7.05 2.96 0.23 2018 59 1215 4.08 7.10 3.02 0.23 table-1 show that the growth rate of research publication on ijems between 2001 and 2018 in terms of relative growth rate (rgr) and doubling time (dt). mean value of relative growth rate and doubling time is 2.14 and 0.39 respectively. it is evidenced that the relative growth rate increased whereas the doubling time (dt) slightly decreased. collaborative index (ci) table 2: collaborative index (ci) year total publications total author publications total authors mono multi author publication ci 2018 59 59 203 0 59 3.34 2017 60 60 206 1 59 3.39 2016 47 47 153 4 43 3.30 2015 82 82 278 6 76 3.46 2014 87 87 283 4 83 3.35 2013 71 71 187 10 61 3.28 2012 50 50 155 6 44 3.41 2011 53 53 152 4 49 3.06 2010 63 63 198 8 55 3.45 2009 67 67 222 7 60 3.55 2008 74 74 233 8 66 3.41 2007 60 60 173 12 48 3.38 2006 72 72 201 6 66 2.97 2005 77 77 213 10 67 3.12 2004 80 80 245 7 73 3.14 2003 76 76 199 11 65 3.02 2002 74 74 204 10 64 3.03 2001 63 63 172 6 57 3.00 total 1215 1215 3677 120 1095 3.26 table-2 depicts the number of authors known as collaborative index (ci). collaborative index in the year 2009 was the highest viz. 3.55, followed by 2015 as 3.46; least collaborative index was 2.97 recorded in the year 2006. therefore, the overall average collaborative index is 3.26. it means on an average of three authors collaboratively worked for an article. collaborative coefficients (cc) table 3: collaborative coefficients (cc) year total publications total author publications total authors mono multi-author publication cc 2018 59 59 203 0 59 0.67 2017 60 60 206 1 59 0.66 2016 47 47 153 4 43 0.59 2015 82 82 278 6 76 0.62 2014 87 87 283 4 83 0.63 2013 71 71 187 10 61 0.55 2012 50 50 155 6 44 0.58 2011 53 53 152 4 49 0.57 2010 63 63 198 8 55 0.57 2009 67 67 222 7 60 0.60 2008 74 74 233 8 66 0.59 2007 60 60 173 12 48 0.51 2006 72 72 201 6 66 0.56 2005 77 77 213 10 67 0.55 2004 80 80 245 7 73 0.58 2003 76 76 199 11 65 0.52 2002 74 74 204 10 64 0.54 2001 63 63 172 6 57 0.56 total 1215 1215 3677 120 1095 0.58 table-3 shows the author collaborative coefficient which measures both collaborative index and degree of collaboration in one pattern. the highest author collaborative coefficient is 0.67 in the year 2018 and followed by 0.66 collaborative coefficient recorded in 2017. the least collaborative coefficient is 0.51 in the year 2007. degree of collaboration table 4: degree of collaboration year total publications total author publications total authors mono multi-author publication dc 2018 59 59 203 0 59 1.00 2017 60 60 206 1 59 0.98 2016 47 47 153 4 43 0.91 2015 82 82 278 6 76 0.93 2014 87 87 283 4 83 0.95 2013 71 71 187 10 61 0.86 2012 50 50 155 6 44 0.88 2011 53 53 152 4 49 0.92 2010 63 63 198 8 55 0.87 2009 67 67 222 7 60 0.90 2008 74 74 233 8 66 0.89 2007 60 60 173 12 48 0.80 2006 72 72 201 6 66 0.92 2005 77 77 213 10 67 0.87 2004 80 80 245 7 73 0.91 2003 76 76 199 11 65 0.86 2002 74 74 204 10 64 0.86 2001 63 63 172 6 57 0.90 total 1215 1215 3677 120 1095 0.90 table-4 shows collaborative research pattern known as degree of collaboration. highest degree of collaboration (dc) was 1.0 in the year 2018 and followed by 0.98 recorded in 2017. average degree of collaboration (dc) was 0.90. average author per productivity & average publication per author table 5: average author per productivity & average publication per author year total publications total author publications total authors aapp appa 2018 59 59 203 3.44 0.29 2017 60 60 206 3.43 0.29 2016 47 47 153 3.26 0.31 2015 82 82 278 3.39 0.29 2014 87 87 283 3.25 0.31 2013 71 71 187 2.63 0.38 2012 50 50 155 3.10 0.32 2011 53 53 152 2.87 0.35 2010 63 63 198 3.14 0.32 2009 67 67 222 3.31 0.30 2008 74 74 233 3.15 0.32 2007 60 60 173 2.88 0.35 2006 72 72 201 2.79 0.36 2005 77 77 213 2.77 0.36 2004 80 80 245 3.06 0.33 2003 76 76 199 2.62 0.38 2002 74 74 204 2.76 0.36 2001 63 63 172 2.73 0.37 total 1215 1215 3677 3.03 0.33 table-5 depicts that average author per productivity (aapp) and average publication per author (appa). highest aapp in the year 2018 was 3.44; lowest aapp is 2.62 in the year 2003. average aapp is 3.03 in the year 2001 to 2018. least appa is 0.38 2013 and 2003, lowest appa is 0.29 in the year 2018, 2017 and 2015. and average appa is 0.33. ranking of the author(s) table 6: ranking of the author(s) rank author name no. of articles contributed percentage of articles contributed 1 rao, g venkateswara 13 1.1 2 keshavarz, m h 12 1.0 3 choudhary, r n p 11 0.9 4 ganesan, v 8 0.7 5 singh, s n 8 0.7 6 horng, jiun-wei 7 0.6 7 seshadri, v 6 0.5 8 sivanandam, s n 6 0.5 9 prasad, k 6 0.5 10 kuo, chil-chyuan 6 0.5 it is observed from the above table-6 that there is rao, g venkateswara contributed highest number of articles he is occupied first place with 13 articles followed by keshavarz, m h ranked second with 12 articles, choudhary, r n p ranked third with 11 articles. findings and conclusion the relative growth rate (rgr) has an increasing trend whereas the doubling time (dt) has increasing trend. average doubling time was 0.37 years. the mean number of authors (ci) was 3.5 highest author collaborative coefficient is 0.67 in the year 2018. the average degree of collaboration (dc) was 0.90. average author per publication (aapp) is high i.e. 3.03, average publication per author (appa) is very less that is 0.33. there is collaborative research trend in ijems. scientometrics analysis of a subject field helps in identifying the research status. it can be seen whether it is conducting more or fewer research works in a particular field. through this analysis, one can found subject areas in which research trend is high and the areas where research trend is low; and subject areas where no significant change in research is seen worldwide. references: 1. rajendran, p., jeyshankar, r., & elango, b. (2011). scientometric analysis of contributions to journal of scientific and industrial research. international journal of digital library services, 1(2), 79-89. 2. patra, s. k., bhattacharya, p., & verma, n. (2006). bibliometric study of literature on bibliometrics. desidoc journal of library & information technology, 26(1). 3. praveena naik & keshava. (2019). scholarly communications on lymphatic filariasis disease as reflected in pubmed: a scientometric study. 9th kscla national conference on library in the life of the user. 4. http://op.niscair.res.in/index.php/ijems/ index 5. https://www.niscair.res.in/jinfo/ijems/i jems_inst_auth.pdf http://op.niscair.res.in/index.php/ijems/index http://op.niscair.res.in/index.php/ijems/index https://www.niscair.res.in/jinfo/ijems/ijems_inst_auth.pdf https://www.niscair.res.in/jinfo/ijems/ijems_inst_auth.pdf issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 2 robotic arm with pick-and-place function, controlled by an android app ms. nimmakuri sindhu sri assistant professor ksr institute of technology and sciences, guntur, andhra pradesh, india abstract robots have been more popular and widely used in recent years, particularly in factories and other regular tasks. robots are programmed to do pick-and-place tasks in various production settings. there are several everyday perils when humans are rendered useless. robots are an excellent option for circumstances like these since they can perform without human supervision. we are developing an android app to control a pick-and-place robotic arm. the robot's motion is controlled by a smartphone-like device equipped with a bluetooth application. those with physical limitations benefit greatly from the assistance provided by this robotic arm. using an android app, they may direct the robotic arm to do their tasks without leaving their seats. depending on its intended use, the robotic arm project may be adapted to include a variety of characteristics, such as a line follower, wall hugger, bottle industry, packaging industry, metal detector, etc. keywords: soft-catch arm pick-and-place robot with atmega328, dc motor, bluetooth control, and an android smartphone. introduction everyday living presents many potential dangers. in today's technologically sophisticated world, automation has the potential to vastly expand production capacity, vastly enhance product quality, and significantly reduce costs. there are a lot of situations in which a person just cannot function. the rise in the cost of labor and the increasing expectations of consumers have made robots an increasingly impressive machine. the use of robots in dangerous environments has the dual benefit of protecting human workers and freeing up human workers for more important tasks. it has applications in the fields of medicine, surgery, military, ai, retail, and production.the suggested technology by shamsheer verma et al.,[1] uses hand gestures for wireless operation and control.the suggested technique by puran singh et al.,[2] which is a system comprising several subsystems that interact with each other and the environment in which the robot operates, was created.the image processing technique created by rahul kumar et al.,[3] is necessary for the complete functionality of a pick and place robotic arm designed for item sorting.the suggested approach by priyambada mishra et al.,[4] uses servo motors to create the robotic arm's joints and a potentiometer for fine-tuning the movement. the servo motors are controlled by a microcontroller board, and the arduino uno has a potentiometer connected to its analog input. a robotic crane is the best analogy i can make for this model. the suggested approach by chaitanya k. jambotkar et al.[5] was created with the goal of reducing the likelihood of human mistake and the need for manual intervention in order to get better results. it discusses incorporating robo-arduino into a pick-and-place robot for any purpose.a pick-and-place robotic arm vehicle, controlled by voice instructions via an android app, was built and constructed according to the methodology provided by alka, n. u. et al. [6]. after receiving instructions from an android app, the robotic vehicle will carry them out. the suggested technique by areepen sengsalonga et al.[7] uses red, green, and blue items to represent the three primary colors. when the light photodiode sensor receives a color input, the robot arm's gripper will move to select and transfer things of that color.the suggested approach by anughna n et al.[8] was created to build a mechanical arm limited by typical human arm developments, the data for which is obtained by means of accelerometers.robots often carry out unpleasant, dangerous, and repetitive activities.material handling, assembling, arc welding, resistance welding, machine tool load and unload, painting, spraying, etc. are only a few of their various uses. a lot of robots' components are made to look like things found in nature. the robot's arm, or manipulator, is modelled after the human arm in terms of design and construction. the robot can do pick-and-place tasks, allowing it to manage things. in addition, it may perform independently. technology for electronic robot systems in industry has been rapidly expanding. 1. methodology fig-1: block diagram of pick and place robotic arm using android application the hardware implementation of pick and place arm system consists of micro controller (arduino uno), bluetooth module, motor driver (l293d), android application device and power supply. there are two dc motors is employed to maneuver the vehicle forward or controller. micro controller offers the five milli amp output that isn't ample enough to drive the dc motors that’s why we tend to use motor driver. the vehicle will be controlled by the android application device at the transmitting end, which will send signal to bluetooth module (hc-05) which is employed as an interface between mobile and vehicle (robot) 1.1. power supply a power supply is an device that supplies electric power to an electrical. the main purpose of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the correct , and voltage, current and frequency to power the load. to supply power to vehicle, rechargeable batteries are usually the best ones. a standard 300-500 rpm motors run well between 9 to 12 volts. 1.2. arduino uno arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. arduino board can read inputs light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a twitter message and turn it into an output activating a motor, turning on an led, publishing something online. you can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. to do so you use the arduino programming language (based on wiring), and the arduino software language (ide) based on processing. fig 1:arduino uno board 1.3. l293d motor driver l293d ic is known as a motor driver. it is a low voltage operating device like other ics. the other ics could have the same functions like l293d but they cannot provide the high voltage to the motor. l293d provides the continuous bidirectional direct current fig 2: l293d motor driver 2.3. dc motors a dc motor in simple words is a device that converts electrical energy (direct current system) into mechanical energy. it is of vital importance for the industry today and is equally important for engineers to consider the working principle of dc motor in details that has been discussed in this article. to understand the operating principle of dc motor we need to first consider its constructional feature. fig 3: dc motors 2.4. servo motors 2.4.1 mg995 servo motor mg995 servo motor or “servos”, as they are known, are electronic devices. it is a highspeed standard servo can rotate approximately 180 degrees used for airplane, helicopter and many rc models. mg995 has three terminals and the function of each pin is , the pwm signal which states the axis position is given through this pin. positive power supply for servo motor is given and the other pin is connected to ground or circuit supply. fig 4: mg995 servo motor 2.4.2 sg90 servo motor the sg90 micro servo motor is a small, high-performance servo motor commonly used in robotics, model making and other hobbyist projects. it has a compact form factor and is relatively low-cost, making it an attractive choice for many applications. the sg90 servo is a miniature servo, with some very compact dimensions to be able to integrate in projects where space is important. fig 5: sg90 servo motor 2.5 hc-05 bluetooth module hc-05 bluetooth module is an easy-to-use bluetooth spp (serial port protocol) module, designed for transparent wireless serial connection setup. its communication is via serial communication which makes an easy way to interface with controller or pc. wireless communication is swiftly replacing the wired connection when it comes to electronics and communication. designed to replace cable connections hc-05 uses serial communication to communicate with the electronics. fig 6: hc-05 bluetooth module 2. results and discussions in the method of pick and place robotic arm using android application, we are using an android application to control the robotic arm. the android application is installed in the device. using the android application we control the robotic arm and vehicle. connect the hc-05 bluetooth module to the android application. the information is sent after the arduino is interfered with the bluetooth module. hence the robotic arm and vehicle is controlled using some commands. the arduino a0,a1,a2,a3 is connected to the l293d motor driver. servo motor wires are connected to 6,7,8,9,10,11 pins of arduino. hc-05 bluetooth module of tx pin is connected to rx pin of arduino and rx pin of hc05 bluetooth is connected to tx pin of arduino 3. conclusion and future scope pick-and-place automation using robots expedites the movement of components to new places and boosts output. these pick and place robots are more precise than humans and don't tire from making repeated, laborious actions. these systems are also adaptable, since they may be repurposed via programming and retooling to meet the needs of a wide range of users. the robot's success lies in the fact that its motion, including that of the mobile and arm robot, can be controlled wirelessly.the robot's gripper may be made customizable to select any things, varying in their forms, and in the future, photographs of an object can be provided as an input to the robot to search and discover the object. the ip camera-equipped robot may be remotely controlled to disarm defenses. references [1] shamsheer verma “hand gestures remote controlled robotic arm”, advance in electronic and electric engineering. issn 2231-1297, volume 3, number 5 (2013), pp. 601606. [2] puran singh, anil kumar, mahesh vashishth “design of robotic arm with gripper and end effector for spot welding”, universal journal of mechanical engineering 1(3); 92-97, 2013, doi: 10.13189/ujme,2013.010303. [3] rahul kumar, sunil lal, sanjesh kumar and praneel chand “object detection and recognition for a pick and place robot”. [4] priyambada mishra, riki patel, trushit upadhyaya, arpan desai “review of development of robotic arm using arduino uno”, international journal on recent researches in science, engineering and technology, issn: 2348-3105 volume 5, issue 5, may 2017 [5] “pick and place robotic arm using arduino.” harish .k, megha d, shuklambari.m, amit k, chaitanya k jambotkar. “international journal of science, engineering and technology research”, volume 6, issue 12, december 2017, issn: 2278-7798. [6] alka, n. u. (2017). a voice controlled pick and place robotic arm vehicle using android application. unpublished, m.eng. mini project, abubakar tafawa balewa university, bauchi-nigeria. [7] areepen sengsalonga , nuryono satya widodo “ object moving robot arm based on color”, signal and image processing letters, vol.1., no.3, november 2019, pp. 13-19 issn 27146677. [8] anughna n, ranjitha v, tanuja g “design and implementation of wireless robotic arm model using flex and gyro sensor”, international journal of recent technology and engineering (ijrte) issn: 2277-3878, volume-8 issue-5, january 2020. issn : 2693 6356 2019 | vol 2 | issue 3 concrete strength properties by substituting copper slag for some of the fine aggregate 1 y. sombabu, 2 p. prudhvi, 3 j. nagarjuna, 4 v. sai manikanta, & 5 g. rohith kumar 1 assistant professor, 2,3,4 & 5 iv year students, civil engineering department, sree vahini institute of science and technology, tiruvuru abstract there has been a rise in the usage and manufacturing of concrete in recent decades. concrete's three primary constituents and production method are major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. in this study, m25 grade concrete was employed, and experiments were performed using varying percentages of copper slag in lieu of sand. weight-based mix designs are created by substituting varying amounts of copper slag for sand (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) in the concrete batching process. after 24 hours, the cube, beam, and cylinder specimens will be cured and ready to be prepared and demoulded. at 7, 14, and 28 days, we will conduct compression, split tensile strength, and flexural tests on the specimens. keywords: workability, compressive strength, fine aggregates, flexural strength, split tensile strength, and copper slag 1.0.introduction: in india, by-products and waste materials are being generated by various types of industries. disposal of waste materials effects the environment in various zones. therefore, these waste materials can be recycled and it is great potential in construction industry. many researchers found that concrete made with wastes and by-products like fly ash, silica fume, copper slag etc acquires excellent properties than the conventional concrete in terms of strength, performance and durability. hence, in this project, copper slag is taken to investigate its suitability as a replacement material for fine aggregate while making concrete. copper slag is an industrial by-product material produced during the smelting and refining process of copper, which can be used for a surprising number of applications in the construction field. it is also having similar physical properties of sand, considered as an alternative material to the river sand. it is the waste product material of copper. disposal of this waste causes environmental pollution. the construction field is the only area where the safe use of waste material like copper slag is possible. when it is taken as a replacement material in concrete, it lessens the environmental pollution, space problem and also lessens the cost of concrete. 1.1 back ground of copper slag: copper slag is a by-product of copper extraction by smelting. during smelting, impurities become slag which floats on the molten metal. slag that is quenched in water produces angular granules which are disposed of as waste or utilized as discussed below. copper slag is mainly used for surface blast-cleaning. abrasive blasting is used to clean and shape the surface of metal, stone, concrete and other materials. in this process, a stream of abrasive grains called grit is propelled toward the work piece. copper slag is just one of many different materials that may be used as abrasive grit. rate of grit consumption, amount of dust generated, and surface finish quality are some of the variables affected by https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/abrasive_blasting https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/abrasive_blasting copper slag can be utilized in concrete to act as fine aggregate. the copper slag in the granular form is utilized now as a sand blaster in finishing metal surfaces. but only 15 to 20% of the copper slag produced alone is being used. some of it used for land filling leaving the rest unused causing environmental pollution. these fine granules of copper slag are similar to sand grains and hence can be used in concrete as a replacement of fine aggregate. the use of copper slag in concrete provides potential environmental as well as economic benefits for all related industries, particularly in areas where a considerable amount of copper slag is produced. this innovative material (copper slag) which is an industrial waste product, if effectively utilized, will reduce not only sand mining but also environmental pollution 2.0 literature review r r chavan & d b kulkarni (2013) conducted experimental investigations to study the effect of using copper slag as a replacement of fine aggregate on the strength properties and concluded that maximum compressive strength of concrete increased by 55% at 40% replacement of fine aggregate by copper slag and flexural strength increased by 14 % for 40 % replacement. many researchers have investigated worldwide on the possible use of copper slag as a concrete aggregate. some of the important and published works are reviewed and presented briefly below. investigated the mechanical properties of high strength concrete replacing fine aggregate with copper slag. micro silica was used to supplement the cementitious content in the mix for high strength requirement. they observed that when copper slag was used to replace fine aggregate, upto 40% copper slag replacement, the strength of concrete was increases while the surface water absorption decreases. they also observed that when more than 40% of copper slag is used, the microstructure of concrete contains more voids, micro cracks, and capillary channels which accelerate the damage of concrete during loading. al-jabri et al (2009, 2011) investigated the performance of high strength concrete made with copper slag as a replacement for fine aggregate at constant workability and studied the effect of super plasticizer addition on the properties of high strength concrete made with copper slag. they observed that the water demand reduced by about 22% for 100% copper slag replacement. the strength and durability of high strength concrete improved with the increase in the content of copper slag of up to 50%. however, further additions of copper slag caused reduction in the strength due to increase in the free water content in the mix. also, the strength and durability characteristics of high strength concrete were adversely affected by the absence of the super plasticizer from the concrete paste despite the improvement in the concrete strength with the increase of copper content. the test results also show that there is a slight increase in the density of nearly 5% with the increase of copper slag content, whereas the workability increased rapidly with increase in copper slag percentage. caijun shi et al (2008) reviewed the effect of copper slag on the engineering properties of cement mortars and concrete. they reported that the utilization of copper slag in cement mortar and concrete is very effective and beneficial for all related industries, particularly in areas where a considerable amount of copper slag is produced. it proved both environmental as well as technical benefits. they observed that there was more than 70% improvement in the compressive strength of mortars with 50% copper slag substitution. 3.0 methodology table 1: physical properties of cement s. no property test results 1 normal consistency 30% 2 specific gravity 3.1 3 initial setting time 34 minutes 4 final setting time 465 minutes water: cement: f.a.: c.a. = 0.5: 1: 1.65: 2.67 table 2: physical properties of fine aggregate s. no property value 1 specific gravity 2.46 2 fineness modulus 4.91 3 bulk density: loose compacted 14kn/m 3 15kn/m 3 4 grading zone-i table 3: physical properties of coarse aggregate s. no property value 1 specific gravity 2.65 2 fineness modulus 4.911 3 bulk density loose compacted 14 kn/m 3 16 kn/m 3 4 nominal maximum size 20 mm table 4: physical properties of water s. no property value 1 ph 7.1 2 taste agreeable 3 appearance clear 4 turbidity(nt units) 1.75 4.0 mix design m25 grade of concrete is designed in accordance with the guidelines of code book is 10262:2009 with replacement of fine aggregate by copper slag. the mix proportion obtained is 1:1.65:2.67 (c: fa:ca) with water cement ratio of 0.50. copper slag is added at varying percentages of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% by replacing fine aggregate. the compressive strength specimens are casted and cured in water for 7days and 28 days. the split tensile strength and flexural strength specimens are casted and cured in water for 28 days. after curing, they are tested for their respective strengths. 5.0 specimen sizes:  150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm cubes were cast for compression test with replacement 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% replacement of copper slag. the specimens were demoulded after 24 hours and tested for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days of curing.  150 mm x 300 mm cylinders were cast for split tensile test with replacement of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%replacement of copper slag. the specimens were demoulded after 24 hours and tested for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days of curing.  beam mould of size 15 x 15x 70 cm (when size of aggregate is less than 38 mm) or of size 10 x 10 x 50 cm (when size of aggregate is less than 19 mm) slump value in mm 140 120 124 115 110 100 102 95 80 60 40 20 0 slump value in mm 6.0 results and discussions slump cone test results s.no % copper slag +% fine aggregate mix name slump value (mm) 1 0% cs + 100% fa m1 95 2 20% cs + 80% fa m2 102 3 40% cs + 60% fa m3 110 4 60% cs + 40% fa m4 115 5 80% cs + 20% fa m5 124 compressive strength test results h (mpa) at 7 days compressive strength (m ngth (mpa) at 28 days s.no % copper slag +% fine aggregate mix name compressive strength, mpa 7 days 14 days 28 days 1 0% cs + 100% fa m1 24 25.31 27.22 2 20% cs + 80% fa m2 27.74 28.84 30.21 3 40% cs + 60% fa m3 29.54 31.33 32.81 4 60% cs + 40% fa m4 25.5 27.81 28.5 5 80% cs + 20% fa m5 24.24 26.46 27.13 compressive strength (mpa) at 7 days 40 30 27.74 29.54 25.5 24 24.24 20 10 0 m1 m2 m3 m4 m5 compressive strengt strength (mpa) at 14 days 40 30 25.31 20 10 0 28.84 31.33 27.81 26.46 compressive stre 40 30 27.22 30.21 m1 m2 m3 m4 m5 pa) at 14 days 32.81 28.5 27.13 20 10 0 m1 m2 m3 m4 m5 split tensile compressive strength (mpa) at 28 days strength compressive s.no % copper slag +% fine aggregate mix name split tensile strength (n/mm 2 ) 1 0% cs + 100% fa m1 2.33 2 20% cs + 80% fa m2 2.65 3 40% cs + 60% fa m3 2.79 4 60% cs + 40% fa m4 2.06 5 80% cs + 20% fa m5 2.01 split tensile strength results @28 days (n/mm2) 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 m1 m2 m3 m4 m5 split tensile strength results @28 days (n/mm2) flexural strength test results s.no % copper slag +% fine aggregate mix name split tensile strength (n/mm 2 ) 1 0% cs + 100% fa m1 2.12 2 20% cs + 80% fa m2 3.19 3 40% cs + 60% fa m3 4.24 4 60% cs + 40% fa m4 3.01 5 80% cs + 20% fa m5 1.12 7.0 conclusions  the compressive strength of 40% replacement of fine aggregate by copper slag for 28 days is 32.81 n/mm 2 and for 7 days is 29.54 n/mm 2 is higher as compared to conventional mix that are 24 n/mm 2 and 27.22 n/mm 2 for 7 days and 28 days respectively.  it also observed that, after 28 days of curing, the split tensile strength and flexural strength are obtained for the same 40% replacement that are 2.79n/mm 2 and 4.24n/mm 2 is greater than conventional mix results, which are 2.33n/mm 2 and 2.12n/mm 2 respectively.  form the results of compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength, the concrete shown higher value at 40% replacement of fine aggregate by using copper slag.  we conclude that, by using copper slag as replacement for fine aggregate in concrete increases the density of concrete.  hence, 40% replacement of copper slag is the optimum proportion for replacing fine aggregate. references [1] santha kumar ar: concrete technology. oxford university press, engineering and computer science. section edition published 2006. [2] shetty ms (2006): concrete technology, theory and practice. s chand and company limited, india. [3] abhisheka h honnakkalavar: experimental study on concrete using copper slag as replacement material of fine aggregate, 2018, irjet [4] alaa m. rashad (2016) “ a brief review on blast furnace slag and copper slag as fine aggregate in mortar and concrete based on portland cement” rev. adv. mater. sci. flexural strength results @28 days (n/mm2) m1 m2 m3 m4 m5 1.12 2.12 3.01 3.19 4.24 flexural strength results at 28 days(n/mm2) [5] al-jabri ks, al-oraimi sk: “performance of high strength concrete made with copper slag as a fine aggregate”. section edition published 2009. [6] reddy ss: “utilization of copper slag as a partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete”. section edition published 2013. [7] sreelakshmi.s, sruthi.k.p (2015) “ copper slag partially replaces fine aggregate in m25 concrete: a comparative study of compressive strength responses” ijsr vol 5 :2319-7064. [8] shi, c., and qian, j.; high performance cementing materials from industrial slags – a review. resources, conservation and recycling, 29:195-207, 2000 [9] astm d5233-1995d, standard test method for single batch extraction method for wastes: astm international, 1992. [10] madhavi, t.ch. 2014. copper slag in concrete as replacement material. international journal of civil engineering and technology (ijciet). vol.5, issue, 3, pp.327-332. [11] gorai, b. and jana, r.k.2002. “premchand. characteristics and utilization of copper slag”,resources conservation and recycling, vol. 39, pp. 299-313. [12] arivalagan. s (2013):“experimental study on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams as replacement of copper slag as fine aggregate" journal of civil engineering and urbanism volume 3, issue 4(176-182). ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2018 | vol 1 | issue 1 issn: 2693 6356 2018 | vol 1 | issue 1 folklore treatment of urinary diseases of oya tribe in mulugu district b. lalitha kumari department of botany, kakatiya university, warangal, telangana state, india email: lalitharadhabandaru@gmail.com keywords: koya tribe, urinary diseases, folklore treatments, herbal remedies, cultural practices introduction: india endeavored with many natural blessing in terms of ecological climate and soil rich for plant growth processes different types of climatic conditions and various tracts of sub tropical deciduous and temperature plains and forested hills1-6. these factors are favorable for the wealth of medicinal plants. the herbal raw drugs required the preparation of medicines were collected from forests.7-12 recently, the plant based products demand has increased in the world market. study area mulugu district, tribal constituency of telangana state. the koya tribe, an indigenous group residing in mulugu district, telangana, india, at approximately 17.5307° n latitude and 80.6480° e longitude, has developed a distinctive system of folklore medicine to urinary diseases. it is rich source of medicinal plants 13-17 the study in the soil is black soil. and has more organic content. the forest is deciduous type in which a number of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine . the study is only a preliminary account abstract— this study explores the folklore treatments employed by the koya tribe in mulugu district,it is surrounded by forested hills it is present tribal consistency for managing urinary diseases. through ethnographic research and interviews with tribal healers and community members, the investigation delves into traditional remedies, the role of medicinal plants, and the cultural significance of these practices. the findings reveal a diverse array of herbal treatments and ritualistic approaches unique to the koya tribe, highlighting their integration of natural resources and spiritual beliefs in healthcare. this research provides valuable insights into indigenous knowledge systems and their implications for contemporary medical practices. mailto:lalitharadhabandaru@gmail.com ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2018 | vol 1 | issue 1 and collections were made during three seasons in a year during from june 2016 – may 2017. methodology : the field work was conducted three seasons in a year during from june 2016may 2017. in mulugu district some village panchayat based on a formal interview questionnaire prepared for the purpose.out of the 5 koya tribal community dominated villages in the area. the villges were randomly selected for the study. each village was visited in three seasons and both women and men of age varying between 4585 years of oldwere interviewed to get details of plant being used by them for medicinal purposes. details of villages studied and medicinal plants being used by people and present in table-1.specimens were collected and identified for the purpose and herbaria prepared. results and discussion: in the area of mulugu tribal and general population and the traditional herbal healers are still continuing to rely on plnat based folk medicines. during the study, initially the herbal healers showed non co-operation as they felt that they will loose their secrets by sharing the formulations of these diseases. the information was collected from village head dora was verified from the other dora’s of another village. all the information was found to be almost same with some dissimilarity in plants, vernacular name and plant parts used for the treatments. information on the plant species reported for the treatment of urinary diseases have also been reported earlier from other regions .a comprehensive list of 21 plants folklore important wild plant species of mulugu plant names are enumerated alphabetically with either plant botanical name , family, vernacular name ,plant part used and uses. s.no. botanical name family vernacular name useful plant parts uses 1. acacia senegal willd mimosaceaethumma gum crushed gum soacke dover night in a glass of water and filtered next morning half cup taken orally. 2. aerva lanata amaranthaceae pindikura leaf and flower leaf and flower decoction is given orally twice a day for three days to cure painful urination. 3. bauhinia acuminata l. caesalpiniaceae bark decoct ion is used ass urinary discharge. 4. boerhaavia diffusa l nictaginaceae atukamamidi root decoction is taken orally for treatment of urinary diseases. 5. butea monosperma (lam ) fabaceae moduga flower fresh / dried flowers decoction is taken orally urination quickly. 6. bombax ceiba l. bombocaceae adaviburuga root extract is taken orally with purified rice for empty stomach in the morning to cure bed wetting syndrome in children. 7. cynodon dactylon (l.)pers poaceae durva whole herb juice mixed with water is taken once daily to cure burning sensation during urination. 8. cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) nimmagaddi fresh leaf decoction taken orally to cure any type of urinary infections. 9. known for its diuretic and antimicrobial properties, used to support urinary health and treat infections. 10. cucumis sativa l. cucurbitaceae dosakaya fruit pulp is applied on abdomen in case of urinary diseases. 11. celosia argentia l. amaranthaceae kodiguttukoora leaf one tea spoon of leaf decoction is taken orally once daily to resume free flow of urination. 12. elephanto pusscaber l. asteraceae astakaraka whole plant extract is used in urinary problems like urine block. 13. ficus racemosa l. moraceae medi fruit juice is taken internally for urine complaint. 14. foeniculum vulgare fabaceae manthulu fresh leaf decoction is taken orally for curinging and type urinary diseases 15. moringa olefera lamk moringaceae munaga powered gum mixed with curd ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2018 | vol 1 | issue 1 taken daily for a week to cure painful and burning urination. 16. punica granatum pomegranate its seeds and juice are used for their and aiding in the treatment of urinary tract issues. 17. its seeds and juice are used for their antiinflammatory and diuretic effects, aiding in the treatment of urinary tract issues. 18. sasamum indicum l. pedaliaceae nuvvuluseeds mixture of seeds and equal quantity of jiggery is saccharum officenarum poaceae cheraku given orally once daily at bed time to cure night wetting in children. 19. tribulus terrestris l. zygophyllaceae palleru whole plant decoction of root or powder is taken with water twice a day for a week curing painful urination. 20. xanthium strumarium asteraceae leaves are boiled in water warmed leaves are spre in true sense the folklore and rural inhabitants having deep association with the plants and their medicinal uses are the key source to provide a basic information the study has highlighted the scope of research ot the researcher to test the folk remedies for their wider application and prescription efficient and save folk remedies at the primary health care level. references: 1. chopra rn nayar sl &chopraic , glossary of indian medicinal plants 1stedn (publications & information directorate, new delhi) 1956. 2. jain sk,dictionary of indian folk medicine and ethnobotnay,(deep publications, new delhi),1991 3. balakrishnan, n.p. and sanjappa, m. (eds.). 1993 flora of india, botanical survey of india, calcutta, deep printers, new delhi, vol.ii. bor, n.l. 1940. flora of assam, vol.5 (gramineae), government of assam. 4. chopra, r.n., nayar, s.l. and chopra, i.c. 1956. glossary of indian medicinal plants, 1st edn, publications & information directorate, new delhi. 5. hussain, w. 2006. biodiversity conservation of medicinal plants, proc natl symp biodiversity germplasm conserv, (dn college,meerut,up),14-19. 6. iqbal, m. 2005. medicinal plant research in india: problems and prospects, proc natl symp plant sci res india: challenges & prospects, (bsi northern circle, dehradun), 7. jain, s.k. 1991. dictionary of indian folk medicine and ethnobotany, deep publications, new delhi. 8. jain, s.k. 2006. notable foreign medicinal uses for some plants of indian tradition, indian journal of traditional knowledge, 2 (4) 321-332. 9. jain, s.k. and goel, a.k. (eds). 1995. a manual of ethnobotany, scientific publishers, jodhpur, 142-153. 10. kirtikar, k.r. and basu, b.d. 1935. indian medicinal plants, vol i-iv, 2nd reprint, 11. lalit mohan basu, allahabad. misra, a. and kumar, a. 2000. studies on ayurvedic drugs for the cure of urinary tract stones, j indian bot soc, 79 (supplement) 47-48. 12. nabakishor, l. 2002. stone case treatment by medicinal herbs, (asem shamu meitei). 13. nadkarni, k.m. 1956. indian materia medica, vol ii, 3rd edn, (popular prakashan pvt ltd, mumbai). 14. purohit, a.n. 2005. medicines and medicinal plants – past, present and future, ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2018 | vol 1 | issue 1 in: proc natl symp plant sci res india: challenges & prospects, (bsi northern circle, dehradun), 60-62. 15. purohit, s.s. and prajapati, n.d. 2003. medicinal plants: local heritage with global importance, agrobios news let, 1(8) 7-8. 16. pushpagandhan, p. 2006. important indian medicinal plants of global interest, in: ayurveda and its scientific aspects:opportunities for globalization, int conclave traditional med, (department of ayush and niscair, csir, new delhi), 287-298. 17. sanjappa, m. and balakrishnan, n.p. (eds.).1993. flora of india, vol.iii. botanical survey of india, calcutta, deep printers, new delhi. sharma, issn : 2693 6356 2019 | vol 2 | issue 5 vetiver (chrysopogon zizanioides) as an ingredient for car floor mats. 1 v.maha 2 r.ranjitha 3 e.gayathri 4 g.vani 5 n.priya 1 head,and assistant professor of cdf department, ksr college of arts &science for women, tiruchengode, india – 637215 2,3,4,5 assistant professor , cdf department, ksr college of arts &science for women, tiruchengode, india – 637215 abstract examining vehicle mats and tire development is the focus of this study. car mats have been used for a long time to prevent damage to the flooring of automobiles. you may find a wide selection of automobile mats on the market, including synthetic mats, rubber mats, and nylon mats. the goal is to find a vehicle mat that is both environmentally and user-friendly, made from materials that can be produced with minimal energy. in addition, the car mats must be able to perform their primary functions throughout the duration of the vehicle's use. the mats should be able to keep salt and water off the floor, trap dirt and odors, resist wear, and be simple to clean. therefore, research and the identification of superior alternatives to the present baseline are required. after doing research on various fibers, we settled on using coir fiber for both the mat's foundation and its filaments. the coconut husk, from which coir fibers are derived, is biodegradable and environmentally friendly. keywords— eco-friendly coir-fibre car mats. i.introduction many automobile owners consider the floor mat an essential accessory. the automobile will look and feel cleaner, neater, and more put together thanks to its ability to absorb water, vacuum, disinfect, and insulate against noise. despite their strength, the vehicle carpets are useless if not properly chosen.if they are not used correctly, they might cause serious mishaps.foot mats in subpar cars not only can'tshield the primary engine from the elements, but they may also emit toxic gasses and contribute to air pollution.automobile, and may even be dangerous since it doesn't fit properly. when we shop for cars, we put ourpads, not only the material and version features but also safety, slip resistance, and other factors must be taken into account. there are now five distinct varieties of automobile mats available, each distinguished by the material from which it was crafted.loops. there is a wide selection of floor mats for your car, truck, or suv. they might have points or spikes,caps or grooves to collect debris and synthetic rubber (also known as vulcanized rubber).(sometimes known as "vinyl" or "thermoplastic"), or textiles.car mats are available in two main styles:alternatives: fabrics for carpets or tires. there are some key distinctions between them, includingoffers benefits and drawbacks when weighed against the other. carpet mats are one example.are more resilient than rubber mats, and oth types may be tufted and equipped with non-slip rubber backings and longer lasting. ii.objectives of the study textiles for noise control sound is propagated through the air and by vibration of the car body and there are three basic mechanism for reducing it, by absorption, by clamping and thirdly by isolation or insulation. in general thick piece of material will absorb more sound than a thinner piece of the same material. there are number of layers of material and permutations of layers of material used in noise and vibration damping. coir fibre coir is a versatile natural fibre extracted from mesocarp tissue, or husk of the coconut fruit generally fibre is of golden color when cleaned after removing from coconut husk; and hence the name ” the golden fibre”. the common name, scientific name and plant family of coconut fiber is coir, cocos nucifera and arecaceae . coconut fiber is available by dehusking between skin and shell. these are multicellular, lignocellulosic, hard, a very coarse, and rigid variety of natural fruit fiber. its advantages are agro-renewability, biodegradability and a good blend of strength, length, extensibility, moisture regain, and high durability or resistance against sunlight, saline water, microbes, etc. the unfavorable attributes of coconut fiber are its coarse nature, variable length and fineness, somewhat stiff and harsh nature. physical and mechanical properties of coconut fiber are compared with two allied popular lignocellulosic fibers viz., jute and sisal. moreover, fine structure and chemical properties have also been described. preparation of car mat using natural coir fiber with biodegradable and washable properties. coir or coconut is a natural fibre extracted from the outer husk of coconut . coir is the fibrous material found between the hard, internal shell and the outer coat of a coconut. vatiever is used to absorb heat and used as insect repellent . so this will reduce heat from car and does not allow insect into car. lavender oil is used as fragrance, and inhaling of lavender oil it will reduce our stress and keeps our mind free from fear. eucalyptus oil is used as to keep the pests away coir fibre sample car floor mats i. materials and methods car floor mats proc ess sampl e 1 introduction the natural coir fibre is selected for suitable purpose and then vetiver (chrysopogon zizanioides) and both fibres areblended . top and bottom layer fabric are choosen as per the process. methodology the main purpose of car mats is to provide more comfortable.itmust beco-iendlyand biodegradable .the material choosen for car mats must have the properties of absorbing heat and odour from car .recipe • coir fibre • vetiver (chrysopogon zizanioides) • essential oil (lavender oil) • non woven fibre process at first ,coir fibre is taken and vetiver (chrysopogonzizanioides) ,which has the properties of absorbing heat and odour also has many ayurvedic proper ties in it. this is choosen as a primary process and both fibres are blended. this taken as a middle layer . lavender oil after that, essential oil (lavender oil) is applied as finishing in non woven fabric . this helps to remove bad odour from the car. then, it is given as a middle layer and non woven fibre is used as a top and bottom layer of the car floor mat. it is washable and biodegradable .and finaly the top,middle and bottom layer are sewn at the edge . sample 2 introduction the natural coir fibre is selected for suitable sewn all layers lave nde r oil ( middle chrysopo gon zizanioid es (blended sample :1non woven fibre (bottom layer) , sample :2rosemary oil ( middle layer), sample :3eucalyptus oil ( middle layer) purpose and then vetiver (chrysopogon zizanioides) and both fibres are blended together . top and bottom layer fabric are choosen as per the process. methodology the main purpose of car mats is to provide more comfortable. it must be eco-friendly and biodegradable .the material choosen for car mats must have the properties of absorbing heat and odour from car . the essential oil is given as fragrance in middle layer to remove odour. it must be easy washable. recipe • coir fibre • vetiver (chrysopogon zizanioides) • essential oil (rosemary oil) • non woven fibres process the natural fibre ,coir fibre is taken and vetiver (chrysopogon zizanioides) ,which has the properties of absorbing heat and odour also has many ayurvedic properties in it. this is choosen as a primary process and both fibres are blended. this taken as a middle layer . after that, essential oil (rosemary oil) is applied as finishing in non woven fabric . this helps to remove bad odour from the car. then, it is given as a middle layer and non wovenfibre is used as a top and bottom layer of the car floor mat. it is washable and biodegradable . finaly top ,middle and bottom layer are sewn at the edge . sample 3 introduction the coir fibre is selected for suitable purpose and then vetiver (chrysopogon zizanioides) and both fibres are blended together . top and bottom layer fabric are choosen as per the process. for middle layer, essential oil is given as a fragrance to reamove odour form car. methodology the main purpose of car mats is to provide more comfortable. it must be eco-friendly and biodegradable .the material choosen for car mats must have the properties of absorbing heat and odour from car . the essential oil is given as fragrance in middle layer to remove odour. it must be easy washable . recipe • coir fibre • vetiver (chrysopogon zizanioides) • essential oil (eucalyptus oil) • non woven fibres process the natural fibre ,coir fibre is taken and vetiver (chrysopogon zizanioides) ,which has the properties of absorbing heat and odour also has many ayurvedic properties in it. this is choosen as a primary process and both fibres are blended. this taken as a middle layer . after that, essential oil (eucalyptus oil) ,is given as finishing in non woven fabric . this helps to remove bad odour from the car. the essential oil will helps to relieve from stress. then, it is given as a middle layer and non woven fibre is used as a top and bottom layer of the car floor mat. it is washable and bio-degradable . finaly, top ,middle and bottom layer are sewn at the edge . iii.results and discussion the prepared car floor mat is taken and the samples are tested for further usage . the washability of the car mat is tested. the odour absorbing capacity is also to be checked. physical properties the physical properties of the car floor mat , the diameter of coconut fibres is approximately same and magnitudes of tensile strength are quite different. there are variations in properties of coconut fibres, and chrysopogon zizanioides. so these both coir fibre and chrysopogon zizanioides is blended together to get better good properties . the washablity of car mat, 4-5 washes . the outer coconut fibre had a higher elongation property which could makes it to absorb or with stand higher stretching energy as compared to the inner coconut fibre. the fragranace withstand for 2-3 washes. chemical properties coconut fibres contain cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin as major composition. these compositions affect the different properties of coconut fibres. the pre-treatment of fibres changes the composition and ultimately changes not only its properties but also the properties of composites. some-times it improves the behaviour of fibres but sometimes its effect is not favourable. iv conclusion the versatility and applications of coconut fibers in different fields is discussed in detail. coconut fibers are reported as most ductile and energy absorbent material. it is concluded that coconut fibers have the potential to be used in composites for different purposes. various aspects of many coconut fibers reinforced composites have already been investigated; and the economical and better results are achieved as reported by many researchers. since the use of coconut fibers has given some marvellous products, there is still possibility of the invention of new products containing coconut fibers with improved results. in civil engineering, coconut fibers have been used as reinforcement in composites for non-structural components. there is a need of investigating the behaviour of coconut fibre reinforced concrete to be used in main structural components like beams and columns the coir and vetiver (chrysopogon zizanioides) are blended together . non woven fabric is choosen as top and bottom layer . non woven fabric is taken as middle layer and finishing is given using essential oil. the essential oils like lavender oil, rosemary oil and eucalyptus oil is used as non woven fabric as middle layer . this is used to prevent insects , bad odour and vetiver is used to control heat from car. this car floor mat is made by natural and ayurvedic (vetiver) . it is biodegradable and it controls smell, heat and insects away . this is easily washable car floor mat. v.references 1. banerji b k 1947 indian j. phys. 21 259 2. bergen w & krause w 1940 rayon textile monthly 21 691 3. brinson h f 1973 deformation and fracture of higher polymers (eds) h h kausch, j a hassel & r j jaffee (new york: plenum press) p. 397 4. brewing b l (ed) the chemistry of woods (new york: interscience) cowdrey d r & preston r d 1966 5. prec. r. 8oc. (london)b166 245 csir 1960 coir, its extraction, properties and uses (new delhi: csir) 6. gordon j e & jeronimidis g 1974 nature (london)252 116 harris h 1954 handbook of textile fibres (washington: harris research lab.) p. 270.hearle j w s 1943 j. appk polym. sci. 7 1207 hcarle j w s 1964 fracture processes in polymeric solids (ed) b rosen (new york: interscienc¢) p. 107. 7. heyn a n j 1948 j. am. chem. soc. 40 3138 jarman c g & laws v 1965 j. electron microsc. 84 339 8. chisholm, hugh, ed. (1911). "coir" . encyclopædia britannica. 6 (11th ed.). cambridge university press. p. 654. 9. how coir is made material, making, history, used, processing, product, industry, machine, history archived 2006-07-14 at the wayback machine 10. "coir | origin and meaning of coir by online etymology dictionary". www.etymonline.com. retrieved 20 april 2018. 11. "the definition of coir". dictionary.com. retrieved 20 april 2018. 12. jump up to:a b staff. 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[google scholar] http://www.agrococo.com/pathogen_suppress http://www.agrococo.com/pathogen_suppress http://www.agrococo.com/pathogen_suppress http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.06.035 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.06.035 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 chinese traditional medical journal social status and individual identity a study of francis scott key fitzgerald’s ‘the great gatsby’ yoshitom hisa, gao min, zho tia school of pharmaceutical sciences, mukogawa women's university, hyogo , oncology department, dongfang hospital, beijing university of chinese medicine, beijing introduction: individuals' self-esteem and self-identity have always been subordinated because of their ethnicity, gender, or wealth. when it comes to society's social expectations, this is true even in advanced cultures where individuals are always striving to meet them. american society's moral code suffered greatly during the roaring twenties due to its pursuit of excessive material wealth. the american goal of creating a society in which all citizens abstract literature, francis scott fitzgerald was a well-known american novelist and short storey writer of the roaring twenties. they depict a lack of morality, lack of principles, and an internal moral dilemma among american youth during world war i. economic growth in the united states was out of control during the roaring twenties. aristocrats' extravagant banquets and fashionable attire inspired a new generation of wealthy businessmen. greed and hypocrisy have taken over the individualism and moral ideals of the typical american in the 1920s. in "the great gatsby," every character's desire to rise to a position of social prominence overshadows their uniqueness. because of his romantic feelings for daisy, jay gatsby, the main character, becomes more and more obsessed with the opulent lifestyle of the wealthy upper classes. in order to rekindle his relationship with daisy, gatsby uses his fortune from bootlegging to live an extravagant lifestyle. all his splendour, though, is dwarfed by his wife's aristocratic spouse, tom buchanan. a mistress for myrtle wilson is a way for her to escape her awful life and for tom it is just another status symbol. it's the upper class's whims and fancies that myrtle entertains. as a result, the deaths of gatsby and myrtle have little effect on daisy and tom's marriage, which is mostly a financial arrangement. keywords: it was a time of upheaval and euphoria for the american upper class, as well as for the rest of the world's young. 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 were treated equally and had equal access to opportunity had failed. americans of the roaring twenties will recognise francis scott key fitzgerald as an american novelist. he incorporates the shattered american ideal, marital strife, and the society's flimsy moral code. to put it another way, his focus is on the darkest corners of society. during the "roaring twenties," "the great gatsby" is set in new york city. after being smitten with daisy and her elegant lifestyle, jay gatsby sets out to establish himself as a wealthy aristocrat. gatsby's naivete and gullibility collide with society's class order. objective: 'the great gatsby' seems to be a love storey between two stars, jay gatsby and daisy buchanan, but it is a powerful statement on the racial divide in our society. the novel's protagonists' fates are decided by the novel's class system. studying fitzgerald's novel, "the great gatsby," the paper's major goal is to understand how socioeconomic status affects an individual's identity. america in 1920’s: equality for all men, or the american dream, is the foundation of america's culture. people came to the united states in search of the american ideal, which is that anybody can achieve if they work hard and have a clear goal in mind. the glitz and hedonism of the roaring twenties are vividly depicted in fitzgerald's writings, which include themes of american ideals. other than that, he focuses on a darker aspect of the american ideal, which he says leads to mindless ambition and the use of bootlegging to get money. he was not swayed by the wealth of the moment, but he was aware of the disparity between the rich and the poor and predicted the future of the united states. jay gatsby’s dreams and ambitions: american fears of the 1920s are depicted in "the great gatsby" by fitzgerald. the ancient aristocracy, the newly wealthy, and the poor are all represented by the two imaginary towns of east egg and west egg, as well as the valley of ashes. daisy, the love interest of jay gatsby, marries tom buchanan when gatsby enlists in the military during world war i. a few years later, gatsby becomes engaged in bootlegging and purports to be an oxford-educated man. since moving to west egg (across the bay from daisy's house on east egg) from east egg, he has hosted lavish parties in the hope that daisy may attend one. gatsby tries to get nick carraway, the cousin of daisy's best friend jordan baker, to set up a meeting between him and daisy. she goes on to describe to nick how, after receiving a letter from gatsby, daisy intended to call off her wedding to tom, but drank wine the night before and ended up marrying him. nick and daisy's visit to gatsby's west egg house causes daisy to burst into tears of joy. daisy seemed to have been overcome by the wealth of gatsby and was unable to control her feelings. it is shown later in nick's narrative that even gatsby's love for daisy is increased sub-consciously as a result of his drive for a high social standing and a luxurious way of life. he then added, "her voice has a lot of money in it." it was over. prior to this, i had no idea what you were talking about. the tinkling of it, the cymbals' song of it, the endless fascination that rose and fell in it—that was the inexhaustible charm that rose and fell in it. 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 the golden girl, the king's daughter, lives in a white mansion above the sky (7.1056) for gatsby, daisy represents riches, elegance, and nobility; he refers to her as the "golden girl" and uses money as a metaphor to describe her voice. for all his years in the past, he saw daisy's love as the only thing that mattered to him. gatsby believes that daisy's feelings for him haven't waned over time and that she was only forced to marry tom because of the circumstances. as a result of this realisation, gatsby is left disappointed and disheartened by the fact that daisy's love is not enough to satisfy him. even in an economically prosperous country, there is still a widening wealth difference between the old nobility and those who have lately come into their own. daisy is unable to make a decision when challenged with gatsby and tom, and she ends up choosing neither of them. she was infatuated with him. her position and royalty would be at risk if she were to be with gatsby. in this contact between them, the class system of society overpowers even fundamental human feelings. marriage and social security: east egg is home to a number of well-todo families, including the buchanans. tom, a young guy with a strong body and a racial outlook, is an aggressive and combative individual. "it's a great book, and i think everyone should read it. essentially, if we don't keep an eye out, the white race will be completely obliterated, according to this theory. it's all a matter of scientific fact." (1.78) a book tom has been reading recently claims that the white race is superior to all other races and must preserve its dominance over society, which tom discusses. because of their low social status, he maintains control over his mistress myrtle wilson and even her husband, george wilson. while tom is having an adulterous affair with a working-class lady, daisy chooses to ignore it because she believes that being a fool is the ideal role for a woman. to keep up with the upper-class social expectations, daisy pretends to be disappointed and unsure about her future with tom. upon injuring daisy's finger, she refers to him as a "hulking beast of a guy." for the sake of societal stability, daisy sacrifices her originality for the sake of her husband's devotion and pleasure. daisy's life seems idyllic on the surface, but the monotony of her existence drives her to seek solace in gatsby. exploitation of working class: a working-class neighbourhood halfway between manhattan and the east and west egg suburbs, myrtle is the wife of george, owner of a garage in the "valley of ashes." she lives in a manhattan flat with tom and imitates upper-class women's behaviours. since tom's catholic wife refuses to divorce him, she feels that he is unable to marry her. on hearing that his wife is not a catholic from nick, she incites him. he gets upset and attacks her when she refers to him as her first name in front of his legally married wife. even though he knows she's his wife, tom treats myrtle like just another one of his possessions. to him, aristocracy has a higher social standing than working class, so she's not even allowed to call herself myrtle. tom is terrified of losing his grip on myrtle and daisy, and his anxiety grows as he realises he may be losing it. his relationship with myrtle is little more 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 than a show of his egotistical and domineering nature. as a result, he fears that he has lost all of his authority however long it takes daisy to admit her genuine love for gatsby, tom refuses to give in to the strain in their marriage. by dismissing his relationship with myrtle, tom pretends to be in love with daisy. "what's more, daisy is one of my favourites. occasionally, i go on a wild escapade, but i always return, and in my heart, i always adore her." (7.251-252) he convinces daisy that he doesn't care about his "sprees," since he intends to return after they're done. tom's entire priority is maintaining his social status, and he cares more about his marriage and mistress than anything else. death of myrtle: after the turmoil, tom boasts that gatsby couldn't win him back and hands daisy the keys to his vehicle so she may accompany him on his trip. to save herself, myrtle leaps into the path of oncoming traffic, attempting to stop the vehicle. gatsby assures nick that he would take the blame and protect daisy, who was driving the car. there is no way for gatsby to repair his connection with daisy while he is still in a golden dream. as far as the repercussions go, he doesn't give a second thought to them. nick is shocked by jordan baker's carefree, devil-may-care attitude after myrtle's sad death. how can jordan not be affected by the death of a person? the next night, "you didn't treat me very well." was it even relevant at the time? (8.49-53) in this scene, nick recognises that the old money group is cold, reckless, and nasty, and that gatsby is the only one who can save him from them. death of gatsby: upon learning that george wilson is the one who murdered myrtle, wilson decides to kill gatsby in order to exact vengeance. the buchanan family then relocates to france, where they want to stay for the rest of their lives. in order to prevent a crime scene, drug lord meyer wolfsheim does not attend gatsby's burial. it is impossible to maintain a strong friendship with gatsby after he has passed away, even for wolfsheim. people are just disposable to wolfsheim, as he explains in his explanation. "any involvement in the death of a guy bothers me, and i avoid it at all costs. i maintain my distance. when i was a young guy it was different—if a buddy of mine died, no matter how, i remained with them until the end. you may think that's sappy but i mean it— to the bitter end…. our friendship should be shown while a person is still living, rather than after he has passed away "he made a suggestion. "my own guideline after that is to just let things be." (9.95-99) conclusion: in jordan baker's words, "there are only the pursued, the pursuing, the busy, and the fatigued," the core of the class conflicts in society is summarised. a society is divided into three groups: those who chased their aspirations, those who are still chasing their dreams, and the people from the valley of ashes, who are constantly busy suggesting exploitation of physical labour or enslavement, respectively. when gatsby and myrtle die, it becomes clear that tom and daisy will not be held responsible for their deaths. instead, they 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 may hide in their money and let others deal with the aftermath. this couple was sloppily behaved. they destroyed things and beings and then sank back into their money or the enormous carelessness or whatever held them together, leaving others to clean up the damage they had left behind (9.146) tom and daisy are protected from the consequences of their actions by their wealth, whilst others must suffer and even die to achieve their goals. despite his riches and grandeur, gatsby couldn't live up to his ambitions; he flaunted his fortune to become a member of society only to be abandoned and left with an empty heart at the end of his life. myrtle had always dreamed of living a rich lifestyle, but she didn't know it was impossible. consequently, we might infer that social standing has an impact on one's uniqueness. references 1. in the first place, fitzgerald f. scott (scribner, 1925) tender 2: the great gatsby. the following document may be found at this link: http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in 2. https://chendrickson.wordpress.com/theme s/ \s3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/the great gatsby 3. . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/f. scott fitzgerald#novels 4 . https://blog.prepscholar.com/thegreat-gatsby-quotes 5. . https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/gatsby/ .6 . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hk22 6gvxiay . .7 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =u8 jik2lyrw 8 . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5zw c2cojls issn : 2693 6356 2018 | vol 1 | issue 4 a preliminary clinical evaluation of prakriti ragitha1 , m .rakesh2 , c h maanu3 123 assistant professor community healthcare center of shangzhuang abstract ayurveda explains 10 important processes in the examination of patients, one of which is determining the patient's prakriti (individual constitution). it is believed that the best people have a balanced vata, pitta, and kapha constitution, whereas individuals with a predominance of only two of these doshas are inferior. people that have one dosha dominating their constitution are categorized as either inferior, average, or excellent. various factors have led to the neglect of prakriti evaluation in modern clinical practice. the purpose of this research was to examine the role of external characteristics in determining prakriti at the most basic level. substances and techniques: twenty-five healthy adults gave their agreement to participate in the current pilot investigation, which was a single-group, singlecenter, selective-sampling survey study. they were given a specifically designed questionnaire to determine how they rated on 16 physical characteristics of the various prakriti described in the old ayurvedic texts. a percentage was computed by adding together the values assigned to each characteristic based on the observations obtained. the percentages for each dosha were used to evaluate prakriti. the results showed that 36.75 percent of the 25 subjects exhibited characteristics indicative of vata dosha, whereas 38.75 percent exhibited pitta dosha characteristics and 24.5 percent exhibited kapha dosha characteristics. eighty percent of the subjects were found to be tridoshaja prakriti types, whereas twenty percent were dwidoshaja prakriti types. lumbago, menstrual abnormalities, digestive issues, and constipation were among the main clinical complaints reported by the individuals. conclusion: direct observation during clinical examination allows for a rough estimate of an individual's prakriti, which is a useful tool in the formulation of primary health care methods in modern clinical practice. individuals with communication impairments were also assessed for prakriti in the research. further proof will need studies on a wider scale. keywords: individual constitution, physical features, pratyaksha pramana, prakriti, tridosha introduction ayurveda is the science of life which stick on to the individualistic approach in both health care and cure of diseases. according to the principles of ayurveda all individuals cannot be considered or treated in the same way or with same medicines. one of the major factors which makes individuals different from each other is prakriti (individual constitution) which influences their physical, mental, emotional and spiritual attitudes. the formation of individual constitution happens at the time of formation of grabha (embryo). [1] this individual constitution is formed due to the dominance of three dosha (body humors) which are called as the three pillars of life and on which the formation, health and disease state of an individual are dependent upon. at the time of formation of embryo which dosha dominates, the constitution of the individual will be of the same dosha dominancy. [2] the individuals possessing prakriti formed by the balanced state of three dosha is said to remain disease free in general and those who while describing the examination of patients, acharya charaka specifies that to understand and analyze the strength of an individual and the affected disease a clinician should examine a patient on the basis of dasha vidha pariksha (ten parameters of examination). [5] prakriti is the first among them which shows the importance of its assessment in successful health care. there are seven major types of constitution explained in the classics of ayurveda depending upon the predominance of individual dosha namely vata, pitta and kapha; predominance of two dosha namely vata pitta, vata kapha and pitta kapha and equal dominance of three dosha named sama dosha prakriti. [6] prakriti of an individual is influenced by these dosha and accordingly physical, mental, emotional and intellectual features are seen in individuals. thus a precise analysis of prakriti incorporates exploration of multiple factors due to which it becomes time consuming task in routine clinical practice. many a times assessment of prakriti considering multiple factors stay unfeasible due to lack of proper time, effort and interest of individuals in current clinical practice. but to have a proper treatment or health care strategy, examination of prakriti of an individual is of utmost importance in clinical practice. many a times it happens so that the patient or individual will be suffering from some disorders which hamper effective communication as in deafness, dumbness, behavioural disorders, psychological disorders and paralysis. especially in younger children lack of proper communication stands as a major problem in history taking and clinical examination too. these issues initiated the present study as a preliminary attempt of prakriti assessment by means of physical features alone which may give a gross idea about the dosha involvement and thus a clinician can plan a primary treatment protocol or healthy lifestyle and diet based on the same. the present study was aimed at analysis of prakriti at a gross level by assessment of physical features. methodology the present study was planned as a pilot study which was single centre single arm selective sampling survey study to monitor the feasibility and significance of assessment of prakriti depending upon the physical features of the selected participants. the inclusion criteria was fixed as healthy volunteers of age between 17 to 70 years and those who gave consent to be included in the study. the exclusion criteria was those individuals suffering from any active illness and who are under treatment for the same. a total of 25 healthy volunteers were included in the study. the method of data collection was by the use of a specially prepared questionnaire containing 16 selected physical features of prakriti assessment according to the classical textual references in ayurveda (table no. 1). each response was recorded and given scores accordingly from 0 to 1 to calculate the final score of individual features related to each dosha. the sum was calculated and percentage of each dosha specific features and according to each dosha involvement, gross prakriti was assessed. observations & results among the 25 participants, physical features of each dosha was calculated and presented as percentage. the features of vata, pitta and kapha dosha were found to be in the following percentages respectively. (chart no.1) chart no.1: percentage of individual dosha features in the participants by analyzing the features of individual dosha, percentage of participants belonging to tridoshaja and dwidoshaja prakriti were also calculated as per shown in the chart no.2. apart from prakriti, it was also observed that the participants had a few clinical symptoms in common such as lumbago, menstrual irregularities, digestive disorders and constipation. discussion prakriti is a state where there will be balance of all dosha and when there is derangement in this balanced state, onset of a disease happens. assessing prakriti is a better tool in selecting diet and lifestyle and planning the treatment strategy. being one among the dasha vidha pariksha, it is necessary to assess prakriti of every individual during clinical examination. although questionnaires are available which incorporates all the features of individual prakriti, many times patients or individuals do not spare their time and take efforts to answer those questions to assess their prakriti. table no. 1: questionnaire containing 16 selected physical features of prakriti assessment * s i z e i s m e a s u r e d b a s e d u p o n t h e s w anguli pramana (measuring through ones own finger). the size of middle phalanx of middle finger of the volunteer is measured and converted into cms. later the above parts are measured through tape and converted into anguli pramana, based upon which small, medium and big sizes are defined. the present study was planned to assess prakriti at a basic level by observing the physical features of the participants which can be done in an easier way even at clinical set up. although prakriti assessment is based upon the physical, mental and emotional characteristics of an individual, assessing all the parameters in a limited time always stand as a challenging task. to overcome this limitation, the present study was planned to check the feasibility of assessing gross level prakriti by considering only physical appearance of an individual. ayurveda insists on four pramana (tools which helps in gaining any sort of knowledge) namely, aptopadesa (words of wisdom by scholars/sages), pratyaksha (direct observation), anumana (supposition) and yukti (logical reasoning). [7] in the present study for analysis of prakriti, both aptopadesha and pratyaksha pramana were used. pratyaksha pramana (direct observation) is a tool to validate the knowledge in the form of inspection of patients which can be adopted as an easy method to assess prakriti at a gross level. by direct observation of physical features, the participants have filled the questionnaire with the assistance of the researchers. features vata pitta kapha frame of arms short and thin medium tough, thick, well built forehead small irregular margin medium sized irregular margin large straight margin eyebrows and eyelashes scanty, dry, irregular scanty brownish dense, smooth and moist hair scanty dry irregular brownish baldness dense, smooth and moist eyes small sized lacks glow, round unsteady, remains partially open during sleep medium sized reddish/ yellowish almond sized and beautiful sclera smoky, blackish reddish/yellowish white, glowing iris blackish blue/green/grey black nose small with their covering skin suitable for face big with thick covering skin lips dry, small sized cracked thin, red, small sized thick moist big sized teeth irregular in shape & placement cracked & muddy yellowish regular in shape and placement with big sized, regular in shape and placement tongue dry, small sized cracked thin, red small sized thick, flashy moist, big sized skin thin, dry, cracked rough soft, oily, has tendency to develop skin disease thick moist smooth complexion dark brown blackish pinkish fair palms small sized, dry, cracked has medium sized, soft hot big sized fleshy, soft less numerous palm lines on touching sweating palm lines soles small sized, dry cracked medium sized, soft, sweating big sized, fleshy, soft, big sized moist nails small sized, dry, brittle medium sized, pinkish, soft medium sized, pinkish, soft 171 among the 25 participants, those with tridoshaja prakriti were more compared to dwidoshaja prakriti. as this was a pilot study involving only physical features, the importance of type of prakriti according to number of dosha involved stands trivial. the clinical ailments revealed by the participants such as lumbago, menstrual irregularities, digestive disorders and constipation need more thorough evaluation to connect its incidence in relation to their prakriti. it is stated in ayurveda that the individuals are prone to suffer from similar complaints to that of predominant dosha forming their prakriti. the present study of prakriti analysis plays an important role in case of individuals with defective communication such as disorders of speech, deafness, dumbness, facial palsy, psychological disorders and also in infants and children. in such cases, information regarding emotional and physiological factors involved in prakriti cannot be assessed well. so to assess prakriti in such cases direct observation of physical features will be an effective tool. on an average, the time taken by the selected participants to fill the questionnaire of prakriti was 10-15 minutes. thus this can be made use of in the large scale study of prakriti. the data analysis of the present study was a preliminary assessment which should be under the guidance of a statistician for the large scale study. conclusion the present study demonstrated the preliminary assessment of prakriti on the basis of only physical features of participants using questionnaire method. a main study with large sample size will be feasible with the same protocol for assessing gross prakriti of individuals by analyzing physical features. as prakriti does not only depend upon the physical features of an individual, the present method may be used as a preliminary tool to assess prakriti and specifically in such individuals who are restricted in effective communication both in healthy and diseased. the protocol followed in this study is limited to only physical features in relation to prakriti and so this cannot be considered as a complete assessment of prakriti. references 1. vridha jivaka, kashyapa, kashyapa samhita, sutra sthana, lehadhyaya, edited by hemaraj s a r m a , re p r i n t e d i t i o n , va r a n a s i : chaukhambha sanskrit sansthan; 2013, p.2 2. sushruta, sushrutasamhita, sarira sthana, chapter 4, edited by yadavji trikamji, 9th ed. varanasi: chaukambha orientalia; 2008, p. 3. ibidem pandit kashyapa samhita (1) sutra sthana, lehadhyaya, p.3 4. agnivesha, charaka, dhridhbala, charaka s a m h i t a , s u t r a s t h a n a , k h u d d a k a chatushpada adhyaya, chapter 9, verse 4, translated by banwari lal gaur, 1st ed. new delhi: rashtriya ayurveda vidyapeeth; 2014, p.312 5. ibidem charaka samhita (4), vimana sthana, rogabhishagjitiya adhyaya, chapter 8, verse 94, p.511 6. ibidem charaka samhita (4), vimana sthana, rogabhishagjitiya adhyaya, chapter 8, verse 95, p.515 7. ibidem charaka samhita (4), sutra sthana, tisreshaniya adhyaya, chapter 11, verse 17, p. 358 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 1 high-performance, low-power booth multipliers built from glitch-optimized building blocks k . balu 1, mrs. y. nirmala2, dr. y.l. arun kumar3 1,2,3 assistant professor of ece, anantha lakshmi institute of technology & sciences, ananthapuramu, andhra pradesh, india. abstract: from the most basic logic gates to the most advanced graphics processing unit (gpu) based accelerators, multipliers are an integral part of almost all digital technology. given their importance to system performance, they have been the focus of intensive efforts to improve performance in recent decades. due to its low latency and small silicon footprint, the radix-4 modified booth encoding (mbe) method is often chosen for use in high-performance multipliers. when compared to non-booth variants, booth-encoded versions need around twice as few additional partial products. integer arithmetic and multiplication are often used in digital media and signal processing applications. several methods were presented in the past that were compatible with the radix-4 booth recoding. since only simple multiples are needed, this method is the most common one for building multipliers and allows the peak to be reduced by half. the suggested approach makes advantage of vlsi systems' adaptability via reconfiguration. power, space usage, logic use, etc. would all be compared to the suggested low-power structure. customizable route selection routines allow the multiplier to save the carry path customizable and then aggregate both results in the total portion, making the suggested system a low-power implementation of a radix-4 booth multiplier architecture. 1. introduction multipliers are essential components of digital hardware, ranging from deeply embedded system-on-chip (soc) cores to gpu-based accelerators. as they are often critical for system performance, a great emphasis was placed on their performance improvement in the past few decades [1]–[7]. while performance remains important, the high demand for battery powered ubiquitous systems has promoted low-power operation to a primary design goal [8]. however, the majority of proposed high-performance multipliers suffers from increased capacitive loads and spurious activities due to their complex combinatorial modules and unbalanced reconvergent paths which could turn the multiplier to be the dominant source of power dissipation. the radix-4 modified booth encoding (mbe) scheme is often preferred in high-performance multipliers due to its minimized delay and silicon area. booth encoding reduces the number of partial products required to be added by approximately twofold compared to non booth versions. more over mbe is incorporated with various adder-tree reduction schemes such as wallace, optimized wallace-tree (owt), dadda, braun’s and three-dimensional minimization (tdm) to speed up the partial product addition. owt scheme along with carry-save propagation is known for logarithmic delay reduction of the adder-tree which is composed of either full-adders or 4-to-2 compressors [18]–[20]. the latter is preferred for a regular adder-tree implementation. despite faster operation, the fitness of mbe for energy efficiency has been questioned due to its complex encoding– decoding circuity and higher spurious activities. this fact is especially prominent when the input operands are in 2’s complement notation and have a smaller dynamic range. therefore, alternative multiplier schemes such as baugh-wooley, sign magnitude (sm), and gray coding (gc) have been proposed. the baugh-wooley implementation utilizes a 2-input and array for partial product generation (ppg), which is simpler in logic and was shown to be ∼25% more power efficient at a slightly higher delay when compared to booth version. sm and gc, on the other hand, leverage the number representation to lower the signal transitions at the expense of a format conversion logic at both ends of the multiplier. sm implementations have reported up to 90% and 50% reduction in switching activity whereas gc reports 45% of power reduction compared to mbe. however, the applications where the input operands rapidly change across the entire word length scarcely benefit from these techniques. besides, when the timing constraints are stringent, the conversion circuits in the critical path make these implementations slower and even more power-hungry due to the gate upsizing. the booth multiplier has also been subjected to structural and gate level optimizations in literature. a more regular partial product array was proposed to minimize the extra adder rows for carry summation. the approach in has improved the multiplier performance by 25% when compared with the conventional implementations. kang and gaudiot presents a fast 2’s complement generation circuit to reorganize the partial product array by removing the subsequent carry-in terms. the work in proposes a less hardware intensive mechanism to achieve the same goal. these approaches have achieved up to 5%–9.1% improvements in performance while reporting 15%– 33% of power savings for an 8-bit version, respectively. as alternatives to owt, leap-frog (lfr, and left-to-right structures were proposed to alleviate the sum-carry imbalance. despite their feasible layouts, the incurred area and delay overhead is not negligible. alternatively, the optimized circuits presented demonstrate more balanced data paths and an efficient partial product array structure that outperform other higher-level implementations. row and column bypassing, dynamic operand interchanges were also considered to exploit the multiplier input asymmetry for low power. these techniques are questionable in general cases as the extra circuit overhead is a heavy burden. more recent approaches exploit the accuracy and the number representation for energy efficiency. among them, only can be found relevant to the scope of this work, and it employs the same circuits presented in. however, the fact remains that the area and speed are two conflicting performance constraints. hence, innovating increased speed always results in larger area. the proposed architecture enhances the speed performance of the widely acknowledged wallace tree multiplier when implemented on a fpga. the structural optimization is performed on the conventional wallace multiplier, in such a way that the latency of the total circuit reduces considerably. a truncated multiplier with constant correction has the maximum error if the partial products in the n-k least significant columns are all ones or all zeros. a variable correction truncated multiplier has been proposed. this method changes the correction term based on column n k-1. if all partial products in column n-k 1 are one, then the correction term is increased. similarly, if all partial products in this column are zero, the correction term is decreased. in a simplified 22 multiplier block is proposed for building larger multiplier arrays. in the design of a fast multiplier, compressors have been widely used to speed up the partial product reduction tree and decrease power dissipation. kelly et al. and ma et al. have also considered compression for approximate multiplication. an approximate signed multiplier has been proposed for use in arithmetic data value speculation (avds); multiplication is performed using the baugh wooley algorithm. however no new design is proposed for the compressors for the inexact computation. 2. literature survey a signed binary multiplication technique by a. d. booth the advances of digital arithmetic techniques permit computer designers to implement high speed application specific chips. the currently produced digital circuits have demonstrated high performance in terms of several criteria, such as, high clock rate, short input/output delay, small silicon area, and low power dissipation. in this paper, we implement several sinusoidal generation methods to optimize their performance and output using advanced digital arithmetic techniques. in this paper, the implementations of advanced digital oscillator structures with and without pipelining are proposed. the synthesis results of the implementation with pipelining have proven that it is superior to other sinusoidal generation methods in terms of the maximum frequency and signal resolution. hence, this method is used in the design of the proposed digital oscillator chip. a two’s complement parallel array multiplication algorithm by c. r. baugh and b. a. wooley an algorithm for high-speed, two's complement, m-bit by n-bit parallel array multiplication is described. the two's complement multiplication is converted to an equivalent parallel array addition problem in which each partial product bit is the and of a multiplier bit and a multiplicand bit, and the signs of all the partial product bits are positive. high-performance low-power left-to right array multiplier design by z. huang and m. d. ercegovac we present a high-performance low power design of linear array multipliers based on a combination of the following techniques: signal flow optimization in [3:2] adder array for partial product reduction, left-to-right leapfrog (lrlf) signal flow, and splitting of the reduction array into upper/lower parts. the resulting upper/lower lrlf (ullrlf) multiplier is compared with tree multipliers. from automatic layout experiments, we find that ullrlf multipliers have similar power, delay, and area as tree multipliers for n/spl les/32. with more regularity and inherently shorter interconnects, the ullrlf structure presents a competitive alternative to tree structures in the design of fast low-power multipliers implemented in deep submicron vlsi technology. 3. existing system fig 2 product terms generated by a collection of and gates. ripple carry adder is the method used to add more number of additions to be performed with the carry in sand carry outs that is to be chained. thus multiple adders are used in ripple carry adder. it is possible to create a logical circuit using several full adders to add multiple bit numbers. each full adder inputs a cin, which is the cout of the previous adder. this kind of adder is a ripple carry adder, since tehaecahlgocraitrhrmy obf iwt allace mu fig.1-4x4 wallace algorithm steps involved in wallace tree multipliers algorithm multiply (that is and) each bit of one of the arguments, by each bit of the other, yielding n results. depending on position of the multiplied bits, the wires carry different weights. reduce the number of partial products to two layers of full adders. group the wires in two numbers, and add them with a conventional adder.. product terms generated by a collection of and gates. "ripples" to the next full adder. the proposed architecture of wallace multiplier algorithm using rca is shown in figs.9 to 11 take any 3 values with the same weights and gives them as input into a full adder. the result will be an output wire of the same weight. partial product obtained after multiplication is taken at the first stage. the data's are taken with 3 wires and added using adders and the carry of each stage is added with next two data‟s in the same stage. partial products reduced to two layers of full adders with same procedure. at the final stage, same method of ripple carry adder method is performed and thus product terms p1 to p8 is obtained. 4. proposed system radix-4 booth algorithm is the multiplier. this computes x × y where x and y are the n bit two’s complement numbers (the multiplicand and multiplier respectively); producing a 2n two’s complement value in the product p. the multiplication algorithm considers multiple digits of y at a time and is computed in n partitions where an equation describing the computation is given by 2 y indicates the length-n digit vector of the multiplier y. the radix-4 booth calculation considers three digits of the multiplier y at a time to create an encoding e given by 3 table i booth encoding where i indicates the i th digit. as outlined in table i, separated from yi+2yi+1yi = 000 and yi+2yi+1yi = 111 which results in a 0, the multiplicand is scaled by one or the other 1, 2, −2, or −1 contingent upon the encoding. this encoding ei is utilized to work out an incomplete item partial product i by working out 5 two improvements are performed to take into account better equipment usage. in the first place, the item p is doled out the multiplier y (p = y), this eliminates the need to store y in a different register and uses the n lsbs of the p register. subsequently, as the item p is moved right ( p = sra(p, 2)), the following encoding ei can be determined from the three lsbs of p. the subsequent improvement eliminates the realignment left shift of the fractional item (2n) by aggregating the partial product to the n generally huge pieces of the item p (p[2_ b−1 : b]+ = partial product). 4. this partial product is adjusted utilizing a left shift (22i−1) and the summation is performed to compute the end-product p. since the y−1 digit is nonexistent, the 0th halfway item partialproduct0 = (y1 +y0)x. a sequential (consecutive) rendition of the augmentation is performed by figuring every incomplete item in n cycles fig. 3. n bit tsm. this contains an added control circuit for skipping and operating with two different delay paths as observed in earlier research, a proper choice of inter-mediate signals in the interface between booth encoding and decoding offers opportunities for logic optimization. fig. 2(a)–(d) illustrates the traditional implementations of mbe circuits found in the literature. note that only the full-swing circuit topologies were considered in this study. fig. 2(a) (bed13) depicts a hybrid implementation of encoder–decoder circuits which require 36 and 10 transistors [46], respectively. this non cmos implementation reports the least number of transistors for the decoder block among the presented. however, there are a few issues that emanate from this implementation. first, the unbuffered selector circuit which is denoted by sel (composed of four pass transistors), forms cascaded resistive paths from decoder inputs to the outputs as highlighted in fig. 3(a). this results in an asymmetry in the driving loads to the sel blocks for different input combinations and therefore different arrival times. secondly, the routing congestion across the decoding blocks in fig. 2(a) is relatively higher and increases the interconnects parasitic across the ppg. fig.4. various booth encoder–decoder implementations. (a) bed13 [46]. (b) bed20 [27]. (c) bed22 [7], [16], [41]. (d) erroneous booth circuits in [17]. (e) 6t-xor/xnr circuits of this work (wm1−m8 = 0.15μ). (f) proposed encoder–decoder circuits (bed18). (g) ao22 (j3) of the decoder (wm1−m4 = 0.16 μ, wm5−m8 = 0.15 μ). the circuits shown in fig. 2(b) (bed20) [27] uses transmission gate pairs for encoders leading to a faster operation in ppg. however the unbuffered encoder outputs become transparent to the hazards induced by the circuit itself. the additional wiring and higher capacitive loading at the decoder leads to a higher power consumption in ppg at the same time. the arrangement in fig. 2(c) (bed22) is the most optimized version in terms of transistor count and signal synchronization. the xors which produce ny j −1–ny j are shared among the decoders and the aoi22 cell provides balanced loads to the encoder signals. therefore, it was also preferred for the truncated multiplication in [41]. the unique booth circuits presented are not considered for the evaluation due to functional failures when all the encoder inputs (b2i −1–b2i +1) are at logic “1”. the proposed mbe circuits in this work are shown in fig. 2(e)–(g). the essential leaf cell of the proposed circuitry is depicted in fig. 2(e). this xor/xnr arrangement results in fewer number of gate capacitances when compared to any other full-swing implementations. despite this merit, it suffers from the delay asymmetry between the signal paths. if, for example, in the circuit of fig. 2(e), when both inputs change from 0 → 1, m1 of the xor drives the output for a short period of time due to the inertial and propagation delays of the inverter and as a result, a glitch appears at the xor output. the inversely proportional relationship between the inertial and propagation delays limits the liberty of device sizing. as such, the direct interfacing of these xor/xnr outputs to high fan-out nets could only worsen the spurious activities in ppg. fig. 5. various low-power, full-swing full adders. (a) rfl22 [50]. (b) tfa22 [51]. (c) bfa22 [52]. (d) hfa26 [49]. (e) cmos28 [44]. (f) proposed (pbfa26). full adders are the basic building blocks of the multiplier adder-tree. the most prevalent, rail-to-rail static full adder implementations are shown in fig. 3(a)– (e). for a fair comparison, the buffered versions of the original implementation are considered. the blue arrow line indicates the critical path of each full adder. fig. 3(a)–(c) requires a minimum of 22 transistors (including the inverters for the input signals that have not been drawn). the numbers for fig. 3(d)–(f) are respectively. fig. 3(a) utilizes a simultaneous, six transistors xor-xnr circuit which is delimited by a dashed line in 3(a). despite its compactness, the regenerative feedback paths introduced by this circuit results in slower transitions. in addition, the cascaded transmission gates worsen the sum-carry generation (scg), thereby making the outputs more susceptible to glitches. in fig. 3(b) (tfa22), the sum output (s) is produced faster when input c = “1,” compared to other input combinations. besides, the late arrival of xor-xnr signals to the scg could introduce glitches at output s. by contrast, the control signals to the transmission gates in fig. 3(c) (bfa22) are reasonably synchronized except its input signals, i.e. early arrival of input c when xor0→1 is a potential scenario for glitch generation at output s. similar to rfl22 and tfa22, hfa26 in fig. 3(d) [49] suffers from asymmetric path delays despite its faster operation. fig. 3(e) (cmos28) [44] represents the traditional cmos full adder which is reasonably immune to glitches. the proposed full adder (pbfa26) is illustrated in fig. 3(f). this arrangement differs from the others in two aspects. first, the internal signals are capacitively terminated at the scg stage and the gate capacitances of the transmission gate pairs in scg absorb possible glitches similar to booth circuits. secondly, the synchronization of all signals to scg is achieved by incorporating a low overhead intracell delay element [44] depicted by m1–m4 of fig. 3(f). m1 and m4 provide the required delay to the input c through their drain–source parasitic cd /cs which are smaller than c g . since c g of both m1 and m4 are not switched, its parasitic contribution to the full adder dynamic power is significantly lower when compared to an inverter-based delay elements. hence, the arrival of c can be independently controlled without a significant overhead. 5. simulation result of multiplier: fig 6 simulation result of multiplier here we can give the inputs as a=63, b=62, then the final output is 3906. table 2 comparison between power and delay 6. conclusion 7. for high-performance booth multipliers, this article proposes and researches glitch-optimized circuit blocks to lessen the dynamic power waste from parasitics and spurious activity. the suggested approach achieves this by combining circuitlevel approaches with a pasr. as a result, high-performance, energyconstrained multiplication is an area where the suggested method excels, although at the cost of a somewhat longer delay. when compared to highly optimized array and tree versions of the multipliers constituted of the state-of-the-art building blocks in literature, two versions of the multiplier structures (prop-w, prop lfr) using these circuit blocks have been shown to be superior. compared to the baselines, the suggested versions are on average 10% to 30% more power efficient, as shown by the postlayout simulations. 8. future scope this multipliers plays a very important role in our day to day life. in future the multipliers are going to play a major role. the speed of the multipliers is increased by using carry save adders, carry look ahead adder, and so on. rounding patterns will be optimized based on required accuracy and different compression techniques. the area and delay can be reduced in future by using advanced technology. bibliography [1] a. d. booth, “a signed binary multiplication technique,” quart. j. mech. appl. math., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 236–240, 1951. [2] b. parhami, computer arithmetic: algorithms and hardware designs. new york, ny, usa: oxford univ. press, 2000. [3] m. d. ercegovac and t. lang, digital arithmetic (morgan kaufmann series in computer architecture and design). san mateo, ca, usa: morgan kaufmann, 2004. [4] b. dinesh, v. venkateshwaran, p. kavinmalar, and m. kathirvelu, “comparison of regular and tree based multiplier architectures with modified booth encoding for 4 bits on layout level using 45 nm technology,” in proc. int. conf. green comput. commun. elect. eng., mar. 2014, pp. 1–6. [5] o. l. macsorley, “high-speed arithmetic in binary computers,” proc. ire, vol. proc-49, no. 1, pp. 67–91, jan. 1961. [6] l. p. rubinfield, “a proof of the modified booth’s algorithm for multiplication,” ieee trans. comput., vol. c-24, no. 10, pp. 1014–1015, oct. 1975, doi: 10.1109/t-c.1975.224114. [7] p. judd, j. albericio, t. hetherington, t. m. aamodt, and a. moshovos, “stripes: bit-serial deep neural network computing,” in proc. 49th annu. ieee/acm int. symp. microarchitecture, oct. 2016, pp. 1–12. [8] g. c. t. chow, w. luk, and p. h. w. leong, “a mixed precision methodology for mathematical optimisation,” in proc. ieee 20 th int. symp. field-program. custom comput. mach., apr./may 2012, pp. 33–36. [9] g. c. t. chow, a. h. t. tse, q. jin, w. luk, p. h. leong, and d. b. thomas, “a mixed precision monte carlo methodology for reconfigurable accelerator systems,” in proc. acm/sigda int. symp. field program. gate arrays, 2012, pp. 57–66. [10] s. j. schmidt and d. boland, “dynamic bitwidth assignment for efficient dot products,” in proc. int. conf. field program. log. appl., sep. 2017, pp. 1–8. [11] v. sze, y.-h. chen, j. emer, a. suleiman, and z. zhang, “hardware for machine learning: challenges and opportunities,” corr, vol. abs/1612.07625, dec. 2016. [online]. available: https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.07625 [12] b. rashidi, s. m. sayedi, and r. r. farashahi, “design of a low-power and low-cost booth-shift/add multiplexer based multiplier,” in proc. iranian conf. elect. eng. (icee), may 2014, pp. 14– 19. [13] p. devi, g. p. singh, and b. singh, “low power optimized array multiplier with reduced area,” in high performance architecture and grid computing, a. mantri, s. nandi, g. kumar, and s. kumar, eds. berlin, germany: springer, 2011, pp. 224–232. issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 what jayanth mahapatra means by "culturaldestruction" in "the whorehouse in a calcutta street" ms.g. pavithra 1 , mr.t. vijayan 2 , ms.k. sarathi 3 assistant professor , k.s.r college of arts and science for women, namakkal. abstract: one of jayanta mahapatra's poems is titled "the whorehouse in a calcutta street," and it describes a whorehouse seen on a calcutta street, complete with its own unique brand of street light, path, hatched, whispers going around, secret talks, beautiful love, sexual fulfillment, and brief lifespan. our traditions, values, and social structure are as inseparable as the two sides of a coin. although poetry is metaphorical in nature, it always depicts society properly. poet of worldwide renown jayanta mahapatra tackles the most pressing challenges facing his home state of odisha in his poems, providing a powerful window into the state's true predicament. his poetry is founded on the everyday life of orissa and the history, myth, and tradition of his environment, as well as modern indian circumstances, life, and existence. key words : extreme poverty, patriarchy, love, and lust. introduction: the poetry of mahapatra taps into the depths of the human soul. when it comes to indian english poets, mahapatra has one of the most haunting and challenging styles. mahapatra's the whorehouse on a calcutta street is widely regarded as one of his greatest works. mahapatra gives an inside look at a prostitute's routine and personality. in this case, the prostitute only chooses to engage in prostitution due to financial need. according to mahapatra, calcutta is one of india's poorest cities. the city of calcutta was portrayed as a "whorehouse in a calcutta street" in his poetry. despite mahapatra's realistic depiction of women, he is also capable of idealizing them, like in "the indian way." evidence of this may be seen in her actions and interactions with clients in which she provides sexual services. the prostitute rushes the customer in a harsh voice, implying that she has no feelings for the client and is only treating him like a cash register so that she may cash in.mahapatra has described the thoughts and feelings of the males who frequent the whorehouse, and he has not neglected to include the concerns of the women who frequent the same establishment. prostitution, illegal acts, and adultery are all connotations of the term "whore."in the poem's opening words, the reader and potential consumers are invited to "walk right in. it belongs to you.(1). these lines illustrate the patriarchal mindset prevalent in indian society, in which males see women primarily as objects to be used and consumed. the designer of the whorehouse itself acted as gobetween with each individual prostitute. poetically speaking, the room's ability to talk would allow it to tell the world about the prostitute's plight.the empty structure of the whorehouse is proof that the clientele had a good time there. the poet's words let us see the world as it really is, a world where we may empathize with one another's struggles.meanwhile, it would take pleasure in the sexiness of women. the phrase "smiling into the lighted street" (2) the poet isn't trying to convey anything about a romantic pairing in this poem. however, it aspires to reflect the sexual appetites of the public at large. as a man, i can relate to the need to have sex with someone of the opposing sex. the men's gaze has always drifted to the obscenity of the "others" as we read the newspaper, wall posters, hoardings, magazine, or digital blog. the attempts of commerce and other types of housing to depict women as sex objects are exposed by mahapatra with a tone of mordant sarcasm. as a representation of a poet, she is only a heartless marketing tool. “think of the women you wished to know and haven't the faces in the posters, the public hoardings and who are all there together, those who put the house there, for the startled eye so fall upon, where pasts join, and where they part.” the whorehouse is a place where the customer may hope so see some faces resembling those which he had seen in the posters and for whom he had burning desire. we don’t come to conclusion whether they are happier while they are giving the physical happiness to others. we should know the darker sides of the whore… “the secret moonlight of the women left behind their false chatter” (3) then the poet tried to expose the mixed emotions of the society by the feelings of the guilty person who uttered the whorehouse first time. they would ready to inquire her family, children and other things by their intimate talk before their act. but she emotionlessly expressed her feelings… “hurry, will you? let me go.” (4). according to him she may be his first attempt but not her. she may utter the sayings and inquires quite often in her routine life. mahapatra describes the activities of whore and her customer side by side; their activities and mind setup have been accurately portrayed with exact expressions. sex trade is very common in india, but mahapatra has brought out it in a realistic way in his hunger and his the whore house in calcutta . because she was ready to serve her customers wish. by the end of her act she won`t get an emotional touch with her customers. she urges the customer to hurry up and let her go. every prostitute wants to get rid of a customer as soon as she can because she is hoping that some other customer would soon come. she is concerned only with the commercial aspect of the whole transaction. according to me, she received the inner feelings and ugliness of the every customer (men) by the end of her act. the mentality of men won`t change until their sexual desires winded up. the poem begins with the instruction of the protagonist who does not know how to find a whorehouse in the streets calcutta city and ends with the woman asking him to leave when she is in a hurry to receive new customer. “you fall back against her in the dumb light, while she does what she thinks proper to please you, the sweet, the little things, the imagined; until the statute of the man within you‟ve believed in throughout the years comes back to you, a disobeying toy… her words dose behind: “hurry, will you? let me go.” “hurry, will you? let me go.” conclusion: “the whorehouse in a calcutta street” struggled with the daily suffering endured by these prostitutes. a client approaches the establishment in the poem with high expectations of seeing the attractive hookers shown on the posters and billboards outside. the whore's request that he complete his turn quickly so that she may leave for another client, however, causes him to feel guilty and ashamed and teaches him more about the women. in today's world, love is a thing of the past. she is peddling fleeting pleasure rather than love, so don't expect it to stick around for long. work cited: asian journal of multidisciplinary studies issn: 2321-8819 (online) 2348-7186 (print) impact factor: 1.498 vol.4, issue 6, may 2016 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 chinese traditional medical journal soft skills teaching throughliterature zha lizi, gou dong, jian xiao, department of cardiology, the traditional chinese medicine affiliated hospital of southwest medical university, luzhou , department of cardiology, yibin first people hospital, yibin abstract keywords: literature, soft skills, personality literature is all about tales, which are fascinating at any age. these people have an influence on us for the rest of our lives. heroes are admired, adored, and worshipped in stories where they play an important role. it's always a treat to indulge in a good book. learning soft skills via reading is a topic that is heavily emphasised in this essay. the qualities and characteristics needed to perform well in a particular job setting are referred to as "soft skills." these may be either vocal or nonverbal in nature. literature is formed from the thoughts of the individuals who have taken inspiration from their experiences and the internalised ideas via reading. the written work has a wider influence to quote “henry david thoreau whose notion of civil disobedience” had a lasting impression on gandhi also the views of karl marx on communism remains a fresh. thinking about originality of the characters whether written in plays or books all the total of the experiences of the previous is reading . in brief reading stimulates the brain , kindles the ideas and then adopts the form of the literature, eventually it has the adequate vocabulary honest perception , complete engagement . "reading maketh a whole man," said francis bacon. using the right words and controlling one's thoughts and speech are two of the many benefits of reading, which also helps one's subconsciously register their vocabulary. listening, on the other hand, aids in filtering out irrelevant information while teaching proper pronunciation and the proper use of words. this would help us improve our ability to communicate well, both orally and in writing. it helps improve abilities like critical thinking, communication, timing, and problem solving in the long run. the ability to think logically and rationally may be improved by being exposed to the ideas and views of a wide variety of people. this broadens one's perspective and increases one's ability to reason. 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 , philosophy, creativity introduction soft skills are crucial for all graduates to obtain, regardless of their subject of study. employers look for a variety of talents in prospective workers, including the capacity to communicate effectively, to analyse and solve problems critically, to learn on-the-job and to be self-starters and managers. literature encompasses both the ambiguity of concepts and the multiplicity of linguistic representations and hence it is vital to cling to the teaching of literature as a way of decoding the language. it increases the breadth of words and the canvass of thinking. whenever a book is selected for review, the first step is to look at the historical context to get an idea of the author's social and political views. the unfamiliar terminology and complicated ideas that the author uses need a more indepth reading experience. in my opinion, this is the finest and most efficient method of expanding one's vocabulary. phrases, the stock of words, complex structures and the bits of information packed in a symbolic form. a novel is a record of idea stated during a certain era and the language employed may be quite valuable for the communication objectives even though they are words by the highly educated and expert brains. however, since "language is culture," no work of literature can be understood in isolation from its spoken or written language counterpart. without a wise selection of text the student will be at a loss to grasp the competing use of language for the meaning of the word is not defined by the phrase alone, but it is the context which establishes its meaning. in addition to the instructor's own limits, a student's quality of mind may help him or her discover a way to react to the circumstance. a teacher cannot adequately explain without at least a reasonable exposure to the language or literature. literaturetextappeals tothe learners since they are direct or indirect experiences of the writers; whoproduce the text. it is literature's primary task to foster cultural diversity via a variety of sociolinguistic expressions. language variances owing to geography or profession (registers) are all taken handled byliterature. by doing this, students are better equipped to acquire a greater variety of terminology. students learn a great deal about the written language by immersing themselves in authentic material. in order to improve their writing abilities, students study the grammar and discourse functions of sentences, as well as various sentence forms and methods of integrating ideas. if the kids acquire taste for the book and they find joy inreading. literarytext stimulates the learners’emotions and cognitivefaculties. reading increases imagination and stirs emotions. they also offer exposure to the literary devices that appear in other genres. religious books like the ramayana serve as excellent instances of this. the mahabharata, thequran,the bible, the torah (jewish) texts serve to develop the human characteristics. as well as the novels mentioned above, there are other more that have had an impact on the way people see and behave, such as works about emotions such as love or hate or separation or death, or books about the struggles a character faces. literature is authenticand respected everywhere. 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 the purpose of utilising literature is for the development of language. there may be cultural differences in how different societies approach literary issues. depending on the genre we read in, we might discover a wide range of languages. students' reading and writing abilities increase when they are taught in a curriculum that incorporates a rich literary theme into the lessons. the few words used in a book, tale, or drama elicit a wide range of responses and interpretations from readers, allowing them to practise their language and public speaking abilities while also learning more about the text's numerous possible interpretations. it makes it easier to learn new words and grammatical rules. literature aids in developing abilities such, listening, reading, speaking and writing. communication, creative thinking, problem solving , clarity in mind are also the other traits we develop from the exposure to the literary text. in order to be able to communicate effectively, a student must be proficient in all four areas of communication: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. soft skills soft skills are the qualities and attributes necessary for a person to operate in a certain job context. soft talents are both written and spoken . they're essential for productive work, for understanding and adapting to communication-related conventions. most of the firm roles employees would be seeking for leadership abilities which rely on soft talents. when it comes to speaking in a professional setting, such as an office or college, these abilities are critical. employees' soft skills are critical to the success of the company in terms of both output and morale. selfmotivation, leadership traits, teamwork, problem solving, decisiveness, and the ability to think and speak clearly are all examples of soft skills. bathruharisays’ vagbhushanambhushanam “it indicates speaking is an accessory. speech soothes, stimulates instils confidence and comforts. we must communicate in all areas and transmit a message that can go across great distances. globalization has opened up new avenues for communication. it is the keyelement for business. harmony in the relationship becomes essential. language talents grow with the regular exposure to the language and reinforcement tasks like speaking and writing. debates on the plots and lines of plays and tragedies might help sharpen one's critical thinking skills. analytical thinking abilities assist individuals reason through a problem to uncover the basis of the issue might be done utilising literature research. using literary texts one might strengthen their presenting abilities. intensive reading of the book automatically draws out one’s demonstrative talents like writing and speaking aboutthe topic. benefits of reading poetry; learning a language is made easier by poetry. metaphor is the major relation to studying poetry deliberately or subconsciously metaphor is the fundamental strategy in poetry. apart from these the other advantages of studying poetry, \sappreciation ofpoetry construction, concept behind the poem, utilising of the language and conjuring ideas in the heart and head. when a student digs under the surface meaning, he or she uncovers the true meaning. figures of speech are made more familiar to the student. learners obtain a fresh view point towards languageuse that goes beyond the usage of grammar and vocabulary. develops an awareness of the meaning of words, which might lead to a more indepth investigation of their meanings in 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 the future. advantages of short story writing short fiction is the finest resource forobserving language and life. people's everyday activities are shown via the actions of fictional characters. the short storey has a wide range of registers and tones. to improve intonation and syllable stress, it is beneficial to read aloud. promotescritical thinking. stories help in pickingup the vocabulary, conversations on the narrative offer a chance to open up( speech),condensing the text into important points strengthen the analytical abilities. givesstudents opportunity to utilise their imagination. takes the process simpler easier and lets to compare with different genres literature. novels are important for studying linguistic system and also living in connection to target language. the personalities mirror the genuine day to day living. benefits of using drama for teaching dramas are wonderful resource for language learning. the character's dialogue demonstrates proper speech patterns, voice modulation, and phrase pronunciation. they also raise awareness for the target language culture. drama encourages the development of the mind's creative faculties. optimizes the development of new languages. developing a passion of learning increases one's listening ability. benefits oflearning novel. novels are direct or indirect experiences of the writers therefore the tales are engaging . in terms of expanding one's vocabulary, they're an invaluable resource. each author has a varied collection of words and their experiences and perspectives all vary . once a student has had a chance to read a few different books, he or she will be able to make his or her own choices about which ones to keep reading. most popular books are also created movies in target language and in the regional language depending on their popularity. technology is makes easier for the learners as they can view the videos in the class room. this gives better learning platform for the language acquisition. conclusion there is no such thing as a "soft skill" in this context. in some way, it's tied to the human experience. it has to do with how other people respond to our actions and emotions. hormones play a significant function, to keep them at optimum level employ our senses and awareness appropriately the finest platform is provided by literature. understanding other people's lives via literature and other forms of art fosters empathy for our fellow humans, while broad exposure to a diversity of cultures broadens our perspective on the complexities of life. explorations in language are many and varied. the proof is the novels which are transformed into movies and impacted many. subject and language are inseparable since language is necessary for the expression of subject. in a nutshell, they're all intertwined together. people know the relevance yet disregard at the base level . soft skills are often sought for after a person has completed their formal education, but acquiring them concurrently might fill up any gaps that may exist. we all think communication is the key but technology is abridging the language this is slowly extending tentacles and the human factor ofemotions and soft skills are besieged. references 1. 1. gretchen rhinecheney bekesy brownruzzi andkarthikmuralidhrana this website provides an overview of indian education: http://shodhganga.inflinet.ac.in/ 2. in 2006, macmillan publishers india ltd produced the krishnaswamy and krishnaswamy lalitha systems of teaching english. 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 3. 3. surya rao bammidi english language source book for the diploma in teacher education first edition 2008 http;//www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in 4. english studies in india: some current perspectives by ravindrab taslidar scenario 5. a penny from ur a course inenglish languageteaching cambridge university 2012 issn : 2693 6356 2019 | vol 2 | issue 1 drylands: the climate crisis of neal shusterman and jarrods. swathi ph.d. research scholar, rathnavel subramaniam college of arts and science, sulur, coimbatore. dr.m. kalaiarasan assistant professor of english, rathnavel subramaniam college of arts and science, sulur, coimbatore. abstract: most works of climate fiction (cli-fi) have some kind of catastrophe, thriller, or apocalyptic setting while simultaneously tackling scientific or environmental concerns. the projection of the climatic transition in the biosphere and the promotion of awareness to the wider population via climate fiction is also a new development in the recording of literary materials brought on by the current climate change issue. this current research examines neal shusterman and his son jarrod shusterman's book dry, which is set in the climate fiction genre. the environmental catastrophe that brought to california's terrible drought is front and center. this story for young adults is considered a compelling dystopian work because of the way it portrays the future world's water shortage. however, the heroine alyssa morrow and her friends take on the dreadful condition of people suffering from dehydration and how they manage to turn the situation around as it worsens in their nation. it shows a group of young people (the "tapout") addressing the issue of a water shortage. the viewpoint of climate change and the significance of resource conservation are addressed in this book. keywords: loss of humanity, desertification, drought, water scarcity, and climate change. people have high hopes for the safety of future generations despite concerns about the effects of global warming. the existential problem of a warming planet is already being revealed by climate change. as a result of climate change, natural resources have been depleted, air quality has deteriorated, and fresh water supplies have been threatened. the environment is undergoing rapid transformations that will eventually result in a catastrophic explosion on a massive scale. the term "eco-disaster fiction" might also be used to this book. the book takes place in and around california, in the united states. the whole story takes place over the course of six days. the southern region of california has been hit by a severe drought, and the state government has declared a state of emergency. due to the terrible drought and high degree of water shortage in the metropolitan metropolis, the state's taps will not pour water for an indeterminate amount of time. many residents have taken to using the term "tap-out" to describe the current water crisis, which refers to the full and total loss of access to municipally supplied drinking water. the story delves on the question of what would happen if humans suddenly stopped having access to water. the tale starts with alyssa's mother unsuccessfully trying to fill the family kitchen sink with water from a dry tap. her dad just puts off mailto:coimbatore.kalai.spk@gmail.com fixing the faucet. what starts as a local problem in your home rapidly becomes a crisis for the whole state. this topic exemplifies the widespread lack of planning and naive confidence that characterizes human response to catastrophe, since the whole town is unprepared for the tap-out. alyssa morrow, the protagonist, is a 16year-old girl who lives with her family, who are more kind and tenacious than other people. she watched every television report on the unfolding situation with extreme care. she explains that a water issue cannot be seen on a radar screen. there are no waves or debris fields caused by the tap-out. since there is nothing interesting to report, it is being ignored by the media. 23). alyssa, her 10-year-old brother garrett, and their uncle basil go to the local costco to stock up on bottled water after hearing the news on television. when they learn that the department store is running low on water, they begin to grasp the scope of the catastrophe. alyssa has the spur-of-the-moment idea to load up their shopping cart with bagged ices, which, when melted, would provide them with potable water. kelton mccracken, a neighbor and classmate of alyssa's, helps cover the bags of ice with paste to keep them from melting in the tub.the mccrackens seem to be more cautious and ready for whatever disaster may come next. kelton seems to be a survivalist adolescent, having been taught rescue techniques by his father. preparations for the end of the world were already prepared by his family. they beefed up all of the safety measures, made sure there was enough water on hand, and set up a generator in case the main power source failed. this demonstrates the need of ensuring basic necessities are met and taking precautions to mitigate stress during times of crisis. every day, the situation becomes more dire, with devastating consequences for all forms of life. the mccrackens' neighbors have been a source of frustration despite the fact that they were prepared for the worst. the locals gathered outside mccracken's home to beg for a drink from his emergency water supply. kelton's father richard, who has barely enough water for his own family during the drought, has no intention of sharing. the head of the homeowners' association personally visits their home and presents them with expensive gifts in return for a portion of their water supply. the significance of the word "water" is shown by this event. it has no equivalent among the available resources. trying to picture a world without water is futile. in a word, no. it is the most valuable resource on the planet. richard mccracken, wise to the value of water and the need of a strategic approach to survival, politely declined all offerings made to him. in fact, richard used analogies, dividing humans into "herders," "sheep," and "others." „wolves‟. he boasted that he was the herder who had successfully kept his herd together. requirements and in a position to steer those oblivious to impending danger, like sheep, whereas wolves were seen as traitors or as those who preyed on sheep. meanwhile, alyssa's uncle basil packs up his vehicle and drives away to a new location, citing a desire to avoid using up the family's remaining supplies as his justification. on the third day, garrett accidentally pours bleach into their icefilled bathtub. since he is just a child and does not understand the gravity of the situation, his parents did not punish him. he's under pressure to grow up soon despite his tender age. garrett runs away from home and takes refuge at one of his friend's abandoned properties because he feels guilty. kelton accompanies alyssa on her quest to locate her missing brother and the two end up tracking him down. at the same time, the morrows are packing to leave their children behind and move to laguna beach, where desalination machinery has been erected to convert saltwater into drinkable water. desalination, the process by which the salinity (i.e., salt content) in sea water is filtered and cleansed to transform it into drinking water, is a particularly bleak method in which the author conveys the severity of water shortage. alyssa, garrett, and kelton, three teenagers, band together to assess their chances of survival. kelton goes out of his way to assist her out, including cleaning their sewage drainage system, since he has a crush on her and wants to make sure she and her family are safe. so, he approaches his father with a plea to share the family home. the boy's request is granted by his kind father. kelton's willingness to serve others and share his resources despite the dire circumstances he found himself in is evidence of his selflessness. the gang is later joined by jacqui costa, a 19-year-old woman who is both the strongest survivor and the most aimless of the bunch. kelton administers first aid by slathering some antibiotic cream on her cut hand. jacque agrees to transport the other three to kelton's house in exchange for refuge. in contrast, the author paints a vivid picture of the inhumane methods used by individuals to steal water from one another. you feel like you've left your regular self behind and are experiencing something new. act in a different way. what happens, therefore, when all around you are a sea of water-crazed zombies, each of whom is also parched? you merge into oneness" (128). he even went so far as to dub the assembled masses "water zombies." it's a devastating blow to those who neglected to bring their morals along. the intended definition of zombies is common knowledge. these are tales in which the dead are brought back to life and fed upon by the living. in a similar vein, the author referred to persons who gamble for water as "water zombies." they seemed to be little more than a dead corpse, drained of all color, roaming thirstily. their spit has dried and become white at the corners of their lips. the intensity of their expression verges on ferocity. this book imagines possible futures in which modern civilization has completely disintegrated. this is because of how intrinsically intertwined the notions of humanity, natural law, and civilization are with one another. most of the people are so desperate to stay alive that they'll risk their lives for something as little as a drink of water; henry is one of them because he betrays his pals in order to ensure his own life. after claiming to have a large sealed case of agua viva bottles, henry sneaks into alyssa's squad. in reality, it's just a bunch of agua viva pamphlets. to protect himself from the other members of the organization, he decided to join them. but charity's camp shows that individuals may work together for the benefit of many. charity is presented as a nurturing lady who runs a service camp to help the needy during times of need, earning her the nickname "water angel." when the teenagers find themselves near charity's camp, she generously provides for their needs. charity really refuses to give jacqui any water since she has "elastic" skin and the other residents of the commune, including a newborn, have more need. child. the others agree with us that the commune would fail in the long run due to people's inherent selfishness. charity, on the other hand, is convinced that teamwork is essential for human survival. teens thirsty for water move about looking for a source. their way around the dense forest becomes engulfed in flames, leaving them tired on the edge of the cliff with nowhere to go. they had no strength left to fight and had given up hope. suddenly, they see a miracle unfold as a chopper dumps water on the blaze. it satisfies their thirst and prevents them from becoming dehydrated. finally, this research has emphasized the value of natural resource conservation. "water" and the consequences of global warming. it portrayed the intensity with which humans suffer from severe thirst and dehydration. when you're young, you look up to your parents as if they were god. but then there's that second if you think they're heroes or villains, you'll be disappointed. they embody all the shortcomings and frailties of being human, to the point that it hurts (p. the author defines the truth of humanity as the fact that no superheroes will appear to save the day. as a species, we'd look to conservation of natural resources as a means of addressing these problems. the tale also shows how climate problem might be true in the future. references: editors gerry canavan and kim stanley robinson present green planets, an anthology of ecological science fiction. released in 2014 by wesleyan university press. the 7th of august, 2020: livingstone, jo. a guide to writing about global warming. republic, new. issn 0028-6583. get this on february 15th, 2022. neal, and jarrod shusterman authored this scholarly work. without any moisture. 2018 simon & schuster books for young readers. nattanont yolsirivat. neal shusterman, he is wonderful. 2018: year of the panther nation. issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 2 effects of outsourcing human resources on bangalore's manufacturing sector dr.mounika guptha associate professor, smt. vhd central institute of home science, sesadri road, tirupathi abstract in the context of drug identification, the rasa (taste) parameter is one of the immediately perceptible ones, whereas the veerya (potency) and the vipaka (bio-transformation) parameters are inferable. ayurvedic medicine relies on these principles to foretell how a certain medicament will perform. c. dwarakanath developed a taste threshold approach that may be used to identify the dominating rasa in a substance. the madhuraskandha, or group of medications characterized by their predominance of the sweet flavor, consists of ten different substances. substances and techniques: the research included 60 (610) healthy female participants and used a single-blind, forced-choice design. all of the samples were given out in both warm and chilly versions. using a likert scale, the participants were asked to record when they could first detect a flavor and when they could no longer do so. appropriate statistical approaches were used to examine the data collected. when comparing the two dose forms of the sample drugs vidari, eranda, gokshura, and guduchi to the gold standard medicine, a statistically significant difference was detected at the threshold point of taste perception. by comparing the rasa of madhuraskandha to the reference standard medication, we may conclude that the strength of the rasa can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe (tara tamattva). the rasa strength of the 10 herbs used for this study ranges from mild (vidarikanda and eranda) to strong (gokshura, kantakari, guduchi, shalaparni, and shatavari). introduction outsourcing has become one of the most popular methods of doing business as a result of the rise of globalization (felix & shale, 2016). to improve service and product quality, shorten production cycle times, and save costs, many businesses have turned to outsourcing in recent years (cooke et al., 2005). the performance of a company is also greatly impacted by the outsourcing industry's ability to help businesses strengthen their core strengths. companies should specialize on a small number of core operations and contract out the rest to other companies (delmotte & sels, 2008). this approach aimed to outsource low-value-added tasks to other companies while focusing on the core competencies that gave the company a competitive edge (hirschhorn & gilmore, 1992; ulrich et al., 2008).achieving a sustainable competitive edge remains a challenge, despite the growing popularity of outsourcing. as a result, businesses have benefited greatly from delegating non-core functions to specialists (dess et al., 1995; kotabe et al., 2008; quinn, 2000) so that they may devote more resources to their highest-impact initiatives. spending on infrastructure, tools, and employees may all be cut by outsourcing (bettis et al., 1992). however, there is anecdotal evidence to show that an organization's heavy dependence on outsourcing might lead to a loss of creativity, greater competition from outsourcing partners, and diminished ability to direct the outsourced work. as a result, it is difficult to predict how outsourcing would affect productivity (kshetri, 2007). the proliferation of outsourced services may largely be attributed to the rise of information technology. when a company outsources a business process, it contracts with a third party to handle duties that were previously performed in-house. finance and accounting, investment and capital management, human resources, purchasing, logistics, real estate management, and other areas like energy services, customer-management services, email delivery, and food supplies are just a few of the seven areas identified by john halvey and barbara murphy (2007) as candidates for outsourcing. as a subset of bpo, human resource outsourcing (hro) handles everything from recruitment to employee perks including pay checks and vacation time (halvey & murphy melby, 2007). human resources (hr) tasks might be outsourced in whole or in part to a third party (bakanauskiene & brasaite, 2015). businesses may save both time and money as a result. businesses in india are beginning to see it as a viable strategic choice.human resources outsourcing is shifting its focus to india's rapidly expanding sector. the abundance of english speakers, competitive wages, and strategic location all contribute to the country's fast economic development. according to www.coolavenues.com, hr outsourcing in india was worth roughly $27 million in 2005. recent data reveals that india's market is valued between $660 and $70 million, making it one of the fastest-growing in the world. as a result, its value is forecast to increase at a cagr of 24-26% between 2015 and 2020 (http://economictimes. indiatimes.com). review of literature klaas mcclendon and gainey (2001) have focused on the relationship between organizational characteristics and hro reliance. the eight organisational characteristics were considered in the study such as idiosyncratic hr practices, hr strategic involvement, positive hr outcomes, promotional opportunities, demand uncertainties, pay level, firm size and outsourcing by competitors. the hro reliance included four factors such as hr generalist activities, transactional activities, human capital activities (i.e., training), and recruitment and selection. the results of regression analysis showed that there was a significant relationship found between organisational characteristics and hro reliance except firm size and hro by competitors. morgan (2001) has focused on the trends and growth of hr outsourcing. he identified that, in the recent past, many multi-national corporations including the mobile telecommunication companies were adopted the hr outsourcing practices. it is due to the proliferation of human resource outsourcing practices. the results of the regression analysis showed that there is a significant. reed (2001) has identified that quality and speedy services at a reduced cost were determined the strategic business decisions relating to hr outsourcing. the study suggested that hr practitioners in organisations should take adequate steps for providing quality and speedy human resource management services at affordable cost. drucker (2002) observed that outsourcing the entire human resource functions were rapidly growing at a rate of 30 percent a year. the study also observed that human resource outsourcing in multinational corporations had highly increased and even so more in the telecommunication sector. he predicted that the hr outsourcing (hro) activities will become a part of business strategy for companies of all sizes, locations and ownership. statement of the problem the global economic turbulence with the scarcity of resources has gradually increased the pressure on competitive advantage of firm. so, firms are to be found viable solutions to cope with the present changing environment. the success of any organisation highly depends on many factors such as productivity, cost efficiency and managing the human resources strategically. especially, management of human resources is the major issue to any business entities in general and it is a daunting problem to manufacturing sector in particular. scope of the study the study is vigilantly carried out to analyse the impact of hr outsourcing on the performance of manufacturing firms in bangalore. the study focused on the type of hr activities outsourced, reasons for outsourcing and impact of hr outsourcing on the performance of the manufacturing firms. hence, the study also analysed the attitude of employees towards hr outsourcing. the outcome of this study will be immensely helped to the manufacturing firms for devising an appropriate business policies and strategies and also this research will serve as a benchmark for all the stakeholders in the manufacturing sector. objectives of the study the present research is carried out with the following objectives: i) to find out the reasons for hr outsourcing and type of hr activities outsourced by the manufacturing firms in bangalore. ii) to ascertain the level of satisfaction of manufacturing firms with hr outsourcing. iii) to evaluate the impact of hr outsourcing on the performance of the manufacturing firms in bangalore. hypotheses based on the problems identified and the objectives of the study, the following hypotheses are formulated: i) there is no association between the firm characteristics and satisfaction with hr outsourcing. ii) there is no association between the firm characteristics and impact of hr outsourcing on the performance of manufacturing industries. iii) there is no relationship between impact of hr outsourcing and the performance of manufacturing industries. iv) there is no association between the demographic profile and attitude of employees towards hr outsourcing. research strategy the study is formed based on the descriptive research method. both primary and secondary sources of data have been used. the well-structured questionnaires have been designed to elicit the necessary primary data. the secondary data have been collected from books, journals, magazines, reports and websites, etc. limitations of the study like every research, this present study also has its own limitations. they are presented hereunder:  the results of descriptive survey methodology are based on information provided by the respondents which may bias the findings.  the study was confined to manufacturing firms in bangalore. hr outsourcing  problems could be sector specific. table 1 type of hr functions outsourced type of hr functions outsourced outsourced not outsourced total recruitment f 150 100 250 % 60.0 40.0 100 pay roll/compensation management f 130 120 250 % 52.0 48.0 100 employee background check f 40 210 250 % 16.0 84.0 100 employee trainings f 180 70 250 % 72.0 28.0 100 hr information systems development f 170 80 250 % 68.0 32.0 100 healthcare/ other benefits administration f 160 90 250 % 64.0 36.0 100 performance management f 30 220 250 % 12.0 88.0 100 the type of hr functions outsourced divulges that 60 percent of the firms are outsourced recruitment process, 52 percent are outsourced pay roll/ compensation management, 16 percent are outsourced checking the employees background, 72 percent are outsourced the employees’ trainings, 68 percent are outsourced the hr information systems development, 64 percent are outsourced the healthcare/ other benefits administration and 12 percent are outsourced the performance management table 2 reasons for outsourcing reasons mean std. deviation mean rank chi square sig. access to vendors expertise 4.21 .698 5.22 175.496 .000 reduce the expenditure relating to human resources 4.29 .651 5.30 improving the quality of the services 4.06 .755 4.59 allows time to in-house hr to focus on core hr activities 3.95 .820 4.36 streamline hr functions 4.36 .835 5.72 managing human resources strategically 4.02 .821 4.66 to manage the shortage of man power 4.43 .520 5.77 to improve compliance with standards 4.37 .660 5.76 to reduce the number of employees 3.65 .803 3.62 the result of friedman’s chisquare test shows that there is a significant difference (p<0.05) found in the reasons for outsourcing of hr functions .the mean ranks revealed the fact that managing shortages in the man power is a main reason for outsourcing of hr functions (mean rank=5.77) followed by improve compliance with standards (mean rank=5.76), streamline hr functions (mean rank=4.98), reduce the expenditures relating to human resources (mean rank=5.30), access to vendors’ expertise (mean rank=5.22), managing human resources strategically (mean rank=4.66), improving the quality of services (mean rank=4.59), allows time to in-house hr to focus on core hr activities (mean rank=4.36) and to reduce the number of employees (mean rank=3.62). table 3 change/ termination of the vendor opinion frequency percent changed 50 20.0 not changed 200 80.0 total 250 100.0 the opinion towards change/ termination of the vendor reveals that 80 percent of the companies are not changed or terminated the vendor and 20 percent of the company are changed or terminated the vendor table 4 reasons for changing the vendor reasons frequency percent secrecy issues 8 15.5 poor quality of services 14 27.0 expensive 15 30.5 inconsistency 11 21.5 ethical grounds 3 5.5 total 50 100.0 the reasons for changing the vendor shows that 30.5 percent of the companies are changed the vendor due to high cost, followed by 27 percent are changed for poor quality of services, 21.5 percent are changed for inconsistency, 15.5 percent are changed for secrecy issues and 5.5 percent are changed the vendor for ethical grounds table 5 frequency of performance evaluation of the vendor frequency frequency percent monthly 40 16.0 quarterly 140 56.0 half yearly 60 24.0 yearly 10 4.0 total 250 100.0 the frequency of performance evaluation of the vendor divulges that 16 percent of the firms are evaluated the performance on monthly basis, 56 percent are evaluated quarterly basis, 24 percent are evaluated half yearly basis and 4 percent are evaluated annual basis table 6 satisfaction with hr outsourcing level of satisfaction frequency percent highly satisfied 46 18.4 satisfied 69 27.6 neutral 88 35.2 dissatisfied 44 17.6 highly dissatisfied 3 1.2 total 250 100.0 the level of satisfaction with hr outsourcing portrays that 18.4 percent are highly satisfied with hr outsourcing, 27.4 percent are satisfied, 35.2 percent are neutral, 17.6 percent are dissatisfied and 1.2 percent are highly dissatisfied with the hr outsourcing findings, suggestions and conclusion 1. major findings of the study  the category of the manufacturing industries reveal that 28 percent are electrical equipment manufacturers followed by 20 percent is computer & electronics manufacturers.  the size of the organisation shows that 44 percent are medium size organisations and 36 percent are small size organisations.  the age of the organisation indicates that 48 percent of the sample manufacturing industries are functioning more than 15 years, followed by 32 percent are 6 to10 years.  the number of employees working in manufacturing industries reveals that 56 percent of the manufacturing industries are employed below 250 employees and 32 percent of the industries are employed ranges between 200-500 employees.  the annual turnover of the manufacturing industries reveals that the annual turnover of 36 percent of the manufacturing industries are below 25 lakhs and annual turnover of 36 percent is 25-50 lakhs. 2. conclusion in the current hyper-competitive business environment, hr outsourcing is a strategic approach for the success of an organisation including manufacturing sector. in this study, the researcher has vigilantly analysed the effect of hr outsourcing in the performance of manufacturing industries in bangalore. the study identified that the hr outsourcing is highly influenced in the areas of greater focus on core business, cost reduction, quality improvement, better financial performance, increase in revenue, business growth and enhanced organisational performance and operational performance. hence, the firm characteristics has significantly influenced on the impact of hr outsourcing. in fact, hr outsourcing plays a significant role in the performance of the manufacturing industries as revealed by the overall findings of this study. the study also identified that employees’ viewpoint the hr outsourcing has positively influenced in the areas of team work, reward recognition, commitment, competency, involvement, management effectiveness and goal setting. the findings and suggestions made in this study will enormously assist as an eye-opener for manufacturing industries and if these findings and suggestions are executed by the manufacturing industries in letter and spirit, it will immensely help the manufacturing industries to sustain in the competitive environment forever. 3. suggestions based on the findings of study, the following suggestions have been offered by the researcher to adopt and manage the outsourcing strategy effectively and also overcome the issues in the hr outsourcing.  majority of the manufacturing firms are partially outsourced its hr functions. so, the firms should outsource their rest of hr functions to curtail operational costs by reducing hr expenses. hence, the hr managers should focus firm’s cost pressures, pay leadership strategy before thinking of hr outsourcing.  the sample manufacturing units are selected a vendor for hr outsourcing based on cost effectiveness instead of that the firms should gauge the area of vendor’s expertise in the hr services prior to take decision of outsourcing their hr functions. hence, firms must observe quality of services and the capability of vendors to provide hr services effectively along with their ability to streamline company’s hr functions.  some of the sample manufacturing firms are changed the vendor due to high cost followed by poor quality of services. so, the firms should outsource certain part of hr activity initially, to identify the impact and appropriateness with their business goals, if they get satisfied with the expected results, the firm can proceed further. hence, the vendors should be provided high quality of services at affordable cost to avoid termination of service contracts.  in the cut-throat competitive era, it is difficult for a firm to hire and retain all necessary human talents. so, initially the firms should assess the talent shortage which organization finds to fill up. the service providers must be hired keeping in mind the wants of the firm to compensate internal talent deficit. hence, hr outsourcing can be resorted to as a strategic choice to make up of dearth of in-house talents. references  abdul-halim, h., & che-ha, n. (2009). the influence of business strategy on the decision to outsource human resource activities: a study of malaysian manufacturing organizations. journal of human resource costing & accounting, 13(4), 274-293.  adler paul, s. (2003). making the hr outsourcing decision. mit sloan management review, 45(1), 53.  amato, l.h., & burson, t.e. (2006). the effects of firm size on profit rates in the financial services. journal of economics and economic education research, 8(1), 67– 81.  anders isaksson & bjorn lantz. (2015). outsourcing strategies and their impact on financial performance in small manufacturing firms in sweden, international journal of business and finance research, 9(4), 1120.  andrew., & brian. (2012). hr outsourcing can boost savings and service. public manager, 41(3), 45-49.  balachandra, r. (2005). report of outsourcing r&d. institute for global innovation management. north eastern university: boston, 12-32.  bharat vagadia. (2012). insights from academic research on outsourcing. management of professionals, 133149.  bhattacharya, a., singh, p.j., & bhakoo, v. (2013). revisiting the outsourcing debate: two sides of the same story. production planning & control, 24(4-5), 399422.  bolat, t., & yilmaz, o. (2009). the relationship between outsourcing and organizational performance: is it myth or reality for the hotel sector? international journal of contemporary hospitality management, 21(1), 723.  bustinza, o., arias-aranda d., & gutierrez-gutierrez, l. (2010). outsourcing, competitive capabilities and performance: an empirical study in service firms. international journal of production economics, 126(2), 276-288. chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com by inhibiting nlrp3 inflammasome via autophagy activation, carnosol improves sevoflurane-induced cognitive impairment in old rats. dr.v.ravikumar 1, dr.p.aravinda reddy 2,shilpadas 3, ashaful alom 4, assistant professor 1,2,3,4, department of pharmacy, samskruti college of pharmacy, kondapur (v), ghatkesar (m) medchal dist, telangana, india. abstract: specifically, we want to learn how carnosol works and how it affects postoperative cognitive dysfunction (pocd). methods: the sevoflurane (sev) paradigm of cognitive impairment in rats was developed. we used a dihydroethidium (dhe) test to measure the impact of carnosol on ros levels in rats that had been produced by sevoflurane. the impact of carnosol on mitochondrial damage was evaluated using adenosine triphosphate (atp) generation and immunoblot tests. cognitive impairment in the rats was assessed by a water maze experiment. the immunoblot test was used to evaluate the action mechanism. the results showed that carnosol inhibited ros generation and mitochondrial damage caused by sevoflurane in rats, and it also triggered autophagy. carnosol also inhibited sev-induced cognitive impairment via activating autophagy and sev-induced nlrp3 inflammasome activation, respectively. conclusion: carnosol, by inhibiting the nlrp3 inflammasome, improves sev-stimulated cognitive impairment and may one day be used as a treatment for cognitive impairment. carnosol, sevoflurane (sev), nlrp3 inflammasome, and autophagy are some of the terms used to describe this phenomenon. introduction postoperative cognitive dysfunction (pocd) is a type of complication with long-term consequences, defined as impaired memory, attention and information processing that occurs after anesthesia [1]. studies show that about 10 % of surgery patients as well as 40 % of older patients over the age of 65 develop pocd [2]. compared to patients without pocd, patients with pocd have significantly higher mortality rates and higher dependence on social security [3]. despite extensive research efforts, the pathogenesis of pocd remains unknown [4]. new therapeutic agents still need to be developed to treat pocd. rosemary (salvia rosmarinus) is a mediterranean plant that is now widely available in several countries [5,6]. rosemary extract can be used to treat inflammation-related diseases [7]. carnosol is a phenolic diterpenoid which exists in rosemary extract and has been shown to have antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects [8]. carnosol treatment inhibited the eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice after ovalbumin treatment [9]. previous studies have shown that carnosol alleviates sevofluranestimulated cognitive dysfunction in aged rats via nf-κb pathway. it also causes the activation of autophagy in breast cancer [8]. however, the potential effect and mechanism of action of the compound on pocd remains unknown. there is growing evidence of a causal relationship between sev-stimulated cognitive impairment and nlrp3 inflammasome [10]. in response to cellular stress, nlrp3 recruits asc as well as pro-caspase-1, which causes the cleaved caspase-1 to activate and process the maturation of il-1β and il-18 [11]. nf-κb is involved in the control of many cellular processes [11]. the activation of nf-κb family is a key step in regulating pyroptosis. however, chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com the effects of carnosol on autophagy and its relationship with nlrp3 is unclear. the aim of this study was to investigate the role of carnosol in pocd progression using a sevofluraneinduced cognitive impairment rat model of rats. experimental pocd rat model male sprague– dawley rats (12 months old, 250 – 280 g) were purchased from vital river (beijing, china). the procedures in this study were approved by the ethics committee of xi'an international medical center hospital, shanxi, china (approval no. 202315), and conducted in accordance with the guidelines of declaration of helsinki in biomedical and behavioral research [12]. for the establishment of pocd model, sevoflurane (2 % sev) was inhaled by old rats (8 months old) for 5 h, and carnosol administered to the rats in doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg every 2 days, respectively. the rats were divided into the following groups: control, sev, sev + carnosol (5 mg/kg), as well as sev + carnosol (10 mg/kg) groups. morris water maze (mwm) tests the mwm tests were performed in a swimming pool with four quadrants and the activity of the rats was recorded. the rats were trained for 4 days in order to determine the location of the platform; if the rats could not find the location within 90 s, they were placed on the platform. finally, the platform was removed. the time and number was recorded. determination of ros for ros staining, the cells were mounted and stained with dihydroethidium (dhe). dhe fluorescence of 20 cells per field in five random fields was quantified by the use of axiovision software. jc-1 staining to analyze mitochondria damage, samples were placed in 12-well plates and kept for 24 hours for cell adhesion. after rinsing, the cells were incubated with 2 μm jc-1 for 15 min at 37 °c. after rinsing in phosphate buffer (pbs) 3 times, the cells were photographed and the jc-1 positive cells were counted per field. determination of atp production for the determination of atp production, an atp detection kit (beyotime, beijing, china) was utilized in accordance with the manufacturer's protocol. immunoblot assay the samples were electrophoresed and transferred onto pvdf membranes and then blocked with 5 % fat-free milk. subsequently, the membranes were conjugated with antibodies targeting lc3 (ab192890, 1:1000, abcam), p62 (ab109012, 1:1000, abcam), nlrp3 (ab263899, 1:1000, abcam), asc (ab283684, 1:500, abcam), caspase-1 (ab207802, 1:500, abcam), il-18 (ab243091, 1:1000, abcam), il-1β (ab254360, 1:1000, abcam), and β-actin (ab8226, 1:3000, abcam) for 2 h at room temperature. subsequently the membranes were incubated with secondary antibodies (1:2000, abcam) for 1 h at room temperature. the blots were then analyzed with ecl kit. statistics statistical analysis was performed with graphpad 7.0 software using t-test, and the data are shown as mean ± sd. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. results carnosol suppressed sevoflurane-induced ros production of rats the results showed that carnosol treatment decreased dhe expression levels in sevofluraneinduced hippocampal neurons, suggesting the inhibition of ros production (figure 1). therefore, carnosol suppressed sevofluraneinduced ros production of rats. chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com figure 1: carnosol suppressed sevoflurane induced ros production of rats. dhe was used to detect ros levels in hippocampus from control, sev, sev+carnosol (5 mg/kg), and sev+carnosol (10 mg/kg) groups. scale bar indicates 100 μm carnosol suppressed mitochondrial damage induced by sevoflurane, and activated autophagy immunostaining showed the degree of mitochondrial damage of the hippocampus from each group. the aggregates and monomers reflected the degree of mitochondrial damage. the data showed that the monomers were enhanced and the aggregates decreased in sev hippocampal neurons (figure 2 a). in addition, carnosol reduced the monomers and increased the aggregates in sev-induced hippocampal neurons, suggesting the inhibition of mitochondrial damage (figure 2 a). similarly, carnosol decreased atp production in sev hippocampal neurons but induced the production of atp in sev hippocampal neurons (figure 2 b). western blot results showed that the ratio of lc3bii/lc3bi in sev hippocampal neurons increased, while carnosol decreased the ratio in sev hippocampal neurons, suggesting the inhibition of autophagy (figure 2 c). interestingly, increased expression of p62 was found in sev hippocampal neurons but carnosol decreased p62 expression in sev hippocampal neurons, further confirming the previous data (figure 2 d). therefore, carnosol alleviated mitochondrial damage induced by sevoflurane and activated autophagy. figure 2: carnosol suppressed mitochondrial damage induced by sevoflurane and activates autophagy. (a). immunostaining showed the degree of mitochondrial damage of hippocampus from the indicated groups. green indicates monomers; red indicates aggregates. scale bar indicates 50 μm; (b). atp production was shown in hippocampus from the indicated groups; (c). immunoblot assays showed the expression levels of lc3b in hippocampus from the indicated groups. the ratio of lc3bii/lc3bi was calculated; (d). immunoblot assays showed the expression levels of p62 in hippocampus from the indicated groups. data are presented as mean ± sd; ***p < 0.001, sev vs control, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001, sev+carnosol vs sev carnosol suppressed sevoflurane-induced nlrp3 inflammasome activation to determine the potential mechanism of carnosol-mediated effect in sevoflurane induced rats, the role of carnosol in the nlrp3 pathway was assessed after treatment with sev, carnosol and the inhibitor of autophagy, 3-ma. carnosol increased the levels of nlrp3 in sev group was found, and reversed the increase of nlrp3 expression caused by sev treatment (figure 3 a). however, 3-ma treatment further increased the expression of nlrp3 in carnosol-treated rats, suggesting the regulation of autophagy in nlrp3 pathway (figure 3 a). furthermore, nlrp3 signaling pathway was activated following the establishment of sev-induced model as demonstrated by increased levels of chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com asc, il-1β and il-18 (figure 3 b). the decreased levels of asc, il-1β and il-18 levels were caused by carnosol treatment (figure 3 b). 3-ma treatment increased further the expression of nlrp3 in carnosol-treated rats. thus, the data suggest that carnosol suppressed sevofluraneinduced nlrp3 inflammasome activation by regulating autophagy. figure 3: carnosol suppressed sevoflurane induced nlrp3 inflammasome activation by activating autophagy. (a). immunoblot assays showed the expression levels of nlrp3 in hippocampus from the indicated groups; (b). immunoblot assays showed the expression levels of indicated proteins in the hippocampus from the indicated groups. data are presented as mean ± sd, ***p < 0.001, sev vs control, ###p < 0.001, sev+carnosol vs sev, $$$p < 0.001, sev+carnosol+3-ma vs sev+carnosol figure 4: carnosol suppressed sevoflurane induced cognitive dysfunction by inhibiting nlrp3 inflammasome activation. (a). water maze experiment reveals rat movement track from the indicated groups; (b-e). escape latency (b), time of across the stealth platform (c), time in target quadrant (d), and distance in target quadrant (e) of rats from the indicated groups. data are presented as mean ± sd; ***p < 0.001, sev vs control, #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001, sev+carnosol vs sev, $p < 0.05, $$$p < 0.001, sev+carnosol+3-ma vs sev+carnosol carnosol suppresses sevoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction by inhibiting nlrp3 inflammasome activation as expected, the cognitive ability of rats in sev group was impaired significantly with poor ability to escape latency, locate the target, long latency time and longer time in the target quadrate (figure 4 a e). carnosol treatment improved the performance of rats (figure 4 b e). interestingly, nlrp3 treatment further impaired the performance of rats, suggesting that carnosol alleviated cognitive dysfunction (figure 4 b e). therefore, carnosol suppressed sev-induced cognitive dysfunction by suppressing nlrp3 inflammasome activation. discussion with the different types of surgery and the duration of general anesthesia, the degree of pocd varies. in recent years, there has been great progress in anesthesia technology, monitoring instruments and surgical operations, and these have greatly improved the safety of surgery, pocd is still common and its pathogenesis and mechanisms have attracted wide attention [10]. pocd can usually be treated with medication [10]. if the patient has cognitive dysfunction after surgery, it can be treated with drugs, as the main purpose is to improve the patient's condition and facilitate recovery [10]. with the aid of intravenous drip, nutritional neurodrugs and other treatments to ameliorate brain tissue ischemia and hypoxia, and postoperative recovery, using mecobalamine tablets, adenosine monophosphate and other drugs, may improve the cognitive ability of patients [13]. however, it is still necessary to find more effective drugs. here, carnosol was chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com shown to ameliorate the sevoflurane-induced cognitive impairment in aged rats. therefore, carnosol may serve as a drug for the management of pocd. carnosol is a diterpenoid phenolic compound, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferation and anti-tumor effects [14,15]. due to its remarkable pharmacological activity, more and more scholars at home and abroad have paid more attention to it in recent years [8]. it has a potential role in the prevention and treatment of neuropathic diseases [8]. carnosol is a potent ribosome s6 kinase (rsk2) inhibitor and also an carnosol is also an nrf2 activator, increasing nrf2 levels and promoting heme oxygenase-1 (hmox1) expression [16]. it alleviated mitochondrial damage induced by sev and also activated autophagy and increased sev-induced nlrp3 inflammasome activation by activating autophagy. carnosol ameliorated sevoflurane-induced cognitive impairment. previous studies have shown that it alleviated sevoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction in aged rats by mediating nf-κb pathway [16]. in the present study, carnosol alleviated sevoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction by regulating nlrp3 inflammasome as well as autophagy. however, further in vivo studies to elucidate the mechanism of action are still needed. autophagy is vital in the elimination of protein aggregates and abnormal organelles [10]. enhanced autophagy disrupts neuronal homeostasis [17]. activation of autophagy suppresses the formation of nlrp3 inflammasome [10]. nlrp3 inflammasome is highly expressed and over-activated in aged rats, and is vital in the central inflammatory response [18]. over-activation of nlrp3 inflammasome leads to a variety of diseases, including pocd [10]. nlrp3 inflammasomes are involved in the important mechanisms of pocd [10]. it also reduced cognitive impairment in older rats. interestingly, carnosol further improved sevinduced nlrp3 inflammasome activation by activating autophagy, thus ameliorating pocd. however, the precise mechanism of action needs to be investigated further. conclusion carnosol ameliorates sev-induced cognitive impairment in aged rats by suppressing nlrp3 inflammasome, as well as autophagy. therefore, carnosol is a promising drug for the management of pocd. references 1. li x, gao y, han x, tang s, li n, liu x, ni x. maresin1 ameliorates postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aged rats by potentially regulating the nf-kappab pathway to inhibit astrocyte activation. exp gerontol 2023; 176: 112168. 2. wang g, shen j, zhai l, lin y, guan q, shen h. tl1a promotes the postoperative cognitive dysfunction in mice through nlrp3-mediated a1 differentiation of astrocytes. cns neurosci ther 2023; 29(11):3588 3597. 3. wang x, chen x, wu f, liu y, yang y, chen w, pan z, hu w, zheng f, he h. relationship between postoperative biomarkers of neuronal injury and postoperative cognitive dysfunction: a meta-analysis. plos one 2023; 18(4): e0284728. 4. zhao w, li j, wang j, liu m, yu d. effect of dexmedetomidine on postoperative cognitive dysfunction and the t helper 17/regulatory t cell balance in geriatric patients undergoing orthopedic surgery: a randomized controlled study. am j transl res 2023; 15(4): 2634-2644. 5. farouk sm, abdel-rahman hg, abdallah oa, el-behidy ng. comparative immunomodulatory efficacy of rosemary and fenugreek against escherichia coli infection via suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress in broilers. environ sci pollut res int 2022; 29(26): 4005340067. 6. ma w, shi h, wei g, hua m, yu h. loureirin b attenuates amiodaroneinduced pulmonary fibrosis by suppression of tgfβ1/smad2/3 chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com pathway. trop j pharm res 2020; 19(7): 1371-1376. 7. bai r, yuan c, wang t, liu l, li j, lai y, li h, chen z, li c, ke d et al. apple pomace and rosemary extract ameliorates hepatic steatosis in fructose-fed rats: association with enhancing fatty acid oxidation and suppressing inflammation. exp ther med 2020; 20(3): 1975-1986. 8. gonzalez-cardenete ma, gonzalezzapata n, boyd l, rivas f. discovery of novel bioactive tanshinones and carnosol analogues against breast cancer. cancers (basel) 2023; 15(4): 1318. 9. lee je, im ds. suppressive effect of carnosol on ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma. biomol ther (seoul) 2021; 29(1): 58-63. 10. zhou j, zhang c, fang x, zhang n, zhang x, zhu z. activation of autophagy inhibits the activation of nlrp3 inflammasome and alleviates sevoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction in elderly rats. bmc neurosci 2023; 24(1): 9. 11. han qq, le w. nlrp3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation and related mitochondrial impairment in parkinson's disease. neurosci bull 2023; 39(5): 832-844. 12. world medical a. world medical association declaration of helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. j postgrad med 2002; 48(3): 206-208. 13. wang w, zhao b, gao w, song w, hou j, zhang l, xia z. inhibition of pink1-mediated mitophagy contributes to postoperative cognitive dysfunction through activation of caspase-3/gsdme-dependent pyroptosis. acs chem neurosci 2023; 14(7): 1249-1260. 14. habtemariam s. anti-inflammatory therapeutic mechanisms of natural products: insight from rosemary diterpenes, carnosic acid and carnosol. biomedicines 2023; 11(2): 545. 15. luan y, jiang l, luan y, xie y, yang y, ren kd. mitophagy and traumatic brain injury: regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. oxid med cell longev 2023; 2023: 1649842. 16. li x, zhang q, hou n, li j, liu m, peng s, zhang y, luo y, zhao b, wang s et al. carnosol as a nrf2 activator improves endothelial barrier function through antioxidative mechanisms. int j mol sci 2019; 20(4): 880. 17. pajarillo e, kim sh, digman a, dutton m, son ds, aschner m, lee e. the role of microglial lrrk2 in manganese-induced inflammatory neurotoxicity via nlrp3 inflammasome and rab10-mediated autophagy dysfunction. j biol chem 2023; 299(7): 104879. 18. wu y, hu a, shu x, huang w, zhang r, xu y, yang c. lactobacillus plantarum postbiotics trigger ampkdependent autophagy to suppress salmonella intracellular infection and nlrp3 inflammasome activation. j cell physiol 2023; 238(6): 1336-1353. 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 chinese traditional medical journal case study nonsurgical management of low anal fistula in an infant with udumbara ksheerasutra– a case study yan yongia, che xi, li jianshen college of basic courses, guangdong pharmaceutical university, guangzhou division of education and research, shantou central hospital, shantou , institute of geriatrics, henan college of traditional chinese medicine, zhengzhou introduction anal canal and the perineonum is known as a'stula-in-ano. perianal infections are the most common cause, and a congenital abnormality is very unusual [1]. nevertheless, the pathophysiology of anostula is yet unknown [2]. adults are considered to be more likely than children to get the disease than the reverse. in babies, diminished immunity and changes in bowel habits during weaning are to blame. [3] boys are more likely to be afflicted than girls, with 96 percent of cases occurring in newborns less than one year of age [4]. fistula is likened to a disease in ayurveda. though often thought of as an incurable illness [5], some new research suggests that bhagandhara in babies is a temporary and self-limiting sickness [2]. there are a variety of ways to handle a problem. stula, however, despite instances of post-operative recurrence, surgery is universally approved and has shown to be effective. using the techniques of the ksharasutra in order to better manage abstract background: a long-standing condition, fistula in ano (bhagandara) has been documented in infants as young as six months old. surgery is the most common method of therapy for ano stula, however there are other options. the goal of this study was to find a non-surgical treatment for a child with a low anal stula who was ten months old. materials & methods: the ksharasutra (ayurvedic seton) was employed in this case study as a modified version of the well-known ksheerasutra (ayurvedic seton). after a first probe, seton was injected into the stulous tract in an aseptic manner (eshana karma). at the end of the fifth week, the tract had been fully cut, with healthy tissues forming in its place, and the seton had been replaced four times (one each week). the technique was safe, nonirritating, and well-tolerated by the youngster throughout the length of treatment. keywords: in ano, infants, non-surgical management, ayurvedic seton udumbara ksheerasutra 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 considered one of the most effective approaches to date. ' as a non-surgical method with minimal risk of recurrence, ksharasutra application for stula has been more popular over the last decade or so. alkaline characteristics may induce acute burning sensation, discomfort and inflammation around the stula despite its benefits. ksharasutra application in newborns is a lengthy process since they are deemed sukumara (fragile, unable to bear pain). nonsurgical, non-invasive, and affordable to the poor people are some of the goals of this project. corresponding address: prof. subhash chandra varshney dept. of shalya tantra mahatma gandhi ayurved, college, hospital & research center, salod (h), wardha, maharashtra, india. bhagandhara advocated by acharya sushruta [6] remains email: scvbhu@gmail.com a non-alkaline medication was used to make a less painful version of seton for the youngster. udumbara (ficus glomerata roxb.) milk was employed for this purpose. ksharasutra's effectiveness in adults has been thoroughly shown in several research [7]. kshara and ksheerasutra, on the other hand, have not been tested on newborns. udumbara ksheerasutra has been shown to be an effective treatment for newborns with a stula, and this research is the first of its type to focus on this. method of preparing of ksheerasutra: cuts were made to the udumbara tree using a sharp knife in the early morning, and the latex that oozes from the branches was collected in a sterile container. a 0.91mm-thick layer of udumbara ksheera was applied to a surgical linen thread size 11 with a no.20 coating. it was kept in a cabinet to prevent contamination and sterilisation of the sutra. case history: in the opd of mahatma gandhi ayurved college, hospital & hospital, wardha, a ten-month-old newborn was brought in for treatment of pus discharge, itching, and bleeding around the anal area over the last three months. also, the mother stated that her kid regularly touched the anal region and cried. all of the child's vital signs were confirmed to be normal after a general assessment. with regular bowel movements, the child's appetite was judged to be adequate. a referral to shalya tantra's opd was made when the child's condition worsened. a 7 o'clock external hole with averted margins and pus discharge was discovered during a rectal examination. a digital inspection was used to feel it out. an internal hole one inch treatment: above the anal margin was found in a short tract of about 3.2 centimetres in length. the youngster was given a mild laxative (avipattikara choorna – 2 g with honey) the night before the treatment. the youngster was softly probed (eshana mailto:scvbhu@gmail.com 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 karma) with a typical pliable probe from the exterior entrance that was pulled out via the internal opening the next day under aseptic precaution. ksheerasutra has already been linked to the probe's eye. patients are instructed to take internal drugs once the seton (about 7.5cms long) is wrapped gently around the patient's neck. there was no use of a local anaesthetic. ÿ the youngster would scream as the anaesthetic substance was injected and become uncooperative during the surgery if this method was utilised. ÿ ÿ the following drugs were given to the child's internal organs. • 7-day supply of tablet triphala guggulu – 12 bd (250mg) with honey 12 bd (125mg) of balachathurbhadra tablets, powdered and taken orally for 15 days avipattikara choorna–1g hs with honey– 7days for 1g hs adjuvant treatments included: once a day for seven days, jatyadi taila is utilised for matra basti (a medicated enema). ten-minute sitz baths in hot water for seven days a week on the first day, the parents were taught how to administer basti (enema) and sitzs bath and requested observation & results: to do it every day for seven days at home. it took four weeks to go through the child's file and replace the seton with a new one. during the fifth visit, the tract was entirely cut and healed, with good brous tissue development (fig. 1). they all took place outside of the hospital. for the purpose of gauging the effectiveness of the cutting, thread length was measured and documented weekly. the following are the results of calculating the cutting rate per week (crw):the length of the stula divided by the number of treatment days is the crw.in the current investigation, the crw was 0.8cms per week. by the end of one week, there were no evidence of inflamation or irritation in the baby after the seton was placed.according to this formula, the tract's unit cutting time (uct) was determined. d/cm = number of days required to cut through = total number of days track length at the start in centimetres in this investigation, the uct was 8.75 days/cm. discussion: although the cause of astula-in-ano is unknown, its hallmarks include male predominance, the onset of symptoms at less than 12 months of age, and the very low incidence of complicated avulsions. distinguishes this condition from that of adults [1,8]. the cause for stula in ano in present case may be secondary to a perianal abscess. conventional surgery and ayurvedic seton have been found no different in treatment of stula in ano[9]. however treatment of stula with ayurvedic seton is said to have lesser recurrences and incontinence rates, though healing time is longer [10]. ksharasutra is a scienti cally validated and standardized treatment in the 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 management of bhagandara [11]. the mode of action of it is attributed to its chedana (cutting), bhedana (splitting), lekhana (scraping), shodhana (purifying), ropana (healing) and tridoshaghna (pacifying all three bodily humors) property. the cutting and healing of the stulous tract is not only a mechanical effect of ksharasutra but it is also due to anti-in ammatory and other chemical properties of the drugs used in it [12]. in the present context udumbara ksheera was used to prepare sutra which is said to be having properties like shothahara (anti-in ammatory), vedana sthapana (analgesic) and vrana ropana (wound healing)[13]. even though ksheerasutra is a non-alkaline seton the cutting & healing of stulous tract which occurred simultaneously can be attributed to the medicinal property possessed by the udumbara ksheera and mechanical pressure exerted by the sutra. anti in ammtory action of triphala guggulu might have helped resolving the pus discharge. jatyadi taila matra basti and avipattikara choorna regularized the bowel habits of the child. balachathurbhadra vati was used to bring about immunomodulatory effects and prevent fever. follow up was conducted at an interval of 1 month for 2 successive months, no history of recurrences was noted. conclusion: the present reports highlights the bene ts of ksheerasutra application in a 10 month old infant. the response of child was closely monitored as infants are unable to express their discomfort or pain. complete cutting & healing of stulous tract occurred by 5th week without any complications. there was also simultaneous healing of the tract. the procedure throughout its course was safe without causing any signi cant discomfort to the child. the subsequent follow up for 2 months period revealed no recurrence of stula. hence it can be concluded that the application of ksheerasutra in bhagndhara of children is bene cial and may be recommended in clinical practice. although a bigger sample size and randomised controlled research study would be useful in supporting the ksheerasutra application in the treatment of stula in-ano of youngsters. references: 1. in children, a congenital aetiology for fistulas-in-ano: fitzgerald rj, harding b, ryan w. children's hospital of philadelphia 2. fistula-in-ano in infants: nonoperative management is effective? 3. ano in pediatric surgery – case report: ksharasutra-role of ksharasutra in high fistula in ano in pediatric surgery published in j indian assoc pediatr surg 2004; vol 9: 80-82 4. 5. this information is provided by jayant deodhar in medscape, [internet] 2014. it was cited on december 6, 2015, and can be found at the following url: https://www.emedicine.medscape.com/a rticle/9353-12overview#a0199 susrutha, dalhana, susrutha samhitha with nibhadasangrahi acharya, avaraniyadhyayah, sutrasthana, chapter 4, verse 33, edited by vaidya jadavji trikamji acharya, 9th ed. varanasi; chaukambha orientalia; 2008, p.144. 7. 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 seventh-century susrutha samhita with dalhana, susrutha samhitha with n i b h a n d a s a n g r a h a c o m m e n t a y, visarpanadisthananarogachikitsidhodiya, chikita sthana, chapter 17, verses 29-33. it's been eight years since deshpande and his colleagues published their findings in the journal of the american medical association. in 400 instances, ambulatory treatment of a stula in ano was effective. india's journal of surgery, 1975; 37:85-9 8 ano infected newborns should be treated conservatively, according to the authors of this study. pediatr surg international, 1998;vol 13:274-276. this paper describes the non-operative therapy for the treatment of anorectal fistulas (stula-in-ano). journal of pediatric surgery, volume 35: 938-939 the study was conducted by ho ks, tsang c, seow choen f, and others to compare ayurvedic cutting seton and stulotomy for patients with low stula. in a word, yes. 2001;vol 5(3): 137-41 tech coloproctol one-center randomised controlled clinical study of the ayurvedic medicine ksharasotra (ayurvedic medicinal thread) in children and adolescents 9. stula-in-ano treatment, indian journal of medical research, 1991;vol. 94:p. 177–185. treatment of fistula in ano using kshar sutra (medicated seton) therapy: efficacy studies by pankaj srivastava and manoranjan sahu. volume 2, issue 1: p.110 in the world journal of colorectal surgery 11. reprint edition of pv sharma's dravyaguna vijnyana, part ii. according to chaukhambha bharati academy; varansai, p. 666-667 figure 1: week wise images showing application of ksheerasutra and healing of fistulous tract by 5th week figure 1: week wise images showing application of ksheerasutra and healing of fistulous tract by 5th week how to cite the article: varshney et al, nonsurgical management of low anal 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 fistula in an infant with udumbara ksheerasutra– a case study. j. res. trad. medicine 2015;1(1): 29-32 source of support: nil, con ict of interest: nil 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 chinese traditional medical journal case study multiple stage surgical approach along with ksharasutra therapy in the management of high anal fistula (bhagandara) jin xi, wan je, shen hifen, institute of hematology, the first affiliated hospital of medical school of zhejiang university, hangzhou department of oncology, the third affiliated hospital of zhejiang chinese medical university, hangzhou introduction darana (splitting or ripping) surrounding guda, yoni, and vasti is the literal meaning of bhagandara (urinary bladder). bhagandara was the first patient to benefit from the treatment. seton placement, stulotomy, and stulectomy[5] are all current surgical options for treating ano amputations.[6] pidika (boil) arises in the vicinity of guda, and when it fistula ligation of the inter-sphinteric (lift)it is known as bhagandara when it breaks out. (1) in the list of astamahagada (diseases that abstract background: anal stulas are relatively common in today's clinical practise, and despite improvements in surgical procedures, treating them is a time-consuming task. bhagandara, a disease mentioned in ayurveda that is supposed to be very difficult to treat, is similar to anal stula. as a result of the difficulty of using merely ksharasutra (alkaline seton) to treat high anal stulas, which have an internal opening that is above the dentate line and an exterior opening that is a significant distance from the anal edge, numerous surgical approaches have been used in this circumstance. materials & methods: stulotomy and ksharasutra were used in three phases to treat the patient. to establish hemostasis, the external incision was first expanded toward the anal canal by around 5 cm. curettage and packing were also performed at this step. during the second step, the tract extended 2 cm toward the anal canal and was stuffed, which took place after a month. ksharasutra was used in the third stage for eight weeks till the tract was severed and healed fully. results: it was approximately a year before all of the stulous tract had healed, although the hospital stay was just a few days. after six months of monitoring, there was no sign of the problem recurring. the outcomes of this trial were positive, and the patient was able to return to his normal schedule with little hospitalisation. keywords: fistula in ano, several stages of surgery, and ksharakarma are all examples of bhagandara. 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 are difficult to treat for both patients and surgeons), bhagandara is one of them. [7] expanded adipose derived stem cells (ascs) and fibrin glue, among others. stula-inano surgery has several disadvantages, including greater pain, expense, and time. the samhita of sushruta 2 fistula in ano, hints as a possible cause. a high occurrence rate. treatment options come in many shapes and sizes. between two epithelial-lined surfaces, a persistent granulating path even in the hands of the most experienced surgeons, it is known to reoccur. this awful sickness may be dealt with in a variety of ways using ayurveda, the ancient science of life. in its own limitations, the use of ksharasutra when the internal opening is very high due to an anal stula corresponding address: dr. alok kumar last 4-5 decades ksharasutra [4] has attained the ph.d. scholar, dept. of shalya tan that this is most suitable treatment option national institute of ayurveda , jaipur, india, email:dr.alokv@gmail.com exterior opening far away from anal verge is not only difficult to diagnose and cure, but it also takes a long period for healing to take place. as a result, ksharasutra and surgery may be used in conjunction to treat these types of instances. excision, incision, and cauterization are all recommended in ayurvedic literature along with the ksharasutra treatment.so, in light of the foregoing concerns, the current research was organised utilising the conventional ksharasutra and numerous rounds of surgery in the therapy of high anal stulas. case study the national institute of ayurveda, jaipur, saw a 45-year-old male patient with a complaint of pus discharge from the perianal area. upon closer investigation, an aperture was discovered around 10 cm from the anal margin at the 8 o'clock position, through which pus was draining. dimpling and induration were detected up to the anorectal ring on digital rectal examination, which was performed at 67 o'clock position. when the track was probed in full, it stretched up to the muscles of the puborectalis. stulous track was detected on magnetic resonance imaging (mri) of the gluteal area. the stulous track was extra-sphincteric, with a secondary track exhibiting transsphincteric course and an interior opening at 6 o'clock. all of the standard testing was done, but no abnormalities were discovered. in this case, a main threading procedure with a partial avulsion was used. methods procedure patients were positioned on their side and the perianal region was disinfected by using an antiseptic solution (10 percent povodine iodine). anesthesia was administered by injecting a 2 percent xylocaine and adrenalin solution into the surgical site and covering it with drape sheets. copper probes were introduced from an external orifice and tracked to determine the depth and direction of the track after it had been given the proper anaesthetic. an external hole of about 5 centimetres toward the anal canal, with hydrogen peroxide curettage and tight packing, was made to establish hemostasis after probing (fig. 1). every day, the patient was instructed to apply a dressing, and he or she was accompanied to the opd on alternate days for follow-up appointments. extensive curettage with hydrogen peroxide and tight packing were performed to ensure hemostasis after one month. the patient was repositioned in the lithotomy position and the external aperture was expanded roughly 2 cm towards the anal canal. similar instructions were given to patients. anal 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 canal probe was put via wound and removed through internal hole after second month of patient being in place. external opening was stretched about 2 cm towards anal canal. tight bandages were used to cover the wound, which had a lenin thread of 20 nm inserted into it. a normal apamarga kshara sutra was used in lieu of the plane thread after two days (fig. 2). the patient was instructed to apply betadine and jatyadi taila to the wound daily, as well as to use hot water on a regular basis. the ksharasutra was modified on a weekly basis and gradually tightened to allow the track to naturally cut through it. over the course of five months, a total of eight ksharasutra were administered, and the patient was monitored for a total of six months. result based on the patient's pain and discomfort, post-operative bleeding, hospitalisation, and recurrence of ano, treatment efficacy was evaluated. the whole treatment was conducted under local anaesthetic during the intraoperative time, therefore the patient felt no discomfort. on the first day, analgesics were given. the patient did not have any severe post-operative bleeding. after four hours of surgery, the patient was able to walk and there were no postoperative complications, such as urine retention. patients were released from the hospital on the same day after each sitting. after six months, no recurrence was seen in the patient who had had full recovery (fig. 3). despite the fact that the therapy lasted almost a year, the hospital stay was only a few days, therefore the total cost of the treatment was low since the patient was able to continue working throughout the time he was in the hospital. discussion because no significant incisions are made, patients don't have to worry about their daily routines or social lives being disrupted after surgery. in this case, the patient's incision was so minor that it didn't need a lengthy stay in the hospital. when the stulous wound was excised in many stages, the stula became brosed and the brous tissue in the wound inhibited the creation of secondary tracts, as the wound contraction approached the anal canal. in the same way that ksharasut the thread was progressively tightened during the previous two weeks to allow the remaining tract to be trimmed down. applied in the stulous track for last 8 weeks. recurrence was decreased because of the kshara's shodhana (cleaning) and lekhana (scrapping) properties. when the track had fully recovered and healthy granulation tissue had formed, we knew that our treatment plan was working. it is possible that ksharasutra's effect caused the tract to get brosed, resulting in excellent healing, which prevented the recurrence of secondary track recurrence following the healing of the tract which drains all secondary track linking to the main tracks. conclusion there were two weeks of gradually increasing tension before the remaining tract could be cut. for the last eight weeks, i've been on the stulous track. the kshara's shodhana (cleansing) and lekhana (scrapping) characteristics reduced recurrence. we knew our treatment approach was working when the track had entirely regenerated and healthy granulation tissue had grown. after the tract empties all secondary track connected to the main tracks, it's probable that ksharasutra's influence induced a brosis, resulting in great healing. this, in turn, prevented secondary track recurrence.. references 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 there was a two-week buildup of tension before the last segment could be snipped. i've been on the stulous path for the previous eight weeks. a reduction in recurrence was achieved via the shodhanna and lekhana (scraping) properties of the kshara. upon seeing a complete regeneration of the track and the growth of healthy granulation tissue, we realised that our treatment strategy was working. following a brosis of subordinate tracks connecting to the major tracks, it's likely that the effect of ksharasutra prompted the tract's clearing. secondary-track recurrence was averted as a result. how to cite the article: kumar alok et al, multiple stage surgical approach along with ksharasutra therapy in the management of high anal fistula (bhagandara). j. res. trad. medicine 2016; 2(2): 51-53 source of support: nil con ict of interest: nil © journal of research in traditional medicine 2015-2016 disclaimer: journal of research in traditional medicine, its publisher, editorial board members or anyone involved in producing and delivering the online materials, does not assume any responsibility or liability for any consequences arising out of the usage of the contents in the published articles. the contents presented in the articles are purely the opinion of the contributing authors and not necessarily of the journal. fig no. 1: after first sitting fig no. 2: during the third sitting no. 2: during the third sitting issn : 2693 6356 2019 | vol 2 | issue 3 the impact of industry-institute cooperation on academic profession development in the arts and sciences reehana raj dept. of extension and career guidance, bharathiar university, coimbatore, andra pradesh abstract it's no secret that most research institutions see cooperation between industry and universities as a top priority. improved communication between business and academic institutions is urgently needed to accelerate the growth of the arts and sciences. any nation's economic and social progress are directly tied to the level of its population's education and job skills. while it is true that universities' primary concentration is on research and instruction, businesses tend to place a greater emphasis on practical, applied knowledge since it is more easily translated into economic gain. the problem now is making graduates marketable, or turning their education into marketable talents. the purpose of this article is to determine whether the industry-institute partnership in the four districts of tamil nadu has a substantial impact on employability, teaching and learning, research and innovation, knowledge transfer, and institutional change. key words : collaboration, employment, research and innovation, entrepreneurship, education, and infrastructure development are all priorities for the industry institute. 1. introduction cooperation and communication between businesses and academic institutions has always been and will continue to be very important. both the private sector and academic research institutions stand to lose without this kind of mutually beneficial cooperation and exchange of ideas. because businesses won't receive what they anticipate and educational institutions won't be able to provide the kinds of courses that are in demand. skills, placements, entrepreneurship, research and innovation, and transformation will all benefit from and be influenced by these ongoing partnerships. the degree to which business and academic institutions interact is at a crossroads in today's quickly evolving world. when businesses and universities work together, everyone wins. these partnerships allow for the dissemination of cutting-edge information in all disciplines. the student gains the most from this mutually beneficial partnership. when the industry is involved in the development of curricula, the educational institution is able to provide students a view of the practical elements of their studies, better preparing them for their future careers. the curriculum and its real-world applications will benefit greatly from heavy industrial input into educational pedagogy. mentorship programs in the business may help students get a more wellrounded understanding of their field of study.consequently, the industry institute collaboration affords a stage for showcasing best practices, offering fresh courses that may be highly relevant to the demands of the industry, gaining industry experience, and exploring the viability of curriculum creation. there is a chance for students to acquire important exposure to industries and make well-informed career selections if instructors and the sector work together to enhance the teaching and learning process.this partnership helps new company owners from the start, which increases the number of innovative ideas and long-term successful companies. there can be no doubt that this helps a country prosper economically and socially. the hotel sector is only one of several that seems tailor-made for a partnership with the sector institute. the institution benefits from students' exposure to market trends and innovations, while businesses get access to a pool of talent they can shape to meet their unique needs. the most significant aspect is that students get to experience real-world operations in the workplace. 2. factors contributing industry institute collaboration according to thang quyet nguyen* and hoa thi thu nguyen (2020), the authors has looked at various factors that are affecting the industry institute collaboration for effectively filling the gap between education and employment. the factors are organization, contextual, cooperative, process and benefit. 2.1 organizational factors organizational factors are related to its organizational structure also it depends whether the collaboration is formal or informal and if intended for a long or short term. the organizational factor includes financial resources, human resources, infrastructure, skills, trust and reputation of the partner. these would help in implementing and gaining to have a positive impact on the benefits of the collaboration (abbasnejad et al 2011 and cederholm, 2015). 2.2 contextual factors according to cederholm (2015), contextual factors are essential for the success of the links between business and university. according to the author, he said that the contextual factors may focus on the geographical proximity and choosing the right partners for effective collaboration. to ensure the effectiveness, both the parties have common goals and work together to achieve their goals to increase competitive advantage. the geographical proximity between institutes and institutes would be an added advantage and would see higher work efficiency. 2.3 process factors process factors help and have a positive impact on the training between institutes and industries. the process includes coordinating, taking responsibilities, adoptive environment for training, consistency, and compliance of contracts for the completion of assigned task (lakpetch and lorsuwannarat (2012). both the parties have to identify the needy resources for the process and they should ready for the supply of missing resources to the assigned duty and responsibilities. whenever the industry and institute collaboration take place, both have to offer importance to the culture and operational compatibility to execute the agreed task (lakpetch, 2009). 2.4 cooperation perspective the cooperative perspective factors help the industry and institute can reduce the costs involved in training, which increases productivity and improves service quality (gawel, 2014 and daunoraviciute, 2015). this also can change business processes and result in corporate social responsibility training. 2.5 benefit factors according to raghavan & towhidnejad, 2006, he states that through industry institute collaboration, the industry gains employees without having to hire them directly. the students who work in the internships and projects get industry exposure and are trained by the industry experts which might help them in developing their potential and become full time employees thus improving the placements for the institutes. also this exercise will help the industry to save their training time and cost. through this, the students are becoming the revenue generator to the industry from the day one onwards with good potential and domain exposure. 3. literature support according to leydesdorff, (2019), he identified that the industry institute collaboration plays three major roles of universities within an innovation system. first, they undertake a general process of scientific research and thereby affect the technological frontier of industry over the long run. secondly, they partly produce knowledge which is directly applicable to industrial production. thirdly, universities provide major inputs for industrial innovation processes in terms of human capital, either through the education of graduates, who become industry researchers or through personnel mobility from universities. issues of digitalization and the pace of technological progress are vital societal challenges, especially the use of information technology throughout all sectors of society, and this needs to be recognized in university-society collaboration. according to abhijeet pandurang khondeet et al (2014), results found that industry institute collaboration has significant influence on the factors research & innovation, teaching & learning, employability and knowledge transfer among the engineering institutes in pune region. collaboration with industries created real learning experience for student while they were working on industrial problems to provide solutions innovatively. the authors were carried out the objective of industry institute collaboration has significant influence on research and innovation in engineering, has significant influence on teaching and has significant influence on employability, has significant influence on knowledge and identify the most significant method of knowledge transfer between industry and institute. collaboration opens the door to the teaching, learning and employability opportunities with industry. the partnership with industry has increased the student motivations for learning. partnership has increased awareness of desired employability skills; faculties understood the expectations of industry in workforce development. collaboration provided better corporate image and recognition in technical industry (richard bukaliy, 2013). haydn belfield, (2012), the collaboration was helpful for students to gain practical experience and learnt to work through group task. industry institute collaboration has created real world learning for students. the partnership developed the skills which were required by industrial standard. industry has developed partnership aimed at modernizing teaching and learning process. partnership with industry using cross disciplinary team was ground breaking approach to transform teaching and learning process. influence of industry institute collaboration on research & innovation: according to (albert banal-estanol,2010) the educational institute who don’t have interaction with industry at all seems to produce less number of research papers compares to those institute who have collaboration with industry. the institute with moderate level of collaboration with industry produced more research papers than institutes which has very high level of industry interaction. thus, adequate interaction with industry is valuable, which enables knowledge transfer, speedup inventions and increases research productivity academic institutes. the important sources of knowledge transfer process were contract research, technical service & consultancy and conferences. sherwood et al. (2004) have argued that universities offer extensive access to a wide variety of research expertise and research infrastructure while industry offers extensive access to a wide range of expertise in product development, commercialization, and market knowledge and employment opportunities for university graduates. this is possible only by means of collaboration. according to schartinger et al. (2002), university can play crucial role on the innovation of knowledge-based societies through forming direct links with industry to maximize “capitalization of knowledge”. 4. motivation of research work linking education with the industry has been amongst the important educational innovations that is taking place in the country. while most of the recruitment for the industries happens from the institutions and there is a dependency on each other with the institutions educating the graduates and the industry providing employment, it is imperative to explore avenues for improving collaboration between these partners in national development. additionally, there can be no doubt that we cannot have an active innovative technology without the continuous stimulation provided by research, whether basic or applied. since the universities are traditionally the place for most research, and industry necessarily the place for most technology, what is called for is enhanced collaboration between the institute and industry. it is also very important to study whether these collaborations are useful in providing benefits to institutes and students in the areas of placement, employability skills, research, and innovation, improving the teaching methodology through faculty and student development programs and knowledge transfer between industry and institute. there is no doubt that we cannot have an active innovative technology without the continuous simulation provided by research, whether it is basic or applied. the institutes/universities are the traditionally the place for most of the research, and industry for innovating technology and this calls for an enhanced collaboration between the institute and the industry. it is important to study, what are all the significant influence on the collaboration between industry and institute for its career growth. especially, maximum past study is not supporting in the case of arts and science stream industry institute collaboration for its development. there are four times higher number of students are pursuing arts and science stream than the engineering and other discipline. so, the proposed study is placed in the position of importance to carry the research in the arts and science stream universities and colleges. the right and legal collaborations benefits the institutes and students in placements, skill development, research and innovation, improving the pedagogy of teaching through faculty development programs, exposure to students through industria l visits, skill development programs, internships and knowledge transfer between industry and institute. knowledge transfer employability teaching & learning research & innovation influence of industry institute collaboration 5. conceptual framework for the proposed research: a conceptual model on influence of industry institute collaboration was derived from abhijeet pandurang (2014) and it includes four variables such as research and innovation, teaching and learning, employability and knowledge transfer. conceptual frame work of abhijeet pandurang khondeet et al (2014) entrepreneurship/ incubation infrastructure development knowledge transfer placement /employability career growth of the institutions influence of industry institute collaboration research & innovation teaching & learning from the support of past literature, the existing conceptual frame work has to include the two more new variables for better result and in understanding the significant benefit and influence of industry institute collaboration for the institutions career growth. these two variables are entrepreneurship/ incubation and infrastructure development. proposed conceptual frame work for the study 6. conclusion this study draws on previously published works to discuss the many upsides and substantial impact of industry-institute cooperation. the same methodology will be used to compile the questionnaires and gather information from the centers of artistic and scientific study. the information gathered will be analyzed to provide results and fulfill other research needs. the findings of the proposed research will be useful for advancing both the industry and the institution. reference  world bank (wb). (2019), taking stock. recent economic developments of vietnam, hanoi, vietnam: world bank group.  eu-vietnam business network (evbn-2018), vietnam hospitality report. edition 2018. retrieved november 10, 2019, from https://evbn.org/vietnam-hospitalityreport  wang, y., k itterlinlynch, m., & william, j. (2018), hospitality cooperative education: what are the benefits for industry partners. journal of hospitality & tourism education, 30(2), 127–133.  wood, y., & roberts, m. (2017), cooperative education in hospitality and tourism: extending standard categorization systems for the classification of industry placements. asia-pacific journal of cooperative education, 18(3), 269–292.  gawel, a. (2014). business collaboration with universities as an example of corporate social responsibility – a review of case study collaboration methods, poznan university of economics review, 14(1), 20–30.  haydn belfield, (2012), making industry university partnership work: lesson from successful collaborations, science and business innovation board, aisbl; p13-19.  lewicka, d., (2011), creating innovative attitudes in an organization: the comparative analysis of tools applied in ibm poland and zpas group, journal of asia pacific business innovation and technology management. vol. 1, no. 1, p1-12.  shyamal majumdar, (2010), industry-institute interaction to public-private partnership: a journey to excellence.  lee yong s., (1996), technology transfer and the research university: a search for the boundaries of university-industry collaboration, research policy; 25:843-863. https://evbn.org/vietnam-hospitality issn : 2693 6356 2019 | vol 2 | issue 1 research on pregnancy termination services in western maharashtra 1 mr. sanjay kumar mallinath mulaje m.sc. statistician cum assistant professor department of community medicine, dr. v. m. government medical college, solapur. 2 dr. digambar mahadev zombade, professor, walchand college of arts & science, solapur. 3 dr. rakesh nandimath, md assistant professor department of community medicine, dr. v. m. government medical college, solapur. abstract : background: fetal abnormalities, failure of birth control to prevent pregnancy, and, in very rare cases, rape are the most common reasons for medical abortion. objectives: the goals of this study are (1) to determine when a medical abortion is appropriate and (2) to calculate the percentage of unwanted births attributable to failed birth control methods. settings and design: using past data to draw conclusions. methods and material: a descriptive research was conducted using medical records from the past and included 747 women seeking abortion services. participants were interviewed to collect data on demographics, contraception use, and the reasons for why they sought a medical abortion. results: the vast majority of the women in our sample were in marital relationships. more over half of all births were the result of failed contraception, and 37.8% of all mtps were performed because of a very high risk of congenital abnormalities. conclusion: since our research found that improper use of birth control was the leading cause of unwanted births, it stands to reason that reducing this problem would require raising awareness about the need of using birth control, providing enough follow-up with the contraceptive acceptor, and inspiring the user to stay motivated. keywords: ineffective contraception, abnormal fetal development, illiteracy, and mtp introduction: medical abortion has been legal in india under certain circumstances since the mtp act was implemented in 1971. in 2003, the act was amended to increase women's access to mtp treatments that were both safe and legal. [1] the mtp amendment act 2021 expanded access to safe mtp treatments for all women on the basis of contraceptive failure and increased the gestational limit to 24 weeks for certain categories of women. consultation, treatment, hospitalization, medicine, usg, and following treatments for surgical mtp are all included in the fixed price of 15,500 (us$190). the government's ayushman bharat and employees' state insurance programs pay the whole cost of mtp. the consultation and usg are included in the $1,500 ($19) price of medical mtp packages. [2] women who have adverse psychological responses to mtp are more likely to have unintended pregnancies and to not utilize birth control. women who are single, young, religiously conservative, or undergoing the procedure against their will are statistically more likely to have a negative psychological response. india has a right to mtp, but it would be wise to pay greater attention to the factors (such as poverty, illiteracy, lack of contraceptive knowledge or availability, lack of followup with those who take them, and lack of drive) that make it so desperately needed.[3] materials and methods a postgraduate institution in western maharashtra was the site of a retrospective record-based descriptive research. medical termination of pregnancy records were kept at institutions. inside the mtp database. from april 2017 through march 2022, data were collected from the mtp registration. information on demographics, contraceptive use, and causes of unplanned pregnancies was collected from 747 women who sought mtp.data analysis microsoft excel was used to do the statistical analysis. age, religion, marital status, and other demographics of the patient population were recorded statistically. results table 1: distribution of women according to demographic characteristics and duration of pregnancy characteristics subgroup total (n=747), n (%) age (yrs) below 15 10 (1.3) 15-19 64 (8.6) 20-24 320 (42.8) 25-29 224 (30.0) 30-34 96 (12.9) 35-39 28 (3.7) 40-44 05 (0.7) religion hindu 651 (87.1) muslim 93 (12.5) christian 02 (0.3) other 01 (0.1) present marital status married 686 (91.8) unmarried 60 (8.0) separated 01 (0.2) socio-economic class iii (middle class) 98 (13.2) iv (lower middle class) 358 (47.9) v (lower class) 291 (38.9) education illiterate 43 (5.8) primary 258 (34.5) secondary 273 (36.6) higher secondary 106 (14.2) graduate & above 67 (8.9) no. of living children still no any 51 (6.8) one child 135 (18.1) two children 267 (35.7) more than two children 294 (39.4) duration of pregnancy below 12 weeks 384 (51.4) between 12 to 20 weeks 361 (48.3) above 20 weeks 02 (0.3) several demographic characteristics of women who have undergone mtp are shown in table 1. the women's ages ranged from 13 to 44, with the average being 24.9 ( 5.0) years. among those 747 ladies, hindus made up the vast majority (87.1%), followed by muslims (12.4%), christians (0.3%), and other religions. the largest percentage of women were between the ages of 20 and 24 (42.8%), followed by 9.9% of women between the ages of 15 and 19, and 1.3% of women younger than 15; just 5% (0.7%) of women were between the ages of 40 and 44. the majority of women (91.9%) were wed. the majority of mtps (51.4% of all cases) occurred in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, followed by 48.3% of cases occurring between weeks 12 and 20, and 0.3% of cases occurring beyond week 20. according to the modified b. g. prasad categorization system, 47.9% of the women in this research were from lowermiddle-class families, 38.9% were from the lower class, and 13.2% were from the middle class. table 2: distribution of abortions as per indication of mtp indication of termination n (%) danger to life of pregnant women 10 (1.3) grave injury to physical health of pregnant women 05 (0.7) grave injury to mental health of pregnant women 07 (0.9) pregnancy caused by rape 51 (6.8) substantial risk that if the baby born it would suffer from physical, mental, seriously handicapped 282 (37.8) failure to contraceptive devices 392 (52.5) total 747 (100) table 2 depicts various indications of mtp, in which 392 (52.4%) mtp were only due to failure of the use of contraceptive devices and 282 (37.7%) mtp were due to substantial risk to foetus. rape was one of the critical issues in society which leads to mtp, in our study such mtp led to 6.8% of the total mtp. most of the women (71.1%) were educated up to primary or secondary school, while 14.2% were studied up to higher secondary & 8.9% were graduates & above; 5.8% women were illiterate. discussion women in this research ranged in age from 13 to 44, which is quite comparable to the age ranges covered in a study by susheela singh et al. [4], which went from 15 to 45. this research finds that women's average ages are somewhat lower than those found in the work of anupama bahadur and colleagues (25.0 5.0 years). [5] the vast majority of mtp patients were married (91.8%), a result consistent with v m lema's research (91.3%). [6] according to the modified b. g. prasad categorization, more than four-fifths (86.8%) of the population consists of women from class iv and class v. this finding is similar to that of a study by bhawna sharma et al., in which 74.5 percent of the population consisted of women from classes iv and v, who were found to be more likely to experience unintended pregnancies due to their lack of education and social standing and their lack of knowledge about safe mtp methods. the majority of the women were hindu (87.1%), which may be attributable to a lack of knowledge or less acceptance of mtp among other religions; such a finding matched with a study by bhawna sharma et al. and should be investigated further for better health program implementation in the society.most of the women in the current research had completed elementary or secondary school, similar to the findings of the studies by bhawna sharma et al[7] and ganguly et al.the current research found that 6.8% of all mtps occurred in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, with the majority of these pregnancies being the result of teenage rape. while p bhatedeosthali and colleagues [9] found that the majority of rape survivors who sought mtp did so before 20 weeks, those results contradict the current research. women who chose mtp in this research were more likely to have two or more live children (75.1%) than to have one surviving kid (18.1%) or no living children (6.8%). ram et al. found that among married women in calcutta, 69% had more than two children and 31% had two children or less, highlighting an unmet demand for family planning services. [10] similar to the research by katke rd et al [11], in which failure of contraceptive was the predominant rationale (257 instances), this study found that 52.5% of mtps were justified on this basis. this highlights the need for more accessible means of contraception, the value of thorough counseling, and the need of regular contraceptive usage.[12] conclusion an important indicator of the need for effective contraception and the tools and knowledge to support it is the occurrence of an unintended pregnancy, which may lead to miscarriage, unwanted birth, and mtp. women who have these kinds of pregnancies may not be taking any kind of contraception, may be using it incorrectly or inconsistently, or may be using an antiquated method (usually periodic abstinence or withdrawal) to avoid pregnancy. "unintended pregnancy" may also refer to pregnancies that are considered harmful to the mother's health for reasons unrelated to the use of contraception, such as sexual assault, a change in the woman's or family's social or economic position, or the onset of a medical condition. broad social and economic changes related to the desire for smaller families, such as urbanization, improvements in women's educational attainment, and shifting gender roles, may have an impact on the intention status of pregnancies and the need for contraceptive services at the macro level.[13] donations and patronage: nil no potential conflicts of interest exist. references 1) https://egazette.nic.in/writereadda ta/2021/226130.pdf 2) http://www.vmmcsjh.nic.in/writereaddata/ ayushman%20pac kages procedures.pdf 3) m s bhatia, n bohra the other side of abortion nurs j india. 1990 feb;81(2):66-70. 4) susheela singh, chander shekhar, rajib acharya, ann m moore, melissa stillman, manas r pradhan et al., the incidence of abortion and unintended pregnancy in india, 2015.the lancet 2018;6:111-20. 5) bahadur a, mittal s, sharma jb, sehgal r. socio-demographic profile of women undergoing abortion in a tertiary centre. arch gynecol obstet. 2008 oct;278(4):32932. 6) lema vm, mtimavalye la, msiska fs. socio-demographic characteristics of family planning clients and their possible influence on contraception in malawi. east afr med j. 1998 jan;75(1):41-6. 7) sharma, bhawna et al. epidemiology of mtp in a tertiary care center over a period of 3 years. international journal of reproduction, contraception, obstetrics and gynecology. oct. 2017;[s.l.]6:114918-22. 8) ganguly g., biswas a., sharma gd. profile of women undergoing medical termination of pregnancy in hospital. j ind med assoc. 1993;91(11):286-7. 9) bhate-deosthali p, rege s. denial of safe abortion to survivors of rape in india. health hum rights. 2019 dec;21(2):189-98. https://egazette.nic.in/ http://www.vmmc-sjh.nic.in/writereaddata/ayushman%20packages-procedures.pdf http://www.vmmc-sjh.nic.in/writereaddata/ayushman%20packages-procedures.pdf http://www.vmmc-sjh.nic.in/writereaddata/ayushman%20packages-procedures.pdf http://www.vmmc-sjh.nic.in/writereaddata/ayushman%20packages-procedures.pdf http://www.vmmc-sjh.nic.in/writereaddata/ayushman%20packages-procedures.pdf https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=bhatia%2bms&cauthor_id=2333252 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=bohra%2bn&cauthor_id=2333252 10) ram r, ghosh mn, bhattacharya s, halder a, chatterji c, maskar n. study of unmet need for family planning among married women of reproductive age attending immunization clinician medical college of calcutta. ind j community med. 2000;xxv(1):22-5. 11) katke rd, prabhudesai aa. socio-epidemiological factors of medical termination of pregnancy: an overview in a tertiary care institute. int j reprod contracept obstet gynecol. 2016;5(4):10614. 12) banerjee ne, sinha al, kriplani al, roy kk, takkar de. factors determining the occurrence of unwanted pregnancies. nat med j ind. 2001;14(4):211-4. 13) https://www.guttmacher.or g/sites/default/files/report_ pdf/abortion-unintended pregnancy-six-statesindia.pdf https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/abortion-unintended-pregnancy-six-states-india.pdf https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/abortion-unintended-pregnancy-six-states-india.pdf https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/abortion-unintended-pregnancy-six-states-india.pdf https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/abortion-unintended-pregnancy-six-states-india.pdf https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/abortion-unintended-pregnancy-six-states-india.pdf issn : 2693 6356 2019 | vol 2 | issue 6 girna river, thengoda.dist. nashik. (maharashtra): zooplankton diversity and physical-chemical characteristics." prof.smt. trupti. d. kakulte, miss.devyani .d. ahire. department of zoology (k.a.a.n.m.s.arts, com, science college, satana). abstract: the goal of this study was to further our understanding of the richness of girna river zooplankton. the western indian state of maharashtra is traversed by the girna river. this location was named after giraja, another form of parvati.the girna begins high in the western ghats, at kem peak, and flows east throughout nashik district, eventually joining the mosam river and draining into malegaon. after making a dramatic curve to the north, the river finally empties into the tapti. the two biggest dams on the river are the british-built chankapur dam near abhona in the kalwan tehsil where the sarpganga river joins the girna, and the indian-built girna dam.the river's fertile valley is widely farmed since the deccan plateau is drained into it. zooplankton play an important role in aquatic ecosystems as bioindicators of pollution and as a direct link in the food chain for fishes. it might provide essential nutrition for fish. the time frame for this investigation was from august 2022 to december 2022. a total of 10 distinct species of zooplankton were identified. there is one copepod, two cladocera, and one ostracod species, in addition to the six rotifer species. key words: girna, rotifer, cladocera, copepoda, diversity, and zooplankton. introduction: the aquatic food chain relies heavily on zooplankton, an essential component of the aquatic fauna. it also helps keep the water environment's biotic and abiotic components in check. microscopic, free-floating animals called zooplanktons accumulated in all bodies of water. both phytoplankton and other creatures rely heavily on them for energy. in the aquatic food chain, they are somewhere in the middle (altaff, 2004). the development and population of zooplanktons are very sensitive to variations in the water's chemical composition and other environmental conditions (thirumala et al., 2007). therefore, water quality is a crucial role in determining the welfare of society (dwividi and pathak, 2000). water quality is described as the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics by which consumers judge the acceptability of water (nilima and kumar). it also controls the amount of planktonic biomass that may be produced. zooplankton are used to evaluate secondary tropic energy transfer. the four most common classes of zooplankton are rotifers, cladocerans, copepods, and ostracods. in terms of the food chain, they are somewhere in the middle. in the natural world, water is essential to all forms of life. water is essential to life, but it also has many practical applications in areas such as manufacturing, irrigation, laundering, transportation, and more. it's one of those things you may find in nature in great quantities. it may be found in nature in a wide variety of guises, including clouds, rain, ice, fog, etc. it serves as a limiting element that controls the richness and variety of the biotic community. water, the primary component of earth's streams, lakes, and seas as well as the fluids of most living species, is a clear, tasteless, odorless, and almost colorless chemical substance. each of its molecules consists of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms joined by covalent bonds; its chemical formula is h2o. while the term "water" is most often used to refer to the liquid form of a material, it may also refer to its solid (ice) or gaseous (steam or water vapor) forms under certain conditions. several groups of scientists have labored to better understand the zooplankton in various freshwater ecosystems. the zooplankton diversity in the river kayadhu was investigated by jayabhaye (2010). the rotifer population surrounding washim area was analyzed by tayade and dabhade (2011), who also compiled a list of rotifers found there. pawar and dabhade (2016) investigated the rotifer community's qualitative diversity in the freshwater katepurna reservoir in the akola region of maharashtra (india).seventy-one percent of earth is covered by water. all known kinds of life depend on it. only a tiny fraction of the water on earth's crust is found in the air as vapor, clouds (made of ice and liquid water suspended in the air), and precipitation, while the remaining 96.5 percent is found in the seas and oceans. fresh water accounts for just 2.5%, with the remaining 98.8% being in ice (excluding cloud ice) and groundwater. there is less than 0.3% of the world's freshwater in rivers, lakes, and the air, and an even smaller quantity (0.003%) is found in living organisms and man-made goods. the interior of the earth is home to a larger supply of water. materials and methods in this study, we analyzed water samples taken from the girna river between august and december of 2022. the water was taken at random from certain locations along the girna river. without a hitch, i was able to transfer the samples to the bottle and transport them to the lab. for 5 months, samples of water were taken at regular intervals from predetermined locations. using a net with a 25 micron mesh and a net with a 25-micron bolting silk fabric, the samples were taken first thing in the morning. the most popular technique for collecting zooplankton is the use of a plankton net, which works as a filter. we gently moved the concentrated zooplankton samples to a new container. two or three drops of glycerin were applied to 5 ml of 4% formalin. each sample was placed in its own glass vial and labeled with the location, date, and time of collection. a compound microscope was used to identify the zooplankton. mounted specimens were examined at 25-100x magnification using standard identification methods, monographs, and keys recommended by sources such as the american public health association (1985), tonapi (1980), dodson and frey (1991), and williamson (1991), as well as the systematic key by battish (1992) and altaff (2004). main sontakke and mokashe (2014) suggest using the lorica and trophi type for identifying rotifers; the antenna, post abdomen, number and arrangement of spines, location of lateral setae, and rostrum for identifying cladocera; the antenna, caudal setae, and endopodite for identifying copepoda; and the antenna, valve shape, and setae for identifying ostracods. population density was quantified by drop count method of lackey (1938) and was calculated using the following formula of lackey (1938): n = n × v / v where, n = total no. of organisms/ lit of water filtered, n = numbe r of zooplan kton counted in 1 ml plankto n sample, v = volume of concent rate plankto n sample (ml), v= volume of total water filtered through (l) results and discussion during present investigation we found total 10 species of zooplankton. among which 06 species belonging to rotifer, 01 species belonging to copepoda, 02 species belonging to cladocera and 1 species of ostracoda were identified. rotifers identified were brachionus, filina, ketatela, copepoda is cyclop, cladocera are sida and alona and ostracoda cypris were identified from girna reservoir body. all species are morphologically different. the number of rotifers increased in summer which may be due to the higher population of bacteria and organic matter of dead and decaying vegetation (majagi and vijay kumar, 2009). copepoda population recorded in girna river less in august and also cladocera zooplankton population density recorded in august to december is less in the month of september. ostracods are less in december. various researchers carried out work on biodiversity of zooplankton. sharma and srivastava (1986), carried out work on ecological fluctuations of rotifers. shayestchfar (1995), studied biodiversity of zooplankton. jindal and thakur (2009), studied composition and population dynamics of phytoplankton, zooplankton, nekton and productivity have been correlated with seasonal variations in physico-chemical characteristics of water. solanki and dabhade (2016), studied the rotifer communities in upper morna reservoir of medshi, washim district and observed 18 species of rotifera belonging to 6 genera and 5 families among which brachionus species was found in highest number. dabhade and chhaba (2019), also studied zooplankton diversity around washim region of maharashtra and recorded different 27 zooplankton species from the different sampling sites of washim region comprising of 11 species of rotifera, 06 copepods, 09 cladocera and 1 ostracoda. the community structure of zooplankton showed a mixed composition of mesotrophic to eutrophic species. journal of global biosciences vol. 10(5), 2021 pp. 8744-8751 issn 23201355 www.mutagens.co.in 8748 the distribution of various species depended on the physico-chemical parameters of water (tonapi g.j.1980) such as temperature, conductivity, ph, chloride, and free co2 content. during the present study, among all groups of zooplanktons, the rotifers were found dominant in all groups. similar results were previously observed by many researchers (banerjee et al. (2008), abdullah et al.(2007),adeyemi et al.(2009), apha (1989), balamurugan et al. zooplankton population density (org/10 lit) in august 2022 to december 2022 rotifera 6, copepoda 2 cladocera 1 and ostracoda 1. 1.1 group wise seasonal population density (no/lit) of zooplankton during aug 2022-dec 2022 zooplanktons august september october november december total rotifer 3 1 2 --6 copepod 1 1 cladocera ------1 1 2 ostracoda ----------1 1 total 10 conclusion the present investigation reveals that the diversity of zooplankton plays very significant role in the functioning of freshwater ecosystem. we recorded 10 species of zooplankton among which 06 species belonging to rotifera, 01 species belonging to copepoda, and 02 species belonging to cladocera and 1 species of ostracoda. the diversity and population of zooplanktons in water provided significant http://www.mutagens.co.in/ information about the available sources for supporting life for fishery development. in present days, the biodiversity is in danger due to pollution and human activities. so, conservation of biodiversity is essential so it is compulsory to keep update knowledge of every aquatic species diversity. the density of planktons in water body determined stocking rate of fishes because they were the chief sources of the food of commercially important fishes as well as development in production of inland fishery sector. the presence and dominance of zooplankton species played a very significant role in the functioning of freshwater ecosystem. references [1] abdullahi h.a, azionu b.c, ajayi o. (2007). checklist of zooplankton in culture tanks at niffri green house, new bussa. proceedings of the 22nd annual conference of fisheries society of nigeria (fison), kebbi. 1:284-90. journal of global biosciences vol. 10(5), 2021 pp. 8744-8751 issn 2320-1355 www.mutagens.co.in 8750 [2] adeyemi s.o, adikwu l.a, akombu p.m, iyela j.t. (2009). survey of zooplankton and macro invertebrates of gbedikere lake bassa, kogi state, nigeria. int. j. salt lake res. 2(1):3744. [3] apha. (1989). standard methods for the examination water and waste water american public health association 19th edition washington, u.s.a., [4] agarwal, c.s. (1999): limnology. prabha prakashan kanpur. 1 [5] altaff k. a. (2004): mannual of zooplankton, sponsored by the university grant commission, new delhi, 2004. [6] battish s. k. (1992): freshwater zooplankton of india. oxford and ibh publishing co. pvt. ltd., new delhi, i-iv, 233. [7] bahura, c.k. (2001): diurnal cycle of certain abiotic parameters of fresh waterlake desert of india. j. aqua. biol. 16 (1 &2): 45– 48. [8] balamurugan s, mohideen bmg, subramanyam p. (1999): biodiversity of zooplankton in cauveri river at tirucherapalli, tamilnadu. j. aqua. bio. 14(142):21-25. [9] benarjee g.k, srikanth g, ramu k, narasimha r, ravinder b. (2008): the climatic influence on zooplanktonic population in historical lake of kakatiya dynasty. proc. of 8th indian fisheries forum, 22-26. [10] chandrashekhar, s.v.a. & m.s. kodarkar (1994): biodiversity of zooplankton in saroornagar lake hyderabad. j. aqua. biol. 9 (1&2): 30-33. [11] das s.m and v.k srivastava 1956. some new observation on plankton from fresh water ponds and lakes of lukhnow. sci. & cull 21 466 – 467. [12] dodson s.i, frey dg. cladocera and other branchiopod in thorp, j.h., and a.p. covich (eds.) (1991): ecology and classification of north american freshwater invertebrates. academic press, san diego, 723-786. [13] hiware, c.j. & b.v. jadhav (1998): http://www.mutagens.co.in/ studies on microzootic fauna of salim ali lake at aurangabad, maharashtra, india. j. aqua. biol. 13 (1 &2): 18-21. [14] hutchinson g.e (1967)-a teratise on limnology.vol.2 introduction to lake biology and limn plankton. john willey of and sons, new york. p 115 [15] jayabhaye, u.m. (2010): studies on zooplankton diversity of river kayadhu, near hingoli city, hingoli, dist. maharashtra. int.res.j. 11(12): 47-49. [16] kabra, p.d, somatkar j.r, dabhade d.s. (2016): quantitative analysis of zooplanktons of fresh water ecosystems in washim town, maharashtra, india. indian streams research journal. 6 (5): 1-11. [17] khan a.m (1992). physico-chemical characteristic of vishnupari dam water with special reference to plankton. ph.d. thesis, marathwada university, aurangabad [18] khatri, t.c. (1984): seasonal variations of dissolved oxygen in lakhotia lake. j.env. ecol. 2 (4): 338-339 [19] pawar r.j, dabhade d.s. (2016): study of qualitative diversity of rotifer community of freshwater katepurna reservoir, district akola, maharashtra, i j r b a t, vol. iv: 23-47. [20] solanke m.r, dabhade d.s. (2016): study of rotifer communities in upper morna reservoir, medshi, district washim. international journal of applied research. 2(12): 99-102. [21] tayade, s.n. dabhade d.s. (2011): checklist of rotifers in washim district of maharashtra, india. international journal of innovations in bio-sciences; vol. 1, 2731 [22] tonapi g.j. (1980): freshwater animals of india. an ecological approach, oxford and ibh, 1980. [19] williamson, copepoda c.e. (1991): in thorp, j.h., and a.p. covich (eds.) ecology and classification of north american freshwater invertebrates. academic press, san diego., 787822. [23] who (1984): guide-lines for drinking water quality. vol.-i. recommendations. world health organization geneva. [24] yeole, s.m. & g.p. patil (2005): physico-chemical status of yedshi lake in relation to water pollution.j aqua bio.20 (1):41-44. issn : 2693 6356 2019 | vol 2 | issue 2 experimental study of quarry dust as a substitute for cement 1 y.sombabu, 2 sk. baji baba, 3 k.ashok, 4 m.rajesh, & 5 v.mariya babu 1 assistant professor, 2,3,4 & 5 iv year students, civil engineering department, sree vahini institute of science and technology, tiruvuru abstract twenty-five percent of the stone crusher unit's final output is quarry dust, a byproduct of the crushing process. the environmental effects of quarry dust discharged directly into the environment are unknown. quarry dust may be reused to create other goods or used into concrete as an additive to make better use of scarce materials and lessen its negative effects on the environment and on people. in this case, we are investigating the strength property of concrete by using quarry dust as a partial substitute for cement. in this experiment, fine quarry dust is employed as a cement substitute. the use of quarry dust as a cement substitute is investigated in this study. for an m30 grade mix, quarry dust may substitute cement at a weight ratio of 0%, 5%, 15%, 25%, and 35%. compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength experiments were conducted on hardened concrete at 7, 14, and 28 days, respectively, while workability tests were conducted on the fresh qualities of concrete. in an effort to conserve the environment by lowering cement use, quarry dust was tested as a potential cement alternative. keywords: compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, workability, and cement/quarry dust/workability all factor in. introduction general: quarry dust is a byproduct of the quarrying industry. as an alternative to cement, it may be utilized as an efficient filler material. in order to keep up with the demands of globalization, india is investing heavily in the development of its infrastructure, particularly its express roads, power projects, industrial projects, etc. concrete is used in the construction of many different types of constructions. in india, many different kinds of manufacturing produce by-products and garbage. the disposal of trash has regional environmental impacts. therefore, there is considerable potential in the building sector to recycle these waste materials. many studies have shown that by including waste items like quarry dust into the mix, concrete may obtain superior qualities to those of regular concrete. this research thus takes quarry dust to test its viability as a cement substitute in concrete production. crushing aggregates results in a by-product known as quarry dust, which has a surprisingly wide range of potential uses in the building industry. it is an alternative to quarry dust because of its comparable physical qualities to cement. it is the byproduct of aggregates production. the disposal of this trash is a major contributor to pollution. only in the building industry may waste products like quarry dust be used without risk. using it as a substitute material in concrete reduces pollutants, solves the shortage of space, and lowers the price of concrete. 1.0 back ground of quarry dust: quarry dust is a byproduct of the crushing process which is a concentrated material to use as aggregates for concreting purpose, especially as fine aggregates. in quarrying activities, the rock has been crushed into various sizes; during the process the dust generated is called quarry dust and it is formed as waste. so, it becomes as a useless material and also results in air pollution. therefore, quarry dust should be used in construction works, which will reduce the cost of construction and the construction material would be saved and the natural resources can be used properly. most of the developing countries are under pressure to replace cementin concrete by an alternate material also to some extent or totally without compromising the quality of concrete. quarry dust has been used for different activities in the construction industry, such as building materials, road development materials, aggregates, bricks, and tiles. 1.1 production of quarry dust quarry dust is a byproduct of the crushing process which is a concentrated material to use as aggregates for concreting purpose, especially as fine aggregates. in quarrying activities, the rock has been crushed into various sizes; during the process the dust generated is called quarry dust and it is formed as waste. the amount of industrial waste is increasing year by year. industrial waste is defined as waste generated by manufacturing or industrial processes. one types of industrial waste is quarry dust. during the production of aggregates through the crushing process of rocks in rubble crusher units, quarry dust is obtained as a by-product. quarry dust waste has been used for different activities in the construction industry, such as road construction and building materials. quarry dust waste act as lightweight aggregates, bricks, tiles, and autoclave blocks. quarry dust waste also a waste material that is generated from the stone crushing industry which is abundantly available to the extent of 200 million tons per annum. this will lead to landfill disposal problems, health and environmental pollution. in addition, environmental pollution caused by quarry dust waste and heavy metals has been a problem for many years in our world dust from quarrying has been reported to stall the growth and flowering of crops 1.4. why replacing? construction industries of developing countries are in stress to replace cement in concrete by an alternate material either partially or completely without compromising the quality of concrete. on the other hand, the advantages of utilization of byproducts obtained as waste materials are pronounced in the aspects of reduction in environmental load & waste management cost, reduction of production cost as well as augmenting the quality of concrete. by reducing cement consumption environment can be protected. an attempt was made to partially replace the cement with waste material quarry dust with an aim not to lose the strength cr from original concrete mix. from the observations of test results, cement can be replaced with 25% of quarry dust in concrete. the physical and mechanical properties of materials used in concrete were investigated. for each replacement 6 cubes were cast for measuring 7days and 28days compressive strength. 1.5 use of quarry dust in cement: since the main composition of quarry dust is vitreous fesio3, it has low melting point and could reduce the calcination temperature for cement clinker. thus, the use of quarry dust to replace iron powder as iron adjusting material ciliates cement production and reduces or eliminates the need of mineralizes has been pointed out by (huang 2001). the performance testing results indicated that cement produced by using quarry dust performed even better than using iron powder. quarry dust was used as a portland cement replacement together with 1.5% of hydrated lime as an activator to pozzolanic reaction. result indicated a significant increase in the compressive strength. 1.6 advantages of quarry dust: • reduces the construction cost due to saving in material cost. • reduces the heat of hydration. • refinement of pore pressure. • reduces permeability. • reduces the demand for primary natural resources. • reduces the environmental impact due to quarrying and aggregate mining. • found naturally so easy to extract. • quarry dust is a natural product, available and low cost. • 1.7 need for present investigation: though a lot of research is focused in the last decade on use of various admixtures in producing concrete, very little information is available on quarry dust concrete. thus, this new admixture has lot of potential for use in concrete. hence, there is need to study the strength and workability characteristics of quarry dust as admixture in concrete. a material other than water, aggregates, or cement that is used as ingredient of concrete or mortar to control setting and early hardening, workability, or to provide additional cementing properties. over decades, attempts have been made to obtain concrete with certain desired characteristics such as high compressive strength, high workability, and high performance and durability parameters to meet the requirement of complexity of modern structures. 1.9 objectives of research work in this work, an extensive study using quarry dust has been carried out to investigate the following, 1. to find the optimum proportion of quarry dust that can be gained maximum strength and that proportion will be used as a replacement substitute material for cement in concrete. 2. to debrief the physical and chemical properties by use of quarry dust for cement in concrete specimens. 3. to inspect the performance of concrete made with quarry dust as replacement of fine aggregate. 4. to evaluate the compressive, tensile and flexural strength of concrete by using quarry dust in concrete specimens. 2.0 literature review syed yaqub abbas,v.c.agarwal (2015) they studied by taking m25 grade concrete using stone dust as partial replacement at different mix proportions like 10%,20%,30%,40%,50%,60% to the total weight of fine aggregate. they got the maximum compressive strength at 50% replacement. the aim of their project is to study the strength parameters of concrete mr. lokesh kumar and prof. gautam bhadoriya (2015) these authors explained that, with 25% cement replacement with fly ash and 40% fine aggregate replacement with stone dust gives the maximum compressive strength of concrete. sandeep kumar singh, vikas sri vastava (2014) in their study, they taken m25 grade concrete using stone dust as partial replacement at different mix proportions like 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% to the total weight of fine aggregate. they got the maximum compressive strength at 40% replacement. pandyala chanakya, diptikar behr. metakaolin is a highly pozzolanic material. the present study investigates the effects of metakaolin and super plasticizer on strength properties of m30 grade concrete. the replacement levels of cement by metakaolin are selected as 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20%. for constant w/c material ratio of 0.43. in this study show that 12 % replacement of cement by metakaolin gives higher strength. gokhan guahan, ridwan aslaner. in this paper fly ash was used as the raw material in the preparation of geopolymer paste and metakaolin was used as a substitution material in different ratio. metakaolin material was made of kaolin clay calcined at a temperature of 1000 °c and at a final temperature for 1h in a laboratory type electric arc furnace. the fly ash in the prepared mixture was substituted by metakaolin ranging from 10-40%. as a result, ideal curing temperature and curing time were decided to be 60 °c and 2h for the production of the geopolymer paste. it was also determined that the compressive strength valve of sample subjected to curing reached up to 25.10 map and that a 40%. vikas srivastava. investigated the suitability of silica fume and metakaolin combination in production of concrete. the optimum combined does of silica fume and metakaolin were found out as 6%, and 15% (by wt.) respectively. the 28th day compressive strength of concrete generally increased with the metakaolin content for at all the silica fume content. 3.0 testing for physical properties of materials 3.1 tests on cement s.no name of the test result 1 % of weight of cement retained on the sieve 2.88% 2 standard consistency of cement 27 3 specific gravity of cement 3.11 4 initial setting time (min) 35 min 5 final setting time (min) 420min table 3.1 tests on cement 3.2 tests on quarry dust s.no name of the test result 1 % of weight of quarry dust retained on the sieve 2% 2 specific gravity of quarry dust 2.51 table 3.2 tests on quarry dust 3.3 tests on fine aggregates s.no name of the test result 1 moisture content 2.037 2 fineness modulus 2.66% 3 grading zone ii 4 specific gravity 2.67 5 % of water absorption 2.8% 6 % of bulking 2.23% table 3.3 tests on fine aggregate 3.4 coarse aggregates s.no name of the test result 1 specific gravity of given coarse aggregates 2.637 2 water absorption of given coarse aggregates 3.423 table 3.4 tests on coarse aggregate 4.0 mix design cement fine aggregate coarse aggregate water cement ratio 442 kg/ m³ 566 kg/ m³ 1304 kg/ m³ 0.40 1 1.28 1.93 table: 4.1. mix design 5.0 methodology s. no % of quarry dust + % of cement compressive strength of concrete split tensile strength of concrete flexural strength of concrete 7 days 14 days 28 days 7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days 1 0% qd + 100% c 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 05% qd + 95% c 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 15% qd +85% c 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 25% qd + 75% c 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 35% qd + 65% c 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 total 45 cubes 30 cylinders 30 beams table 5.1: specimens required for the study 6.0 results and discussions 6.1 workability of concrete: s. no % of quarry dust + % of cement mix names slump in mm 1 0% qd + 100% c mix 1 58 2 05% qd + 95% c mix 2 52 3 15% qd +85% c mix 3 54 4 25% qd + 75% c mix 4 49 5 35% qd + 65% c mix 5 51 table 6.2: slump cone test results graph 6.1: slump cone test results 6.1.2 compaction factor test s.no % of quarry dust + % of cement mix names compaction factor 1 0% qd + 100% c mix 1 0.82 2 05% qd + 95% c mix 2 0.84 3 15% qd +85% c mix 3 0.81 4 25% qd + 75% c mix 4 0.79 5 35% qd + 65% c mix 5 0.86 table 6.3: compaction factor test results slump in mm 58 54 52 51 49 mix 1 mix 2 mix 3 mix 4 mix 5 slump in mm graph 6.2: compaction factor test results 6.2 tests to be conducted on concrete 6.2.1 compressive strength of concrete s.no % of quarry dust + % of cement mix names compressive strength in mpa 7 days 14 days 28 days 1 0% qd + 100% c mix 1 26.20 33.81 38.72 2 05% qd + 95% c mix 2 26.62 33.54 39.24 3 15% qd +85% c mix 3 28.21 36.51 42.67 4 25% qd + 75% c mix 4 29.25 37.01 44.21 5 35% qd + 65% c mix 5 23.85 31.26 36.27 table 6.4: compressive strength test results compaction factor test 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.8 0.78 0.76 0.74 mix 1 mix 2 mix 3 mix 4 mix 5 compaction factor test graph 6.3: compressive strength test results 6.2.2 split tensile strength of concrete s.no % of quarry dust + % of cement mix names split tensile strength in mpa 7 days 28 days 1 0% qd + 100% c mix 1 1.72 4.52 2 05% qd + 95% c mix 2 1.84 5.06 3 15% qd +85% c mix 3 2.72 5.53 4 25% qd + 75% c mix 4 2.33 4.92 5 35% qd + 65% c mix 5 2.15 3.35 table 6.5: split tensile strength test results 31.26 26.2 26.62 28.21 23.85 mix 1 mix 2 mix 3 mix 4 mix 5 29.25 33.54 33.81 36.27 37.01 36.51 39.24 38.72 44.21 42.67 compressive strength result (n/mm2) 7 days 14 days 28 days graph 6.4: split tensile strength test results 6.2.3 flexural strength of concrete s.no % of quarry dust + % of cement mix names flexural strength in mpa 7 days 28 days 1 0% qd + 100% c mix 1 1.12 2.32 2 05% qd + 95% c mix 2 1.32 2.76 3 15% qd +85% c mix 3 1.41 3.24 25% qd + 75% c mix 4 1.49 3.15 5 35% qd + 65% c mix 5 1.32 2.42 split tensile strength test results in mpa 7 days 28 days 6 5 4 3 2 1 mix 1 mix 2 mix 3 mix 4 mix 5 table 6.6: flexural strength test results graph 6.5: flexural strength test results 6.0 conclusions • the value of slump for the concrete decreases with increasing the percentage of quarry dust for concrete.  the value of compaction factor for the concrete is maximum for mix 5 (35% qd + 65% c)  the compressive strength of concrete increase when cement is replaced by quarry dust up to 25%. at 25% replacement, the maximum compressive strength obtained is 44.21 n/mm2.the compressive strength increased by 14.17% when compared to conventional concrete.  the spilt tensile strength of concrete increase when cement is replaced by quarry dust up to 15% and later the strength gradually decreased when cement is replaced beyond 15%. at 15% replacement, the maximum split tensile strength obtained is 5.53 n/mm2. the spilt tensile strength increased by 22.34% when compared to conventional concrete.  the flexural strength of concrete increased when cement is replaced by quarry dust up to 15% and later the strength gradually decreased when cement is replaced up to 35%.  at 15% replacement, the maximum flexural strength obtained is 3.24 n/mm2. the flexural strength increased by 39.65% when compared to conventional concrete.  results of present study indicates that mechanical properties of concrete are high in which cement is replaced with quarry dust compared to conventional concrete.  references [1] comparative study on partial replacement of cement with quarry dust and rice husk ash, volume: 06 issue: 03, mar 2019 irjet [2] partial replacement of cement with quarry dust and rice husk ash in concrete (irjet) (volume 5). mix 5 mix 4 mix 3 mix 2 mix 1 1.12 1.32 1.49 1.41 1.32 2.42 2.32 2.76 3.15 3.24 flexural strength test results in mpa 7 days 28 days [3] strength properties of concrete with partial replacement of cement by granite quarry dust (ijert). [4] stone waste in india for concrete with value creation opportunities, international journal of latest trends in engineering and technology (ijltet), 2(2):113-120. [5] influence of using granite waste on the mechanical properties of green concrete, arpn journal of engineering and applied sciences, 11(5): 2805-2811. [6] shaik nazma and s. madhavi , “special concrete by using quarry dust as partial replacement of cement”.test engineering and management, vol. 83, pp 2020-2026, april -2020 [7] venkata sairam kumar n., dr. b. panduranga rao, krishna sai m.l.n, “experimental study on partial replacement of cement with quarry dust”. international journal of advanced engineering research and studies eissn2249–8974 ijaers/vol. ii, pp136-137 april-june,20 13 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 3 stainless steel mig welding parameter optimization using the taguchi method dr.k. thiruppathi 1 , mr.p. naresh 2 , dr.k. hari 3 1,2,3 assistant professor, psn institute of technology and science, tirunelveli, tamilnadu, india scad college of engineering and technology, cheran mahadevi, tirunelveli, tamilnadu, india abstract: mig the gas flow rate, current, ac voltage, fill rod diameter, electrode size, arc travel speed, electrode location, and electrode extension all contribute to the final welded product's strength. however, gas velocity, voltage, and current are very significant variables. the effect of gas flow rate, current, and filler rod diameter on the strength of the weld for different materials has been the subject of much study. the influence of a parameter on the tensile strength of a weld specimen may be seen in the s/n ratio. the taguchi technique was used to determine the optimal parameters for 1.9 orthogonal arrays. keywords: 1.9 orthogonal arrays, s/n ratio, utm, ss-202, mig welding 1 by using heat to cause fusion, welders link metals together. the junction is formed when molten metal is combined with a filler substance and then cooled. to protect the finished good from being oxidized or polluted, a welding shield is utilized. mig arc, electric arc, gas flame, laser, electron beam, ultrasound, and friction are all viable energy options. welding is possible in every environment, even air under pressure and outer space. 2 geometry various weld joint are, 1. lap joint 2. butt joint 3. corner joint 4. edge joint and 5. t joint the shape may be u and v common welding joint types, 1. corner weld 2. lap weld 3. fillet t weld 4. full penetration t weld 5. butt weld square joint 6. butt weld v joint 3 gas metal arc welding (gmaw) the two types gmaw are mig welding, mag welding. here electric arcs are formed between consumable mig wire electrodes and the work piece that is generated and melt the metal and join. through the wire electrode a shielding gas feeds through the welding gun. the process can be automatic or semi-automatic. a constant current and alternating current may be used. the metal transfer may be four types, 1. short circuiting 2. globular 3. pulsed spray and 4. spray steel is having fasting welding time compare with other metals. the cost of inert gas is limited by the use of semi-inert gas co2. now the preferred welding is gmaw, because of its versatility, speed and the relative ease of adapting the process to robotic automation. 4 development of gmaw it was started on 19 th century by hamphry, after hamphry the short pulsed electronic arc was discovered by davy on 1800. continuous electric arc is used in 1802 by petrov. initially carbon electrodes were used in carbon arc welding on 1890. in the year of 1920 metal electrodes has been invented by nikolay. an early predecessor of gmaw was invented by p. o. nobel. the direct current with a bare electrode wire is used to regulate the feed rate. it that time shielding gas was not used to protect the weld upto the later decade. in the year of 1948, gmaw was developed by battelle memorial institute. here a small diameter electrode and a constant voltage power source developed by h.e. kennedy. it creates high deposition rate, bur the cost of inert gas is high. in 1953 co2 was used in welding. in 1958 and 1959 short arc variation of gmaw was released, which increase the versatility and the ability to used thin materials. gmaw is most suitable for industrial application mainly in sheet metal and automobile industry. it is also popular for automated welding, where robots handle the work pieces and the welding gun to accelerate manufacturing. 5 applications it is mainly used in industry particularly pipe line, ship, sheet metal, boiler or steel structures and automobile and home improvement sector industry. 6 stainless steel families 1. austenitic stainless steel 2. ferritic stainless steel 3. martensitic stainless steel 4. duplex stainless steel 7 stainless steel – 202 similar to a 240/sus 302 ss, it is a crni-mn stainless. low temperatures bring forth ss 202's exceptional toughness. it's durable, resistant to corrosion, and strong because to its high precipitation hardening grades. when machined, grade 202 stainless steel forms lengthy, sticky chips. even in its annealed state, that can be machined. to achieve complete martensite condition during heat treatment, the material must be soked at 10380c (19000f) for 30 minutes before being cooled to below 160c (660f). the only way to connect this metal is using oxyacetylene. aws e/er630 is suggested as a filler. soaking for an hour at 11770c (21500f) is necessary before forging. below 10100c (18500f), forging is not recommended. 8 lecturer survey  s. v. sapakal et al [1] et al. has done the work ms c20 material and optimize the welding parameters such as welding current, welding voltage, welding speed.by taguchi orthogonal array.  \raghuram pradhan et al [2] . investigated tig and mig welding on ss grades 202 & 304 of dimensions (40×50×6) mm. tig uses argon and helium gases to protect the weld pool while mig uses co2gas. the tensile value, bending value mig is higher than the tig. but the grain size is different.  rishav sen et al [3] . reviewed the analyses of the fatigue need the heat affected zone only fatigue concentration occurs. welding of dissimilar metals is comparison to similar metals due to formation of weaker intermetallic components with micro structure which revealed fatigue concentration.  vijaya sankar. b et al [4] . reported the optimum parameters are identified from the variable parameters based on the weldability of high strength stainless steel on mig welding are weld voltage 27 (v), weld current 130 (amp) and gas flow rate 17 (lit/min) with the electrode wire diameter of 0.8 mm. if the gas flow rate and voltage increased here can get best result such as best tensile strength and hardness while decreasing the electric current.  arunkumar sivaraman et al [5] . investigate optimization process of mig welding for aa219-t87 using taguchi l9 array. the optimized parameter finding is current = 30a, voltage = 25v, welding speed = 185 mm/sec.  n. ghosh et al [6] optimized mig welding on aisi 316 l austenitic stainless steel. the optimized parameter is current = 10a, gas flow rate = 20 liter/min, nozzle to plate distance 15mm.  s. d. ambekar et al [7] has done mig welding on the parameters by annova. the optimized parameter are welding speed 46.61%, welding current 21.24%, wire dia= 27.25% and the erroe is found to be 4.90%.  k. arul raj et al [8] investigate minimum wear rate for taguchi method on orthogonal array and s/n ratio was employed to investigate wear behaviour of aisi 202. it was done above 400 0 c. 9 taguchi method steps involved in taguchi method, 1. identify the main function and side effects. 2. identify the noise factors, testing condition and quality 3. to find objective function to be optimized 4. identify he control factors and their levels 5. select a suitable orthogonal array and construct the matrix. 6. conduct the matrix experiment. 7. examine the data; predict the optimum control factor levels and its performance. 8. conduct the verification experiment table no.1 l9 orthogonal array sl.no. a b c 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 3 3 4 2 1 2 5 2 2 3 6 2 3 1 7 3 1 3 8 3 2 1 9 3 3 2 the following process parameter are studied for the 1. welding current (amp) 2. arc voltage (volt) 3. gas flow rate (lit/min) 10 mig welding it is a process in which electric arcs are formed between consumable electrode and work piece. 11 equipment needed 1. welding gun 2. welding power supply 3. welding electrode wire 4. shield 12 welding gun and wire feed unit welding gun consist of, 1. contact tip 2. control switch 3. gas nozzle 4. power cable 5. electrode conduit and linear 6. gas hose 7. the shielding gas flow 8. wire feed unit 9. electric power contact tip is need up of copper and is connected to the welding power source through power cable and transmits the electrical energy to the electrode while directing it to the weld area. on the way to contact tip, the electrode conduit linear protects and guides the wire, which helps from shielding and uninterrupted wire feed, through the nozzle only shield gas flows into the welding zone. consistent flow is must require for wire flow, which is molten weld pool. the gas is supplied to the nozzle from tank of shielding gas with hose. some times which hose is used to cool the gun. the electrode is supplied by wire fixed unit driving it through the conduct and on to the contact tip , feed rate of wire can vary with respect to are length and voltage. wire fed rate is 30m/min, but feed rate for semi-automatic gmwa range from 2 to 10m/min. 13 tool style: the semi-automatic air cooled holder is generally used pressurized air is sent to through circulates to maintain moderate temperatures. lap and butt joints are in need of lower current levels to make. the second type of electrode holder is semi-automatic water cooled type. high current is needed for welding t or corner joints. the third type is water cooled automatic electrode holder. 14 power supply a large change in heat input and current in case for any change in arc length. the wire electrode melt quickly due to shorter are length/ the arc length must be a constant. to achive this constant power source is used in combination with an are voltage controlled wire feed unit. the arc length is maintained by adjusting wire feed rate. rarely the coupled effect of constant power source and constant wire feed rate is rarely used. alternating current rarely used with gmaw instead of that dc is employed and the electrode is positively changed. faster melting of feed wire is created by high heat concentration of anode which increases welding speed and weld penetration. while using special emissive coated electrode the polarity can be reversed. a negatively charged electrode in rarely used. 15 electrode the electrode metal and size is based on the metal being welded joint design, process variation and material surface condition. electrode selection is based on the mechanical properties of weld and weld quality finally finished metal have the same property of base metal with no defects such as discontinuities and porosity. to prevent oxygen porosity electrodes must contain si, mn, ti and al. to avoid nitrogen porosity ti and zr are used. the diameter of electrode may vary from 0.7 to 2.4 mm. smallest electrodes generally upto 1.14 mm. 16 shielding gas it is necessary for gas metal arc welding to prevent the welding area from atmosphere gas such as n 2 and o 2 . figure 1 gmaw system setup 17 welding process butt joint has been made under various condition of welding as given l9 orthogonal array of taguchi method. figure 2 before welding figure 3 during welding figure 4 after welding 18 utm it is used to that the tensile strength and compression strength of a metal. it consists of two units namely, 1. loading unit 2. control panel loading unit it consists of hydraulic cylinder with robust base side. the piston reciprocates up and down. in the left hand side the chain drive electric motor is available. the screw column maintained in the base can be rotates by mean of chain arrangement. there is a connection between lower table and upper head assembly which moves the piston up and down. number bearings carry the assembly which slides over the column. control panel it has oil tank having slight glass to which the oil level. the displacement type pump has plunger. the pump is fixed from the bottom. in the right side of the tank electric motor driven pump is fitted on four studs with suction and delivery value nearly arrangement is available for tightening and losing the valve. when the return is closed and delivered by the pump is to cylinder by flow control volume. upper and lower push is available on the switches at the control panel a switch is useful for upward and downward movement of the movable head. the on and off switches are also available the piston pump has the transmission of main supply. 19 switch adjustment the tonnage of load of the specimen is fixed according to the weight. 20 tensile test select the job and adjust upper and lower check adjustment. then operate the upper end of the specimen is tightened by upper cross head grip. the keep the lower left valve is close is close position. then open right valve and close it after lower table is lightly lifted. then set the lower points to zero by mean of adjusting knob. this is used to move the dead weight of lower table. the locking is done by operating job working handle. after open left control volume when the specimen breaks it is known as breaking load. ultimate load is maximum load. 21 stress – strain graph figure 5 after breakage of specimen figure 6 stress strain curve figure 7 stress strain graphs of different materials curve a denote brittle material. it is strong because it has little strain for long stress. curve b shows stress material which is not ductile. curve c is ductile. curve d is plastic material. 22 ultimate tensile stress 23 methodology experimental setup upper tensile stress = ultimate strength area the workpiece is ss202 of diameter 304.8 mm length 12 mm argon is used as shielding gas. the specimen welded by mig welding as per the standard of astm a 276. element c cr ni p mn si composition % 0.12 18 4 0.06 7.5 0.9 table 1 composition of ss 202 stainless steel properties property value (s.i) units (s.i) tensile strength 515 mpa yield strength 275 mpa elastic modulus 201 gpa poisson’s ratio 0.27-0.30 elongation at break 40 % table 2 ss 202 properties procedure the three parameter such as gas flow rate, current and filler rod diameter are important one. initial setup, current = 140 amp, gas flow rate = 6 lit/min. and voltage = 24 v the workpiece is welded and then tested in utm. first workpiece, current = 140 amp, gas flow rate = 10 lit/min. and voltage = 26 v then the workpiece welded and tested. then again, current = 150 amp, gas flow rate = 8 lit/min. and voltage = 25 v then welded and tested. then again, current = 150 amp, gas flow rate = 10 lit/min. and voltage = 26 v then the workpiece is welded and tested. then again, current = 160 amp, gas flow rate = 6 lit/min. and voltage = 24 v then the workpiece id welded and tested. finally ultimate tensile strength is plotted in a table. calculation diameter, d = 12 mm and length, l = 302. 4 mm area = π/4 d 2 = π/4 12 2 = 113.09 mm welded joint 1 ultimate tensile strength = (ultimate strength)/area = 37 × 10 3 / 113.09 = 309. 04 n/mm 2 welded joint 2 ultimate tensile strength = 44×10 3 / 13.09 = 389.04 n/mm 2 welded joint 3 ultimate tensile strength = 38×10 3 / 13.09 welded joint 4 = 309.48 n/mm 2 ultimate tensile strength = 38×10 3 / 13.09 = 336.01 n/mm 2 welded joint 5 ultimate tensile strength = 42×10 3 / 13.09 = 371.38 n/mm 2 welded joint 6 ultimate tensile strength = 41×10 3 / 13.09 = 362.54 n/mm 2 welded joint 7 ultimate tensile strength = 52×10 3 / 13.09 = 459.81 n/mm 2 welded joint 8 ultimate tensile strength = 40.5×10 3 / 13.09 = 358.12 n/mm 2 welded joint 9 ultimate tensile strength = 40×10 3 / 13.09 = 352.70 n/mm 2 calculation of s/n ratio 1 i 1 𝑆𝑁𝐿 = −10 log [ ∑ 2] we know s/n ratio for larger is better, for first run: if n =1 welded joint 1 𝑛 𝑛=0 𝑦i 𝑆𝑁𝐿 = −10 log [ 1 327.15 ] = 50.29 db welded joint 2 𝑆𝑁𝐿 = −10 log [ 1 389.04 ] = 51.79 db welded joint 3 𝑆𝑁𝐿 = −10 log [ 1 309.48 ] = 49.81 db welded joint 4 𝑆𝑁𝐿 = −10 log [ 1 336.01 ] = 50.52 db welded joint 5 𝑆𝑁𝐿 = −10 log [ 1 371.38 ] = 50.39 db welded joint 6 𝑆𝑁𝐿 = −10 log [ 1 362.54 ] = 51.18 db welded joint 7 𝑆𝑁𝐿 = −10 log [ 1 459.81 ] = 53.25 db welded joint 8 𝑆𝑁𝐿 = −10 log [ 1 358.12 ] = 51.08 db welded joint 9 𝑆𝑁𝐿 = −10 log [ 1 358.12 ] = 50.98 db result and discussion sl. no current (a) voltage (v) gas flow rate (lit/min) ultimate tensile strength (mpa) s/n ratio (db) 1 140 24 6 327.15 50.29 2 140 25 8 389.04 51.79 3 140 26 10 309.48 49.81 4 140 24 8 336.01 50.52 5 140 25 10 371.38 51.39 6 140 26 6 362.54 51.18 7 140 24 10 459.81 53.25 8 140 25 6 358.12 51.08 9 140 26 8 353.70 50.97 table 3 result tabulations here the array specifies nine experimental runs and has 3 columns. graph figure 8 mean of s/n ratio level current voltage gas flow rate 1 50.63 51.35 50.85 2 51.03 51.42 51.09 3 51.76 50.65 51.48 delta 1.13 0.77 0.63 rank 1 2 31 table 4 24 conclusion tensile strength of ss has been evaluated under different processing condition using 3 3 full factorial experimental data applying taguchi methodology. initially l9 array is taken into account and put s/n ratio. a maximum tensile strength is found out as, current = 160 amp, gas flow rate = 10 lit/min and voltage = 25v 25 application of stainless steel 1. ss is mainly used in kitchen accessories, cutlery and cookware, sinks, grills and saucepans. 2. it is mainly used in modern construction and exterior cladding for high impact buildings, counter top and backsplashes. 3. surgical implants and replacement joints such as artificial hips. ss pins and plates are used to fix broken bones. 26 references  s. v. sapakal et al [1] et al. has done the work ms c20 material and optimize the welding parameters such as welding current, welding voltage, welding speed.by taguchi orthogonal array.  \raghuram pradhan et al [2] . investigated tig and mig welding on ss grades 202 & 304 of dimensions (40×50×6) mm. tig uses argon and helium gases to protect the weld pool while mig uses co2gas. the tensile value, bending value mig is higher than the tig. but the grain size is different.  rishav sen et al [3] . reviewed the analyses of the fatigue need the heat affected zone only fatigue concentration occurs. welding of dissimilar metals is comparison to similar metals due to formation of weaker intermetallic components with micro structure which revealed fatigue concentration.  vijaya sankar. b et al [4] . reported the optimum parameters are identified from the variable parameters based on the weldability of high strength stainless steel on mig welding are weld voltage 27 (v), weld current 130 (amp) and gas flow rate 17 (lit/min) with the electrode wire diameter of 0.8 mm. if the gas flow rate and voltage increased here can get best result such as best tensile strength and hardness while decreasing the electric current.  arunkumar sivaraman et al [5] . investigate optimization process of mig welding for aa219-t87 using taguchi l9 array. the optimized parameter finding is current = 30a, voltage = 25v, welding speed = 185 mm/sec.  n. ghosh et al [6] optimized mig welding on aisi 316 l austenitic stainless steel. the optimized parameter is current = 10a, gas flow rate = 20 liter/min, nozzle to plate distance 15mm.  s. d. ambekar et al [7] has done mig welding on the parameters by annova. the optimized parameter are welding speed 46.61%, welding current 21.24%, wire dia= 27.25% and the erroe is found to be 4.90%.  k. arul raj et al [8] investigate minimum wear rate for taguchi method on orthogonal array and s/n ratio was employed to investigate wear behaviour of aisi 202. it was done above 400 0 c. chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com analyzing the potential effects of small compounds involving msr1 and c6-ceramide on nasopharyngeal cancer using gsea dr.d.suryadevarakonda 1 , d.venkataraman dra 2 , shazia 3 , andol rajesh kumar 4 , assistant professor 1,2,3,4, department of pharmacy, samskruti college of pharmacy, kondapur (v), ghatkesar (m) medchal dist, telangana, india. abstract the goal of this study is to identify therapeutic drugs and targets that may be useful in the treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer (npc).a combination of bioinformatics and in vitro experimental validation led to the identification of many candidate treatment drugs and npc target genes. we found 344 differentially expressed genes (dges) that were downregulated and 26 that were upregulated after analyzing three datasets of npc patients. we used kegg pathway analysis on the dges and gene ontology (go) to compile their descriptions. the identification of c6-ceramide as a small molecule with significant significance to npc was made possible by independently acquiring 316 drug and small molecule target genes from the sea database. then, in order to get macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (msr1), the genes that were differentially elevated were intersected with genes that may be targets of c6-ceramide small molecules. lastly, the findings confirmed that msr1 and c6-ceramide may play important roles in npc cell lines.the outcomes are: the viability of npc cells was dramatically reduced when msr1 expressions were knocked down. a substantial decrease in npc cell viability (p < 0.0001) was also seen after treatment with 10 μmol/l c6-ceramide. moreover, the overexpression of msr1 in npc cells was accompanied by an increase in msr1 levels, which was reduced by c6-ceramide (p < 0.0001). at the same time as msr1 overexpression increased levels of akt and pi3k, msr1 knockdown lowered their expression.in conclusion, msr1 controls pi3k and akt expression to affect npc cell survival.furthermore, c6-ceramide regulates msr1 expression to have a therapeutic impact on npc. these results provide fresh avenues for research into the treatment of npc and novel approaches to its clinical management. these findings provide support for investigating ceramides and msr1 further as potential new targets in npc.the pi3k/akt pathway, cell viability, macrophage scavenger receptor 1, and nasopharyngeal cancer are all related terms. introduction the nasopharyngeal mucosa can develop a malignant epithelial tumor called a nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc), which is common in southern china and southeast asia. unlike other cancers, npc cells easily spread to lymph nodes and other regions even in the early stages of tumorigenesis [1]. the curative value of current treatments, such as radiation, chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy, is limited, as evidenced by the high rates of recurrence, metastasis and mortality in npc patients [2]. thus, developing appropriate molecular targets for npc therapy is essential. macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (msr1), also known as class a scavenger receptor (sr-a) and cluster of differentiation 204 (cd204) [3], is primarily produced in macrophages. its functions include scavenging and modifying lipoproteins. the adhesion and phagocytosis of macrophages are related to msr1 [4]. the msr1 is a marker of m2 tumor-associated macrophages, which promotes the development and metastasis of tumor. the msr1 is also a prognostic biomarker for glioma (lgg), uveal melanoma (uvm), lung squamous cell carcinoma (lusc) and other tumor types [5], but the function of msr1 in npc is not clear. in addition, msr1, as a membrane receptor, binds to ligands to activate signaling pathways including mitogen chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com activated protein kinase, nuclear factor kappa b (nfκbcan) and pi3k/akt [6], therefore affecting the progression of cancer. ceramides are a class of bioactive sphingolipids in cell membranes that promotes apoptosis in response to cell stressors and have demonstrated antitumor activities in preclinical studies [7-9]. c6-ceramide is a cell-permeable ceramide analogue that promotes apoptosis and suppresses the growth of various types of tumors [10,11]. however, the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action of ceramide analogs remain to be elucidated in npc. ceramides respond to various changes caused by biological factors and chemotherapy by inhibiting aktdependent mitosis to suppress tumor cell proliferation [7]. endogenous ceramides as effector molecules enhance the cytotoxic effects of drugs on tumor cells, while exogenous ceramides demonstrate greater cytotoxicity towards tumor cells compared to normal cells [8]. additionally, ceramides inhibit tumor growth in breast cancer xenograft models [9]. ceramides and their analogs exhibit antitumor potential, but their specific mechanisms of action in npc warrant further investigation. this study is aimed to identify msr1 as a putative target of c6ceramide in npc, using a bioinformatics method. the study is further aimed to verify the roles of msr1 and c6ceramide in inhibiting npc cell viability and modulating pi13/akt signaling. experimental data acquisition the gene expression matrix of npc was retrieved from the geo database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). the desired genes of pharmaceuticals and small compounds were gathered from the sea database (https://sea.bkslab.org/). differential gene expression analysis the "limma" pack in r was utilized to perform bayesian differential expression analysis on the downloaded npc dataset. dges were identified based on |log2fc| > 0.2 and adjusted p-values < 0.05. deg pathway analysis gene ontology (go) functional and kegg pathway enrichment analyses were implemented by applying the "clusterprofiler" package in r. terms with adjusted p < 0.05 were considered significantly enriched. potential drug analysis the t-values for all genes in the dataset were obtained through bayesian testing and ranked. the genes in targets for medications and small compounds were acquired as set files from the sea database. gsea was then performed to identify potential drugs and target genes associated with npc [12]. cell culture the human normal nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line np69 and npc cell lines hne-1, hone-1, cne2 and cne1 were obtained from the atcc. hne-1, hon-1 and cne2 cells were raised in dmem, while cne1 and np69 were raised in rpmi-1640 medium (both from gibco, usa). the media in which the cells were maintained was enriched with 10 % fbs (hyclone, usa), 100 μg/ml streptomycin, and 100 u/ml penicillin and maintained at 37 °c in 5 % co 2. rna isolation and qpcr total rna was extracted from cell lines using trizol reagent (invitrogen), in line with the directions provided by the manufacturer. reverse transcription was performed with the reverse transcriptase kit (madison, wisconsin, usa) and qpcr was done by applying sybr green supermix (invitrogen) on an abi prism 7500 system (applied biosystems, foster city, ca, usa). relative mrna transcription was quantified by the 2 -△△ct technique with three technical replicates. based on the results obtained, two npc cell lines were selected for subsequent experiments. western blotting cells were dissolved in ripa buffer (thermo fisher scientific) and protein concentrations measured using the pierce protein assay kit (thermo fisher scientific). proteins were separated by sds-page, put on pvdf membranes and detected by incubation with primary antibodies overnight at 4°c. proteins bands were visualized using westernbrighttm enhanced chemiluminescence (bio-rad, usa). cell transfection and drug treatment the si-msr1 and si-nc were separately transfected into cells and incubated for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. the https://sea.bkslab.org/ chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com absorbance at 450 nm was read on a microplate reader following which cells were incubated with 10 ml of cck-8 reagent for 2 h at 37 oc with 5 % co2. hone1 and hne1 cells were exposed to varied doses of c6ceramide for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h before assessing cell survival by cck-8 assay. cells were transfected with pcdna-nc, pcdna-msr1, c6-ceramide, or pcdna-msr1 + c6-ceramide according to experimental groups. the msr1 mrna levels were quantified using qpcr posttransfection. cells were also transfected with msr1 knockdown or overexpression vectors while pi3k and akt mrna levels were examined using qpcr. statistical analysis statistical analyses were done using spss 20.0 software. variations between groups were evaluated using student's t-test or one-way anova, statistical significance was evaluated by p-values < 0.05 (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001). results differential gene expression and pathway analysis gene expression data from three npc datasets (gse12452, gse53819 and gse61218) were obtained from the geo database. bayesian differential analysis was performed to identify dges between npc and control samples in each dataset. in gse12452 (31 npc and 10 control), 7780 downregulated and 297 upregulated degs were identified (figure 1 a). figure 1: differential gene expression and pathway analysis. degs between npc and control samples were identified by bayesian analysis in three datasets: gse12452 (a), gse53819 (b), and gse61218 (c); venn diagrams show the overlap of upregulated (d) and downregulated (e) chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com figure 1 continued: differential gene expression and pathway analysis. degs between npc and control samples were identified by bayesian analysis in three datasets: degs across the three datasets; ontology enrichment analysis revealed altered bp (f), cc (g) and mf (h); the top 15 enriched kegg pathways are shown in (i) in gse53819 (18 npc and 18 control), 7426 downregulated and 842 upregulated degs were found (figure 1 b) while 2485 downregulated and 344 upregulated degs were identified in gse61218 (10 npc and 6 control; figure 1 c). the overlap of degs across the three datasets indicated 26 commonly upregulated and 344 commonly downregulated degs (figure 1 d and e). go and kegg enrichment analyses were performed on the 380 degs to investigate altered biological pathways and processes. the top 10 enriched go terms included cilium assembly, cilium organization and microtubulebased movement for biological process (bp) (figure 1 f); nuclear envelope and acrosome for cellular component (cc) (figure 1 g); and dynein heavy chain binding for molecular function (mf) (figure 1 h). the top 15 enriched kegg pathways included thyroid hormone signaling, lipid metabolism, atherosclerosis, tnf signaling and autophagy (figure 1 i). potential drug candidates for npc chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com to identify potential drug candidates for npc, gsea was performed using the 316 drug and small molecule target gene sets from the sea database. the top 10 significantly enriched drugs (p < 0.05, es > 0.3) were identified in npc samples for each dataset (figure 2). the top three enriched drugs in gse12452 were c6ceramide, bexarotene and chlorambucil (figure 2 a). for gse53819, the top hits were c6ceramide, cabozantinib and etoposide (figure 2 b). in gse61218，c6-ceramide, azd6482 and ml162 were most enriched (figure 2 c). venn diagram shows c6-ceramide as the only drug enriched across all three datasets (figure 2 d). the enrichment scores of c6-ceramide in the three datasets are presented in figure 2 e and g. identification of msr1 as a potential target of c6ceramide in npc to identify the potential therapeutic targets of c6ceramide in npc, its chemical properties were first analyzed. c6-ceramide has a cas registry number of 124753-97-5, a molecular formula of c24h47no3 and a molecular weight of 397.63 da. its chemical structure is shown in figure 3 a. differentially upregulated genes from the three npc datasets were intersected with the potential target genes of c6ceramide, identifying msr1 as a common target (figure 3 b). molecular docking using autodocktools-1.5.6 revealed the potential binding interaction between msr1 and c6-ceramide (figure 3 c). effect of msr1 on npc cells the levels of msr1 was analyzed in four npc cell types and healthy nasopharyngeal epithelial cells by qpcr. when compared to typical cells, msr1 mrna amounts were significantly higher in npc cells (figure 4 a). western blotting (wb) confirmed increased msr1 protein expression in npc cells versus normal cells (figure 4 b) indicating that msr1 is greatly upregulated in npc. in order to determine the function of msr1 in npc, two npc cell lines were transfected with si-nc or si-msr1. the results of qpcr confirmed transfection with simsr1 significantly reduced msr1 mrna compared to si-nc control cells, confirming the efficient knockdown of msr1 (figure 4 c). cell viability results show that msr1 knockdown inhibited cell viability in both npc lines (figure 4 d). chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com figure 2: gsea identifies c6-ceramide as a potential therapeutic for npc (a-c) the top 10 enriched drugs in nasopharyngeal carcinoma samples from the three datasets figure 2 continued: gsea identifies c6-ceramide as a potential therapeutic for npc (d) venn diagram showing c6-ceramide as the only drug enriched across all three datasets; (e-g) enrichment scores of c6-ceramides in the three datasets. figure 3: identification of msr1 as a potential therapeutic target of c6-ceramide in nasopharyngeal carcinoma; (a) chemical structure of the c6ceramide small molecule; (b) venn diagram showing the intersection of upregulated genes in three npc datasets with potential target genes of c6-ceramide; (c) molecular docking diagram depicting the chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com potential binding interaction between c6-ceramide and msr1 to investigate the effect of c6-ceramide on npc cells, two cell lines were exposed to increasing amounts of the drug. the results of cck8 assay showed decreased cell viability with higher c6 ceramide doses (figure 4 e), indicating that c6 ceramide has anti-proliferative effect. to further investigate if this effect involved msr1, nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells were transfected with pcdna-msr1 (for msr1 overexpression) or control pcdna-nc. the results of qpcr confirmed increased msr1 mrna in pcdna-msr1 versus pcdna-nc cells (figure 4 f). cells were then divided into four groups: pcdna-nc, pcdnamsr1, c6-ceramide treatment and pcdna-msr1 + c6-ceramide. results of qpcr showed msr1 mrna was significantly increased in the pcdnamsr1 group compared to the pcdna-nc group. however, msr1 amounts were significantly lower in the c6-ceramide treatment category versus the pcdna-msr1 group, while the pcdna-msr1 + c6-ceramide group exhibited an intermediate level of msr1 expression (figure 4 g). these results indicated that c6-ceramide inhibited the upregulation of msr1 gene expression in npc cells caused by msr1 overexpression. in other words, msr1 may be a potential target gene of c6-ceramide on npc cells. msr1 modulates pi3k/akt signaling in npc cells the study previously demonstrated that msr1 knockdown reduces npc cell viability. here, the study investigated the interaction between msr1 and the pi3k/akt signaling pathway. compared to control cells, pi3k and akt expression reduced with msr1 knockdown but increased with msr1 overexpression (figure 5). these data indicate that modulating msr1 reciprocally regulates pi3k and akt levels in npc cells. thus, msr1 appears to exert downstream effects on npc cells via the activation of pi3k/akt pathway. chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com figure 4: effect of msr1 knockdown and c6-ceramide treatment on npc cells. msr1 mrna (a) and protein (b) expression in npc cell lines compared to np69 cells; (c) msr1 knockdown efficiency in npc cells by shrna; (d) cell viability of npc cells following msr1 knockdown; (e) viability of npc cells treated with c6-ceramide; (f) msr1 overexpression in npc cells by plasmid transfection; (g) msr1 expression in npc cells with msr1 overexpression and c6-ceramide treatment figure 5: msr1 regulates pi3k and akt expression in npc cells (a) pi3k and akt mrna levels following msr1 knockdown or overexpression in npc cells; (b) pi3k and (c) akt protein levels in npc cells after msr1 knockdown and overexpression chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com disccusion nasopharyngeal carcinoma is rarely detected early and current therapies have limited efficacy in advanced disease, contributing to high mortality. approximately 95.5 % of npc cases present at late stages, with 5-year overall and metastatic survival rates of only 61 and 50 %, respectively [13]. elucidating npc pathogenesis and identifying novel therapeutic targets are critical to improve patient’s outcomes. here, by integrating three npc datasets, 26 upregulated and 344 downregulated genes were identified. gsea nominated the small molecule c6 ceramide as a top potential npc therapeutic drug across datasets. by overlapping differentially upregulated genes with predicted c6-ceramide targets, the study identified msr1 as a candidate downstream effector. the study therefore investigated the functional effects of c6-ceramide and msr1 in npc. macrophage scavenger receptor 1 is expressed primarily in phagocytic and antigen-presenting cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages and lung endothelium [14]. it recognizes molecules and participate in disease pathogenesis [15]. cluster of differentiation 204 (cd204) is a protein encoded by the msr1 gene. compared to normal tissues, its expression in various breast cancer subtypes is markedly higher. furthermore, cd204 is overexpressed in tumorassociated macrophages (tam) and is considered a potential therapeutic target within the tumor microenvironment [16]. other studies suggest that msr1-mediated activation of pi3k/akt, nf-κb and pparα signaling pathways helps macrophages adapt to diverse microenvironments [3,17]. collectively, these studies indicate that msr1 plays a crucial role in cancer treatment. building on this prior work, this study examined msr1 gene transcription in one regular nasal epithelial cell line and four npc cell types. msr1 mrna amounts were much higher in the npc lines in comparison to the typical cells. western blot analysis further showed msr1 overexpression in npc cells. these data indicate high msr1 expression in npc cells. thereafter, the connection between msr1 and npc carcinogenesis was investigated. msr1 knockdown significantly reduced msr1 levels and inhibited npc cell viability, indicating msr1 is indeed involved in npc carcinogenesis. previous studies have demonstrated that msr1 may boost nuclear translocation of βcatenin, hence promoting stimulation of pi3k/akt pathway [16]. the pi3k/akt pathway activation are crucial for tumorigenesis. therefore, the investigation further examined the effect of msr1 on the pi3k/akt pathway during npc development by overexpressing or knockdown of msr1 in npc cells. msr1 overexpression resulted in increased expression of msr1, pi3k and akt compared to control cells. in contrast, msr1 knockdown significantly reduced pi3k and akt protein levels. these findings reveal that msr1 also promotes npc pathogenesis by stimulating pi3k/akt signaling pathway in npc cells. c6ceramide is a cell-permeable ceramide analogue that mimics endogenous ceramides [18]. the antitumor effects of c6-ceramide have been demonstrated in various tumor models [19], but its effects on npc are unknown. in this study, gsea analysis of three geo datasets revealed c6-ceramide as a feasible npc treatment. this investigation then investigated the implications of c6-ceramide upon npc cells in vitro. treatment with a specific c6-ceramide concentration decreased npc cell viability. these data demonstrate c6-ceramide exerts cytotoxicity and significantly reduces npc cell viability. previous studies have also demonstrated c6ceramide liposomes induce cell death in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells [20]. next, this study investigated links between c6ceramide cytotoxicity and msr1 expression. msr1 overexpression alone increased msr1 expression. in contrast, treatment with c6ceramide alone markedly reduced msr1 expression. co-treatment with overexpression and c6-ceramide resulted in msr1 levels between individual treatment groups. this indicates c6-ceramide could mitigate increased msr1 expression induced by overexpression in npc cells. these studies indicate c6-ceramide may have therapeutic efficacy by targeting msr1 in npc. conclusion using gsea, this investigation has identified c6 ceramide and its target gene, msr1, as therapeutic candidates for npc. the findings verified their functional effect in vitro, employing npc cell line experiments. msr1 knockdown inhibits npc cell proliferation, while c6-ceramide exhibits anti-npc effect by regulating msr1 expression. although this study lacks patient sample data and detailed mechanistic analysis, it provides foundational data and reveals new research avenues for targeting msr1 and ceramide signaling in npc treatment. going forward, validation in patient tumor tissues and elucidation of the precise molecular mechanisms chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com mediating msr1 and c6-ceramide effect will provide critical insight into their therapeutic potential. this work establishes a rationale for further exploration of msr1 and ceramides as novel targets in npc. references 1. xu s, he w. effect of mir-200c on nasopharyngeal carcinoma and the probable molecular regulatory mechanism involved. trop j pharm res 2021; 20: 4146. 2. liao k, zheng r, feng j, liu h, xie g. effect of overexpression of rac1 on radiosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma xenografts in nude mice and the underlying mechanism. trop j pharm res 2023; 22: 789-794. 3. kelley jl, ozment tr, li c, schweitzer jb, williams dl. scavenger receptor-a (cd204): a twoedged sword in health and disease. crit rev immunol 2014; 34: 241261. 4. dong p, ma l, liu l, zhao g, zhang s, dong l, xue r, chen s. cd86⁺/cd206⁺, diametrically polarized tumorassociated macrophages, predict hepatocellular carcinoma patient prognosis. int j mol sci 2016; 17: 320. 5. ji q, huang k, jiang y, lei k, tu z, luo h, zhu x. comprehensive 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lymphocytic leukemia. plos one 2013; 8: e84648. issn : 2693 6356 2019 | vol 2 | issue 1 sme lending in india: a survey of customers' opinions m.sravani , k.karthika , m.manasa assistant professor 1,2,3 cmr enegineer college abstract as a developing country, india places a premium on economic expansion and modernization. the growth and development of the indian economy owe a great deal to the efforts of small-scale companies. micro, small, and medium-sized companies (msme) in india have consistently been the economy's most dynamic and eye-catching contributor. small-scale enterprises have contributed significantly to the country's prosperity by creating a lot of well-paying jobs and fostering balanced growth in the regions they serve, all at a reasonable price. in addition to these benefits, there is the additional upside of encouraging new business owners to launch ventures, with the drive and enthusiasm to see their companies thrive and make an impact on the indian economy. those who value their independence yet want to work for themselves have the option of becoming entrepreneurs. micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (msmes) play a critical supporting role in the nation's economic and social development alongside larger sector enterprises. it makes a significant contribution to gdp and export earnings. obtaining financing is a necessary and challenging process for any size corporation since money is the lifeblood and oxygen of every business, even small-scale companies. the government and financial institutions have implemented many schemes in recent decades to facilitate the acquisition of loans and funding by msmes. this research makes an attempt in that regard, and its results provide light on the extent to which that micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (msmes) have towards government and other financial institutions' aid. experts have offered a number of literature evaluations that lend credence to the study and its conclusions. together with sensible recommendations for boosting the msmes' contentment. keywords : mini and small enterprises, tiny businesses, money, growth introduction no matter its size, shape, or form, a company's finances are its lifeblood. it's the deciding element in the company's success or failure. obtaining funding is also a vital phase that requires the company doing the acquiring to pay close attention to detail. getting financing is a tedious and timeconsuming procedure, especially in a developing country like india. the abundance of skilled workers, the diversity of india's natural resources, and the reliability of its large-scale monetary features all combine to make india one of the most enticing ports for commercial and financing chances. the growth of each economic system can be traced back to two mainstays: stable institutions and reliable services. they might be enticing investors from across the globe to pour money and resources into the country. by creating a wide array of goods and services (both tangible and intangible) and responding to and satisfying the needs of the general people, they are crucial to a country's socioeconomic development. there has been a significant decline in the indian economy during the last several decades. there has been a slowdown in financing and utilization trade, and many initiatives have been launched to get the economy back on track and headed in the path of progressive development. upward trend in growth was expected to continue until 2020. the emergence of a worldwide pandemic like covid-19 has hampered progress, and it may have a significant influence on the country's exports to the nations hit worst by the epidemic. private consumption, government spending, and foreign commerce would all feel the effects and be affected. the country's financial stability has been severely impacted more than others by the lockdowns imposed due to the epidemic and its aftermath. the indian economy relies heavily on its small and medium-sized businesses. it has long-lasting effects in terms of producing job possibilities for a bigger population with less investment, guaranteeing the viability of a wide range of other economic sectors. small businesses are notable not just for their investment and employment levels, but also for their management style, pattern, and the personal and direct approach they take to business. in addition to providing jobs and cheap production costs, small-scale enterprises in rural and underdeveloped regions help level the playing field economically. the success of india's burgeoning small-scale industrial sector has been a boon to the country's emerging business owners. since independence, the government and different small and large financial institutions, banks, have endeavored to foster the new class of entrepreneurs who have played a key part in defining the economy of the country by lending a hand to small-scale companies. micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (msmes) play a crucial role in the economies of developing countries because of their ability to generate new jobs. it is crucial that india's msmes contribute to the growth of the country's monetary system. in terms of raw statistics, india's small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) are responsible for hiring almost 10 million people every year, making them the country's second-largest employer and provider of non-discriminatory regional growth, after only agriculture. more than 90% of all industries in india are msmes, and these businesses are responsible for 45% of industrial production, 40% of exports, and 17% of gdp (dahale et al., 2015). micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (msmes) are often regarded as the foundation of economic growth and a driving force behind independent progress on a global scale. the industry has shown noteworthy ingenuity and resilience in the face of recent financial downturns and recessions, demonstrating both speed and resilience. when broken down by firm size, product variety, and technological advancement, india's smallest and mediumsized enterprises (smes) are very diverse. the industry caters to the needs of small businesses with limited resources, while also providing extensive support to people in rural and underdeveloped areas of the country. m&s enterprises (m&es) haveplayed a crucial role in the country's overall economic development and routinely shown a substantial contribution to national income. objectives 1. assess the conceptual framework, advancement and development progression of msmes in india. 2. validate the issues encountered and future prospects associated with msmes in india. 3. evaluate the financial support offered by government and financial institutions to msmes in india. 4. understand the satisfaction and content level of msmes towards financial support offered by government and financial institutions in india. 5. suggest recommendations and ideas for further development of msmes position in term of financial support in india. review of literature small-scale industries are the roots for developing nations like india. they are the sources of explicit employment opportunities, advancement of entrepreneur abilities and removing regional imbalances. these advantages help the advancement and growth potential of developing nations. but these firms always suffer the hurdle of procuring finance. some of them being high rates of interest, heavy paperwork to procure finance, lack of transparency for the msmes etc. the present section deals with the various expert opinions on the satisfaction levels of msmes for the loans offered by banks and financial institutions in india. subrahmanyam (2004) featured the effects of globalization and local amendments on small-scale industries by stressing on the fact that how much the small firms had encountered on grounds of development of units, employment, profits and exports. he also recommended that the spotlight must be diverted towards technology enhancement and mending the financial framework so that the small-scale industries can be efficient contributors to national revenue and employment opportunities. maumita choudhury &chandana goswami (2019) studied the problems linked with corporate financing to msmes, comprehensive reviews of all the available literature from the period 2005 to 2016. the results showing the elements contributing in the lending process have been the rivalry amongst the lending institutions to grow the count of borrowers, lending customs followed by the lending institutions, shortage of data about the small-scale entrepreneurs who apply for loans and the organization features and organization size. mr. abhijeetbiswas et al. (2018) endeavors to analyze the different elements that are responsible for the lending disparity in the msmes, the analysis is actually based on raw data and it identifies that the information imbalance between the lender and borrower must be reduces in order to bring down the lending disparity. siddiqui (2018) amid the initial budding phases of micro, small and medium firms require prompt and ample finance. msmes depend on different mediums of capital. different credit raising issues encountered by the msmes were insufficient and delayed capital availability, defined data and financial support, ancillary security condition, limited working capital, and insistence on a lot of legal and paperwork for availing financial help from the banks and other financial institutions. ayyagari et al. (2014) and quartey et al. (2017)analyzed the impact of the organizational factors such as the organizational size and age. hence its is hypothetically proved that there exists a positive association among the features of the organization and the small-scale firms approach to availing capital from the financial institutions. sen and salim (2016)’s research handled the significance of msmes in west bengal. theyinspected the performance with reference to count of units, investment, andjob creation. the research studied the existence of regionaldifferences amidstdistricts of west bengal in reference of msme gadgets, funding, and employment. theresearch winded up with few recommendations for industrial masses with the government. business clusters may assure the general facilities that might be helpful to reduce the running fee, growth of competitiveness, and expand the skills for the sector. additionally, government become had to decorate economic support which could be strongly enhancing the improvement of country industry. joshi, (2011); arun and kamath (2015) pointed out that these are the three hurdles faced by msmes: easy entry to the market, finance, and loans. there is no structured procedure for the msmss, operating expenses are higher, the process of providing a loan is long and ultimately the loan distribution will be limited. limited entry to the official medium of finances and no access to complete information is considered other elements. the rate of interest on the investment is on the higher side as well as for the working capital. most of the msmes have a dearth of clarity, and insufficient financial and organizational abilities. noorinasab, seifabad, and zarei (2016) entrepreneur encounter issues such as ways to procure capital for start-ups and inadequate funds. many entrepreneurs are not able to enter the external price range because of inadequate safety and credit score in the market. the manner of loan availing facility is time-ingesting. other issues are lower income due to competition, financial statements aren't nicely maintained by means of entrepreneurs of msmes, insufficient ensures for raising loans, equity trouble in raising capital, and dependence on money creditors for loans that might be excessive price. methodology research design present study is concerned with the msme entrepreneurs in tamilnadu, state. the study describes the entrepreneurs’ awareness and satisfaction towards banking services and to analyze their opinion. research design is a plan of action that guides the entire research in our study descriptive e research design has been adopted. sampling design and method the researcher has taken 784 as sample units of the present report and the data were amalgamated together from the proprietors of these units. initially, the researcher obtained the list of total msmes in tamilnadu from district industries centre (dic). probability sampling was applied to select the sample. simple random sampling has been used for the gathering data analysis and interpretation kaiser normalization and bartlett test factors affecting glass ceiling are narrated with the help of exploratory factor analysis (efa) for further indepth analysis. before applying the factor analysis, the data validity of factor analysis is tested with the help of kaiser-meyer-ohlin (kmo) measure of sampling adequacy and bartlett’s test of sphericity. the minimum acceptable kmo measure is more than 0.5, whereas, the level of significance in chi-square test is at 5 per cent level. kaiser normalisation and bartlett’s test kaiser-meyer-olkin measure of sampling adequacy 0.732 bartlett’s test of sphericity approximate chi-square 133.35 degrees of freedom 13 significance 0.000 source: primary data results of kaiser-meyer-olkin measure of sampling adequacy shows the measure value of 0.732, the kmo value is more than 0.05. it indicates that all the respondents completely understands the questionnaire and perfectly responded to the scales associated. bartlett’s test of bartlett’s test of sphericity is more chi-square value and the significance the analysis and the value is less than 0.5. factors influencing the bank services factors 1 2 easy approval of business plan .645 .510 suggestion towards the loan amount .684 .770 guidelines towards loan process .515 .807 positive words regarding business success .769 .405 bank charges and services .700 .664 time taken for loan sanction .838 .447 collateral free loan .714 .433 interest free loan .733 .767 document charges .797 .654 references towards high beneficial scheme .412 .665 high repayment period .693 .025 minimal loan procedure .400 .016 source: primary data factors influencing the entrepreneur towards the bank services attributes factor loadings factor 1 factor 2 communality f1 easy approval of business plan .645 .838 f2 suggestion towards the loan amoun .684 .714 f3 guidelines towards loan process .515 .733 f4 positive words regarding business success .769 .838 f5 bank charges and services .700 .664 f6 time taken for loan sanction .838 .447 f7 collateral free loan .714 .519 f9 interest free loan .733 .619 f10 document charges .797 0.514 f11 references towards high beneficial scheme .412 0.761 f12 high repayment period .693 0.698 f8 minimal loan procedure .400 .016 source: primary data all the values of the factor analysis were represents their importance on the analysis. time taken for loan sanction got the high level of importance than other factors. most of the factors were correlated with guidelines towards loan process and minimal loan procedure findings of the study  the researcher has used 10 factors to identify the entrepreneur’s satisfaction. the factors were easy approval of business plan, suggestion towards the loan amount, guidelines towards loan process, positive words regarding business success, bank charges and services, time taken for loan sanction, collateral free loan, interest free loan, document charges , references towards high beneficial scheme, high repayment period and minimal loan procedure  results of kaiser-meyer-olkin measure of sampling adequacy shows the measure value of 0.732, the kmo value is more than 0.05  most of the factors were correlated with guidelines towards loan process and minimal loan procedure suggestions 1. the bank staff must change their attitude towards msmes while granting loans to smallscale firms. 2. measures must be taken by the government towards implementing the rate of interest amicable for small-scale firms. 3. the length of paperwork must be reduced to avail the loans for msmes in india. 4. the msmes must be given a easy access to capital. 5. the bank should change the mindset of top management to extend finance to the msme sector and educate credit officers with suitable publications to address msmegroups. conclusion the research on msme entrepreneur’s level of satisfaction at banking offerings famous that customers are satisfied in the direction of promptness of offerings, typical efficiency of the financial institution and friendliness and courtesy of the managers. some regions the pleasure stage could be very poor. suitable recommendations are also provided to increase the satisfaction and utilization level in the ones regions. hence, the findings and recommendations provided by using the studies will assist to make bigger the pleasure stage of customers. as nicely as to get better the great of the product and services supplied through the bankers. references 1. m choudhury& c goswami(2019), “msme financing gaps –review of literature for the period 2005 to2016”, journal of small business and entrepreneurship development, vol. 7, no. 2, pp 5060,issn: 2333-637, e issn 23336382. 2. a biswas, dr. s srivastava& prof r kumar(2018), “a study of the factors influencing the financegap for the msme sector”, international journal of management studies issn print 22490302 issn, online 2231-2528. 3. siddiqui, s., malik, k. s., & shah, s. z. a. (2018). impact of interest rate volatility on non performing loans in pakistan. international research journal of finance and economics, 84. 4. ayyagari, m., demirguc-kunt, a., &maksimovic, v. (2014). who creates jobs in developingcountries? small business economics, 43(1), 75-99. 5. quartey, p., turkson, e., abor, j. y., &iddrisu, a. m. (2017). financing the growth of smes in africa: what are the constraints to sme financing within ecowas? review of development finance, 7(1), 18-28. 6. sen, k., & salim, s. (2016). micro, small and medium enterprises in west bengal-an inter-district analysis. international journal of science and research (ijsr), 5(2), 225 230. 7. joshi, d.p. (2011), financial inclusion & financial literacy, bi oecd seminarroundtableon the updates on financial education on financial education and inclusion programsin india. 8. arun, t., & kamath, r. (2015). financial inclusion: policies and practices. iimb management review, 27(4), 267-287. 9. noorinasab, a., seifabad, h. s., &zarei, a. (2016). problems faced by entrepreneurs tostart-up msmes-a case study of visakhapatnam city. international journal of research in management, economics and commerce, 6 (6). ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 1 chinese traditional medical journal management of avascular necrosis through ayurveda a case study nduuisi nwobod, zhouj chungan, zhanh zhibigh department of pharmacology and therapeutics, faculty of medicine, ebonyi state university, abakalik, research center of traditional chinese medicine, wuxi hospital of traditional chinese medicine , china research center of traditional chinese medicine, wuxi hospital of traditional chinese medicine china., introduction a there is vascular necrosis (avn) in young adults, where 60 per cent of the cases are bilateral and osteonecrosis (dead bone). an injury or blockage in the blood veins feeding the bone tissue is the most common cause, and it affects around 16,000 indians each year. the most prevalent form of bone necrosis is avn of the femoral head. in general, there are two categories to choose from: traumatic brain injury ailment that has no known cause. the arteries that feed the femoral head are very small, making them vulnerable to damage when the femoral neck is dislocated or fractured. this results in necrosis of the femoral head as a consequence of a lack of nutrients. in the abstract background: this disorder, known as avascular necrosis (avn), is becoming more common in musculoskeletal clinics. osteonecrosis is a condition in which bone tissue dies as a result of an injury or obstruction in the blood supply. this is the most frequent kind of necrosis, occurring from a loss of feeding due to an injury to the and majja kshaya (the loss of bone tissue), play key roles in the pathophysiology of avn. aim: for the evaluation of the effectiveness of panchatikta kshira basti (enema produced from tikta dravya like nimba (azadirachta indica), patola (trichosanthes dioica), vyagri (solanum surattence), guduchi (tinospora cordifolia), and vasa (adhatoda vasica) in the treatment of avascular necrosis. in addition to relieving pain, the therapy aims to preserve structure and function. materials & methods: as a result of this case study, we are reporting on a 23-year-old patient with bilateral hip discomfort and trouble performing everyday tasks like as walking, sitting, and squatting, at the panchakarma opd at the all india institute of ayurveda new delhi panchakarma ophthalmology. dashmooladi niruha basti, panchatikta after basti and a follow-up period of 15 days, an evaluation was conducted. observations: pain, soreness, weakness, and gait improvement were all completely alleviated as a result of the treatments. conclusion: according to the findings, panchatikta kshira basti is a viable therapeutic option for patients with avascular necrosis. keywords: an ayurvedic treatment for asthi majja kshaya, or avascular necrosis. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 2 beginning, there may be no symptoms, but later on, mild to severe discomfort and a change in stride are seen. between the ages of 20 and 40, it affects one in every ten people. there are several chronic and untreatable avn illnesses that ayurveda has been able to treat. [2] when it comes to disorders that aren't covered in ayurveda books, ayurvedic chikitsa concepts must be implemented clinically (unmentioned disease). additionally, panchakarma (five therapeutic procedures) treatment's efficacy was evaluatedmodern research recommends unpleasant surgical methods to treat avn of the femoral head. a case of avn was treated using this idea, and the treatment's results are discussed in the following paragraphs.. materials & methods case report: patients at the all india institute of ayurveda new delhi, a 23-year-old male with avn (dated 16/02/2017 opd no.154670) who had complained of pain in the bilateral hip region for 1.5 years and difficulty performing daily activities such as walking, sitting, and squatting came to the institute with these complaints. cold weather, stomach discomfort, and a supine position were all aggravating variables. warm meal and warm weather were easing influences.. past history: the patient said he was well for about a year and a half before he started experiencing discomfort in his left hip joint. the discomfort persisted throughout the day and worsened at night. an orthopaedic surgeon diagnosed the patient with bilateral femoral head avn using mri and advocated surgery, but the patient was hesitant. and he approached the present treatment facility for conservative and alternative treatment . patient had no h\o alcohol consumption or any trauma or accidental injury. examination of patient: an ayurvedic and contemporary medical team examined the patient thoroughly, with the results summarised in tables 1 through 2. table no. 1: aaturbala pramana pariksha examination of the strength of the patient): table no. 2: asthavidha pariksha (eight fold examination): *dosha: vata there are many other names for him, but he goes by the name pakvashayo *adhisthan: pakvashayo *dushyo: raktsiru, siru, snayu, asthi 1 prakruti (constitution of the person) vatapradhan pitta, rajas 2 sara (quality of tissue) madhyam (average):ras, rakta, mansa 3 samhanana (body built up) madhayama (average) 4 pramana (antropometric measurement) wt.40kg ht.5feet 5 satmya (adatability) madhyama (average) 6 satva (mental strength) uttama (good) 7 aaharashakti (food intake and digestion capacity) abhyavaharan : (average) jaran : 5-6 hrs. 8 vyayamashakti (exercise capacity) avara (poor) 9 vaya (age) yuvavastha (adult) 10 desha (habitat) sadharana 1 nadi (pulse) 80/minute, regular 2 mutra (urine) samyaka 3 mala (stool) samyaka 4 jivha (tongue) nirama 5 shabda (sound) spashta 6 sparsha (touch) samsheetoshna 7 drik (eye) spashta 8 aakriti (built) krusha ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 3 when the blood flow to the head of the femur is compromised, it produces weakness in the neck, head, and hip joint in samprapti (pathology). degenerative changes in the hip joint are brought on by overindulgence in foods and practises that increase vata, resulting in acute discomfort and difficulties moving the hip joint. investigation: 1. on the most recent mri (done on october 3, 2016), there is a moderate effusion in the left hip joint, as well as grade iii avascular necrosis of the left femoral head. it is possible that the right femoral head has been damaged by avascular necrosis. a negative result for hbsag treatment administered: the patient received both pharmacological and procedural therapy.. tables 3 and 4 provide the specifics. table no.3: details of medicine aadministered sr. no. drug dose anupana duration 1 dashmoola kwatha 10 ml tds luke warm water 3 weeks 2 kaishore guggulu 500 mg tds luke warm water 3 weeks 3 panchatikta guggulu ghrita 1 tsp bd luke warm water 3 weeks 4 panchasakar choorna 5 gm bed time luke warm water 3 weeks table no.4: details of therapies administered sr no. treatment drug used 1 sarvanga abhyanga (full body massage) ksheerbala taila 2 bashpa swedana (full body fomentation) dashmoola kwatha 3 kaal basti niruha basti content madhu (honey) saindhava lavana panchatikta guggulu ghrita [4] shatapushpa kalka dashmoola kwatha goksheer (cow’s milk) ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 4 table 5: kaal basti schedule administered in the patient observations table 6 shows post-treatment improvements in hip joint range of motion and pain as measured by the vas numerical pain distress scale (chart 1). after therapy, the range of motion and level of discomfort in the hip joint significantly improved table no.6: observation of pre and post treatment changes in hip joint s. no. sign and symptoms bt at normal range 1 flexion of hip joint 30° 90° 110° 120° 2 extension of hip joint 0° 10° 10° 15° 3 abduction of hip joint 20° 35° 30° 50° 4 adduction of hip joint 10° 20° 20° 30° 5 medial rotation 10° 25° 30° 40° 6 lateral rotation 20° 40° 40° 60° chart no. 1: vas numerical pain distress scale day basti dose (ml) time of administration time of bastipratyagamana (expulsion of enema material) symptoms/ observations complicat ions if any 1 a 60 11 am 2 pm stool frequency twice none 2 a 60 11:15 am 2 pm stool frequency once none 3 n 500 11 am 11:10 am bowel frequency once none 4 a 60 11:30 am 2:15 pm bowel frequency once, lightness present none 5 n 500 10:30 am 10:45 am bowel frequency once, lightness present none 6 a 60 10:45 am 1:30 pm bowel frequency once, lightness present none 7 n 500 11am 11:15 am bowel frequency once, lightness present, taste in food none 8 a 60 11 am 3:20 pm bowel frequency once, lightness present, taste in food, vatanulomana none 9 n 500 11:15 am 11:20 am bowel frequency once, lightness present, taste in food, improvement in digestion, vatanulomana none 10 a 60 11 am 3:30 pm bowel frequency once, lightness present, taste in food, vatanulomana none 11 n 500 11:30 am 11:35 am bowel frequency once, lightness present, taste in food, none 12 a 60 10:30 am 2:40 pm bowel frequency once, lightness present, taste in food, vatanulomana none 13 n 500 10:30 am 10:40 am bowel frequency once, lightness present, taste in food none 14 a 60 10:45 am 4:20 pm bowel frequency once, lightness present, taste in food none 15 a 60 11 am 3:10 pm bowel frequency once, lightness present, taste in food none 16 a 60 11 am 2:25 pm bowel frequency once, lightness present, taste in food none ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 5 discussion there is no clear correlation between avascular necrosis and ayurveda, however the clinical presentation suggests the dominance of vata dosh and vikruti (vitiation) of asthi dhatu (asthi dhatu's vitiation) (bony tissue). femoral necrosis may occur as a result of any margavrodha (occlusion of blood vessels), and this necrosis is the primary cause of avn. dhatu is also angered by margavrodha's actions. it is at this advanced stage when necrosis-induced vata dosha imbalance is leading pitta and kapha to become vitiated as well. treatment for vata, pitta, kapha, and rakta doshas begins with basti. [5] it is tikta dravye sadhite ksheera asthikshayaja vikara makes a particular mention of basti (disorders caused by decrease of asthi dhatu). [6] probable mode of action of panchatikta ksheera basti: vata dosha may be controlled by the decoction produced in milk that has madhura (sweet) and snigdha (unctuous) characteristics, and the sukshma guna (minute properties) of saindhva (rock salt) gets up to the micro channels of the body and helps open new blood flow to the bone tissue. this basti's tikta dravyas include tikta rasa, ushana virya (hot potency), madhura, and katu vipaka (pungent postdigestive taste), all of which promote proper dhatvagni (metabolic stage) function and so boost the asthi dhatu's nourishment. it is said that ghrita is the 'pacifier of vata,' and that madhura, 'shita virya' (cold potency). in this way, vata is regulated, the metabolism of tissue is boosted, and the body's ageing process is slowed down. it has the capacity to accelerate the bioavailability of other medications because of its qualities of sanskarasya anuvartana [8]. as a result, it contributes to the asthi kshaya's samprapti vighatana (pathology breakdown). in anuvasana basti, which is mentioned in vata and rakta vikara, madhuyashti taila was employed. role of internal medicine to ease discomfort, patients were given dashamool kwatha (the decoction of 10 herbs), which is thought to have tridosha (three humours) calming effects in general, as well as calming vata in particular,[9]. in vatarakta, where blood vessel blockage is the primary pathology, kaishore guggulu is the medicine of choice. [10] so, in this condition also it perhaps improved blood flow to the femur's head. in the form of basti, tiktaka ghrita with milk is recommended for the treatment of disorders of the bone, such as asthi and sandhi (joints), and this may have contributed to the bone's sustenance. to aid in the cleaning of the digestive tract, panchasakar choorna (powder of five sweeteners) is prescribed (normalising the movement of vata). conclusion according to this case study, panchatikta kshira basti is a good treatment for avascular necrosis of the femoral neck when combined with other palliative medicines. further studies are needed, however the evidence shows that ayurveda may be quite helpful in the treatment of avn when used in conjunction with an accurate diagnosis and the appropriate treatment regimen. in this instance, the recovery was encouraging and warranted documentation references 1.payal p. suryawanshi, g.h. kodwani, m.a. aurangabadkar. ayurvedic management of avn (avascular necrosis of femoral head) anukta vyadhia case study. iamj.2107;5(2):2320-5091 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 6 2.mahe s hw ari j. es s e nti a l o r tho pae d i c s , miscellaneous affections of the bone. 3rd ed. new delhi: mehta publishers; 2003, p.270 3.vagbhata, arunadatta, hemadri, astangahrdaya, sarvang asundara and ayurvedarasayan commentary, vatashonita chikitsa adhyaya, chikitsasthana, chapter 22, verse 41-44, edited by pt.hari sadasiva sastri paradakara bhisagacarya, varanasi: chaukhambha surbharati prakashan; 2017,p.731 4.ibidem astangahrdaya [3], vatavyadhi chikitsa adhyaya, 21/57-60, p.726 5.agnivesa, caraka, drdhabala, carakasamhita, ayurvedadipika commentary of cakrapanidatta, vatashonita chikitsa adhayaya, chikitsasthana, chapter 29, verse 88, edited by vaidya yadavji trikamji acharya, varanasi: chaukhambha surbharati prakashan; 2016,p.631 6.ibidem carakasamhita [ 5 ], sutrasthana, vividhaashitpeetiya adhayaya, 28/27, p.180 7.patil, vasant. principles & practice of panchakarma (a comprehensive book for ug,pg, researchers & practitioners); 4th ed. new delhi: chaukhamba publication; 2014, p.497 8.ibidem carakasamhita [5],snehaadhayaya adhayaya, sutrasthana, 13/13, p.82 9.bhavamishra, bhavaprakash, guduchyadi varga, verse 41, edited by sri brahmasankar misra,11th ed. varanasi: chaukhambha sanskrit bhawan; 2007,p.294 10.kanjiv lochan, bhaisajya ratnavali of govinda dasji bhaisagratna commented upon by vaidya shri ambika datta shastri, vol.ii, chapter 27, verse 98-108, varanasi: chaukhamba sanskrit sansthana; 2006,p.257 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 methods for securing information systems in the microfinance industry b.swathi, m.saritha assistant professor 1,2 , vignan institute of technology and science gitam university,hyderabad, abstract the expanding usage of computer networks in commercial and administrative sectors of financial institutions presents a variety of challenges for executives concerned with maintaining the security of sensitive information. this one-of-a-kind case study looked at how the top brass at a modest financial institution countered attempts by malicious actors to get into the firm's computer networks. data security is an issue that affects all sizes of financial services businesses, and this article looks at those issues and possible solutions. issues facing financial services companies are the main topic of this article. these results were confirmed by secondary sources. this article provides a comprehensive evaluation of the current market security methods and how well they safeguard private information and other data assets. in addition, it will provide advice on technological solutions that businesses of varying sizes and budgets may use quickly and affordably to protect themselves from a wide range of risks.so far, studies have focused only on either huge corporations or relatively small businesses. this essay makes an effort to provide a thorough analysis that can be used by companies of any size. keywords: small and medium-sized businesses, cybersecurity, internet threats. introduction: today, no company can afford to ignore the possibility of an online attack. hackers may get access to systems without proper protections in place. online data management, such as storing data on cloud-based platforms and transferring crucial files and documents via servers, makes systems more vulnerable to hacking.for this study, we surveyed executives from big and medium-sized businesses to learn about the challenges they face and the steps they've taken to address them. the purpose of this paper is to respond to questions concerning the most pressing cyber risks now confronting businesses, previous examples of cyber threats, the state of the financial industry, the outlook for such challenges, and the possible actions that may be taken to combat them. the financial services sector includes many different types of participants, including consumers, businesses, and governments.various types of investments are included in the broader category of financial services, which also includes banking, insurance, mutual funds, wealth management, stock markets, and treasury or debt instruments. cyberthreats may range in severity and form based on a company's resources and the goods or services it offers. in february of 2016, 81 million dollars were stolen in a hacking operation involving the bank of bangladesh and moved to accounts in the philippines and sri lanka via the federal reserve bank utilizing some payment messaging system[2]. a data breach may cost an organization an average of $3.86 million, as reported by the ponemon institute. many computers across the world were inaccessible in 2019 due to a ransomware attack. this attack exploited a hole in a microsoft service in order to spread ransomware over the internet. each company is scrambling to establish a mailto:university%2chyderabad%2cdraavi@gitam.in foothold in the online world. when businesses of this kind use cutting-edge technology without taking enough precautions to protect themselves from risks like malware, data breaches, and unsecured networks, they make themselves vulnerable to cyberattack. this is in part because of the massive data breach that capital one experienced. malware and hacking were responsible for around 75% of the breaches, while accidental exposures were responsible for about 18% of the breaches, according to a comprehensive analysis of the various forms of data breaches. in figure 1, we see the top cybersecurity threats that companies of all sizes now face. the sheer size of these companies' workforces demonstrates the scope of these challenges. small businesses invest less than inr 10 crore (usd 1.4 million) and have an annual turnover of more than inr 50 crore (usd 7 million) but less than inr 250 crore (usd 35 million), while medium businesses invest more than inr 10 crore (usd 1.4 million) but less than inr 50 crore (usd 7 million) and have an annual turnover of more than inr 50 crore (usd 7 million) but less than inr 250 crore (usd 35 million). in india, for instance, the definition of a large company is one with ransomware, a kind of malicious software, encrypts a user's files and then demands payment to decrypt them. the hacker will then demand payment of a ransom from the victim in exchange for the user's restored access to their files and data. researchers have found[3] that. outages due to these kinds of assaults may last longer than 24 hours. furthermore, hackers utilize stolen credentials to access a company's most sensitive information. criminals often conduct phishing assaults, in which they trick victims into giving up their login information by sending them emails or linking to websites that seem identical to the real thing. the strategy of deceiving workers works well and is quite inexpensive. distributed denial of service attacks are more prevalent against smes, whereas data breaches are more common against big and medium-sized organizations. an assault known as a distributed denial of service (ddos) occurs when malicious actors flood an online resource with so much traffic that it crashes. this served as the motivation for our examination of the current literature, both in terms of its focus and the overlooked areas of smb research. according to our own experience and the assertions of others, the adoption of cyber security frameworks that provide structure and methodology is the way by which practical and unified execution of cyber security practises in business may be accomplished. the national institute of standards and technology cyber security framework (nist csf) is one existing framework that is extensively utilised by small and medium-sized organisations (smbs). the purpose of this research is to understand the focus of previous research on cyber security of small and mediumsized companies (smbs), using the nist csf as a baseline, and to identify areas that may be understudied. a secondary goal of this research is to identify the countries or regions of the globe where research on cyber security of small and medium-sized companies (smbs) is being conducted, as well as the research methodology and data gathering methodologies presently in use. another goal was to undertake an examination of what researchers identified as the challenges that small and medium-sized firms face, as well as the advised cyber security practises. literature survey: it is being explored if the ecosystem's participants can produce enough value to survive in the market (head, v., et al., 2022)[4]. to communicate the study's findings, an economic model that analyses the process of value generation as well as the distribution of that value among stakeholders will be employed. this paradigm provides a substantial improvement in terms of better balancing the interests of stakeholders, including utilities and profits. the model's simulation findings reveal that the system's end users are the primary source of value production. a growing installed base of end users creates opportunity for companies that provide cyber security solutions as well as those who spread knowledge about it. yet, when a market becomes oversaturated, the ecosystem may not be able to exist. this is because the prices paid for cyber security solutions and information do not cover the expenses connected with them. the simulation model and research results may assist corporate executives in making better judgements on long-term viability, pricing plans, and business strategies for cyber security knowledge and solutions. moreover, for the adoption of cloud computing, particularly edge computing, a robust ecosystem for the exchange of cyber security expertise is essential. it enables the collection, dissemination, and aggregation of reliable and accurate cyber security data from a range of computer platforms and service providers. smikle, lauri, et al. (2022)[5] is still a target of a variety of financial crimes, the most majority of which take place online and include e-fraud, identity theft, credit card forgeries, money laundering, and terrorist operations. jamaican organisations' cybersecurity is still vulnerable to weaknesses such as spoofing, spamming, virus transmission, spear phishing, buffer overflow, and denial of service attacks. with the growth of cryptocurrencies and digital currencies, jamaica must embrace intelligence-led policing and data analysis to decrease and prevent financial crimes such as money laundering and the proceeds of corruption. examine the body of literature, national laws, and current legal proceedings, as well as design and methodological concerns. conclusions cybersecurity is no longer only a computer security concern; it is being considered while creating national policy. this is because illegal internet usage may have a big influence on jamaica's banking economy. many successful cyberattacks on the financial industry have occurred across the world. although the majority of efforts and resources are directed on minimising the danger presented by theseassaults, developing economies have received significantly less attention. since many of these countries, such as jamaica, have very poor cyber capabilities, their capacity to react to attacks may be limited. but, in order to safeguard their critical financial infrastructure, these governments must respond to these assaults. originality and worth there aren't many academic works in jamaica that concentrate on cybersecurity concerns and legislation. tam, tracy, et al (2021)[6] highlight some features of small enterprises that make them wellsuited for implementing cyber-security measures. until date, small business cybersecurity talks have been limited in scope and lack flexibility for use in a variety of settings. for our analyses, we rely on data collected from organisations in business, government, and science all across the world. we examine the non-technical and technical aspects that have a detrimental influence on a small corporation's capacity to defend itself, such as resource limits, organisational process maturity, and legal frameworks. the findings of our research suggest that various features of small businesses, such as agility, high cohort sizes, and scattered it architecture, may assist to increase cyber security. our findings indicate that there is a knowledge gap in the field of small business cyber security. further work in the legal and policy domains is also necessary to assist small firms in becoming cyberresilient.two factors have been addressed, according to the results of netwrix's 2021 it risks report. the first is a comparison of the cyber security risks presented by large firms against those posed by small and medium-sized enterprises, and the second is a review of the most serious cyber security dangers confronting the financial sector. as we look closer at the first component, we notice a comparison in numerous other areas. for example, just 33% of major organisations do not have a distinct it team, however around 73% of small and medium-sized enterprises do not have a separate it team; this is a considerable percentage. moreover, 65% of large enterprises prioritise data security, while 60% of small and mediumsized businesses prioritise endpoint protection. moreover, only around a quarter of all small, medium, and large businesses are effectively prepared to protect themselves against cybercrime. the remaining parts are unprotected. when it comes to financial commitment, around 72% of large organisations and 42% of smes are willing to invest in cyber security solutions. the second component covers the banking industry's threats. a specialised information security team is present in around 64% of all financial institutions. moreover, 91 percent of financial services firms have complete visibility into their consumer data. the security team's major focus is on the endpoints database and virtual infrastructure. insiders with legitimate access are seen as a severe threat to information security by 82% of financialbusinesses. this is due to the fact that these persons already have access to the information. the three most major obstacles that financial organisations confront are a lack of cash, the complexity of the it infrastructure, and a lack of time. methodology: the researcher employed a qualitative research approach in combination with the case study research method to analyse cyber security solutions used by small, medium, and large organisations to guard against serious cyber risks for the goal of the research paper. the sample technique utilised in this instance was "purposive sampling." this is a strategy in which a small group of people may potentially represent a much bigger population. the goal was to gather first-hand stories from experts who have dealt with cyber security-related difficulties. figure 2 and table 1 show the overall number of responders as well as information about them. the qualitative research technique has been shown by researchers to be one of the major tools that gives substantial insights. this method is used by researchers to get a better grasp of the participants' experiences and cognitive processes. the themes generated by this technique are useful in the process of developing the framework for the article. it is vital to take the time to define the study subject precisely. the following is an example of a fundamental research question related to the idea[7]: what tools and strategies can small, medium, and large companies employ to reduce the amount of data breaches that occur? figure 2:research framework i)collection of data: the data collection process requires two phases. the initial step was to send out interview requests to various chief information security officers, chief information officers, and directors of information security working for small, medium, and large firm units. through sending emails, messaging on linkedin, and establishing personal connections, the researcher reached out to 73 different respondents situated in various geographical locations and working for various financial organisations. the next step was to schedule an online interview using a suitable platform such as zoom, google meet, or cisco webex. the interview really took place here. ten persons out of a total of seventy-three who were contacted agreed to an online meeting. during the interviews, these respondents were asked a number of indepth questions. a approach based on interviews was employed alone to study the following topics: among the most serious threats that a range of companies confront; • the protection practises in place for their company; • plan modifications that take into consideration the company's size; • the function that cyber security firms • play in corporate protection; • performing risk assessments and penetration testing to identify weaknesses · the employees' involvement in the security violation. during the interview, they were each asked around nine open-ended questions as part of the exploratory inquiry. the majority of interviews lasted between 40 and 45 minutes. the individual's present position, the amount of years of experience they have, and whether or not they work or have worked in the financial services industry were the key variables examined when selecting a response. the privacy of individuals was protected, and no private or personal information was acquired. each respondent is represented by a distinct set of alphabetic and numeric codes (r1, r2,.....r12). they were quite kind and helpful in taking the time to engage in the interview and respond to the topics posed to them[8]. ii)assumptions: the initial idea was that conducting interviews with 10 respondents and combining the findings of those interviews with secondary data would be sufficient to achieve data saturation. the second hypothesis was that the interviewees offered accurate answers to the questions presented to them and that they suggested that interviewers often provide truthful answers during phone and in-person interviews since doing so helps to the interview's credibility. iii) analysis of data the analysis of qualitative data is divided into three stages: data reduction, data presentation, and data interpretation. data interpretation. all of these stages are linked in some manner, establishing what is known as an iterative process. the interview transcripts were placed into a spreadsheet, and numerous themes and patterns were extracted from them. each transcript, which included a wide range of words and phrases,the statements that did not overlap were constructed from the phrases that were examined. researchersshould provide a link between the study's findings and the conceptual framework, as well as any gaps. iv) demographics: a breakdown of responses based on several demographic variables. table 1:current positions of different respomdent results&discussion: based on the data that was gathered and analysed during the process, the researcher produced several themes that cut through all of the replies that we obtained when interviewing the respondents. these themes were produced using data that was gathered and analysed during the process. the nine core research questions that emerged from the open-ended questions guided our thinking throughout the questioning process. during the study, the following research questions served as the study's focus point: q1: in their perspective, what are the biggest hazards, as well as the measures they have employed for their organisation and how they have coped with these challenges? instruct current employees. question 2 discusses the differences in business tactics adopted by small, medium, and large organisations. question 3: what role do cybersecurity corporations play, and how significant are the technology developed by such firms? the first study question focuses on the main hazards, the strategies they picked for their organisation, and how they educate their internal staff. theme: phishing and ransomware are two sorts of internet assaults that may be very damaging. strategies may require either an internal setup or outside aid. seven out of ten respondents cited phishing and ransomware as the two most prevalent forms of cyberattacks. because of the increased professionalism of hackers, all respondents felt that the frequency of such attacks is increasing at an alarming pace each year. before you can start planning your strategy, you must first understand your digital presence. we will be able to establish the most significant areas that need to be fixed once we have a better grasp of the online presence. "understanding the it footprint plays a significant role in terms of strategy formulation," according to r7, and the importance of this statement is defined by the quantity of dataintensive work being done. three respondents raised the point that the methodology differs depending on the industry. when you become a reseller, your website becomes a valuable asset that must be protected. a financial organisation must safeguard the sensitive information linked with its clients' credit cards. on the other hand, a manufacturing organization's main goal must be the preservation of data related with the supply chain. "in some circumstances, employees may be the most important contributor in terms of data breach," according to r5. consistent assistance and teaching may go a long way. "two respondents stated that accidentally clicking on a link may take someone to a phoney website that looks exactly like the real one. when the data is entered, it will display an error, and then it will take the user back to the page they were previously on, at which point the original data has already been compromised due to cyber crimes. phishing attacks operate on this general premise. the second study question inquires about differences in organisational strategy across small, medium, and large enterprises. the notion here is that regardless of the size of the firm, a multi-layered approach to security should be implemented. eight out of ten respondents agreed that a layer-based security approach should be explored. that seems to make sense. cybersecurity plans for small, medium, and large enterprises will change based on aspects such as the firm's revenue, it budget, and it employees. the approach we are describing here is one that consists of three levels. first layer (applicable primarily to small businesses): since smaller firms have a limited or nonexistent toolset or skill set, as well as a limited budget and resources, they must be choosy in order to get the most value for their money. according to r4, it is critical that we understand the components that comprise our it infrastructure, since this will be valuable in the future. significantly improved data security for smes "six respondents said that small businesses must utilise data encryption technology as a first step. due of the limitations imposed on available resources, another task that must be completed is the installation of an antivirus solution. endpoint security solutions, such as the creation of a complex password or multifactor authentication, may also be incorporated in the first security layer solution. second layer (medium-sized businesses may pick this): this option is available to both small and medium-sized organisations. technology that constitutes the second layer of security, which is put on top of the first. four responders recommended baselining servers, creating a firewall around the network layer replete with lock management for firewalls, and implementing an approval system for internal proxies. according to r9, edr is one of the most successful methods for identifying early warning indicators of dangers. even though it is still in its infancy, more established firms are seeing it as a possible answer. the third tier, which is frequently designated for huge corporations, is achieved when a company grows in size and starts to use digital data. the complexity of the surrounding environment for cyber security grows in this setting. according to statement 6, the majority of large corporations make an attempt to establish their own internal security systems. they have the cash as well as a budget, which allows them to meet their individual needs. according to four of the respondents, zero-trust should be incorporated as a component of the third layer of security solutions. security systems, improved detection capabilities, and mitigation tools, such as log management and response time estimations, are also available. 3. what role do cyber security organisations play, and how significant are the capabilities these businesses provide? how do businesses grow? the primary concept is that they serve as a strategic partner in terms of digital asset security. seven out of 10 respondents in the poll said cyber security firms were significant. companies like cyberark, fireeye, and fortinet that invest heavily in research and development to build cyber security technology to prevent data breaches definitely provide considerable value. a firm cannot even contemplate continuing in business if they do not have them. hackers create new tools for building new types of malware, each of which has the potential to do more damage. "companies like cyberark and crowdstrike have very fantastic solutions, but they are complex to operate and need some experience to install it correctly," according to r5, indicating that they do, in fact, play an important role. this is where we (the chief information security officers) come in. according to r1, there is no such thing as 100% protection. when it comes to security, experience is more important than the tools themselves. five respondents responded that, although cyber security organisations make recommendations, the system is managed by the organization's it employees. as a result, the business now owns the property. their connection is comparable to that of a strategic collaboration. companies like cyberark, whose exclusive concentration is the creation of security products, must have their activities reviewed by the company's information security team. the it team is in charge of handling things like zero trust and security technology. before implementing these cyber security solutions, it is vital to do an analysis of them. as a result, the company must do a risk assessment before adequately scaling the solution to the issue. since the company cannot afford even a minute of interruption, even basic procedures like backing up data on the cloud server should be performed on the organization's end. deals of billions of dollars are feasible at that time. conclusion: doing qualitative research is likely to make it much easier to understand a person's path throughout their professional life. the qualitative exploratory study was utilised by the researcher to conduct an analysis in order to get a better knowledge of the data breach protection measures accessible to organisations of all sizes (small, medium, and large).the remarks of the ten participants helped us understand how different techniques are employed, what purpose cyber security businesses perform, and how various investments are made.he successfully discovered five distinct themes, each of which was subsumed by a separate research question generated as part of the study method. each course focuses on a different part of the overall cyber security strategy that may be utilised to help academics and businesses. it has been shown that phishing and ransomware are regarded as severe concerns in the banking industry. particularly, as well as all other industries as a whole. it also highlighted how, depending on the amount of available investment funds, utilising a systembased approach to stacking security might be a prudent option. when a company grows, it may add an extra layer of protection to its system. moreover, the researcher was well-versed in the strategic function that cyber security firms play in securing the company. yet, the firm must be present and actively monitoring the responses supplied by other organisations. moreover, the data we obtained indicated that a minimum investment in a cyber security system should be between 10% and 15% of the whole budget.this was another of our discoveries. if it does happen, it will do the least amount of harmhappens, and the time it takes to respond to it should be minimal. finally, workers have a key role in the countless data breaches that occur. people should be extra careful when replying to emails and clicking on links to prevent accidentally assisting hackers in collecting personal information.in terms of advice, it is highly encouraged to do research on the total amount of data breaches.consider what is now happening and the major events that have occurred so far. throughout the course of this study report, research into different company sectors, such as manufacturing or ecommerce, may be highly beneficial. utilizing these technologies correctly and in line with a plan may help the organization's reputational credibility while also improving its financial data assets. future researchers may aim to broaden the scope of this study to include other sectors and conduct in-depth studies using surveys to analyse and verify the model. references: [1] ahmad, t., zhang, d., huang, c., zhang, h., dai, n., song, y., and chen, h., 2021. artificial intelligence in sustainable energy industry: status quo, challenges and opportunities. journal of cleaner production, 289, p.125834. [2] bag, s., gupta, s., kumar, a. and sivarajah, u., 2021. an integrated artificial intelligence framework for knowledge creation and b2b marketing rational decision making for improving firm performance. industrial marketing management, 92, pp.178-189. [3] rosário, a.t. and raimundo, r., 2021. the impact of artificial intelligence on data system security: a literature review [4] head, v & zine, rasika. (2022). the ecosystem of business and economy; challenges and opportunities: the analysis of cyber security aspects and its impact on cyber crime author. [5] smikle, lauri. (2022). the impact of cybersecurity on the financial sector in jamaica. journal of financial crime. ahead-of-print. 10.1108/jfc-12-20210259. [6] tam, tracy & rao, asha & hall, joanne. (2021). the good, the bad and the missing: a narrative review of cyber-security implications for australian small businesses. computers & security. 109. 102385. 10.1016/j.cose.2021.102385. [7] zhang, z., ning, h., shi, f., farha, f., xu, y., xu, j., zhang, f. and choo, k.k.r., 2021. artificial intelligence in cyber security: research advances, challenges, and opportunities. artificial intelligence review, pp.1-25. [8] chehri, a., fofana, i. and yang, x., 2021. security risk modeling in smart grid critical infrastructures in the era of big data and artificial intelligence. sustainability, 13(6), p.3196. 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 chinese traditional medical journal is literature dying in english classrooms in technological universities? wuh linling, liu xiaohuigh, department of obstetrics and gynecology, third affiliated hospital, sun yat-sen university, guangzhou , china department of rehabilitation and physical therapy, guangdong no. 2 provincial people's hospital, guangzhou china, introduction literature adds to reality, it does not simply describe it. it enriches the necessary competencies that daily life requires and provides; and in this respect it irrigates the deserts that our lives have already become (c s lewis) all professors would want to believe that the current curriculum and required texts in most engineering institutions fail to bring out the literary sensibility of teachers and students. the literary content of each new curriculum seems to be decreasing, and learners are being pushed toward a need-based learning of language. while these are necessary abilities that help students stand out in the job market, the discussion and recognition of students' emotional reactions to literature has been lost along the way. abstract there has been a shift in the curriculum and mandated english textbooks at most of the technical institutions toward a more reference-based and informationbased approach. with each new curriculum, literature appears to have faded into obscurity because of a lack of literary substance and a preference for a need-based learning of language. when the emphasis is only on lsrw skills to improve students' employability, literature looks superfluous, unnecessary, and out of date. emotional reactions to literature are lost somewhere along the way. with an eye toward determining why it's so hard to get people to respond in a "literary" way, this study proposes ways to enhance nonliterary texts by including brief literary extracts that help readers get a deeper knowledge of life, people, and circumstances. teaching english as a second language by means of literature allows students to get a deeper understanding of the language, their own personal and social experiences, and the culture and history of their own country. literature provides possibilities for multi-sensory classroom experiences and encourages students to think critically and creatively, as well as eliciting a wide range of responses from the students. as students, professors, and industry professionals complete surveys and provide their input, this concept is solidified in their minds. key words : emotional reactions, sympathetic heights, and a declining literary substance are all examples of this. 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 few literary passages are included in professional college english textbooks, so students are expected to answer in a matter-of-fact way. in spite of the teacher's best efforts, few students are able to produce 'literary' reactions to literature — psychological, social, and emotional responses are sorely missing. a lack of appreciation for or understanding of literature may be attributed to a variety of factors, including poor reading habits or even a lack of exposure to literature. literacy began to decline in importance as language education and instruction began to emphasise the practical use of language instead. today's students, particularly those in engineering schools, are more concerned than ever before with developing language abilities that will be useful in the workplace and on standardised testing such as placement examinations. in such a situation, literature seems to be superfluous, unnecessary, and antiquated. teachers of english are now referred to as "language trainers," whose primary goal is to educate pupils employability skills and prepare them for the workforce. this is why group discussion strategies, presentation skills, resume writing, interview skills, report writing, and so on are so heavily emphasised in language laboratories. these subjects are taught with the goal of helping students get a job in the near future, which is one of the most important factors in determining their success. so, in a setting like this, how can literature fit in? a need-based curriculum may not have room for it. is it possible to instil a love of literature in kids who have never read a book by enid blyton or hans christian andersen as children? it is possible that this short-term crash course in their english language communication skills or advanced english communication skills lab might lead to long-term proficiency in the language.. discussion to help students learn proper grammar, vocabulary, and lsrw abilities, the three jntuh english textbooks have included several language activities. however, the 'human interest' that literature may bring is lacking. it is possible that a short storey by o.henry or somerset maugham, a poem by tennyson or keats, a prose piece by charles lamb or francis bacon would have filled this gap, sparked discussion, and helped students relate to situations, recognise characters' emotions, and comprehend universal human emotions, even in a foreign cultural setting. only factual and cut-and-dried texts are now read by kids, with little room for creative and literary creativity, which is a major problem. 'the tea party' from the householder by ruth prawer jhabvala is the sole literary piece in the three textbooks indicated above that allows space for improving vocabulary, reading between the lines and recognising subtle comedy and soft sarcasm. while the letter written by a son to his father, which criticises the indian education system for lacking practical exposure, does resonate with students who can identify with it, it does not elicit the same literary or aesthetic responses as a letter from alice walker's the color purple or jane austen's persuasion. the passage "satya nadella's email to his employees" from the textbook, fluency in english given by jntuh, is a good place to start (r 16 ). students' reactions to the material have been mostly negative, with many expressing disappointment that only microsoft staff are being'motivated' by it. the road not taken by robert frost is utilised as a reading practise in the same section. for kids, the topic of being at a crossroads in life, experiencing conflicting feelings, and finally making choices and the consequences they involve is universally relatable. students are deprived of feeling the emotions, empathising with the narrator, and instinctively apprehending the scenario in the first text, which serves the aim of language learning. there's nothing like teaching something tough and 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 open to several interpretations, something that may open pupils' eyes and minds to a wide range of possibilities. as an example, kalam's presidential address from the same textbook appears predictable in content and offers little in the way of cultural challenge while double angels, a short christmas storey assigned to students for reading practise in the same chapter, offers plenty of opportunity for cultural curiosity, emotional appeal, and sensitization. as a result, how can one add a literary depth to an otherwise dry text? 1. tough or exciting? to what extent should textbooks, which tend to focus on facts rather than feelings, handle the universal themes of love, war, and loss? there are many ways to make textbooks more engaging for students, but the representational aspect may be used to get them involved and stimulate their imaginations and cognitive capacities as well as assist them develop empathy and creativity. students and teachers may find the article what should you be eating in the jntuh (r18) textbook quite matteroffact, but it can be enlivened by using related literary material such as charles' lamb's dissertation upon roast pig or a jam session on fast food culture among youth. this can be done in a variety of ways. a common faults activity may be made fun by reading aloud a poem like nissim ezekiel's a farewell party to ms pushpa ts or a very indian poem in indian english, or by having students look for errors in english on signboards. 2.teachers of english might ask themselves a few questions and keep a journal of their experiences while utilising literary and non-literary texts to teach the language. according to a survey of english instructors in hyderabad, the following questions were asked: 1.use of both literary and nonliterary texts: what have you learned? 2.how have students reacted to a piece of literature? it differs from a nonliterary text in what ways? 3.adding literary content to nonliterary text has been shown to increase motivation levels. 4if you're looking to improve your language abilities, what do you think is the best way to go about it? 5when teaching literature, how can you include all four of these skills? 6what are the problems in teaching a literary work in terms of semantic, syntactical, and cultural aspects? is the text more fascinating and difficult because of these? 7how can you guide pupils toward an intuitive knowledge of people, events, and so on, and help them sense the subtleties and complexity in their depiction? " 8the following is how the educators responded: 9one of the reasons they favoured literature was that it provides a more intuitive knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, and syntax via its use of analogies. with regard to language instruction, if the teacher was given a set of guidelines, they had to work within those guidelines, which they found enjoyable. when it came to reading modern literary works, students found it simpler to relate to them than older works. 10there has been a paradigm shift from literary texts to a fast-track course in language competency among students today. due to linguistic or cultural barriers, students who come from non-literate backgrounds find it difficult to enjoy literature. 11teachers believed that by incorporating literature that is relevant to the textbook topic, they might increase motivation and spark interest in their students. a scientific work, for example, may be used to help students acquire 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 technical language or to improve their writing skills. learning language via literature may be done through an intuitive rather than prescriptive approach. it is possible to better combine lsrw skills via literary works. figures of speech, rhetoric, paralinguistic elements, vocabulary, sentence patterns, and more may all be found in martin luther king, jr.'s "i have a dream" speech. nonliterary texts may also be used to produce the same effect, although the motivation and interest may be lower. 12. cultural or language barriers may make the text more difficult to understand. it's possible that a poetry will turn out to be a dictionary at some point. the instructor must assist pupils in overcoming these hurdles and developing an empathy for the job. in technical universities, texts recommended do not allow much possibility for comprehending subtleties in personalities or circumstances. however, this may be accomplished by supplementing literary works that provide this kind of opportunity. it was also taken into account how students reacted to learning a language via literary and nonliterary sources. questions included: 1. what do you think is more interesting in an english classroom: a short tale or an academic essay? poems may either make you 'feel' something, or they might turn you off to it. reading comprehension, vocabulary, grammar, or writing, which of these is your favourite? does a short story/poem resonate with you on a personal level? how well are you able to relate to characters in fiction? how important do you think it is to develop a love of reading early in life? responses from students are included below. 1. students liked short tales over scientific essays because they piqued their attention and curiosity, and they were able to connect to them more. however, they also noted that the two may be connected. poems were more relevant to students in all of their emotions, whether they were unhappy, joyful, or in conflict, according to the students. one should not be critical of poetry since it represents the poet's feelings and allows the reader to experience them, they said. learning new terms was fun for students, and writing allowed them the opportunity to express their ideas without restriction. as they were able to 'universalize' their feelings by connecting to a tale or poetry, it resulted in a cathartic effect. one of them even remarked, "i am them in my brain." it is much easier to appreciate and comprehend literary works if you have read a lot as a child. it aided in the development of more well-rounded individuals capable of contributing to society. the question of whether or not literature is necessary for language instruction has been a raging one for decades. can't we take snippets from economics, history, or science to achieve the same thing?? is there any text that will do the job? it all depends on how one sees the text—as a challenging work that requires students to develop their comprehension, analytical, and language skills, or as a literary work that enables students to gain a deeper understanding of life, people, and situations and inspires them to reach higher levels of empathy. the content and language of a book may be used to enhance one's life and one's ability to learn a language. learning 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 a new language with the help of literature may accomplish both of these goals. it allows you to improve your vocabulary and grammar while also learning more about yourself, other people, and the culture and history of the country you're from. it's a rewarding experience to study literature, since it may lead to the creation of new ideas and ethical viewpoints. there is something honest and engaging about literary works of all lengths, whether they be little poems, short stories, epics, or novels. improves one's ability to communicate in a foreign language, while also serving as an example for students to follow. literature, according to carter and long (1991), serves a three-dimensional role in a classroom setting. as a cultural paradigm, where the literary work is seen as a product, it may be used in classrooms. an examination of a text's social, political and historical context may be done using this method. literary trends and genres can also be examined. this is a teachercentered approach, not one that emphasises language learning. ii. learner-centered language model — this method emphasises both the learning of grammar and vocabulary and the examination of stylistics. personal development model—iii this is a more student-centered approach that emphasises the importance of the process. literature may have a profound effect on individuals because of its ability to elicit strong sensations and thoughts in its readers. these are the three models that english instructors use in their lessons. unlike literature courses, where the cultural model is more prevalent, language classes are more likely to utilise a language model to teach grammar or vocabulary. when the learning objective is literary instruction rather than language instruction, the personal development paradigm comes into play. conclusion students are able to 'experience' literature rather than just read it since it is made up of actual stuff. it is possible to breathe life into one's vocabulary, grammar, and syntax. for this reason, literature is more powerful and transformational than any other medium. according to those who have studied human emotion and cognition, literature may play a key role in helping society better comprehend the lives and minds of individuals. because of this, mikaela warner explains, "i study literature because i feel there is power in tales. literature is both a solitary experience and a shared one. because of its complexity, understanding and describing humanity would take an unlimited number of words. that's the fun of literary studies: there's always something fresh to learn." the act of immersing oneself in a fictional universe aids in the development of empathy and the capacity to see things from another person's perspective. using literature as a teaching tool helps students develop critical and aesthetic reactions, as well as an understanding of current values. a student's life is enriched by literature, which helps them develop a variety of perspectives on life, a deeper understanding of oneself and others, and a sense of belonging to a larger community of human emotions, experiences, and issues. understanding various cultures, being aware of differences, and cultivating an attitude of tolerance and understanding are all things that may be accomplished using this method. creative and critical thinking abilities are cultivated, as well as a willingness to examine oneself and one's assumptions. "multi-sensorial classroom experiences" (rahayu 2011) and appeal to learners with varied learning styles may be found in literature as a source of learner motivation. one of the best ways to improve one's grammar and linguistic abilities is to use this resource. the grammar and language of an argument. you don't need any formal 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 training to pick up these talents; they may be learned on your own by reading a lot. an english teacher may have to follow the prescribed curriculum and adhere to the prescribed content in textbooks, but in an english classroom, the teacher can bring in a literary feel by augmenting a nonliterary text with a literary one, by infusing a literary dimension to the text, and thus making it an invaluable motivational resource and an effective stimulus for language learning. references 1.literature and language teaching, oxford university press, 1986 by brumfit, cj and carter, r.a. 2.the handbooks for language teachers, new york, longman, 1991 by carter r. and long m.n. 3.literature (resource books for teachers), duff a & maley a, oxford university press 2007, p. 83. 4achieving fluency in the english language, orient blackswan, 2016 5there are many reasons to study literature, including the following: . 6https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/articl e/usingliteratureintroduction 7mundi rahayu: literature in language teaching, lingua: journal of language and literature, 2011. . 8skills annexe-functional english for success, orient blackswan (2013). board of editors. 9.english for engineers by sudharshana, n.p. and savitha, c., cambridge university press, 2018. issn : 2693 6356 2018 | vol 1 | issue 5 evaluation of anti hyperglycaemic activity of madhu (honey) in high fat diet induced diabetes an experimental study dr. m .santhyanarayana1 , k .sukumar2 1,2 assistant professor department of cardiology, guang′anmen hospital, china academy of chinese medical sciences , community healthcare center of shangzhuang abstract background: madhu (honey) is the only naturally occurring sweetener that has been around for a very long period. it's been used for centuries as both a meal and a medication. for example, kaphaja vyadhi (diseases caused by kapha dosha) and sthoulya (obesity owing to medo dhatu vruddhi; an increase in adipocyte bulk) are both conditions for which madhu is recommended in ayurvedic literature as a sarvapramehahara (curer of all forms of prameha). the purpose of this research is to see whether madhu has any effect on blood sugar levels. substances and techniques: obese wistar albino rats were fed a high-fat diet (hfd) and given the diabetes-inducing drug streptozotozin (stz). the dosage conversion formula called for 30 days of treatment with madhu that had been combined with triphala kashaya (samyoga) and treated with triphala kashaya (samskara). kevala madhu (pure honey), jala samskaarita madhu (honey processed with water), and a conventional medicine (pioglitazone) were compared statistically with a control group, a high-fat diet group, and another group that lost weight. initial results showed that all treatment groups saw a decrease in body weight and blood glucose levels. animals given a combination of triphala kashaya and madhu saw their body weights recover and their levels of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides drop significantly after treatment. the research found that madhu combined with triphala kashaya (samyoga group) had significantly more anti-hyperglycaemic and anti-hyper cholestraemic action than samskaritha madhu (processed honey group). keywords: activity against hyperglycemia, high-fat diet (honey), triphala, samyoga, samskara, (streptozotozin), and (stz) introduction lifestyle illnesses, which include diabetes, hypertension, cancer, obesity, and a broad range of metabolic disorders, are the most widely publicized health hazards of the modern period since they are responsible for more deaths than any other condition globally. it is estimated that 79.4 million people in india would have diabetes by 2030, the highest number of any country. obesity [2] raises the possibility of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. dyslipedaemia is characteristic of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus [3, 4], and dysfunctional adipose tissue [3, 4] is associated with obesity. [5] since both sthoulya (obesity) and prameha (diabetes) are santarpanotthavyadhis (diseases induced owing to excess feeding) [7], and share comparable causal causes, classical ayurvedic literatures provide thorough narrative regarding the role of medodhathu in both conditions. prameha samprapti is often attributed to abnormal medodhatu (bahuabaddhamedas). sthoola prameha (obese diabetes) and krisha pramehi (lean diabetes) are subcategories of prameha [8], the former of which requires idiomatic care. long-term treatment techniques have therapeutic implications that incorporate not just medication but also nutrition and exercise. sarvapramehahara, which combines madhu and triphala kashaya, is one of ayurveda's most often recommended therapeutic techniques [10]. [11] though purana madhu (old honey) alone has been attributed with lekhanakarma (scrapping), which is indicated in sthoulya, processing with dravyas having similar activities are mentioned in few texts of ayurveda. contradictory statements in classical texts regarding heating of madhu necessitate detailed pre clinical investigations on safety and efficacy. high fat diet along with low dose streptozotocin induced diabetes model in experimental animals is said to mimic type 2 diabetes in human beings. hence present study was undertaken to evaluate anti hyperglycaemic activity of honey in processed and unprocessed forms in streptozotozin/high fat diet induced diabetes in wistar albino rats. materials and methods freshly extracted un-processed honey was obtained from the bhagamandala honey society, kodagu district, karnataka and was stored in dry amber coloured glass bottles for one year to make it purana (aging process). streptozotozin was procured from srl chem-company. deseeded fruits of haritaki (terminalia chebula retz), vibhitaki (terminallia bellerica roxb) and amalaki (embellica officinalis gaertn) were procured from local market. fruits were pounded to obtain yavakuta (coarse powder) and mixed thoroughly to obtain triphala choorna (fine powder). kashaya (decoction) was prepared as per standard protocol of sharangadhara samhita. madhupaka vidhi (processing honey) was carried out using madhu and triphala kashaya in equal proportions as per kaiyadeva nighantu with minor modifications. [12] madhu and triphala kashaya were mixed in equal proportions for kashaya samskara process where as madhu and water was mixed in the ratio of 8:1 for jala samskara. instead of heating madhu directly over flame, water bath at (950 c) was used during condensation process to avoid charring of honey. [13] same procedure was adopted for preparation of jala samskaritha madhu (honey processed with water). preparation of normal and high fat diet high fat diet for wistar albino rats was prepared under standard laboratory conditions. ingredients of diet [14] (table 1) were mixed, converted into pellets, dried in hot air oven and stored in cool and dry container. table no. 1: composition of normal and high fat diet normal diet requirement per day per rat high fat diet requirement per day per rat constituents weight in gm constituents weight in gm whole wheat 3.24 whole wheat 2.72 yellow corn 3 yellow corn 2.72 barley 1.8 barley 1.36 milk powder 1.8 milk powder 2.04 bone meal 0.12 bone meal 0.13 calcium chloride 0.12 calcium chloride 0.13 salt 0.12 salt 0.13 oil 1.8 oil 1.36 vit. b12 0.048 vit. b12 0.054 butter 1.363 experimental study ethical clearance was obtained from institutional ethics committee, jss college of pharmacy, mysuru (ieac 210/2016) prior to commencement of the experimental study. healthy wistar albino male rats weighing between 100-150 g were procured from animal breeding facility, department of pharmacology, jss college of pharmacy, mysuru. experimental animals were sorted in 8 groups comprising 6 animals in each group (table 2). prior to commencement of experimentation, experimental animals were acclimatised for 15 days under standard laboratory conditions. regular rat feed and potable water was provided during this period. anti-hyperglycaemic study was conducted for 75 days comprising high fat diet administration for 30 days followed by induction of hyperglycaemia with two consecutive doses of streptozotozin injection (30mg ip) as per standard protocol. [15] after analysing serum glucose concentration, treatment to elicit anti-hyperglycaemic activity was continued for 30 days. except normal control group animals, other groups received high fat diet ad libitum throughout the study period. after induction of hyperglycaemia test drug was administered simultaneously along with high fat diet. normal group animals were provided with regular pellets and water. the standard drug, pioglitazone was administered in the dose of 30 mg/kg. [16] the dose of the test drug (kevala madhu, jala samskarita madhu, madhu mixed with triphala kashaya and madhu processed with triphala kashaya) was determined and carried out as per the earlier study as avaleha pramana. [17] dose for the rat was calculated on the basis of conversion formula. [18] 860mg/200g of honey was fixed as initial dose and calculated periodically based on change in body weight during study period. distilled water was used as media to administer samskaritha madhu, whereas group 6 animals received madhu mixed with triphala kashaya (samyoga group). group 6 and 8 received madhu mixed with triphala kasaya and water respectively. body weight and blood glucose levels of the animals was recorded before commencement of experiment and on 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th weeks. blood was collected from the retro-orbital area on 76th day and serum was subjected to cholesterol and triglycerides estimation. data was statistically analysed by anova method using graph pad prism 6 software for assessing level of significanc table no. 2: showing details of experimental groups group 1 normal diet control group group 2 high fat diet –untreated group group 3 high fat diet+streptozotozin untreated group group 4 high fat diet + streptozotozin treated with pioglitazone group 5 high fat diet + streptozotozin treated with triphala kashaya samskaritha madhu group 6 high fat diet + streptozotozin treated with triphala kashaya with madhu group 7 high fat diet + streptozotozin treated with jala samskaritha madhu group 8 high fat diet + streptozotozin treated with purana madhu observation and results all animals pertaining to 8 groups remained healthy with normal food and water intake and no abnormal behaviour was noticed during acclimatisation period. body weight: (graph 1) all animals gained weight till 5th week (before induction of hyperglycaemia) except in control group animals (normal diet). after administering stz (except in normal control and hfd group), all other group animals lost weight partially during 5th and 6th week but gained as the treatment continued with different forms of madhu as well as standard drug. induced untreated group animals continued to loose body weight. observation made at the end of 10th week (end of experimentation period) revealed gain in the body weight in all treated groups except in induced untreated group. among treated groups, standard drug treated animals gained bodyweight faster compared to other treated groups and among madhu treated group, kevala madhu (unprocessed and without mixing with kashaya) treated group gained relatively more weight of 20-25 gm. serum glucose levels: (graph 2) after administration of stz by 5th week, rbs levels of all treated groups as well as induced untreated groups increased considerably and changes were statistically significant compared to control group as well as hfd group (non diabetic). on 7th week, rbs levels reduced marginally in all treated groups. on 8th week, rbs levels among triphala kashaya + madhu (tsm), jala samskarita madhu (jsk), kevala madhu (km) and standard drug (stn) drug treated animals reduced considerably except in triphala kashaya samskarita madhu (tsk) group. when compared between honey treated groups, rbs levels of tsk group remained higher and tsm at comparatively lower point. at the end of 10th week, tsm and s tandard drug treated animals had rbs concentrations at relatively lower point and statistically significant (p<0.05) compared to tsk, km, jsk and untreated group animals. 0 week 2 week 4 week 6 week 10 week 0 week 4 week 6 week 8 week 9 week 10 week graph no.1: body weight (in grams) graph no. 2: rbs of all the group (mg/dl) serum cholesterol: (graph 3) among all treated groups (including standard drug experimental animals), tsk treated group animals showed very low concentration of cholesterol. among hfd and induced untreated groups, cholesterol concentration remained relatively higher and statistically significant (p<0.05) compared to other treated groups and control group. serum triglycerides: (graph 4) triglycerides level recorded among all treated groups as well as control group animals at the end of experiment remained at low. increase in triglycerides level was noticed only in hfd group. among changes observed between all treated groups and control group, stn drug treated experimental animals showed decrease in triglycerides level but was not significant statistically. graph no. 3: effect on s. cholesterol (mg/dl)graph no. 4: effect on s.triglycerides (mg/dl) 400mg/dl 240 300 180 200 120 100 0 tsk tsm jsk kmnc hfd iut st0 tsk tsm jsk km nc hfd iut st discussion honey bees collect nectar from different sources and presence of harmful microbes including clostridium botulinulinum have been reported in few tested samples. [19] probably such incidents might have prompted honey processing during medieval period. toxicity due to honey is reported to be reduced after processing. [20] though purana madhu alone has been attributed with lekhanakarma, which is indicated in sthoulya, processing with dravyas having similar activities may further potentiate desirable effects. honey is used as an“anupana” with number of other products due to classically specified “yogavahi” nature.60 heating (processing) method is much debated aspect about honey in both ancient and present eras. since specific madhusamskara is also mentioned in medieval texts for attaining specific outcomes, testing of processed honey becomes essential over experimental animals to establish safety and efficacy. earlier studies conducted over effect of different heating temperatures (650c and 950c) on hmf content of honey has not revealed much increase of hmf content beyond specified limits. [22] pasteurization is carried out to stabilize honey in most of the market samples by using temperature ranging between 720–1100c. heating honey up to 950c has not caused any change in antioxidant activity as reported earlier [13] and hence same temperature was employed in present study protocol. milliard reaction is the interaction between proteins and sugars of honey, during storage as well as processing. by-products of milliard reaction are said to bring desirable therapeutic effects [23-24] as milliard reaction products have been shown more antioxidant property. [25] dark coloured honey samples have exhibited more noteworthy antioxidant activity [2627] as mentioned in previous works. present study is based on processed honey with triphala kashaya which is exerted to maximum anti– hyperlipidaemic potential. [28] since non diabetic rats were used during previous study on hyperlipidaemia, [28] honey has been proved to act more on diabetic conditions rather non diabetic, [29-30] and induction of hyperglycaemia in high fat fed rats was planned as per established protocol. previous study conducted on samskaritha madhu (tsk) had revealed significant anti hyperlipidaemic potential. considering previous study mg/dl findings as well as available facilities and limited time frame, 30 day intervention period was planned [28,22]. both glucose and fructose have been found playing supportive role with each other i.e. glucose increases absorption of fructose through disaccharide related transport system while fructose enhancing uptake of glucose by liver and muscles resulting in reduction in hyperglycaemia due to activation of enzyme glucokinase, [31-32] which might have played important role in lowering blood sugar in present study. honey is a complex material having as much as 181 different constituents [33] having maximum amount of oligosaccharides exerting anti diabetic effect. [34-35] number of substances like flavonoids, phenolic acids and invert sugar associated with protein enzymes characterise honey constituents has established antioxidant/anti hyperglycaemic and cytoprotective potential, collectively or individually. differences in antiobesity and anti-diabetic potential of processed and unprocessed honey have been observed during study period. this may be linked to activation as well as deactivation of specific molecules during processing phase. elevation in invert sugar and brown pigment tends to increase by heating thereby increasing anti-oxidant activity. [36] fructose is reportedly delays gastric emptying and thereby delays food intake. increased phenolic concentration along with elevated fructose concentration must have caused reduction in body weight in tsk treated groups in which honey sample used was much darker. fructose is found to be stimulating insulin secretion from beta cells. [37] this together with enzymes such as glucose oxidase, catalase, ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds exert powerful antioxidant activity. [38-39] heating of honey though elevates fructose content, deactivates most of protein enzymes leading to shift in its efficacy. this might have caused significant anti-hyperglyceamic effect of unprocessed honey mixed with triphala kashaya. diabetes mellitus is characterized by impairment in lipid metabolism associated with elevated ldl levels. [40] disturbances in lipoprotein synthesis in diabetes mellitus [41] further leads to insulin resistance [42-43] through insulin signalling pathway. previous studies have established efficacy of honey in improving glycemic control through c peptide mediated insulin secretion and modulation. [44-45] honey is said to enhance insulin sensitivity in liver and muscle by increased glucose uptake resulting reduction in glycemic condition, [46] which may be the primary reason in lowering hyperglycaemic condition in test drug treated groups. conclusion madhu though stored for one year (purana madhu) will not lead to significant lekhana karma (reduction in body weight due to reduction in body mass through shoshana (drying/atrophy) as per sharangadhara samhita). purana madhu mixed with triphala kashaya is a potential antihyperglyceamic agent. triphala kashaya samskaritha madhu can be utilized in dyslipedemia in non diabetic conditions but samyoga (mixing) of honey with triphala kashaya exerts beneficial activity during diabetes associated with dyslipidaemia. hence, the present study establishes role of samyoga in obesity induced diabetes. references life style diseases. [internet]. 2018. 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oxidative stress and pkcdelta activation in adipocytes of obese, insulin resistant mice. am j physiol endocrinol metab. 2003; 285: e295-302 erejuwa oo, sulaiman sa, wahab ms, et al. glibenclamide or metformin combined with honey improves glycemic control in streptozotozininduced diabetic rats. int j biol sci. 2011;7: 244-52 abdulrhman m, el hefnawy m, ali r, et al. honey and type 1 diabetes mellitus. in: liu cp, ed. type 1 diabetes complications, pathogenesis, and alternative treatments. croatia: in tech. 2011: 228-33 erejuwa oo, sulaiman sa, wahab ms. honey: a novel antioxidant. molecules. 2012; 17: 4400-23 case study.cdr issn : 2693 6356 2018 | vol 1 | issue 4 necrotizing fasciitis: a case study of the use of the ayurvedic treatments ksharakarma (caustic cauterization) and jalukavacharana (hirudotherapy). rajesh v giri * * professor and head, department of post graduate studies in shalyatantra, muniyal institute of ayurveda medical science, manipal, chanai abstract an invasive infection of the skin and soft tissues, including the deep fascia, necrotizing fascitis, with relative sparing of the muscle. the treatment plan often includes removing the diseased tissue or maybe amputating the limb. the purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of ksharakarma (caustic cautery) and jalukavacharana (hirudotherapy) in the treatment of necrotizing fascitis to that of surgical intervention. substances and techniques: kshara was used on a case of an infected wound at the tip of the right index nger until enough debridement of slough occurred, and then jalukavacharana was used to speed up tissue perfusion to the wound site and hasten the healing process. after 15 days, the necrotized region had been totally debrided (in two ksharakarma sessions) and healed (in three jalukavacharana sessions), preventing the need for surgical amputation of the terminal phalanx. the necrotizing fascitis wound was successfully managed by ksharakarma and jalukavacharana, preventing the need for amputation. keywords: necrotizing fasciitis, gangrene, hirutotherapy, jalukavacharana, ksharakarma, and caustic cauterization introduction since ages, management of injuries has been a challenge to the surgeons of medical tissue injury in the form of wounds caused by vehicular accidents, warfare, animal attacks or ulcers caused due to various diseases, have always posed challenges to the practitioners of medicine. ayurveda, especially, the branch of shalyatantra (surgery). the various management methods explained by sushrutha in validity even in this century. traumatic wounds as a consequence to animal attacks and warfare (abhighataja vrana) and ulcers due to various pathologies (nija vrana) were observed and recorded in a detailed manner by ayurveda. the management of which posed a great challenge to the surgeons of ayurveda in ancient period. giving due importance, wound management has been described under the branch of shalyatantra [1]. a great in-depth description is available in sushrutha samhita (text book by sushrutha) regarding traumatic wounds, ulcers, their causes, examination methods and clinical features, signs of a clean wound, signs of a healing wound, signs of a healed wound, signs of infected wound, signs of chronic infected wounds and gangrenous wounds [2].sushrutha samhita describes 60 therapeutic methods [3] for the management of a wound/ulcer, right from the stage of abscess till the cosmetic repair of the formed scar (after healing). the present case study has been undertaken as a preliminary effort to re-validate the therapeutic modules explained by acharya sushrutha in the management of an ulcer (necrotising fasciitis).caustic cautery or ksharakarma is one of the important methods mentioned for the early non-surgical debridement of slough from the wound site. ksharakarma is considered as a superior treatment module as it not only has a unique effect of managing all the vitiated three dosha, but also has the ability to perform various surgical procedures like chedana (excision), bhedana (incision) etc without the actual necessity of any surgical instruments. the caustics extracted from the plant – apamarga (achyranthes aspera) and various other ayurvedic ingredients have a potent antibacterial property against escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas species [4]. thus caustic cautery has a potent antibiotic property and also debrides the dead, necrotising slough from the wound non-surgically. its role in the form of ksharasutra (medicated seton) has already been proved to be highly effective in the management of in ano[5]. hirudotherapy (jalukavacharana or therapeutic application of leeches) has been mentioned as one of the non-surgical methods of removal of located gratitha (coagulated or blocked vessels) rakta and thus the area. hirudotherapy by its anti-coagulant salivary secretions promotes micro-circulation of fresh blood into the tissues and removes venous obstructions, thus reducing venous congestion [6]. case study in the present study, a girl, aged 14 years, presented at the shalyatantra opd of the hospital, with an infected wound at the tip of right index with distal portions gangrenous 1). there was foul smelling discharge and pain in the nail bed – since 20 days with the local tissue around the nail bed was fast turning dark 2) and the nail was turning brittle. around the nail bed of the fig 1:non-healing wound fig 2: darkened tissue with gangrenous portions on taking a detailed history, about 20 days back, she complained of pain in the tip of right index with an associated mild swelling and fever. a local physician, diagnosing it as an abscess, conducted incision and drainage, and advised analgesics and antibiotics. but within a day, the swelling increased and blackish discoloration appeared. on visiting another surgeon, the case was diagnosed as a case of necrotising fascitis. i & d was again done, and thick creamy pus was drained and abscess cavity was found to reach bone. after thorough debridement and toileting, abscess cavity was packed with betadine and was advised iv antibiotics, 12 hourly. pus culture showed presence of heavy staphylococcus aureus growth. radiography clearly ruled out any osteomyelitis of the distal phalanx of the index on referral to a plastic and reconstructive, hand and burns surgeon, she was advised amputation of distal advised from the neighboring to avoid amputation and loss of most useful part of the more importantly to she approached for an alternative to amputation. after educating the patient regarding the treatment modalities available, and taking consent from her mother, she was put on caustic cautery and hirudotherapy measures. treatment history: washed with distillate of cow's urine and then, apamarga teekshna kshara was applied and left in situ for about 1 minute. the area was then washed with lemon juice (to neutralize kshara) and a pichu dipped in jathyadi taila was placed on the site. ksharakarma does ksharana and kshanana karma i.e. debrides and removes slough or the devitalized tissue from the site. hence care was taken to do ksharakarma only till slough was present in the site. two sittings of ksharakarma were done on alternate days, followed by three sittings of jalukavacharana on alternate days. after cleaning the area with warm water, one fresh leech was applied to the site for 15 minutes during the procedure, the leech was covered with a thin piece of cotton soaked in water to keep the leech moist. after the passage of 15 minutes, leech was removed by sprinkling turmeric powder on its anterior sucker. the site was then covered with a pichu dipped in jathyadi taila and bandaged tightly. fig 3: hirudotherapy on the non-healing wound oral medications 1. tab. munibyeotic 2 tid after food table. 5: grading of granulation tissue in the wound granulation tissue grade healthy granulation tissue in the complete 0 wound unhealthy granulation in 25% of the wound 1 area unhealthy granulation in 25-50% of the 2 wound area unhealthy granulation in more than 50% of 3 the wound area assessment of results 2. mahamanjishtadi kashaya 30 ml bd with equal water, before food was advised duration of the study duration of study was for 15 days, during which on alternate days, she underwent two sittings of ksharakarma , followed by three sittings of jalukavacharana.assessment of the results was made based on the above mentioned criteria and follow up 1 as f1, follow up 2 as f2 and so on, on alternate days. results: during the treatment it was observed that from the 3rd follow up the pain started reducing and by the end ofw up the pain had becoly assessment criteria a.subjective criteria–pain (table 1) table 1: grading of pain pain grade no pain 0 tolerable localized pain 1 pain requires analgesics 2 pain even during rest, disturbing the sleep 3 b.objective criteria–size of the wound (table 2), odor (table 3), discharge (table 4), granulation tissue (table 5) table.2: grading of the size of the wound size of the wound grade completely healed wound 0 up to 0.5cm 1 0.6 – 1 cm 2 1.1 – 1.5cms 3 table. 3: grading of odor of the wound odor grade no odor 0 foul odor 1 table. 4: grading of discharge from the wound discharge grad e no discharge, dry dressing 0 scanty discharge, little wet dressing 1 moderate discharge, requires daily dressing 2 profuse discharge, requires dressing twice a 3 day relieved, indicating that the therapy had a good healing property (table 6). the caustic cautery and hirudotherapy, reduced infection, pus and slough and along with distillate of cow's urine prevented reinfection of the wound and thus helped in the early relief in pain. till the 3rd follow up , though there were other changes, the wound size continued to be the same, and later there was good reduction and by the end of the 7th follow up the wound had completely reduced in size. after the slough, infected material had been debrided by caustic cautery, cow's urine, hirudotherapy and jathyadi taila, reduced venous congestion, improved micro-circulation and thus oxygenation might have supported early wound healing (table 6). the odor from the wound reduced by the 4th follow up. caustic cautery along with distillate of cow's urine, helped to control infection. controlled infection along with improved oxygenation to the tissue (through hirudotherapy) might have helped in early reduction in the odor from the wound (table 6). the most interesting was till the 4th follow up the discharge was constantly on the higher side, with improvement in other parameters. this indicates towards the debriding action of the caustics used in the therapy. caustics used could debride the slough from the wound without the necessity of any surgical intervention. fig 4: 3rd follow-up fig 5: 4th follow-up fig 6: 5th follow-up fig 7: 6rd follow-up there was a gradual decrease in the quantity of unhealthy granulation tissue in each follow up to be completely removed by the seventh follow up 5-11). this reduction in unhealthy debriding action of improved blood supply to the area. this reasserts the role of hirudotherapy and jathyadi taila in healing the wound (table 6). table 6: grade wise representation of therapeutic effect on assessment parametersfigure 8: 7th follow-up figure 9: 7th follow-up figure 10: 1 month after figure 11: 1 month after the 8th follow up the 8th follow up discussion the gomutra arka (distillate of cow's urine) has good antimicrobial property[7]. hence it was used for washing the wound site. various studies have also already proved that the kshara of achyranthes aspera has antibacterial property against escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas species [4]. the kshara debrided the gangrenous slough and along with gomutra arka provided a clean environment for the wound to heal. jalukavacharana by stimulating micro-circulation and assessment reducing venous congestion improved oxygen and nutrients perfusion to the healing tissues thus promoting the clean wound to heal [6]. jathyadi taila, the topical application also supported the faster wound healing [ 8] . jati mainly contains tannins. tannins have the capacity to combine with tissue protein and precipitate them. they act as mild antiseptics and check small hemorrhages; forms protective covering on the surface of wound, which helps in the process of wound healing [9]. tab. munibyeotic with its ingredients triphala, pippali, shuddha guggulu, swarna makshika bhasma, mukta shukti bhasma, shuddha gairika, kapardika bhasma, gandhaka rasayana, nimba twak, haridra – possesses immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti and anti microbial properties, s t imulatesphagocytosis, increases the level of antibody-forming cells and also specially sensitizes t lymphocytes. conclusion the procedures have revealed encouraging results in the management of infected, gangrenous wounds. their therapeutic application needs to be reassessed in a larger sample of cases and in gangrene of various etiologies viz, gangrene secondary to diabetic ulcer, gangrene secondary to arterial diseases in order to observe if the limb can be saved from amputation, thus providing a superior relief to the patient medically as well as psychologically. references 1. s u s h r u t a , s u s h r u t a s a m h i t a , vedotpatthiadhyaya, sutra sthana, chapter 1, verse 9, edited by ambikadatta shastry, 12th ed. varanasi; chaukambha sanskrit sansthan; 2001, p. 3 2. s u s h r u t a , s u s h r u t a s a m h i t a , vranasravavijnaniyamadhyaya, sutra sthana, chapter 22, verse 7, edited by ambikadatta shastry, 12th ed. varanasi; chaukambha sanskrit sansthan; 2001, p. 95 3. s u s h r u t a , s u s h r u t a s a m h i t a , dvivraniyachikitsitamadhyaya, chikitsa sthana, chapter 1, verse 8, edited by ambikadatta shastry, 12th ed. varanasi; chaukambha sanskrit sansthan; 2001, p. 4 4. rajneesh v giri, standardization and evaluation of guggulu based kshara sutra in thesis, ims, banaras hindu university, 2003. 5. sutra (medicated seton) therapy in the management of -in-ano, world journal of colorectal surgery 2010; 2(2) (art.6:01-10) 6. conforti m l, connor n p, heisey d m, hartig g k , e v a l u a t i o n o f p e r f o r m a n c e characteristics of the medicinal leech for the treatment of venous congestion, plast reconstr surg 2002:109:228-235 7. anami ahuja, pushpander kumar et al, antimicrobial activities of cow urine against various bacterial strains, international journal of recent advances in pharmaceutical research april 2012; 2(2): 84-87 8. dhande priti p, raj simpy et al, burn wound healing potential of jatyadi formulations in rats, research journal of pharmaceutical, biological and chemical sciences, oct-dec 2012; 3(4): 747 chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com for the treatment of dry eyes caused by the suppression of the jak2/stat3 pathway, a combination of runmu fengye tang preparation and hydroxysugar glycolic acid eye drops is recommended. dr.p.aravinda reddy 1, dr.v.ravikumar 2,dr.rafia 3,aashish r hajare 4, assistant professor 1,2,3,4, department of pharmacy, samskruti college of pharmacy, kondapur (v), ghatkesar (m) medchal dist, telangana, india. abstract the goal of this study is to identify therapeutic approaches that successfully address dry eye in clinical settings. methods: eye drops containing glycerol, dextran 70, and runmu fengliang tang (rmfs) were given to rabbits in a model of scopolamine-induced dry eye (hga). dry eye symptoms and lacrimal gland damage were assessed using schirmer's i test (sit), break-up time (but), and histopathologic exams (h&e). apoptotic cell count and th17/treg percentages were determined by flow cytometry, and jak2/stat3 pathway protein expression was assessed by western blot test. findings: in the rabbit scopolamine-induced dry eye model, the combination of rmfs with hga considerably enhanced tear production (p < 0.001), decreased tear break-up time (p < 0.001), restored ocular surface damage, and decreased apoptosis (p < 0.05) as compared to the group that received just one injection of the medication. furthermore, it suppressed the jak2/sata3 pathway and controlled the balance of cytokines associated to th17 and tregs. in conclusion, scopolamine-induced dry eye symptoms are alleviated in rabbit models when rmfs and hga are administered together, suggesting that this medication may be useful in the treatment of dry eye illness. collecting clinical data to examine the combination's effectiveness and safety should be the focus of future investigations. topics covered include: hypromellose 2910, runmu fengliang tang, glycerol eye drops, the th17/treg and jak2/sata3 pathways, and dry eye syndrome. introduction dry eye disease (ded) is a multifactorial ocular surface disease characterized by tear film homeostasis, ocular surface inflammatory response and damage, and ocular discomfort [1]. the reported prevalence of ded ranges from 5 to 34 %, with a higher prevalence in women and older adults [2,3]. in recent years, with the changes in the living environment and the extensive use of video terminals, the incidence of dry eye disease is increasing year by year and there is a trend of rejuvenation [4]. the ded is often associated with symptoms such as itching, foreign body sensation and burning sensation in both eyes, which reduce the quality of life of affected individuals. the chronic inflammatory state involved in de lead to vision loss or blindness if not treated promptly with appropriate therapies. however, treatment of ded is difficult and effective treatments are still lacking. thus, an investigation into effective drugs required for the prevention and treatment of dry eye is a key scientific task that needs to be done, as it will have practical and effective implications on the patients and therapeutics in general. in recent years, the study of immunomodulation has gained increasing attention and researchers have found that regulatory t cells (treg) and the helper t cell subset 17 cells (th17) play a very important role in immune-inflammatory diseases [5]. it has been shown that the development of dry eye disease is significantly associated with disturbed treg/th17 cell homeostasis and that blocking il-17 in vivo significantly reduces the severity and progression of the disease by restoring the treg/th17 cell ratio [6]. therefore, protection of chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com the homeostatic balance of th17/treg cells may contribute to the treatment of dry eye. traditional chinese medicine may also play an important role in the treatment of dry eye disease. therefore, the aim of this study was investigate the efficacy of a combined remedy using rmfs and hga in the treatment of dry eye symptoms in model rabbits. experimental animals and design a total of 30 healthy new zealand rabbits (2 3 months old, males = females = 15, 1.5 kg ± 0.45 kg) were obtained from key laboratory of medical biotechnology and translational medicine, embryo engineering laboratory, guilin medical university (guilin, china). all animal experiments were approved by the ethics committee of affiliated hospital of guilin medical university for the use of animals (grant no. gxzyc20220296) and conducted in accordance with the national institutes of health laboratory animal care and use guidelines [7]. all rabbits were housed in a single standard rabbit cage (2 rabbits/cage) at 21 ± 2 °c, 58 ± 9 % relative humidity and 12 h light/dark cycle. water and standard feed were provided ad libitum and they were allowed to acclimatize for 5 days. prior to the experiments, the animals were carefully examined and found to be free of ocular inflammation or obvious signs of abnormality. the rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups, with 6 rabbits in each group. the five groups were control group, model group, model + rmfs group, model + hga group and model + rmfs + hga group. control group did not receive any treatment while the remaining four model groups were treated by subcutaneous injection of 0.2 mg/kg scopolamine (sigma-aldrich, st. louis, mo, usa) four times a day (injected at 8:00, 11:00, 14:00 and 17:00 hours, respectively) for 28 consecutive days to induce dry eye. for the model + rmfs group, 51.85 g/kg of runmu fengliang tang (rmfs) was administered by gavage, twice daily for 28 days. in the model + hga group, hypromellose 2910, dextran 70 and glycerol eye drops (hga, alcon laboratories. inc, tx, usa) was administered into the eyes of the rabbits at 1 to 2 drops (approximately 0.025 0.05 ml) 4 times daily, for 28 days. rabbits in model + rmfs + hga group were treated with a combination of rmfs and hga for 28 days. tear volume (schirmer’s i test (sit)) and tear film rupture break-up time (but) were measured on day 0, 7, 14, 17, 21 and 28 for each group of rabbits and the experimental animals were euthanized on the 28th day. schirmer’s i test (sit) as previously reported, one end of the color bar schirmer strips (eaglevision, memphis tn) was folded and placed into the conjunctival sac in the outer 1/3 of the rabbit's lower eyelid. after 5 minutes, the filter paper was collected and the length of wetting was measured from the point of folding [8]. tear break up time (but) placing 1 μl of 0.1 % liquid sodium fluorescein into the conjunctival sac caused 3 blinks, which were recorded over several seconds and this was observed under a slit-lamp microscope with cobalt blue light (ckx41, olympus, tokyo, japan) until the first dryness of the tear film spot appeared. the time from eyelid opening to the appearance of the first dry spot was recorded and measured. the experiment was repeated three times and the average calculated. hematoxylin and eosin (h&e) the lacrimal glands of rabbits in each group were removed and treated with 4 % paraformaldehyde immediately and embedded in paraffin. then, tissues were cut into 4 μm slices and subsequently deparaffinized. thereafter, the samples were rehydrated and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (h&e). the images were examined under a light microscope and three pathologists who were unaware of the grouping of the animals were asked to evaluate each group of sections. flow cytometry for apoptosis detection experiments, rabbit corneal tissues from each group were removed and homogenates were prepared (one homogenate was made from each group of collected tissues). then they were digested with enzymes and undigested sections were filtered out using strainers to form single cell suspensions. next, the cells were stained with annexin v-fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc)/propidium iodide (pi) reagent (vazyme, nanjing, china) under dark conditions for 15 minutes. subsequently, flow cytometry (bd, facscalibur, usa) was used to analyze the percentage of apoptosis. for experiments to measure th17 and treg cells, lacrimal glands of rabbits in each group were taken and dried for 5 days and then homogenized (one homogenate was made from each group of collected chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com tissues). they were digested with pancreatic enzyme and undigested sections were filtered out using strainers to form single cell suspensions. then, single cell suspensions of the lacrimal gland were subjected to flow cytometry using the following specific antibodies: anti-cd4 antibody, fluorophoreconjugated anti-il17 antibody and anti-foxp3. the negative control samples were stained with the appropriate isotype-matched antibodies. data was analyzed using flowjo software (tree star, ashland, or, usa). western blotting (wb) the lacrimal gland tissues isolated from the rabbits were lysed using 1x radioimmunoprecipitation (ripa) lysis buffer (20-188, millipore, usa). the concentration of total protein was determined using a bca protein assay kit (beyotime, shanghai, china). protein lysates were separated by electrophoresis on a 10 % sodium sds-polyacrylamide gel (sds-page), then transferred to pvdf membranes (millipore, china) and treated with 5 % non-fat milk for 1 hour at room temperature. the protein was identified by incubating with specific primary antibodies overnight at 4 °c. information on the specific primary antibodies used in this study is as follows: anti-bcl2 (ab196495, 1:1000, abcam, cambridge, ma, usa), anticleaved caspase3 (ab2302, 1:1000, abcam, cambridge, ma, usa), anti-bax (ab104156, 1:1000, abcam, cambridge, ma, usa), anti-rorγt (ab91187, 1:1000, abcam, cambridge, ma, usa), anti-foxp3 (ab75763, 1:1000, abcam, cambridge, ma, usa), anti-p-stat3 (ab30647, 1:1000, abcam, cambridge, ma, usa), anti-stat3 (ab31370, 1:1000, abcam, cambridge, ma, usa), anti-p-jak2 (ab195055, 1:1000, abcam, cambridge, ma, usa), anti-jak2 (ab245303, 1:1000, abcam, cambridge, ma, usa) and anti-β-actin (ab8227, 1:1000 dilution, abcam, cambridge, ma, usa). the following day, pvdf membrane were washed 3 times in tbst and incubated with hrp-conjugated secondary igg antibody ((ab6734, 1:2000 dilution, abcam, cambridge, ma, usa) for 1 hour at room temperature. image j was used for quantification. statistical analysis mean ± standard deviation (sd) are used to express all the data. each set of experiments were repeated three times. graphpad prism (version 7.04) was used for statistical analysis. student's t-test was used for comparison between two groups, while one-way anova was used for comparisons between multiple groups. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. results treatment with rmfs and hga repairs ocular surface damage in the model group, the sit value decreased significantly with time compared to control group (p < 0.001), whereas treatment with rmfs or hga alone restored the sit value. interestingly, the increase in sit was more when combined treatment of rmfs and hga was used (figure 1 a). furthermore, as demonstrated in figure 1 b, the but of the model group was significantly shorter than that of control group and the decrease was inversely proportional to incubation time, while treatment with rmfs or hga alone enhanced the but of the model group. the but of the model group treated with a combination of rmfs and hga was longer than the single-administration group. next, pathological sections of the lacrimal gland tissues were made on each group of animals. the results showed that, compared to control group, the lacrimal gland structure was unclear, and the vesicles and lacrimal epithelium were of different sizes and disorganized in the model group. this observation was better modified when combined rmfs and hga treatment was used (figure 1 c). the combination of runmufengye soup and hydroxysugar glycolic acid eye drops could improve dry eye symptoms and repair ocular surface damage in a rabbit dry eye model. chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com figure 1: combined treatment with rmfs and hga repairs ocular surface damage in the rabbit dry eye model. (a) the schirmer’s test to evaluate tear secretion in the respective groups; (b) break-up time (but) and (c) pathological sections of the lacrimal gland tissue was performed by h&e in the various groups. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, compared with control group; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001, vs. model group; &p < 0.05, &&p < 0.01, &&&p < 0.001, vs. model + rmfs group; ^p < 0.05, ^^p < 0.01, ^^^p < 0.001 vs. model + hga group treatment with rmfs and hga inhibits cell apoptosis as depicted in figure 2 a, apoptosis rate in the cornea tissues significantly increased in model group compared with control group (p < 0.001). however, the rate of apoptosis was found to decrease significantly in both treatment groups with a more significant reduction observed in the coadministration group. this trend was also observed in the regulation of apoptosis and anti-apoptotic proteins as revealed in the western blot results. the protein levels of bax and cleaved caspase3 were significantly increased, while that of bcl2 was significantly decreased in the model groups (figure 2 b). interestingly, this observation was significantly reversed by the combination of rmfs and hga. taken together, the combined treatment with rmfs and hga inhibited cell apoptosis of cornea tissues in rabbit dry eye model. treatment with rmfs and hga regulates th17/treg related cytokine balance flow cytometry results show that the dry eye model group had a significantly increased proportion of th17 cells in the lacrimal gland, while rmfs combined with hga significantly suppressed this effect (figure 3 a). the proportion of treg cells in the lacrimal gland was slightly increased in the model group (p < 0.05), significantly increased in the rmfs or hga group (p < 0.001), with the most significant increase in treg cell population seen in the cotreatment group (p < 0.001; figure 3 b). chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com figure 2: combined treatment with rmfs and hga inhibited cell apoptosis of ocular surface in the rabbit dry eye model. (a) cell apoptosis as determined by flow cytometry and (b) protein levels of bax, cleaved caspase3 and bcl2 was measured by wb in the model group treated with the indicated drug. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, vs. control group; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001, vs. model group; &p < 0.05, &&p < 0.01, &&&p < 0.001, vs. model + rmfs group; ^p < 0.05, ^^p < 0.01, ^^^p < 0.001, vs. model + hga group th17 and foxp3, the transcription factor associated with treg, were upregulated in the model group compared to control group, while the combination of rmfs and hga significantly inhibited rorγt expression but caused a further increase in foxp3 expression (p < 0.001; figure 3 c). treatment with rmfs and hga inhibited the jak2/stat3 pathway as depicted in figure 4, the protein levels of p-jak2 and p-stat3 were upregulated in the model group, while the combination of rmfs and hga treatment decreased the protein levels of p-jak2 as well as pstat3 (p < 0.001). taken together, the combination of runmufengye soup and hydroxysugar glycolic acid eye drops inhibited the jak2/stat3 pathway. discussion dry eye disease is a multifactorial ocular surface disease characterized by tear film homeostasis, ocular surface inflammatory response and damage and ocular discomfort. it is highly prevalent and with symptoms such as foreign body sensation, burning and stinging, seriously affect an individual's quality of life and may lead to loss of vision or blindness if not treated promptly and appropriately [1]. however, the clinical therapy of ded is difficult and effective treatments are still lacking. chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com figure 3: combined treatment with rmfs and hga regulates th17/treg related cytokine balance in the rabbit dry eye model. the proportion of (a) th17 and (b) treg cells in lacrimal gland tissues of the model group treated with rmfs and hga alone or combined was measured by flow cytometry (c) the protein level of rorγt and foxp3 was measured by western blotting. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, vs. control group; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001, vs. model group; &p < 0.05, &&p < 0.01, &&&p < 0.001, vs. model + rmfs group; ^p < 0.05, ^^p < 0.01, ^^^p < 0.001, vs. model + hga group figure 4: combined treatment with rmfs and hga inhibited the jak2/stat3 pathway. the protein levels of p-jak2, jak2, p-stat3 and stat3 in the various groups as shown by western blot. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, vs. control group; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001, vs. model group; &p < 0.05, &&p < 0.01, &&&p < 0.001, vs. model + rmfs group; ^p < 0.05, ^^p < 0.01, ^^^p < 0.001, vs. model + hga group recently, chinese medicine has also played an important role in the treatment of dry eye disease. for example, astragaloside iv is a single compound extracted from astragalus membranaceus. it has a protective effect on the dry eye model induced by benzalkonium chloride (bac) and showed clinical amelioration effected by regulating the muc1-erbb1 pathway [9]. buddleja officinalis maxim eye drops downregulated the expressions of apoptotic factors bax, fas and fasl in the lacrimal gland of the dry eye rabbit model, thereby inhibiting lacrimal cell apoptosis and maintaining the basal amount of lacrimal secretion [10]. in this study, the efficacy of rmfs in treating dry eye disease was investigated. rmfs is composed of lilii bulbus (baihe), rehmanniae radix praeparata (shudi), angelicae sinensis radix (danggui), atractylodes chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com macrocephala koidz. (baizhu), rhizoma dioscoreae (shanyao), fructus ligustri lucidi (nvzhenzi), amygdalus communis vas (xingren), glehniae radix (shashen), polygonati odorati rhizoma (yuzhu), platycodon grandiforus (jiegeng), buddlejae flos (mimenghua), chrysanthemi flos (juhua) and licorice (gancao). rmfs has the effect of protecting the liver, strengthening the spleen, tonifying the liver and the kidney, fixing the lungs, dispersing wind, brightening the eyes and generating fluids, which repair the tear film function, thereby improving the symptoms of dry eyes. in this study, it was demonstrated that rmfs could improve dry eye symptoms and repair ocular surface damage. hypromellose 2910, dextran 70 and glycerol eye drops (hga) are artificial tears with the same ph, ionic concentration and protein composition as normal human tears, which improve clinical symptoms and are commonly used in the treatment of dry eye [11]. however, the drug is only a symptomatic treatment, as it does not completely cure dry eye, and it is not effective for some patients. the results of this study show that the combined chinese and western medicine therapy based on rmfs and hga has a therapeutic effect on dry eye patients. however, the specific mechanism of the effect of the combined treatment is not clear. by elucidating its molecular mechanism, it is possible to provide theoretical guidance for its clinical application. here, it was demonstrated that the combined treatment with rmfs and hga is able to modify the symptoms of dry eyes, including increasing tear secretion as well as repairing ocular surface damage. modern medicine believes that the occurrence of dry eye is closely related to neuroinflammation, apoptosis and reduced levels of sex hormones, and that these factors promote and influence each other [3-5]. the apoptosis of the corneal and conjunctiva epithelium caused by immune inflammatory response in the lacrimal gland is the main cause of the deterioration of the dry eye disease [12]. as reported in the present study, the corneal epithelial tissue in the rabbit dry eye model had more apoptotic cells than control group and combined treatment with rmfs and hga reduced the number of apoptotic cells of cornea tissues in the rabbit dry eye model. in recent years, regulatory t cells (treg) and helper t cell subset 17 (th17) cells have been found to play a very important role in immune inflammatory diseases [5]. among them, th17 cells promote inflammatory responses by secreting il-17, a cytokine, and retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt (rorγt), a specific transcription factor whose expression directly affect the differentiation and function of th17 cells [13,14]. treg has an immunosuppressive function, preventing the activation of autoimmune t cells, regulating the body's immune response, maintaining immune homeostasis and suppressing the development of immune diseases [11,15]. thus, th17 and treg cells exhibit functional antagonism towards each other, which may be an important factor in the homeostasis of immune function. it has been found that the development of dry eye disease was associated with a disruption in the homeostatic balance of treg/th17 cells, and that blocking il-17 significantly reduced the severity and progression of the disease by restoring the treg/th17 cell ratio [6]. a number of subsequent studies have confirmed that the inflammatory response mediated by an imbalance in the th17/treg cell ratio was an important cause of dry eye and that drugs increased tear film rupture time and tear production by modulating the th17/treg cell ratio, thereby restoring the histological changes in tissues such as cornea, conjunctiva and lacrimal glands caused by dry eye [16-18]. therefore, maintaining the homeostatic balance of th17/treg cells may contribute to the treatment of dry eye. in the present study, an imbalance in th17/ treg ratio was found in the lacrimal gland of the model group and co-treatment with of rmfs and hga regulated the balance of th17/treg related cytokine in the rabbit dry eye model. the janus kinase 2 signal transducer/transcription activator 3 (jak2/stat3) signaling pathway regulates inflammatory mediators involved in extracellular signaling pathways and plays an overall regulatory role in inflammatory responses and cell survival [19]. most importantly, the jak2/stat3 signaling pathway is also involved in the regulation of th17/treg homeostasis [20]. in t lymphocytes, activated stat3 mediates its downstream signaling pathway to enhance rorγt expression in initial cd4+ t lymphocytes, thereby contributing to the differentiation of cd4+ t cells to th17 [21]. previous reports have established that the expression levels of jak2 and stat3 are significantly increased in the lacrimal gland of a dry eye inflammation model and tear secretion in this model is promoted by inhibiting the activation of the jak2/stat3 signaling pathway [22,23]. as reported in this study, the combination treatment with rmfs and hga remarkably decreased the protein levels of the p-jak2 and p-stat3 in the model group. chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com conclusion the combination of rmfs and hga regulates th17/treg balance to inhibit inflammatory response and reduces cell apoptosis by inhibiting the jak/stat3 pathway. this treatment could be a potential therapeutic strategy for the management of dry eye disease. however, this study lacks clinical data to show the efficacy and safety of combined treatment with rmfs and hga. furthermore, there may be other molecular mechanisms of action for the combination of rmfs and hga in treatment of dry eyes that are yet to be identified. therefore, future studies should focus on clinical data collection to investigate the efficacy and safety of the combination. in addition, other pathogenic mechanisms of dry eye disease need to be investigated. references 1. jones l, downie le, korb d, benitez-delcastillo jm, dana r, deng sx, dong pn, geerling g, hida ry, liu y, et al. tfos dews ii management and therapy report. ocul surf 2017; 15(3): 575-628. 2. sutu c, fukuoka h, afshari na. mechanisms and management of dry eye in cataract surgery patients. curr opin ophthalmol 2016; 27(1): 24-30. 3. tsubota k, pflugfelder sc, liu z, baudouin c, kim hm, messmer em, kruse f, liang l, carreno-galeano jt, rolando m et al. defining dry eye from a clinical perspective. int j mol sci 2020; 21(23): 9271. doi: 10.3390/ijms21239271 4. bjordal o, norheim kb, rødahl e, jonsson r, omdal r. primary sjögren's syndrome and the eye. surv ophthalmol 2020; 65(2): 119-132. 5. lee gr. the balance of th17 versus treg cells in autoimmunity. int j mol sci 2018; 19(3): 730. doi: 10.3390/ijms19030730. 6. chauhan sk, el annan j, ecoiffier t, goyal s, zhang q, saban dr, dana r. autoimmunity in dry eye is due to resistance of th17 to treg suppression. j immunol 2009; 182(3): 1247-1252. 7. health nio: guide for the care and use of laboratory animals: national academies; 1985. 8. ding n, wei q, deng w, sun x, zhang j, gao w. electroacupuncture alleviates inflammation of dry eye diseases by regulating the α7nachr/nf-κb signaling pathway. oxid med cell longev 2021; 2021: 6673610. doi: 10.1155/2021/6673610. 9. chu l, ma s, chen z, cao w. astragalus ⅳ ameliorates the dry eye injury in rabbit model via muc1-erbb1 pathway. eur j histochem 2021; 65(2): 3198. doi: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3198. 10. qin g, zhou y, peng j, zhang y, peng x, peng q, yang y. the effect of buddleja officinalis maxim eye drops on morphology and apoptosis in lacrimal gland of experimental dry eye rabbit model. j ophthalmol 2019; 2019:5916243. doi: 10.1155/2019/5916243. 11. wolf d, gerhardt t, winkels h, michel na, pramod ab, ghosheh y, brunel s, buscher k, miller j, mcardle s et al. pathogenic autoimmunity in atherosclerosis evolves from initially protective apolipoprotein b(100)-reactive cd4(+) tregulatory cells. circulation 2020; 142(13): 12791293. 12. mei c, jie l, jun p, yu h, weijie o, xiaoqing l, zhibin s, changdong l, yi w, qinghua p. linarin ameliorates innate inflammatory response in an experimental dry eye model via modulation of the nlrp3 inflammasome. digital chin med 2021; 4(1): 42-53. 13. yang x, zhou f, yuan p, dou g, liu x, liu s, wang x, jin r, dong y, zhou j et al. t celldepleting nanoparticles ameliorate bone loss by reducing activated t cells and regulating the treg/th17 balance. bioact mater 2021; 6(10): 3150-3163. 14. britton gj, contijoch ej, spindler mp, aggarwala v, dogan b, bongers g, san mateo l, baltus a, das a, gevers d et al. defined microbiota transplant restores th17/rorγt(+) regulatory t cell balance in mice colonized with inflammatory bowel disease microbiotas. proc natl acad sci usa 2020; 117(35): 21536-21545. 15. meckiff bj, ramírez-suástegui c, fajardo v, chee sj, kusnadi a, simon h, eschweiler s, grifoni a, pelosi e, weiskopf d et al. imbalance of regulatory and cytotoxic sars-cov-2-reactive cd4(+) t cells in covid-19. cell 2020; 183(5): 1340-1353.e1316. 16. fu r, jiang y, zhou j, zhang j. rebamipide ophthalmic solution modulates the ratio of t helper cell 17/regulatory t cells in dry eye disease mice. mol med rep 2019; 19(5): 4011-4018. chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com 17. taketani y, marmalidou a, dohlman th, singh rb, amouzegar a, chauhan sk, chen y, dana r. restoration of regulatory t-cell function in dry eye disease by antagonizing substance p/neurokinin-1 receptor. am j pathol 2020; 190(9): 1859-1866. 18. ouyang w, wu y, lin x, wang s, yang y, tang l, liu z, wu j, huang c, zhou y et al. role of cd4+ t helper cells in the development of bacinduced dry eye syndrome in mice. invest ophthalmol vis sci 2021; 62(1): 25. doi: 10.1167/iovs.62.1.25. 19. zhao w, l l. strontium ranelate inhibits alveolar bone resorption in diabetic rats with periodontitis by regulating jak2/stat3 signaling pathway. trop j pharm res 2022; 21(12): 25832589. 20. shen m, lin b, qian f, zhao l, xi y, qian y. taxifolin ameliorates sepsis-induced lung capillary leak through inhibiting the jak/stat3 pathway. allergol immunopathol (madr) 2022; 50(2): 7-15. 21. you g, cao h, yan l, he p, wang y, liu b, shao f. microrna-10a-3p mediates th17/treg cell balance and improves renal injury by inhibiting reg3a in lupus nephritis. int immunopharmacol 2020; 88: 106891. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106891. 22. qu m, qi x, wang q, wan l, li j, li w, li y, zhou q. therapeutic effects of stat3 inhibition on experimental murine dry eye. invest ophthalmol vis sci 2019; 60(12): 3776-3785. 23. hu j, yao y, huang j, qian j, xiong y, miao w. erxian decoction modulates th17/treg cells differentiation through lfa-1/icam-1/stat3 pathway in menopausal dry eye disease. exp eye res 2022; 215: 108890. issn : 2693 6356 2018 | vol 1 | issue 3 kamdudha rasa, an ayurvedic formulation: a pharmaceutico-analytical evaluation m.sumathi,c h.kalyani , k. amalla123 assistant professor aau jorhat assam agricultural university, jorhat abstract background: the ancient literature rasaamritam describes kamdudha rasa, an ayurvedic herbomineral concoction. we classify kamdudha rasa (km) as a kind of kharliya rasayana. one of the samskaras (processes) listed that may assist bring about the desired change in the aforementioned medications is bhavana (levigation). the purpose is to make kamdudha rasa and examine it using the appropriate analytical parameters. methodology: pharmaceutical processes were done in five phases, preparation of guduchi sattva (powder of tinospora cordifolia), extraction of amalaki swarasa (fresh juice of emblica officinalis), shodhan (purification) of swarna gairik (sg) (orche) with go-ghrita (cow ghee), bhavana to shodhit swarna gairik by fresh amalaki swarasa for 21 times and finally addition of shodhit and bhavit sg and guduchi sattva in mentioned quantity along with mishri (sugar). loss on drying, extractive value in water and alcohol, ph, particle size, bulk density, tap density, and microbiological load were among the parameters tested in the subsequent physico-chemical analysis of the final product. results: kamdudha rasa exhibited analytical specs including ph 5.14, 37.5% water solubility, 5.5% alcohol solubility, and 0.01% w/w loss on drying. each bhavana spent around 6-7 hours a day on trituration. by the conclusion of bhavana, the final work had all the hallmarks of subhavita lakshana. the total rise in weight was 38.88%. hptlc at 254 and 366 nm showed that guduchi sattva was consistent with reference materials. in conclusion, bhavana has a significant impact on both product quality and medicine effectiveness. because of its hygroscopic properties, km must be kept in a dry, sterile, airtight container. keywords: physical/chemical analysis, kamdudha rasa, and bhavana introduction rasashastra and bhaishjya kalpana is a branch of ayurveda which deals the herbo-mineral formulations.[1] ayurveda, the ancient health science includes formulations of plant, mineral or animal origin. the medicinal formulations prepared in mortar and pestle are known as kharliya rasayana. most of the rasa kalpa require homogenous mixing of herbal and metalo mineral ingredients for which, khalwa yantra (mortar & pestle) is mostly utilized. hence nearly 80% of rasaushadhis can be categorised under kharliya rasayana and kamdudha rasa (km) too comes under the category of kharliya rasayana.[2] bhavana (levigation) enumerated as one of the samskaras (process) is helpful for the purpose of bringing about the desired alteration in mentioned drugs. application of bhavana process is not confined to shodhana (purification) and marana (incineration) or pishtikarana (powdering) of rasashastreeya dravyas, but it is one of the important pharmaceutical processes used in preparing herbal formulations as well as in preparing various herbal and herbo-mineral formulations. the selection of particular bhavana dravya is important in the process of bhavana as it enhances the qualities responsible for the same. for reduction in undesirable pharmacological actions of the drug also, bhavana dravya acts as antidote or detoxifier. [1] km is an ayurvedic medicine with herbal and mineral ingredients. it is used in treating gastritis (amlapitta) and bleeding diseases. [3]amlapitta is a common disorder which requires a cost effective formulation and which can be prepared very easily. km, mentioned by vaidya yadavji trikamji acharya in rasaamritam contains easily available drugs which are cost effective too. hence in the present study the formulation of km has been prepared as per the above reference and its preliminary physicochemical analysis has been carried out. [4]km, currently marketed is prepared as per the reference of rasa yoga sagar. those contain mouktik bhasma, praval bhasma, shankha, bhasma shukti bhasma, gairika and guduchi sattva. in the present study undertaken km was prepared as per the reference mentioned in rasamritam. materials and methods . https://www.careers360.com/university/assam-agricultural-university-jorhat?icn=college_page&ici=clg_714_college_listing_tuple observation & results the study undertaken was divided into two phases viz., pharmaceutical and analytical study. pharmaceutical study in this phase of study, following pharmaceutical processes were carried out i. preparation of guduchi sattva ii. extraction of amalaki swarasa iii. shodhana of swarna gairika with go-ghrita iv. bhavana to shodhit swarna gairik by fresh amalaki swarasa 21 times v. preparation of kamdudha rasa i. preparation of guduchi sattva physical impurities from guduchi stems were removed and washed with water. stem was made into pieces of 1-2 inches and crushed thoroughly to convert into slimy paste. this mass was further mixed with mentioned quantity (six times) of potable water in a stainless steel vessel and kept for soaking overnight (12 hrs) and covered with cotton cloth. on the next day this mass was macerated thoroughly in water for about 1 hour, filtered slowly through a clean four folded cotton cloth. the liquid was kept aside for 4 hrs for settlement. the supernatant liquid was decanted carefully. the sediment was shifted in to a tray and air dried under running fan. ii. extraction of amalaki swarasa 6 kg of fresh amalaki fruits were taken and cleaned well. swarasa was prepared but addition of water was required to get better yield for which 300 ml potable water was added. the final juice obtained was 4.5 litre. iii. shodhan of swarna gairika (orche) with go-ghrita first, gairika was made into fine powder then go-ghrit in 1/4th quantity was added and roasted on (low flame) moderate fire till it turns to brick red colour. iv. bhavana to shodhit swarna gairika amalaki swarasa was added in the shodhit swarna gairik till all the swarasa was soaked by gairika and kalka (paste) like consistency of swarna gairika was obtained. the details of quantity of amalaki swarasa and the duration of bhavana is mentioned in the table no.1. v. preparation of kamdudha rasa km was prepared according to rasamritam. to amalaki swarasa bhavit swarna gairika, powered and dried guduchi sattva was added in prescribed quantity which was equal to shudha swarna gairika. mishri was powdered and added to the mixture and mixed well. after proper mixing of all ingredients the weight of km was 1200 gm (table no.2). thus prepared km was stored in a airtight container. table no. 1: quantity of amalaki swarasa required for bhavana of shodhit swarna gairika (for 21 days) day of bhavana quantity of swarasa duration of bhavana 1st 2300ml 2hrs 2nd 100ml 6hrs 3rd 100 ml 5hrs 4th 100 ml 4hrs 5th 1200ml 5hrs 6th 200ml 4hrs 7th 200ml 4hrs 8th 1100ml 4hrs 9th 200ml 6hrs 10th 250ml 5hrs 11th 200ml 7hrs 12th 200ml 4hrs 13th 100ml 6hrs 14th 300ml 7hrs 15th 200ml 6hrs 16th 200ml 6hrs 17th 200ml 6hrs 18th 300ml 7hrs 19th 100 ml 5hrs 20th 200ml 6hrs 21th 200ml 6hrs total 7950ml 110hrs table no.2: ingredients of kamdudha rasa sr. no ingredients quantity 1 amalaki swarasa bhavit swarna gairika 300 gm 2 guduchi sattva (tinospora cordifolia) 300 gm 3 mishri (sugar candy) 600 gm total quantity 1200 gm analytical study in the present study, analytical evaluation of kamdudha rasa was carried out to develop preliminary standards. the samples were analysed first of all on the basis of organoleptic characters. the organoleptic characters involved the testing of samples using sensory organs. these are four subjective parameters – colour, taste, odour, touch. organoleptic features of samples are as shown in table no.3. table no. 3 organoleptic characters of kamdudha rasa table no.5: results of microbial load in kamdudha rasa test parameters result limits total microbial count 100 cfu/gm total bacterial count absent total fungal count absent pathogens should be absent / 10 gm e. coli absent salmonella spp absent pseudomonas aeruginosa absent table no.6: hptlc profile of guduchi sattva under 254 nm under 366 nm physico-chemical parameters analyzed were loss on drying, water soluble extractive value, alcohol soluble extractive value, ph, particle size, bulk density and tap density. the results are mentioned in table no.4. the microbial load of kamadudha rasa was with in normal level (table no.5). hptlc profile of guduchi sattva was visualised at at 254, 366 nm and in daylight. no. of peaks (spots) 4 rf values 0.04 0.50 0.58 0.73 no. of peaks (sopts) 3 rf values 0.04 0.50 0.56 4 peaks at 254 nm and 3 peaks at 366 nm was visualised (table no.6. & figure no.1). table no. 4 result of physico-chemical analysis of kamdudha rasa fig. no.1 hptlc of guduchi sattva parameter kamdudha rasa loss on drying at 1050 c. 0.01% (gain in weight) water soluble extractive value 37.5% alcohol soluble extractive value 5.5 ph 5.14 particle size 100 bulk density 0.4 gm/ml tap density 0.3921gm/ml parameters kamdudha rasa colour ash colour taste madhur, amla odour ghrita gandhi touch smooth discussion bhavana samskara is one of the pharmaceutical processes which has wide applicability in today’s modern era of drug manufacturing for its various merits. the merits include increased patient compliance due to acceptable dosage form, acceptable appearance and odour of drug, reduced dosage, minimum side effects and higher palatability. [5] the potency of drug is to be increased or decrease as per the need by adopting various samskara which may may be done with the help of agni, toya, agnitoya sannikarsha etc. among them bhavana is most important process to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of a drug. on this basis shodhit swarna gairika was given bhavana with fresh amalaki swarasa for twenty-one times which resulted in increase of weight of the drug. the swarasa required for the initial bhavana was more (2100 ml) than the subsequent bhavana (200 ml). the reason behind the decreased amount of liquid required for subsequent bhavana can be elicited by reduced porosity of powder by process of trituration. other reason for this may be decreased particle size which lowered the permeability. the porosity or pore volume of a material has been defined as the total proportion of air spaces contained between the solid particles of which the body is composed while permeability is restricted to interconnecting voids. [5] the organoleptic characters being a subjective nature cannot be evaluated numerically for reproducibility in the results. significant colour change was observed in km as compared to original drugs. it may indicate the absorption of contents from amalaki swarasa during bhavana and addition of guduchi sattva and mishri. taste was madhur (sugar) mainly and amla rasa (sour) additionally. it was found to be smooth in touch, twenty one bhavana with amalaki swaras might have resulted in fineness of km. for the analysis of moisture content, the drug was kept for loss on drying at 1050 c. the loss on drying in the sample was 0.5%. the water soluble extractive value was 36.2 % and alcohol soluble extractive value of km was 5.5 %. this indicates that the amalaki swaras used for bhavana dravya imparted its active ingredients in km. so it can be understood that the bhavana plays an important role in increasing quality of the product. the residue remaining after incineration is the ash content of the drug which simply represents inorganic salts, naturally occurring in drug or adhering to it or deliberately added to it as form of adulteration. the total ash is of importance and indicates to some extent the amount of care taken in the preparation of the drug. in the determination of total ash values the carbon must be removed at low temperature (450°c) because alkali and chlorides, which are volatile at high temperature, would otherwise be lost. the total ash usually indicates mainly carbonates, phosphates, silicates and silica. [7] in km, no change was observed when kept in muffle furnace at 4500 c, which may be due to oxidized form of gairika used. the ph value of km expresses the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a sample solution. the ph value of km was 5.14, indicating. particle size of the drug affects its absorption and the rate of absorption can be assessed by determining the particle size of the drug. the particle size of km was 100. bulk density of the km was 0.4 gm/ml which indicates that the particle size was bulky and did not allow much space between particles. microbial load of all drug samples were having microbial content under limit which is shown in table no.5. no any pathogens were detected in km. chromatographic study of guduchi sattva was carried out under 254 and 366 nm uv to establish the finger printing profile. it showed rf values of 0.04, 0.50, 0.58, 0.73 at under 254 nm and at 366 nm 3 bands were observed at rf value of 0.04, 0.50 and 0.56. as guḍuci sattva was observed to have hygroscopic nature, it readily gains moisture if kept exposed to environment, which in turn may promote microbial growth in it. thus, it is recommended to store it in dry, sterile and airtight containers. conclusion shodhana of gairika with goghrit results in conversion of its biophysical properties into more effective therapeutic activities. in the process of bhavana, amalki swarasa required for the initial bhavana was more (2100ml) than the subsequent bhavana (200ml) and there was a total yield of 38.88% weight gain. hence, we can conclude that bhavana plays an important role in increasing quality of the product without compromising its physicochemical properties. references 1. varma p. churna kriya on rasayana churna amavata with kupeelu (strychnous nuxvomica linn.). [md dissertation]. jamnagar: gujarat ayurveda university; 2013 2. ranjita v. guduchi tailguduchi ghrita-eka kushta (psoriasis). [md dissertation]. jamnagar: gujarat ayurveda university; 2006 3. zade rr, pendse vk, rajput ds. review artical rasaoushadhi described in bhaishajyaratnavali for the treatment of amlapitta ( hyperacidity). journal of indian system medicine. 2015;3(4) 191-96 4. joshi d. rasamritam, (with english translation), loha vigyaniyam adhaya, 2nd ed. varanasi; chaukhamba publications:2003, p.175-176 5. griffith aa. the phenomena of rupture and flow in solids. philosophical transactions of the royal society of london, 1921, a 221: 163–198. [internet] [cited on 15th may 2017]. available from: http:// www.cmse.ed.ac.uk/advmat45/griffith20.pdf 7. collision theory of chemical kinetics (or) kinetic molecular theory of rates of reactions. [internet] [cited on 15 may 2017]. available from: http:// www.adichemistry.com/physical/kinetics/collision/ collision-theory-kinetics.html http://www.cmse.ed.ac.uk/advmat45/griffith20.pdf http://www.adichemistry.com/physical/kinetics/collision/ issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 4 handheld sensors for use in sports biomechanics dr. abhi 1 ,v.balaji 2 , g.sujatha 3 ,g.lakshmi 4 1,2,3,4 associate professor, sreenidhi institute of science and technology (snist) , hyderabad,telangana,india, abstract: research in the subject of sport biomechanics aims to quantify athlete performance, provide coaches with effective tools and instructions to use in their training, and reduce the likelihood of injury. new technologies have made it possible to analyze athletes' motions in real time, without impeding their performance, by equipping them with tiny, wearable sensors. keywords: biomechanics, sports, sport psychology, etc. 1. introduction. these days, technology dictates almost every aspect of human existence. it is vital to meeting the needs of modern society. using cutting-edge technology, we can improve not just our capacity to keep tabs on people's health, but also their general level of comfort. here, we're using cutting-edge technology to detect life-threatening medical conditions, all in the name of getting patients the prompt care they need. the purpose of this study is to create a bluetooth-based system for continuous health monitoring. here, we employ max30100 sensors to track the patient's heart rate and spo2, and lm35 sensors to monitor core body temperature. wireless health monitoring system built on the arduino platform. arduino is a user community, opensource hardware and software project, and manufacturer of microcontroller kits for creating electronics and interactive installations.objects that can sense and control objects in the physical world. the functioning of this device is based on the truth that the blood level circulation during expansion and contraction of heart which can be sensed by heartbeat sensor. depending upon the rate of circulation of blood per second the heart beat rate per minute is calculated. this device consists of an arduino microcontroller which takes the input from the heart beat, temperature sensor and calculates the heart rate, spo2 and temperature of the patient. the micro controller takes the responsibility to sends the sensor data into the bluetooth mobile application using hc-05 bluetooth module. the microcontroller is programmed using embedded c language. motivation an embedded system is a combination of software and hardware to perform a dedicated task. some of the main devices used in embedded products are microprocessors and microcontrollers. microprocessors are commonly referred to as general purpose processors as they simply accept the inputs, process it and give the output. in contrast, a microcontroller not only accepts the data as inputs but also manipulates it, interfaces the data with various devices, controls the data and thus finally gives the result. the project “health monitoring system” is an exclusive project that can monitor the patient’s health parameters such as body temperature, spo2, heartbeat and sending them into the bluetooth mobile application. the main blocks of this project are: 1. regulated power supply. 2. arduino micro controller. 3. max30100heart beat, spo2 sensor. 4. lm35temperature sensor. 5. hc-05 bluetooth module. advantages: • wireless transmission of medical parameters. • real-time health parameters monitoring system. • using bluetooth technology. • patient’s health status can be continuously monitored. • low power consumption. • efficient design. • higher accuracy. disadvantages:  the system can’t work if the sensor fails. applications: we can implement this project in  hospitals methodology features • high performance, low power avr® 8-bit microcontroller • advanced risc architecture – 131 powerful instructions – most single clock cycle execution – 32 x 8 general purpose working registers – fully static operation – up to 20 mips throughput at 20 mhz – on-chip 2-cycle multiplier • high endurance non-volatile memory segments – 4/8/16/32k bytes of in-system self programmable flash progam memory (atmega48pa/88pa/168pa/328p) – 256/512/512/1k bytes eeprom (atmega48pa/88pa/168pa/328p) – 512/1k/1k/2k bytes internal sram (atmega48pa/88pa/168pa/328p) – write/erase cycles: 10,000 flash/100,000 eeprom – data retention: 20 years at 85°c/100 years at 25°c(1) – optional boot code section with independent lock bits in-system programming by on-chip boot program true read-while-write operation – programming lock for software security • peripheral features – two 8-bit timer/counters with separate prescaler and compare mode – one 16-bit timer/counter with separate prescaler, compare mode, and capture mode – real time counter with separate oscillator – six pwm channels – 8-channel 10-bit adc in tqfp and qfn/mlf package temperature measurement – 6-channel 10-bit adc in pdip package temperature measurement – programmable serial usart – master/slave spi serial interface – byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface (philips i2c compatible) – programmable watchdog timer with separate on-chip oscillator – on-chip analog comparator – interrupt and wake-up on pin change • special microcontroller features – power-on reset and programmable brown-out detection – internal calibrated oscillator – external and internal interrupt sources – six sleep modes: idle, adc noise reduction, power-save, power-down, standby, and extended standby • i/o and packages – 23 programmable i/o lines – 28-pin pdip, 32-lead tqfp, 28-pad qfn/mlf and 32-pad qfn/mlf • operating voltage: – 1.8 5.5v for atmega48pa/88pa/168pa/328p • temperature range: – -40°c to 85°c • speed grade: – 0 20 mhz @ 1.8 5.5v • low power consumption at 1 mhz, 1.8v, 25°c for atmega48pa/88pa/168pa/328p: – active mode: 0.2 ma – power-down mode: 0.1 μa – power-save mode: 0.75 μa (including 32 khz rtc) fig: overview the atmega48pa/88pa/168pa/328p is a low-power cmos 8-bit microcontroller based on the avr enhanced risc architecture. by executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the atmega48pa/88pa/168pa/328p achieves throughputs approaching 1 mips per mhz allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed. the avr core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. all the 32 registers are directly connected to the arithmetic logic unit (alu), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. the resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional cisc microcontrollers. the atmega48pa/88pa/168pa/328p provides the following features: 4k/8k bytes of in-system programmable flash with read-while-write capabilities, 256/512/512/1k bytes eeprom, 512/1k/1k/2k bytes sram, 23 general purpose i/o lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, a serial programmable usart, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, an spi serial port, a 6-channel 10-bit adc (8 channels in tqfp and qfn/mlf packages), a programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. the idle mode stops the cpu while allowing the sram, timer/counters, usart, 2 wire serial interface, spi port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. the power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. in power-save mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping. the adc noise reduction mode stops the cpu and all i/o modules except asynchronous timer and adc, to minimize switching noise during adc conversions. in standby mode, the crystal/resonator oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. this allows very fast start-up combined with low power consumption. the device is manufactured using atmel’s high density non-volatile memory technology. the on-chip isp flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system through an spi serial interface, by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer, or by an on-chip boot program running on the avr core. the boot program can use any interface to download the application program in the application flash memory. software in the boot flash section will continue to run while the application flash section is updated, providing true read-while-write operation. by combining an 8-bit risc cpu with in-system self-programmable flash on a monolithic chip, the atmel atmega48pa/88pa/168pa/328p is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. the atmega48pa/88pa/168pa/328p avr is supported with a full suite of program and system development tools including: c compilers, macro assemblers, program debugger/simulators, in-circuit emulators, and evaluation kits. comparison between atmega48pa, atmega88pa, atmega168pa and atmega328p . the atmega48pa, atmega88pa, atmega168pa and atmega328p differ only in memory sizes, boot loader support, and interrupt vector sizes. table 2-1 summarizes the different memory and interrupt vector sizes for the three devices. atmega88pa, atmega168pa and atmega328p support a real read while-write self-programming mechanism. there is a separate boot loader section, and the spm instruction can only execute from there. in atmega48pa, there is no read-while write support and no separate boot loader section. the spm instruction can execute from the entire flash. implimentation the project “health monitoring system” was designed a continuous patient health monitoring system using bluetooth technology. this project makes a use of max30100 (heartbeat & oxygen), lm35 temperature, bluetooth module. the main controlling device of the project is arduino uno microcontroller. arduino will continuously read the heartbeat and spo2 value through max30100 and temperature value from lm35 temperature sensor will be sent to the user android mobile application via hc 05 bluetooth module. to achieve this task microcontroller loaded program written in embedded c language. this project is implemented using following software’s:  arduino ide studio compiler for compilation part 4.1 arduino ide compiler: this instructable adds to any of the arduino on a breadboard instructables. 1. we need a microcontroller with a pre loaded bootloader, or must load your own 2. not all atmega328’s are equal (a bootloader, very simply, is a programme that sits on the chip and manages the upload of your sketches onto the chip) procedural steps for compilation, simulation and dumping: compilation and simulation steps: step 1: parts 1 x arduino on a breadboard 1 x arduino uno connecting wires arduino ide installed on your pc step 2: the approach we use the arduino uno to bootload the atmega328 that is sitting on the arduino-on-a-breadboard. this is fairly straightforward having an atmega328p-pu, but needs an extra step for an atmega328-pu. step 3: program your arduino uno as an isp ensure your uno is selected under the boards menu option, and upload the sketch. step 4: connect your atmega328 we need to program the arduino uno to act as an isp (in-system programmer), so that it can burn the bootloader onto the breadboard chip. 1. open the arduino ide 2. open the arduinoisp sketch (under file, examples) 3. if you’re using version 1.0 of the ide: search for void heartbeat and change the line that reads: delay(40); to delay(20); connect your uno to the pc, making sure it’s not connected to the arduino on a breadboard. now connect your atmega to your uno as follows:  uno 5v ---> atmega pin 7 (vcc)  uno gnd ---> atmega pin 8 (gnd)  uno pin 10 ---> atmega pin 1 (reset)  uno pin 11 ---> atmega pin 17 (mosi)  uno pin 12 ---> atmega pin 18 (miso)  uno pin 13 ---> atmega pin 19 (sck) in your arduino folder, find the subfolder.\hardware\tools\avr\etc 1. make a backup copy of the file: avrdude.conf 2. open the file avrdude.conf in a text editor 3. search for: “0x1e 0x95 0x0f” (this is the atmega328p signature) 4. replace it with: “0x1e 0x95 0x14” (this is the atmega328 signature) 5. save the file 6. restart the arduino ide 7. continue with the rest of the steps in the instructable, and once bootloading is complete restore the backup copy you made. in the arduino ide, from the tools menu:  under the board option choose arduino uno  under the serial port option ensure the correct port is selected  under the programmer option choose arduino as isp to burn the bootloader, choose burn bootloader from the tools menu you should see a message “burning bootloader to i/o board (this may take a minute)" once the bootloader has been burned, a message of confirming the success gets displayed. ”congratulations: you're now ready to load sketches onto your arduino on a breadboard!” conclusion: its design incorporates functionality from all of the deployed hardware components. each module's inclusion and placement has been meticulously planned to optimize performance. second, thanks to developing technology and cutting-edge integrated circuits, the idea has been realized. therefore, the project's design and testing phases have been fruitful. references 1. k. natarajan, b. prasath, p. kokila. "smart health care system using internet of things." journal of network communications and emerging k. natarajan, b. prasath, p. kokila. "smart health care system using internet of things." journal of network communications and emerging technologyes, 2013: vol6. issue 3. 2. zhang, r.s.h. istepanaian and t. t. "guest editorial introduction the special section: 4g health the long term evolution of m-health." ieee trans inf. tech biomed, 2012: vol.16 no.1 pp 1-5. 3. l. wang, g.z. yang, j. huang ,j. zhang, l. yu, z. nie. "a wireless biomedical signal interface system on chip for body sensors networks"." ieee trans. biomed, circuits syst, 2010: vol.4no.2 pp112-117. 4. daeilkwon, melida, hodkiew. "iot based prognostics and systems health management for industrial applications." ieee special secion on trends and advances for ambient intellligence with internet of things(iot) systems, 2016. 5. l.wing. "ge's big bet on data and analytics in proc." mit sloan manage rev,, 2016: 1-6. 6. d.j.patil, t.h. davenport and. "data scientist: the sexiest job of 21st century." harvard bus rec, 2012. 7. court, d. barton and d. "advanced analytics work for you." harvard bus rev, 2012. 8. m. gorlatova, j. sarik, g. grebla m. cong, i. kymissis and g. zuddman. "movers and shakers; kinetic energy harvesitng for interntet of things." ieee j. sel areas communications, 2015: 1624-1629 9. r. drath and a. horch. "industrie 4.0 hit or hype [ industry forumm]." ieee ind. electro . mag., 2014: vol 8. no2. pp 56-58. 10. s. cheng, m.h, azarian and m. pecht. "sensor system for prognostics and health mangement." sensors, 2010: vol.10 no.6 issn : 2693 6356 2019 | vol 2 | issue 2 an analysis of pre-screening's impact on cyber insurance policies and the role of security dependence g.anusha 1 , p.ramesh babu 2 1 m.c.a student, dept of m.c.a, amrita sai institute of science & technology, paritala, a.p., india 2 associate professor, dept of cse, amrita sai institute of science & technology, paritala, a.p., india abstract insuring against cyber attacks is a practical solution for transferring risk. however, it has been shown that the condition of network security may or may not improve, depending on the characteristics of the underlying environment. in this study, we focus on a single, profit-maximizing insurer (principal) working with insureds/clients (agents) who are providing their services willingly. we focus on two specific aspects of cyber security and how they affect the contract design issue. the first is that cyber security is inherently reliant on the actions of other entities within the same ecosystem (i.e. externalities), making it difficult for any one institution to ensure its own security in isolation. the second is that we can now conduct precise quantitative evaluations of an organization's security posture thanks to recent developments in internet measurement and the use of machine learning methods. it may be used to conduct preliminary security checks on potential customers, sometimes known as "prescreening," to facilitate premium differentiation and the creation of tailored policies. we show that the inefficient effort levels of interdependent agents who do not account for the risk externalities when insurance is not available create a "profit opportunity" for the insurer, in addition to the usual profit that an insurer makes from risk transfer. the insurer can "sell commitment" to interdependent agents in addition to insuring their risks thanks to the results of security pre-screening, which allow the insurer to capitalize on an additional profit opportunity. we determine the circumstances under which this sort of contract results in not only greater principle profit but also enhanced network security. search terms: framework, python, django, mysql, and wampserver. introduction existing studies investigate the impact of insurance on agents' security costs, and take into account competitive insurance markets under compulsory insurance. the authors of demonstrate that when insurance is present, the condition of network security is typically worse than in the no-insurance situation, even when the market is competitive and the agents are all the same. existing research demonstrate that introducing insurance cannot enhance network security in a network with heterogeneous agents. analyze how investments change as the degree of dependency between agents changes, and prove that investment drops down sharply as interdependence rises. examine a competitive market with and without moral hazard, assuming that all agents are acting voluntarily. without moral hazard, the insurer may see the agents' security investments and charge them a different premium depending on those investments. they demonstrate how agents might be incentivized to expand their investments in self-defense in such a market. they demonstrate, however, that the market does not provide an incentive for upgrading agents' investments when moral hazard is present. in the current system, researchers have examined how insurance affects network security when the insurer is a monopolist that seeks to maximize shareholder value at the expense of policyholders. in these models, agents are motivated by premium discrimination—that is, agents with larger investments in security pay lower premiums— because the insurer's purpose is to maximize societal welfare under the assumption of compulsory insurance. therefore, these investigations demonstrate that insurance may result in increased network safety. existing literature examines a market for insurance with a monopolistic profit-maximizing insurer under the premise of voluntary participation, and concludes that insurance cannot enhance network security in the face of moral hazard. purpose of the project cyber insurance contract design for riskaverse and risk-neutral agents by a single profitmaximizing insurer. we demonstrated that although introducing insurance reduces network security amongst unrelated agents, the outcome may change between related agents. in particular, we demonstrated that the inefficient effort levels exerted by free-riding agents when insurance is unavailable but interdependency is present creates a profit opportunity for the insurer, in addition to the typical profit that an insurer earns from risk transfer. we demonstrated that security prescreening provides the insurer with a chance to boost profits by marketing commitment to mutually dependent agents and creating incentives for agents to put in more effort. existing system in this study, we'll investigate whether or not cyber insurance may be used to motivate better network security practices. different from the bulk of the previous research, we adopt two model assumptions that we feel better depict the actual status of cyber insurance markets: we will assume a profit-maximizing cyber insurer, and we shall assume that agents may choose not to purchase a contract if they so choose. we highlight the interdependence of security and the availability of risk assessment as two key aspects of cyberinsurance under this paradigm. because of recent developments in internet measurements and machine learning methods, we can now conduct precise, quantitative security posture assessments at the enterprise level, which explains the first characteristic. to reduce the risk of moral hazard via premium discrimination and the creation of tailor-made policies, this may be utilized in the preliminary security audit or pre-screening of a new customer. the second distinguishing element is the interdependent nature of security, which is the observation that an entity's security status often relies on the efforts of other entities engaging with it within the eco-system as well as the entity's own efforts towards adopting security measures. because of this interdependence, the insurer has a contract design challenge in that it must provide protection to each insured against financial loss resulting from both direct and indirect violations. proposed system existing studies investigate the impact of insurance on agents' security costs, and take into account competitive insurance markets under compulsory insurance. the authors of demonstrate that when insurance is present, the condition of network security is typically worse than in the no-insurance situation, even when the market is competitive and the agents are all the same. existing research demonstrate that introducing insurance cannot enhance network security in a network with heterogeneous agents. analyze how investments change as the degree of dependency between agents changes, and prove that investment reduces as interdependence grows. examine a competitive market with and without moral hazard, assuming that all agents are acting voluntarily. without moral hazard, the insurer may see the agents' security investments and charge them a different premium depending on those investments. they demonstrate how agents might be incentivized to expand their investments in self-defense in such a market. they demonstrate, however, that the market does not provide an incentive for upgrading agents' investments when moral hazard is present. in the current system, researchers have examined how insurance affects network security when the insurer is a monopolist that seeks to maximize shareholder value at the expense of policyholders. in these models, agents are motivated by premium discrimination—that is, agents with larger investments in security pay lower premiums— because the insurer's purpose is to maximize societal welfare under the assumption of compulsory insurance. therefore, these investigations demonstrate that insurance may result in increased network safety. existing literature examines a market for insurance with a monopolistic profit-maximizing insurer under the premise of voluntary participation, and concludes that insurance cannot enhance network security in the face of moral hazard. objectives 1. input design is the process of converting a user-oriented description of the input into a computer-based system. this design is important to avoid errors in the data input process and show the correct direction to the management for getting correct information from the computerized system. 2. it is achieved by creating userfriendly screens for the data entry to handle large volume of data. the goal of designing input is to make data entry easier and to be free from errors. the data entry screen is designed in such a way that all the data manipulates can be performed. it also provides record viewing facilities. 3. when the data is entered it will check for its validity. data can be entered with the help of screens. appropriate messages are provided as when needed so that the user will not be in maize of instant. thus the objective of input design is to create an input layout that is easy to follow output design a quality output is one, which meets the requirements of the end user and presents the information clearly. in any system results of processing are communicated to the users and to other system through outputs. in output design it is determined how the information is to be displaced for immediate need and also the hard copy output. it is the most important and direct source information to the user. 1. designing computer output should proceed in an organized, well thought out manner; the right output must be developed while ensuring that each output element is designed so that people will find the system can use easily and effectively. when analysis design computer output, they should identify the specific output that is needed to meet the requirements. 2.select methods for presenting information. 3.create document, report, or other formats that contain information produced by the system. the output form of an information system should accomplish one or more of the following objectives.  convey information about past activities, current status or projections of thefuture.  signal important events, opportunities, problems, or warnings.  trigger an action.  confirm an action. system architecture this growing market has motivated an extensive literature which aims to understand the unique characteristics of these emerging contracts, their effect on the insureds’ security expenditure, and the possibility of leveraging these contracts to shape users’ behavior and improve the state of cybersecurity; see section ii for an overview of the related literature. the conclusions of these studies depend on the assumptions on the insurance market model (profit maker vs. welfare maximizing insurers), the agents’ (insured’s) participation decisions (compulsory vs. voluntary insurance), and the assumed model of interdependency among the insured. screens shots conclusion we looked at the issue of a single profit-maximizing insurer establishing cyber insurance contracts for both risk-neutral and risk-averse agents. we demonstrated that although introducing insurance reduces network security amongst unrelated agents, the outcome may change between related agents. in particular, we demonstrated that the inefficient effort levels exerted by free-riding agents when insurance is unavailable but interdependency is present creates a profit opportunity for the insurer, in addition to the typical profit that an insurer earns from risk transfer. we demonstrated that security prescreening provides the insurer with a chance to boost profits by marketing commitment to mutually dependent agents and creating incentives for agents to put in more effort. we demonstrate the circumstances under which these contracts lead to not only better network security but also higher profits for the principal and more benefits for the agents. future enhancements studying the problem with pre-screening under partial information assumptions would be an important direction of future research; this would include imperfect knowledge of the agents’ type by the principal as well as imperfect knowledge of the interdependence relationship by the agents and the principal. other modeling choices such as alternative use of pre-screening assessment (as opposed to linear discounts on premiums), and more general ways of capturing correlated risks (e.g., joint distribution of losses as opposed to average loss being a function of joint effort), would also be of great interest. finally, a competitive market setting and its effects on network security is also worth studying. bibilography [1] m. m. khalili, p. naghizadeh, and m. liu, ―designing cyber insurance policies: mitigating moral hazard through security prescreening,‖ in the 7th international eai conference on game theory fo networks (gamenets), 2017. [2] m. m. khalili, p. naghizadeh, and m. liu, ―designing cyber insurance policies in the presence of security interdependence,‖ in the 12th workshop on the economics of networks, systems and computation (netecon), 2017. [3] c. hemenwa, ―abi research: cyber insurance market to reach $10b by 2020,‖ www.advisenltd.com/2015/07/30/abiresearchcyber-insurance-market-to-reach-10b-by 2020/, 2015. [4] insurance information institute, ―u.s. cyber insurance market demonstrates growth, innovation in wake of high profile data breaches,‖ www.iii.org/pressrelease/us-cyberinsurancemarketdemonstrates-growthinnovation-in-wakeof-high-profile-databreaches102015, 2015. [5] n. shetty, g. schwartz, and j. walrand, ―can competitive insurers improve network security?,‖ in the third international conference on trust and trustworthy computing (trust), 2010. [6] n. shetty, g. schwartz, m. felegyhazi, and j. walrand, ―competitive cyberinsurance and internet security,‖ economics of information security and privacy, pp. 229–247, 2010. [7] g. schwartz, n. shetty, and j. walrand, ―cyber-insurance: missing market driven by user heterogeneity,‖ 2010. [8] g. a. schwartz and s. s. sastry, ―cyberinsurance framework for large scale interdependent networks,‖ in the third international conference on high confidence networked systems, 2014. [9] h. ogut, n. menon, and s. raghunathan, ―cyber insurance and it security investment: impact of interdependence risk,‖ in the workshop on the economics of information security, 2005. [10] z. yang and j. c. s. lui, ―security adoption and influence of cyber-insurance markets in heterogeneous networks,‖ performance evaluation, vol. 74, pp. 1–17, apr. 2014. http://www.advisenltd.com/2015/07/30/abi-researchcyber-insurance-market-to-reach-10b-byhttp://www.advisenltd.com/2015/07/30/abi-researchcyber-insurance-market-to-reach-10b-byhttp://www.iii.org/pressrelease/us-cyber issn : 2693 6356 2018 | vol 1 | issue 1 ancient and contemporary terms for inflammation r.srinivas1 ,c h.ashok2 , m.mohan dhas3 post graduate institute of medical education and research chandigarh, chandigarh abstract inflammation is a complicated biological reaction involving immune cells, blood vessels, and chemical mediators that occurs in response to damaging stimuli [pathogens, injured cells, or irritants]. inflammation helps mend injured tissues by getting rid of dead cells and other debris left behind from the initial insult and the inflammation itself. shotha, shopha, svayatu, utsedha, and samhata are all terms for inflammation in ayurveda. the intention of this review is to provide readers with some foundational understanding of inflammation in ayurveda that may be used for therapeutic and preventative measures. the following literature evaluation draws on sources mentioned in foundational ayurvedic writings as well as contemporary publications that are both relevant and helpful. consistent inflammation over time is a hallmark of every degenerative condition. ayurveda correctly identifies inflammation and the resulting oedema as a pathogenic symptom. inflammation is seen as a normal part of the body's healing process for wounds in contemporary medicine. the three ways that inflammation is seen in ayurveda—as a symptom, a sickness, and a consequence of other diseases—are all distinct. inflammation is a prevalent pathogenic characteristic among degenerative disorders. sroto dushti (channel obstruction) by aama (toxic waste of metabolism) causes inflammation-related abnormalities in micro channel circulation. many chronic degenerative diseases may be avoided if aama production is curbed. the research indicates that an appreciation of the idea of inflammation is essential for the prevention and treatment of a wide range of medical and surgical problems, particularly those that are chronic and degenerative. keywords: shotha, sroto dushti, inflammation, chronic degenerative diseases, ayurveda, and aama introduction vranashotha, or inflammation, is described at length in both the brihattrayeeas and the laghutrayee, the three main and minor ayurvedic treatises. shotha, shopha, svayathu, utsedha, and samhata are all names for it that are used in various circumstances. it causes swelling, weight gain, and discomfort. disease, symptom, and consequence all have been treated approaches to inflammation. among the five indications of inflammation recognized by current science are function laesa (loss of function), rubor (redness), calor (increased heat), tumour (swelling), and dolour (pain). inflammation is a complex network of molecular and cellular interactions geared toward homeostasis, and it is now widely accepted as a healing response of the body to cell harm caused to trauma or infection. without proper care, inflammation may persist and cause permanent harm to the tissues around it. [1] inflammation is an immune cell, blood vessel, and molecular mediator-driven element of the body's complicated biological defensive reaction to infections, injured cells, or irritants. inflammation serves primarily to tissue repair may begin if the underlying source of cell injury has been removed, necrotic cells have been removed, and inflammation has subsided. as opposed to adaptive immunity, which is tailored to each individual pathogen, innate immunity relies on a more general reaction known as inflammation. [2] the inflammatory response may be detrimental to an organism's existence if it allows the toxic stimuli (such as bacteria) to gradually destroy tissues. chronic inflammation, on the other hand, has been linked to conditions including asthma, allergies, cardiovascular disease, and even cancer. therefore, the body generally tightly controls inflammation. the inflammatory response involves the local vascular system, the immune system, and numerous cells inside the wounded tissue, and it spreads and evolves via a sequence of biochemical reactions. when inflammation persists over an extended period of time (known as chronic inflammation), the types of cells present at the site of inflammation, such as mononuclear cells, gradually change. [3] because of its importance, the current research aims to compare and contrast the ayurvedic and western perspectives on inflammation. materials & methods the present literary review of basic consideration of inflammation has been done incorporating important ayurveda texts/samhita like charaka, sushruta and ashtanga samgraha for the different aspects associated with inflammation and a possible correlation was attempted with the subject of inflammation by referring robins and cotran’s pathological basis of diseases. [4] shotha or any other symptoms mentioned frequently with degenerative disorders were also noted. observations chronic inflammation is a cardinal sign of chronic degenerative disorders. a low grade chronic inflammation is also the symptom of most ageing and degenerative diseases. most of the age related diseases such as arthritis, diabetes, osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, parkinson’s disease and alzheimer’s disease are underlined by chronic inflammation. unfortunately, chronic inflammation precedes most cancers. rudolf virchow, the german physician in the 19th century suggested a link between inflammation and cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and other chronic diseases. recently, observations have been confirmed and a molecular basis of most chronic diseases and the associated inflammation has been identified as suggested by virchow. [5] according to ayurveda, inflammation can be considered as a vascular and cellular reaction. any disturbances or vitiation in the channels of microcirculation (srotodushti) leads to (a) excessive functioning (b) obstruction or inadequate activity (c) tumour or new growths and (d) movements in unnatural directions. [6] the first inflammatory response is usually increased activity (vascularity) in the form of excessive exudates and protein release into the extracellular matrix. then there is obstruction leading to change in the rate of diffusion of nutrients, oxygen and wastes. the hampered diffusion leads to oedema, tumours. movement in unusual direction may be due to reverse osmosis as a result of electrolyte differences. all the clogging of the micro-channel has been attributed to aama which is the toxic byproduct of improper digestion. aama is considered as the pre and post inflammatory waste and the chief contributor to srotodushti (vitiation of body constitution). [7] it is interesting to note that there have been suggestions to quantify and qualify aama according to its description in ayurveda. that the aama status of a person in a very personalised form of treatment could actually be regarded as a biomarker for chronic inflammation leading to metabolic syndrome and cancer will perhaps pave the way for preventive oncology and prevention of life style disorders. [8] according to ayurveda, granthi-arbuda or tumour formation is considered as a form of inflammation. [ 9 ] the exact knowledge of inflammation can be significantly used in surgical practice. discussion inflammation can be acute and chronic. it is body’s response to trauma or infection. in fact, it is a one of the mechanisms of healing process in which microbiological interactions are directed to facilitate a return to physiological homeostasis and tissue repair. the response is composed of both local events and a systemic activation mediated by kinin and cytokines. if tissues health is not restored inflammation becomes chronic and continually damages host tissue. [10] chronicity always leads many complications like non healing wound, excessive fibrosis, callosity, tumours etc. ayurveda considers inflammation either as a cause, symptom or complication of many degenerative conditions. inflammation is a reply, response or answer given by our body to trauma, injury, infection or ischemia. inflammation can be acute, subacute and chronic. also it could be severe or mild/low grade. the phenomenon is concerned with almost every disease. so it becomes mandatory to understand basic understanding of inflammation. the description of inflammation in the samhitas gives better idea about the subject. in most of the ayurveda texts, inflammation is mentioned as a pathological condition. also inflammation has been described as an independent disease. the disease shotha includes both oedema and oedematous inflammation. in samhitas, there are separate chapters covering shotha/shopha as a disease. [11] in charaka samhita, shotha is classified as 1. ekanga (localised) 2. ardhanga (regional) 3. sarvanga (general) shotha also has been mentioned as an independent disease in charaka samhita. inflammation associated with oedema has been treated as an independent disease. shotha as a disease indicates oedematous condition with general symptoms of heaviness, instability, an elevation of heat, thinning of veins and discolouration. [12]symptoms akin to increased vascularity like increase in temperature and increased venous pressure have been considered as the prodromal symptoms of shotha. [13] the classification of shotha is based on aetiology of two types. (1) nija (endogenous-intrinsic factors) and (2) agantuja (exogenous-extrinsic factors) the description of shotha is quite complete and proves the extent and depth of knowledge of this pathological condition in india since ancient time. as acharya sushruta considered rakta (blood) as a fourth dosha (humour) and being from dhanwantari sampradaya (surgical discipline), he has classified shotha slightly differently and has mentions raktaja shopha\ (inflammation due to disorders in blood) and vranashotha i.e. inflammation in wounds.[14] shotha is also described as a complication of diseases charaka described seven inflammatory swelling that arises as complications of uncontrolled diabetes where as sushruta and vagbhatta listed these as ten.[15] charaka also mentioned inflammatory swellings occurring in the absence of diabetes, but with obesity as a triggering factor.[16] inflammatory swellings such as sharavika, kacchapika, jalini, have been explained as difficult to treat in obese persons. [17] prognosis of inflammation has been linked to obesity. this establishes the awareness of the relationship between inflammation and metabolic disorders. all the acharya of ayurveda have considered vidradhi or abscess as one of the 10 inflammatory swellings. [18] this could occur externally and also internally (in vital organs). [19] inflammation has been understood as a symptom of an abscess. [20] neoplasia (granthi) has been considered as a form of hard elevation occurring due to nonresolving of oedematous inflammation which is a result of chronic inflammation. all degenera t ive d isorders l ike diabetes, atherosclerosis, parkinson’s syndrome, alzheimer disease, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis involves a common pathological feature of inflammation [21] and a low grade chronic inflammation is seen in obesity, ageing and various metabolic syndrome. inflammation also precedes most cancers and is considered a hall mark of the neoplastic process. [22] there is a common consideration of inflammation according to ayurveda and modern science in regards to the disturbance in flow of body fluid through various systems and their pathways. by toxic waste materials of metabolism (aama), there is obstruction of micro channels which is responsible for loss of homeostasis, inflammation and tissue damage. [23] ayurveda strongly believes in aama is the root cause of metabolic and degenerative disease since it blocks srotas or micro channels that nourish tissues. aama is believed to have antigenic and pro inflammatory properties. [24] hence panchakarma i.e. detoxification or purification procedures can be practised for clearing clogged channels which are both gross and subtle. conclusion after detailed study of shotha, it can be correlated it with inflammation. the condition is well described in ayurveda as well as modern medical science in similar manner with language and technical difference. the basic knowledge of shotha is definitively fruitful to understand disease process and to prevent as well as to treat the inflammatory conditions. references 1. ferrero-miliani l, nielsen oh, andersen ps, girardin se. chronic inflammation: importance of nod2 and nalp3 in interleukin-1β generation. clinical and experimental immunology. 2007;147(2):227-235 2. abbas ab, lichtman ah. in: basic immunology, functions and disorders of the immune system. 3rd ed. abbas ab, lichtman ah, editor. saunders: elsevier; 2009. ch. 2 innate immunity. 3. hall, john. guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology,12th ed. philadelphia, pa.: saunders/ elsevier. 2011, p. 428 4. cotran; kumar, collins. robbins pathologic basis of disease. philadelphia: w.b saunders company, 1998 5. heidland a, klassen a, rutkowski p, bahner u. the contribution of rudolf virchow to the concept of inflammation: what is still of importance? j nephrol. 2006;19 suppl 10: s102-9 6. kasinatha sastri, goraknatha chaturvedi. the charakasamhita of agnivesa, vimanastahana, chapter 6, shloka 24, part-i with vidyotini hindi commentary. varanasi: chaukamba bharti academy;1984 7. m srinivasulu. concept of ama in ayurveda. varanasi: chowkhamba sanskrit series office; 2006 8. sukta das. prevention of cancer: evolution of concepts and strategies. indian journal of history of science. 2012; 47(2):175-190 9. ibidem, harakasamhita (6), chikista sthana 12/81-86 10. kumar, vinay; fausto, nelso; abbas,abul. robbins & cotran pathologic basis of disease, 7th ed. philadelphia, pa: saunders. 2004, p.84 11. ibidem, robbins & cotran pathologic basis of disease (10), p. 85 12. sushrutha, susruta samhita, edited by ambikadutta shastri, chiktsasthana, with ayurvedatattva sandipika hindi commentary, 14th ed. varanasi: chaukamba sanskrit sanstan; 2001 13. ibidem, susruta samhita (12), sutrasthana 14/3-7 14. ibidem, the charakasamhita (6), sutrasthana 18/3 15. ibidem, susruta samhita (12), sutrasthana 17/4-5 16. ibidem, charakasamhita (6), sutrasthana 17/82 17. ibidem, charakasamhita (6), sutrasthana 17/105 18. ibidem, charakasamhita (6), sutrasthana 17/104 19. ibidem, charakasamhita (6), sutrasthana 17/82 20. monteiro r, azevedo i. chronic inflammation in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. mediators of inflammation. 2010; 2010:289645 21. coussens, l. m werb, z. inflammation and cancer. nature. 2002; 420 (6917): 860–7 22. ibidem, charakasamhita (6), sutrasthana 17/93 23. bhoraj arun choudhari. critical evaluation of aama. iamj. 2015; 3 (2): 617-22 24. bijita and khagen. concept of ama w.s.r. to free radicals as a causative factor of diseases. int j ayu pharm chem. 2015; 4 (1): 1-8 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 1 chinese traditional medical journal conservation strategies for markhor in jammu and kashmir with special reference to kaj – i – nag national park wan xiu, chen wenyan, ji yiguan department of pharmaceutical sciences, beijing institute of radiation medicine, beijin introduction: the markhor (capra falconeri falconeri) is one of the biggest and most majestic members of the caprinae or goat family and is designated as pakistan's official "national animal." it features the family's most magnificent horns, with enormous, spiralling, twisting horns that are either straight or flaring in form, depending on the subspecies. markhor are extraordinary climbers, effortlessly ascending rocks and even going into oak trees to munch on leaves. among the threats include rising hunting pressure, greater competition from domestic goats and sheep, and disease outbreaks as a result of increased animal interaction. regrettably, the markhor has been threatened with extinction across its territory, which is mostly contained inside pakistan's boundaries. markhor are vital to the ecosystem, both as a rare source of wild food for big animals like as wolves and snow leopards and as a cultural symbol both locally and regionally. the flare-horned markhor (c. f. falconeri) is a subspecies of markhor found in pakistan's gilgit-baltistan province. despite being the most common and widespread of the three markhor subspecies, and despite international and national protection, flarehorned markhor numbers declined by half between 1970 and 2000. the remaining populations were tiny, highly scattered, very vulnerable to poaching, and fast abstract: the purpose of this study was to determine the dangers to markhor in kaj – i – nag national park, with a particular focus on determining the stresses and factors that contribute to markhor's discomfort during their stay in the locations. interactions with local residents, security authorities, and gujjars and bakarwals, shepherds grazing their sheep in protected regions, revealed the causes. a concerted effort was made to resolve the challenges confronting enforcement agencies charged with the conservation of the markhor. following thorough study, necessary suggestions were made. the relevant authorities may begin the suggestions to conserve this natural asset. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 2 diminishing. peerzada et al. (2010) published an initial study titled markhor in kajinag national park: critical habitats and interactions with livestock, concluding that poaching poses a significant hazard to livestock. when ggt first published about the markhor in 2011, the world's population had been reduced to about 2,500 adults. in northern india's jammu and kashmir state, the figure was uncomfortably close to 400. until 2015, the species was classified as endangered. fortunately, their numbers have begun to recover in recent years as a result of increased conservation efforts. the iucn red list of threatened species now classifies the markhor as "near threatened," with a global population of fewer than 10,000. humans are the markhor's primary predators owing to their desire for its magnificent horns. they are frequent victims of trophy hunting, a scourge that also affects cherished creatures like as elephants (whose ivory tusks are pursued) and rhinoceros (which are hunted for their horns). although hunting the markhor is prohibited in afghanistan and india, poaching and subsequent sale of their horns on the underground market continue. markhors are likewise under danger of extinction as their favoured habitats dwindle. since the 1980s, their home in pakistan has seen a steady decline in forest cover due to a variety of factors, including logging for fuel and construction materials, coal mining, and domestic animal overgrazing. this has significantly reduced the markhor's grazing territory, making food supplies more rare. historically, markhors were mostly hunted for their flesh. goat meat is consumed in a number of places across southern asia, and a 200pound wild goat may offer a significant amount of nutrition for those who lack easy access to other forms of meat. during the british occupation of india (which encompassed modern-day pakistan at the time), hunters described the challenges associated with hunting the markhor. the animals' high elevation in the highlands west of ladakh made following them difficult. and the perilous circumstances of the northern indian winter made hunting anything difficult, much alone a nimble goat proficient at concealment in the highlands. nowadays, the whole markhor subspecies is protected by law. community-based conservation projects that are rigorously monitored. poaching is nearly non-existent now that it is harshly punished. materials & methods: the dangers to the extinction of the markhor were extensively analysed via contact with residents, security personnel, and wildlife department officials. the current study endeavour examined potential hazards and habitat degradation. the dangers were amalgamated, and amazing ideas for markhor conservation measures were made, including habitat restoration, manpower engagement, decrease of human interference, enlargement of the protected area, and enhancement of markhor's biological behaviour. results ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 3 kaj-i-nag is located on the north bank of the jhelum, between two nations' locs (lines of control), namely india and pakistan. around 70 kilometres west of srinagar, along the jhelum river, sits this location. the kaj – i – nag range reaches an elevation of about 14000 feet above sea level. kaj – i – nag is made up of three protected areas together referred to as the kaj – i – nag range or block. 01. the limber wild animal refuge 02. lachipora wildlife refuge 03. the naganari protected area the kaj – i – nag range in jammu & kashmir has been regarded as one of the ideal sites for markhor (ranjitsinh et al. 2004). the location is located in the northern baramulla district of the state's kashmir region. the markhor has identified a range of threats in jammu and kashmir that might jeopardise the markhor. the majority of these concerns stem from the loc's closeness to war zones between india and pakistan (line of control). others are associated with the region's traditional hunting habits. the following details are provided: poaching: by and large, sportsmen regard markhor as the stalker's greatest prize. when properly mounted, with his long flowing beard and majestic spiral horns, he deserves to rank top as a trophy and as a stalker's accomplishment" (burrard, 1925). for generations, poaching has been the primary danger to markhor across its habitat. lydekker (1898) already believed markhor to be in immediate danger of extinction in the pir panjal because to excessive hunting. shooting ethics were minimal, and amounted to nothing more than "shot what you can, where you can, and how you can." the markhor suffered much and were almost annihilated. according to burrard (1925), licences for shooting in kaj-i-nag and shamshabari were in high demand due to their reputation for producing exquisite heads. the majority of these regions were isolated and were shut off from the rest of the world throughout the winter owing to excessive snowfall. locals used to ambush markhor in the snow, capturing them and then slaughtering them for meat. locally, markhor meat is considered to be the best wild meat. grazing: the gujjars and bakerwals have a vast quantity of animals, which they rely on for survival. they usually travel to alpine and sub-alpine pasture during the summer months of june to september to take advantage of seasonal fluctuations in food availability in the pir panjal range. gujjars and their animals usually travel locally, while bakerwals from ponch and rajouri go to kashmir with their livestock. gujjars, bakerwals, and local shepherds build summer grazing campuses in a variety of locations inside or next to existing protected areas. limber, lachipora, naganari, and gulmergboniyar are largely grazing areas for indigenous people. there are a few reports of bakerwals accessing the limber wildlife sanctuary's higher reaches. grazing looks to be severely curtailed in some places as a result of changing lifestyles and also owing to restricted access to certain pastures for security reasons. deforestation, fuel wood extraction and collection of nontimber forest produce: the demand the demand for wood in kashmir is quite strong due to its extensive ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 4 usage in building. deforestation occurs mostly in regions not under the supervision of the wildlife department, while herders may be responsible for some deforestation in protected areas for building and fuel. throughout the course of the current investigation, trees were witnessed being chopped down by local residents inside the lachipora wildlife sanctuary. local residents, nomadic herders, and defence personnel collect wood mostly to cook and stay warm throughout the winter. local residents enter protected areas in certain locations to obtain highly prized mushrooms (gucchi) and medicinal plants. turmoil: nilkant-poonch, gulmergboniyar, lachipora wildlife sanctuary, and shamshabari are all located next to the loc (line of control) and have historically been shelled. thus, animals in close proximity to the loc (line of control) would constantly be at risk of death or injury from shelling and crossfiring. the barrier seems to have permanently split the markhor communities. lack of infrastructure: there is a widespread shortage of field personnel across the markhor range, and those who are there are ill-equipped, generally inexperienced, and lacking in basic infrastructure for monitoring the region. lack of control over some areas by the wildlife department: the wildlife department's personnel has limited access to several sites for security concerns. lack of awareness: numerous stakeholders exist in the area, including indigenous peoples, migratory herds from elsewhere, the military forces, and personnel from different government departments. there is widespread misunderstanding of wildlife in general, and markhor in particular, as well as its perilous condition among them. disease transmission: there is a distinct probability that disease may move from cattle to markhor. according to reports, diseases such as foot and mouth are prevalent in cattle and may spread to markhor. nawaz (2002) reported an epidemic of enterotoxaemia in domestic goats in kaigah, a section of pok, not far from the loc (line of control). this infection might have extended to the markhor as well. recommendation markhor's recurrence and dangers are unclear at the moment. on the basis of this, some preliminary but essential suggestions are made here to improve the species' conservation in jammu & kashmir. the following suggestions are based on the survey: • at the moment, the hirpura wls (wild life sanctuary) and the kaj-i-nag area have the highest chance of population recovery and serve as a potential'source population' for markhor conservation and restocking across its range. any conservation programme should prioritise key areas. • the kaj-i-nag range is comprised of three continuous protected areas: lachipora wla (wild life area) (about 114 km2), limber wla (approximately 44 km2), and naganari conservation area (approximately 20 km2). the lachipora wls (wild life sanctuary) is still in the ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 5 forest department's authority, and the wildlife department plays no role in its management. it is critical that the designated protected area be transferred to the wildlife department for future management. there is an immediate and critical need to combine the three protected areas into a single unit and to zone the region to include inviolate core zones. the three combined protected areas' limits should be expanded and revised to include both summer and winter habitats for markhor and other critically endangered species such as the western tragopan. the main inviolate region should be recognised as a national park, maybe as kaj-i-nag national park. the adjacent lands with a resident human population or use might be declared as a wildlife sanctuary, acting as a buffer zone for the national park. an endeavour should be made to precisely define the boundaries of both the proposed national park and the nearby sanctuary and to record them on the map. • all stakeholders, including indigenous peoples, gujjars, bakerwals, forest department personnel, other government employees, and the military forces, must be taught on conservation problems in general and markhor in particular. welltargeted programmes emphasising markhor as a distinctive piece of local history may assist in altering their attitudes. • the wildlife department, in general, and particularly in the markhor districts, suffers a dearth of properly equipped and qualified personnel. capacity development is required in the areas of law enforcement, wildlife monitoring, and management planning. the crew is in desperate need of high-altitude apparel and camping equipment. monitoring cottages should be erected inside animal sanctuaries, at the very least in limber and hiripura, to promote frequent patrolling of the region. • a rescue and rehabilitation centre for animals rescued from unlawful custody or in wounded condition might be developed. due to the fact that the majority of the pir panjal markhor's distribution occurs near the border, there is a risk of injury from shelling. additionally, the environment is quite rough, and during the winter, landslides may cause harm to the markhor. a markhor was said to have been stuck in loc fence and perished, while a brown bear narrowly escaped. additionally, a markhor was said to have been killed by landslides. due to the vulnerable condition of these damaged creatures, they may be saved and treated. a well-managed research institution is required to gradually build up such a population via rescued animals. this facility may be developed only in the kaj-i-nag region. this subject requires specific expertise and should be approached in the context of a long-term dialogue strategy for the species. grazing by livestock should be strictly regulated in the kaj-i-nag wildlife sanctuary. in the kaj-i-nag wildlife sanctuary, summer grazing by migrant gujjars and bakerwals seems to have driven markhor to a less-than-optimal location inside the protected area. this must be addressed immediately in order for markhor populations to recover in the area. • a more in-depth study of the species' ecology is required. this stage will ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 6 significantly aid in understanding population dynamics, unique habitat needs, and dietary preferences, as well as in identifying more prospective markhor locations in jammu and kashmir for animal reintroduction (after negating the threats that caused its extinction). • wildlife tourism has to be developed in order to give opportunities for observing markhor and other wildlife species. limber wls (wild life sanctuary) and hirpura wls (wild life sanctuary) need their own eco-tourism plans (wild life sanctuary). this must be done in the interests of habitat protection and animal species conservation, particularly endangered species such as the markhor. table 1: identification of species during survey s.no common name scientific name distribution total no. max min 1 markhor capra falconeri lachipora limber kaj-i-nag naganari 10 2 black bear selenoretos thidetanus lachipora limber kaj-i-nag × 3 brown bear ursus arctos kaj-i-nag lachipora limber naganari × 4 hill fox vulpes vulpes lachipora limber kaj-i-nag naganari 06 5 muskdeer moschus crysogater limber lachipora naganari kaj-i-nag 12 references: [1] g. burrard, big game hunting in the himalayas and tibet, 1925. h. jenkins, london. [2] r. lydkker, wild oxen, sheep, and goats of all lands (1898). rowland ward, london. r. nawaz, kaigah markhor survey report, wwf-pakistan, 2002. [3] [1] director: riyaz ahmed peerzada, yash veer bhatnagar, charudutt mishra, pranav trivedi, r. raghunath, and rahul kaul (2010): markhor's status and conservation in jammu and kashmir. report on the interim project (2009-2010) markhor in kajinag national park: critical ecosystems and livestock interactions ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 7 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 1 automation of the home using gestures ms. vaddempudi sravani 1 , m. manasa 2 1,2 assistant professor, ksr institute of technology and science, guntur, andhra pradesh, india abstract home automation has come a long way since its start, both technologically and in terms of the services it offers. interactions between humans and machines are more important in modern society. through the use of physical gestures, humans will get a more intuitive understanding of and control over technologies like computers. gestures made with the hands are the primary means of command. for this aim, flex sensors that can recognize several hand gestures might be used. inexpensive vision systems and data glow are now available and can be utilized to run real-world gesture devices. flex sensors may be used to save expenses and simplify the rollout process. in this study, we concentrate on a flexsensor based gesture recognition system. user hand movements are translated into character traits via the arduino's flex sensor readings. keywords: intelligent home automation, gesture-recognition home appliances, flex sensor, and an arduino uno introduction 1. a gesture is any movement of an arm, hand, or other body part used to emphasize words spoken.gesture recognition studies aim to develop a system that can recognize individual gestures made by humans and use them as a means of communication or for manipulating electronic devices.a state-of-the-art home automation system can be controlled with simple gestures. different hand gestures may be used with the gesture kit. a stateof-the-art home automation system can be controlled with simple gestures. 2. one such paper is "an efficient hand gesture recognition system based on deep cnn," by h. chung, y. chung, and w. tsai, published in the proceedings of the 2019 ieee international conference on industrial 3. 4. technology (icit), melbourne, australia, 2019, pages 853-858, doi: 10.1109/icit.2019.8755038. 5. "gesture based home automation system," 2017 international conference on nextgen electronic technologies: silicon to software (icnets2), 2017, pp. 198-201, doi:10.1109/icnets2.2017.8067929. 6. 11th international conference on knowledge and systems engineering (kse), 2019, pp. 1-7, doi: 10.1109/kse.2019.8919419. [3] k. n. trong, h. bui, and c. pham, "recognizing hand gestures for controlling home appliances with mobile sensors," 2019. 7. energy procedia,volume 62,2014,pages 576-582, issn1876 6102,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro. 201 4.12.419; dong-luong dinh, jeong tai kim, tae-seong kim; hand gesture recognition and interface using a depth imaging sensor for smart home appliances. 8. [5] home automation using hand gestures savitha, j. nandhini, kokilavani, kalaiarasi, and narmadha, a. s. are the authors. page(s): 312-321. 9. using convolutional neural networks (cnns), k. s. varun, i. puneeth, and t. p. jacob were able to recognize hand gestures for the disabled. this research was presented at the 2019 international conference on communication and signal processing (iccsp) in chennai, india. 10. gesture-based home automation is an example of the internet of thingsbased technology used in the suggested approach. this allows us to manage our household appliances independently. the elderly and those with physical impairments are the primary users of this. 11. this study is divided into four parts: section 1, an introduction; section 2, the methodology for the suggested approach; section 3, the findings and discussions; and section 4, a conclusion and future directions. 12. methodology block diagram of gesture based home automation the hardware implementation of gesture based home automation consists of micro controller (arduino uno), flex sensors, voice module, lcd, relay module, home appliances and power supply.the flex sensors are connected to the arduino and power supply is given to arduino. the arduino measures the flex sensor signals generated by a users hand motions to identify the character.the text is displayed on the lcd and voice output will generate from the voice module and also in addition to these we are implementing the gesture based home automation in these system itself. 12.1 arduino uno arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. arduino board can read inputs light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a twitter message and turn it into an output activating a motor, turning on an led, publishing something online. you can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. to do so you use the arduino programming language (based on wiring), and the arduino software language (ide) based on processing. 12.2flex sensors 12.3fig 1: arduino uno board a flex sensor is a kind of sensor which is used to measure the amount of defection otherwise bending. the designing of this sensor can be done by us ting materials like plastic and carbon. the carbon surface is arranged on a plastic strip as this strip is turned aside then the sensor‟s resistance will be changed. thus, it is also named a bend sensor. these sensors are classified into two types based on its size namely 2.2-inch flex sensor & 4.5-inch flex sensor. https://www.elprocus.com/laser-sensor-working-and-its-applications/ the size, as well as the resistance of these sensors, is dissimilar except the working principle. therefore the suitable size can be preferred based on the necessity. here this article discusses an overview of 2.2inch flex-sensor. this type of sensor is used in various applications like computer interface, rehabilitation, servo motor control, security system, music interface, intensity control, and wherever the consumer needs to modify the resistance throughout bending. fig 2: flex sensor 12.4 channel relay module the two-channel relay module is designed to allow your arduino to control two highpowered devices. it has two relays, each with a maximum current rating of 10a at 250vac or 30vdc. modules with one, four, and eight channels are also available. you can choose the one that best meets your needs. .a relay typically has five pins, three of which are high voltage terminals (nc, com, and no) that connect to the device being controlled. the device is connected between the com (common) terminal and either the nc (normally closed) or no (normally open) terminal, depending on whether the device should remain normally on or off. between the remaining two pins (coil1 and coil2) is a coil that acts as an https://www.elprocus.com/different-types-of-servo-motors-dc-servo-motor-and-ac-servo-motor/ https://www.elprocus.com/different-types-of-servo-motors-dc-servo-motor-and-ac-servo-motor/ https://www.elprocus.com/anti-theft-security-system-for-cars/ https://www.elprocus.com/auto-intensity-control-of-street-lights-circuit/ https://www.elprocus.com/auto-intensity-control-of-street-lights-circuit/ electromagnet. fig 3: channel relay module 12.5 voice module the voice module is a powerful audio processor along with high-performance audio analogtothe digital converters (adcs) and digitalto-analog converters (dacs). the ic is a fully integrated solution offering high performance and unparalleled integration with analog input, digital processing, and analog output functionality. this is specially designed for the simple key trigger. the user can record & amp; play the message averagely for 1, 2, 4, or 8 voice message(s) by a switch and be adjusted the sample rate by using different values of resistors. it is suitable in a simple interface or needs to limit the length of a single message, e.g. toys, leave messages system, answering machine, etc. fig 4:voice module 12.6 16x2 lcd the term lcd stands for liquid crystal display. it is one kind of electronic display module used in an extensive range of applications like various circuits &amp; devices like mobile phones, calculators, computers, tv sets, etc. these displays are mainly preferred for multisegment light-emitting diodes and seven segments. the main benefits of using this module are inexpensive; simply programmable, animations, and there are no limitations for displaying custom characters, special and even animations, etc. a 16×2 lcd has two registers like data register and command register. the rs (register select) is mainly used to change from one register to another. when the register set is „0‟, then it is known as command register. similarly, when the register set is „1‟, then it is known as data register. fig 5: 16x2 lcd 12.7 appliances the appliances required here are the bulb holder, bulb and a fan. these appliances are used to check the functioning and operating of the project model. these are connected to the flex sensors internally and a code is written in c language to operate the appliances, along with the bulb and fan a voice module and speaker is also connected to give the voice commands as output. 13. results & discussions in the process of implementation, the hardware components are connected through the suitable pins on the board. here we used the four flex sensors these are the main component. the four flex sensors are connected to the arduino board. the senors which are connected with appliances are connected to the pins a4,a5 in the arduino board through the help of relays i.e 2 channel relay board. and the voice module is connected to the pins 8,9,10,11 in the arduino board. we give the voice commands which has to be produced as output, internally using the voice module. the lcd display here is used to know the sensor values of the flex sensors when they are bent. the speaker gives the ouput as voice commands and it is connected to the 8 channel voice module. in this way the model is built for the elder and challenged people to control the appliances 14. conclusion & future scope gesture recognition has attracted a lot of interest from several fields of study, including human-computer interaction and image processing. humans will be able to more instinctively control computers and machines with the use of physical gestures, which will substantially simplify the interaction process. a system is developed using gesture recognition as the main purpose for the transmission of information. there are currently two main approaches to gesture recognition: vision-based and accelerometer-based. vision-based methods have their drawbacks, such as a sluggish dynamic response, unanticipated ambient optical noise, and a huge amount of data to acquire. if deaf-blind persons are taught braille, we think they will be able to better interact with their loved ones and the rest of the community. the elderly and others with physical disabilities who rely on human assistance would benefit the most from this proposed model. in addition to its formal usage in the private sector, this project's development on the iot-based technology makes it particularly wellsuited to advancing the state of the art in home automation. references ruize xu, shengli zhou, wen j. li “mems accelerometer based nonspecificuser hand gesture recognition” ieee sensors council,volume-12,issue 5 2012 m. shakunthala devi, r.b. revathi “real time hand gesture recognition using avr microcontroller”, information communication and embedded systems (icices), 2014 international conference on 2014. nina rudigkeit, marion gebhard, axel graser “an analytical approach for head gesture recognition with motion sensors”, sensing technology (icst) 2015 9th international conference .2015. hand gesture based home automation. bharambhe, apoorva. 2015, international journal of advanced research in computer science and software engineering , vol. 5 issue 2. home security system using gsm and microcontroller. hassan, raqib ul. 2015, open journal of safety science and security, vol. 5. p. 55-62 issn : 2693 6356 2019 | vol 2 | issue 4 experimental investigation on the strength characteristics of concrete using manufactured sand 1 y. sobunath, 2 d. sravanthi, 3 b. madan, 4 t. srinivas, 5 r. vijaya kumer & 6 b. sudhakar 1 assistant professor, 2,3,4 & 5 , sree vahini institute of science and technology, tirupathi abstract the most widely used material in this world is concrete. after water, concrete is placed in second position. the use of natural sand in conventional concrete has become of vital importance which is scarce to obtain. sand is basic concrete making construction material required in large quantities. manufactured sand is one among such materials to replace river sand which can be used as an alternative fine aggregate in mortars and concrete. in general concrete is a combination of cement, fine and coarse aggregate. these days, natural river sand is difficult to acquire and extraction of sand from river has represented an awesome threat to environment. an attempt had been made in the present investigation to discuss the properties of concrete such as workability and strength of concrete which is prepared by replacing natural sand with m-sand at different replacement levels (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) for m30 grade of concrete. key words: m-sand, strength, workability, workability, river sand 1.1 introduction: for a long time concrete was considered to be very durable material requiring. we build concrete structures in highly polluted urban and industrial areas, aggressive marine environments, harmful sub-soil water in area and many other hostile conditions where other materials of construction are found be non –durable. since the use of concrete in recent years have spread to highly harsh and hostile conditions, the earlier impression that concrete is a very durable material is being threatened, particularly on account of premature failures of number of structures. manufactured sands due to the increased levels of construction expected in india in the forthcoming years it is expected that fine aggregate suitable for use in concrete will become scarce or uneconomical to produce. with the expected shortfall in natural sands manufactured sands offer a viable alternative to natural sand, if the problems associated with the use of manufactured sands can be resolved and its poor reputation in the industry overcome. manufactured sands are made by crushing aggregate to a size appropriate for use as a fine aggregate (<2.36mm). the crushing process however generates large amounts of materials <75microns as well as causing the manufactured sand to have an irregular particle shape. these fine particles and irregular shape of the aggregate have detrimental effects on the workability and finish of the concrete. these negative effects have given manufactured sands a poor reputation in the construction industry. however recent studies show that these fine particles may be able to be utilized to increase the compressive and flexural strengths of concrete. 1. it does not have the presence of impurities such as clay, dust and silt coatings, increase water requirement as in the case of river sand which impair bond between cement paste and aggregate. thus, increased quality and durability of concrete. 2. m-sand is obtained from specific hard rock (granite) using the stateof-the-art international technology; thus, the required property of sand is obtained. 3. m-sand is cubical in shape and is manufactured using technology like high carbon steel hit rock and then rock on rock process which is synonymous to that of natural process undergoing in river sand information. 4. modern and imported machines are used to produce m-sand to ensure required grading zone for the sand. 1.2 objectives of the study: 1. determine the workability, the overall strength, as well as the rate of strength gain for varying water cement ratios of concrete containing manufactured sand. 2. compare the results of the manufactured sand concrete to a conventional mix containing natural sand. 3. from the data collected in the previous objective choose a water cement ratio with poor workability and determine the required amount of superplasticizer to achieve a good workability. 4. also determine the overall strength, as well as the rate of strength gain of the concrete after the addition of a super-plasticizer 5. determine compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength and durability of concrete containing manufactured sand. 2.0 literature review evertsson (2000) reported that knowledge gained from research should be used by quarry operators to optimize the performance of their equipment and to achieve lower quantities of quarry fines. jeffrey et al (2003) found that the generation of quarry fines is due to the extraction and processing operations in a quarry. there are several parameters that influence the production of fines, which are relevant to the rock characteristics and the involved processes. however, careful design and optimization of extraction and processing could minimize the fines production. petavratzi (2006) investigated that the large amount of dust fraction below 75 m generated from various ores and found that the different types of rock produced different amounts of fines with different physical properties. mitchell and benn (2007) replaced a hsi with a cone crusher. for 20mm aggregate size, the production increased from 250 to 300 tonnes per hour for the same feed rate i.e. 20% increase in production and the proportion of fines have been decreased from 38 to 30% i.e. 21% decrease in fines. the university of leeds (2007c) explored that the quarry fines are produced from various activities, but the stages of blasting are considered as the most liable in generating such fines. the amount of dust produced during blasting is estimated to be as high as 20%. 3.0 methodology table 1: physical properties of cement s. no property test results 1 normal consistency 32% 2 specific gravity 3.15 3 initial setting time 60 minutes 4 final setting time 460 minutes table 2: physical properties of fine aggregat s. no property value 1 specific gravity 2.7 2 fineness modulus 3.09 table 3: physical properties of coarse aggregate s. no property value 1 specific gravity 2.8 2 fineness modulus 4.9 table 4: physical properties of water s. no property value 1 ph 7.1 4.0. mix design of m30 grade concrete final trial mix for m30 grade concrete is 1:1.86:2.89 at w/c of 0.50 cement = 394 kg/m3 water = 197 kg/m3 fine aggregates = 732 kg/m 3 coarse aggregate = 1139 kg/m 3 water-cement ratio = 0.50 5.0 tests on concrete 5.1. slump cone test results table 1: slump cone test results s.no % m sand slump in mm 1 0% 80 2 10% 70 3 20% 60 4 30% 50 5 40% 40 6 50% 40 5.2. compaction factor test s.no % m sand compaction factor 1 0% 0.94 2 10% 0.90 3 20% 0.84 4 30% 0.82 5 40% 0.84 compressive strength results (in mpa) 35 30 25 20 7 days 15 14 days 10 28 days 5 0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% % m sand used 6 50% 0.80 table 2: compaction factor test results 5.3. compressive strength of concrete s.no % m sand used compressive strength of in mpa 7 days 14 days 28 days 1 0% 19.5 26.80 29.40 2 10% 20.06 27.18 30.14 3 20% 20.44 27.86 30.56 4 30% 21.04 28.32 31.10 5 40% 20.98 28.24 31.02 6 50% 20.86 28.10 30.92 table 3: compressive test results graph 1: compressive test results 5.4. split tensile strength of concrete s.no % m sand used split tensile strength in mpa 7 days 28 days 1 0% 2.84 3.54 2 10% 3.38 3.86 3 20% 3.78 3.96 4 30% 3.96 4.16 5 40% 3.12 3.96 6 50% 3.04 3.86 table 4: split tensile test results c o m p e ss iv e s tr e n gt h o f co n cr e te graph 2: split tensile test results 6.0 conclusions from the above study the following conclusions were made 1. the value of slump for the concrete decreases with increasing the percentage of m sand for concrete. 2. the value of compaction factor for the concrete decreases with increasing the percentage of m sand for concrete. 3. compressive strength for 7days, 14days, 28days for the concrete increases initially up to 30% m sand than decreases with increasing the percentage of m sand. the optimum value for the compressive strength was obtained at 30% m sand. 4. split tensile strength and flexural strength for 7days, and 28days for the concrete increases initially up to 30% m sand than decreases with increasing the percentage of m sand. the optimum value for the compressive strength was obtained at 30% m sand. 5. the addition of m-sand significantly increased the compressive, tensile and flexural strengths of concrete with maximum strengths in each case being achieved at 30% msand. so, the replacement of 30% of m sand is generally useful for better strength values in m30 grade of concrete. references [1].bhupendra kumar, kuswah s s and vishwakarma amit 2015 effect of coconut fiber in workability and compressive strength of concrete ijsrdinternational journal for scientific research & development 3 [2].abbas mahapara 2015 coconut fiber as fiber reinforcement: a review ssrg international journal of civil engineering (ssrg-ijce) [3].shreeshail b h, chougale jaydeep, pimple dhanraj and kulkarni amar 2014 effects of coconut fibers on the properties of concrete ijret international journal of research in engineering and technology [4].shanmugavadivu p m and malathy r 2011 durability properties of concrete with natural sand and manufactured sand proc. of the international conference on science and engineering (icse 2011) [5].vijayaraghavan nimitha and wayal a s 2014 effects of manufactured sand on compressive strength and workability of concrete ijret international journal of research in engineering and technology. split tensile strength results (in mpa) 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 7 days 28 days 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% m sand used sp lit t e n si le s tr en gt h [6].department of mines and geology, govt. of karnataka 2011 effects of manufactured sand on compressive strength and workability of concrete csic project:cp 6597/0505/11-330 [7].umamaheswaran, sudha c, ravichandran p t and kannan rajkumar p r 2015 use of msand in high strength and high performance concrete indian journal of science and technology [8].ali majid, liu anthony, sou hou, chouw nawawi and department of civil and environmental engineering, the university of auckland mechanical and dynamic properties of coconut fiber reinforced concrete (elsiever) [9].gadge nikhil a. and vidhale s s 2013 mix design of fiber reinforced concrete(frc) using slag and steel fiber (ijmer) [10]. singh satwinder and sood hemant 2015 analysis of m35 and m40 grades of concrete by aci and usbr methods of mix design on replacing fine aggregate with stone dust (irjet) [11]. olonade, adisa kolawole, alake, doyinsola adwale, morakinyo and gabriel abiola 2013 international congress on materials & structural stability (nigeria: university of lagos) strength development and crack pattern of coconut fiber reinforced concrete (cfrc) morocoo reference of code practice: [12]. is: 4562000 plain and reinforced concrete code of practice. [13]. is: 10262-2009 recommended guidelines for concrete. [14]. is: 3831970 recommended guidelines for test on aggregates. [15]. is: 81121989 recommended guidelines for test on cement. issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 6 phoenix building typist and the hollow men as post-war artifacts dr.r.sowmiya, assistant professor subramaniam college of arts and science, coimbatore abstract t.s. eliot and judith wright's sonnets depict a society lacking in moral restraint in the wake of world war i. at the beginning of the sonnet, the protagonists of the empty men had already had one mission fail. the empty men, if it reveals where optimism goes, provides a glimpse of a way out of the abyss, claims hillis mill operator, a j. the vulgar and insignificant lives of people are also shown in the typist in the phoenix building. the people's aloofness reflects the society's high level of development. both reporters have to deal with the varying attitudes of highly-evolved people who seem to be going through life aimlessly. the life of post-war society in the hollow men and the typist in the phoenix building t.s. eliot and judith wright's sonnets depict a society lacking in moral restraint in the wake of world war i. at the beginning of the sonnet, the protagonists of the empty men had already had one mission fail. the empty men, if it reveals where optimism goes, provides a glimpse of a way out of the abyss, claims hillis mill operator, a j. the vulgar and insignificant lives of people are also shown in the typist in the phoenix building. the people's aloofness reflects the society's high level of development. both reporters have to deal with the varying attitudes of highly-evolved people who seem to be going through life aimlessly. the aftermath of world war i is depicted in the sonnets of t.s. eliot and judith wright as a time of moral decadence. the heroes of the empty men had already failed at one mission at the outset of the poem. hillis mill operator, a j., believes there may be hope for humanity after reading the empty men since the book shows where optimism might lead. the typist in the phoenix building also depicts the triviality and ugliness of human existence. the people's reserve is indicative of the advanced state of their civilization. both reporters are exposed to the divergent perspectives of highly developed individuals who seem to be drifting through life without a particular destination in mind. all the guys get together and say the lord's prayer at the conclusion of the poem. they've already told god exactly what's going on, so they're at a loss for words. and the gloom falls low because thine is the throne. they hope that if they pray to the lord, he would hear them and deliver them from their despair. because of their idealism, they braved the emptiness of the outside world and entered the everlasting one. they hope that god, in his or her own right, has the ability to save their miserable spirits because of this. since all the hollow guys have the same empty identity, this alludes to the poem's topic of individuality. judith wright, a committed environmentalist, gained notoriety in the decades after world war ii for her intense interest in australia's natural landscape. she went back to her father's station during the start of wwii to assist out because of the severe scarcity of workers. she sees the interaction between humans and their natural surroundings as the driving force behind her creative inspiration. her poetry' figurative language demonstrates how closely our subjective experience mirrors the external world. the australian landscape is a recurring theme in her work, which started to acquire popularity in australian art in the decades after world war ii. among other things, she writes on the dynamic between european settlers, native australians, and the australian outback. she describes how one's subjective experience parallels the external world. judith wright's "typist in the phoenix building" is a pessimistic poem that criticizes the moral decline of interpersonal connections. he feels sorry for humanity since they are living pointless lives and engaging in base sexual behaviors. humans, the poet says ironically, are "easily hooked up and had their minds blown. they lack the ability to control their sexual desires and instead give in to them quickly. because of this, the populace lives in an odd manner. the female typists at the phoenix building work in comfortable rooms and often seem upbeat and enthusiastic about their work. they always seem to sit near the young, vivacious male clerks who are always up for a chat. the male typists make sexual innuendos casually and without regard for the female coworkers. this has led to the derogatory term "halfcock clerks" being used to the male staff. men put a lot of effort into their appearance. it's quiet as the metal bird perches on the wall; shirley and her secretary are touching and falling apart in the hallways made of fireproof tiles. to symbolize the sterility of contemporary culture, wright created a phoenix bird out of metal. in the poem, she used a metal and mute phoenix to symbolize contemporary civilization, which she sees as lacking in rebirth, emptiness, and aimlessness. the bird keeps a close eye on the typists and the rest of the building's activity. late-afternoon inclinations where mental extremes and sensual midpoints meet. at the late afternoon, intercourse between the sexes at the phoenix building is common, even though the sexes work in completely separate departments. it's plain to see that sex no longer means anything to them, and there's no longer any mystery around the others. the prisoners of the phoenix building have no sexual activity slowdowns, and they have sex year-round. the fact that the city and the typist and her male friend are experiencing summer does not make the poetess happy. the building's pcs and other machinery are shielded from the elements, including fire and water. however, there are those people who are more constraints are successfully broken, causing the person to lose their footing and succumb fully to their desires. thus, those who have the fireproof and waterproof construction are not insulated. wright's sonnets connect the reader to her viewpoint on global social concerns from a socially fundamental vantage point, prompting them to reflect on the aspects of society to which she makes reference. according to david spurr, "the persona of the empty men has shown up, mentally and imagistically, at the external furthest reaches of one world just to find that its ''purposeful masks' cover a limited absence of probability: between the strength and presence "falls the shadow. both writers portray a highly developed culture that has lost sight of the need of cherishing but is driven by want. they do it for the sake of pleasure rather than true interest in sex. people constantly interact with one another. they're morally akin to monsters for having an improper rapport with a bomb. normal people's lives, homes, families, and a whole lot of other important things are impacted by the battles. they've been through so much heartbreak and pain that the only way they can find happiness again is via dishonest means. reference:  poets of reality: six twentiethcentury writers. harvard university press, 1965.  conflicts in consciousness: t.s. eliot‟s poetry and criticism. urbana: university of illinois press, 1984.  indian journal of world literature and culture vol. 2 julydecember 2006 periodical issue pg. 23-30 http://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/c616883 http://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/c616883 issn : 2693 6356 2019 | vol 2 | issue 6 scheduled caste, scheduled tribe, and other maharashtra backward classes welfare programs dr. mohan bhimrao kamble assistant professor, mvp's kpg arts, commerce & science college, igatpuri, nashik-422103, abstract:following india's independence in 1947, the government adopted the view that it was crucial to create programs and policies whose primary goal was to improve the lives of the country's scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and other backward classes through measures such as quotas and welfare programs. this has been a consistent government policy meant to level the playing field for the marginalized scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. this paper's overarching goal is to learn about government assistance programs that target sc/st/obc members. education, employment, housing, transportation, financial aid, and other areas have all benefited from the plans that have been put into place. reducing poverty and improving contact with various social groups both contribute to economic growth in these areas. keywords:budgeting, distribution, and use of welfare funds for sc/st/obc/other disadvantaged groups. 1. introduction: 2. india is a social welfare state. the country's initiatives and policies are primarily designed to improve the lives of its citizens, with special attention paid to those who have been historically disenfranchised. the dedication of the indian government to its citizens is shown in the constitution's preamble, directive principles of state policy, fundamental rights, and several other provisions, such as articles 38, 39, and 46. over time, the advancement of the socially and economically marginalized scheduled castes (scs), scheduled tribes (sts), and other backward classes (obcs) has come to get more attention. the government has adopted a number of measures to guarantee the quick socioeconomic development of scs, sts, and obcs by drafting relevant policies necessary for the structure and execution of different welfare initiatives. specific, community-focused programs are being implemented with allocated resources to improve their quality of life. 3. subsidies, reservations for sc/st/obc in employment and educational/training institutions, and other forms of support (welfare of sc/st/obc and other backward classes, n.d.). 4. the population of scheduled castes in tamil nadu was according to the 1991 census. 5. 19% of the world's population, or 107.12 million people. the total number of scheduled tribes is 6. a total of 5.74 lakhs, or 1.03% of the world's population. there are four main categories of focus for these areas: educational expansion, economic expansion, housing and other programs, the special component plan, and the tribal sub plan. since their inception, the special component plan (scp) for scs and the tribal sub plan (tsp) for sts have received heightened attention. these programs are effective mechanisms for guaranteeing a fair distribution of resources from other, more mainstream development areas to scs and sts, respectively (welfare of scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and other backward classes, n.d.). 7. constitutional safeguards: the preamble of the constitution of india provides, social economic and political justice and equality of status and opportunity to all citizens. the directive principles of state policy as contained in article 46 of the constitution provide that “the state shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and particular, of the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation”. the constitution under article 366(24) specifically defined the term scheduled castes. the various safeguards and protective measures sought to ensure for their all round development and freedom from exploitation and social injustice in order that they could from part of the mainstream of the society. the social and economic safeguards provided to scheduled castes are enumerated in articles 17, 23, 24 and 25 (2) (b) of the constitution which enjoins upon the state to provide social safeguards to scheduled castes. article 17 relates to abolition of untouchability being practiced in society. the parliament enacted the protection of civil rights act, 1955 and the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes (prevention of atrocities) act, 1989 to tackle the problem of untouchability, practiced against scheduled castes. article 23, 24 and 46 form part of the economic safeguards for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. article 15 (4) empowers the state to make special provisions for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizen and for scs. this provision has enabled the state to reserve seats for scs in educational institutions in general and professional course etc. 8. reasons for the backwardness of the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes the scs, sts and obcs are in a disadvantaged stage. the main reasons for the backwardness of these communities have been stated as follows: (policies, programmes and schemes, n.d.). poverty – poverty is one of the most prevalent conditions that lead to backwardness of these communities. it has been a major impediment within the course of acquisition of education and employment opportunities to sustain their living. the conditions of poverty arise when the per capita income of the individuals is low and is not sufficient to fulfil all the needs and requirements of daily living. these communities are largely affected by the conditions of poverty and scarcity of resources, due to these they are unable to realise the significance of education. they only struggle to look for job opportunities to make ends meet. the main reason that these communities are poverty stricken are, they are landless, with no productive assets and they do not have access to sustainable employment and living conditions. physical and social segregation – these communities are physically and socially isolated from the other communities. the conditions of poverty, illiteracy and backwardness enable them to physically and socially segregate from the other communities. the communication of these individuals with the other social groups is either low or completely absent. physical segregation has its roots in the socio-cultural segregation, these are based on the rules of purity and pollution and are reflected in the practice of untouchability. in educational institutions, the individuals belonging to scs and sts are still feeling discriminated against within the classroom setting. in urban areas, the individuals belonging to these communities are given food and water in separate utensils, they are made to sit on the floor and all other things are kept separately that have been used by them. there also have been instances, when these communities are mistreated, beaten and strained by the individuals belonging to other communities, such as, teachers in school or other people in the houses and so forth. experiencing discriminatory treatment leads to their backwardness. lack of information and awareness – the individuals belonging to these communities either possess low levels of education or no education at all. mainly, there is lack of information and awareness amongst them. due to these reasons, they feel vulnerable in communicating with the individuals belonging to upper or middle classes. awareness and knowledge arouses confidence amongst the individuals to move out of their homes and go into the outside world and interact with people. the lack of information and awareness is considered to be the major impediment that enable these communities to remain in seclusion. therefore, to alleviate this problem, it is vital to generate awareness amongst these individuals regarding the significance of education and development of literacy skills. besides, the development of education and literacy skills, it is vital for all individuals to develop effective communication skills. in rural areas, there have been establishment of schools and training centres, where parents, who have not acquired education can send their children to schools. lack of employment opportunities – the individuals in rural areas largely depend upon agriculture as the major occupation and work as daily wage labourers. these kinds of jobs of labourers, generate less income, which is not sufficient to sustain their living conditions. the lack of proper jobs and employment opportunities are largely responsible to lead to their backwardness. when these individuals do not have proper sources of income, they feel backward and hesitant. they are not able to fulfil the daily needs and requirements of nutrition, health care, medical facilities and so forth. these communities are mostly engaged in minority jobs, which do not make provision of any progress or development opportunities for them. the parents are unable to meet the educational and other necessities of their children, such as, books, stationary, uniforms, and so forth, which results in school drop-out. therefore, lack of employment opportunities, not only leads to the condition of their backwardness, but also their inability to acquire education. 9. programs undertaken for the welfare of the scs, sts and obcs: the programs that are initiated with the main purpose of bringing about the welfare of the scs, sts and obcs are primarily initiated by the organizations as well as educational institutions. these have been stated as project and equipment corporation of india (pec) limited government directives and instructions regarding scs, sts and obcs are appropriately observed by the organization. reduction of one year in each stage of promotion in the qualifying period for the employees of sc and st groupings of the staff cadre is given under the time scale promotion scheme. indian institute of foreign trade (iift), delhi and kolkata centres iift has emerged as a major centre of international business education by aligning its teaching, research and training capabilities with its core vision over the years and continuously determined to generate academic superiority. it has been reliably ranked amongst the top 10 business schools in india. iift follows government instructions related to reservation; advertisements were unrestricted for promotion in group a and c under the special recruitment drive for sc, st, and obc. selection committees for direct recruitment and for departmental promotions have suitable representatives of sc, st and obc categories. indian institute of packaging (iip) – this institute reserves seats for admission to post graduate diploma in packaging for the deserving candidates belonging to sc and st communities. there is also a scheme of scholarship for the candidates whose performances are found outstanding during the post graduate diploma in package course. indian trade promotion organisation (itpo) itpo follows the guidelines of the government of india that have been issued from time to time for the generation of the welfare of the individuals belonging to sc, st, and obc categories. agriculture and processed food products export development authority (apeda) apeda has not had any kinds of unresolved grievances from any of the sc, st, obc or women employees. a committee, including women officers and headed by an officer of the rank of deputy general manager, occurs in apeda for taking into consideration the grievances against sexual harassment of women at the workplace. marine products export development authority (mpeda) reservation rules, appropriate in respect of sc, st, and obc categories are rigorously being followed by the mpeda. for the purpose of looking after the welfare of these categories, a liaison officer has been selected. representations given by the stated categories through the liaison officer are appropriately well thought-out. state trading corporation of india limited (stc) stc makes provision of the requisite reservations as per the government directives for employment in the sc, st and obc categories. reduction in the benchmark criteria for promotion of sc and st employees is provided. reduction of five percent in the typing speed in the typing test for promotion of gradei to junior assistant in staff cadre is provided to the employees of reserved category. special preparations and trainings have been provided to the sc, st, and obc employees from time to time. during allotment of residential apartments preserved by the corporation at new delhi, sc, st, obc and pwd employees are given preference. welfare of women – to bring about welfare of women, prevention and redressal of complaints and grievances at the workplace is important. they should be provided with proper assistance and guidance that may lead them towards the right direction. the welfare and economic development of the women should be the primary goal of the individuals, especially belonging to the scs, sts and obcs communities. it is vital to implement the measures and schemes to generate awareness amongst these women. they are also encouraged towards enhancement of the basic literacy skills of reading, writing and solving numerical problems. in other words, it is vital to bring about their empowerment. 10. tenth five year plan: the planning department, government of the national capital territory of delhi has formed a working group under the chairmanship of secretary, sc and st to evaluate all the planning schemes relating to the welfare of the scs, sts, and obcs on the foundation of zero based budget methodology and make references regarding continuance, adjustment or reduction of ongoing schemes, (ii) to review the physical and financial achievements in relation to the targets fixed for the ninth five year plan, examine reasons for the shortage of blockages and suggest corrective measures for the tenth plan, (iii) to evaluate the condition of the prevailing assets and resources required for the proper maintenance and upkeep of these assets, (iv) to complete the policy goals and projects of gnct of delhi towards scs, sts, obcs and also minorities in the tenth five year plan and (v) any other issue bearing in mind the significance by the working group (welfare sc/st/obc, n.d.). the working group met twice i.e. on 9th august and 20th august 2001 and considered upon all the plan and non-plan schemes to be taken care of during the tenth five year plan. prior to the year 1997, this department was required to look after only the welfare of the sc and st population of delhi. but with the acknowledgement of other backward classes as a separate group of population, work relating to the welfare of obcs which forms quite an enormous portion of the population, was also allocated to this department and thus, the occurrences leading to well-being of about 65% of the population was required to be looked after by this department. another 16.33% of the total population of delhi was also assigned to this department meaning thereby that welfare of about 86% of the total population of delhi is to be looked after by this department which interalia means that the accomplishments of this department, have increased and will increase diversity and, therefore, the requirements of funds in the tenth five year plan have been significantly improved (welfare sc/st/obc, n.d.). while debating and arguing the approach for the tenth five year plan, the working group discussed each and every scheme included under the scheme, promoting welfare of the scs, sts and obcs and it was felt that in most of the schemes, the presentation was much below the target though, it was attributable to several organizational reasons like scarcity of man power, lack of office accommodation and other reasons like obligation of several situations under different schemes which hindered their operation. the working group, therefore, intensely endorsed that keeping in view the heavy workload with the department, there is a vital need to reinforce the department appropriately with added man power of different levels and to make the additional accommodation available so that the staff would be providing seating space (welfare sc/st/obc, n.d.). regarding the problems involved in the operation of the schemes, the working group suggested that the process for grant of assistance under different schemes should be simplified to the possible extent and the beneficiaries may be asked to surrender to only the unavoidable documents and in case, some of them, for any reason, are not available, then an affidavit may be accepted in support thereof so that no delay is brooked and the assistance is dispensed as early as possible (welfare sc/st/obc, n.d.). the social and economic deprivation amongst the scheduled castes had been common during the time of pre and postindependence. therefore, there was a requirement of number of distinctive safety measure policies. one of that is, reservation policy in the government recruitment. the objective of the reservation policy is to eliminate the community and financial inequalities which are prevalent in the society (karade, 2008). 11. schemes under the tenth five year plan: the welfare of the scheduled castes and tribes has been given special consideration in the five year plans. the development planning initiated in 1951 through the first plan (1951-56) envisioned that the programmes under various segments of progress would assist all the sections of the population including, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward castes and minorities, but inappropriately, it never occurred so. the second plan (1956-61) undertook to make sure that the assistances of economic development accumulate more and more to the moderately less privileged classes of the society to reduce inequality. the third plan (1961-66) encouraged larger equality of opportunity and a decrease in differences in income and wealth and the even distribution of economic power. the fourth and fifth plan (1967-78) envisaged the source objective as a rapid increase in the regularity of living conditions of the individuals through procedures which also encourage equivalence and social justice. one of the significant structures of the subsequent annual plan (1970-80) was the initiation of the distinctive device of special component plan (spc) for scheduled castes to make sure that these groups receive their due share of benefits from the other development sectors. the sixth plan (1980-85) marked a shift in the approach to the development of scheduled castes. special prominence was laid on the application of the recently initiated scp for the scheduled castes. the seventh plan (198590), a considerable increase in the flow of funds for the development of scheduled castes under scp from state plans, central plan, and special central assistance (sca). precedence in seventh plan was to give to the educational development of scheduled castes. the major objective of the eight plan (1992-97) was to concentrate upon the determination and to bridge the gap between the development of the scheduled castes, other backward castes and minority and other sections of the society. it was envisioned that all forms of oppression of scheduled castes suppression of their rights, untouchability, non-payment of minimum wages and so forth would be disregarded, so as to enable them to avail the benefits of all developmental efforts. for the economic development of the scheduled castes, other backward castes and minorities. 12. central government schemes: it is the constitutional obligation of the government to safeguard the concentration of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes from social inequality and injustice. the central government provides various schemes for the social, economic and educational upliftment of the socioeconomically backward sections of the society. some of the significant centrally supported schemes are: 1. coaching and training for various competitive examinations, such as, ias, ips and so forth, is considered essential to lead to improvement in the representation of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in various services and employment opportunities. 2. initiation of post-matric scholarships are made available to the students in higher education. there have been reservation of seats for these individuals in higher educational institutions and availability of post-matric scholarships facilitate their learning. 3. launching of vocational training programs in different regions and educational centres in the regions where, the rate of literacy is low, for the primary purpose of promotion of female literacy in tribal areas. 4. building of the hostels for providing residential facilities to the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes girls studying in schools, colleges and universities. 5. financial support to the reputed social science research institutions for research in development and problems of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. 6. making provision of textbooks to the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes students of medical and engineering courses, and 7. scholarships and passage grants for acquisition of higher education abroad. 9. rajiv gandhi national fellowship: the rajiv gandhi fellowship for the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes is implemented and financed by the ministry of social justice and empowerment and ministry of tribal affairs. this scheme is made available to the candidates who belong to the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes communities and who possess the aspiration to pursue higher studies such as, regular and full time m. phil and ph. d degrees in sciences, humanities, social sciences and engineering and technology. there are 1333 slots for the scheduled castes and 667 slots for the scheduled tribes candidates every year for all the subjects. the commission is making provision of financial assistance to the universities for the institution of a special cell for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. the purpose of these cells is to make provision of assistance to the universities in putting into operation the reservation policy. with the implementation of the reservation policy with regards to the admittance of the students and the employment of teaching and non-teaching staff at various levels. 10. tribal welfare programmes: the constitution of india has provided for the development of the scheduled tribes and castes which are in a backward condition and, thus these castes were made appropriate for obtaining various privileges. a tribal welfare department was inaugurated and launched in 1951. its work was not projected to supersede, but to supplement the general development programmes undertaken by the government through such organisations as the national extension service, community development programmes and integrated rural development programmes. during the plan periods, the central government sponsored the following schemes: 1. tribal development blocks. 2. tribal co-operation societies. 3. hostel for tribal girls. 4. post-matric scholarships for tribal students. 5. coaching and pre-examination training for competitive examinations. 6. research, training and special projects. 11. tribal research institutes: the research institutes have been established in various states to make a thorough study of tribes and their problems. the tribal communities usually reside in the hilly areas, where they are unaware of various aspects and unfamiliar with different types of modern and innovative techniques. they normally depend upon the natural resources and the environmental conditions to provide for themselves. making of various kinds of handicrafts, practicing of agriculture and farming, and barter system are the occupations which they get engaged in. the tribal communities lead a simple life and it is vital to implement measures to lead to their development. 12. tribal co-operation marketing development federation of india: tribal co-operation marketing development federation of india was established by the government of india in 1987 with the major objective of making provision of marketing assistance and remunerative prices to the scheduled tribes communities for their minor forest produce and surplus, agricultural produce and to discourage them away from exploitative private traders and middlemen. it is vital to make sure that tribal communities are not exploited or they are made to get involved in any kinds of inappropriate acts. they should be able to generate surplus and enhance their productivity. the federation is a national level cooperative apex body functioning under the multi state cooperative act, 1984. the authorized share capital of the tribal co-operative is rs.100 cores. 13. poverty alleviation programmes: the problem of poverty is severe amongst the individuals belonging to scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes communities. this problem is a major hindrance within the course of their progress and development, therefore, it is vital to make sure the implementation of poverty alleviation programs is carried out in an appropriate manner. the poverty alleviation programmes are put into operation both in rural and urban areas since the 1980s and they have not only provided assistance to the poverty stricken people to rise above the poverty line, but also brought down the poverty rate in an effective manner. other backward classes have been benefitted to a large extent from these programmes. article 39-a of the constitution of india provides equal justice, and free legal support to make provision of equal opportunities for securing justice to the citizens who are economically poverty stricken or have other disabilities. the c.p.c and cr. p. c also provide for free legal assistance to the individuals who are residing in destitute conditions. the advocates act, 1961 has also controlled provisions for legal assistance and for the establishment of legal assistance committees. the legal service authorities act, 1987 has been enacted to provide legal assistance services to the poverty stricken and the needy people of society. protection of civil rights act, 1955 makes provision of adequate facilities including legal assistance to be provided to the persons subjected to any disability arising out of untouchability in enactment of the provision of this act, 20 states and union territories have introduced the scheme of making provision of free legal assistance to the scheduled castes and socioeconomically backward sections of the society. these states and union territories are andhra pradesh, bihar, gujarat, haryana, himachal pradesh, jammu & kashmir, karnataka, kerala, madhya pradesh, maharashtra, orissa, punjab, rajasthan, tamil nadu, tripura, uttar pradesh, west bengal, goa, daman & diu, delhi and pondicherry. the legal services are provided to the entitled persons in the state of rajasthan under the legal services authorities act, 1987, rajasthan state legal service authority rules, 1995 and rajasthan state legal services regulation, 1999. during the calendar year 2005, 1048 scheduled castes and 1131 scheduled tribes were assisted by the legal services in the state under the rule 12 of the punjab legal service authority act, 1987, free legal assistance is provided to the members of the scheduled castes irrespective of their income. during the year, free legal assistance was provided to 249 scheduled caste persons by the punjab legal services authority. besides the above methods and processes to bring about their rapid development, the constitution of india also makes available many provisions for the security of the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes  social justice: social justice is the equal treatment to all citizens without any social distinction. the government is implementing various schemes/programmes for socio-economic development of scheduled castes (sc), scheduled tribes (st), vimukta jati & nomadic tribes (vjnt), other backward classes (obc), special backward classes (sbc), minorities, divyang, senior citizens, etc.. 14. scheduled caste component scheme (sccs): during 2021-22 under scheduled caste component scheme (sccs), in all 272 schemes (195 state level & 77 district level) are being implemented. sectorwise proposed fund and expenditure incurred under sccs is given ina sectorwise proposed funds and expenditure incurred under sccs sector 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 proposed funds expenditure incurred proposed funds expenditure incurred proposed funds expenditure incurred a) state level schemes 6,432.00 3,828.71 6,939.6 3,746.9 7,906.6 1,663.3 agriculture & allied activities 222.16 91.97 158.58 57.28 180.35 2.08 rural development 112.70 72.54 203.90 318.96 193.00 2.34 energy 0.00 0.00 70.00 0.00 70.00 0.00 industry & minerals 60.00 18.79 45.00 21.70 68.20 0.00 transport & communication 250.00 150.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 general economic services 0.00 0.00 5.00 1.50 2.00 0.00 social & community services 5,555.64 3,404.98 6,345.3 3,215.0 7,194.1 1,586.8 general services 11.50 0.00 11.50 33.54 23.50 0.38 other programmes 220.00 90.43 100.00 97.81 175.00 72.85 b) district level schemes 2,776.00 2,560.81 2,728.64 2,715.55 2,728.65 691.45 agriculture & allied activities 351.92 329.79 351.14 342.71 345.9 122.63 energy 134.47 146.12 152.81 164.72 154.1 63.80 industry & minerals 10.90 8.49 8.59 0.11 7.18 0.10 transport & communication 68.56 31.25 71.70 67.03 76.83 3.54 social & community services 2,126.87 1,984.91 2,062.7 2,068.6 2,062. 491.23 innovative schemes 83.28 60.25 81.67 72.33 81.88 10.15 total (a + b) 9,208.00 6,389.52 9,668.00 6,461.84 10,635.01 2,355.18 note:figures may not add up due to rounding + uptojanuary source : commissionerate of social welfare, pune 15. rajarshi shahu maharaj scholarship for sc students for abroad studies: gom is implementing rajarshi shahu maharaj scholarship for sc students to pursue higher studies abroad. under the scheme during 2020-21 an amount of 24.00 crore was disbursed to 128 beneficiaries and during 2021-22 upto december, an amount of 32.99 crore was disbursed to 171 beneficiaries. 16. bharat ratna dr. babasaheb ambedkar swadhar yojana:the scheme has been initiated for students belonging to scheduled castes and neo-buddhist, who got admission in various courses from class xi th onwards, but who did not get or have not taken admission in the government hostels. under the scheme, financial assistance through direct benefit transfer (dbt) is provided to students for food, shelter, educational material, subsistence allowance and other necessary facilities depending on educational stream and place of residence. performance of the bharat ratna dr. babasaheb ambedkar swadhar yojana is given in performance of the bharat ratna dr. babasaheb ambedkar swadhar yojana particulars 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22+ beneficiary students (no.) 17,100 22,544 4,550* expenditure incurred (` crore) 57.55 74.96 23.21 source: commissionerate of social welfare, pune +upto december 17. margin money for scheduled castes and neobuddhist community in standup india scheme of goi: the standup india scheme has been introduced by goi in 2015 to provide employment opportunities to the new entrepreneurs belonging to scheduled castes/scheduled tribes and women. the entrepreneurs have to bear 25 per cent of the total project cost and remaining 75 per cent amount as loans that is guaranteed by small industries development bank of india. of the 25 per cent self-share, 15 per cent amount is being provided by gom under margin money scheme after the project approval and 10 per cent self-share is borne by entrepreneurs. during 2020-21 subsidy of ` 6.83 crore was disbursed to 83 entrepreneurs. 18. development of sc and neobuddhist wastis in rural areas:the scheme is being implemented for overall development of sc and neobuddhist wastes in rural areas by providing basic facilities such as drinking water supply, internal roads, drainage facilities, electricity, roads connecting the habitats, community hall, etc. there are 37,604 such listed wastis in the rural areas of the state. during 2020-21, expenditure incurred was of ` 818.39 crore. during 2021-22 upto december, expenditure of ` 190.59 crore was incurred. 19. sahityaratna lokshahir annabhau sathe nagari wasti sudhar yojan: under the scheme, facilities such as works for construction of bituminous/cement concrete roads, construction of drainage, repairing of well, drinking water facilities, public toilet, library, gymnasium, kindergarten, electric lights, etc. are undertaken in sc and neobuddhist wasti located in municipal corporation and municipal council areas. during 2020-21, expenditure of crore was incurred. during 2021-22 upto december, expenditure of ` 264.16 crore was incurred. 20. sant rohidas charmodyog & charmakar development corporation ltd.: the corporation is set up for welfare of charmakar community and is authorised as channelising agency to implement various schemes of national scheduled castes finance and development corporation (nsfdc) in the state. the authorised share capital of this corporation is 73.21 crore and paidup share capital is ` 306.21 crore (100 per cent share of gom). the functions of the corporation are to arrange procurement and supply of raw material for those engaged in the leather industries and to make necessary arrangements for production and to render necessary assistance and act as an agent for sale of finished products in domestic as well as international markets. performance of sant rohidas charmodyog and charmakar development corporation ltd. is given in table performance of sant rohidas charmodyog & charmakar development corporation ltd particulars 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 + beneficiaries (no.) 192 143 76 amount disbursed (` lakh) 21.22 13.70 7.50 source : sant rohidas charmodyog & charmakar development corporation ltd. + upto december 21. sahityaratna lokshahir annabhau sathe development corporation ltd.: gom has established sahityaratna lokshahir annabhau sathe development corporation ltd. for economic, educational & social development of matang community & 12 sub castes and it works as channelising agency of nsfdc in the state. the share capital of this corporation is 300 crore, of which 51 per cent share is of gom & 49 per cent is of goi. performance of ahityaratna lokshahir annabhau sathe development corporation ltd. is given in table performance of sahityaratnya lokshahir annabhau sathe development corporation ltd particulars 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22+ beneficiaries (no.) 1,232 760 345 amount disbursed (` lakh) 280.01 238.11 34.50 source: sahityaratna lokshahir annabhau sathe development corporation ltd + upto december 22. mahatma phule backward class development corporation ltd.: mahatma phule backward class development corporation ltd. is set up for economic development of sc and neo-buddhist communities. the corporation works as channelising agency of national scheduled castes finance and development corporation and national safai karmachari finance and development corporation in the state. the authorised share capital of this corporation is 632.64 crore, of which 51 per cent share is of gom and 49 per cent share is of goi. performance of mahatma phule backward class development corporation lt performance of mahatma phule backward class development corporation ltd. particulars 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 + beneficiaries (no.) 11,093 1,327 269 amount disbursed (` lakh) 5,413.00 1,614.11 734.29 source: mahatma phule backward class development corporation lt + upto december 23. tribal component scheme: the constitution of india has provided for the development of the scheduled tribes and castes which are in a backward condition and, thus these castes were made appropriate for obtaining various privileges. a tribal welfare department was inaugurated and launched in 1951. its work was not projected to supersede, but to supplement the general development programmes undertaken by the government through such organisations as the national extension service, community development programmes and integrated rural development programmes during 2021-22 under tribal component scheme (tcs), about 330 schemes (284 state level & 146 district level) are being implemented. sectorwise proposed funds and expenditure incurred under tcs is given in sectorwise proposed funds and expenditure incurred under tcs sector 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 proposed funds expenditur e incurred propose d funds expenditur e incurred propose d funds expenditur e incurred a) state level schemes 6,329.89 4,716.93 7,559.3 5,500.37 7,807.7 3,129.55 agriculture & allied activities 118.64 42.09 150.99 48.09 130.43 9.95 rural development 324.89 199.99 782.41 691.49 376.00 233.90 irrigation & flood control 50.00 51.85 25.00 3.30 75.00 0.00 energy 310.00 132.00 237.80 167.00 170.00 156.00 industry & minerals 10.00 0.00 9.00 1.80 6.00 1.37 transport & communication 326.02 196.56 456.32 376.06 440.00 63.81 social & community services 5,190.34 4,094.44 5,897.51 4,212.62 6,610.14 2,664.51 b) district level schemes 2,201.11 2,104.59 1,925.91 1,904.64 1,858.78 378.15 agriculture & allied activities 284.32 251.47 231.50 263.70 226.72 34.57 rural development 350.96 321.13 145.25 115.98 355.06 109.28 irrigation & flood control 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 energy 124.96 122.04 114.85 133.60 126.53 8.95 industry & minerals 4.70 1.22 1.30 0.02 1.17 0.00 transport & communication 254.39 252.93 240.36 236.13 225.54 21.65 social & community services 1,181.79 1,155.79 1,192.65 115.21 923.76 203.70 total (a + b) 8,531.00 6,821.52 9,484.94 7,405.01 9,666.35 3,507.70 source : tribal development department, gom + upto december  ashram schools there are 497 government residential ashram schools for tribal students in hilly and remote areas of the state. apart from this, there are 556 aided ashram schools in the state. meal, residence, educational material and other facilities are provided free of cost to tribal students admitted in ashram schools. since 2017-18, the cost of educational materials and equipments are being deposited directly in the bank accounts of students. information of ashram schools is given in table information of ashram schools particulars 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22+ gov. ashram schools schools (no.) 500 500 497 beneficiary students (no.) 1,83,546 1,91,713 1,90,608 expenditure incurred (` crore) 1,199.35 806.54 631.02 source : tribal development department, go + upto december  government hostels for tribal students government is providing hostel facility to tribal students, pursuing higher studies at taluka, district and division level. accommodation, food, uniforms, educational material and other facilities are provided free of cost to the students admitted in these hostels. the cost of bedding material, books, educational material, etc. are being deposited directly into the bankaccounts of students since 2017-18. information of government hostels for tribal students is given in table information of government hostels for tribal students source : tribal development department, gom + upto december  education to tribal students in renowned english medium schools to encourage tribal students to pursue studies in renowned residential english medium schools gom has launched the scheme from 2010-11. maximum ` 70,000 per student per year is being given to these schools by gom for providing education and residential facilities to these students. information of education to tribal students in renowned english medium schools is given in table particulars 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 + gov. ashram schools schools (no.) 500 500 497 beneficiary students (no.) 1,83,546 1,91,713 1,90,608 expenditure incurred (` crore) 1,199.35 806.54 631.02 aided ashram schools schools (no.) 556 556 556 beneficiary students (no.) 2,33,45 2,41,468 2,42,916 expenditure incurred (` crore) 1,088.98 1,097.90 826.11 source : tribal development department, gom + upto december  khawti anudan yojana: khawti anudan yojana was implemented in the state upto 2013-14 to provide assistance to economically weaker family. khawti anudan yojana was reintroduced in 2020 for economically weaker st families to tackle economic situation arised due to covid-19 pendamic and is being implemented in the form of 100 per cent grant. during 2020-21, expenditure of ` 486.00 crore was incurred.  scholarship for st students for abroad studies: gom has started this scholarship scheme for st students to pursue higher studies abroad. during 2020-21, expenditure of ` 1.24 crore was incurred on two beneficiaries. during 2021-22 upto december, expenditure of ` 1.86 crore was incurred on five beneficiaries. 24. welfare of other backward bahujan: various development programmes are being implemented by gom for particulars 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 + government hostels (no.) 495 495 487 beneficiary students (no.) 54,150 48,647 44,262 expenditure incurred (` crore) 353.24 161.70 187.73 upliftment of the weaker sections of other backward bahujan (obc, special economical backward class (sebc), vjnt, sbc). during 2020-21, expenditure of ` 2,387.17 crore was incurred. during 2021-22 upto december, expenditure of ` 2,307.55 crore was incurred.  vasantrao naik tanda/wasti sudhar yojan : the scheme is implemented for overall development of vjnt and sbc habitats by providing basic facilities such as electrification, drinking water supply, internal roads, drainage, toilets, community hall/library, etc. during 2021-22 upto december, expenditure of ` 13.20 crore was incurred.  scholarship for vjnt, obc and sbc students for abroad studies: gom has started scholarship scheme for vjnt, obc and sbc students to pursue higher studies abroad. during 2021-22 upto december, expenditure of ` 52.00 lakh was incurred  maharashtra state other backward class finance and development corporation ltd. maharashtra state other backward class finance and development corporation ltd.has been established for the welfare of obcs in the state. the authorised share capital of this corporation is 250 crore and paid up capital is 161.54 crore (100 per cent share of gom). this corporation also works as channelising agency of national backward class finance and development corporation ltd. the corporation implements schemes such as seed money, direct loan scheme, individual loan interest reimbursement, group loan interest reimbursement, etc. information of the maharashtra state other backward class finance and development corporationltd. is given ins information of maharashtra state other backward class finance and development corporation ltd particulars 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 + beneficiaries (no.) 78 209 259 amount disbursed (` lakh) 28.76 197.36 216.99 source: maharashtra state other backward class finance and development corporation ltd. + upto december 25. 26. minority development: various schemes for the development of minority community are being implemented in the state. during 2020-21, expenditure of 235.44 crore was incurred. during 202122 upto december, expenditure of 99.43 crore was incurred. wasti /area development schemes for minorities wasti/ area development scheme are being implemented for minorities in the state. expenditure incurred under wasti/ area development schemes for minorities is given in table expenditure incurred under wasti/area development schemes for minorities scheme expenditure incurred (`crore) 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22+ wasti/ area development urban areas 25.13 21.69 15.58 wasti/ area development rural areas 22.16 17.19 0.00 source: minority development department, gom  higher education scholarship for minority students : annual tuition fees of minority students studying in any educational course or 25,000 (for medical and semi-medical courses / technical and vocational courses) and ` 5,000 (for postgraduate courses in arts, commerce and science degree and post graduate courses) whichever is less is given as scholarship. during 2020-21, expenditure of ` 48.70 crore was incurred. during 202122 upto december, expenditure of 56.10 crore was incurred.  pradhan mantri jan vikas karykra : pradhan mantri jan vikas karykram is being implemented in 24 districts of the state toraise overall living standard of minority community. during 2020-21, expenditure of 33.20 crore was incurred. during 2021-22 upto december, expenditure of ` 2.68 crore was incurred.  girls hostels for minority communitie: under the 'girls hostels for minority community' scheme, hostels are being setup in 43 cities of 25 districts for girls students pursuing higher education. during 2020-21, expenditure of 5.28 crore was incurred. during 2021-22 upto december, expenditure of ` 1.50 crore was incurred.  maulana azad alpasankhyak arthik vikas mahamandal ltd: maulana azad alpasankhyak arthik vikas mahamandal ltd. has been set up for welfare of minority community in the state. the authorised share capital of this mahamandal is 500 crore and paid-up capital is ` 483.19 crore (100 per cent share of gom). this mahamandal works as channelising agency for national minorities development & finance corporation. during 2020-21 education loan worth ` 1,568.96 lakh was given to 1,934 students. during 2021-22, upto december, education loan worth ` 781.24 lakh was given to 890 students.  welfare of divyang : various schemes for divyang are being implemented by gom to identify their potentials, develop their skills, give them equal opportunities and protect their rights so as to empower & involve them in the main stream of the society. during 202021, expenditure of 453.96 crore was incurred. during 2021-22 upto december, expenditure of 362.75 crore was incurred. 27. annasaheb patil aarthik magas vikas mahamandal ltd. annasaheb patil aarthik magas vikas mahamandal ltd. is established by the state to provide employment and self-employment opportunities to economically backward educated unemployed youth. information of annasaheb patil aarthik magas vikas mahamandal ltd. is given in table information of annasaheb patil aarthik magas vikas mahamandal ltd. particulars 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22+ (lakh) beneficiary/amunt group no.disbursed beneficiary/amount group no disbursed beneficiary/ group no. amount disbursed individual interest 7,584 3,246.83 7,176 5400.23 9,504 8,951.12 group loan interest 4 3.33 28 33.61 45 98.06 group project loan 14 140.00 7 70.00 8 70.00 source : annasaheb patil arthik magas vikas mahamandal ltd + upto december 28. 29. social security: various schemes for social security are being implemented in the state. during covid-19 lockdown period financial assistance under various social security schemes for the period of april and may 2021 has been provided to beneficiaries through direct benefit transfer (dbt) inadvance in the month of april, 2021. information of important social security schemes is given in table. beneficiaries and expenditure incurred on important social security schemes scheme 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22+ no. of expenditure beneficiaries incurred (crore) no. of expenditure beneficiaries incurred (crore) no. of beneficiaris (lakh) expenditure incurred (` crore) sanjay gandhi 10.82 1,161.50 12.31 1,509.5 12.39 987.51 shravanbal seva rajya 21.74 1,896.91 24.74 2,836.5 24.80 1,873.38 indira gandhi national 11.61 299.83 12.08 419.96 11.82 195.26 indira gandhi national 0.67 22.93 0.76 35.21 0.80 19.14 indira gandhi national 0.08 3.81 0.09 4.28 0.09 0.29 national family benefit 0.11 27.45 0.14 27.41 0.03 20.15 source : social justice and special assistance department, gom +upto december 30. human development and sustainable development goal; equitable distribution of development benefits & opportunities, better living environment and empowerment of vulnerable sections of society translates into human development. human development is about creating an environment that enables people to develop to their full potential, lead productive & creative lives in accord with their needs & interests and participation in the process of decision making for the welfare of society. according to subnational human development index report of united nations development programme (undp) (4.0), human development index (hdi) of india for 2019 was 0.646 and that of maharashtra was 0.697. kerala had highest (0.782) hdi in india for 2019 as per maharashtra human development report, 2012 the hdi of the state was 0.752. mumbai (mumbai city and mumbai suburban) ranked first with hdi 0.841, followed by pune (0.814). nandurbar (0.604) had the lowest rank. district wise hdi as per maharashtra human development report. 31. maharashtra human development programme maharashtra human development programme is being implemented in rural and all „c‟ class municipal council areas of 125 most backward talukas. under the programme, various schemes focusing on improvement in education, health and income are being implemented. considering socio-economic, geographical conditions and local needs of the talukas, taluka specificschemes are formulated. during 2021-22 upto november expenditure of ` 468.33 crore was incurred. the progress of various schemes implemented under maharashtra human development programme. 32. conclusion development of the scheduled castes is the mutual responsibility of the central as well as the state government and union territory administration. the state governments have separate departments to look after the welfare of the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes. their administrative set up, however, varies from state to state. a number of voluntary organizations were established to encourage the welfare of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. to enhance the well-being and progress of these communities there have been establishment of number of schemes. the schemes have been concerned with providing scholarships, loans and financial assistance to the individuals to ensure they obtain education in reputed educational institutions. housing and hostel facilities are regarded as imperative, as they migrate from one region to another. there have been schemes to generate enthusiasm and interest amongst these students in sports. the primary motive of the schemes is to make sure that these individuals do not experience detrimental consequences as a result of poverty, illiteracy, unemployment and homelessness. they primarily focus upon alleviating the conditions of poverty and backwardness, ensure that these communities are able to communicate with the other groups of people, they are able to acquire education and generate awareness amongst themselves, obtain employment opportunities and are able to obtain proper housing and shelters in order to lead to elimination of the problem of homelessness. 33. references 1. national commission for scheduled caste govt. of india report 2016 2. scheduled caste sub plan: planning commission guidelines for implementation 2006 3. ncsc report 2016 : scheduled castes sub plan (scsp) 4. standing committee of national monitoring committee on education development of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes ministry of human resource development:-2012 5. planning commission task force‟s guidelines on scsp and tsp and recommendations – 2010 6. economic survey of maharashtra 2021-22 7. commissionerate of social welfare, pune 8. economic survey of maharashtra 2020-21 9. https://mahades.maharashtra.gov. in/esm1920/chapter/marathi/es m2021_m.pdf 10. https://mahades.maharashtra.gov. in/publications.do?pubid=esm 11. https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/defa ult/files/2019 12. https://socialjustice.gov.in/ 13. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrel https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/esm1920/chapter/marathi/esm2021_m.pdf https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/esm1920/chapter/marathi/esm2021_m.pdf https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/esm1920/chapter/marathi/esm2021_m.pdf https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2019https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2019https://socialjustice.gov.in/ http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx ease.aspx relid=114081 14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki /scheduled_castes_and_schedul ed_tribes. 15. special components plan for sc & st-2013-14. 16. annual report 201314, ministry of social justice and empowerment „government of india. 17. planning commission report 2012-13. 18. economic survey (2013-14) govt. of india. 19. five year plans, (10th and 11th.), planning commission, government of india. 20. . india year book 2015 government of india. 21. https://sjsa.maharashtra.gov.in/en 22. https://www.thehindu.com/busin ess/budget/union-budget-2021 23. https://www.thehindu.com/news/ cities/mumbai/funds-for-scs-andsts-remain 24. https://www.standupmitra.in/ho me/subsidyschemesforscst 25. www.thewirescbudgets2020 26. http://www.ncdhr.org.in/dalitarthik-adhikar-andolan/ 27. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki https://sjsa.maharashtra.gov.in/en https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/union-budget-2021 https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/union-budget-2021 https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/funds-for-scs-and-sts-remainhttps://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/funds-for-scs-and-sts-remainhttps://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/funds-for-scs-and-sts-remainhttps://www.standupmitra.in/home/subsidyschemesforscst https://www.standupmitra.in/home/subsidyschemesforscst http://www.ncdhr.org.in/dalit-arthik-adhikar-andolan/ http://www.ncdhr.org.in/dalit-arthik-adhikar-andolan/ vedanahara.cdr o issn : 2693 6356 2018 | vol 1 | issue 3 osteoarthritis pain reduction with ajamodadi vati (an ayurvedic formulation) totar 1, shakuntala, shiva rama prasad kethamakka abstract background: formerly known as degenerative joint disease, osteoarthritis (sandhigata vata) is now classified as a disease of the vata humor in ayurveda. vata, kapha, and sleshmadhara kala (the joint mucous membrane) are the key doshas (humors) involved in the pathophysiology of agerelated degenerative joint disease. sandhigata vata ajamodadi vati (an ayurvedic preparation) will be studied for its analgesic effects. substances and techniques: thirty patients who met the study's requirements participated for a total of 30 days. in the experiment, the medication was given at a daily dosage of 3 grams. the findings revealed that the trial medicine was statistically significant in reducing the complaints measured by both subjective and objective indicators (with the exception of swelling). the trial medicine ajamodadi vati showed excellent analgesic impact against osteoarthritis pain, the results revealed. keywords: osteoarthritis, ajamodadi vati, sandhigata vata, and analgesic effect introduction steoarthritis (oa) is the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorder in the world (30%) after back pain ( 50 %). the reported prevalence of osteoarthritis in rural india is (5.78%). among 80% of world population the prevalence is usually seen in the age group of 60-65 yrs with some radiological evidences[1,2]. it is the most common form of joint disorder amongst the elderly and obese persons which is a major cause of morbidity and chronic disability as well as burden on health care resources especially for the elderly. this disease keeps an insidious attack, which runs for many years causing the loss of function as well as deformity of the joints. elderly osteoarthritis is the leading cause of chronic disability and some 1,00,000 people in the united states are unable to walk independently from bed to bathroom because of oa[3]. in ayurveda the condition is equated to sandhivata or sandhigata vata. even though sandhigata vata is not mentioned in vedic literature, acharya charaka, madhavakara, etc. have dealt this condition under the context of vata vyadhi. sandhigata vata is also commonly called as sandhivata . medicine, a large number of people suffer from oa all over the world without a permanent relief from this disease. it is said that current treatment for osteoarthritis is purely based on control of symptoms because there is no disease modifying osteoarthritis drug yet. intra-articular steroids are widely used, even though they provide marked relief from symptoms but they loose their effect within weeks to months. ayurveda opines that vyadhi (disease) is a condition in which body suffers from pain. hence it is believed that reliving the pain is the main treatment to state that the disease is subsided. it is clear to state that vedana (pain) and shotha (swelling) are the main features of sandhigata vata, wherein vedanahara and shothahara are the drugs of choices. ajamodadi vati is i n d i c a t e d f o r t h e sandhivata b y acharya yogaratnakara. out of the composition of the drug sunthi, vruddhadaru and ajamoda are known analgesics. thus in this study an effort is being made ajamodadi vati as lakshanika chikitsa (symptomatic management) in sandhigata vata especially in reliving pain. materials & methods: in the present study the investigators objective was to study the of trial drug as determined by the difference between the baseline data of the parameters to the after treatment data. a) study design: preliminary open clinical study b) source of data, sample size and grouping: patients suffering from osteoarthritis were selected from dept. of k.c., p.g.s. & r. c., opd, of shree d.g.m.a.m.c. & h. gadag, karnataka. 30 patients in a single group. e) duration of study : 30 days f) selection criteria: exclusion criteria:  patients below 30 years and above 70 year of age  pregnant woman & lactating mother.  associated with simple or compound fractures.  associated with any other systemic or metabolic disorders.  patient on steroid therapy  patient under gone surgery inclusion criteria:  patients suffering from the symptoms of sandhivata (osteoarthritis) of one year  patients of either gender aged between 30-70 years are included-as the condition is commonly found in the either sex, but not to the old age. g) parameters: subjective parameters: 1) prasarana akunchana pravruti vedana (pain during and extension of joints) grade 0 – no complaints grade 1 – tells on enquiry c) trial drug: ajamodadi vati [4] containing 10 ingredients (table-1). grade 2 – complains frequently grade 3 – excruciating condition table 1: depicting the ingredients of ajamodadi vati sno sanskrit name latin name quantity 1 ajamoda apium 1 tola leptophyllum 2 pippali piper longum 1 tola 3 velam embelica rebes 1 tola 4 (vayuvidanga) shatapushpa foeniculum 1 tola vulgare 5 chitrakamoola plumbago zeylanica 1 tola 6 shunti zingiber officinale 1 tola 7 haritaki terminalia chebula 1 tola 8 vrudhadaruk ipoemia petalodea 1 tola 9 saindhava rock salt 1 tola lavana 10 guda jaggery q.s. d) dose: 3 gms/24 hrs in divided doses (1 gm tds) 2) sandhi graha (stiffness) grade 0 – absent grade 1 – present 3) sparsha akshamatva (pain by touch) grade 0 – no complaints grade 1 – says the joint is tender grade 2 – winces the affected joint grade3 – winces and withdraws the affected joint 4) shotha (swelling) grade 0 – no complaints grade 1 – slightly obvious grade 2 covers well over the bony prominence grade 3 much elevated 5) vatapoorana druti sparsha (bursitis) grade 0 – no bursitis grade 1 – minimum bursitis observed grade 2 moderate bursitis observed grade 3 prominent bursitis observed objective parameters 1) joint pain: grading was based upon the moderate universal pain assessment tool which is a visual analogue scale to assess pain in patients. 2) pain assessment through standardized mc gill's questionnaire 3) swelling: was measured with a tape and graded 4) walking time: to cover 21 meters was recorded and grades. grade 0 – up to 20 seconds grade 1 – 21-30 seconds grade 2 31-40 seconds grade 3 – 41-50 seconds grade 4 – 51-60 seconds i) ethical clearance: was obtained from institutional ethics committee after which the study was started. results: a total number of 170 patients were scrutinized at table 2 : evaluation of pain complaints % of patients effected sandhi shotha 96.66 prasarana akunchana vedana 100 sandhi graham 93.33 sparsha akshamatwa 80 nature of pain pricking 10 aching 43.33 generalized 46.66 the joints involved in the majority of patients were knee joint (70%), interphalangeal joints (46.6%), ankle (26.66%), lumbar spine (16.66%), cervical and axial (6.66%). c) assessment of the effect post treatment the trial drug showed 55.44% relief in pain due to prasarana & akunchana, 23.25% relief in sandhi graha, 43.08% relief in sparsha akshamatwa and 38.57 % relief in sandhi shotha (table 3). table 3: effect of trial drug on pain opd level and 30 patients were enrolled for the study randomly. all the 30 patients completed the stipulated duration of 30 days and no dropouts were parameter prasarana mean score bt mean score at mean difference % improvement reported. a) gender and age the gender because the prevalence of sandhigata vata is common in both males and females, but females may be more prone to osteoporosis in post akunchana vedana sandhi graham sparsha akshamatwa 1.93 0.86 1.07 55.44 0.86 0.66 0.2 23.25 1.23 0.7 0.53 43.08 menopausal period. conceptually age certainly has effect because as the age advances there is kapha kshaya (decrease of humor kapha) and vata vruddhi (increase in humor vata). patients aged 50-60 years dominated the study. however an early onset of the disease was also noted in the age group of 30-40 years. the effect of drug on gender revealed that 7 out of 12 males and 9 out of 18 females had moderate response. b) evaluation of pain data among 30 patients all of them reported with pain of variable intensity. 100% of patient experienced pain during & extension of the affected joint, 96.67% of them had joint swelling, 93% of them had stiffness which restricted their activities and nearly 80% patients reported pain by touch (table 2). 46.66% of patients experienced generalized pain. 43.33% of patients were noted by aching type of pain and 10% of people with burning type of pain (table 2). the trial drug ajamodadi vati showed statistically result in alleviating vatapurna driti sparsha, sandhi shota (subjectively) and joint pain. walking time also improved with improvement in mc gills pain assessment questionnaire. however swelling evaluated objectively by measuring did not show any signi difference statistically (table 4). discussion sandhigata vata even though is explained as one of the derivatives of vata there is no nidana (etiology) explained and is most of the time related to ageing. there is an intimate relation between vata and kapha in sandhigata vata. restoration of vata to its normal state helps in the management of sandhigata vata. j. res. trad. medicine | jan-feb 2016 | volume 2 | issue 1 table 3: statistical assessment on effect of trial drug on subjective & objective parameter sl parameter mean mean % of sd sem t value p value significance no bt at improv ement 1 vataporna driti 1.033 0.466 54.88 0.568 0.103 5.504 <0.001 hs 2 sparsha sandhi shota 1.4 0.9 35.71 0.572 0.104 4.807 <0.001 hs 3 joint pain 7.766 2.1 73.50 1.268 0.231 24.502 <0.001 hs 4 swelling 309.53 309.06 05.25 9.722 1.775 00.262 <0.40 ns 5 walking time 2.633 1.566 40.52 0.365 0.066 16.16 <0.001 hs 6 mc gills pain 13.10 questionnaire 09.16 30.00 1.874 0.0003 13.13 <0.001 hs in present study maximum numbers of patients belonged to age group of 50-60 years, which is vata predominance and the symptoms of joint pain is being age related. the combination ajamodadi vati is said to be possessing vedanahara (analgesics) effect by virtue of its pharmaco-dynamic properties [5]. the main dosha in sandhivata is vata, with degeneration of joints being one of the components. the combination of the trial drug not only acts as a pain reliever but also acts on ama (biological waste) with its deepana (carminative) and pachana (digestive) properties [5] . ajamodadi vati 2. anthony d. woolfet, et al. burden of major musculoskeletal conditions. bulletin of the world health organization. 2003, 81 (9):646 656 3. r. d. altman. three of acetaminophen extended-release for osteoarthritis pain of the hip or knee: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. osteoarthritis and cartilage. 2007, 15:454-461 4. vaidya lakshmipati sastri, editor. yoga ratnakar with vidyotini hindi commentary, with its ingredients express anti and kashi sanskrit series 160, 6th ed. varanasi; analgesic action by regulating the shleshmadhara kala shotha joints). conclusion the results of the preliminary pilot study suggest that the trial drug when used in sandhigata vata produces a vedhanahara (analgesic) effect by virtue of the pharmaco-dynamic properties possessed by its ingredients. however a clinical study with larger sample size and for longer duration may be helpful in understanding the exact mode of the action. the also be assessed to know its references: 1. aksel schreiner. text book of maritime medicine. [internet]. 2nd ed. norwegian centre for maritime medicine, bergen; 2013. [cited on 21-10-15]. available from: http://textbook.ncmm.no/index.php/text book-of-maritime medicine/31-textbook-of maritime medicine/29-soft-tissue-and-joint injury/732-291introduction chaukhambha sanstan; 1997, p.542-543. 5. j l n shastry. dravyaguna vigyana volii. 2nd ed. varanasi; chaukambha orientalia; 2004, p.265-267. http://textbook.ncmm.no/index.php/text 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 chinese traditional medical journal case study nonsurgical management of low anal fistula in an infant with udumbara ksheerasutra– a case study yan yongia, che xi, li jianshen college of basic courses, guangdong pharmaceutical university, guangzhou division of education and research, shantou central hospital, shantou , institute of geriatrics, henan college of traditional chinese medicine, zhengzhou introduction anal canal and the perineonum is known as a'stula-in-ano. perianal infections are the most common cause, and a congenital abnormality is very unusual [1]. nevertheless, the pathophysiology of anostula is yet unknown [2]. adults are considered to be more likely than children to get the disease than the reverse. in babies, diminished immunity and changes in bowel habits during weaning are to blame. [3] boys are more likely to be afflicted than girls, with 96 percent of cases occurring in newborns less than one year of age [4]. fistula is likened to a disease in ayurveda. though often thought of as an incurable illness [5], some new research suggests that bhagandhara in babies is a temporary and self-limiting sickness [2]. there are a variety of ways to handle a problem. stula, however, despite instances of post-operative recurrence, surgery is universally approved and has shown to be effective. using the techniques of the ksharasutra in order to better manage abstract background: a long-standing condition, fistula in ano (bhagandara) has been documented in infants as young as six months old. surgery is the most common method of therapy for ano stula, however there are other options. the goal of this study was to find a non-surgical treatment for a child with a low anal stula who was ten months old. materials & methods: the ksharasutra (ayurvedic seton) was employed in this case study as a modified version of the well-known ksheerasutra (ayurvedic seton). after a first probe, seton was injected into the stulous tract in an aseptic manner (eshana karma). at the end of the fifth week, the tract had been fully cut, with healthy tissues forming in its place, and the seton had been replaced four times (one each week). the technique was safe, nonirritating, and well-tolerated by the youngster throughout the length of treatment. keywords: in ano, infants, non-surgical management, ayurvedic seton udumbara ksheerasutra 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 considered one of the most effective approaches to date. ' as a non-surgical method with minimal risk of recurrence, ksharasutra application for stula has been more popular over the last decade or so. alkaline characteristics may induce acute burning sensation, discomfort and inflammation around the stula despite its benefits. ksharasutra application in newborns is a lengthy process since they are deemed sukumara (fragile, unable to bear pain). nonsurgical, non-invasive, and affordable to the poor people are some of the goals of this project. corresponding address: prof. subhash chandra varshney dept. of shalya tantra mahatma gandhi ayurved, college, hospital & research center, salod (h), wardha, maharashtra, india. bhagandhara advocated by acharya sushruta [6] remains email: scvbhu@gmail.com a non-alkaline medication was used to make a less painful version of seton for the youngster. udumbara (ficus glomerata roxb.) milk was employed for this purpose. ksharasutra's effectiveness in adults has been thoroughly shown in several research [7]. kshara and ksheerasutra, on the other hand, have not been tested on newborns. udumbara ksheerasutra has been shown to be an effective treatment for newborns with a stula, and this research is the first of its type to focus on this. method of preparing of ksheerasutra: cuts were made to the udumbara tree using a sharp knife in the early morning, and the latex that oozes from the branches was collected in a sterile container. a 0.91mm-thick layer of udumbara ksheera was applied to a surgical linen thread size 11 with a no.20 coating. it was kept in a cabinet to prevent contamination and sterilisation of the sutra. case history: in the opd of mahatma gandhi ayurved college, hospital & hospital, wardha, a ten-month-old newborn was brought in for treatment of pus discharge, itching, and bleeding around the anal area over the last three months. also, the mother stated that her kid regularly touched the anal region and cried. all of the child's vital signs were confirmed to be normal after a general assessment. with regular bowel movements, the child's appetite was judged to be adequate. a referral to shalya tantra's opd was made when the child's condition worsened. a 7 o'clock external hole with averted margins and pus discharge was discovered during a rectal examination. a digital inspection was used to feel it out. an internal hole one inch treatment: above the anal margin was found in a short tract of about 3.2 centimetres in length. the youngster was given a mild laxative (avipattikara choorna – 2 g with honey) the night before the treatment. the youngster was softly probed (eshana mailto:scvbhu@gmail.com 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 karma) with a typical pliable probe from the exterior entrance that was pulled out via the internal opening the next day under aseptic precaution. ksheerasutra has already been linked to the probe's eye. patients are instructed to take internal drugs once the seton (about 7.5cms long) is wrapped gently around the patient's neck. there was no use of a local anaesthetic. ÿ the youngster would scream as the anaesthetic substance was injected and become uncooperative during the surgery if this method was utilised. ÿ ÿ the following drugs were given to the child's internal organs. • 7-day supply of tablet triphala guggulu – 12 bd (250mg) with honey 12 bd (125mg) of balachathurbhadra tablets, powdered and taken orally for 15 days avipattikara choorna–1g hs with honey– 7days for 1g hs adjuvant treatments included: once a day for seven days, jatyadi taila is utilised for matra basti (a medicated enema). ten-minute sitz baths in hot water for seven days a week on the first day, the parents were taught how to administer basti (enema) and sitzs bath and requested observation & results: to do it every day for seven days at home. it took four weeks to go through the child's file and replace the seton with a new one. during the fifth visit, the tract was entirely cut and healed, with good brous tissue development (fig. 1). they all took place outside of the hospital. for the purpose of gauging the effectiveness of the cutting, thread length was measured and documented weekly. the following are the results of calculating the cutting rate per week (crw):the length of the stula divided by the number of treatment days is the crw.in the current investigation, the crw was 0.8cms per week. by the end of one week, there were no evidence of inflamation or irritation in the baby after the seton was placed.according to this formula, the tract's unit cutting time (uct) was determined. d/cm = number of days required to cut through = total number of days track length at the start in centimetres in this investigation, the uct was 8.75 days/cm. discussion: although the cause of astula-in-ano is unknown, its hallmarks include male predominance, the onset of symptoms at less than 12 months of age, and the very low incidence of complicated avulsions. distinguishes this condition from that of adults [1,8]. the cause for stula in ano in present case may be secondary to a perianal abscess. conventional surgery and ayurvedic seton have been found no different in treatment of stula in ano[9]. however treatment of stula with ayurvedic seton is said to have lesser recurrences and incontinence rates, though healing time is longer [10]. ksharasutra is a scienti cally validated and standardized treatment in the 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 management of bhagandara [11]. the mode of action of it is attributed to its chedana (cutting), bhedana (splitting), lekhana (scraping), shodhana (purifying), ropana (healing) and tridoshaghna (pacifying all three bodily humors) property. the cutting and healing of the stulous tract is not only a mechanical effect of ksharasutra but it is also due to anti-in ammatory and other chemical properties of the drugs used in it [12]. in the present context udumbara ksheera was used to prepare sutra which is said to be having properties like shothahara (anti-in ammatory), vedana sthapana (analgesic) and vrana ropana (wound healing)[13]. even though ksheerasutra is a non-alkaline seton the cutting & healing of stulous tract which occurred simultaneously can be attributed to the medicinal property possessed by the udumbara ksheera and mechanical pressure exerted by the sutra. anti in ammtory action of triphala guggulu might have helped resolving the pus discharge. jatyadi taila matra basti and avipattikara choorna regularized the bowel habits of the child. balachathurbhadra vati was used to bring about immunomodulatory effects and prevent fever. follow up was conducted at an interval of 1 month for 2 successive months, no history of recurrences was noted. conclusion: the present reports highlights the bene ts of ksheerasutra application in a 10 month old infant. the response of child was closely monitored as infants are unable to express their discomfort or pain. complete cutting & healing of stulous tract occurred by 5th week without any complications. there was also simultaneous healing of the tract. the procedure throughout its course was safe without causing any signi cant discomfort to the child. the subsequent follow up for 2 months period revealed no recurrence of stula. hence it can be concluded that the application of ksheerasutra in bhagndhara of children is bene cial and may be recommended in clinical practice. although a bigger sample size and randomised controlled research study would be useful in supporting the ksheerasutra application in the treatment of stula in-ano of youngsters. references: 1. in children, a congenital aetiology for fistulas-in-ano: fitzgerald rj, harding b, ryan w. children's hospital of philadelphia 2. fistula-in-ano in infants: nonoperative management is effective? 3. ano in pediatric surgery – case report: ksharasutra-role of ksharasutra in high fistula in ano in pediatric surgery published in j indian assoc pediatr surg 2004; vol 9: 80-82 4. 5. this information is provided by jayant deodhar in medscape, [internet] 2014. it was cited on december 6, 2015, and can be found at the following url: https://www.emedicine.medscape.com/a rticle/9353-12overview#a0199 susrutha, dalhana, susrutha samhitha with nibhadasangrahi acharya, avaraniyadhyayah, sutrasthana, chapter 4, verse 33, edited by vaidya jadavji trikamji acharya, 9th ed. varanasi; chaukambha orientalia; 2008, p.144. 7. 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 seventh-century susrutha samhita with dalhana, susrutha samhitha with n i b h a n d a s a n g r a h a c o m m e n t a y, visarpanadisthananarogachikitsidhodiya, chikita sthana, chapter 17, verses 29-33. it's been eight years since deshpande and his colleagues published their findings in the journal of the american medical association. in 400 instances, ambulatory treatment of a stula in ano was effective. india's journal of surgery, 1975; 37:85-9 8 ano infected newborns should be treated conservatively, according to the authors of this study. pediatr surg international, 1998;vol 13:274-276. this paper describes the non-operative therapy for the treatment of anorectal fistulas (stula-in-ano). journal of pediatric surgery, volume 35: 938-939 the study was conducted by ho ks, tsang c, seow choen f, and others to compare ayurvedic cutting seton and stulotomy for patients with low stula. in a word, yes. 2001;vol 5(3): 137-41 tech coloproctol one-center randomised controlled clinical study of the ayurvedic medicine ksharasotra (ayurvedic medicinal thread) in children and adolescents 9. stula-in-ano treatment, indian journal of medical research, 1991;vol. 94:p. 177–185. treatment of fistula in ano using kshar sutra (medicated seton) therapy: efficacy studies by pankaj srivastava and manoranjan sahu. volume 2, issue 1: p.110 in the world journal of colorectal surgery 11. reprint edition of pv sharma's dravyaguna vijnyana, part ii. according to chaukhambha bharati academy; varansai, p. 666-667 figure 1: week wise images showing application of ksheerasutra and healing of fistulous tract by 5th week figure 1: week wise images showing application of ksheerasutra and healing of fistulous tract by 5th week how to cite the article: varshney et al, nonsurgical management of low anal 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 fistula in an infant with udumbara ksheerasutra– a case study. j. res. trad. medicine 2015;1(1): 29-32 source of support: nil, con ict of interest: nil issn : 2693 6356 2019 | vol 2 | issue 4 research on eco-friendly and long-lasting textiles from the ocean and sea 1v.mahalakshmi 2r.yogaranjitha 3e.gayathri 4g.kokilavani 5n.priyadharshini 1 head,and assistant professor of cdf department, ksr college of arts &science for women, tiruchengode,india – 637215 2,3,4,5, assistant professor , cdf department, ksr college of arts &science for women, tiruchengode,india – 637215 abstract oceans are home to a wide variety of plant and animal life, which in turn produces an abundance of chemicals not found on land.the chemical and biological resources extracted from the sea are utilized as inputs in several sectors, including the pharmaceutical and textile industries. these components have several applications in the textile industry, both as fiber and as auxiliary products. large amounts of pigments including chlorophyll, carotenoids, phycobili, beta-carotene, and lutein may be found in certain types of marine algae. it is not biodegradable and is not biocompatible with the skin, yet seaweed is full of bioactive chemicals and has antioxidant and antibacterial qualities. researchers were able to extract a hue from green seaweed that showed promise for use in textiles.chitinin addition, both chitin and chitosan have found uses in the field of surface modification. some kinds of mussel may be used to produce natural colors and textile fabric. in addition, marine sources like hagfish slime may be mined for unique high-performance fibers with outstanding characteristics. numerous research projects are under underway to better understand the marine sources for various uses. this article is a review of ocean and sea-sourced textiles. introduction not only is seaweed biodegradable and incompatible with human skin, but it also has a wealth of beneficial bioactive chemicals, including antibacterial and antioxidant qualities. green algae belonging to the ulvaceae family are edible. green algae belonging to the ulvaceae family are edible. large amounts of pigments including chlorophyll, carotenoids, phycobili, beta-carotene, and lutein are found in certain types of marine algae. seaweed is nonbiodegradable and skin-compatible, and it contains several beneficial bioactive chemicals as well as antioxidant and antibacterial qualities. polysaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, carotenes, vitamins, sterols, enzymes, and antibiotics are all involved in the seaweed process. particularly abundant are the antioxidants polyphones, fucoidans, and carotenoids. seaweeds have been shown to contain a variety of antimicrobial chemicals, including alkaloids, terpenes, terpenoids, agar agar, algin, and phloro tannin.there are a total of 250 known plant species, including 32 cholrophyta, 64 phaeophyta, and 125 rhodophyta. depending on the seaweed, it may be used to remove hazardous metals including copper, zinc, cadmium ions, nickel, lead, and even in the dyeing process. green seaweed's ulvans and oligo ulvans are used to create natural colors that are then used as pigments. green color has been absorbed by ulvans, which are water soluble pigments, and transported to the fiber's surface. the most common kind of ulvans pigment found in seaweed. seaweed is the source of the colors. the primary ulvan pigment found in seaweed. seaweed is abundant in carbs, minerals, vitamins, and iodine, according to nutritional assessments. dye effluent methodology chitin and chitosan : exoskeletons of arthropods like insects, crabs, shrimp, and lobsters, and the cell walls of some fungi and yeast, may include the polysaccharide chitin. the carbohydrate polymer chitosani, generated from chitin, is altered chemically. products made from chitin and chitosan are byproducts of the seafood industry. there is a lot of structural similarity between chitin, chitosan, and cellulose. chitin and chitosan may be produced either chemically or biologically. all of their production entails four main processes: deproteinization, demineralization, decolorization, and deacetylation. characteristics of chitin and chitosan chitin and chitosan are natural, renewable polymers with a linear structure like cellulose. films, fibers, and gels may be formed, and their semicrystalline shapes and ability to form complexes with metals are all notable features. the biodegradability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and adsorption of these polymers are only a few of their many impressive features. because of its high hygroscopicity, chitin is insoluble in water and in the vast majority of organic solvents. chitosan is insoluble in water but may be broken down in an acidic aqueous solution or by selective nalkylidinations. films and fibers may be made from chitin by processing.since the high thermal breakdown temperatures of chitin and chitosan prevent the use of the melt spinning method, wet spinning is often employed for their production. due to their high boiling temperatures, the dry spinning method is impractical as well. first, the polymer is dissolved in a 14% naoh solution to provide polymer solution for the wet spinning process. after the solution has been filtered and degassed, it is extruded into a solventcoagulant system via a spinneret. by adjusting the coagulation bath temperature and adding an appropriate plasticizer to the spinning solution, the chitin solutions may have their spin ability altered.chitosan fibers are regenerated by a chitin xanthate viscose process. at first, chitin is treated with 40% naoh at room temperature, resulting in chitin xanthate. chitin xanthate and broken ice are combined once the caustic has been drained from the solution. when the solution was finally ready to be spun,filtering, degassing, and spinning the solution into a coagulation bath of 8-10% sulphuric acid, 25% sodium sulfate, and 1-3% zinc sulfate are all steps in the process. for their bio-function, regenerated chitosan fibers may be combined with other fibers made from natural and/or synthetic polymers. textile applications of chitin and chitosan chitin and chitosan are widely used in various industries ranging from health and beauty aids to water purification, biomedical applications, agriculture, biotechnology, nutrition, textile fibers and treatments in the finishing process of textile production. textile chemicals widely used in pretreatment and finishing processes of textiles are an inseparable part of textile industry. however, textile industry and these chemicals mostly cause environmental pollution. therefore, the use of biodegradable, non-toxic, sustainable, ecofriendly materials become very important. also, chitosan is able to remove dyes from the effluents. furthermore, both chitin and chitosan are suitable to utilize in medical textiles such as textile sutures, wound dressings, artificial skin and medical diaphragms. conclusions various chemical and biological compounds derived from marine organisms now provide enormous resources for a wide range of enterprises. these materials have several applications outside the textile sector due to their exceptional qualities. their value in creating sustainable materials for environmentally conscious lifestyles is growing by the day. although only chitin and chitosan are now manufactured commercially, it is thought that other compounds with higher qualities may be extracted from marine organisms. references 1. ravi kumar m.n.v., (2000), a review of chitin and chitosan applications, reactive and functional polymers. 2. rinaudo m., (2006), chitin and chitosan: properties and applications, progress in polymer science, 603-632. 3. chitin and chitosaneco friendly textile finishes, http://www.teonline.com/knowledgecentre /chitin-chitosan.html, march 2015 color trivia – tyrian purple, (2012), http://blog.logoninjas.com/post/197893845 96/tyrianpurple, march 2015http://travelmaroc.ru/?page_ id=707, march 2015 4. chitin and chitosan properties and applications, (2011), http://www.teonline.com/knowledgecentre http://blog.logoninjas.com/post/19789384596/tyrianpurple http://blog.logoninjas.com/post/19789384596/tyrianpurple http://travelmaroc.ru/?page_ http://travelmaroc.ru/?page_ http://travelmaroc.ru/?page_ https://driedcrabshell.wordpress.com/20 11 /07/17/chitin-and-chitosan-properties andapplications/ march 2015 5. eichhorn s.j., hearle, j.w.s., jaffe, m., kikutani, t., (2009), handbook of textile fiber structure, wood head publishing limited, cambridge. issn : 2693 6356 2019 | vol 2 | issue 2 the novel by andrea levy called small island is rife with hybrids. b.mary judy nicoma ,dr.t.senthamarai b.mary judy nicoma, research scholar, department of english, mother teresa women’s university, kodaikanal, tamil nadu. dr.t.senthamarai, associate professor, department of english, vels institute of science, technology and advanced studies, chennai. abstract cultural conflict is the focus of "hybridity in andrea levy's small island," an academic paper that analyzes the book. in the story, a cultural clash occurs between the characters hortense and gilbert. it's about how the spherical characters struggle with their own sense of identity and feel alone in an alien setting. the essay delves into the ways in which hortense and gilbert's migration to england fell short of their expectations. it sheds light on why confronting racism and cultural marginalization is so important. in this paper, the author makes an attempt to learn about the problems immigrants face. keywords: hybridity, uniqueness, mobility, cultural friction, and social exclusion. introduction merriam-webster defines a hybrid as "someone whose ancestry reflects elements of two or more cultures or traditions." a few examples of fields and issues where the concept of hybridity has been used include postcolonial studies, identity crises, anti-racism, and immigration. hortense and gilbert, a young immigrant couple, arrive in great britain hoping to start a new life free from persecution. due to their inflated expectations, the possibility of a comfortable lifestyle was never realized. the blending of jamaican and english customs is thus stated by levy. after queenie is a tolerant person and bernard has changed after having a black child with his wife, there is hope that things may improve. this is significant because it highlights the story's central theme: how encounters with individuals of other races and cultures may alter one's own identity and perspective. in light of this, this essay will analyze how foreignborn jamaicans interact with natives. background to small island the empire windrush sent thousands of british troops to jamaica during world war ii. the result was widespread job loss and unemployment in jamaica, prompting many to enlist in the royal air force (raf) in support of the british cause. the immigrants' hope of serving england as civil servants as they traveled from jamaica to the mother land was dashed when they found themselves instead working as taxi drivers and other low-skilled jobs. in a similar vein, many jamaican women tried to find work in the new country, but were turned down because of their color, culture, accent, and place of birth. the novel's overarching goal is to demonstrate how native british citizens have mistreated jamaican immigrants. types of hybridity cultural blending is one definition of hybridity. however, it does not explicitly signify the variety of ways one can manifest a mixed or balanced identity, nor does it differentiate between those who have deliberately sought to achieve such an identity and those who unintentionally reflect it. in his piece "mimicry and hybridity in plain english," amardeep singh explains the many literary hybrids that are commonplace. racial, linguistic, literary, cultural, and religious hybridity are the five forms he identifies. what follows is a description of the given hybridities: 1. “clearly based on the premise that racial difference is an experimentally verifiable fact, a legacy of nineteenth-century race research, the concept of "racial hybridity" now looks uncomfortable. 2. second, the term "linguistic hybridity" describes the incorporation of words from other languages into a native tongue. this may include the introduction of english terms into asian or african languages, or the reverse. 3. third, a phenomenon known as "literary hybridity," which is often associated with modern postcolonial writing that employs non-traditional forms of storytelling like "magic realism." writing styles that combine elements of local heritage and traditional culture with experimental (postmodernist) concepts have been explored by authors such as salman rushdie (india) and ben okri (africa). 4. four, a blending of cultures. hybridity may be thought of most easily and most broadly in the context of culture, which here includes art, music, fashion, food, and so on. the rise of fusion restaurants, fusion bands, and fusion music attests to the pervasiveness of cultural blending in modern society. 5. 5 one of the most common themes in colonial and postcolonial writing is religious fusion. culture, religious beliefs, and social contexts all contribute to a person's sense of who they are and how they identify themselves, although some contribute more than others. (singh) 6. the following study will focus in part on notable hybrid kinds within the aforementioned categories identified by the researcher. analysis the plight of jamaican immigrants in britain is examined in small island by andrea levy. this work shines a light on the post-colonial, imperial, and post-slavery eras in england's history. through the perspectives of the jamaican characters hortense and gilbert, levy shows the colonial side of england. english nationals queenie and bernard also play significant roles. the author skillfully weaves together the dream world and the actual world that these folks inhabit. hortense, a jamaican lady, boards the empire windrush for her maiden trip outside of the country to teach at a university. hortense marries her best friend's fiance, gilbert joseph, so that she may go to england and help her advance in her chosen field. since hortense is eager to help gilbert financially so that he may go to england, she manages to convince gilbert to marry her. despite the fact that he does not love her, gilbert agrees. hortense thinks gilbert's leased room at queenie's residence is too cramped and tiny. hortense is reminded of her affluent jamaican family's mansion in kingstown, where she was born. she was nurtured by different relatives of her father, who hoped that she would use their wealth to make a successful life for herself. queenie, the landlady, would like to take hortense shopping if hortense is interested. queenie is certain that hortense has never been to a supermarket or eaten bread. hortense, meantime, is shocked to see that english ladies wear rumpled clothing that would make them blush in jamaica, and that stores are frequently dirty and disorganized. as a result of this, hortense cries out, "my mind could not believe what my eyes had seen." this is how the english would shop for bread if they could" (small island, 332). hortense helps queenie give birth to a son at the end of the story. hortense, on the other hand, is shocked to learn that the child is assumed to be an illegitimate black child. after learning about the hardships faced by black people in england, gilbert and hortense decide to adopt the baby. hortense tries to adjust to the new ways of life she encounters in england. queenie bligh, a main character, is married to raf officer bernard bligh. her birthplace was a little town in northern england. queenie sneaks away from the family business to join her aunt dorothy in london, where she opens a candy store. there, she meets bernard bligh, who she eventually marries because she believes he can provide a stable life for her. queenie helps a refugee organization and also opens her house to anyone in need. when bernard enlists in the raf, he is sent to a foreign country. queenie takes care of bernard's father, arthur bligh, who is nonverbal but kind and patient, while bernard serves in the raf. a mutual acquaintance suggests that queenie let three raf officers spend their holiday at her place. she fell for michael roberts, a soldier from jamaica who is both attractive and nice to arthur. a child is born illegitimately as a consequence of queenie and michael's relationship. shara jamal shahoyi and juan abdulla ibrahim provide an explanation for hybridity on small island. the arrival of queenie and michael's baby is being heralded as a representation of london's evolving multiethnic culture. the black immigrants were given a voice via their kid. the dread was real, but the acceptance of the youngster who represents diversity was not. after giving birth, queenie pleads with gilbert and hortense to accept the kid because "the child, as multiculturalism, should be brought up without fear and prejudice in a safe environment." according to (shahoyi, juan abdulla ibrahim, & 13), it is revealed that hortense's husband gilbert joseph had a strong desire to join the royal air force when he was younger. but when he settled in virginia, he encountered racism there. after that, he'll be working as a driver and coal loader in yorkshire. gilbert has questions about the british knowledge of geography and culture since the british know nothing about jamaica and mistake it for an african nation, notwithstanding the odd racist statements made by british persons. gilbert's remarks reveal his heartbreak as his dream of joining an airplane crew is dashed. he explains, "you see, there is a list, written by the hand of the almighty in a celestial book, which details the rich and wonderful accomplishments his subjects might achieve here on earth: father of philosophy, composer of the finest music, ace pilot of the skies, paramour to lucky women now i knew: besides the name of gilbert joseph was written just one word—driver. it didn't matter how hard we tried, we couldn't change it. i was doomed to die at the hands of the internal combustion engine once again. small island, page 147 both hortense and gilbert are turned down for employment because of their ethnicity and culture in the book small island. queenie has a difficult decision between the well-being of her family with bernard's fortune and that of her kid in the face of societal discrimination. hortense, gilbert, and queenie were notable for their socially complex, geographically and mentally overlapping lives. m. sonia priyadharshni writes, "dreams of all these characters largely tell us about the gap between the myth of the mother country and reality" in her piece the mother country: a dream for the immigrants in andrea levy's small island, emphasizing the hardship of the immigrant's mistaken aspirations. it's widely accepted and evident thatwe see this vividly in the story, where the oppressed part of mankind is forced to dream yet has no choice but to be left alone in their pursuit of that ideal. (13) priyadharshini conclusion the author raises the problem of immigrants being denied access to resources in a new country. levy views racial and cultural marginalization in england as a threat to the country's social fabric. i'd like to wrap up this paper by mentioning usha mahadevan's piece, "england of andrea levy's small island: dreams and realities," which focuses on the protagonist's optimistic development. immigration, she argues, always results in interculturalism, which levy describes as "both a clash and an accommodation." in the short run, she says, cultural variety causes shock and conflict, but in the long run, it creates richer, intelligent civilizations (mahadevan, 9). in an effort to promote peace and unity among its readers, this book explores the concept of tolerance and acceptance of one another. there are still those individuals who refuse to let society pressure bring them down because of their race or culture. works cited 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hybri dity 2. https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/hybrid 3. levy, andrea. small island. london: headline review, 2004. print. 4. mahadevan, usha. “england of andrea levy’s small island: dreams and realities.” indian review of world literature in english 6 (2010). 5. priyadharshni, m. sonia. “the mother country: a dream for the immigrants in andrea levy’s small island.” electronic research journal of literature 2 (2020). 6. shahoyi, shara jamal, and juan abdulla ibrahim. “identity crisis in andrea levy’s small island.” 2004. 7. singh, amardeep. “mimicry and hybridity in plain english”, 2009. https://www.lehigh.edu/~amsp/2009/05/mimicry-and-hybridity-in-plain-english.html. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hybridity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hybridity http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hybrid http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hybrid http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hybrid https://www.lehigh.edu/~amsp/2009/05/mimicry-and-hybridity-in-plain-english.html 29 issn : 2693 6356 2018 | vol 1 | issue 5 sama stage amavata (rheumatoid arthritis) treatment: how effective is erand sneha (castor oil)? c.acharya1 , n.pavan kumar2, k.laxmi3 aau jorhat assam agricultural university, jorhat abstract the chronicity, incurability, comorbidities, and morbidity of amavata (rheumatoid arthritis) make it a tough condition to treat for doctors. eranda sneha (castor oil) has the ability to stimulate the digestive fire, clear blockages in the gastrointestinal tract, calm the vata and kapha doshas, and eliminate them via purging. the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of castor oil in treating amavata at the sama stage (the acute phase). content & approach: from the outpatient and inpatient clinics of the roganidana evam vikriti vijnana, department of i.p.g.t. & r.a. at the gujarat ayurved university in jamnagar, 61 patients aged 20 to 60 who met the inclusion criteria and had symptoms of sama stage were recruited for the research. patients were split into two groups: those who received eranda sneha (castor oil) alone, and those who received eranda sneha plus shunti (zingiber officinale) once daily on an empty stomach. the results showed that after 15 days of treatment, both groups had a reduction in their symptoms. only group a showed moderate improvement on maximal objective and subjective measures, suggesting that this treatment had a modest overall impact.the research suggests that castor oil, either alone or in combination with zingiber officinale, is helpful in eradicating the sama stage of amavata and relieving associated symptoms. keywords: zingiber officinale, amavata, castor oil, and rheumatoid arthritis introduction frequent indulgence in factors which leads to altered status of digestive fire at all level i.e. intestinal, sub cellular and cellular leads to develop various kinds of diseases. [1] ayurveda advocates that the causative factor for all disease is mandagni (diminished digestive fire). [2] in 21st century rheumatoid arthritis (ra) has been more common and distressing among all joints problem. about 0.8% of world population is affected by ra. females are three times more affected than male. it is a chronic inflammatory joint disease with multi system involvement. the onset is usually during 4th & 5th decade of life; however people of any age group can be affected in any climate condition. factor producing ra includes infectious triggers, genetic predisposition & autoimmune response. the course of the disease include an insidious / acute onset with fatigue, anorexia, weakness and rapid development of polyarthritis accompanied with constitutional symptoms such as fever, lymphadenopathy & splenomegaly. joint involvement is usually symmetrical. it is characterised by pain, swelling, tenderness & painful limitation of movements. generalised stiffness may occur but morning stiffness lasting more than one hour is a characteristic feature. the metacarpophalangeal & proximal inter phalangeal joints of the hands, wrists, knees & metatarsophalangeal & proximal inter phalangeal joints of the feet are the most common joints involved. [3] it is a challenging disease for the physicians and medical field as the uses disease modified anti-rheumatoid drug (dmard), steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (nsaid) frequently have shown negative impact on immune system and gives only temporary relief. however, till date no satisfactory medical management has been developed for this problem. amavata is the disease of madhyama rogamarga, bone and joints are the chief site for the manifestation of cardinal symptoms like pain, swelling and stiffness of joints, etc. all the three doshas (bodily humours) takes part in the pathogenesis of disease but ama and vitiated vata play the dominant role. amavata is made up of two words, ama and vata. ama means incomplete digestion of food which result in incomplete/improper formation of annarasa (chyle), circulate in body & reach to target cell where it produces pathology like heaviness in body, loss of strength, drowsiness, aggravation of vata & improper elimination of waste product. body ache, undesirous to take food, thirst, fever, incomplete digestion of food, swelling in affected joints are the symptoms of amavata.[4] the disease becomes difficult to cure when it grows in intensity. all symptoms mentioned are characteristic features of ama & without treating ama it is impossible to treat the disease so in this condition drug having ushna (hot), tikshna (strong), deepana (stimulant), pachani (digestive), vatashamaka (pacifier of vata),and shothhara (anti-inflammatory) properties can be used. https://www.careers360.com/university/assam-agricultural-university-jorhat?icn=college_page&ici=clg_714_college_listing_tuple in bhavaprakash samhita castor (ricinis communis) seed oil is mentioned as a best drug for amavata. [5] taking into above points of properties of drugs, castor oil with zingiber officinale was selected to assess their efficacy in the management of amavata in sama condition. ethical clearance study was started after obtaining ethical clearance from the institutional ethics committee, ipgt & ra, gau, jamnagar.  iec ref. pgt/7/-a/ethics/2015-16/1490 [dated: 25/08/2015] study was registered in clinical trial registry of india. • ctri no. ctri/2016/12/007569 [dated: 14/12/2016] materials & method selection of patients  patients suffering from amavata in sama stage were selected from the opd and ipd of rognidana evam vikriti vijnana, department, i.p.g.t. & r.a., jamnagar.  before registering the patients informed consent were taken. criteria for diagnosis diagnosis was confirmed on the basis of symptoms of sama stage of disease with cardinal symptoms of amavata like pain, swelling, stiffness and tenderness along with symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (as mentioned according to revised criteria of american association of rheumatology 1987). inclusion criteria • patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria especially having symptoms of sama stage of disease • age between 20 to 60 years. exclusion criteria • patients having symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis but having absence of sama symptoms • patients with complications of ra e.g. pleuro pericardial disease, cardiac disease etc • patients with poorly controlled htn, dm and other systemic diseases • patients on prolong medication especially corticosteroids, anticholinergics etc. registered patients were examined on the basis of specially prepared proforma containing detail assessment of disease encompassing ayurveda and modern aspects. investigations all the investigation were carried out before starting and after completion of therapy. 1. hematology: hb%, tlc, dlc, esr (wintergreen method) 2. bio-chemistry: fbs, blood urea, sr. uric acid, sr. creatinine, lft, ra f actor (quantitative), crp, and aso quantitative titer. 3. urine analysis (routine & microscopic) 4. ecg (12 leads-if needed) 5. xrays of affected joints. posology group a: eranda sneha & decoction of shunti dose: 30 ml (20 ml decoction of shunti & 10 ml eranda sneha) method of preparation of decoction: 5 gm of coarse powder of shunti is added with 80 ml of water is boiled until ¼ part (20 ml) is remaining, after preparing decoction, to which 10 ml of castor oil is added. group b: eranda sneha dose: 10 ml time of administration: in both the group at morning – empty stomach mode of administration: oral duration: 15 days anupana: luke warm water criteria of assessment 1) subjective: a. local symptoms b. systemic symptoms 2) objective: a. serological parameters b. hematological and others biochemical parameters. c. disability index (the indian health assessment questionnaire) improvement in hand grip, foot pressure and walking time. clinical assessment: assessment of cardinal and associated symptoms were done and recorded on the zero day (i.e. one day before administering the trial drug), 5th, 10th and 15th day after starting the treatment. changes in the signs and symptoms were assessed by adopting suitable scoring method. functional assessment walking time: patients were advised to move 50 meters and time was recorded. hand grip: to find out the functional capacity of the affected upper limb, patients were asked to squeeze the inflated cuff of the sphygmomanometer and the grip strength has been recorded in mm of hg. foot pressure: to have an objective view of the functional capacity of the legs, foot pressure was recorded by using a weighing machine. following statistical test has been applied in this workwilcoxon sign rank test (for comparison of two group in subjective criteria), unpaired ‘t’ test (for comparison of two group in objective criteria) and paired‘t’ test (for same group). software used: sigma software was used for all statistical evaluation. observations & results total 61 patients were registered, among them 53 completed the treatment and 08 dropped out. in group a, 31 were registered out of which 28 completed and 03 dropped out the course. in group b, 30 patients were registered out of which 25 completed and 05 dropped out. 31.14% of patients belonged to age group of 41-50 yrs. 59.01% were female among which 68.85% were housewife. 26.22% were uneducated followed by primary education (24.59%). 34.42% belonged to lower middle class. 70.49% belonged to urban area. 78.68% were vegetarian. 57.37% had history of consuming sour diet. 81.96% each were taking oily and heavy diet followed by cold substances (70.49%). 27.86% of patients had disturbed sleep (27.86%) and 85.24% had a habit of day sleep. 50.81% had krura koshtha (hard and constipated stools). 72.13% had diminished function of digestive fire and irregular function of digestive fire (11.47%). 68.85% had non satisfactory bowel habit and irregular bowel habit (44.26%). 54.09% had excessive micturition (polyuria). 66.66% of females patients enrolled had obstetric history of delivering baby by normal delivery followed by history of abortion (19.44%), and history of lscs (13.88%). 63.93% had vata-kaphaja sharira prakriti. 80.32% had rajajasa-tamasika manasa prakriti. 14.75% had avara sara, 9.83% had avara samahanana and 57.37% had avara satva. 31.14% were over-weight and 18.03% were obese. 88.52% had madhyama satmya. 77.04% had avara ahar shakti. 59.01% belonged to hani awastha (old age) followed by 37.70% of patients in sampurnata avastha (adult) and 3.27% of yuva awastha. the dosha avastha in the patients are represented in table 1. table 1. dosha avastha in patients enrolled dosha vriddhi kshaya vata 31.14% 4.91% pitta 22.95% 47.54% kapha 34.42% 1.63% 60.65% had negative family history followed by positive family history in 39.34%. 42.62% had chronicity up to 1-5 yrs. 86.80% had gradual onset. 100% developed pain and stiffness, 95.08% had tenderness and swelling in 88.52%. 83.60% of patients showed laziness followed by 78.68%, 77.04%, 72.13%, 62.29%, 59.01%, 44.26% and 34.42% of patients with features of numbness, heaviness in body, body ache, disturb sleep, gargling sound in abdomen, giddiness and burning sensation respectively. 57.37% of patients showed thirst, polyuria and constipation and 55.73% showed loss of appetite. 98.36% had morning time as an aggravating factors followed by exertion (96.72%), day sleep (81.96% ), cold wind and sour taste (90.16%). 95.08% had rest as a relieving factors followed by warm water (91.80%) and warm food (49.18%). 100% showed rasavaha srotodushti lakshana followed by 93.44%, 70.49%, 42.62%, 40.98%, 16.39% and 4.91% showed annavaha, asthivaha, purishvaha, mutravaha, majjavaha and medavaha shrotodushti symptoms respectively. 18.03% developed joints crepitation followed by boutonniere deformity, ulnar deviation and swan neck deformity in 4.91%. 72.13% were suffering from diminished digestive fire followed by 62.29% consuming incompatible diet. 75.40% had done exercise after oily diet followed by suppression of natural urges (70.49%) and unwholesome activities (11.47%). 80.32% had stress as etiological factor followed by anger (34.42%), sadness(22.95%) and fear (4.91%). comparison of effect of therapy between group a and b on comparing the effect of therapy on chief complaints with help of wilcoxon sign ranked test both group showed statistically insignificant result which suggested that there was no major differences of effect of both group. however group a showed comparatively significant efficacy clinically in sandhishotha and sparshasahatva based on the percentage of relief. whereas group b showed significant efficacy upon sandhishoola and sandhigraha (table 2). table 2: comparison of effect of therapy on chief complaints chief complaints grup n median relief % z w t+ t sandhishoola group a 27 1.00 37% 0.382 23 138 -115 0.715 is group b 25 1.00 45.97% sandhishotha group a 27 1.00 50.97% -0.58 99.50 138 -131.50 0.569 is group b 23 1.00 48.79% sandhigraha group a 27 1.00 60.03% 0.00 0.00 85.50 -85.50 1.000 is group b 25 1.00 66.66% sparshasahatva group a 27 1.00 50.87% -1.429 -48.00 36.0 -84.000 0.188 is group b 25 1.00 50% on comparing the efficacy of therapy on associated complaints with help of wilcoxon sign ranked test both group showed statistically insignificant result which suggested that there was no major differences of effect of both group. however based on the percentage of relief clinically group a showed better relief in reliving symptoms like angamarda, trishna, jwara, apaka, gaurav, anga-shunyata and group b upon aruchi, alasya, bahumutrata (table 3). on comparing the efficacy of therapy on functional parameters with the help of unpaired ‘t’ test all the above functional parameter showed statistically insignificant result which suggested that there was not major differences of effect of both group, except foot pressure which showed significant result, significant result means there was a measurable and better result in patients of group a than b (table 4). table 3: comparison of effect of therapy on functional parameters functional parameters functional parameters group n mean relief % mean difference sd ± se ± t p walking time group a 28 3.21 7.5% -0.107 3.244 0.613 -0.094 0.925 (is) group b 25 3.32 9.35% hand grip group a 56 -5.433 9.36% -5.933 82.84 10.69 -0.464 0.643 is group b 50 0.500 10.80% foot pressure group a 56 2.242 1.19% -9.035 28.67 3.702 -2.055 0.042 s group b 50 11.277 2.32% disability index group a 27 0.607 40.46% 0.127 0.653 0.131 0.689 0.494 is group b 25 0.480 47.26% table 4: comparison of effect of therapy on serological parameter serological parameter group n mean relief% mean difference sd ± se ± t p r.a. factor group a 28 10.618 3.70% -14.566 122.21 24.44 -0.429 0.669 is group b 25 25.184 7.40% c.r.p group a 28 3.914 43.16% 0.858 19.403 3.881 0.214 0.832 is group b 25 3.056 12.44% a.s.o. group a 28 -16.218 12.97% -141.13 213.93 42.78 -2.413 0.019 s group b 25 124.920 25.91% on comparing the efficacy of therapy on serological parameters with help of unpaired ‘t’ test both group showed statistically insignificant result which suggested that there was no major differences between both group, but aso titre showed significant result in patients of group b than that in group a. in the present study, the overall efficacy of both therapies suggested that group a showed moderate improvement in 35.71% which corresponds to relief ranging between 50-74%, whereas in group b it was only 20%. which suggests that group a was better than group b in reducing the complaints in patients in a better way (tale 5). discussion while previous research has shown a greater frequency of ra in females, the current study found that the beginning of disease state in the patients occurred as early as 30–40 years. most of the affected persons lived in metropolitan areas, and their lack of exercise, sedentary lifestyles, and excessive daytime sleep contributed to their illness. according to the charaka samhita, a large percentage of patients had symptoms of impaired appetite and metabolism. patients had a mean duration of chronicity of over 2 years, and many had a history of using immunosuppressants such dmards, steroids, and nsaids. therefore, such patients need prolonged therapy in conjunction with the rigorous observance of pathyasevana (diet and activity). no significant differences in improvement were found in the statistical analysis of primary and secondary complaints and symptoms between the two groups of therapy. it was observed during the course of the study that patients were responding better symptomatically where aso and esr were increasing while crp values were significantly reducing, and this was confirmed using the paired 't' test on serological parameters, which showed that esr and aso titre were higher in group a. since such reactions cannot be explained scientifically, further research is required to better comprehend them. eranda sneha's likely mode of action because of its sukshma guma [5], eranda sneha is able to enter the microchannels and clear any obstructions that may be present there [6]. its katu rasa and ushna virya also increase digestive fire, and its snigdha guna makes it an effective vata shamaka drug.[7] probable mode of action of shunti shunti serves as both an ama pachaka and a kapha shamaka medicine because to its katu rasa and ushna virya qualities. madhur vipaka [8] causes it to operate as vata shamaka and increase digestive fire. shunti, with its vata-kapha shamaka [9] characteristics, helps reduce the symptoms of amavata, particularly during the sama stage, by inhibiting the development of ama. both groups exhibited little to moderate improvement in almost all of the primary complaints, including pain, edema, stiffness, soreness, and related symptoms including lack of appetite, heaviness in body, sleepiness, polyuria, fever, and excessive thirst, etc. shunti, which has amapachaka and vata-kapha shamaka properties that calm dosha to larger extent and transport them from shakha to koshtha, may explain why group a demonstrated more effective outcomes than group b. when taking into account all of the complaints, related symptoms, functional improvement, and serological testing, group a exhibited superior outcome than group b. this suggests that the increased dose of shunti in group a may be responsible for the positive results. conclusion even though statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between both the groups of treatment, the clinical efficacy of them cannot be ruled out. hence the present study concludes that eranda sneha alone and or with combination with shunti is effective in the sama stage of amavata, but clinically addition of shunti has helped in improving the overall condition of the patient to a better level. references 1. madhavakara, madhava nidana, madhukosh teeka, amavata adhyaya, chapter 25, verses 1-4 commented by vijay rakshit & shri kanthadatta, vol i. varanasi; chaukhamba sanskrit series ; 2009, p508 2. vagabhata, astang hridaya, vidhyotani hindi teeka, nidana sthana, chapter 12, verses 1,udar roga nidana, edited by kaviraj atrideva gupta, varanasi chaukhamba prakashana ; 2009, p358 3. rheumatoid arthritis [internet]. 2017 [cited on 2 5 / 4 / 1 7 ] . a v a i l a b l e f r o m : ht t p / / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rheumatoid arthritis, dated 20/01/17 4. ibidem madhava nidana [1], amavata adhyaya, chapter 25, verses 5-8, p 508 5. bhava mishra, bhava prakash, vidhyotini commentary, tailavarg, verses 23-25, varanasi, chaukhambha sanskrit series varanasi. 2009, p 781 6. sushruta, dalhana, sushruta samhita, sutra sthana, drava dravya vidhi adhyayaya, chapter 45, verses 114, vol i, edited by ambikadatta shastri, varanasi, chaukhamba sanskrit series ; 2009, p230 7. ibidem sushruta samhita [6], drava dravya vidhi adhyayaya, 45/114, p231 8. ibidem sushruta samhita [6], drava dravya vidhi adhyayaya, 45/226, p261 9. agnivesha, charaka, charaka samhita, sutra s thana, v idhyotini hindi commentary, annadravyavidhi adhyayaya, chapter 27, verses 296, edited by padmbhushana vaidhya samrata shree satyanarayana shastri, explained by kashinath shastri and gorakhnath chaturvedi, varanasi; chaukhambha sanskrit series, 2009 p560 mishra.cdr 1 issn : 2693 6356 2018 | vol 1 | issue 2 in vitro anti-oxidant study of pure mattifying face cream using hepg2 cell line harsha m r*, baidyanath mishra1 ,chaithra c s 2 *,1,2 r & d center, innovision healthcare limited, p 6(b), 1st cross, 1st stage, peenya industrial area, bangalore-5600058 abstract background: herbal cosmetics are gaining a wide popularity in world market mainly due to the concern of consumers with regards to its safety and minimum or nil untoward effects. they are used for variety of reason in almost all the age group. aim: the present study deals in vitro anti-oxidant assay of the poly-herbal formulation, pure mattifying face cream. materials & methods: human liver cancer cell line (hepg2) was used as an in vitro model to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the test substance. hepg2 cells were exposed to carbon tetra chloride (ccl4) in order to induce hepatotoxicity. cells were pre-treated with different concentrations of test substance to assess the antioxidative effects as opposed to control untreated cells. investigation of cytotoxicity, and markers of oxidative stress (reduced glutathione content) was carried out. results: the test substance showed low cytotoxicity, on the basis of ctc50 (the cytoxic concentration / dose that kills 50% of cells) value the concentration of the test substance considered for ant-oxidant activity against hepg2 cell line. the test product showed dose dependent anti-oxidant activity. the test substance showed higher content of glutathione with 16.138 and 13.179 µm of glutathione content per mg of protein against toxicant ccl 4. conclusion: the result suggested that the pure mattifying face cream did possess a positive anti-oxidant activity in hepg2 cell line. which implies that the cream can be effectively used in oxidative stress due to free radicals damage to skin. keywords: anti-oxidant assay, hepg2 cell line, in vitro study, pure mattifying face cream introduction cosmetics are products which are used for variety of reasons ranging from enhancing of beauty to minimizing the skin defect, with later being the major reason. the federal food, drug, their intended use, as "articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human body...for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance" [fd&c act, sec. 201(i)] [1]. the history of cosmetics dates back to time immemorial which undoubtedly was natural. the invent of synthetic or chemical substance has taken over the cosmetic market by storm. however the recent ban on animal testing of cosmetics by european union has lead to a serious concern on the safety and adverse effects of these cosmetics [2]. advances in technology has helped in reinventing the potential of natural substances as cosmetics in an applicable way. the fact is coupled by various clinical and laboratory studies which have activities in many natural ingredients that care [34]. 2 among various causes of skin aging, oxidative stress due to free radical damage which cannot be neutralized by internal defenses is said to be the most common and important one [5]. pure mattifying face cream is one such natural cosmetic enriched with natural revitalize, essential oils that nourish, renew and provide a long standing skin hydration. enrichment with all the natural goodness of liquorice, aloe vera, lotus, hibiscus and coconut in a balanced formulations that synergistically helps to revive dry lusterless skin and reveals youthfulness. its continued application can help in fastening the renewal of skin wrinkles and age spots making one look younger. the present study is purported to assess the antioxidant activity of test substance in hepg2 cell line model. materials and methods: test system: hepg2 (human, hepatocellular carcinoma) has been routinely used as a test system, which, when treated with ccl4 induces severe hepatotoxicity resulting in oxidative stress with reduced amounts of reduced glutathione (gsh). test culture preparation: cell lines were cultured in mem media supplemented with 10% inactivated fetal bovine serum (fbs), penicillin (100 iu/ml), streptomycin (100µg/ml) and amphotericin b (5 µg/ml) in a tpvg solution (0.2% trypsin, 0.02% edta, 0.05% glucose in pbs). the stock cultures will be grown in 25 all experiments will be carried out in 96 micro titre plates. test product: pure mattifying face cream, each gram of cream contains, licorice (30 mg), aloe vera (30 mg) and coconut in a balanced formulation. preparation of test doses: for studies, each weighed test drugs were separately dissolved in 1% between 80 and volume was made up with mem supplemented with 2% inactivated fbs to obtain a stock solution of 1 mg/ml concentration and sterilized by serial two fold dilutions were prepared from this for carrying out cytotoxic studies. procedure: determination of cytotoxicity in hepg2 cell line the monolayer cell culture was trypsinized and the cell count was adjusted to 1.0 x 105 cells/ml using mem containing 10% fbs. to each well of the 96 well microtitre plate, 0.1 ml of the diluted cell suspension (approximately 10,000 cells) was added. after 24 h, when a partial monolayer was formed, the supernatant was discarded and the cells were washed with medium and 100 µl of different test concentrations of test drugs were added on to the partial monolayer in microtitre plates. the plates were then incubated at 37o c in 5% co2 atmosphere. after 24 h, the drug solutions in the wells were discarded and 50 µl of mtt in pbs was added to each well. the plates were gently shaken and incubated for 3 h at 37o c in 5% co2 atmosphere. the supernatant was removed and 100 µl of propanol was added and the plates were gently shaken to solubilize the formed formazan. the absorbance was measured using a microplate reader at a wavelength of 540 nm. the percentage growth inhibition was calculated and concentration of test drug needed to inhibit cell growth by 50% (ctc50) values is generated from the dose-response curves for each cell line [6]. in vitro anti-oxidant activity of extracts step i: cell lysates (treatment) cell lysates were prepared for the assessment of antioxidant activity. hepg2 cells were grown to in 60mm petri dishes. test substance (500, 250 µg/ml) along with ccl4 (1%) was added to the culture and incubated for 24 h. cell samples were homogenized in lysis buffer containing tris buffer. cell homogenates were then centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °c. the clear supernatant was collected for determination of protein concentrations using the bradford protein assay, using bovine serum albumin as a protein standard [7]. step ii: reduced glutathione (gsh) reduced glutathione (gsh) activity was assayed according to the method of ellman, 1959. to 0.1 ml of different cell supernatant, 2.4 ml of 0.02 m edta solution was added and kept on ice bath for 10 min. then 2 ml of distilled water and 0.5 ml of 50 %w/v tca were added. this mixture was kept on ice for 1015 min, and then centrifuged at 3000 g for 15 min. to 1 ml of supernatant, 2.0 ml of tris buffer (0.4m) was added. then 0.05 ml of dtnb solution (ellman's reagent; 0.01m dtnb in methanol) was added and 3 no vortexed thoroughly. od was read (within 2-3 min after the addition of dtnb) at 412 nm in spectrophotometer against a reagent blank. results the test substance showed low cytotoxicity, on the basis of ctc50 value, the concentration of the test substance which is considered for anti-oxidant activity against hepg2 cell line (table 1). table 1: cytotoxic properties of test drugs against hepg2 cell line ingredients, many of which are carcinogenic and toxic in nature, can potentially result in various degenerative diseases. of-late, interest in research towards exploring natural antioxidants for skin care has greatly risen. principal sources in this discovery process are herbal and medicinal plants which are touted to be safe and effective. thus, relying on herbal based cosmetic preparations over their synthetic counterparts that come with a potential tag of side effects, is always welcome. the test substance used in this study is a multi-herbal formulation intended to minimize pre-mature ageing and improve skin sl. name of test test % cytotoxicity ctc50 no sample conc.(µg/ml) (µg/ml) complexion keeping the skin soft and supple. the test substance exhibited potent antioxidant actions and found to be non-toxic. the combinatorial effect of the 1 r 2272 (ihc/2014/ac) 1000 500 250 125 62.5 20.81±4.6 16.02±3.0 13.11±3.0 8.05±3.5 7.46±2.8>1000 different constituent herbs and the respective active ingredients might have been mainly responsible for the observed effects. the constituent herbs and their active principles in the enriched formulation – (i) licorice (glabridin and other phytonutrients); (ii) aloe vera (amino acids, various minerals like ca, mg, the test product showed dose dependent anti-oxidant activity. hepg2 cells pre-treated with test substance had higher glutathione content of 16.138 and 13.179 micromoles/mg protein, at 250 and 500µg/ml test substance respectively, against toxicant ccl4, as mentioned in table 2. table 2: anti-oxidant activity of test substance in hepg2 cells against ccl4 induced toxicity. na, bioactive enzyme alosein and polysaccharides); (iii) lotus (the acid, aha (alpha hydroxyl acid)) and (iv) chinese rose (alpha-hydroxyacids (aha)) might offer a synergistic effect towards antioxidant features complimented by and antibacterial properties, which probably could be the mode of action of the substance studied[9-12]. conclusion { į samples concentration tested glutathione (micromoles/mg protein)pure mattifying face cream has shown positive antioxidant activity in hepg2 cell line and found to be non-toxic. hence it can be advocated in condition of 4 250 µg/ml 1 ihc/2014/ac 500 µg/ml discussion16.13±1.169 13.17±0.902oxidative stress due to free radical damage to skin. references 1. is it a cosmetic, a drug, or both? (or is it soap?). [internet]. us food and drug administration. [cited on 05-01-2016]. available from http:// www. fda. gov skin is the most apparent organ that reveals our physical appearance. in modern day's stressful lifestyle that has adverse effects on our skin, it is of great concern to make efforts towards preventing skin deterioration. support the theory of free radicals (oxidative stress) weakening the skin's endogenous defense system and leading to various forms of skin damage including rapid skin ageing[8]. antioxidants are believed to block the process of free radical generation and subsequently protect the overall health of the skin. chemical based cosmetics contain hazardous/cosmetics/guidanceregulation/lawsreg ulations/ucm074201.htm 2. ban on animal testing. [internet]. european commission. [ cited on 05 01 2016 ] . available from http://ec.europa.eu/growth /sectors/cosmetics/animal-testing /index_ en.htm 3. fowler jf, woolery-lloyd h, waldorf h, saini r. innovations in natural ingredients and their use in skin care. j drugs dermatol. 2010; 9 (6 suppl): s72– 81. 4. baumann l, woolery-lloyd h, friedman a. natural" ingredients in cosmetic dermatology. j drugs dermatol. 2009; 8 (6 suppl): s5–9. 5. charlene de haven, oxidative stress and free radical damage to skin, [internet]. 2014. [cited on 05-01-2016]. available from http://www.isclinical.com/whitepapers/w hitepaper_oxidativestressfreeradicaldama ge_june2014.pdf 6. francis d and rita l. rapid colorometric assay for cell growth and survival to the tetrazolium dye procedure giving improved sensitivity and reliability. journal of immunological methods; 1986; 89: 271-277. 7. george l. ellman. tissue sulfhydryl groups. archives of biochemistry and biophysics; 959;82(1): 170–77. 8. biesalski h k. free radical theory of ageing. current opinion in clinical and metabolic nutrition. nutrition and metabolic care, 2002; 5 (1): 5-10. 9. yin wei mak, li oon chuah, rosma ahmad a n d r a j e e v b h a t . a n t i o x i d a n t a n d antibacterial activities of hibiscus (hibiscus rosas inensis l.) and cassia ( senna bicapsularis l.) extracts. journal of king saud university science; 2013; 25(4): 2 ccl4 1% 7.92±0.103 3 control 10.364±0.993 http://ec.europa.eu/growth http://www.isclinical.com/whitepapers/w 5 275–282. 10. fu y, chen j, li yj and zheng yf, li p. antioxidant and anti activities chem. 2013 nov 15;141(2):1063-71. 11. benson kf, newman ra and jensen gs. antioxidant, anti anti apoptotic, and skin regenerative properties of an aloe vera-based extract of nerium oleander leaves. 2015; 8: 239-48. 12. nishkruti r mehta, ekta p patel pragnesh v patani and biren shah. nelumbo nucifera ( lotus): a review on ethanobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology, indian journal of pharmaceutical and biological research. 2013; 1 (4): 152-67. 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 chinese traditional medical journal ayurveda critical appraisal of embryological concepts (garbhasharir) delineated in ayurveda zhan tao, hu yue, lu hao school of traditional chinese medicine, southern medical university, guangzhou nanfang hospital, southern medical university, guangzhou the foundation of yurveda is built on a set of timeless principles, such as tridosha, triguna, and panchamahabhuta, among others. garbhasharir, on the other hand, adheres to the same fundamental abstract background: from conception to death, ayurveda focuses on the health and illness of the human body. ayurvedic compendia mention garbhasharir (embryology) as the primary goal (healthy progeny). there are several differences between modern embryology and ayurveda when it comes to describing the creation of the embryo, development of the foetus, and structural teratogenesity in body parts. for example, there are various quotations from garbhasharir that need to be interpreted in an acceptable manner in brihattrayee (three main compendia of ayurved) and their commentaries. aims: using terms from grabhasharir articulated in ayurvedic lexicons in connection to embryological notions, this critical assessment attempts to explain and analyse the processes associated with the genesis of progeny using contemporary scientific knowledge. materials methods: to find the secret essence of embryology mentioned in garbhasharir chapters, brihattrayee and other pertinent material were rigorously analysed. results: ayurvedic embryology is founded on its basics, such as the "tridosha" (three physical humours), the "triguna" (three psychological humours), and the "panchamahabhoota" (four essential aspects of life) etc. when it comes to the process of creating new life, the ayurvedic compendia demonstrate that there are two basic sorts of processes (dependent and independent). there are two types of processes: those that can be modified and those that cannot be modified. conclusions: even though the concepts of embryology described in ayurveda dates back to centuries, they are still relevant in the current scienti c world provided proper insight is applied to interpret them . keywords: ayurveda, embryology, garbhasharirfactors that may be assessed as a result of genesis 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 ideas. when it comes to studying live species' genes, hereditary variation, and other aspects of genetics, it is known as genetics. [1] a close examination of the ayurvedic compendia's description of garbhasharir reveals that the origin of offspring may be divided into two categories: dependent and independent. the terms "dependent processes" and "independent processes" refer to the ability of parents to alter the behaviour of their children. pregnant women are advised to follow suprajanan's recommendations in order to ensure a healthy foetus.independent elements for facsimile are those things that are beyond of the control of the parents at the time of birth and cannot be managed by precautions or virtuous acts. most of an infant's characteristics may be traced back to these two elements alone. ayurveda mentions just the perception of atma (soul) when it comes to the production of garbha. additionally, garbhasharir goes into detail into things like sex determination, foetal abnormality, and prakruti. corresponding address: dr. sachin khedikar associate professor, dept. of rachana sharir, mahatma gandhi ayurved, college, hospital & research center, salod (h), wardha, maharashtra, india, email: sach21009@gmail.com ayurveda's many genetic principles need to be explained in light of current understanding. the goal of this research is to evaluate the different ayurvedic lexicons' descriptions of garbhasharir's embryological notions critically. materials & methods: with their comments, notably from sushruta samhita sharirsthana as it was thought that secret notions of genetics are exemplified in it, supporting texts of modern science, references from the internet and publications were assessed for this research. observations & results: analysis of garbhasharir literature indicates the following processes, which may be classified as dependent, independent, or both (table-1). shrushtiutpatti (evolution): ayurveda's conception of embryology dates all the way back to the beginning of time. the development of the universe serves as a classic illustration of the separate variables that contribute to the genesis of a foetus. the following is sushruta's brilliant explanation of abiogenesis. when it comes to the origin of all things, the avyakta (unmanifest) is a contributing source of all creatures, causeless itself, represented by the eight forms of the satva (purity), the raja (motion), and tama (inertia). avyakta, mahat (principle of intelligence), ahankara (egoistic inclination), and the mahabhutas are the eight kinds according to sankhya philosophy (apparent elements). it is from this avyakta that the like-element mahat arises, and it is through this that the three types of ahankara, vaikarika, taijasa, and bhutadi, all of which have the same properties, are produced. [2] there are a variety of manasprakruti (psychic constitutions) that have been developed based on the tanmatras are tanmatras, which are tanmatras, which are tanmatras, which are tanmatras, which are tanmatras, which are tanmatras, which are tanmatras [4] preconception factors: for ayurveda's objective of healthy offspring, it stresses pre-conceptual care. rutumati (menstruating lady) has been advised to follow the rutuaticharya teachings. when following celibacy, the lady should refrain from daytime slumber and many other activities throughout her menstrual cycle. the mother's lifestyle and conduct throughout the rutumati period have a mailto:sach21009@gmail.com 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 significant impact in shaping the character of the foetus to come. [5] prior to conception, the parents' diet and lifestyle play a significant role and have a direct impact on the characteristics of the embryo. [6] [7] formation of embryo & soul: pregnancy occurs when four components come together properly: rutukal (the proliferation phase of the menstrual cycle), garbhashaya (the uterus), ahar-ras (the nourishment) and shukra-artav (sperm and the egg). in the same way, sprouts emerge from the combination of season, soil, water and seed. as a result, boys born worthy are described as gorgeous, endowed with a high degree of satva, and endowed with a long life expectancy. they are also free of three debts, and as a result, they benefit their father. [8] there is a reference in ayurveda to the soul's involvement in the creation of the embryo. it has been revealed by sushruta that the formation of an embryo is a collaborative effort of the soul, ashtaprakruti (the eight fundamental natures), and shodas-vikar (the sixteen products). [9] righteous and unrighteous actions made by a soul before to its birth determine whether or not it enters a certain ovum-sperm mixture. agni (ovum) and soma (sperm) combine to form the psyche, which is, despite its immutability and impenetrability, influenced by the impulses of previous actions. combined with bhutadi's ahankara[3]. the subtle body is linked to satva, rajas, and other mental states. when taijasa work together, they create ve tanmatras (subtle elements), which share the same characteristic and have audible, tactile, and visual emanations. it is only with vayu's help that tamas and other godly demonical or otherwise impelled characteristics reach the uterus. [10] table-1: processes involved in genesis of progeny independent process dependent process srushtiutpatti (evolution) formation of body parts preconception process formation of embryo & soul prakruti according to an equivalent passage in the first chapter of sushruta sharirsthana, in ayurvedic teachings, souls are not omnipresent but endlessly reincarnated as animals, men, and gods depending on the good or bad deeds of their creator. because of their intricacy, consciousness, and perpetual manifestation in the fusing of ovum and sperm, they are inferable. [11] sex determination: shukra (semen) generates a male kid, while aartava (ovum) produces a female child. when both are equal, the result is a hermaphrodite. [12] odd-day conception of a male kid and a female child may be the outcome of sexual interaction on even days. [13] if conceived now, the lady seeking a male child should put three or four drops of one of the following herbs into her right nostril (without spitting): lakshmana (ipomoea sepiaria roxb), vatashrunga (ficus bengalensis linn), 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 sahadeva (sida humilis wild), and vishvadeva (grewia populifolia). [14] evolution & body parts: the elements facilitated in an individual with the assistance of panchamahabhuta includes the traits those of akash (sound, auditory organ, all ori ces and distinctness); vayu (touch, tactile organ, all activities (nervous system), actions in all body parts and lightness); tejas (vision, visual organ, complexion, heat, brilliance, digestion, intolerance, sharpness and valor); aap (taste, gustatory organ, all liquidity, immensity, coldness, unctuousness and semen) & similarly those of prithvi (smell, olfactory organ, hardness and weightiness).[15] development of embryo: parts and subparts of the embryo develop naturally. the virtues or flaws that result from the soul entering the embryo should be recognised as such. [16] zygote splits into two souls spurred by unrighteousness as it reaches the uterus due to internal vayu. twins are a common term for them. [17] ayurveda explains the importance of panchamahabhuta in the creation of the foetus's complexion and the six variables that affect the growth of the foetus, known as garbhot-padak (supporting factors for the production of garbha). the element tejas is responsible for the complexion. when the aap element is prominent at conception, the foetus is fair-skinned; when the prithvi element is dominating, the foetus is black. eyes become red-eyed if tejas does not reach the visual organ; the same connected with blood causes redeyedness.yellow-eyed and white-eyed respectively, if associated with vata it causes deformity in eye. [18] the parts of the foetal body originating from father, mother, rasa (nutrition), atma (soul), satva (psyche) and satyama (suitability) are described as shadbhava. the hard parts like bone, nail, teeth etc originate from father; the soft parts like heart, liver, spleen etc are of maternal origin; physical development, strength, complexion originate from rasa; sensory and motor organs, knowledge, wisdom life-span, pleasure, pain etc originate from atma; energy, health, strength, complexion and intelligence are satyamaj in origin.[19] structural arrangement of body parts, falling and reappearing of teeth and absence of hair on palm and soles these are due to nature.[20] the person attains the same act in rebirth by which he was impelled in previous life. he also acquires the same qualities which were frequently used in the previous life. [21] foetal deformity: fetal anomaly is explained by charak in terms of the seed (sperm or egg) and how it affects the portion of a foetus damaged by its genetic source. the number 22 is an example of this. parents who do unrighteous activities may produce a foetus like a snake, scorpion, pumpkin, or other reptilian creature. neonatal neonates such as kubja and kuni have a humped back, kuni has a malformed hand, pangu is lame, mook is stupid, and minmin has a muffled voice since the mother ignored her need. [23] a baby in the womb is affected by the doshas (bodily humour) in the same way as a tree in a river stream is affected by wood, stone fragments, and water currents during the rainy season. [24] prakruti the body's inherent constitution is influenced by the prevailing dosha during conception. it has seven types: three for each individual dosha, three for the combination of two doshas, and one for the sum total of all seven doshas. [25] discussion: shrushtiutpatti (evolution): is a self-contained process that cannot be influenced by outside forces. there are three types of triguna in avyakta, but they are all equally distributed and inactive before abiogenesis. differentiation in triguna occurs when mahat arises, and the processing of a person begins with the development of anatomical, physiological, and mental variety. some conclusions may 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 be reached from a comparison of this theory of universe manifestation with the atomic hypothesis. consider the proton, electron, and neutron as satva, raja, and tama, respectively. it's well-known that each one's design and structure the proton, electron, and neutron quantities in an atom are what determine the atom's properties. atoms are the building blocks of the cosmos. according to ayurveda, the manifesting cause of the whole cosmos is unmanifest. our old idea of abiogenesis is akin to this atomic hypothesis. the manas-prakruti (psychological constitution) of a person is defined by the combination of trigunas. variations in mahat and ahankara, then, define an individual's psychic characteristics. this process may be termed autonomous since it is not under the authority of any one person. preconception factors: rely on each other. it is possible for parents to influence the physical and mental qualities of their children for the rest of their lives by manipulating a number of parameters listed in garbhasharir. rutumaticharya ovums are observed in modern research to be in prophase of the rst meiotic division prior to maturity of the main oocyte. garbhasharir compel menstrual women to take precautionary measures, hence there must be a link between oocyte maturation and rutumaticharya. epigenetic studies have shown the impact of one's food and other lifestyle choices on one's offspring. formation of embryo, body parts & soul: are also unaffected by external influences and must be treated as such. rutukal, garbhashaya, aahar-rasa, and shukra-artava are the primary elements in the conception process. the healthy progeny will not be born until all of the following four elements are normal. conception may or may not be feasible if one of these variables is weakened. it's impossible to rule out the chance of a flaw if conception occurs under these circumstances. because most of these entities may be planned and modified for the benefit of a healthy baby, this procedure is virtually dependant. the panchamahabhuta's qualities are well acknowledged. a person's rebirth might benefit from the stored knowledge about their good and bad deeds during their genesis. the stored information controls the entry of the soul into the ovum-sperm combination. the information that is kept in a computer may be compared to genetic code. the number of chromosomes is unique to each species and has a role in reproduction, as well as in the general development of a person, together with genes. when it comes to parenthood, the previous birth may be seen as a source of genetic information for their offspring's creation and development, according to this perspective because of this, ayurvedic terminology such as "righteous and unrighteous deeds" may be understood as genetic information. sex determination: this process depends on but also operates independently of one another. as stated in pumsavana sanskara, the desired sex of a kid may be acquired with timely intervention (sacrament of getting child of desired sex). based on the prevalence of shukra and shonita at the moment of conception, it may be an autonomous process. development of embryo: a procedure that is both reliant and autonomous the embryo's growth, which modifies people's features, is described in part by dependent elements such garbhotpadak bhava, nutritional and behavioural influences. "atmaja bhava" executions among shadbhava are independent of each other. according to genetics, "swabhava," or nature, is the same as "nature." genes contain all of the information necessary for the emergence of any given bodily component during genesis. for every organ, this stored 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 knowledge dictates the whole path of growth. foetal deformity: a procedure that is both reliant and autonomous if you have modest hirsutism and a deep voice, as well as secondary amenorrhea and cystic ovaries, you may have stein-leventhal syndrome. from the individual's mahat and ahankara. this means that the effectiveness of structural traits passed down through generations will differ from person to person. individual variety is increased as a result. what's the difference between the two? ayurveda holds that there is no existence of life without the soul. every person has a unique soul, and the characteristics of that soul influence how that person's character emerges. sushruta shows that if a woman practises coitus in a dream after menstruation, vayu, taking the ovum, creates an embryo in the uterus when it is associated with kalala (semisolid substance resembling sputum). this causes the woman to show signs of pregnancy, but it remains a semi-solid mass similar to sputum that lacks any paternal characteristics. there is evidence that both maternal and paternal variables are necessary for the generation of normal offspring. it has been noted by charak that the vitiation of the doshas that result from genetic flaws, as well as the uterus's physiology, a mother's diet, and other factors, leads to a wide range of physical and mental anomalies. charak's view is supported by instances such as x, y-linked illness, sickle cell anaemia, and so on. ayurveda explains the three reasons that cause foetal abnormalities, namely, unrighteous acts, vitiated vata, and a lack of desire in pregnancy. prakruti: ayurveda genetics has been the primary concern of prakruti's writers. there are three types of prakruti: maternal; paternal. each of these determines the offspring's physical, mental, as well as behavioural characteristics. sushruta uses tridosha to explain the same thing. in a study on prakruti, researchers discovered a link between the cyp2c19 genotype and prakruti's rapid or slow metabolism. phenomenological-genotype connection, drug development, pharmacogenomic medicine, and personalised medicine all seem to be affected significantly by these findings, too. [27] it has been discovered that the gene pgm1 is linked to pitta dosha by manipal university's center for cellular and molecular biology (ccmb). this gene's role in the process i.e., both independent and reliant. ayurveda has a unique belief in the presence of a soul, which they think is responsible for life. awareness the principles of embryology articulated by ayurveda centuries ago demands an understanding of notions that are still relevant in today's scientic society. references: [internet], [cited on 5 / 1 / 2 0 1 5] [definition of genetics]. a readily available website http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/genetics. when it comes to the word "susher," the word "sushruta" comes to mind. ayurvedrahasyadeepika commentary by b. g. ghanekar, sharirsthana, chapter 1 verses 2-3, reprint ed. new delhi; meharchand laxman das publishing; 2009, p. 1-2 3. in the sushrutasamhita: chapter 1, verse 18, edited by anantram sharma, reprinted by chaukhamba surbharati in varanasi in 2013, volume 2, page 10, we find the following passage: "sushrutha" 7 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 edited by p. v. sharma, the sharirsthana chapter 1 verse-4 of sushruta's sushrutisamhita, sharirsthana varanasi; chaukhamba visvabharati; 2005. vol. 2: p. 118 in the reprint on the basis of this passage from the sushrutasamhita, chapter 2, verse 25 of sharirsthana: chap. 2, verse -49, reprint ed. varanasi; chaukhamba sanskrit sansthan; 2014. vol-1. edited by ambikadatta shashtri. p. 23 pgm1 has long been recognised as a key player in the regulation of the basal metabolic rate. for more on this topic, see ibid. similar to pitta dosha in terms of basal metabolic rate (bmr). as the preponderance of dosha during fertilisation has an influence on several parameters, it is an independent factor. there can be no doubt that embryology is an important topic. chapter three, verse -35, page 44 chapter 2, verses 34-35 of the sharirsthana, sharirshita (2), sharirshita, p. 38-41 sharirsthana chapter 5, verse 2, p. 146 ibidem sushrutasamhita (2) sushrutasamhita (4), sharirsthana, sharirsthana p. 140, verse 4 of chapter 3 according to ayurvedic garbhasharir, for more on this topic, see ibid. ayurveda's philosophical and theoretical foundations. the p. 9 of chapter 1, verse 16 attention is paid to both right and wrongdoing. italics in original (3), sharirsthana, significance for the emergence of characteristics in a person. p. 30 of chapter 3, verse 5 the majority of the origin theories outlined in the sushrutasamhita (6), sharirsthana, modern science's genetic theory may help us better understand ayurveda. deeds, both good and bad, may be seen as a forerunner. page 279 of ibidem nutritional and environmental factors may influence an individual's genetic makeup. 8 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 the sushrutasamhita (6), sharirsthana, epigenetics is a comparison that may be drawn between parents' lifestyles and their children's dna .conclusion: ayurveda's conception of embryology for the genesis of a person is based only on tridosha, the core principle of the system. tridosha, triguna, and panchamahabhoota are ayurveda's core concepts of embryology. there are two types of processes involved in the development of offspring, according to critical interpretation of garbhasharir's works. verse 26 of chapter 9 on page 9 in the "sushrutasamhita" of sharirsthan, sharirsthan, chapter 3, verse34 chapter 28 of volume 1 of the second edition, published by chaukhambha orientalia in 2004 in varanasi. chap. 2, verse 37 (suritva), srikantha murthy, sushrutha samhita, sharirsthan on page 20 of chapter 2, verses 37 to 38 in the sixth chapter of the ibidem sushruta samhita chapter 3, verse 43, p. 4 of sharirsthana italics in original ( 4), sharirsthana, in p. 138 of chapter 2, verse 56, there are many different ways to look at this, but here are some of the more common ones: in the second chapter, verses 57-58 appear on page 139 2. agnivesha, charaka, dhridhhabala, and others, p. v. sharma, reprint ed., varanasi; chaukamba orientalia, 2011, vol. 1, p. 426 of charakasamhita, sharirsthana, chapter 3, verse 17. in the ibidem sushrutasamhita (2), the sharirsthana, on page 23 of chapter 2, verses 53-54, sharirthana, chapter 2, verse -29, p. 415 of the ibidem charakasamhita (22), five. ibidem sushrutisamhita (4), sharirsthana section 63 of chapter 4 (page 162) volume 2 of human anatomy by b. d. chaurasia (new delhi: cbs publishers, 2006), page 356 seven. ghodke y., joshi k., patwardhan b., ayurvedic prakriti type and cyp2c19 gene polymorphism associated with metabolic variability. complementary and alternative medicine. 2011;249528. how to cite the article: 9 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 khedikar g sachin et al, critical appraisal of embryological concepts (garbhasharir) delineated in ayurveda j. res. trad. medicine 2016; 2(2): 45-50 source of support: nil con ict of interest: nil © journal of research in traditional medicine 2015-2016 disclaimer: journal of research in traditional medicine, its publisher, editorial board members or anyone involved in producing and delivering the online materials, does not assume any responsibility or liability for any consequences arising out of the usage of the contents in the published articles. the contents presented in the articles are purely the opinion of the contributing authors and not necessarily of the journal. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 1 chinese traditional medical journal identification of new medicinal plants enumerated in telugu cantos of basavarajeeyam du xiaoin, , xu li, wan liju, heg minli department of education, tianjin central hospital of gynecology obstetrics, tianjin department of emergency medicine, tianjin medical university general hospital, tianjin introduction internal evidence, it is possible to conclude that the work in terms of ayurvedic material's development, the delineations of charaka and susruta were followed up to the 15th century in terms of medicine. during the ninth century a.d., vrinda madhava contained a small number of plants such as parsikayavani, babbul, and others[1]. chopchini (dwipantra vacha) was added by bhavamisra (16th ad) after a centuries-long absence. the author of 'basavarajeeyam,' neelakanta kotturu basavaraju, was one of andhra pradesh's most distinguished professors. this book is a must-have for doctors in this portion of the nation. basavaraju has contributed 14 plants to the existing ayurvedic materia medica throughout his complete work. according to the author, he began writing this book after studying charaka, nithyanatheeyam (1360 ad), revanakalpam, pujyapadiyamm, bahatam, kashikhandam (1435 ad), and other works. he has correctly replicated a passage from the vaidyachintamani of the 15th century. on the basis of these, abstract background: basavarajeeyam is an essential manual for andhra pradesh's ayurvedic physicians. it is a multilingual book that has information in both sanskrit and telugu. aim: the plants detailed in the telugu verses of basavarajeeyam are seen to be significant contributions to the indian medical system. with this in mind, a re identification of those plants was attempted. materials and procedures: to find and tabulate the herbs, the whole text was analysed and inspected. the results of this conceptual analysis were utilised in a subsequent field study. botanical identification was performed using the data acquired during the field survey. the study was carried out in collaboration with regional research centres in the states of andhra pradesh and karnataka, as well as the coimbatore botanical survey unit. non-controversial source plants' latin names were included and critically analysed. results: there are a total of 268 plants listed in the telugu cantos, of which 29 are stated just once and are not repeated in sanskrit or in parentheses. conclusion: basavaraju provided 14 new plants in total, 10 of which were listed in telugu cantos and 4 of which were referenced elsewhere in the book. keywords: telugu cantos, basavarajeeyam, new medicinal plants ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 2 the sanskrit lines were translated into telugu. he has never defined the purpose of his telugu poetry. in 1930, pandit sri govardhan sharma changani, a non-telugu speaker, translated these telugu lyrics into sanskrit for the first time in india. pandit changani has embarked on the arduous job of transcribing basavarajeeyam into sanskrit, which would greatly enhance the ayurvedic physician's therapeutic arsenal [4]. corresponding address: the purpose of this project was to identify the plants mentioned in the telugu cantos of basvarajeeyam and to re-identify the specimen by field investigation and botanical identification in collaboration with ccras and the botanical survey of india. the plants detailed in the telugu verses of basavarajeeyam are regarded as a valuable addition to the indian medical system. the study's goal also involves gathering information on botanical sources, distribution, and vital local knowledge of the therapeutic properties of plants that basavaraju had just presented. materials and procedures to count and tabulate the herbs, the complete text of basavarajeeyam printed by puvvada (1929) was analysed and evaluated in the first part of the research. the results of this conceptual analysis were utilised in a subsequent field study. mehaboobnagar, nalgonda, bellari, anatapura, kaddapa, kurnool, and srikakulam were all visited for a field survey. a field trip was organised to confirm the plant names stated in the book. the author claims to have come from koturu village, although there are other villages with that name in karnataka's neighbouring districts. the telugu verses included in the book are popular in telangana and the karnataka bordering states (bellari, anantapur, cutappa and kurnool). these regions' rural and tribal residents were questioned using a proforma that included the plant's vernacular name, therapeutic value, and technique of application. the 29 species were discussed with all of the attendees. the information gathered by the a field research was conducted to verify the botanical origins. the study was carried out in collaboration with regional research centres in the states of andhra pradesh and karnataka, as well as the coimbatore botanical survey unit. appropriate latin names for non-controversial source plants were used and evaluated critically. observations and findings there are a total of 268 herbs listed in the telugu cantos, with 29 plants being referenced uniquely. oddurti's botanical origins, according to a.w lushington, is celastrus paniculatus (jyotishmati) (vernacular list of trees, shrubs and woody climbers in the madras presidency). prof. k. raghunathan believes that the botanical source of oddurti is dolichandrone falcata, which is known as oddi in the andhra area. however, basavaraju mistook oddi for meshasringi and vekkudu for jyotishmati. given these considerations, determining the botanical identification of oddurtigadda[5] becomes very difficult. results of filed study to analyse the distribution of 14 new plants & their therapeutic value (1) regotti (capparis grandis linn) – small tree with a wide distribution in andhra pradesh's deciduous woods and scrub jungles. uses: the bark of the stem sushkavata (paralysis) is treated with juice and maricha, whereas vandhyatwa is treated with stem bark and ghrita (sterility)jannangi (chinnangi) (cassia sophera linn) a common shrub in road side hedges and around the villages of adilabad, karimnagar, warangal and rangareddy districts of andhra pradesh. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 3 uses: drug possess expectorant properties, seed powder/ bark infusion is used in diabetes, leaf juice is used in burning urination, leucorrhea and jaundice. leaves, seeds and bark are used in ringworm, bark is used in bronchitis, asthma and paste of leaves in piles. (2) nallamukkada (plieospermium alatum wt&arn) – small tree with a height of up to 8 metres, found in wet deciduous or semi-evergreen forests up to 1250 metres, with lower altitudes on rare occasions, mostly in andhra pradesh, karnataka, tamil nadu, and the andaman islands. leaves and bark are used as fomentations in the treatment of rheumatic pain, and the juice is used as a nasya in peenasa (chronic rhinitis).gollajiddaku (ipomoea sepiaria koenig ex. roxb) leaf juice+ (for male progeny), leaf juice+ (for female progeny), leaf juice+ (for female progeny), leaf not repeatperennial shrub found in andhra pradesh's roadside hedges and surrounding villages. leaf juice is used as a nasal drop in pumsavana. (either in sanskrit or in parentheses [5] method ed) kusumaroga (leucorrhoea) buffalo curd, leaf juice (see table 1) ten of the 29 medications are novel additions to the ayurvedic materia medica by basavaraju [5]. (table 2). the botanical origins of the plant oddurtigadda is accurate. during the field research, no evidence of it was found (table 1). seeds as a cardiac depressant, hypotensive, spasmolytic, antidote to arsenic poisoning and as a diuretic, hypotensive, uterine tonic, antidote to arsenic poisoning. (3) raktamandalapaku (ventilago madraspatana gaertn) – a big, woody climb with a lot of branches. prof. karra nishteswar head, dept. of dravyagunaipgt & ra, gujarat ayurved university, jamnagar, gujarat, india,email: nishteswar@yahoo.co.i andhra pradesh's telengana and rayalseema forests are home to this species. root bark is used as a carminative, stomachic, febrifuge, stimulant, atonic dyspepsia, and skin diseases. bark powder + gingerly oil is used in dadru (ringworm) vicharchika (eczema), leaf juice + curd in leucorrhea, root bark is used as a carminative, stomachic, febrifuge, stimulant, atonic dyspepsia, and skin diseases. [dalhana has linked tamravalli to the herb vamataruni, also known as manjistha. dalhana's vamataruni might be ventilago madraspatana or a smilax species.] illinda (diospyros chloroxylon roxb) a tiny tree native to andhra pradesh's deciduous woods and scrub jungles. illinda juice is utilised in parshwashoola (anks discomfort) and stem bark powder is useful in helminthes and diarrhoea. 4) ucchita (solanum pubescens willd) — a roadside plant found in andhra pradesh's telengana and rayalseema districts. sl. no 1 telugu name [5] regotti sanskrit name botanical name & family capparis grandis linn. capparaceae 2 guvvaguttaku adhapuspi trichodesma indicum br. boraginaceae 3 baddakachaku satakratulata cardiospermum halicacabum linn, sapandaceae. 4 brahmajemudu snuhibheda euphorbia antiquorum linn, euphorbiaceae. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 4 5 jinnangi cassia sophera linn, caesalpiniaceae 6 madanabudata madanaghanti borreria articularis (linn.f.) f.n.will, rubiaceae 7 kavvapugummadi gopabhadra gmelina asiatica linn, verbenaceae 8 phirangichekka dwipanthara vacha smilax glabra roxb, liliaceae 9 sevatudiyaku toota morus alba linn, moraceae 10 arechekka swetakanchanara bauhinia racemosa lamk, caesalpinaceae 11 gollajiddiaku ipomoea sepiaria koenig ex. roxb, convolvulaceae. 12 pulicheraaku krishna kamboji phyllanthus reticulates poir, euphorbiaceae. 13 raktamandala ventilago madraspatana gaertn, rhamnaceae 14 sanapavali laghulonika portulaca quadrifida linn, portulacaceae 15 parighaku vallibadara ziziphus oenoplia (linn) mill, rhamnaceae. 16 kalangpatra bhavya dillenia indica linn, dilleniaceae 17 nimmasara swalapajambira citrus aurantifolia linn, rutaceae 18 nalamukkada pleiospermium alatum (wt.&arn ) swingle (=limoniaalata wt & arn), rutaceae 19 ucchita solanum pubescens linn, solanaceae 20 barrebachchali cissus setosus roxb, vitaceae 21 tellavelaki gardenia turgid roxb, rubiaceae 22 galanelli agnimanthabheda premna latifolia roxb, verbenaceae 23 pullateegaveru somavalli sarcostemma brevistigma w &a, asclepiadeceae 24 vidiveru madhavi hiptagema dablota gaertn, malpighiaceae 25 tundilapuchekka jatropha glandulifera roxb, euphorbiaceae 26 pullapavili lonica portulaca olaraceae linn., portulaceae 27 chenchali digera muricata (linn) mart, amaranthaceae 28 korralu kodrava setaria italica (linn) beauv, poaceae 29 oddurti leaf juice is used to treat lack of appetite and jaundice, while ucchita's medicinal oil nasya is used to treat jaundice. table 2: list of new herbs introduced by basavaraju in telugu cantos no. herb name [5] latin name 1. regotti capparis grandis linn. f 2. jinnangi cassia sophera linn 3. gollajiddak u ipomoea sepiaria koenig ex. roxb 4. raktamadal apaku ventilago madraspatana gaertn 5. ucchita solanum pubescens 6. barrebachc hali cissus setosus roxb. 7. tellavelaki gardenia turgid roxb. 8. tundilipuch ekka jatropa glandulifera roxb. 9. chenchali digera muricata linn mart. 10. nallamukka da pleiospermium alatum (wt.&arn) swingle u sed in peen asa (ch ro n ic rh in itis). ( 4) berrebachchali (cissus setosus roxb) tendrillar climber observed on road sides and abandoned fields in telengana and andhra pradesh's coastal areas. leaf is used as a local stimulant, a poultice of leaf is used to stimulate suppuration, and it is used externally to help with guinea worm extraction. in gandamala, root is utilised (cervical lymphadenopathy) (5) tellavelaki (gardenia turgid roxb) small deciduous tree found in andhra pradesh's deciduous woods and scrub jungles. (6) root powder is used in gandamala to treat children's dyspepsia, while root decoction is used to treat piles and jaundice. fruits are used to treat mammary gland infections. fever is treated by applying fruit pulp to the forehead. to treat headaches, crushed root + water (lather) is applied to the head. (7) tundilapuchekka (jatropha glandulifera roxb) in the black cotton soils of rayalseema, telengana, and the coastal regions of andhra pradesh, a tiny evergreen perennial shrub up to 1m high is a weed. (8) purgative properties of the root and seed oil oil is utilised as an anti-rheumatic, anti-paralytic, and anti-ringworm and antichronic ulcer treatment. in piles, root powder is employed. cough syrup is made from the juice of the leaves. warts and tumours are treated with latex. (9) [in api, it is incorrectly perceived as a dravanti, whereas it is a traditional medication presented by basavaraju. accepting croton tiglium linn. as dravanti and its seeds as jayapala] may not be controversial. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 5 (10) chenchali (digera muricata linn.) an annual plant with a height of 30-60 cm that is often found in andhra pradesh's agricultural fields. (11) uses: flowers and seeds are used as diuretic, urinary disorders. as antidote in arka & dugdha poison. (12) nakkapeetaku (lepidagathis cristata willd.)mainly seen in konkan and andhra pradesh. uses: leaf juice + pippali is used in prasutivata (eclampsia), externally applied in charmakeela (warts). ethno-medicinal uses of leaf is in fever, itching & cough. (13) teegamusidi (tiliacora acuminate lam.) – a woody climber, distributed throughout andhra pradesh more so in coastal districts. uses: moola is used in mandala sarpa visha (snakebite by vascular poisonous snakes) it also acts as spasmolytic & hypothermic . (14) kasara (momordica tuberosa congn.) monoecious trailing tendrillar plant discovered as a weed in andhra pradesh's cotton and chilli fields. (15) garbhasrava is made using kasaramoola and water (abortion). (16) discussion (17) basavarajeeyam was prepared by basavaraju from a variety of sources, including references to the sources from which he gathered the material. he had also contributed from his important experiences and studies, all of which seem to be highly practical and result-oriented. he also included a collection of telugu recipes, both prose and poetic. basavaraju wrote 111 telugu poems including 131 recipes, as well as asadhya lakshans of specific vyadhis, symptoms of death, and beejaksharaprayoga in vishas. in chapters 3, 10, 11, 12, 22, and 24, no telugu verses were stated. there are a total of 268 herbs listed in the telugu cantos, of which 29 are mentioned just once and are not repeated. in sanskrit or in parentheses. the herbs introduced by basavaraju in telugu verses as well in parenthetical descriptions clearly indicate that he enriched the ayurvedic material medica through his outstanding contributions. he contributed 10 new herbs to ayurvedic materia medica in telugu verses. among these 10 drugs, gollajiddaku and raktamadalapaku are identi ed as ipomoea sepiaria koenig ex. roxb and ventilago madaraspatana gaertn respectively. takur balwant singh while describing the source plants of lakshmana mentioned ipomea sepiaria as one of its possible source. lakshmana is a herb used in pumsavana karma and it has been described as one looking like bastagandha and having red blots simulating the gure of a male child. the human gure according to others, is presented in the shape of the tuber or root of the plant. it is said to have white owers and fruits during references v r i n d a n d a n d a n d a n d a p.v.tewari and asha kumari edited the book v r i n d a m a d h a v a. e d i t i o n e d i t i o n e d i t i o n visvabharati; 2006:p.178. v a r n a s i c h o u k h a m b h a 2. bhavaprakasha samhita, 11th ed., by bhavamisra. v a r n a s i c h o u k h a m b h a b h a r t i academy;2010:p. 47. ayu. 2011;vol 32(4): pp-458-460. 3. k. nishteswar. basavarajeeyam, a historical viewpoint. 4. basavaraju. basavarajeeyam. pt. govardhan sharma changani is the translator. pune: india mudranalaya, 1930. 1st ed. herbs in vasavarajeeyam, 1st ed. varanasi: chaukhamba surabharati prakashan; 2003: p. 59-91. 6. thakur balwant singh, vegetable glossary september and october are the appropriate months. brhattrayi's medicines, 2nd edition, varanasi: the plant was collected. because both have been used independently for pumsavana karma[6], the white form of solanum xanthocarpum schrad and wendl. has been substituted. the usage of gollajiddaku leaf juice in kusumaroga is mentioned by basavaraju (leucorrhoea). tamravalli has been ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 6 linked to the vamataruni or manjistha plant by dalhana. the vamataruni of dalhana, according to thakur balwant singh, might be ventilago madraspatana or a smilax species. dineshavalli is the name for ventilago madraspatana, which is widely used in kerala. however, another plant, alkanna tinctoria, is identified as dineshavalli. basavaraju's latest additions include ipomea sepiaria and ventilago madraspatana. basavaraju's allegation about arechekka (swetakanchanara) government in leucorrhoea is still popular in andhra pradesh's rural and agency regions. despite numerous inquiries throughout the field study, the botanical source for the medication 'oddurti' could not be found. identification of this will need further research. conclusion basavarajeeyam has made a significant addition to the ayurvedic materia medica by introducing new herbs. basavaraju added 14 new plants in all, 10 of which were listed in telugu cantos and four others throughout the remainder of the book. the botanical origins of the oddurti plant has yet determined. more research is needed to determine the parent plant of oddurti, and the activity of any discovered species need scientific confirmation via preclinical and controlled clinical studies. c h a u k h a m b h a a m a r a b h a r a t i prakashan;1999 :p. 177, 347 how to cite the article: nishteswar, new medicinal plants in the telegu cantos of basavarajeeyam. j. res. trad. medicine 2015;1(1): 3-9 source of support: nil, con ict of interest: nil images of the plants: fig 1: regotticapparis grandis fig 2: chinnangi-cassi a sophera fig 3: nallamukkadda – pleiospermium alatum fig 4: gollajiddakuipomoea sepiaria ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 7 fig 5: raktamandalaventilago madraspatana fig 6: illinda-diospyros chloroxylon fig 11: chenchalidigera muricata fig 12: nakkapeetaku – lepidagathis cristata ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 8 fig 9: tellavelakigardenia turgida fig 10: tundilapuchekka jatropha glandulifera fig 11: chenchalidigera muricata fig 12: nakkapeetaku – lepidagathis cristata fig 13: teegamusiditiliacora acuminata fig 14: kasara – momodica tuberosa ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 9 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 10 1 issn : 2693 6356 2018 | vol 1 | issue 6 smriti (memory) and related concepts in ayurveda: a critical analysis s.swathi1 , k .anitha2 , s .sharadha3 university college of medical sciences, of delhi, delhi abstract the higher mental process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information is called memory. when it comes to understanding new information, it plays a crucial part. there are a few scattered allusions to the idea of smriti (memory) in ayurveda's ancient writings. smriti is more closely associated with buddhi and mana than with physical matter. the purpose of this review is to examine the notion of smriti in light of the ayurvedic classics. substances and techniques:we utilized data collected from ayurvedic texts and reviews found in niimh, pubmed, and google scholar to finish the research. smriti, smruti, were the keywords employed in the search strategy. the samhita has a total of ninety allusions, all in different situations. the information gathered was organized into the following categories: definition, philosophy, physiology, evaluation, pathology, and therapy. in conclusion, smriti is multifaceted, touching on not just the mind but also the body and spirit. atma (soul), mana (psyche), buddhi (intellect), and medha (retentive faculty of memory) are thought to work together to create memory. despite the fact that different acharya have given their own explanations of dhi (understanding), dhriti (tenacity), and smriti (knowledge), all three are necessary for buddhi to work. keywords: ayurveda, smriti (memory), buddhi, medha, and buddhi introduction humans have been trying to figure out what memory is, how it works, and why it fails since the beginning of time. it's essential to being human, but it's also one of the hardest things to pin down in a person. according to current scientific understanding, memory is a specific area of the brain where data may be encoded, preserved, and later recalled. memory is also, at its most fundamental level, a network of imprinted brain connections, from a physiological or neurological perspective. reminiscence is the process of recalling and reliving a former event via the activation of the same neural circuits that were present during the original experience. one's ability to learn and create linguistic links and a sense of self depend on one's ability to recall prior occurrences. bhagvadgeeta, an ancient text, alludes to smriti and encapsulates the text's significance. imagining sensual items causes one to get attached to them; this leads to desire; and lust leads to rage. anger may cause total delusion, and confusion in one's memories can result from being deluded. if you have trouble remembering things, you won't be as smart, and when you're not smart, you'll go back to wanting more and more stuff.[1] the ayurvedic concepts of atma, mana, medha, and buddhi are more closely associated with the notion of smriti. mana is crucial in learning and memory retention, and it also controls the external environment. environment with the brain through the different gyanendriyas (sense organs). buddhi is a powerful entity which retains the specific knowledge or the outcome of texts gained by reading, listening or repeating it. retention of cognition takes place under the area of medha. smriti helps the mind to recollect the reference of any objects on the basis of concept made in past experiences. materials & methods an extensive search pertaining smriti was carried out upon the classical literature of charaka samhita, sushruta samhita, ashtanga hridya and sangraha. research and review articles found in niimh, pubmed, and google scholar were also 2 utilized. the keyword used in search strategy was smriti, smruti. the citation lists from the included references were subsequently examined and a hand search was also performed in an attempt to identify additional points. observations total ninety references at various contexts were found in samhitas and are explained underneath. the retrieved data from the above sources have been stratified as definition, philosophical, physiological, assessment, pathological and treatment aspect of smriti. physiological aspect was further subdivided into utpatti karana (causative factor), utpatti (production), doshas (humour) involved, smriti in different prakriti (physical constitution), sara and vaya avastha (age). another classification of smriti as guna (quality), hetu (cause), lakshana of rogas (symptom of diseases) and chikitsa (treatment), arishta lakshanas (signs of imminent death) was also found. definition of smriti: 1. vayupuran: the seers who constantly think about the spiritual object have written compendium which are called as smriti.[2] 2. vaisheshika philosophy: smriti is said to be the results from a particular conjugation between self, mind and latent impressions.[3] 3. acharya vyasa explains memory as the retainable subject with the knowledge and the experience of this as the initiation of impression. the experience of the subjects leads to arousal of memory.[4] 4. yogavasishtha describes reminding some of the special features of an objects which has been previously experienced or perceived is called as smriti.[5] 5. sabdhakalpadruma mentions, thinking about already experienced object, person etc. is smriti which leads to vibrations, state or trance, tears, sigh etc.[6] 6. acharya charaka quotes remembrance of a thing through hearing, direct perception or earlier experienced with concentrated mind is called as smriti.[7] 7. chakrapani comments smriti as the ability to recollect the past knowledge. [8] 8. acharya sushruta decodes remembrance of previous experience of object as smriti.[9] 9. in tarkasangraha, remembrance by previous experience is said to be smriti.[10] philosophical aspect of smriti: while describing the list of atmaj bhavas (factors derived from soul), acharya has clearly mentioned dharana (retention power), dhriti, buddhi and smriti. [11] smriti is one among the lakshana (feature) of parmatma’s (absolute soul) existence[12] which is also one of the factor which was said as a proof for the existence of atma.[13] acharya charaka has opined that remembering of tatwagynana (philosophy) is known as smriti[14] and a person having smriti will not only be free from roga (disease) but will also attain moksha (salvation).[15] smriti is one of the reason for both pravritti[16] (attachments) and nivrutti[17] (detachments) which is nothing but dukha (misery) and sukha (happiness) respectively.[18] physiology of smriti smriti utpatti karana (causative factors for the memory): two factors are said to be responsible for the function of smriti. 1. abhyantara karana (intrinsic factor): the sannikarsha of atma, manas, indriya (sense organs) and indriyarthas (object of sense) are responsible for smriti.[19] 2. bahya karana (extrinsic factor): acharya charaka has explained 8 factors [20], the repeated practice of these will improve smriti. they are as follows, i. nimitta grahana (reaction to caused effects), ii. rupa grahana (perception similar shape objects), iii. sadrushya (similarity), iv. saviparyaya (contrast), v. satvanubandha (attention), vi. abhyasa (repetition), vii. gyanayoga (divine knowledge), viii. punah shruta (repeated hearing). smriti utpatti (memory process) in ayurveda the process of smriti is not mentioned directly. but it has been mentioned in scattered manner in various texts. according to chakrapani, pragya (wisdom) can be acquired by means of three entities i.e. dhi, dhriti and 3 smriti.[21] process of smriti initiates with the perception of the object or subject by indriya. indriya carries perceived object or subject to manas. it passes through the mana vishaya (functions of mind) viz: chintana (thinking), vicharya (analysing), uhya (reasoning) and get certain form i.e. buddhi. then it is sent to atma. after the knowledge is known by atma, action will be performed if necessary otherwise it is stored as medha (retentive faculty). in future any similar stimuli strikes, the recollection occurs i.e. called smriti. [22] in contemporary science,[23] the three main processes involved in memory production are encoding, storage and recall (retrieval). doshas involved in smriti utpatti: different doshas are involved in smriti utpatti, either they act on smriti directly or helps for it by acting on mana, indriya, buddhi. which are listed in table no 1. table no. 1: doshas involved in smriti utpatti smriti in different deha prakriti (body constitution): status of smriti varies according to different body constituents. it is listed in table no. 2. table no. 2: smriti in different deha prakriti smriti and sara (excellence of tissue): among the eight sara description, twaka sara purusha[41] (excellence of skin) is said to have high intellect and satva sara purusha[42] (excellence of mental faculties) is endowed with good memory. smriti and vaya (age) in balyavastha (childhood), there will be aparipakva avastha (immature stage) of dhatu, indriya, bala (strength) with the predominance of kapha dosha. in madhyavasha (middle age) bala, virya (energy), paurusha (manliness), parakrama (valour), grahana (grasping power)-dharana (retention power)smarana shakti (recollection power) will be in pakva avastha (mature stage) with the predominance of pitta dosha. in jara avastha (old age) there is a gradual depleting nature of dhatu, indriya and bala with the predominance of vata dosha. it results in diminished grahana, dharana and smaran, called as smritirhasa (diminished memory).[43-44] assessment of smriti: entities related to memory are to be known with anumana (inference).[45] smriti can be measured by means of ability to recollect the previous experience and medha on the basis of ability to retain various scriptures pathological aspect of smriti: smriti bhramsha (perverted memory): when the mind of an individual has been roofed by the rajas and moha (confusion) its activities are being taken to such an extent that one cannot be able to recollect the memory stored as it is related to tatvagyana (real knowledge). this condition is called as smriti bhramsha (destruction of memory). [46] 1. nidana (cause): a. diwaswapna[47] (day sleep) b. gramya aahar sevana[48] (urban dietary) c. madyapaan by garbhini[49] (alcohol intake by pregnant woman) 2. samprapti (pathology): in classics specific pathophysiology of smriti is not mentioned but scattered references from various texts concluded the pathogenesis. mana when getting hindered by vata pradhan tridosha prakopa, leads to rajo and sr. no. dosha action 1 prana vata[24] control and stimulation of mana to analyse the entire perception and action projected to karmendriyas (organ of action). 2 udana vata[25] responsible for smriti 3 vyana vata[26-27] stability and concentration of mana. 4 sadhaka pitta[28] responsible for mental faculties like buddhi, medha. 5 tarpaka kapha[29] nourishes the indriyas and helps in perception. s r . no. prakriti smriti 1 vata prakriti alpa smruta (low memory),[30] chala smriti (unstable memory), [31] shighra vismarana (quick forgetting)[32] 2 pitta prakriti medhavi (intelligent)[33],[34] 3 kapha prakriti chiragrahi (slow grasping) [35] and smrutimana (good memory) [36] 4 satvika prakriti smrutimana[37] 5 yamya kaya smrutimana[38],[39] 6 brahma kaya smrutimanta[40] 4 tamo guna vridhhi (increase in arrogance and ignorance) and causing avarana of manovaha srotas (occlusion in channels of psychic activities) therby finally leading to dhi, dhriti and smriti vibhramsha. management of smriti practicing of yoga endows a person with ashtasiddhi including smriti. abhyas (constant practice), tadvidya sambhasha (discussion with experts),[50] acharya sahavas (company of teacher) is best to promote intelligence and memory.[51] nidra (sleep) is essential because knowledge is dependent upon it.[52] there are lot of dietary and medicinal prescriptions in samhitas especially for the elevation of smriti, medha, dhi and buddhi. satvika aahara (healthy diet) leads to attainment of excellent memory.[53] regular intake of ghrita (ghee) is recommended for strengthening the senses and also in deprivation performance of medha and smriti due to vitiated vata and pitta.[54-56]smriti, has been mentioned as an advantage of consuming eranda sneha (castor oil),[57] haritaki (terminalia chebula)[58] and kurma mamsa (meat of tortoise).[59] rasayana drugs act through their intrinsic attributes in terms of rasa (taste), guna (qualities), virya (potency of the herb), vipaka (taste conversion after digestion) and prabhava (special effect of herb) with reference to their effects on saptadhatu. some herbs directly act on higher mental function; like intellectual power, memory, speech, learning and some increase power of sensory organs. intake of medhya rasayans dravyas like mandukaparni (centella asitica linn.), yashtimadhu (glycirrhiza glabra linn.), guduchi (tinospora cardifolia miers) and shankhapushpi (convolvulus pleuricaulis chois) [60] and rasayana preparations like bramharasayana[61], chyavanaprasha[62], endrarasayana[63], triphala rasayana[64], shilajitu rasayana[65], indrokta rasayana[66] are used for amendment of memory. after shodhana karma (purification therapy), shweta bakuchi churna (powder of psoralea corylifolia) with guda (jaggery) and ghrita (clarified butter) for 6 months along with pathya leads to smritiyukta, nirogi shatayu jeevan (100 years healthy life with good memory).[67] sharira shuddhi (purification of body) followed by 12 days intake of shweta vacha (white achoras calamus) and amalaki with dugdha (milk) on empty stomach along with pathya as ghrita, dugdha and shali (rice) increases smriti.[68] as guna (quality): smriti is attribute of hitayu (useful life).[69] smriti is counted among the qualities of parishak vidvana (wise examiner)[70], pranabhisar chikitsaka (good physician)[71], shishya (student) [72],[73], duta (messenger)[74] and karmapurusha[75] which is also possessed by the rogi (patient)[76], uttama vaidya (physician)[77] and serve as an aid to be get successful treatment. it is one of the attribute of satvika manas (sound mind).[78] as hetu (causative factor): one among the three principle and fundamental causative agents in the disease manifestation is prajnaparadha (intellectual blasphemy). the loss of dhi, dhriti and smriti hints to indecorous physical, vocal and mental exploit which is called pragyaparadha (wilful mistake). [79] as lakshana (symptom): smriti is implicated explicitly in two major psychological disorders like unmada (psychosis) and apasmara (epilepsy). in unmada[80], smritibhramsha will be there while in apsmara[81] there is smritinasha (loss of memory). it also get laden in atatvabhinivesha (psychic perversion), as pragyaparadha is main nidana (cause) of it.[82] in mada avastha (alcoholism), acharya charaka utters that smriti will be normal in first stage which gets vulnerable in next stage.[83] it also gets affected in vyana vata occluded by prana vata[84] and later stage of kaphaja visarpa (variety of herpes).[85] as chikitsa (treatment): smriti is considered as key therapeutic approach in manasika vyadhis (mental disorders), known as satvavajaya chikitsa (psychotherapy).[86] it is also implicated in the hindrance of exogenous diseases.[87] as arishta (symptom of imminent death): smriti is one midst factor to be evaluated for the assessment of upshots of disease process.[88] loss of memory without any attributable reason may be the indicator of death within 6 months[89] or imminent death.[90] discussion there are similarities, dissimilarities and specificity on concept of smriti in various classics. even though smriti is directly related to memory power, there are other dynamics that aid in remembering things like buddhi, medha and dhriti. in the course of knowledge these are interrelated with each other. mana is the entity that associates with atma for the proper cognition. budhhi decides and bifurcates it as the 5 hita (good) and ahita (bad). dhi is the capacity or power of retention. dhriti is the power that controls the orientation of attitude. while smriti helps the mind in recollecting the entire percept or experienced objects on the basis of concept formed by past experiences. if anyone of these are hampered the ultimate objective of attaining knowledge cannot be achieved. whenever charaka enlightens some herbs or the rasayana or the medicines, he quoted the terminologies like dhritivardhana, medhakara, smritikara etc. separately. it shows that he has accepted the separate functional existence in dhi, dhriti and smriti and their intricate interrelation. chakrapani and gangadhar understood performance of buddhi as the result of the collective performance of dhi, dhriti and smriti. they mentioned it as trividh (three) buddhi.[91] hemadri’s directives of differential assessment of dharana and smriti are very peculiar, useful and applied in practice. he said that interrupted and uninterrupted presentation of perceived knowledge represents smriti and dharana respectively. sushruta agrees with charaka that reexperiencing the past experienced knowledge is smriti. he mentioned that smriti and anubhava i.e. memory and experience are the two types of buddhi. he has considered the smriti as a separate entity but considered it as type of buddhi; on the contrary charaka has included smriti as integral part of buddhi performance. he has insisted dhi, dhriti, and smriti as the inseparable parts of the buddhi performance. different acharya clarified the different aspects, as the meaning of the term it has been elaborated, smriti does not stand only for recollection but for the very much important factor to whole process involving in the formation of the faculty of memory. smriti is well understood through the various concepts. philosophical concept are useful for knowledge and salvation. physiological and pathological aspects are helpful for better understanding of smriti as these are interlinked. thus numerous attributes of smriti gives importance of it. conclusion smriti is sort of streams of previous experience which helps to recollect the facts related to present experience or object. it is a result of collective action of atma, mana, buddhi and medha. so disturbance or nourishment of any of its attribute can affect the memory power. though various acharya have explained dhi, dhriti, and smriti separately but these are the inseparable parts of the buddhi performance. the factors like dosha, prakriti, vaya, sara etc. influence the memory. in many disease memory gets affected and it is also one of the key factor in psychotherapy. in ayurveda, adravyabhuta (nondrug) and dravyabhuta (medicine) chikitsa are mentioned for excellence of memory. hence understanding this concept will help in proper clinical practice. references 1. bhagvadgeeta, 2nd chapter, 62-63 verse, 34th ed. gorakhpur: gitapress, p. 40 2. g. v tagare, vayupurana, part 1, boundary and limits of mount devakunja, 40/23, delhi: motalal banarasidas; 1987,p. 270 3. mahadev gangaram bakre. vaisheshika darshana, 9/12, bombay: the gujarat printing press; 1969 4. patanjali, patanjali yoga pradipika, edited by prabhavananda, commentary by omnath tirth, chapter 1, verse 11, 24 ed. 2004, p. 21 5. yoga vaisistha, chapter 4, dissolution of mind, an english translation from the sanskrit original, tiruvannamalai: sri ramanasramam; 1999, p. 42 6. raja radhakant deo, shabdakalpadrum, third part, delhi: nag publication; 2002, p. 463 7. agnivesha, charaka, dhridhabala, charaka samhita, sharirsthana, katidhapurashiya shareera adhyaya, chapter 1, verse 149, varanasi: chaukhamba orientalia; 2012 8. agnivesha, charaka, dhridhabala, charaka samhita, ayurveda dipika vyakhya, chakrapani commentary on chikitsasthana, unmada chikitsa adhyaya, chapter 9, verse 3, varanasi: chaukhamba orientalia; 2012, p. 467 9. sushruta, sushruta samhita, nibandha sangraha vyakhya, dalhana’s commentary on sutrasthana, shishyopanayaniya adhyaya, chapter 2, verse 3, varanasi: chaukhamba orientalia; 2007, p. 10 10. shree satarisharma vangiya. tarkasamgraha, chapter 1, verse 34, 3rd edition, varanasi: chaukhamba sanskrita samsthana; 1997 11. memory processthe human memory. [internet]. 2018 [cited on 16/11/2017] available from: www.humanmemory.net/processes.html. 12. vagbhata, ashtanga hridya edited by bramhananda tripathi, sutrasthana doshabhediya adhyaya, chapter 12, verse 4, delhi: chaukhamba sanskrit pratishthana; 2015, p. 171ibidem, ashtanga hridya (24), doshabhediya adhyaya, sutrasthana 12/5, p. 171 13. ibidem, ashtanga hridya (24), doshabhediya adhyaya, sutrasthana 12/6, p. 171 14. sushruta, sushruta samhita, edited by keval krishna thakaral, nidanasthana, vatavyadhi nidana adhayya, chpater 1, verse 17, part 1, varanasi: chaukhamba orientalia,;2014, p. 682 15. ibidem, ashtanga hridya (24), doshabhediya adhyaya, sutrasthana 12/13, p. 172 16. ibidem, doshabhediya adhyaya, sutrasthana 6 12/17, p. 173 17. i b i d e m , c h a r a k a s a m h i t a ( 7 ) , p a r t 1 , rogabhishagjitiya adhyaya, vimanasthana 8/98, p. 690 18. ibidem, ashtanga hridya (24), angavibhaga shareera adhyaya, sharirasthana 3/85, p. 382 19. k. k. shrikantha murty, vagbhata, ashtanga samgraha, prakriti bhediya shareera adhyaya, chaukhamba orientalia, varanasi, 2000, p. 20. ibidem, ashtanga hridya (24), angavibhaga shareera adhyaya, sharirasthana 3/92, p. 382 21. ib i d e m , s u s hru t a s am h i t a ( 2 7 ) , p art 2 , garbhavyakarana shareera adhyaya, sharirasthana, 4/69, chaukhamba orientalia, 2014, p. 68 22. ib i d e m , s u s hru t a s am h i t a ( 2 7 ) , p art 2 , garbhavyakarana shareera adhyaya, 4/72, p.69 23. ibidem, ashtanga samgraha (32), prakriti bhediya shareera adhyaya, sharirasthana, 8/619, p. 101 24. ibidem, ashtanga hridya (24), angavibhaga shareera adhyaya, 3/99, p. 383 25. ibidem, sushruta samhita (34), garbhavyakarana shareera adhyaya, 4/86, p. 71 26. ibidem, charaka samhita (7), part 1, garbhavakranti shareera adhyaya, sharirasthana 4/37(1), p. 809 27. ibidem, charaka samhita (7), part 1, garbhavakranti shareera adhyaya, sharirasthana 4/37(4), p. 809 28. ibidem, charaka samhita ( 7 ) , part 1 , rogabhishagjitiya adhyaya, vimanasthana 8/103, p. 691 29. ibidem, charaka samhita ( 7 ) , part 1 , rogabhishagjitiya adhyaya, vimanasthana 8/110, p. 691 30. ibidem, charaka samhita ( 7 ) , part 1 , rogabhishagjitiya adhyaya, vimanasthana 8/122, p. 696 31. ibidem, ashtanga samgraha (32), prakriti bhediya shareera adhyaya, sharirasthana 8/2022, p. 103, 104 32. i b i d e m , c h a r a k a s a m h i t a ( 7 ) , p a r t 1 , trividhrogavisheshavigyaniya vimana adhyaya, vimanasthana 4/8, p. 625 33. i b i d e m , c h a r a k a s a m h i t a ( 7 ) , p a r t 1 , katidhapurashiya shareera adhyaya, sharirasthana 1/101, p. 736 34. ibidem, charaka samhita (7), part 1, ashtauninditiya adhyaya, sutrasthana 21/48, p. 316 35. ibidem, charaka samhita (7), part 2, pranakamiya rasayanapada adhyaya, chikitsasthana 1/ 2/3, p. 16 36. ibidem, charaka samhita (7), part 1, jatisutriya sharira adhyaya, sharirasthana 8/21, p. 861 37. i b i d e m , c h a r a k a s a m h i t a ( 7 ) , p a r t 1 , katidhapurashiya shareera adhyaya, sharirasthana 1/141, p.744 38. navegandharaniya adhyaya, sutrasthana 7/58, issn : 2693 6356 2019 | vol 2 | issue 5 battery and diesel powered electric vehicle charging station operated by solar pv mrs. k. nagajyothi 1 n. anitha 2 b. maruthi 3 g. lokesh 4 s. rajashekar 5 1 assistant professor, department of eee, jyothishmathi institute of technology and science, nustulapur, karimnagar, ts, india 2,3,4,5 ug students, department of eee, jyothishmathi institute of technology and science, nustulapur, karimnagar, ts, india abstract: our plan is to use solar panels, batteries, and a diesel generator to construct a charging station for electric vehicles. in this investigation, isolated, grid-connected, and dg-connect modes are employed to continuously load a pv (photovoltaic), power storage unit, dg generator, and grid-based ev charging station (cs). energy and the storage of electrical energy are important to this endeavor. the evs' batteries are charged using power from the solar pv&bes array at the charging station. when the station's batteries are depleted or the sun isn't shining, it will switch to using grid energy (a diesel generator). however, the power from the dg collection is generally pulled in such a manner that it operates with a charge of only 80% to 80%, in order to maximum fuel efficiency. the charger, in combination with the storage battery, regulates the generator's output and frequency, eliminating the need for a mechanical speed control. the common coupling point (pcc) voltage must be equal to the grid voltage and the generator voltage in order to keep the load constant. the charging station guides the vehicle to maximize the utilization of grid active/reactive transmission, residential electricity, and vehicle power transfer. the effectiveness of the charging station is evaluated using mat lab/simulink. keywords: electric vehicles (evs) point of common linkage (pcc), solar photovoltaics, batteries i. introduction electric vehicles (evs) are becoming more popular because of their low energy consumption and absence of exhaust pollutants. it is estimated that there are now roughly 3 million cars on the road, and it is expected that this number will expand to 100 million by 2030, making evs a huge benefit for auto fleets. despite the need of putting in place the necessary charging infrastructure and a massive quantity of electrical energy, this alone will not enough. renewable and sustainable electrical energy is required to charge evs, which is a key component of their overall sustainability. as long as fossil fuels are still being used to provide electricity, emissions are only being transferred to other areas. the only feasible source of power production is renewable energy, hence switching to this method has dual environmental benefits. given the widespread deployment of renewable energy sources like photovoltaic (pv) arrays, wind turbines, hydroelectric dams, and fuel cell-based generators, it is likely that pv-based energy generation will be the most accessible and cost-effective choice for ev charging in both suburban and urban areas. availability throughout the indian subcontinent is almost constant throughout the year. whereas solar photovoltaic (pv) arrays are often erected in regions with abundant sunshine, wind and hydro power are more location specific. wind energy is mostly used at the shore, whereas hydro energy is helpful inland. a renewable-energy charging facility is the worst possible choice since it requires yet another level of energy conversion, making the charge system more complicated and weaker. each phase of the transformation has its own control unit, which must be integrated into the overall control architecture. in order to coordinate and govern several independent sources, it is crucial to create a system that can function in more than one manner. there have been several efforts to create charging stations that run on renewable energy. ugirumurera et al. [3] point out the need of renewable energy for the long-term viability of the ev charging station. solar energy has been utilized to charge evs using a high power bidirectional ev charger, as reported by mouli et al. [4]. however, it is not compatible with the ac charger that is currently available. three-port converters were designed by monterio et al. [5] to combine solar energy with electric vehicle charging infrastructure. although the charger was constructed to handle such distortions, the design makes no allowances for the current grid distortions that are a result of the charger's operation. singh et al. [6] presented an enhanced converter for a pv array/grid connected electric vehicle loader. the charger is not optimized for this mode of operation, but it does function well inside it. as a result, ev charging cannot proceed until the infrastructure supporting it is complete. the optimization model for battery storage management has been developed by chaudhari et al. [7], who aim to lessen the financial burden of charging stations while making the most of the energy produced by solar pv systems. in april, kineavy et al. [7] suggested coordinating off-site ev loading (under unpredictable circumstances) with on site pv production (usable in commercial buildings) to get the most out of the solar photovoltaic array. study group zhang et al. [9] looked studied how a dual-mode charging station for electric vehicles was set up at the workplace. because of this, it may be used both in the cloud and on-premises to provide high quality service at a low total cost of ownership. charging has less of an effect on the power grid as a result. a commercial solar pv system with on-site batteries for energy storage has been shown to reduce costs by a significant amount (kandasamy et al., 11). due to its day-and-night availability and plenty of supporting research [12], [13], the cs wind energy station is a great choice for evs. research into renewable energy-based charging stations has focused on optimizing a wide range of charging factors. to yet, however, only a small percentage of publishing houses have installed charging stations powered by renewable energy. in addition, the functionality of charging stations in the real world is seldom acknowledged. furthermore, the bulk of literature only describes grid-connected or islanded functioning of cs. the panel is useless if the grid is down, even though it can only be used in grid-connected mode. when in islanded mode, pv power is interrupted periodically. in light of this, a storage battery is necessary for dealing with the impacts of variable solar irradiation [14]. here are a few of the most notable things that were added to this publication. 1) detailed smart grid integration, comprising a design and experimental validation of pv array, energy storage, and a distributed generating set, will enable both direct current (dc) and alternating current (ac) charging of electric vehicles (e.g., power stations, solar farms, etc). 2) the loading station's design incorporates two crucial aspects: the ability to function in many operating modes (insulated, grid-connected, and dg set linked) while only requiring a single vsc. 3) the charging station's mode-switching circuitry enables it to seamlessly convert between modes, ensuring a constant supply of power. 4) an effective control method is required for v2v charging to be implemented. however, power transmission from vehicles to the grid is essential for vehicle-to-grid (v2g) assistance. 5) power is transferred at a power factor of 1 when the charging station's active power filter is activated. this is required to adhere to ieee-519 guidelines. 6) instead of using a mechanical voltage regulator, some users utilize an automated voltage regulator (avr) to fine-tune the frequency and voltage of their dg sets. 7) the different plan to keep the additional solar power produced and sent into the grid so as not to overcharge the battery storage. ii. exisitng system the performance of cs in its current form is only ever considered in one of two situations in present methods: either in grid-connected mode or in islanded mode. the panel is useless if the grid is down, even though it can only be used in grid connected mode. when in islanded mode, pv power is interrupted periodically. as a result, a storage battery is essential for mitigating the impacts of variable solar irradiation. when charging the storage battery, the maximum power point tracking (mppt) feature must be disabled to prevent the battery from being overcharged. the accompanying diagram depicts the combined control of voltage source converter for freestanding grid |& dg set connected mode with existing pi controller. iii. proposed system the ev may be supplied with electricity from the grid, a solar photovoltaic (pv) array, a battery storage system, or a demand response generator. to get from the solar photovoltaic array to the storage battery, a voltage converter (vsc) must be connected to the dc connection. on the ac side of the vsc there is a single seig, an ev, and a non-linear load. at panhandle collegiate university, a ripple filter is used to attenuate grid and generator current harmonics (pcc). an auxiliary winding is connected to a condenser and then positioned at a certain location. the seig has a condenser built in to provide a temporary reservoir. a synchronization switch regulates the connection and disconnection of a charging station from the power grid. dg set control for voltage&frequency because of the vsc decoupling control, the dg set may be operated from a single location. it may be adjusted to modify the dg set's resonance and tension. voltage and frequency may be regulated by adjusting the active and reactive powers, respectively. two pi controllers are required for voltage and frequency control. consequently, a few of switches will be required. what follows are the outcomes predicted by the pi voltage controller. (1) zvi&zvp are the controller gains for a pi controller. a simplified form of the pi equation for the controller's frequency is fig. 1 proposed system configuration iv. proposed control system both the direct current charge and the solar pv generating may be handled by the storage battery without requiring major adjustments to the system's management. but because the vsc system does not have a grid voltage, a dedicated vsc controller is often required to achieve the local voltage standard in reality. to create the internal voltage reference of 230v&50 hz, we follow the reasoning shown in figure.2. the reference converter current is determined by comparing the produced reference with the converter terminal voltage. the pi controller uses the determined reference current to determine the reference converter current. fig. 2control system (2) the pi gain values (zkfp, zfi) are based on the fe, which is supplied by the pi error estimate. the combined outputs of the frequency and voltage controllers are shown in figure 2 for grid-connected control. however, when these controllers are wired into the grid, their outputs are completely muted. vi.simulation results fig.4matlab/simulink circuit diagram of the proposed system results fig.5 controller subsystem with pi controller the many modes of operation are shown in figures 6 through 14. the thds of the grid voltage, current, load current, and generator current are shown in additional figures 11, 12, 7(a), and 14(a). fig.6current of ev1 (a) (b) fig.7(a) current at load&(b) load currentthd is 28.02% fig.8current of ev2 fig.9current (photovoltaic) fig.10current (battery) (a) (b) fig.11 (a) voltage atpcc&voltage at thegrid (b) grid voltagethd is 2.57% (a) (b) fig.12(a) current of the grid(b) grid current thd is 4.11% fig.13voltage of generator&voltage at the pcc (a) (b) fig.14 (a)current at thegenerator&(b) generator current thdis 1.80% conclusion photovoltaic (pv) panels, storage batteries, the electric grid, and a distributed charging station are all part of this project's plan to keep electric vehicles (evs) juiced. possible findings have shown that a single vsc may power the cs in three different configurations (island operation, grid connection, and dg set connection). the results of the tests confirm that the charging station functions as a reliable, self contained generator. with the new, more efficient pv array technique and the optimized dg set charging, the odds of getting mpp performance from the pv array are increased, and consistent charge is provided. in order to maintain ieee approval, the charging station must demonstrate proper operation with each voltage&current thd test. references [1] the international energy agency forecasts that by 2025, the global fleet of plug-in vehicles will outnumber battery-electric vehicles. [online] offered: global ev outlook 2018 [2] the international energy agency (iea) predicts that by 2018, renewable energy will surpass the world's energy consumption from conventional sources for the first time. [online]. currently available: [3] the authors' optimal capacity sizing for fully green charging systems for electric vehicles is published in the article “optimal capacity sizing for completely green charging systems for electric vehicles,” which is included in ieee trans. transport at. electrification. vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 565-577, sept. 2017. [4]a 10 kw solar-powered bidirectional ev charger compatible with chemo&combo was designed by g. r. chandra moulid, j. schijffelen, m. van den heave, m. carolus,&p. bauer, who call it ev bidirectional charge station (evbs). [5] "modeling, design, control,&implementation of a modified z-source integrated pv/grid/ev dc charger/inverter,” by s. a. singh, g. carli, n. a. aziz,&s. s. williamson, ieee trans. ind. electron., vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 5213-5220, june 2018." [6] hybrid optimization was used to optimize the economic deployment of ess in pv-integrated ev charging stations, as studied by k. chaudhary, a. kill, k. n. kumar, u. jalandhar,&s. k. kollimalla, "hybrid optimization for economic deployment of ess in pv-integrated ev charging stations," ieee trans. ind. inform., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 106-116, jan. 2018. [7] distributed coordination of ev charging with renewable energy in a micro grid of buildings, by y. yang, q. jian, g. deconinck, x. guan, z. qiu,&z. hu, ieee trans. smart grid, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 6253-6264, nov. 2018. [8] loss-of-life investigation of ev batteries used as smart energy storage for commercial building-based solar photovoltaic systems by n. kandalama, k. kandalama,&k. tseng, "loss-of-life investigation of ev batteries used as smart energy storage for commercial building-based solar photovoltaic systems," iet electrical systems in transportation, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 223-229, 9 2017. [9] "energy exchange between the electric vehicle load&wind-generating utilities was studied by a. tawakoni, m. negnevitsky, d. t. nguyen,&k. m. mutai in ieee trans. power sys., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 1248-1258, 2016." [10]y. shan, j. hu, k. w. chan, q. fu,&j. m. guerrero, "a new control method for pv-wind-battery micro grids" is described in this paper. [11] decentralized charge of electric vehicles (pevs) to absorb extra wind energy via stochastically staggered dual tariff systems is discussed in a paper by p. liu, j. yu,&e. mohammed, published in the iet gene, trans &dystric, vol. 12, no. 15, pp. 3655-3665, on august 28, 2018. [12] “implementation of solar pv-battery&diesel generator based electric vehicle charging station,” b. singh, a. verme, a. chandra,&k. al-haddad (2018) report on an installation of a pv-battery&diesel generator system used for electric vehicle charging. [13] according to the authors, combining solar photovoltaic with battery might integrate pv to a single-phase grid, as shown in their paper, “integration of solar photovoltaic with battery to single-phase grid” in iet generation, transmission & distribution, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 2003-2012, 1 6 2017. [14] rami&doagou-mojarrad compare two alternative forms of multi-objective power management for micro grids. [15]o. erin, n. g. petrakis, t. d. p. mendes,&a. g. bakeries, along with s. brito&n. brito — presented a paper on “smart household operation considering bi directional ev&ess utilization by real-time pricing based dr.” ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 1 chinese traditional medical journal comparison between the piston of ic engine made with cast carbon steel and carbon graphite using finite element analysis (fea) niu tianfu, li zhijun, yuan ruyu, cardiovascular department, shanxi traditional chinese medicine institute, taiyuan cardiovascular department, the first teaching hospital of tianjin university of traditional chinese medicine cardiovascular department, the second teaching hospital of tianjin medical university, tianjin introduction: i. a piston is a cylinder-inside cylindrical component that exerts pressure on the combustion gases. various materials are used to construct it. a piston rod and/or connecting rod are used in an engine to transmit the force generated by the expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft. the piston rings seal the cylinder and enclose the moving component. the connecting rod's obliquity causes it to generate side thrust. combustion gases also abstract— cast carbon steel and carbon graphite pistons were subjected to thermal loads in this study, which was carried out via the use of finite element analysis (fea). the working gas temperature and the material qualities of the pistons are employed in the simulation. these pistons were studied using a four-stroke 100cc hero bike engine's specs. a four-stroke 100cc hero bike engine's specs are used to demonstrate an analytical design process for cast carbon steel and carbon graphite pistons. with an applied temperature of 600 kelvin (k), the fea findings predict the gradn: temperature gradient and critical region on both pistons. it is crucial to identify the key region and the benefits and drawbacks of the two materials. as part of the design process, solidworks is used to create the 3d models of pistons (the feature module), which are then meshes and thermally analysed. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 2 create a lot of heat, which is dissipated via the cylinder wall. the piston may also serve as a valve in certain engines, closing and opening apertures in the cylinder wall. ii. fem method: the fundamentals of the fem are straightforward. assume that a field variable, such as displacement or stress, has to be distributed across a body or component of the engineering design in question. an example of this would be a component that is under stress, or a temperature that is being affected by a heat source. an 'element assembly' is used to represent a one-, two-, or three-dimensional solid's body as a collection of tiny bits known as 'finite elements.' as the number of degrees of freedom required to simulate each element is finite, the term "finite" is used. only at the nodes, which are the connecting joints, are the components presumed to be connected. because the components aren't independent things like bricks, they don't have any gaps or surfaces in between them. discrete materials and structures may be modelled using systems that already exist.) however, this course does not include aspects like as real-masonry bricks, particle mixtures, sand grains, or any of the like.) iii. methodology of proposed work: this project's approach is based on the data that was gathered and analysed throughout the investigation phase. designing pistons requires the following methods: ic engine piston development data collection. taking apart a system to find out what went wrong. this piston and its predicted dimensions were measured and replicated as a 3-d model in solidworks software, and then examined in solidworks simulation.. using the software's library to choose material. pistons mated together. boundary conditions may be applied. calculation of the outcome. thermal load analysis is performed by comparing the resulting temperature gradients. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 3 iv. engine specifications: type air cooled, 4 stroke single cylinder ohc displacement 97.2 cc max. power 6.15kw (8.36 ps) @8000 rpm max. torque 0.82kg m (8.05 n-m) @5000 rpm max. speed 87 kmph bore x stroke 50.0 mm x 49.5 mm carburetor side draft , variable venturi type with tcis compression ratio 9.9 : 1 starting kick / self start ignition dc digital cdi oil grade sae 10 w 30 sj grade , jaso ma grade air filtration dry , pleated paper filter fuel system carburetor fuel metering carburetion i. reverse engineering the piston: the dimensions of the model piston were measured using vernier callipers and other measurement devices. in order to create a 3d model of this piston, solidworks 3d modelling software was used: ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 4 vi. boundary conditions and loads: temperature was applied to the top of the piston at 600 kelvin, and the piston pin holes were fixed. both tests will use the same units, boundary conditions, and loads . vii. analysis on cast carbon steel piston: model information model name: part1 current configuration: default solid bodies document name and reference treated as volumetric properties document path/date modified ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 5 <piston for study> solid body mass:0.199708 kg volume:2.56036e005 m^3 density:7800 kg/m^3 weight:1.95714 n study properties study name study 1 analysis type thermal(transient) mesh type solid mesh solver type ffeplus solution type transient total time 1 seconds time increment 0.1 seconds contact resistance defined? no result folder solidworks document (c:\users\dell\appda ta\local\temp) units unit system: si (mks) length/displaceme nt mm temperature kelvin angular velocity rad/sec pressure/stress n/m^2 material properties ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 6 model reference propertie s compon ents name: cast carbon steel model type: linear elastic isotropic default failure criterion: max von mises stress thermal conductivity: 30 w/(m.k) specific heat: 500 j/(kg.k) mass density: 7800 kg/m^3 default curve data:n/a thermal loads load name load image load details temperature1 entities: 1 face(s) temperature: 600 kelvin mesh information mesh type solid mesh mesher used: standard mesh automatic transition: off include mesh auto loops: off jacobian points 4 points ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 7 element size 2.94848 mm tolerance 0.147424 mm mesh quality high mesh information details total nodes 26259 total elements 14251 maximum aspect ratio 90.34 % of elements with aspect ratio < 3 83.9 % of elements with aspect ratio > 10 0.428 % of distorted elements(jacobian) 0 time to complete mesh(hh;mm;ss): 00:00:0 8 computer name: dellpc ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 8 figurei there is a 600 kelvin maximum temperature on the piston head, while the lowest is 0 kelvin at the piston bottom, which suggests that heat moves to the 1st groove of the piston ring. viii. analysis on carbon graphite piston: volumetric properties: lpattern2 solid body mass:0.0609817 kg volume:2.7224e-005 m^3 density:2240 kg/m^3 weight:0.59762 n defaul t material properties ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 9 model reference prop erties compo nents name: c (graphite) model type:linear elastic isotropic default failure max von mises criterion: stress thermal 168 w/(m.k) conductivity: specific heat: 44 j/(kg.k) mass density: 2240 kg/m^3 de fa ul t figure – ii figure ii: according to the results shown in the figure, which show a maximum temperature of 600 kelvin at the top of the piston head and a minimum temperature of 291.770 kelvin at the bottom, the flow of heat is sufficient. conclusion conclusion: based on thermal (transient state) analysis results on cast carbon steel ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 10 piston (result i) and c graphite (result ii), we found that the maximum heat flow occurred in c graphite instead of cast carbon steel which is evidence that the thermal conductivity of carbon graphite piston is much better than cast carbon steel piston which is best for the long life of the piston. it is also lighter than cast carbon steel, which is better suited for an internal combustion engine. in contrast, carbon graphite has a lower thermal coefficient than cast carbon steel, which permits engine design to utilise smaller cold clearances without risking piston seize under heavy loads. carbon graphite pistons also have the benefit of having great thermal shock resistance and self-lubricant qualities, both of which contribute to the engine's operating durability and efficiency by reducing lubricant use. when a result, c-graphite is a corrosion resistant against acids and solvents, which helps to preserve mechanical properties, and c-graphite grows stronger as the temperature is increased. finally, based on the results of this research, carbon graphite pistons are superior than cast carbon steel pistons for ic engines. references "thermal stressanalysis of engine piston" by b.r. ramesh and kishan naik, internationalconference on challenges and opportunities in mechanical engineering, industrialengineering and managementstudies (iccomim-2012), 11-13 july, 2012 design, analysis, and optimization of three aluminum piston alloys using fea: ajay raj singh, drpushpendra kumar sharma, international journal of engineering research and applications issn: 2248-9622, vol. 4, issue 1(version 3, january 2014, pages 94-102 in this study, dallwoo kim, akemi ito, yasuhiro ishikawa, katsuyukiosawa, and yoshiyuki iwasaki-friction characteristics of steel pistons for diesel engines. there are three authors listed in the bibliography for "thermal analysis and optimization of microfluidic devices: a review of the literature": finite element analysis of an i.c. engine piston friction losses between the piston ring and liner assembly of an internal combustion engine have been studied in the international journal of scientific and research publications, research on ic engine parts with coating: a review by ravi s modi, maulik modi, and tushar m patel issn: 2395-0056, volume: 4, issue: 2, january 2017, international research journal of engineering and technology (irjet). a structural and thermal analysis of a piston has been done by k.s.mahajan and s.h.deshmukh [7]. current engineering and technology journal, e-issn 22774106, p-issn 2347-5161, international the 2016 inpressco.kancharla raja sekhar is thermal analysis of a piston by g. vijay prakash, volume 5, issue 4, oct 2016. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 11 a study of the thermal temperature fields and thermal stress in a steady temperature field of diesel engine pistons by yaohui lu, peng lin, xing zhang, and dawei dong was published in 2016 by southwest jiaotong university in chengdu, sichuan 610031. "mechanical and thermal study of the internal combustion engine piston using ansys" was presented at the international conference on applied sciences in bucharest, romania (icas2016). experiment and simulation research breakthroughs in the piston assembly of an internal combustion engine" by 11.c. kirner, j. halbhuber, b. uhlig, a. oliva, s. graf, and g. wachtmeister tribology international accepted the preprint on march 17, 2016. 1 issn : 2693 6356 2018 | vol 1 | issue 2 pharmaceutico-analytical standardization of devdarvyadi churnakriya (processed powder) k.raju kumar1 , t k.shankar2 , s d.sharma3 123 assistant professor absmids mangalore ab shetty memorial institute of dental sciences, abstract in order to increase the effectiveness of the treatment and decrease the necessary dosage, the powdered form of the drug is triturated with liquid preparations having the same components, a process called churnakriya, which is described in ayurvedic classics under the idea of bhavana samskara (process of trituration). when it comes to powdered drugs like churna kalpana, where the dosage is rather high, the churnakriya idea is useful for lowering the dose while increasing the drug's acceptability. devdarvyadi churnakriya pharmaco-analytical standardization is the goal. devdarvyadi churna was made using traditional methods outlined in ancient texts. the churna was ground using a mixture of the same elements used to make the decoction. there was a seven-day trituration process. organoleptic and other physico-chemical parameters, including moisture content, ash values, extractive values, etc., were analyzed in the traditional devdarvyadi churna and the devdarvyadi churnakriya. to further confirm the efficacy, purity, and security of these herbal preparations, thin layer chromatography was used. the average yield of devdarvyadi churnakriya from 500 gm was 666.66 gm, according to the observations and results. devdarvyadi churna had a weight increase of 32.66 percent and had analytical parameters such a loss of 6.3 percent of weight after drying, an ash value of 7 percent, an acid insoluble ash content of 3 percent, an extract ive content of 34.8 percent in water and 4.8 percent in alcohol for a ph of 3.52. decision: devdarvyadi churnakriya was made in three separate batches. daily trituration for each bhavana lasted between seven and eight hours. bhavana's ultimate result exhibited all the characteristics of subhavita lakshana (evidence of good triturat ion). final product weight growth was 32.66 percent. keywords: bhavana, churnakriya, devdarvyadi, standardization introduction rasashastra and bhaishjya kalpana is the part of ayurveda which deals mainly with preparation of medicines. the process of transformation where the drug is changed or its properties enhanced is called samskara. [1] in samhitas there are various samskaras described out of which bhavana samskara has a multi dimensional action directly over the drug. it acts as a detoxifying agent in case of visha dravya, [2] it is also a poorvakarma (prior process) for marana process. [3] under the context of bhavana, acharya charaka states –bhavana given with its own swarasa enhances the efficacy of drug; small quantity of drug produces maximum effect. this concept is known as churna kriya; where bhavya dravya is triturated with the liquid preparations like swarasa (juices), kwatha (decoction), hima (cold infusion), phanta (hot infusion), arka (extract) etc. of the same ingredients. [4] according to dalhana, kwatha is also called as swarasa; therefore, it can be assumed that when swarasa is not available for bhavana, kwatha of same drug can be taken as substitute. [5] considering the above concept, it was decided to prepare devdarvyadi churna kriya byconverting devdarvyadi churna described in bhaishjya ratnavali [6] under amavata chikitsa by giving bhavana with the kwatha of same ingredients. churna kriya is described in samhita but unfortunately very few works have been done over the concept, the present study is an attempt to standardize devdarvyadi churna kriya and to establish the quality standards for the formulation. materials & methods the ingredients of devdarvyadi churna depicted in table no. 1 were collected from the dattatraya ayurveda rasashala , salod ( h) wardha, maharashtra, india. all the drugs were identified https://www.careers360.com/colleges/ab-shetty-memorial-institute-of-dental-sciences-mangalore?icn=college_page&ici=clg_5880_college_listing_tuple 2 and authenticated by pharmacognostic study. pharmaceutical preparation of devdarvyadi churna kriya was carried out in dattatraya ayurved rasashala m.g.a.c.h. & r.c. the procedure was subdivided into the following steps: 1. preparation of devdarvyadi churna (dc) 2. preparation of devdarvyadi kwatha 3. preparation of churna kriya (dck) by seven times bhavana with devdarvyadi kwatha each formulation was prepared in 3 batches as per the protocol of drug standardization. table1: ingredients of devdarvyadi churna kriya sr. no sanskrit name latin name parts used 1 devdara cedrus devdara (roxb)loud heart wood 2 vacha acorus calamus linn rhizomes 3 mustha cyprus rotundus linn rhizomes 4 sunthi zingiber oficinale rose rhizomes 5 ativisha aconitum heterophyllum wall ex royle tuber 6 haritaki terminalia chebula reitz fruit preparation of devdarvyadi churna (dc) general method of preparation of churna [7] is followed for the preparation of devdarvyadi churna. raw drugs viz. devdara, vacha, musta, sunthi, ativisha, haritaki were collected and cleaned to avoid contamination of foreign material in final product. the ingredients taken in equal proportion and powdered separately with proper care to minimize the loss and sieved with mesh number 85 to obtain fine powder. the entire powdered drugs were in equal quantity mixed uniformly to obtain devdarvyadi churna (table 2). preparation of devdarvyadi kwatha the herbal drugs which were used for the churna were taken in equal proportion and made into coarse powder. the coarse powder soaked overnight in water taken into stainless steel vessel for the preparation of kwatha. since the drugs were medium to hard 8 times of water was added and subjected to mild heating and reduced to 1/4th quantity. [8] the kwatha obtained at the end was filtered through a piece of cotton cloth. preparation of devdarvyadi churna kriya (dck) half sample of prepared devdarvyadi churna was taken in a khalwa yantra into which the devdarvyadi kwatha was added in a quantity enough to appropriately wet whole churna [9] and the trituration process was continued for 7-8 hours a day. after the trituration period the mixture was spread in a steel tray and subjected to dryer at 500c. after drying of the material, it was powdered and again bhavana process was done with freshly prepared kwatha followed by drying. bhavana process was repeated for 7 times. after this the final product devdarvyadi churna kriya was obtained. (fig no.1-15) analytical study analysis of dc and dck were done to study the physical properties. both the samples were analyzed under the pharmacopoeia standards for churna [10] like organoleptic characters, ph, loss on drying, water soluble extractive value, alcohol soluble extractive, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, etc. microbial specifications were tested to validate its safety for internal as well as external use. observation & results the devdarvyadi churna obtained was yellowish brown in colour; smooth in touch with the mixed aroma of all the herbal ingredients with prominent fragrance of devdaru, and bitter –astringent in taste. all the ingredients were of medium to hard in texture which required efforts during the powdering process. after every bhavana followed by drying weight gain was observed. after 7 bhavana average 32.66 % weight gain was observed in final product (table3). obtained devdarvyadi churna kriya was comparatively smoother in touch, dark brown coloured, with pleasant odour and bitter in taste. samples of devdarvyadi churna and devdarvyadi churna kriya were tested for quality parameters of churna. results of analytical study depicted in table no 4, 5, and 6,7,8,9. 3 table 2: showing observations during preparation of devdarvyadi churna in each batch batch weight of individual ingredients (g) total weight (g) % loss devdar churna vacha churna musta churna sunthi churna ativisha chuna haritaki churna a 100 100 100 100 100 100 594.62 0.88 b 100 100 100 100 100 100 593.29 1.11 c 100 100 100 100 100 100 596.19 0.63 total 300 300 300 300 300 300 1,784.10 2.62 table 3: organoleptic characters of dc and dck parameters devdarvyadi churna devdarvyadi churna kriya touch smooth smooth colour yellowish brown dark brown odour pleasant pleasant taste bitter-astringent bitter table4 comparative physico-chemical parameters of the devdarvyadi churna and devdarvyadi churna kriya parameters dc dck loss on drying (% w/w) 7 6.3 ash value (%w/w) 5 7 acid insoluble ash(%w/w) 3 3 water soluble extract (%w/w) 17.2 34.8 alcohol soluble extract (%w/w) 4.8 4.8 ph (%w/v) 4.1 3.52 total sugar 27.77 25 table 5: microbial load in dc and dck parameters dc dck total bacterial count no growth no growth total microbial count no growth no growth table 6: particle size of dc and dck mesh no. dc (%) dck (%) 4 a) above 60 mesh 100 100 b) between 6080 ( 250 -177 microns) 72 95 c) between 80 – 120 (177-125 microns) 2 69 d) below 120 mesh 4 table 7: assays for devdarvyadi churna and devdarvyadi churnakriya table 8: bulk density & tapped density of the dc & dck sr.no parameters dc dck 1 bulk density 0.390 0.84 2 tapped density 0.406 0.84 discussion devdarvyadi churna mentioned in bhaishjya ratnavali is composed of six ingredients (devdara, vacha, musta, sunthi, ativisha, haritaki). the ingredients were dried in the hot air oven to remove moisture present in the ingredients which facilitates proper grinding of material. temperature was maintained at 500 c for 8 hours. after appropriate drying the ingredients were separately powdered. all the ingredients were powdered in 3 batches each of 200 gm. the ingredients were powdered in mixer grinder for 3 times followed by sieving to obtain fine powder. the spillage during the grinding, sieving were the reasons behind the loss observed in the yield of churna. kwatha prepared for the bhavana process with the similar ingredients taken in equal proportion were soaked overnight to ensure the maximum extraction of active constituents from drugs. the obtained kwatha when poured into the dry powder i.e. devdarvyadi churna the maximum quantity got absorbed into the powder. quantity of kwatha required for the first bhavana in all the 3 batches was almost double, the quantity got enhanced when compared to the classical devdarvyadi churna. the quantity of kwatha required during each bhavana has been depicted in the table 3. in classics, bhavana to the material was given with the help of mortar and pestle. now, with the advancement of techniques, different methods and machines were introduced for various pharmaceutical procedures. these progressions not only help in minimizing the manual power but also help in applying constant pressure & friction till expected duration which is suitable for maintaining standard data in more scientific way. therefore, table top wet grinder with 2 roller stone was used for present study. wet grinder works on three principles i.e., kneading, smearing and spatulation, which ultimately results in uniform mixing and quashing down particle size.amount of liquid used in bhavana and the process may be understood by capillary properties, which describes the processes of interaction of porous powder materials with the liquid. capillary attraction or capillarity is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance and in opposition to external forces like gravity. it occurs because of inter-molecular attractive forces between the liquid and solid surrounding surfaces. when a dry porous medium, such as a brick or a wick is brought into contact assays tests dc dck tannins 5% fecl3 test + + alkaloids hager’s test wagner’s test + + + + phenols 5% fecl3 test + + glycosides baljet test + + 5 with a liquid, it will start absorbing the liquid at a rate which decreases over time. the average kwatha required for the initial bhavana was more (1866.66 ml) than the subsequent bhavana (1033.33 ml) in 5th bhavana). this is further reduced to 826.66 ml in 7th bhavana. reason behind the decreased amount of liquid required for subsequent bhavana can be elicited by reduced porosity of powder by process of trituration. other reason for this may be decreased particle size which will lower the permeability. the porosity or pore volume of a material has been defined as the total proportion of air spaces contained between the solid particles of which the body is composed while permeability is restricted to interconnecting spaces. [11] during bhavana process, average 1245.23ml of devdarvyadi churna kwatha was required for average 500 gm of devdarvyadi churna. average 32.66% weight gain was observed after consecutive seven bhavana. during the bhavana process the bhavya dravya used was the kwatha prepared with the same ingredients containing higher concentration of phyto-constituents which were deposited into the final product during the process of bhavana, this caused weight gain in final product. criteria for identifying the subhavita lakshana are, the bhavit dravya can be changed into desired shape. if pressed in between fingers, turns into flat shape, becomes smooth and soft in texture. [12] mild heating with peak temperature maintenance of 95oc-97oc along with continuous stirring was applied for proper extraction and for reducing the chances of degradation of some of the active constituents which may decompose due to hydrolysis. continuous mechanical stirring is needed to facilitate the natural circulation evaporation. on an average it took 3.68 hrs to prepare 1571.42 ml of devdarvyadi churna kwatha the dck and dc were tested for physicochemical parameters for churna. there was considerable difference in loss on drying in dc 7 % w/w and dck 6.3% w/w. this difference may be due to more stable nature of devdarvyadi churnakriya due to more number of bhavana. this difference also suggests more shelf life of devdarvyadi churnakriya than devdarvyadi churna. the total ash value in dc was 5 % w/w and in dck was 7% w/w. this may be possible due to the higher concentration of phyto-constituents of bhavana dravya in dck which is loaded during bhavana process carried out with the devdarvyadi churna kwatha. acid insoluble ash of dc &dck was found to be 3 % w/ w. this indicates that the proportion of acid insoluble inorganic material in both samples is same. water soluble extractive indicates the amount of active constituent of material when extracted with water. the comparative result was very encouraging. this value was greater in devdarvyadi churna kriya. kwatha used for levigation is a form of water soluble extractive and thus has contributed to the increment. therefore, indicating the role of bhavana samskara (levigation with aqueous extract of drug) in extraction. water soluble active principles in dck were comparatively much more than dc. the values of extract are just double in dck which indicates the potential part is much more in dck as compared to dc. from this value it can be justified that dck is more potent in same dose than dc. it can be also stated that in smaller dose dck can give therapeutic action. this also shows that dck contains double phytochemical concentration than dc. dc (4.8% w/w) and dck (4.8% w/w) have same ase (alcohol soluble extractive) value. there is no any difference in both the samples. in churna kriya, the bhavana of devdarvyadi churna kwatha was given which contains the water soluble active principles, potentiating the water soluble extract but, the fatty material was not fortified, which resulted in constant value of ase in both the samples. there was no addition of any alcohol soluble active principle which caused constant ase value for both samples. ph value of dc was 4.1 and that of dck was 3.52 shows the acidic nature of both the samples. the total sugar observed in dc was 27.77 & dck was 25 indicating presence of starch. bulk densities for dc were 0.390 gm/ml and tap density for dc 0.406gm/ml for dc whereas for dck bulk density was 0.84 gm/ml, &tap density 0.84gm/ml for dck. bulk density and tap density affected by the inter-particle spaces in the powder. in case of dck tap density and bulk density are same it may be due to process of trituration, the particles become finer and the inter-particular space decreases 6 resulting in compactness of the material. the volume occupied by the dc is more as compared to dck (taken equal in weight). microbial load in both samples was observed and found no growth. proper precautions were taken throughout the processes to avoid any microbial contamination. particle size of the drug affects its absorption. the rate of absorption can be assessed by determining the particle size of the drug. less particle size leads to more surface area, more absorption thus enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of the drug. determining the particle size of material, before and after processing, helps to draw the conclusion regarding the significance of that particular pharmaceutical procedure. the difference in size is due to continuous trituration which results into particle size reduction. less particle size leads to more surface area results in more absorption thus enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of the drug. it can be stated that dck in less dose will be more therapeutically potent due to maximum absorption as it is having less particle size as compared to dc. the chemical analysis for the qualitative estimation of tannins, alkaloids, phenols & glycosides in the dc & dck revealed presence of tannins, alkaloids, phenols & glycosides (table no. 8). in hptlc, number of bands observed on same rf values in dc &dck. in short uv-254 nm, maximum 2 bands (rf value 0.9, 0.76) were observed in dc & dck. similarly, in long uv-366nm, maximum no. of bands observed in both sample were 5 bands. alteration in total number of components was observed after spraying with methanolic h2 so4 was 10 bands for dc &dck. throughout hptlc process same bands were observed for dc &dck, indicating the presence of same constituents in both the samples. the present formulation devdarvyadi churna kriya has been standardized by intervention of modern scientific quality control measures described in the c l a s s i c a l t e x t s o f ay u r ve d a . he n c e t h e physicochemical parameters and quantitative analysis together may be used for quality evaluation and the standardization of compound formulation. churnakriya could be better substitution for dosage reduction without altering its classical form with expected action of drug. conclusion average 666.66 gm of devdarvyadi churnakriya can be obtained from 500 gm of devdarvyadi churna with 32.66 % weight gain. analytical specifications observed for dc and dck were within the acceptable limits. churnakriya could be the better substitution for drug dosage reduction. images of raw drugs & preparation methods: fig no. 1: devdaru fig no. 2: vacha fig no. 3: musta fig no. 4: sunthi fig no.5: ativisha fig no.6: haritaki fig no. 7: mixing of powders fig no.8: devdarvyadi churna fig no.9: kwatha preparation fig no. 10: devdarvyadi churna kwatha fig no. 11: bhavana process fig no. 12: first bhavana fig no .13: fifth bhavana fig no. 14: drying fig no. 15: final product (dck) 7 images of hptlc: references 1. shastri k, charak samhita, rasavimanaadhyaya, vimanasthana, chapter 1, verse 21, reprint ed., varanasi: chaukhamba bharati academy publications; 2008, p.680 2. sadananda shar ma, rasa tarangini, vishopavishadi vigyaniya taranga, chapter 24, verse 242, 11th reprint ed. new delhi: motilalal banarsidas publications;1982, p. 667 3. gupt np. parada samhita, chapter 31, verse 92, 1st ed. mumbai: khemraj shrikrishnadas prakashan; 2007, p. 247 4. ibidem charaka samhita [ 1 ], danti dravantiadhyaya, kalpa sthana, 12/47-48, p. 672 5. s u s h r u t , s u s h r u t a s a m h i t a , mahakushthachikitsitaadhyaya, chikitsa sthana, chapter10, verse12, edited by yadavji trikamji acharya, reprint ed. varanasi, chaukhambha krishanadas academy; 2004. p.415 6. lochana k., bhaishjya ratnavali, vol 2, chapter 29, verse 53, 1st ed, varanasi, chaukhamba publication 2006, p.295 7. tripathi sharangadhara samhita, ‘dipika’ hindi commentary, dwadashaadhyaya, madhyam khanda, chapter 12, verse 291-293, 1st ed. varanasi, chaukhamba surbharti prakashana, 2010, p.178 8. ibidem sharangadhara samhita [7], madhyam khanda, 9/3-4, p.102 9. ibidem rasa tarangini [2], paribhasha vigyaniya dwitiya taranga, 2/49-51, p.21 10. anonymous, parameters for quality assessment of ayurveda and siddha drugs, new delhi, published by central council for research in ayurveda and siddha 2005, p.12 11. varma p. churna kriya on rasayana churna amavata with kupeelu (strychnous nux-vomica linn.). [md dissertation]. jamnagar: gujarat ayurveda university; 2013, p.241 12. ibidem rasa tarangini [2], paribhasha vigyaniya dwitiya taranga, 2/50-51, p.21 13. b., fig no.17: after derivatization fig no.16: before derivatization 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 chinese traditional medical journal a review on smriti (memory) and its affiliates in physiology lin linyij, liu tonghuag, , health-cultivation laboratory of the ministry of education, beijing university of chinese medicine, beijing 100029, china; key laboratory of upper airway dysfunction-related cardiovascular diseases, beijing institute of heart lung and blood vessel diseases, beijing anzhen hospital, capital medical university, beijing china health-cultivation laboratory of the ministry of education, beijing university of chinese medicine, beijing 100029, china introduction: smriti refers to things that have been previously seen, heard, or experienced. memory encompasses encoding, retrieval, and storage of information. his views are heavily impacted by it (intelligence). unlike smriti, it is more closely associated with buddhi and manovyapaar. it is possible to relive and reproduce past experiences by synchronising the firing of neurons. many gyanendriyas help mana fulfil its primary purpose, which is to aid in the retention of knowledge (sense organs). as a science, ayurveda relies on the concept of functional understanding as its base. ancient literature has no mention of smriti. for some reason, smriti appears to be beyond the understanding of most pupils. to understand ayurvedic principles on the basis of modern medical research, there must be a rise in the demand for ayurveda knowledge in today's society. this evaluation examines smriti's mental and physical characteristics from a modern point of view. manovyapaar and buddhia cause effect relationship: the four forces of indriya, indryartha, mana, and atma work together to produce gyaana (knowledge). this diagram shows how one acquires knowledge in a sequential way. mana abstract the state of one's mind has a direct bearing on one's physical health. psychosomatic illness may affect a person's dhi, dhriti, and smriti in the contemporary era due to stress and emotionally disturbed individuals. remembering what happened in the past is what we mean by the term "smriti" (memory). as one of the eight aishwaryas, it can only be attained by intense concentration and mental attention. smriti, or self-realization, is one of the most challenging processes in the brain. remembering begins with an understanding of how the brain stores and communicates information, which may be found in both ancient literature and modern medical studies. only a few research have examined smriti's conceptual aspects. according to ayurveda, smriti's physiological role is linked to contemporary medical understanding in this article. materials for this study have been collected from the ayurvedic classics with accessible commentary and textbooks of current contemporary medical science in order to better understand and compare the concept with current science. key words: embodiment of the limbic system's buddhi, mana, and smriti centres 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 collaborates with atma in order to develop insight (the highest power soul). recalling what you've learned is an essential part of the learning process. it is believed that everything may be perceived by the mind is the subject matter of chinta, vichary, uhya to sum things up, the five phases stated above may be used to assist in the process. buddhism's next generation the indriyas detect the indriyartha, and the manas analyses the data generated by the indriyas. indriyasapeksha or indriyanirapeksha knowledge is determined by going through chintya, uhya, and dheya. an study by sankalpa at this level focuses on whether or not there are differences between the data sets. data from this categorization was used to create buddhi2. physiological aspect of smriti: the three doshas symbolise our physical bodies. when it comes to mental activity and functioning, vata is the principal dosha to rule. in order to acquire smriti, udana vayu3 is the most vital dosha to deal with. in addition to the buddhi, mana, and indriya, prana vata is another kind of dosha that affects their proper functioning sadhaka pitta, situated in hridaya, is in charge of ensuring that buddhi and mana5 function correctly. tarpaka kapha is a substance present in the brain that aids in the health and well-being of the organs of perception. they all operate together when it comes to storing and retrieving information in the brain. good memory is a product of eight different factors, including nimitta (understanding the cause) and rupa grahana (understanding the form) as well as sadrusya (understanding similarity) (knowledge of difference). only sattva sara purusha and sara twak sara purusha have better intellect among the eight sara purusha. because of this prakriti's dual blessings, it is known as vata. pitta prakriti individuals are classified as medhavi10. smrutiman11 and chandragraha are both kapha types. comparatively speaking, the memory of satwika prakriti is superior to that of manasa prakriti's. modern aspects: in the neurological system, neurons serve as the fundamental cells for processing information. when a stimulus is present, sensory neurons are the kind of neurons that respond to it. sensory information travels to other neurons in the nervous system through an electrochemical mechanism, where it is processed and sent. for a limited period of time, this sensory input is preserved in the brain's sensory memory. memory loss occurs if the individual does not encode the information into short-term memory. silent or audible rehearsal is ok. long-term or intermediate longterm memory will be preserved as a result. shortterm memories are stored in the prefrontal lobe of the cerebral cortex. long-term memories are kept in many parts of the brain. intense excitatory signals from the brain stem are sent to the cerebral cortex, which in turn sends out further signals to the excitatory area of the mana or cerebral cortex. this helps to sustain or even increase the level of excitation in the cerebral cortex. the majority of the time, brain activity is magnified via a feedback loop. memories may be stored in long-term memory through the back and forth of impulses that are engaged during the cognitive process. one of the most important parts of the brain for controlling brain activity is the reticular inhibitory region12. the limbic system is critical for memory consolidation and retrieval. the neuronal network in the brain regulates our emotional and motivational impulses. we now know that our limbic system's hippocampus makes basic decisions about the importance of sensory data. the hippocampus sends a signal to the brain, causing it to practise new information until it becomes permanently stored13. the hippocampus is the part of the brain that converts short-term memory into long-term memories. the limbic system and the upper reticular formation of the brain stem are activated in a "pattern" to help produce an idea. limbothalamic-reticular structures play an important part in the way we think and process information. the limbic system, the thalamic region, and the reticular formation are all examples of these regions. memory is a way to keep track of things. past neural activity alters the underlying sensitivity of synaptic transmission between neurons, which is how memories are physiologically preserved in the brain. the new or better paths are referred to as "memory traces." in order to replicate memories, the thinking mind might choose to activate those traces after they've been formed. memory traces may be found at any level of the 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 nervous system. the basal limbic areas of the brain are where subconscious judgements are formed, such as whether a concept is important enough to preserve in the form of a sensitised memory trace or to be buried completely. the term memory includes short-term, intermediateterm, and long-term recollections. using the term "working memory," we refer to the ability of the prefrontal cortex to simultaneously store and recall several separate bits of information. the working memory is a kind of short-term memory in the brain that's used to process information while we're thinking. people use it as a springboard for action14. there are now two categories of recollections. declarative and non-declarative memory are the two forms of memory that exist. a person's level of consciousness and awareness are intertwined with their level of declarative or expressed memory. implicit memories, such as those that do not need conscious recall, include reflexive and non-declarative memories. a task that you've learned and accomplished may be stored in your implicit memory instead of your conscious memory 15. explicit memory processing includes encoding, consolidation, storage, and retrieval of memories. when new information is encountered, it is immediately encoded, a process known as attention. consolidation is a strategy used to improve the long-term stability of newly stored yet labile information. "storage" refers to the process of preserving memories in certain parts of the brain. this includes both gene expression and protein production. retrieving and utilising stored data is known as information retrieval. long-term memories are more likely to be formed when strong emotions are related to sensory events. so, when we reflect on our past, we prefer to concentrate on memories that bring back powerful emotions. it is precisely because of this that we remember even the tiniest elements of our life so vividly when we hear horrible news. in order to remember or forget anything, the brain uses positive or negative memories. when something doesn't have any meaning to you anymore, it's better to let it go and not dwell on it. the amygdale is where memories of emotions are kept. discussion: as a result of earlier experiences, smriti aids in recollecting the whole of the percept or encountered items. there are four varieties of budhi, according to acharya chakrapani. smriti is a part of the attachment process. it's apparent that buddhi can't do its job without smriti. without uhapoha and vichara, which are derived from smriti, buddhi cannot mature. there are two varieties of buddhi. kshanika and nischyatmika are the two main characters. it's possible that kshanika buddhi and working memory are linked. the prefrontal cortex of the cerebral cortex continuously tracks and recalls various pieces of information, which is necessary for the development of kshanika buddhi. hippocampus may boost short-term memory to long-term memory conversion from nischayatmika buddhi. by causing chemical, physical, and structural changes in the synapse, which are important for long-term memory, frequent repetition of knowledge (kshanika buddhi) may transfer that information into long-term memory. during the process of nischayatmika buddhi development, the following structural changes take place. the development of more vesicle release sites for the transmission substance's secretion in addition, the number of transmitter vesicles discharged has increased. the number of presynaptic terminals has increased. changes in dendritic spine structure that allow for greater signal transmission. there are three types of memory traces that aid in recall: visual (drista), auditory (sruta), and experiential (anubhuta). drista, sruta, and anubhuta reach wernicke's region, the part of the brain responsible for intellectual function and word processing, through visual and aural sensory input. memories are created at every level of the nervous system after that point. smriti has eight sources: nimitta (understanding the causes behind events), rupa grahana (understanding the forms), sadrusya (understanding the similarities), saviparyaya (understanding the differences), satwanuvandha (understanding the concentration of the mind), abhyasa (understanding the practises leading to metaphysical knowledge), and finally, puahsrutat (understanding the subsequent partial communication of an event). the eight smriti reasons listed above aid in the consolidation of 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 short-term memories into long-term ones, which aids in recall and comprehension. this information is stored in the cerebral cortex. the thalamus plays a part in letting a person "search" the memory storehouse and so read out the memory when they are subjected to any cause of memory. these eight causes of memory process need the capacity to seek and locate the memory at a later time. there are five steps that aid in the creation of buddha: chintya, vicharya, uhya, dheya, and sankalpya. in current science, a thought is the outcome of a "pattern" of stimulation to the cerebral cortex, thalamus, limbic system, and upper reticular formation of the brain stem. it is possible to infer that all of these five processes of mana are advanced by simultaneously stimulating the cerebral cortex, thalamus, limbic system, and upper reticular formation of the brain stem.. lack of mental attention, according to acharya charak, is what prevents one from having a direct experience of knowledge. it signifies that the sensory terminals have become used to the stimuli. in this situation, the signal transmission is initially strong but gradually deteriorates owing to a loss of mental focus, a symptom of an unpleasant memory. direct knowledge may be perceived more easily and more strongly if the facilitator terminal is stimulated by any harmful stimuli. it's important to note that learning involves acquiring sensory information, whereas memory involves storing and retrieving it. what we term "learning" occurs after a mental process that relies on the retention of memories. when buddhi (gyana) is formed, it is stored in the brain's cortex as a sort of memory. conclusion: smriti assists in recollecting all of the perceptible or experienced stuff because of her previous experiences. according to acharya chakrapani, there are four types of budhi. an important component of the attachment process is smriti's role. smriti is clearly essential to buddhi's mission. only with the help of smriti-derived practises can one attain the full potential of one's mind. buddhi comes in two flavours: sweet and savoury. the protagonists are kshanika and nischyatmika. working memory and kshanika buddhi may be connected. kshanika buddhi's growth depends on the prefrontal cortex of the cerebral cortex constantly tracking and recalling numerous kinds of knowledge. the nischayatmika buddhi to long-term memory conversion may be aided by the hippocampus. frequent repetition of knowledge (kshanika buddhi) may help transfer that information into long-term memory by creating chemical, physical, and structural changes in the synapse. the following structural changes occur with the formation of nischayatmika buddhi. developing more locations for the release of transmission material from vesicles there has also been an increase in the amount of transmitter vesicles released into the bloodstream. there has been a rise in the number of presynaptic terminals increased signal transmission due to changes in dendritic spine structure. visual (drista), auditory (sruta), and experience (drista) memory traces all help in recall (anubhuta). through visual and auditory sensory inputs, drista, sruta, and anubhuta reach wernicke's area, which is the section of the brain responsible for intellectual function and wordprocessing that moment forward marks the beginning of the memory-making process in the nervous system as a whole. understanding the causes of events, rupa grahana (the forms), sadrusya (similarities) and saviparyaya (differences), satwanuvandha (concentration of the mind), abhyasa (practises leading to metaphysical knowledge), and finally, puahusrutat, are the eight sources of smriti, according to the hindu scriptures (understanding the subsequent partial communication of an event). consolidating short-term memories into long-term ones is aided by the eight smriti causes described above. the cerebral cortex holds this knowledge. it is the thalamus' role to allow a person "search" the memory storage and so read out the memory when they are treated to any kind of memory-inducing stimulus. a subsequent search and retrieval capability is required for each of these eight causes of memory process. chintya, vicharya, uhya, dheya, and sankalpya are the first four phases in the process of becoming a buddha. it is now widely accepted that a thought arises as the result of a "pattern" of electrical stimulation in the brain stem's cortex, thalamus, limbic system, and upper reticular 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 formation. by activating the cerebral cortex, thalamus, limbic system, and the upper reticular formation of the brain stem at once, all five of these mana processes may be enhanced. a direct experience of knowledge is impossible, according to acharya charak, since the mind must be focused. sensory terminals get habituated to stimuli when this happens. an unpleasant recollection might cause a lack of mental attention, which weakens signal transmission in this case.. it is possible to have direct information if the facilitator terminal is triggered by damaging stimuli. it's vital to remember that although memory includes storing and retrieving information, learning requires collecting sensory information. after a mental process that depends on the preservation of memories, we get what we call "learning." the cortex of the brain serves as a type of memory bank for buddhi (gyana), when it is produced. references: 1 pandey k, chaturvedi g, eds. katidhapurusha shareera adhyaya, charaka samhita. varanasi, india: chaukambha bharati academy; 2015: 833reprint edited by kalyan pandey and gaurav chaturvedi. charaka samhita's katidhapurusha shareera adhyaya is based on this text. india: chaukambha bharati academy; 2015: 806 reprints of this title gupta a.d eds, astangahridaya, delhi, india: chaukambha sanskrit pratisthan; 2003, p. 171reprint of this article the doshabhediya adhyaya, astangahridaya, and chaukambha sanskrit pratisthan editions of gupta a.d., 2003: 171reprint 5 shastri a.d. eds, branaprashna adhyaya, ayurveda tatwasandipika hindi commentary,susruta samhita, varanasi(india): chaukhamba sanskrit sansthan;edition2014.page no-115 6 this is a translation of the ayurvedic commentary on the sandipika hindi commentary by shastri ad eds. in the susruta samhita, which is published by the chaukhamba sanskrit sansthan. 7 tripathy b.n., eds. katidhapurusha shareera adhyaya, charaka samhita. varanasi, india: chaukambha surabharati prakashana; 2015: 835 reprint 8 editors: pandey, k., and chaturvedi, g. for further information on this topic, see charaka samhite, roganeekaviman adhyaman. india: chaukambha bharati academy; 2015: 806 reprints of this book 9 for further information on the angavibhagshareera adhyaya, please see the following sources: reprint ayurveda tatwasandipika hindi commentary on the susrutha samhita; chaukhamba sanskrit sansthan;edition-2014.page no-51; shastri a.d. eds. 11 attasandipika hindi commentary by a.d. shastri, garbha vyakarana shareera, and ayurvedic tatwasandipika hindi commentary in the susrutasamhita. physiology of the nervous system, elsevier, new delhi (india), elsevier; 2016:853. textbook of medical physiology, new delhi (india), elseveir; 2016:857 hall, e., and c. guyton (2016) nervous system. the nervous system, in elsevier's textbook of medical physiology, new delhi (india), 2016, p. 467etal(2016) ganong's review of medical physiology, new delhi (india), lange; 2016:290 barrett kim e et al new york thieme; 2008:709 sircar s. (2008) the central nervous system: principles of medical physiology . ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol 5 | issue 1 1 chinese traditional medical journal efficacy of erand sneha (castor oil) in the management of amavata (rheumatoid arthritis) with respect to its sama stage lillu wei, xiong xingj, li yixua. , department of cardiology, beijing hospital of traditional chinese medicine, capital medical china department of cardiology, guang′anmen hospital, china academy of chinese medical sciences , community healthcare center of shangzhuang town china introduction f the development of many illnesses is facilitated by a regular consumption of elements that affect the condition of digestive fire at all levels, i.e. intestinal, subcellular, and cellular. mandagni, according to ayurveda, is the root cause of all illness (diminished digestive fire). [2] more people are suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (ra) in the 21st century than ever before. ra affects around abstract background: as a result of its long-term, incurable nature, complications, and morbidity, amavata (rheumatoid arthritis) is one of the most difficult diseases for doctors to treat. sneha (castor oil) possesses qualities that stimulate digestive fire, enter into micro-channels and eliminate blockage from these channels, soothe vata and kapha doshas, and remove them via purgation. aim: for the purpose of determining the efficiency of castor oil in the treatment of the acute stage of amavata's sama condition. materials & methods: the opd and ipd of roga-nidana evam vikriti vijnana, department of i.p.g.t. & r.a., gujarat ayurved university, jamnagar, were used to identify 61 patients aged 20-60 years who met the inclusion criteria and had symptoms of the sama stage. eranda sneha (castor oil) was administered alone or in combination with shunti (zingiber officinale) once a day on an empty stomach in two separate groups of patients. results: both groups had comparable clinical improvement after a 15-day course of treatment. only group a showed a moderate improvement in both objective and subjective criteria in the overall evaluation of treatment. conclusion: research shows that zingiber officinale combined with castor oil is efficient in removing amavata's sama stage and providing symptomatic relie keywords: amavata, castor oil, rheumatoid arthritis, zingiber officinale ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol 5 | issue 1 2 0.8% of the global population. three times as many women as men are impacted. it is a multisystem chronic inflammatory joint condition. symptoms often begin in the 4th and 5th decade of life, but may afflict anybody at any age in any environment. infectious triggers, a genetic predisposition, and an autoimmune response are all possible causes of ra. fatigue, anorexia, weakness, and fast development of polyarthritis accompany the disease's insidious and sudden onset, as do constitutional symptoms including fever, lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly. asymmetrical engagement is common. pain, swelling, soreness, and a painful restriction of mobility are all hallmarks of this condition. there may be general stiffness, but morning stiffness lasting more than an hour is a common feature. some of the most often affected joints include those in the hands, wrists, knees, and the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints in the foot. [3] as dmards, steroids and nsaids have been demonstrated to have a detrimental influence on the immune system and only provide shortterm relief, it is a difficult illness for doctors and the medical community to treat. however, there has yet to be a successful medical solution to this condition. bone and joints are the primary sites for the presentation of cardinal symptoms including pain, edoema, and stiffness of joints in amavata, the illness of madhyama rogamarga. disease is caused by the imbalance of the three body humours, although ama and a vitiated vata play the most important role. vata is the second word in the phrase amavata. if food digestion is inadequate or wrong, the resulting chyle, known as annarasa, circulates through the body and reaches the target cell, where it causes symptoms such as weight gain, weakness and sleepiness, it aggravates vata and impedes the body's ability to properly eliminate waste products. amavata is characterised by aches and pains throughout the body, an unwillingness to eat, excessive thirst, a high temperature, problems digesting meals, and swelling in the afflicted joints. [4] as the illness worsens, it becomes more difficult to treat. ama has all of the symptoms listed, hence a medicine with ushna (hot), tikshna (strong), and deepana (medium) is needed criteria of assessment 1)subjective: 2)a. symptoms in the immediate area 3)the signs and symptoms that affect the whole body 4)objective: as a first step, we need to have a look at the data biochemical and other haematological measurements. as a measure of disability (the indian health assessment questionnaire) walking time, foot pressure and hand grip have all become better over time. clinical assessment: on the zero day (i.e. the day before delivering the trial medicine), on the 5th, 10th, and 15th days following treatment, cardinal and related symptoms were assessed and documented. a acceptable scoring technique was used to evaluate changes in the patient's signs and symptoms. functional assessment walking time: to record time, patients were instructed to walk 50 metres. hand grip: patients were instructed to squeeze the inflated cuff of the sphygmomanometer and the grip strength was measured in millimetres of mercury (mm hg). foot pressure: foot pressure was measured using a weighing machine in order to provide an objective perspective of the leg's functional capability. following statistical test has been applied in this workthe wilcoxon signed rank test, the unpaired 't' test, and the paired 't' test all compare two groups based on subjective criteria (for same group). software used: all of the statistical analysis was done with the help of sigma programme. observations & results ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol 5 | issue 1 3 61 patients signed up in all; 53 finished therapy, while 8 dropped out. 31 people signed up for group a, 28 of them finished the course and three dropped out. group b had 30 patients enrolled, of whom 25 finished the study and five dropped out. patients aged 41 to 50 comprised 31.14 percent of the total population. there were 59.01 percent females and 68.85 percent of them were housewives. after elementary school, 26.22 percent of the population was illiterate (24.59 percent ). in the lower middle class, 34.42 percent of people lived. the urban region comprised 70.49 percent of the total. 78% of those polled were vegetarian. more over half of those surveyed reported a history of eating a sour diet. oily and fatty diets were followed by cold items in 81% of cases (70.49 percent ). a total of 27.86 percent of patients experienced sleep problems, whereas 85.24 percent slept during the day. krura koshtha was in the possession of 50.81 percent of those surveyed (hard and constipated stools). in 72.13 percent of cases, the digestive fire functioned in a decreased capacity or was irregularly functioning (11.47 percent ). 68.85% of those surveyed reported having an unsatisfactory or irregular bowel movement (44.26 percent ). 54.09 percent of those polled reported excessive urination (polyuria). sixty-six percent of the women who took part in the study had a history of normal birth, followed by an abortion (19.44 percent) and lscs (13.88 percent ). 63.93% of the participants possessed vatakaphaja sharira prakriti. a whopping 80.32 percent of those tested positive for the rajajasatamasika manasa prakriti. all three avara saras (14.75%), 9.83%) and 57.37 % possessed avara satva, the most common kind of avara. there were 31.14 percent overweight people and 18.03 percent overweight people in the united states in 2013. madhyama satmya was present in 88.52 percent of those tested. more than seven out of ten people had avara ahar shaktipat. hani awastha (old age) accounted for 59.01 percent of patients, whereas sampurnata patients accounted for 37.70 percent.avastha (adult) and 3.27% of yuva awastha. the dosha avastha in the patients are represented in table 1. table 1. dosha avastha in patients enrolled dosha vriddhi kshaya vata 31.14% 4.91% pitta 22.95% 47.54% kapha 34.42% 1.63% 60.65 percent had a bad family history, followed by 39.34 percent with a favourable family history. 42.62 percent of the patients had been sick for 1 to 5 years. 86.80% of the cases were gradual. pain and stiffness affected everyone, and 95.08 percent of those people also experienced soreness and edoema in their affected areas. following the laziness, 83.60 percent of the patients displayed laziness, followed by 78.04%, 770.44%, 721.33%, 62.293%, 442.66% and 344.22% of the patients with characteristics of numbness, heavy body, body achy, disrupt sleep, gargling sound in the belly, giddiness, and burning feeling accordingly. there was 57.37 percent thirst, polyuria and constipation among the patients who were examined, and 55.73 percent reported a lack of appetite. 81.96% said that chilly wind, sour taste, and exercise were the most aggravating variables for them, followed by sleep deprivation (96.72%), morning time (98.36%), and exertion (96.72%). (90.16 percent ). recuperation rate was the highest at 95.08 percent, followed by warm water (91.8 percent) and warm food (91.80 percent) (49.18 percent ) rasavaha srotodushti lakshana was also found in 93.44 percent, 70.49 percent, and 42.62 percent of the samples. annavaha, asthivaha, purishvaha, mutravaha, majjavaha, and medavaha shrotodushti symptoms were present in 40.98 percent, 16.39 percent, and 4.91 percent of people. oneeighth of the patients had joint crepitation; the remainder had boutonniere deformity, ulnar deviation, and swan neck deformation. 72.13 percent had a decreased digestive fire, followed by 62.29 percent who were eating a diet that ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol 5 | issue 1 4 was not suitable. a high-fat diet, repression of natural desires (70.49 percent), and unwholesome activities were followed by 75.40 percent of participants engaging in physical activity (11.47 percent ). anxiety accounted for 80.32 percent of all cases, followed by tension (34.42%), anger (22.95%), despair (22.95%), and fear (22.95%). (4.91 percent ). comparison of effect of therapy between group a and b the wilcoxon signed ranked test indicated statistically insignificant results when comparing the impact of treatment on chief complaints in the two groups. this suggested that there were no significant differences in effect between the two groups. sandhishotha and sparshasahatva, on the other hand, had a higher proportion of alleviation after treatment with group a than with group b. when it came to sandhishoola and sandigraha, group b performed much better than the control group (table 2). table 2: comparison of effect of therapy on chief complaints chief complaints group n median relief % z w t+ tp sandhishoola group a 27 1.00 37% 0.382 23 138 -115 0.715 is group b 25 1.00 45.97% sandhishotha group a 27 1.00 50.97% -0.58 99.50 138 -131.50 0.569 is group b 23 1.00 48.79% sandhigraha group a 27 1.00 60.03% 0.00 0.00 85.50 -85.50 1.000 is group b 25 1.00 66.66% sparshasahatva group a 27 1.00 50.87% -1.429 -48.00 36.0 -84.000 0.188 is group b 25 1.00 50% table 3: comparison of effect of therapy on associated symptoms associated symptoms group n median relief % z w t+ tp angamarda group a 27 0.00 55.55% 0.000 0.000 52.5 -52.50 1.000 is group b 21 0.50 48.37% group a 13 0.00 40.62% aruchi group b 19 0.00 60.07% 0.688 24.00 trishna group a 22 0.50 44.43% -0.595 -27.00 group b 23 0.00 40.02% alasya group a 23 0.50 40.70% -0.218 9.000 group b 25 0.10 44.73% jwara group a 14 0.000 81.27% 0.721 22.00 group b 16 0.000 50.03% apaka group a 16 0.000 87.5% -1.147 -40.00 group b 20 0.000 53.33% gaurav group a 17 0.000 57.16% 1.213 35.00 group b 24 1.000 55.21% anga shunyata group a 19 1.000 77.14% -0.790 -38.00 group b 23 1.000 48.79% bahumutrata group a 21 0.000 46.12% 1.414 18.00 group b 20 0.500 53.57% there were no significant differences in the effectiveness of treatment on related complaints when the wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare the two groups, indicating that there were no substantial differences between them. clinically, however, group a exhibited superior results in alleviating symptoms such angamarda, jwara, apaka and gaurav than group b in alleviating symptoms such as alasya, bahumutrata and aruchi (table 3).unpaired 't' tests used to compare the effectiveness of therapy on functional parameters showed statistically insignificant results for all but foot pressure, suggesting no significant differences in effect between the two groups. a significant result indicates that group a patients had a measurable and better outcome than group b patients (table 4). table 4: comparison of effect of therapy on functional parameters functional parameters functional parameters group n mean relief % mean difference ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol 5 | issue 1 5 walking time group a 28 3.21 7.5% -0.107 3.244 0.613 -0.094 0.925 (is) group b 25 3.32 9.35% hand grip group a 56 -5.433 9.36% -5.933 82.84 10.69 -0.464 0.643 is group b 50 0.500 10.80% foot pressure group a 56 2.242 1.19% -9.035 28.67 3.702 -2.055 0.042 s group b 50 11.277 2.32% disability index group a 27 0.607 40.46% 0.127 0.653 0.131 0.689 0.494 is group b 25 0.480 47.26% table 5: comparison of effect of therapy on serological parameter serological parameter group n mean relief% mean difference sd ± se ± t p r.a. factor group a 28 10.618 3.70% -14.566 122.21 24.44 -0.429 0.669 is group b 25 25.184 7.40% c.r.p group a 28 3.914 43.16% 0.858 19.403 3.881 0.214 0.832 is group b 25 3.056 12.44% a.s.o. group a 28 -16.218 12.97% -141.13 213.93 42.78 -2.413 0.019 s group b 25 124.920 25.91% although there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups when evaluating the effectiveness of treatment on serological markers using an unpaired 't' test, the aso titre indicated a significant difference between patients in groups b and a. according to the results of this research, group a exhibited moderate improvement in 35.71 percent of patients, which equates to alleviation ranging from 50 to 74%, whereas only 20% of patients in group b showed the same improvement. group a seems to have done a better job of decreasing patient complaints than group b. (table 5). discussion as many as 80% of those who participated in this study were female, which supports previous research that found a greater incidence of ra in females, as shown in this study. the condition was triggered by a history of reduced physical activity, lethargy, and daytime sleep deprivation in the majority of the affected population, which was concentrated in metropolitan areas. in accordance with charaka samhita's reference, impaired appetite and the majority of patients had elevated levels of metabolism. patients with more than two years of chronic illness had a history of using dmards, steroids, and anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids), all of which have a deleterious effect on the immune system. as a result, patients of this kind need long-term therapy and careful adherence to pathyasevana (diet and exercise) in order to improve. there were no significant differences between the two treatment groups in the statistical analysis of primary complaints and their related symptoms. both esr and aso titre rose in group a whereas crp fell in both groups on paired "t" tests for serological parameters. patients also responded better symptomatically when aso and esr increased although crp levels decreased dramatically over the research. despite the lack of a scientific explanation for this sort of reaction, additional examination and research are needed to comprehend the same.. how eranda sneha may go about her business in addition to its ability to penetrate into micro channels and remove obstruction in them, eranda sneha is also a potent digestive stimulant and a vata shamaka drug because of its snigdha guma, and finally enters the dhatu level (cellular level) where it acts as an ama pachaka and kapha shamaka drug. [7]shunti's most likely method of actionkatu rasa and ushna virya characteristics of shunti make it an effective kapha shamaka medication. it enhances the digestive fire and functions as a vata shamaka because of madhur vipaka [8]. due to its shamaka characteristics, shunti may help alleviate the symptoms of amavata at the sama stage, which is the most common stage of the disease. there was a slight to moderate improvement in almost all of the main complaints such swollen joints and stiffness, along with the accompanying symptoms such as lack of appetite, sleepiness, polyuria, fever and ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol 5 | issue 1 6 excessive thirst in both groups. it's possible that the presence of shunti, which has amapachaka and vata-kapha shamaka properties, may have contributed to group a's more successful outcomes than group b's, but this isn't conclusive. on the basis of all complaints, related symptoms, functional improvement, and serological examinations, group a exhibited a superior overall improvement than group b. this indicates that the extra shunti in group a is responsible for the increased effectiveness. conclusion clinical effectiveness cannot be ruled out, even if statistical analysis shows no difference between the two groups of therapy. consequently, we can say from this study's findings that eranda sneha, on its alone or in conjunction with shunti, is successful in the sama stage of amavata; however, clinical addition of shunti has assisted in improving the patient's overall state. references 1.sections 1–4 of chapter 25, verses 1-4, commentary by vijay rakshit and shri kanthadatta, vol. i. varanasi; chaukhamba sanskrit series; 2009, p. 508; 1. 2.one may find this passage in the nidanasthana, chapter 12, verse 1 in the udar roganidnan edited by kaviraj atrideva gupta (varahi chaukhamba prakashna ; 2009), p358. 2017 [cited on 2 5 / 4 / 1 7]. rheumatoid arthritis [internet]. from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rheumatoid arthritis, retrieved on january 20, 2017. 3.ibidem madhav nidana [1], chapter 25, verses 5-8 of p. 508 amavata adhyaya, p. 508. 4.varanasi chaukhambha sanskrit series varanasi, p-781 bhava mishra bhava prakash and vidhyotini commentary on tailavarg verses 23 to 25, tailavarg. 5.this is the fifth chapter of sushruta's sutra sthana and the 114th verse of chapter 45, verses 114 of the first volume of chaukhamba sanskrit series ; it was edited by ambikadatta shastri and published in varanasi by chaukhamba sanskrit series in 2009, in varanasi. cited in sushruta samhita [6], p. 231 (drava dravya vidhi adhyaya), section 45/114 seventh ibidem, p. 261 of the drava dravya viddhi adhyana, 45/226 [6]. charaka samhita, sutra s thana, v idhyotini hindi commentary, annadravyavidhi adhyayaya, chapter 27, verses 296, edited by padmbhushana vaidhya samrata shree satyanarayana shastri, and explained by kashinath shastri and gorakhnath chaturvedi, varanasi; chaukhambha sanskrit series, 2009 p560 how to cite the article: darshana h. pandya and gauridutt mishra. castor oil's efficacy in the treatment of amavata (rheumatoid arthritis) in relation to the sama stage. traditional medicine journal of research and practice, volume 3, number 2, pages 28-35, 2017 source of support: nil conflict of interest: nil © journal of research in traditional medicine 2015-2017 no responsibility or liability for any consequences emerging from the use of the published articles is assumed by journal of traditional medicine, its publisher or editorial board members or anyone associated in the production and delivery of the online resources. articles are solely the views of the writers who contributed them; they do not represent the views of the journal in any way. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 1 chinese traditional medical journal instructive management, educational administration and educational direction: general ideas li jin-yi, chan tin-chen, chan cha-chin department of cardiovascular surgery, mackay memorial hospital, and mackay medical college, taipei department of lymphatic vascular surgery, wan fang hospital, taipei department of cardiology, school of medicine, taipei medical university, taipe , department of pharmacology and graduate institute of medical sciences, college of medicine, taipei medical university, taipei introduction: i. instructive management: definition and general concepts the board concept encompasses, in other words, power and structure. while executives are lauded and often used in the united kingdom, europe, and africa, the word organisation is preferred in the united states, canada, and australia. the concept of authority is a source of great excitement for the majority of countries in the created world at the moment. the board refers to the organisation of operations and assignments in accordance with the highest demands of the organisation and the sufficiency of internal resources to meet the organization's objectives [1]. instructional administration may even be regarded a (logy) unto itself in terms of instructive association administration [2]. in general, instructional administration is concerned with the accurate application of the executive's standards to training sectors. mr. gerald ngugi kimani's remarks [3] make it very clear that instructional organisation and the board are two interconnected topics of study. educational administration is a abstract: the phrases that lift the weight in an instructional framework, or any framework for that matter, are board and administration. by the turn of the previous century, these two phrases had garnered considerable attention for their magnitude of importance and suggestion. with regards to the educational office and the subject of allocating available resources to achieve the most extreme aims, it becomes abundantly evident that an authoritative figure is essential in the instructional play area, as it were. this review sheds light on these points and details their use. keywords: educational, management, administration, leadership, organization ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 2 subset of the board's responsibilities. thus, instructional administration refers to the use of theory and routine in relation to executives in the sphere of training or instructive institutions. educational organisation is the process of acquiring and allocating resources for the purpose of achieving certain educational goals. ii. objectives of instructive initiative • to train the future teacher/mentor/educator to practise vital authority that promotes a desire, mission, characteristics, beliefs, and goals for twenty-first century institutes/schools • to impart to the incoming teacher/mentor/instructor knowledge about the finest instructional and institute/school practises that result in a climate of accountability and high expectations for all students. • to provide a concentration programme that enhances the future teacher/mentor/understanding instructor's of the role that the institute's culture plays in the institute's execution, understudy learning, and achievement of aggregate goals. • • to develop the future teacher/mentor/capabilities instructor's in order to establish an institute-wide learning network that provides educators with distributive power. • • to develop the future teacher/mentor/administrative instructor's initiative skills in planning, staffing, critical thinking, and communication in order to fulfil the 21st century demands of each classroom. • to foster the development of the future educator/mentor/external instructor's advancement authority abilities in order to increase parent/network/business commitment, support, and proprietorship in the institute. • to foster the development of the future educator/mentor/small-scale instructor's political initiative abilities in order to promote social union and shared fundamental leadership among staff. iii. elements of educational management • the instructional administration technique entails the development of five critical abilities; a director employs these capacities to attain instructional association goals and aims. a significant number of the designers acknowledged the following five components of instructional administration: • arranging • association • coordinating • coordination • controlling • assessment instructive administration has three noteworthy field contemplate zone, they are • • human asset, through the trainee, the instructional staff, and the partner and network as a customer of training administration. • instructional asset, such as gadgets arranged in such a way that they may be used as media or educational modules. • office and back assets serve as supporting factors that ensure the instruction is followed correctly. the extent of instructive administration is identified with • improvement related objectives • arranging and executing the projects • organization • taking care of the issues ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 3 • proficient advancement • assessment and its results. the executives and organization sergiovanni et al. [4] defined organisation as the process of collaborating with and through others to accomplish authoritative goals in a productive manner. additionally, they saw directors as persons responsible for properly fulfilling certain goals. sergio anni et al. [4] saw organisation in this perspective, as the craftsmanship and skill of properly accomplishing tasks. additionally, in terms of instructional structure, sergiovanni' et al. [4] state that "the governance and administration of education is an excellent illustration of the nature and relevance of administrative action in modern society" (p. 4). additionally, the educational foundation is one of the largest public and private endeavours. thus, instructional managers at all levels, from directors to chairpersons, do their duties honestly in order to provide high-quality training the activity of instructive overseers 1. fundamental authoritative duty areas • goal attainment • maintaining the school's social climate 2. fundamental managerial practises • arranging • organizing 3. fundamental managerial abilities • specialized seven aspects may be considered in terms of the synthesis of learning in educational organisations [9]. • capacity, aptitudes, morals, organisational structure, operating regions, environment, and problems iv. comparison between management and administration table-1: comparison between management and administration sr. no. basis comparison management administration 1 meaning a sorted-out method for overseeing individuals and things of a business association is known as the management. the process of managing an association by a group of people is known as the administration. 2 expert center and lower level top level 3 job role policy making policy implementation 4 territory of task it works under organization. it has full control over the activities of the organization. 5 applicable to profit making associations, for example business associations. government agencies, military, clubs, commercial companies, hospitals, spiritual and educational organizations. 6 indicates who will take the necessary steps? what's more, how will it be finished? what ought to be finished? furthermore, when is ought to be finished? ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 4 7 work putting plans and arrangements into schedules detailing of plans, confining approaches and setting targets 8 focus on supervision work making most ideal distribution of constrained assets. 9 executive manager administrator 10 signifies staffs, who work for compensation proprietors, who get a return on the capital capitalized by them. instructive administration and educational initiative according to [5], administration is a process of influence that results in the achievement of predefined goals. it entails promoting and assisting others in achieving a comprehensive vision for the school, the foundations of which are founded on clear close-to-home and expert traits. the executive is accountable for the school's arrangements and the productive and sustainable maintenance of the school's current activities. according to some, "chiefs manage projects, but pioneers lead people," and "the board is doing the right things, but administration is doing the right things." opportunities and influence their personnel and numerous associates to share the notion. the college's rationale, procedures, and activities are all geared toward achieving this shared objective. administration requires a minimum of two focus components that are intrinsically linked. they are strength and expertise, as well as group collaboration. to make an influence on his fans, the pioneer must have a vision and a strong persona. instructive authority is defined as when someone takes the initiative to foster the circumstances necessary for implementing change in education and learning. they should provide opportunities for members to develop personal understandings and organise social meetings to contemplate collective assistance throughout the transition process. they, too, should have reason to consider training. according to brian j. caldwell [6], educational authority is a broad concept whose central tenet is 'creating a learning network': increasing the number of instructors and others in the network's schools in order to provide the network with the needed showing programmes of the highest quality. educational leadership v. is the ability of a skilled person to influence others in order to attain a goal. at its core, initiative is about paving the road for individuals/individuals to participate in order for something extraordinary to be figured out. the term "effective administration" refers to the capability of efficiently organising and increasing available resources both within and outside the organisation in order to accomplish hierarchical or social goals. initiative is a process of effect that results in the accomplishment of desired goals. effective developers create a vision for their institutions based on their personal and professional qualities. they communicate this concept at each duignan. according to pa, rjs. macpherson [7], educational authority is ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 5 connected with giving by precedent or something else, sound hierarchical fundamental leadership, and so on. based on a commonsense and comprehensive perspective of learning development through input-advanced critical thinking, the pioneer's primary endeavour is the arrangement of educational administration. that is, as someone concerned with creating, expanding, and using knowledge, a pioneer should also be an educator. davies [8] said that management is about charting a route and mobilising people to assist in the college's journey to a betterthan-ever country. the executives are concerned with operating effectively in the current scenario and arranging for the college in the short run. administration is not an one person's responsibility, but rather a group of persons who exercise power in the institution and, therefore, assist and motivate others to do the best they can for the children in their care. administration is not established in isolation, but rather in relation to organisations and the larger community [8]. vi. comparison between leadership & management table-2: comparison between leadership & management sr.no. basis comparison leadership management 1 definition administration implies the capacity of a person to impact, propel, and empower others to contribute toward the viability and accomplishment of the associations of which they are individuals. the way toward dealing with a relationship by a gathering of individuals is known as the management involves coordinating and controlling a gathering of at least one individuals or substances to coordinate and orchestrating that amass towards achieving an objective. 2 personality styles are frequently called splendid and inconsistent, with incredible appeal. however, they are additionally frequently observed as antisocial people and private individuals. they are happy with going out on a limb, here and there apparently wild and insane dangers. practically all pioneers have elevated amounts of creative energy will in general be balanced, leveled out issue solvers. they regularly center around objectives, structures, staff, and accessibility of assets. chiefs' identities lean toward steadiness, solid will, examination, and knowledge. 3 orientation persons-oriented job-oriented 4 focus leading people management work 5 outcomes successes outcomes 6 method to tasks essentially take a gander at issues and devise new, imaginative arrangements. utilizing their mystique and responsibility, they energize, propel, and center others to take care of issues what's more, exceed expectations. will in general be sound, leveled out issue solvers. they regularly center around objectives, structures, staff, and accessibility of assets. directors' identities lean toward industriousness, solid will, investigation, and knowledge. 7 role in policymaking beneficial elaborate 8 flairs disfigurement, review & participative overbearing, imposing, transactional, repressive, review and independent 9 power around personality & effect official authorization & position 10 association leaders have supporters executive have assistants conclusion: ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 6 the executives encapsulate the collection of methods for creating and attaining classified objectives through their competencies, which include anticipating, organising, managing, planning, and monitoring evaluation. authority is defined as the power to influence, to lead and convince people to follow your lead, to exert control, to demonstrate the human side of business by transforming into a "educator." in the early decades of the twentieth century, enthusiasm for initiative looked to be an astonishing arrangement of addition. an instructional organisation makes effective use of available resources and allocates them appropriately in order to concentrate on the predetermined instructional goals. references: [1]. sapre, p. recognizing education's potential the indian board. jan 2002;30(1):101-8. instructive management and administration. [2]. bramble, t. instructional administration and the board hypotheses. sage; october 8, 2003. [3]. kimani, gn. instructive leadership. african virtual university, nairobi, 2011. t.j. sergiovanni, m. burlingame, f.d. coombs, and p.w. thurston. educative administration and organisation. prentice-hall, englewood cliffs, nj, 1980. school initiative: concepts and evidence. shrubbery t, glover d. 2003. [6]. c. johnston and b. caldwell. administration and hierarchical learning in the pursuit of world-class schools. universal educational journal 2001 apr 1;15(2):94-103. [7]. educative leadership: a;1992. duignan pa, macpherson rjs. b. davies is the proofreader. school administration basics. published by paul chapman educational publishing on february 9, 2005. cunningham, w.g., and cordeiro, p.a. columbus, oh: instructive authority: an issue-based technique. pearson. gracious. 2006. 1 chinese traditional medical journal smart child tracking system using gsm and gps liu wei, xiong xingjiang, qiao lumin , department of cardiology, beijing hospital of traditional chinese medicine, capital medical university, beijing introduction children monitoring systems are extensively used across the globe to reassure parents that their children are protected from suspicious behaviour. in today's society, almost 80% of the population under the age of seven or eight possesses a smart phone [1]. the planned technology would also monitor a child's movements outside the house. this is for a variety of reasons, one of which being the incredible features and capabilities that modern smart phones, particularly those based on android, provide. gps has exceptional positioning capabilities, which may be leveraged to design innovative applications that assist in finding missing or lost children. this initiative is intended for use by parents and is focused at assisting in the recovery of missing or lost children. it capitalises on the fact that the majority of today's youngsters own a smart phone, which is ideal for this kind of circumstance. in this work, gps is integrated with one of the fundamental services of a smart phone, gsm, more precisely sms, to create a single system. existing system the system, created by yuichiro mori et al., makes advantage of the "autonomous abstract recently, every 40 seconds, a child goes missing or is abducted worldwide. many parents are worried about the increased occurrence of children straying. we are forced to see and read many tales about children and students who are abducted or who do not return home. the majority of the tales end in tragedy. the purpose of this study is to discuss the implementation of a children monitoring location system for each kid that attends school. with an increase in the number of children going missing, sen. charles schumer has recommended that the federal government subsidise monitoring devices for autistic children to ensure they do not go missing. these suggested tracking devices might be worn as wristwatches, anklets, or integrated into identification cards. the kid module is comprised of an arm7 processor, a global positioning system, and a global system for mobile communication, while the receiver is comprised of the parent's mobile phone. it is really beneficial for women's safety. 2 clustering technique" to manage groups of android terminals tied to schoolchildren. android devices include a wireless lan and bluetooth module. as a consequence, youngsters get little personalised attention. it provides a lower level of security [2]. cyber travel tips did research [3] and discovered that in malaysia, 3 the majority of missing children fall into one of two groups. the first classification is disappearance, which involves fleeing from one's home. additionally, a technique for monitoring children is being developed using mobile ad hoc networks. according to the approach proposed in [4], each parent cannot get group information on the child's whereabouts in a gps or tag-based system. a selfconfigurable system for monitoring offspring of the next generation. the hiroshima city children tracking system is an ad hoc network-based safety assistance system for children. field trials were undertaken in collaboration with a hiroshima elementary school. the purpose of this work is to propose a new generation of children tracking system based on the experiences and results of the hiroshima children tracking system field tests [5]. existing technologies, on the other hand, are insufficient to prevent crimes against children and to assist parents, since it is difficult to collect data on children collectively. system design creating a kid monitoring system to reassure parents that their youngster is protected from questionable behaviour. if a kid is missing, the information is transmitted to the appropriate parent's mobile phone if they leave the service area. additionally, if a youngster wishes to communicate that they are in danger, they will hit the panic button located on their school id card. internet access is available on mobile terminals. it accepts the child's message and forwards it to the parent's cell phone. this architecture consists of the following components:power supply arduino uno kit panic button gps gsm lpc 2148 the arm7tdmi core is the industry’s most widely used 32-bit embedded risc microprocessor. optimized for cost and powersensitive applications, the arm7tdmi solution provides the low power consumption, small size and high performance needed in portable, embedded applications. the arm7tdmi core is a generalpurpose 32-bit microprocessor from the arm family. the arm series of microprocessors provides excellent performance at a low power consumption and a compact footprint. the arm architecture is built on the ideas of reduced instruction set computing (risc). the risc instruction set and associated decoding process are much 4 simpler than those used in complex instruction set computer (cisc) architectures. this simplicity results in the following: gsm modem gsm is a worldwide recognised standard for digital cellular communication. a gsm modem is a kind of wireless modem that communicates via a gsm network. gsm sms techniques play a critical part in this system. gsm sms messaging is capable of handling a significant volume of transactions in a relatively short period of time. time. this single gsm connection is capable of processing hundreds of transactions. gps module gps is a multiple-satellite-based radio positioning system in which each gps satellite broadcasts data that enables the chosen satellite's distance to be accurately measured. the global positioning system (gps) is a satellite navigation system based in space that gives accurate position and timing information in all weather situations, anywhere on or near the globe. panic button this panic button may be used in conjunction with a hardware module. if the youngster presses the panic button, a message is sent to the parent's mobile phone. advantages 1. because the youngster did not have the expertise to update his position on the map at the time, the application automatically handles location requests without user intervention. 2. when internet access is unavailable, that programme utilises sms. the frameworknecessitates location and telecommunications services. 5 3. it may be used inside without gps satellite connection. at that point, it may make advantage of network-based location services. v.software tools arduino ide result location in google maps vii.conclusionand futurescope at the completion of the experiment, it was determined that it will be used to locate missing children. this project was provided detailed information on kid tracking systems via the use of two components, namely gps and gsm telephony services. finally, this application is still in need of improvement. emergency notifications and similar features may be added to the system to improve it. the suggested system will be further developed in further study. references [1] atsushi ito, yoshiaki kakuda, tomoyuki ohta, and shinji inoue, "a new safety assistance system for children on school routes utilising mobile ad hoc networks," forthcoming in ieice transactions on communications, vol.e94-b, no.1. [2] c.r. lin and m. gerla, "distributed clustering for adhoc networks," ieee journal on selected areas of common interest, vol.15, no.7, pp. 1265–1275, 1997. [3] eitaro kohno, tomoyuki ohta, and yoshiaki kakuda, "secure decentralised data transmission against node capture attacks in wireless sensor networks," proceedings of the 9th ieee international symposium on autonomous decentralized systems (isads2009), athens, greece, pp. 35-40, 2009. [4] w.c.m. hsiao and s.k.j. chang, "the optimal location update strategy for a cellular network-based traffic information system," 2006 intelligent transportation systems conference. [5] h. taniguchi, m. inoue, t. masuzawa, and h. fujiwara, " clustering method in ad-hoc networks," ieice trans., inform. & syst. (japanese edition), vol. j84-d-i, no. 2, pp. 127–135, february 2001. 6 [6] j.saranya, j.selvakumar, "implementation of a children tracking system on android mobile terminals," international conference on communication and signal processing, india, april 3-5, 2013. [7] lijun jiang, lim nam hoe, and lay leong loon, "an integrated uwb and gps location sensing system in a hospital setting," [8] proposed at the 2010 ieee 5th industrial electronics and applications conference is. [9] [10] otsason, a. varshavsky, a. lamarca, and e. d. lara, "accurate gsm indore location," in proceedings of the seventh international conference on ubiquitous computing (ubi-comp 2005), tokyo, japan, pp. 141–158. [10] [11] peng wang, zhiwen zhao, chongbin xu, zushun wu, and yi luo presented "design and implementation of a low-power tracking system using a gpsgprs module" at the 2010 ieee 5th industrial electronics and applications conference. [11] [12] tomoyuki ohta, shinji inoue, yoshiaki kakuda, and kenji ishida, "an adaptive multi-hop clustering algorithm for ad hoc networks with high mobility," ieice transactions on fundamentals of electronics, communications, and computer sciences, vol.e86-a, no.7, pp.1689-1697, 2003. [12] [13] yuichiro mori, hideharu kojima, eitaro kohno, shinji inoue, tomoyuki ohta, and yoshiaki kakuda, "a self-configurable new generation children tracking system based on mobile ad hoc networks composed of android mobile terminals," 2011 tenth international symposium on autonomous decentralised systems. linear networks and systems, w.-k. chen (bookstyle) location in google maps vii.conclusionand futurescope at the completion of the experiment, it was determined that it will be used to locate missing children. this project was provided detailed information on kid tracking systems via the use of two components, namely gps and gsm telephony services. finally, this application is still in need of improvement. emergency notifications and similar features may be added to the system to improve it. the suggested system will be further developed in further study. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 1 chinese traditional medical journal identification of new medicinal plants enumerated in telugu cantos of basavarajeeyam du xiaoin, , xu li, wan liju, heg minli department of education, tianjin central hospital of gynecology obstetrics, tianjin department of emergency medicine, tianjin medical university general hospital, tianjin introduction internal evidence, it is possible to conclude that the work in terms of ayurvedic material's development, the delineations of charaka and susruta were followed up to the 15th century in terms of medicine. during the ninth century a.d., vrinda madhava contained a small number of plants such as parsikayavani, babbul, and others[1]. chopchini (dwipantra vacha) was added by bhavamisra (16th ad) after a centuries-long absence. the author of 'basavarajeeyam,' neelakanta kotturu basavaraju, was one of andhra pradesh's most distinguished professors. this book is a must-have for doctors in this portion of the nation. basavaraju has contributed 14 plants to the existing ayurvedic materia medica throughout his complete work. according to the author, he began writing this book after studying charaka, nithyanatheeyam (1360 ad), revanakalpam, pujyapadiyamm, bahatam, kashikhandam (1435 ad), and other works. he has correctly replicated a passage from the vaidyachintamani of the 15th century. on the basis of these, abstract background: basavarajeeyam is an essential manual for andhra pradesh's ayurvedic physicians. it is a multilingual book that has information in both sanskrit and telugu. aim: the plants detailed in the telugu verses of basavarajeeyam are seen to be significant contributions to the indian medical system. with this in mind, a re identification of those plants was attempted. materials and procedures: to find and tabulate the herbs, the whole text was analysed and inspected. the results of this conceptual analysis were utilised in a subsequent field study. botanical identification was performed using the data acquired during the field survey. the study was carried out in collaboration with regional research centres in the states of andhra pradesh and karnataka, as well as the coimbatore botanical survey unit. non-controversial source plants' latin names were included and critically analysed. results: there are a total of 268 plants listed in the telugu cantos, of which 29 are stated just once and are not repeated in sanskrit or in parentheses. conclusion: basavaraju provided 14 new plants in total, 10 of which were listed in telugu cantos and 4 of which were referenced elsewhere in the book. keywords: telugu cantos, basavarajeeyam, new medicinal plants ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 2 the sanskrit lines were translated into telugu. he has never defined the purpose of his telugu poetry. in 1930, pandit sri govardhan sharma changani, a non-telugu speaker, translated these telugu lyrics into sanskrit for the first time in india. pandit changani has embarked on the arduous job of transcribing basavarajeeyam into sanskrit, which would greatly enhance the ayurvedic physician's therapeutic arsenal [4]. corresponding address: the purpose of this project was to identify the plants mentioned in the telugu cantos of basvarajeeyam and to re-identify the specimen by field investigation and botanical identification in collaboration with ccras and the botanical survey of india. the plants detailed in the telugu verses of basavarajeeyam are regarded as a valuable addition to the indian medical system. the study's goal also involves gathering information on botanical sources, distribution, and vital local knowledge of the therapeutic properties of plants that basavaraju had just presented. materials and procedures to count and tabulate the herbs, the complete text of basavarajeeyam printed by puvvada (1929) was analysed and evaluated in the first part of the research. the results of this conceptual analysis were utilised in a subsequent field study. mehaboobnagar, nalgonda, bellari, anatapura, kaddapa, kurnool, and srikakulam were all visited for a field survey. a field trip was organised to confirm the plant names stated in the book. the author claims to have come from koturu village, although there are other villages with that name in karnataka's neighbouring districts. the telugu verses included in the book are popular in telangana and the karnataka bordering states (bellari, anantapur, cutappa and kurnool). these regions' rural and tribal residents were questioned using a proforma that included the plant's vernacular name, therapeutic value, and technique of application. the 29 species were discussed with all of the attendees. the information gathered by the a field research was conducted to verify the botanical origins. the study was carried out in collaboration with regional research centres in the states of andhra pradesh and karnataka, as well as the coimbatore botanical survey unit. appropriate latin names for non-controversial source plants were used and evaluated critically. observations and findings there are a total of 268 herbs listed in the telugu cantos, with 29 plants being referenced uniquely. oddurti's botanical origins, according to a.w lushington, is celastrus paniculatus (jyotishmati) (vernacular list of trees, shrubs and woody climbers in the madras presidency). prof. k. raghunathan believes that the botanical source of oddurti is dolichandrone falcata, which is known as oddi in the andhra area. however, basavaraju mistook oddi for meshasringi and vekkudu for jyotishmati. given these considerations, determining the botanical identification of oddurtigadda[5] becomes very difficult. results of filed study to analyse the distribution of 14 new plants & their therapeutic value (1) regotti (capparis grandis linn) – small tree with a wide distribution in andhra pradesh's deciduous woods and scrub jungles. uses: the bark of the stem sushkavata (paralysis) is treated with juice and maricha, whereas vandhyatwa is treated with stem bark and ghrita (sterility)jannangi (chinnangi) (cassia sophera linn) a common shrub in road side hedges and around the villages of adilabad, karimnagar, warangal and rangareddy districts of andhra pradesh. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 3 uses: drug possess expectorant properties, seed powder/ bark infusion is used in diabetes, leaf juice is used in burning urination, leucorrhea and jaundice. leaves, seeds and bark are used in ringworm, bark is used in bronchitis, asthma and paste of leaves in piles. (2) nallamukkada (plieospermium alatum wt&arn) – small tree with a height of up to 8 metres, found in wet deciduous or semi-evergreen forests up to 1250 metres, with lower altitudes on rare occasions, mostly in andhra pradesh, karnataka, tamil nadu, and the andaman islands. leaves and bark are used as fomentations in the treatment of rheumatic pain, and the juice is used as a nasya in peenasa (chronic rhinitis).gollajiddaku (ipomoea sepiaria koenig ex. roxb) leaf juice+ (for male progeny), leaf juice+ (for female progeny), leaf juice+ (for female progeny), leaf not repeatperennial shrub found in andhra pradesh's roadside hedges and surrounding villages. leaf juice is used as a nasal drop in pumsavana. (either in sanskrit or in parentheses [5] method ed) kusumaroga (leucorrhoea) buffalo curd, leaf juice (see table 1) ten of the 29 medications are novel additions to the ayurvedic materia medica by basavaraju [5]. (table 2). the botanical origins of the plant oddurtigadda is accurate. during the field research, no evidence of it was found (table 1). seeds as a cardiac depressant, hypotensive, spasmolytic, antidote to arsenic poisoning and as a diuretic, hypotensive, uterine tonic, antidote to arsenic poisoning. (3) raktamandalapaku (ventilago madraspatana gaertn) – a big, woody climb with a lot of branches. prof. karra nishteswar head, dept. of dravyagunaipgt & ra, gujarat ayurved university, jamnagar, gujarat, india,email: nishteswar@yahoo.co.i andhra pradesh's telengana and rayalseema forests are home to this species. root bark is used as a carminative, stomachic, febrifuge, stimulant, atonic dyspepsia, and skin diseases. bark powder + gingerly oil is used in dadru (ringworm) vicharchika (eczema), leaf juice + curd in leucorrhea, root bark is used as a carminative, stomachic, febrifuge, stimulant, atonic dyspepsia, and skin diseases. [dalhana has linked tamravalli to the herb vamataruni, also known as manjistha. dalhana's vamataruni might be ventilago madraspatana or a smilax species.] illinda (diospyros chloroxylon roxb) a tiny tree native to andhra pradesh's deciduous woods and scrub jungles. illinda juice is utilised in parshwashoola (anks discomfort) and stem bark powder is useful in helminthes and diarrhoea. 4) ucchita (solanum pubescens willd) — a roadside plant found in andhra pradesh's telengana and rayalseema districts. sl. no 1 telugu name [5] regotti sanskrit name botanical name & family capparis grandis linn. capparaceae 2 guvvaguttaku adhapuspi trichodesma indicum br. boraginaceae 3 baddakachaku satakratulata cardiospermum halicacabum linn, sapandaceae. 4 brahmajemudu snuhibheda euphorbia antiquorum linn, euphorbiaceae. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 4 5 jinnangi cassia sophera linn, caesalpiniaceae 6 madanabudata madanaghanti borreria articularis (linn.f.) f.n.will, rubiaceae 7 kavvapugummadi gopabhadra gmelina asiatica linn, verbenaceae 8 phirangichekka dwipanthara vacha smilax glabra roxb, liliaceae 9 sevatudiyaku toota morus alba linn, moraceae 10 arechekka swetakanchanara bauhinia racemosa lamk, caesalpinaceae 11 gollajiddiaku ipomoea sepiaria koenig ex. roxb, convolvulaceae. 12 pulicheraaku krishna kamboji phyllanthus reticulates poir, euphorbiaceae. 13 raktamandala ventilago madraspatana gaertn, rhamnaceae 14 sanapavali laghulonika portulaca quadrifida linn, portulacaceae 15 parighaku vallibadara ziziphus oenoplia (linn) mill, rhamnaceae. 16 kalangpatra bhavya dillenia indica linn, dilleniaceae 17 nimmasara swalapajambira citrus aurantifolia linn, rutaceae 18 nalamukkada pleiospermium alatum (wt.&arn ) swingle (=limoniaalata wt & arn), rutaceae 19 ucchita solanum pubescens linn, solanaceae 20 barrebachchali cissus setosus roxb, vitaceae 21 tellavelaki gardenia turgid roxb, rubiaceae 22 galanelli agnimanthabheda premna latifolia roxb, verbenaceae 23 pullateegaveru somavalli sarcostemma brevistigma w &a, asclepiadeceae 24 vidiveru madhavi hiptagema dablota gaertn, malpighiaceae 25 tundilapuchekka jatropha glandulifera roxb, euphorbiaceae 26 pullapavili lonica portulaca olaraceae linn., portulaceae 27 chenchali digera muricata (linn) mart, amaranthaceae 28 korralu kodrava setaria italica (linn) beauv, poaceae 29 oddurti leaf juice is used to treat lack of appetite and jaundice, while ucchita's medicinal oil nasya is used to treat jaundice. table 2: list of new herbs introduced by basavaraju in telugu cantos no. herb name [5] latin name 1. regotti capparis grandis linn. f 2. jinnangi cassia sophera linn 3. gollajiddak u ipomoea sepiaria koenig ex. roxb 4. raktamadal apaku ventilago madraspatana gaertn 5. ucchita solanum pubescens 6. barrebachc hali cissus setosus roxb. 7. tellavelaki gardenia turgid roxb. 8. tundilipuch ekka jatropa glandulifera roxb. 9. chenchali digera muricata linn mart. 10. nallamukka da pleiospermium alatum (wt.&arn) swingle u sed in peen asa (ch ro n ic rh in itis). ( 4) berrebachchali (cissus setosus roxb) tendrillar climber observed on road sides and abandoned fields in telengana and andhra pradesh's coastal areas. leaf is used as a local stimulant, a poultice of leaf is used to stimulate suppuration, and it is used externally to help with guinea worm extraction. in gandamala, root is utilised (cervical lymphadenopathy) (5) tellavelaki (gardenia turgid roxb) small deciduous tree found in andhra pradesh's deciduous woods and scrub jungles. (6) root powder is used in gandamala to treat children's dyspepsia, while root decoction is used to treat piles and jaundice. fruits are used to treat mammary gland infections. fever is treated by applying fruit pulp to the forehead. to treat headaches, crushed root + water (lather) is applied to the head. (7) tundilapuchekka (jatropha glandulifera roxb) in the black cotton soils of rayalseema, telengana, and the coastal regions of andhra pradesh, a tiny evergreen perennial shrub up to 1m high is a weed. (8) purgative properties of the root and seed oil oil is utilised as an anti-rheumatic, anti-paralytic, and anti-ringworm and antichronic ulcer treatment. in piles, root powder is employed. cough syrup is made from the juice of the leaves. warts and tumours are treated with latex. (9) [in api, it is incorrectly perceived as a dravanti, whereas it is a traditional medication presented by basavaraju. accepting croton tiglium linn. as dravanti and its seeds as jayapala] may not be controversial. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 5 (10) chenchali (digera muricata linn.) an annual plant with a height of 30-60 cm that is often found in andhra pradesh's agricultural fields. (11) uses: flowers and seeds are used as diuretic, urinary disorders. as antidote in arka & dugdha poison. (12) nakkapeetaku (lepidagathis cristata willd.)mainly seen in konkan and andhra pradesh. uses: leaf juice + pippali is used in prasutivata (eclampsia), externally applied in charmakeela (warts). ethno-medicinal uses of leaf is in fever, itching & cough. (13) teegamusidi (tiliacora acuminate lam.) – a woody climber, distributed throughout andhra pradesh more so in coastal districts. uses: moola is used in mandala sarpa visha (snakebite by vascular poisonous snakes) it also acts as spasmolytic & hypothermic . (14) kasara (momordica tuberosa congn.) monoecious trailing tendrillar plant discovered as a weed in andhra pradesh's cotton and chilli fields. (15) garbhasrava is made using kasaramoola and water (abortion). (16) discussion (17) basavarajeeyam was prepared by basavaraju from a variety of sources, including references to the sources from which he gathered the material. he had also contributed from his important experiences and studies, all of which seem to be highly practical and result-oriented. he also included a collection of telugu recipes, both prose and poetic. basavaraju wrote 111 telugu poems including 131 recipes, as well as asadhya lakshans of specific vyadhis, symptoms of death, and beejaksharaprayoga in vishas. in chapters 3, 10, 11, 12, 22, and 24, no telugu verses were stated. there are a total of 268 herbs listed in the telugu cantos, of which 29 are mentioned just once and are not repeated. in sanskrit or in parentheses. the herbs introduced by basavaraju in telugu verses as well in parenthetical descriptions clearly indicate that he enriched the ayurvedic material medica through his outstanding contributions. he contributed 10 new herbs to ayurvedic materia medica in telugu verses. among these 10 drugs, gollajiddaku and raktamadalapaku are identi ed as ipomoea sepiaria koenig ex. roxb and ventilago madaraspatana gaertn respectively. takur balwant singh while describing the source plants of lakshmana mentioned ipomea sepiaria as one of its possible source. lakshmana is a herb used in pumsavana karma and it has been described as one looking like bastagandha and having red blots simulating the gure of a male child. the human gure according to others, is presented in the shape of the tuber or root of the plant. it is said to have white owers and fruits during references v r i n d a n d a n d a n d a n d a p.v.tewari and asha kumari edited the book v r i n d a m a d h a v a. e d i t i o n e d i t i o n e d i t i o n visvabharati; 2006:p.178. v a r n a s i c h o u k h a m b h a 2. bhavaprakasha samhita, 11th ed., by bhavamisra. v a r n a s i c h o u k h a m b h a b h a r t i academy;2010:p. 47. ayu. 2011;vol 32(4): pp-458-460. 3. k. nishteswar. basavarajeeyam, a historical viewpoint. 4. basavaraju. basavarajeeyam. pt. govardhan sharma changani is the translator. pune: india mudranalaya, 1930. 1st ed. herbs in vasavarajeeyam, 1st ed. varanasi: chaukhamba surabharati prakashan; 2003: p. 59-91. 6. thakur balwant singh, vegetable glossary september and october are the appropriate months. brhattrayi's medicines, 2nd edition, varanasi: the plant was collected. because both have been used independently for pumsavana karma[6], the white form of solanum xanthocarpum schrad and wendl. has been substituted. the usage of gollajiddaku leaf juice in kusumaroga is mentioned by basavaraju (leucorrhoea). tamravalli has been ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 6 linked to the vamataruni or manjistha plant by dalhana. the vamataruni of dalhana, according to thakur balwant singh, might be ventilago madraspatana or a smilax species. dineshavalli is the name for ventilago madraspatana, which is widely used in kerala. however, another plant, alkanna tinctoria, is identified as dineshavalli. basavaraju's latest additions include ipomea sepiaria and ventilago madraspatana. basavaraju's allegation about arechekka (swetakanchanara) government in leucorrhoea is still popular in andhra pradesh's rural and agency regions. despite numerous inquiries throughout the field study, the botanical source for the medication 'oddurti' could not be found. identification of this will need further research. conclusion basavarajeeyam has made a significant addition to the ayurvedic materia medica by introducing new herbs. basavaraju added 14 new plants in all, 10 of which were listed in telugu cantos and four others throughout the remainder of the book. the botanical origins of the oddurti plant has yet determined. more research is needed to determine the parent plant of oddurti, and the activity of any discovered species need scientific confirmation via preclinical and controlled clinical studies. c h a u k h a m b h a a m a r a b h a r a t i prakashan;1999 :p. 177, 347 how to cite the article: nishteswar, new medicinal plants in the telegu cantos of basavarajeeyam. j. res. trad. medicine 2015;1(1): 3-9 source of support: nil, con ict of interest: nil images of the plants: fig 1: regotticapparis grandis fig 2: chinnangi-cassi a sophera fig 3: nallamukkadda – pleiospermium alatum fig 4: gollajiddakuipomoea sepiaria ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 7 fig 5: raktamandalaventilago madraspatana fig 6: illinda-diospyros chloroxylon fig 11: chenchalidigera muricata fig 12: nakkapeetaku – lepidagathis cristata ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 8 fig 9: tellavelakigardenia turgida fig 10: tundilapuchekka jatropha glandulifera fig 11: chenchalidigera muricata fig 12: nakkapeetaku – lepidagathis cristata fig 13: teegamusiditiliacora acuminata fig 14: kasara – momodica tuberosa ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 9 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 10 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue1 chinese traditional medical journal a study on consumer perception towards packaged drinking water with special reference to pattukkottai town lixaogan, wan ru, xi xinx, department of anesthesiology, the first affiliated hospital of xi'an jiaotong university, department of traditional chinese medicine, the first affiliated hospital of xi'an jiaotong university, introduction a gift from the natural world, water is a need for human life. every human being's body is made up of a significant portion of water. businesses make the most sense since they are a necessary part of human life. until recently, bottled water was only available to the wealthy, tourists, and those with a strong interest in health; but, as living standards have risen, disposable money has increased, and consumers have become more educated and aware, demand for bottled water has grown significantly. the sale of bottled water has skyrocketed abstract life can only exist if it has access to water. consumers in the indian context have found that bottled drinking water has a significant influence. historically, the most reliable source of drinking water has been municipally provided piped water. like other consumer goods, bottled water was once a big industry. water scarcity at train stations and tourist destinations, as well as the role of tourism crops and other factors, have all contributed to the expansion of this industry, and a variety of bottles are available for filling with water. because of the assurance of both convenience and quality, bottled drinking water is becoming more common. customers may choose from a wide selection of bottled, bubble-top, can, and other types of packaged drinking water, as well as a wide choice of brands. customers buy water bottles because they are convenient to handle and because they don't have to think about other factors like quality, price, or comfort when they buy packaged drinking water. this study was done to better understand how customers feel about packaged drinking water brands and how they influence their purchasing decisions. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue1 in recent years thanks to an influx of local and international tourists, as well as sophisticated businesses and workplaces. that people are buying more bottled water shows just how poor tap water quality and availability have become. more people are becoming ill from drinking water that is contaminated with bacteria and viruses due to an increase in urbanisation, the lack of clean and safe drinking water as well as the role of tourism in the expansion of bottled water. objectives to conduct a comparative study of bottled drinking water in the marketplace. to learn how satisfied customers are with these companies. to find out which firms have the most market share in the packaged drinking water industry. to learn about the many pattukkottaimarket bottled water brands accessible. the study's methodology the technique by which data will be gathered is often included in a study methodology. what equipment will be utilised, how they will be used, and how the data will be analysed are all questions that must be answered. sources of data both primary and secondary data sources are used in this investigation. secondary data was gathered through published publications, papers, and websites, as well as information obtained directly from survey respondents. method of sampling it refers to the number of people that were chosen to participate in the research. the research was carried out with the help of 250 participants. the convenience sampling approach is used to pick the respondents. annotated bibliography his research, "a study on the perspective of consumers towards soft drinks," was aimed at examining the perception and behaviour of soft drink customers. according to his research, most people like to drink soda in bakeries. "a consumer preference study of soft drinks in the city of coimbatore" was undertaken by mr. avinashgupta (1991). the goal of this study was to learn more about soft drink drinkers' taste preferences. pepsi and thamps have a similar degree of consumer awareness, although pepsi is the more popular. ozone-treated mineral water, according to k.kammalakannan (2001) in the hindu, turns back to oxygen following the oxidising process, making it the most environmentally friendly treatment currently available. ozone is the most powerful disinfectant in the world. remaining chlorine is also ingested when drinking water is treated with chlorine, which is a highly carcinogenic agent. analysis& interpretation  age group particular no. of respondents percentage (%) below 20 20 8% 20-30 130 52% 31-40 50 20% 41-50 30 120% above 50 20 8% total 250 100%  occupation& type of family particular no.of respondents percentage (%) professional 25 10% ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue1 government employee 15 6% private employee 20 8% business 32 12.8% students 53 21.2% joint family 65 26% nuclear family 40 16% total 250 100% percentage analysis findings from the research among the survey participants, 52% are between the ages of 20 and 30. 2.8% of those who took the survey are employed by private companies. approximately 16 percent of those polled are members of a nuclear family. suggestions mineral water's quality has to be enhanced. 2. water bottles may be packaged in a more appealing manner. complaints should be handled in a timely manner. it's important to create eyecatching marketing materials. the proper vehicle should be used to ensure that regular deliveries to the stores are accomplished. conclusion people purchase packaged drinking water not just when they travel or stay away from home, but they also buy it while they are at home. in today's world, more individuals are concerned about their health. however, the cost of packed water cannot be ignored in this case since for certain individuals it is more expensive than bottled water. it is tough for them to come to terms with the fact that they would have to pay for a tiny amount of water, but it has been the norm for people living in the city to use packaged water since it is a product that is supposed to have a high level of quality and hygiene. as a result, it is clear that businesses that place a high value on these elements will be more successful in the market and attract a larger audience. reference frank rr and williamjc (2000) everyone's business is market water. vision for the world's water resources. two years from now, india's market for packaged bottled water will be worth 160 billion rupees. in 1997, mr. prothiv raj s. conducted a research on the perceptions of consumers toward soft frinks. 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 chinese traditional medical journal soft skills teaching throughliterature zha lizi, gou dong, jian xiao, department of cardiology, the traditional chinese medicine affiliated hospital of southwest medical university, luzhou , department of cardiology, yibin first people hospital, yibin abstract keywords: literature, soft skills, personality literature is all about tales, which are fascinating at any age. these people have an influence on us for the rest of our lives. heroes are admired, adored, and worshipped in stories where they play an important role. it's always a treat to indulge in a good book. learning soft skills via reading is a topic that is heavily emphasised in this essay. the qualities and characteristics needed to perform well in a particular job setting are referred to as "soft skills." these may be either vocal or nonverbal in nature. literature is formed from the thoughts of the individuals who have taken inspiration from their experiences and the internalised ideas via reading. the written work has a wider influence to quote “henry david thoreau whose notion of civil disobedience” had a lasting impression on gandhi also the views of karl marx on communism remains a fresh. thinking about originality of the characters whether written in plays or books all the total of the experiences of the previous is reading . in brief reading stimulates the brain , kindles the ideas and then adopts the form of the literature, eventually it has the adequate vocabulary honest perception , complete engagement . "reading maketh a whole man," said francis bacon. using the right words and controlling one's thoughts and speech are two of the many benefits of reading, which also helps one's subconsciously register their vocabulary. listening, on the other hand, aids in filtering out irrelevant information while teaching proper pronunciation and the proper use of words. this would help us improve our ability to communicate well, both orally and in writing. it helps improve abilities like critical thinking, communication, timing, and problem solving in the long run. the ability to think logically and rationally may be improved by being exposed to the ideas and views of a wide variety of people. this broadens one's perspective and increases one's ability to reason. 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 , philosophy, creativity introduction soft skills are crucial for all graduates to obtain, regardless of their subject of study. employers look for a variety of talents in prospective workers, including the capacity to communicate effectively, to analyse and solve problems critically, to learn on-the-job and to be self-starters and managers. literature encompasses both the ambiguity of concepts and the multiplicity of linguistic representations and hence it is vital to cling to the teaching of literature as a way of decoding the language. it increases the breadth of words and the canvass of thinking. whenever a book is selected for review, the first step is to look at the historical context to get an idea of the author's social and political views. the unfamiliar terminology and complicated ideas that the author uses need a more indepth reading experience. in my opinion, this is the finest and most efficient method of expanding one's vocabulary. phrases, the stock of words, complex structures and the bits of information packed in a symbolic form. a novel is a record of idea stated during a certain era and the language employed may be quite valuable for the communication objectives even though they are words by the highly educated and expert brains. however, since "language is culture," no work of literature can be understood in isolation from its spoken or written language counterpart. without a wise selection of text the student will be at a loss to grasp the competing use of language for the meaning of the word is not defined by the phrase alone, but it is the context which establishes its meaning. in addition to the instructor's own limits, a student's quality of mind may help him or her discover a way to react to the circumstance. a teacher cannot adequately explain without at least a reasonable exposure to the language or literature. literaturetextappeals tothe learners since they are direct or indirect experiences of the writers; whoproduce the text. it is literature's primary task to foster cultural diversity via a variety of sociolinguistic expressions. language variances owing to geography or profession (registers) are all taken handled byliterature. by doing this, students are better equipped to acquire a greater variety of terminology. students learn a great deal about the written language by immersing themselves in authentic material. in order to improve their writing abilities, students study the grammar and discourse functions of sentences, as well as various sentence forms and methods of integrating ideas. if the kids acquire taste for the book and they find joy inreading. literarytext stimulates the learners’emotions and cognitivefaculties. reading increases imagination and stirs emotions. they also offer exposure to the literary devices that appear in other genres. religious books like the ramayana serve as excellent instances of this. the mahabharata, thequran,the bible, the torah (jewish) texts serve to develop the human characteristics. as well as the novels mentioned above, there are other more that have had an impact on the way people see and behave, such as works about emotions such as love or hate or separation or death, or books about the struggles a character faces. literature is authenticand respected everywhere. 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 the purpose of utilising literature is for the development of language. there may be cultural differences in how different societies approach literary issues. depending on the genre we read in, we might discover a wide range of languages. students' reading and writing abilities increase when they are taught in a curriculum that incorporates a rich literary theme into the lessons. the few words used in a book, tale, or drama elicit a wide range of responses and interpretations from readers, allowing them to practise their language and public speaking abilities while also learning more about the text's numerous possible interpretations. it makes it easier to learn new words and grammatical rules. literature aids in developing abilities such, listening, reading, speaking and writing. communication, creative thinking, problem solving , clarity in mind are also the other traits we develop from the exposure to the literary text. in order to be able to communicate effectively, a student must be proficient in all four areas of communication: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. soft skills soft skills are the qualities and attributes necessary for a person to operate in a certain job context. soft talents are both written and spoken . they're essential for productive work, for understanding and adapting to communication-related conventions. most of the firm roles employees would be seeking for leadership abilities which rely on soft talents. when it comes to speaking in a professional setting, such as an office or college, these abilities are critical. employees' soft skills are critical to the success of the company in terms of both output and morale. selfmotivation, leadership traits, teamwork, problem solving, decisiveness, and the ability to think and speak clearly are all examples of soft skills. bathruharisays’ vagbhushanambhushanam “it indicates speaking is an accessory. speech soothes, stimulates instils confidence and comforts. we must communicate in all areas and transmit a message that can go across great distances. globalization has opened up new avenues for communication. it is the keyelement for business. harmony in the relationship becomes essential. language talents grow with the regular exposure to the language and reinforcement tasks like speaking and writing. debates on the plots and lines of plays and tragedies might help sharpen one's critical thinking skills. analytical thinking abilities assist individuals reason through a problem to uncover the basis of the issue might be done utilising literature research. using literary texts one might strengthen their presenting abilities. intensive reading of the book automatically draws out one’s demonstrative talents like writing and speaking aboutthe topic. benefits of reading poetry; learning a language is made easier by poetry. metaphor is the major relation to studying poetry deliberately or subconsciously metaphor is the fundamental strategy in poetry. apart from these the other advantages of studying poetry, \sappreciation ofpoetry construction, concept behind the poem, utilising of the language and conjuring ideas in the heart and head. when a student digs under the surface meaning, he or she uncovers the true meaning. figures of speech are made more familiar to the student. learners obtain a fresh view point towards languageuse that goes beyond the usage of grammar and vocabulary. develops an awareness of the meaning of words, which might lead to a more indepth investigation of their meanings in 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 the future. advantages of short story writing short fiction is the finest resource forobserving language and life. people's everyday activities are shown via the actions of fictional characters. the short storey has a wide range of registers and tones. to improve intonation and syllable stress, it is beneficial to read aloud. promotescritical thinking. stories help in pickingup the vocabulary, conversations on the narrative offer a chance to open up( speech),condensing the text into important points strengthen the analytical abilities. givesstudents opportunity to utilise their imagination. takes the process simpler easier and lets to compare with different genres literature. novels are important for studying linguistic system and also living in connection to target language. the personalities mirror the genuine day to day living. benefits of using drama for teaching dramas are wonderful resource for language learning. the character's dialogue demonstrates proper speech patterns, voice modulation, and phrase pronunciation. they also raise awareness for the target language culture. drama encourages the development of the mind's creative faculties. optimizes the development of new languages. developing a passion of learning increases one's listening ability. benefits oflearning novel. novels are direct or indirect experiences of the writers therefore the tales are engaging . in terms of expanding one's vocabulary, they're an invaluable resource. each author has a varied collection of words and their experiences and perspectives all vary . once a student has had a chance to read a few different books, he or she will be able to make his or her own choices about which ones to keep reading. most popular books are also created movies in target language and in the regional language depending on their popularity. technology is makes easier for the learners as they can view the videos in the class room. this gives better learning platform for the language acquisition. conclusion there is no such thing as a "soft skill" in this context. in some way, it's tied to the human experience. it has to do with how other people respond to our actions and emotions. hormones play a significant function, to keep them at optimum level employ our senses and awareness appropriately the finest platform is provided by literature. understanding other people's lives via literature and other forms of art fosters empathy for our fellow humans, while broad exposure to a diversity of cultures broadens our perspective on the complexities of life. explorations in language are many and varied. the proof is the novels which are transformed into movies and impacted many. subject and language are inseparable since language is necessary for the expression of subject. in a nutshell, they're all intertwined together. people know the relevance yet disregard at the base level . soft skills are often sought for after a person has completed their formal education, but acquiring them concurrently might fill up any gaps that may exist. we all think communication is the key but technology is abridging the language this is slowly extending tentacles and the human factor ofemotions and soft skills are besieged. references 1. 1. gretchen rhinecheney bekesy brownruzzi andkarthikmuralidhrana this website provides an overview of indian education: http://shodhganga.inflinet.ac.in/ 2. in 2006, macmillan publishers india ltd produced the krishnaswamy and krishnaswamy lalitha systems of teaching english. 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 3. 3. surya rao bammidi english language source book for the diploma in teacher education first edition 2008 http;//www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in 4. english studies in india: some current perspectives by ravindrab taslidar scenario 5. a penny from ur a course inenglish languageteaching cambridge university 2012 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 chinese traditional medical journal soft skills teaching throughliterature zha lizi, gou dong, jian xiao, department of cardiology, the traditional chinese medicine affiliated hospital of southwest medical university, luzhou , department of cardiology, yibin first people hospital, yibin abstract keywords: literature, soft skills, personality literature is all about tales, which are fascinating at any age. these people have an influence on us for the rest of our lives. heroes are admired, adored, and worshipped in stories where they play an important role. it's always a treat to indulge in a good book. learning soft skills via reading is a topic that is heavily emphasised in this essay. the qualities and characteristics needed to perform well in a particular job setting are referred to as "soft skills." these may be either vocal or nonverbal in nature. literature is formed from the thoughts of the individuals who have taken inspiration from their experiences and the internalised ideas via reading. the written work has a wider influence to quote “henry david thoreau whose notion of civil disobedience” had a lasting impression on gandhi also the views of karl marx on communism remains a fresh. thinking about originality of the characters whether written in plays or books all the total of the experiences of the previous is reading . in brief reading stimulates the brain , kindles the ideas and then adopts the form of the literature, eventually it has the adequate vocabulary honest perception , complete engagement . "reading maketh a whole man," said francis bacon. using the right words and controlling one's thoughts and speech are two of the many benefits of reading, which also helps one's subconsciously register their vocabulary. listening, on the other hand, aids in filtering out irrelevant information while teaching proper pronunciation and the proper use of words. this would help us improve our ability to communicate well, both orally and in writing. it helps improve abilities like critical thinking, communication, timing, and problem solving in the long run. the ability to think logically and rationally may be improved by being exposed to the ideas and views of a wide variety of people. this broadens one's perspective and increases one's ability to reason. 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 , philosophy, creativity introduction soft skills are crucial for all graduates to obtain, regardless of their subject of study. employers look for a variety of talents in prospective workers, including the capacity to communicate effectively, to analyse and solve problems critically, to learn on-the-job and to be self-starters and managers. literature encompasses both the ambiguity of concepts and the multiplicity of linguistic representations and hence it is vital to cling to the teaching of literature as a way of decoding the language. it increases the breadth of words and the canvass of thinking. whenever a book is selected for review, the first step is to look at the historical context to get an idea of the author's social and political views. the unfamiliar terminology and complicated ideas that the author uses need a more indepth reading experience. in my opinion, this is the finest and most efficient method of expanding one's vocabulary. phrases, the stock of words, complex structures and the bits of information packed in a symbolic form. a novel is a record of idea stated during a certain era and the language employed may be quite valuable for the communication objectives even though they are words by the highly educated and expert brains. however, since "language is culture," no work of literature can be understood in isolation from its spoken or written language counterpart. without a wise selection of text the student will be at a loss to grasp the competing use of language for the meaning of the word is not defined by the phrase alone, but it is the context which establishes its meaning. in addition to the instructor's own limits, a student's quality of mind may help him or her discover a way to react to the circumstance. a teacher cannot adequately explain without at least a reasonable exposure to the language or literature. literaturetextappeals tothe learners since they are direct or indirect experiences of the writers; whoproduce the text. it is literature's primary task to foster cultural diversity via a variety of sociolinguistic expressions. language variances owing to geography or profession (registers) are all taken handled byliterature. by doing this, students are better equipped to acquire a greater variety of terminology. students learn a great deal about the written language by immersing themselves in authentic material. in order to improve their writing abilities, students study the grammar and discourse functions of sentences, as well as various sentence forms and methods of integrating ideas. if the kids acquire taste for the book and they find joy inreading. literarytext stimulates the learners’emotions and cognitivefaculties. reading increases imagination and stirs emotions. they also offer exposure to the literary devices that appear in other genres. religious books like the ramayana serve as excellent instances of this. the mahabharata, thequran,the bible, the torah (jewish) texts serve to develop the human characteristics. as well as the novels mentioned above, there are other more that have had an impact on the way people see and behave, such as works about emotions such as love or hate or separation or death, or books about the struggles a character faces. literature is authenticand respected everywhere. 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 the purpose of utilising literature is for the development of language. there may be cultural differences in how different societies approach literary issues. depending on the genre we read in, we might discover a wide range of languages. students' reading and writing abilities increase when they are taught in a curriculum that incorporates a rich literary theme into the lessons. the few words used in a book, tale, or drama elicit a wide range of responses and interpretations from readers, allowing them to practise their language and public speaking abilities while also learning more about the text's numerous possible interpretations. it makes it easier to learn new words and grammatical rules. literature aids in developing abilities such, listening, reading, speaking and writing. communication, creative thinking, problem solving , clarity in mind are also the other traits we develop from the exposure to the literary text. in order to be able to communicate effectively, a student must be proficient in all four areas of communication: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. soft skills soft skills are the qualities and attributes necessary for a person to operate in a certain job context. soft talents are both written and spoken . they're essential for productive work, for understanding and adapting to communication-related conventions. most of the firm roles employees would be seeking for leadership abilities which rely on soft talents. when it comes to speaking in a professional setting, such as an office or college, these abilities are critical. employees' soft skills are critical to the success of the company in terms of both output and morale. selfmotivation, leadership traits, teamwork, problem solving, decisiveness, and the ability to think and speak clearly are all examples of soft skills. bathruharisays’ vagbhushanambhushanam “it indicates speaking is an accessory. speech soothes, stimulates instils confidence and comforts. we must communicate in all areas and transmit a message that can go across great distances. globalization has opened up new avenues for communication. it is the keyelement for business. harmony in the relationship becomes essential. language talents grow with the regular exposure to the language and reinforcement tasks like speaking and writing. debates on the plots and lines of plays and tragedies might help sharpen one's critical thinking skills. analytical thinking abilities assist individuals reason through a problem to uncover the basis of the issue might be done utilising literature research. using literary texts one might strengthen their presenting abilities. intensive reading of the book automatically draws out one’s demonstrative talents like writing and speaking aboutthe topic. benefits of reading poetry; learning a language is made easier by poetry. metaphor is the major relation to studying poetry deliberately or subconsciously metaphor is the fundamental strategy in poetry. apart from these the other advantages of studying poetry, \sappreciation ofpoetry construction, concept behind the poem, utilising of the language and conjuring ideas in the heart and head. when a student digs under the surface meaning, he or she uncovers the true meaning. figures of speech are made more familiar to the student. learners obtain a fresh view point towards languageuse that goes beyond the usage of grammar and vocabulary. develops an awareness of the meaning of words, which might lead to a more indepth investigation of their meanings in 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 the future. advantages of short story writing short fiction is the finest resource forobserving language and life. people's everyday activities are shown via the actions of fictional characters. the short storey has a wide range of registers and tones. to improve intonation and syllable stress, it is beneficial to read aloud. promotescritical thinking. stories help in pickingup the vocabulary, conversations on the narrative offer a chance to open up( speech),condensing the text into important points strengthen the analytical abilities. givesstudents opportunity to utilise their imagination. takes the process simpler easier and lets to compare with different genres literature. novels are important for studying linguistic system and also living in connection to target language. the personalities mirror the genuine day to day living. benefits of using drama for teaching dramas are wonderful resource for language learning. the character's dialogue demonstrates proper speech patterns, voice modulation, and phrase pronunciation. they also raise awareness for the target language culture. drama encourages the development of the mind's creative faculties. optimizes the development of new languages. developing a passion of learning increases one's listening ability. benefits oflearning novel. novels are direct or indirect experiences of the writers therefore the tales are engaging . in terms of expanding one's vocabulary, they're an invaluable resource. each author has a varied collection of words and their experiences and perspectives all vary . once a student has had a chance to read a few different books, he or she will be able to make his or her own choices about which ones to keep reading. most popular books are also created movies in target language and in the regional language depending on their popularity. technology is makes easier for the learners as they can view the videos in the class room. this gives better learning platform for the language acquisition. conclusion there is no such thing as a "soft skill" in this context. in some way, it's tied to the human experience. it has to do with how other people respond to our actions and emotions. hormones play a significant function, to keep them at optimum level employ our senses and awareness appropriately the finest platform is provided by literature. understanding other people's lives via literature and other forms of art fosters empathy for our fellow humans, while broad exposure to a diversity of cultures broadens our perspective on the complexities of life. explorations in language are many and varied. the proof is the novels which are transformed into movies and impacted many. subject and language are inseparable since language is necessary for the expression of subject. in a nutshell, they're all intertwined together. people know the relevance yet disregard at the base level . soft skills are often sought for after a person has completed their formal education, but acquiring them concurrently might fill up any gaps that may exist. we all think communication is the key but technology is abridging the language this is slowly extending tentacles and the human factor ofemotions and soft skills are besieged. references 1. 1. gretchen rhinecheney bekesy brownruzzi andkarthikmuralidhrana this website provides an overview of indian education: http://shodhganga.inflinet.ac.in/ 2. in 2006, macmillan publishers india ltd produced the krishnaswamy and krishnaswamy lalitha systems of teaching english. 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 3. 3. surya rao bammidi english language source book for the diploma in teacher education first edition 2008 http;//www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in 4. english studies in india: some current perspectives by ravindrab taslidar scenario 5. a penny from ur a course inenglish languageteaching cambridge university 2012 chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com impact of nlrp3 inhibition and micro-ribonucleic acid-22 upregulation on malignant melanoma cell survival d.venkataramandra 1, dr.d.suryadevarakonda 2, divyaaiia sahithi 3, assistant professor 1,2,3, department of pharmacy, samskruti college of pharmacy, kondapur (v), ghatkesar (m) medchal dist, telangana, india. abstract the goal of this study is to identify the mechanisms by which the up-regulation of mir-22 targeting nlrp3 alters the proliferation and invasiveness of malignant melanoma cells and the effects on these metrics. amelomas grown in mice thawing, sub-cultivation, and transfection were performed on b16 cells. various transfections were used to assign cells to various groups (a1–a5). for example, a1 cells were transfected with a mir-22 mimic overexpression, a2 cells with a mir-22 inhibitor, a3 cells with a mir-22 mimic+sinlrp3 transfection, a4 cells with a mir-22 mimic nc sequence transfection, and a5 cells without transfection. the results showed that mir-22 expression was increased in the a1 group compared to the a2, a3, a4, and a5 groups, but decreased in the a3, a4, and a5 groups. a1 had considerably lower levels of nlrp3 mrna and protein compared to other groups, but a2 had significantly higher levels compared to a3, a4, and a5 (p < 0.05). in comparison to groups a3, a4, and a5, the a2 group showed a considerable increase in cell proliferation and colony formation rate, while groups a1 showed a marked decrease. reducing the incidence and development of malignant melanoma is achieved by targeting nlrp3 suppression by up-regulating mir-22 expression level. this greatly decreases the proliferation, invasiveness, and matrix metalloproteinase levels of melanoma b16 cells. insightful reference data for gene-level therapy of malignant melanoma is provided by the findings. macular melanoma, micro-ribonucleic acid-22, nlrp3 inflammasome, cell invasion capacity, cell transfection introduction malignant melanoma refers to cancerous transformation of the corresponding pigmented nevus. due to the morphological changes in nevus cells, the tumor formed is called melanoma [1,2]. the etiology of melanoma is very complex. the most common risk parameters are environmental factors (sunlight exposure and chemical stimulation), genetic factors and immunological factors [3]. melanoma is a highly malignant tumor that occurs mostly in the skin, but also in the mucous membranes and internal organs, and it accounts for about 3% of all tumors [4,5]. there has been a rise in fatality associated with this tumor in the past 12 years. studies show that there are about 150,000 new melanoma cases and about 50,000 melanoma-related deaths worldwide every year [6-8]. melanoma is very malignant, and it is liable to blood and lymphatic metastasis, and it has a high mortality. timely surgical resection when there is no metastasis may prolong the survival time of patients by 3 5 years. once malignant melanoma undergoes distant metastasis to multiple organs, it may likely lead to organ failure and death, and the prognosis is poor [9,10]. therefore, early diagnosis and timely and reasonable treatment are essential. surgery remains the primary and definitive treatment for early-stage melanoma, but it is rarely curative for advanced-stage melanoma [11]. in recent years, the applications of immunoand targeted treatments have prolonged patients' lives and revolutionized the management of this neoplasm [12]. unfortunately, many subjects develop resistance to targeted medications after several months, and studies suggest that micro-ribonucleic acid plays a key role in the development of drug insensitivity [13,14]. the mirnas are a class of evolutionarily conserved, non chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com coding small ribonucleic acids generally between 21 23 nucleotides in length, and they regulate gene expression at the translational level [15]. there are as many as 1000 different mirnas in vertebrate genomes which regulate at least 30% of gene expressions, and they are highly conserved, tissuespecific and time-sequential. the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing 3 (nlrp3) inflammasome is a multi-protein structure that exists in cells in vivo, and it is a crucial part of innate immunity which regulates the activation of caspase-1 and promotes the release of pro-inflammatory factors, i.e., interleukins il-1β/il-18 [16-18]. accumulated evidence suggests that the inflammasome plays a central role in regulating tumorigenesis, growth, invasion, and metastasis. it has been shown that il18, the effector product of the nlrp3 inflammasome, maintains the epithelial homeostasis of colons and plays a protective role in colitisassociated colon cancer [19]. some studies have also shown that nlrp3 enhanced carcinogenesis by affecting host immune response, cancer cell multiplication and microenvironment of cancer [20,21]. at present, the regulatory effect of mir22/nlrp3 axis on the biological function of tumor cells in colon, ovarian, gastric, and other malignant tumors, have been demonstrated. however, there is limited research on the relationship between mir22/nlrp3 and malignant melanoma. the mechanism that reveals how mir-22 targeting nlrp3 inhibits the expression of malignant melanoma is still not clear. therefore, in this study, mouse-derived melanoma cells b16 cells were subjected to thawing, sub-culture, and transfection. based on what was transfected, the cells were divided into 5 groups: a1 (overexpressed mir-22 mimic) a2 group (mir-22 inhibitor), a3 group (transfected with mir-22 mimic+sinlrp3), a4 (mir-22 mimic nc sequence transfection), and a5 group (without transfection). the five groups of cells were compared with respect to mir-22 messenger ribonucleic acid (mrna) expression, nlrp3 mrna and protein expressions, proliferation potential, clone formation rate, invasiveness, and levels of inflammatory factors, amongst other parameters. arising therefrom, the effect of nlrp3 inhibition-targeted mir-22 upregulation on proliferation and invasiveness of tumor cells was evaluated, and the related mechanism was also assessed. experimental melanoma cells mouse-derived melanoma cells b16 cells purchased from shanghai guandao bio-engineering co. ltd were used as experimental cells. the b16 cells were cultured in roswell park memorial institute (rpmi) 1640 medium (modified with atcc) tinged with 10 % fbs. thereafter, the cells were kept in liquid nitrogen. cell thawing centrifuge tubes, disposable pipettes, rpmi 1640 medium and phosphate buffer saline (pbs) were sterilized for 20 min on an ultra-clean bench. then, the b16 cells were removed from liquid nitrogen and thawed for 60 sec in a water bath preheated to 40 ℃. the cells were pipetted into a 15-ml centrifuge tube, and 6 ml of pbs solution was added, followed by centrifugation at 1300 rpm for 6 min. the supernatant was discarded, and the sediment was suspended in 6 ml of rpmi 1640 medium. after thorough mixing, the cells were cultured in a cell culture dish in the presence of 5 % carbon dioxide (co2) at 37 ℃. the medium was changed after 24 h, and sub-culture was performed until the cell growth density reached about 98 %. cell subculture following a 20-min uv sterilization of a cleaned bench, the culture medium, trypsin, and pbs were pre-heated. the pbs in cell culture dish was replaced with 1.5 ml trypsin, and following mixing, the cells were left at 25 ℃ for about 3 min, after which cell morphology was examined under a high-definition microscope. when the cells became rounded, 2 ml of rpmi 1640 medium was added, and the cells were centrifuged at 1300 rpm for 6 min. the supernatant was replaced with 6 ml pbs solution, and the cells were centrifuged again at 1300 rpm for 6 min, and the supernatant was again replaced with rpmi 1640 medium. the re-suspended cells were put into 5 new culture dishes and cultured at 37 ℃ in a 5 % co2 atmosphere. cell transfection before cell transfection, the b16 cells were seeded at concentrations of 105 to 106 cells/well in six-well plates. when 80 % confluence was attained, mir-22 mimic was transfected into the cells. the transfection was carried out in line with the steps indicated in the transfection kit (guangzhou ribo bio company ltd.). five groups of cells were used (a1 a5). in a1, transfection with mir-22 mimic overexpression was done. transfection in a2 group of cells was done with mir-22 inhibitor. in a3 group, transfection was chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com with mir-22 mimic+sinlrp3. in a4 group, transfection was with mir-22 mimic nc sequence, while cells in a5 group were not transfected. determination of cell proliferation the cck-8 method was employed for determination of cell multiplication. cells in log stage of growth were 0.25 %-trypsinized for 4 min, after which the cell morphology was examined under a highdefinition microscope. when the cells became rounded, addition of rpmi 1640 medium was followed by 6-min cell centrifugation at 1300 rpm, re-suspension in rpmi 1640 medium, and counting under a microscope using a counting plate. for this purpose, a drop of cell culture medium was placed on the counting plate, after which the cells were counted under a high-definition microscope, and the cell concentration was calculated. then, cell seeding (density = 1 × 106 cells/ml) in a 96-well plate was followed by culturing in 80 μl of rpmi 1640 medium for 24 h. after addition of 15 μl cck-8 reagent, the cells were incubated at 37 ℃ for 2 h, and the absorbance of each well was read at 520 nm. cell clone formation experiment high-definition microscopy was used for morphological examination of b16 cells after cell trypsinization as before. after the cells became rounded, rpmi 1640 medium was introduced, after which the cells were centrifuged for 6 min at 1300 rpm. thereafter, re-suspension of the cells in rpmi 1640 medium was done. then, the cells were counted under a microscope using a counting plate to get the number of cell clones (nc). next, 500 cells were placed in a culture dish and cultured for 1 day. the cultured cells were fixed with 4 % paraformaldehyde for 4 h, stained with crystal violet for 20 min, dried and counted under a high-definition microscope. the cell clone formation rate (cr) was calculated as indicated in eq 1. cr = (nc/ni)100 ………………. (1) where ni is the number of cells inoculated cell scratch test when logarithmic growth stage cells grew to 98 % confluence, three parallel lines were drawn on the bottom of the plate with a pipette tip. this was followed by culturing in serum-free rpmi 1640 and photographing under a fluorescence microscope on days 1, 3 and 5. the degree of cell fusion was calculated using image j software. cell invasion assay logarithmic growth phase cells were inoculated in tanswell upper chamber and cultured in serum-free rpmi 1640. then, addition of rpmi 1640 medium having 10 % fbs was done to the 24-well plate underneath. following 24-h culturing, 4 % paraformaldehyde fixation was done, and the cells were crystal violet-stained for 15 min. after drying, the cells were counted under a high-definition microscope. evaluation of parameters/indices real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr) was used to determine the expression levels of mir-22, nlrp3, caspase-1 mrna, and matrix metalloproteinases (mmp2 and mmp9). western blot assay was used to measure the protein expression levels of nlrp3, caspase-3, and matrix metalloproteinases (mmp2 and mmp9), while levels of inflammatory factors (il-6, il-8, il-10, and il1β) were measured with elisa. statistical analysis the spss 19.0 software was applied for data processing. measurement data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (sd), and enumeration data are presented as %. pairwise comparisons were performed using one-way anova. differences were assumed to be statistically significant at p < 0.05. results expression levels of mir-22 in cells in the 5 groups figure 1 a show mir-22 levels in the five groups of cells. there was a significant up-regulation of mir22 in a1 than in a2, a3, a4, and a5, but mir-22 was significantly lower in a2 than in a3 a5 (p < 0.05). however, mir-22 level was comparable in groups a3, a4, and a5 (p > 0.05). figure 1 b is the mir-22 pcr band map showing that a1 had the highest brightness, while a2 band was the lowest. band brightness was similar in a3, a4, and a5 groups. chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com figure 1: expression levels of mir-22 in the 5 groups of cells. (a) mir-22 expression levels; (b) mir-22 pcr band map. *p < 0.05, vs. a1; #p < 0.05, vs. a2 mrna and protein levels of nlrp3 in the five groups figures 2 a and b show the protein and mrna levels of nlrp3, respectively, in all 5 groups, with a1 cells having significantly lower levels than a2, a3, a4, and a5 cells. however, nlrp3 mrna and protein levels were highest in a2 (p < 0.05). pairwise differences in mrna and protein expressions of nlrp3 amongst a3, a4, and a5 groups were not significantly different. band maps of pcr and western blot of nlrp3 are presented in figures 2 c and d, respectively. the brightness of the bands of cells was highest in a1 group, while a2 group had the darkest band. the bands of cells in a3, a4, and a5 groups showed similar brightness. figure 2: nlrp3 protein and mrna levels in cells in the 5 groups. the nlrp3 mrna expression, nlrp3 protein expression, pcr band diagram, and western blot band diagram are depicted in a, b, c, and d, respectively. *p < 0.05, vs. a1 group; #p < 0.05, vs. a2 figure 3: comparison of cell proliferation and clone formation rate among the 5 groups. a, b, and c are cell proliferation, clone formation rate, and cell clone formation rate, respectively. *p < 0.05, vs a1 group; #p < 0.05, vs a2 group cell proliferation potential and clone formation rate figures 3 a and b show the cell proliferation and clone formation rate, respectively, of the five groups of cells. the cell proliferation and clone formation chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com rate of cells were lowest in a1, but they were significantly up-regulated in a2, relative to a3, a4, and a5. the differences in cell proliferation and clone formation rate among a3 a5 were not significant. figure 3 c shows the results of cell clone formation experiment which indicate that the number of clones formed in a1 group was the lowest, while a2 had the highest number of clones. cell invasiveness a comparison of the invasion distance of cells in the five groups is presented in figure 4 a. the cell invasion distance was significantly shorter in a1 group than in a2 a5 groups, while invasion distance was longest in a2 group (p < 0.05). figure 4 b shows the results of cell invasion experiment in each group. the number of cells that invaded in a2 group was the largest, while a1 had the least number of cells that invaded. figure 4: cell invasiveness in each group. (a) cell invasion distance; (b) the result of cell invasion experiments. *p < 0.05, vs. a1 group; #p < 0.05, vs. a2 group mrna expression levels of mmp2 and mmp9 figures 5 a and b display comparison of mrna expression levels of mmp2 and mmp9 amongst the five groups. the expression levels of mmp2 and mmp9 were significantly lower in a1 than in a2, a3, a4, and a5 groups, while mmp2 and mmp9 levels were significantly higher in a2 than in a3, a4, and a5. however, mmp2 and mmp9 levels were comparable in a3, a4, and a5 groups. figures 5 c and d show mmp2 and mmp9 band maps, respectively. the mmp2 and mmp9 bands of cells in the a1 group were the darkest, while those of a2 group cells were the brightest. figure 5: serum bone gla protein levels of rats. (a, b, c, and d, are the expression level of mmp2 mrna, expression level of mmp9 mrna, band map of mmp2, and band map of mmp9, respectively). *p < 0.05, vs. a1; #p < 0.05, vs. a2 levels of inflammatory factors as presented in figure 6, a1 cells had the lowest expressions of il-6, il-18, and il-1β, while il-10 expression was significantly highest in a1 (p < 0.05). the expression levels of il-6, il-18, and il-1β were up-regulated in a2, relative to a3, a4, and a5 groups, but the level of il-10 was significantly lower (p < 0.05). the levels of the four cell inflammatory factors were comparable in a3 a5 groups. chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com figure 6: expressions of inflammation-associated factors in the 5 groups. (a, b, c, and d indicate il-6, il-10, il-18, and il-1β, respectively). *p < 0.05, vs. a1; #p < 0.05, vs. a2 the expression levels of caspase-3 mrna and protein there were higher levels of caspase-3 mrna and protein in a1 than in a2, a3, a4, and a5, but caspase-3 mrna and protein were significantly lower in a2 than in a3 -a5 groups. however, a3, a4, and a5 groups had comparable caspase-3 mrna and protein levels. figure 7: expression levels of inflammatory factors in the 5 groups. expression levels of caspase-3 mrna (a) and caspase-3 protein (b). *p < 0.05, vs a1 group; #p < 0.05, vs a2 group discussion malignant melanoma is a highly cancerous disease which has no specific treatment method. surgery is only effective for treating early-stage melanoma. if the disease develops to the middle and advanced stages, the prognosis and five-year survival rate of patients become greatly reduced [22]. the mirnas are a class of endogenous non-coding single-stranded rnas involved in many cellular processes such as organ formation, information transmission, and cell growth and division. studies have revealed that at least half of identified mirnas are associated with the occurrence and development of tumors [23]. in this study, mouse-derived melanoma cells b16 cells were successfully transfected with either mir-22 mimic overexpression, mir-22 inhibitor, mir-22 mimic + sinlrp3, or mir-22 mimic nc sequence, with un-transfected cells serving as control. these data suggest that the transfection with mir-22 cells was successful, making the expression level of mir22 in cells up-regulated or down-regulated. analysis showed significantly lower nlrp3 mrna and protein levels in a1 group, but the expressions were significantly up-regulated in a2 group, relative to a3, a4, and a5 groups. the target gene of mir-22 is nlrp3. transfection with mir-22 mimic resulted in significant decreases in nlrp3 protein and mrna, while transfection with mir-22 inhibitor resulted in significant increases in mrna and protein expression levels of nlrp3. thus, mir-22, by targeting and inhibiting nlrp3, inhibited the growth of malignant melanoma cells [24]. cell proliferation potential and clone formation rate of cells were least in a1, but they were significantly higher in a2 than in a3, a4 and a5 groups. these results indicate that up-regulation of mir-22 expression level effectively inhibited proliferative activity of melanoma b16 cells. this is similar to the finding of houshmandfar et al [25]. in cell clone formation experiment, the number of cell clones in a1 group was significantly low, while that in a2 group was higher, in line with the above data. the cell invasion assay showed the shortest cell invasion distance in a1 group, while cell invasion distance was longest in a2 group. this indicated that upregulation of mir-22 expression level effectively inhibited the invasiveness of melanoma b16 cells. the mrna expression levels of mmp2 and mmp9 in a1 group were significantly lower than those in other four groups, but they were significantly upregulated in a2 group, relative to other three groups. both mmp2 and mmp9 are matrix metalloproteinases, and they are involved in embryonic development, tissue regeneration and organ reconstruction [26]. these results indicate that up-regulating mir-22 expression level inhibited matrix metalloproteinases in melanoma b16 cells and regulated cellular events. there were significantly lower levels of il-6, il-18, and il-1β in a1 group than in other groups, while that of il-10 was significantly higher. thus, upregulation of mir-22 expression targeting nlrp3 inhibition regulated levels of associated inflammatory factors and slowed down cell inflammation-induced damage. caspase-3 is a protease and one of the most critical enzymes in the apoptosis pathway. it is closely associated with the occurrence of cancer, aging, and cardiovascular diseases. in this study, caspase-3 mrna and protein levels in a1 group were significantly higher than those in other groups, chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com but they were significantly down-regulated in a2 cells, relative to the other three groups. this indicates that up-regulation of mir-22 increased caspase-3 level, thereby regulating cell apoptosis in melanoma. conclusion this study has demonstrated that targeting nlrp3 inhibition by up-regulating the expression level of mir-22 significantly reduces the multiplication, invasiveness, and matrix metalloproteinase activities of melanoma b16 cells, with adverse impact on the occurrence and development of malignant melanoma. however, although the expression levels of inflammatory factors and mrna and protein levels of caspase-3 were assayed, their correlation with upregulation of mir-22 expression levels targeting nlrp3 inhibition was not further investigated. the experiments in this study were performed only at the cellular level. no in vivo (animal experiments) or clinical experiments were carried out for more indepth investigations. however, the results provide some useful reference data for the treatment of malignant melanoma at the gene level. references 1. cabrera r, recule f. unusual clinical presentations of malignant melanoma: a review of clinical and histologic features with special emphasis on dermatoscopic findings. am j clin dermatol 2018; 19(suppl 1): 15-23. 2. abbas o, miller dd, bhawan j. cutaneous malignant melanoma: update on diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. am j dermatopathol 2014; 36(5): 363-79. 3. galati d, zanotta s, capone m, madonna g, mallardo d, romanelli m, simeone e, festino l, sparano f, azzaro r, et al. potential clinical implications of cd4+cd26high t cells for nivolumab treated melanoma patients. j transl med 2023; 21(1): 318. 4. puri s, asotra s. primary vaginal malignant melanoma: a rare entity with review of literature. j cancer res ther 2019; 15(6): 1392-1394. 5. 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kang y, hsu d, balko jm, et al. a tumorintrinsic pd-l1/nlrp3 inflammasome signaling pathway drives resistance to anti-pd-1 immunotherapy. j clin invest 2020; 130(5): 25702586. chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com 15. moon js, nakahira k, chung kp, denicola gm, koo mj, pabón ma, rooney kt, yoon jh, ryter sw, stout-delgado h, et al. nox4-dependent fatty acid oxidation promotes nlrp3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. nat med 22(9): 1002-1012. 16. li y, song w, tong y, zhang x, zhao j, gao x, yong j, wang h. isoliquiritin ameliorates depression by suppressing nlrp3-mediated pyroptosis via mirna-27a/syk/nf-κb axis. j neuroinflam 2021; 18(1): 1. 17. pan z, shan q, gu p, wang xm, tai lw, sun m, luo x, sun l, cheung cw. mirna-23a/cxcr4 regulates neuropathic pain via directly targeting txnip/nlrp3 inflammasome axis. j neuroinflam 2018; 15(1): 29. 18. hoseini z, sepahvand f, rashidi b, 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inhibiting the mir223/nlrp3 pathway. med sci monit 2019; 25: 4723-4733. 24. sun l, zhu m, feng w, lin y, yin j, jin j, wang y. exosomal mirna let-7 from menstrual blood-derived endometrial stem cells alleviates pulmonary fibrosis through regulating mitochondrial dna damage. oxid med cell longev 2019; 2019: 4506303. 25. houshmandfar s, saeedi-boroujeni a, rashno m, khodadadi a, mahmoudian-sani mr. mirna223 as a regulator of inflammation and nlrp3 inflammasome, the main fragments in the puzzle of immunopathogenesis of different inflammatory diseases and covid-19. naunyn schmiedebergs arch pharmacol 2021; 394(11): 2187-2195. 26. ren n, jiang t, wang c, xie s, xing y, piao d, zhang t, zhu y. lncrna adamts9-as2 inhibits gastric cancer (gc) development and sensitizes chemoresistant gc cells to cisplatin by regulating mir-223-3p/nlrp3 axis. aging (albany ny) 2020; 12(11): 11025-11041. 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 chinese traditional medical journal case study nonsurgical management of low anal fistula in an infant with udumbara ksheerasutra– a case study yan yongia, che xi, li jianshen college of basic courses, guangdong pharmaceutical university, guangzhou division of education and research, shantou central hospital, shantou , institute of geriatrics, henan college of traditional chinese medicine, zhengzhou introduction anal canal and the perineonum is known as a'stula-in-ano. perianal infections are the most common cause, and a congenital abnormality is very unusual [1]. nevertheless, the pathophysiology of anostula is yet unknown [2]. adults are considered to be more likely than children to get the disease than the reverse. in babies, diminished immunity and changes in bowel habits during weaning are to blame. [3] boys are more likely to be afflicted than girls, with 96 percent of cases occurring in newborns less than one year of age [4]. fistula is likened to a disease in ayurveda. though often thought of as an incurable illness [5], some new research suggests that bhagandhara in babies is a temporary and self-limiting sickness [2]. there are a variety of ways to handle a problem. stula, however, despite instances of post-operative recurrence, surgery is universally approved and has shown to be effective. using the techniques of the ksharasutra in order to better manage abstract background: a long-standing condition, fistula in ano (bhagandara) has been documented in infants as young as six months old. surgery is the most common method of therapy for ano stula, however there are other options. the goal of this study was to find a non-surgical treatment for a child with a low anal stula who was ten months old. materials & methods: the ksharasutra (ayurvedic seton) was employed in this case study as a modified version of the well-known ksheerasutra (ayurvedic seton). after a first probe, seton was injected into the stulous tract in an aseptic manner (eshana karma). at the end of the fifth week, the tract had been fully cut, with healthy tissues forming in its place, and the seton had been replaced four times (one each week). the technique was safe, nonirritating, and well-tolerated by the youngster throughout the length of treatment. keywords: in ano, infants, non-surgical management, ayurvedic seton udumbara ksheerasutra 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 considered one of the most effective approaches to date. ' as a non-surgical method with minimal risk of recurrence, ksharasutra application for stula has been more popular over the last decade or so. alkaline characteristics may induce acute burning sensation, discomfort and inflammation around the stula despite its benefits. ksharasutra application in newborns is a lengthy process since they are deemed sukumara (fragile, unable to bear pain). nonsurgical, non-invasive, and affordable to the poor people are some of the goals of this project. corresponding address: prof. subhash chandra varshney dept. of shalya tantra mahatma gandhi ayurved, college, hospital & research center, salod (h), wardha, maharashtra, india. bhagandhara advocated by acharya sushruta [6] remains email: scvbhu@gmail.com a non-alkaline medication was used to make a less painful version of seton for the youngster. udumbara (ficus glomerata roxb.) milk was employed for this purpose. ksharasutra's effectiveness in adults has been thoroughly shown in several research [7]. kshara and ksheerasutra, on the other hand, have not been tested on newborns. udumbara ksheerasutra has been shown to be an effective treatment for newborns with a stula, and this research is the first of its type to focus on this. method of preparing of ksheerasutra: cuts were made to the udumbara tree using a sharp knife in the early morning, and the latex that oozes from the branches was collected in a sterile container. a 0.91mm-thick layer of udumbara ksheera was applied to a surgical linen thread size 11 with a no.20 coating. it was kept in a cabinet to prevent contamination and sterilisation of the sutra. case history: in the opd of mahatma gandhi ayurved college, hospital & hospital, wardha, a ten-month-old newborn was brought in for treatment of pus discharge, itching, and bleeding around the anal area over the last three months. also, the mother stated that her kid regularly touched the anal region and cried. all of the child's vital signs were confirmed to be normal after a general assessment. with regular bowel movements, the child's appetite was judged to be adequate. a referral to shalya tantra's opd was made when the child's condition worsened. a 7 o'clock external hole with averted margins and pus discharge was discovered during a rectal examination. a digital inspection was used to feel it out. an internal hole one inch treatment: above the anal margin was found in a short tract of about 3.2 centimetres in length. the youngster was given a mild laxative (avipattikara choorna – 2 g with honey) the night before the treatment. the youngster was softly probed (eshana mailto:scvbhu@gmail.com 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 karma) with a typical pliable probe from the exterior entrance that was pulled out via the internal opening the next day under aseptic precaution. ksheerasutra has already been linked to the probe's eye. patients are instructed to take internal drugs once the seton (about 7.5cms long) is wrapped gently around the patient's neck. there was no use of a local anaesthetic. ÿ the youngster would scream as the anaesthetic substance was injected and become uncooperative during the surgery if this method was utilised. ÿ ÿ the following drugs were given to the child's internal organs. • 7-day supply of tablet triphala guggulu – 12 bd (250mg) with honey 12 bd (125mg) of balachathurbhadra tablets, powdered and taken orally for 15 days avipattikara choorna–1g hs with honey– 7days for 1g hs adjuvant treatments included: once a day for seven days, jatyadi taila is utilised for matra basti (a medicated enema). ten-minute sitz baths in hot water for seven days a week on the first day, the parents were taught how to administer basti (enema) and sitzs bath and requested observation & results: to do it every day for seven days at home. it took four weeks to go through the child's file and replace the seton with a new one. during the fifth visit, the tract was entirely cut and healed, with good brous tissue development (fig. 1). they all took place outside of the hospital. for the purpose of gauging the effectiveness of the cutting, thread length was measured and documented weekly. the following are the results of calculating the cutting rate per week (crw):the length of the stula divided by the number of treatment days is the crw.in the current investigation, the crw was 0.8cms per week. by the end of one week, there were no evidence of inflamation or irritation in the baby after the seton was placed.according to this formula, the tract's unit cutting time (uct) was determined. d/cm = number of days required to cut through = total number of days track length at the start in centimetres in this investigation, the uct was 8.75 days/cm. discussion: although the cause of astula-in-ano is unknown, its hallmarks include male predominance, the onset of symptoms at less than 12 months of age, and the very low incidence of complicated avulsions. distinguishes this condition from that of adults [1,8]. the cause for stula in ano in present case may be secondary to a perianal abscess. conventional surgery and ayurvedic seton have been found no different in treatment of stula in ano[9]. however treatment of stula with ayurvedic seton is said to have lesser recurrences and incontinence rates, though healing time is longer [10]. ksharasutra is a scienti cally validated and standardized treatment in the 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 management of bhagandara [11]. the mode of action of it is attributed to its chedana (cutting), bhedana (splitting), lekhana (scraping), shodhana (purifying), ropana (healing) and tridoshaghna (pacifying all three bodily humors) property. the cutting and healing of the stulous tract is not only a mechanical effect of ksharasutra but it is also due to anti-in ammatory and other chemical properties of the drugs used in it [12]. in the present context udumbara ksheera was used to prepare sutra which is said to be having properties like shothahara (anti-in ammatory), vedana sthapana (analgesic) and vrana ropana (wound healing)[13]. even though ksheerasutra is a non-alkaline seton the cutting & healing of stulous tract which occurred simultaneously can be attributed to the medicinal property possessed by the udumbara ksheera and mechanical pressure exerted by the sutra. anti in ammtory action of triphala guggulu might have helped resolving the pus discharge. jatyadi taila matra basti and avipattikara choorna regularized the bowel habits of the child. balachathurbhadra vati was used to bring about immunomodulatory effects and prevent fever. follow up was conducted at an interval of 1 month for 2 successive months, no history of recurrences was noted. conclusion: the present reports highlights the bene ts of ksheerasutra application in a 10 month old infant. the response of child was closely monitored as infants are unable to express their discomfort or pain. complete cutting & healing of stulous tract occurred by 5th week without any complications. there was also simultaneous healing of the tract. the procedure throughout its course was safe without causing any signi cant discomfort to the child. the subsequent follow up for 2 months period revealed no recurrence of stula. hence it can be concluded that the application of ksheerasutra in bhagndhara of children is bene cial and may be recommended in clinical practice. although a bigger sample size and randomised controlled research study would be useful in supporting the ksheerasutra application in the treatment of stula in-ano of youngsters. references: 1. in children, a congenital aetiology for fistulas-in-ano: fitzgerald rj, harding b, ryan w. children's hospital of philadelphia 2. fistula-in-ano in infants: nonoperative management is effective? 3. ano in pediatric surgery – case report: ksharasutra-role of ksharasutra in high fistula in ano in pediatric surgery published in j indian assoc pediatr surg 2004; vol 9: 80-82 4. 5. this information is provided by jayant deodhar in medscape, [internet] 2014. it was cited on december 6, 2015, and can be found at the following url: https://www.emedicine.medscape.com/a rticle/9353-12overview#a0199 susrutha, dalhana, susrutha samhitha with nibhadasangrahi acharya, avaraniyadhyayah, sutrasthana, chapter 4, verse 33, edited by vaidya jadavji trikamji acharya, 9th ed. varanasi; chaukambha orientalia; 2008, p.144. 7. 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 seventh-century susrutha samhita with dalhana, susrutha samhitha with n i b h a n d a s a n g r a h a c o m m e n t a y, visarpanadisthananarogachikitsidhodiya, chikita sthana, chapter 17, verses 29-33. it's been eight years since deshpande and his colleagues published their findings in the journal of the american medical association. in 400 instances, ambulatory treatment of a stula in ano was effective. india's journal of surgery, 1975; 37:85-9 8 ano infected newborns should be treated conservatively, according to the authors of this study. pediatr surg international, 1998;vol 13:274-276. this paper describes the non-operative therapy for the treatment of anorectal fistulas (stula-in-ano). journal of pediatric surgery, volume 35: 938-939 the study was conducted by ho ks, tsang c, seow choen f, and others to compare ayurvedic cutting seton and stulotomy for patients with low stula. in a word, yes. 2001;vol 5(3): 137-41 tech coloproctol one-center randomised controlled clinical study of the ayurvedic medicine ksharasotra (ayurvedic medicinal thread) in children and adolescents 9. stula-in-ano treatment, indian journal of medical research, 1991;vol. 94:p. 177–185. treatment of fistula in ano using kshar sutra (medicated seton) therapy: efficacy studies by pankaj srivastava and manoranjan sahu. volume 2, issue 1: p.110 in the world journal of colorectal surgery 11. reprint edition of pv sharma's dravyaguna vijnyana, part ii. according to chaukhambha bharati academy; varansai, p. 666-667 figure 1: week wise images showing application of ksheerasutra and healing of fistulous tract by 5th week figure 1: week wise images showing application of ksheerasutra and healing of fistulous tract by 5th week how to cite the article: varshney et al, nonsurgical management of low anal 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 fistula in an infant with udumbara ksheerasutra– a case study. j. res. trad. medicine 2015;1(1): 29-32 source of support: nil, con ict of interest: nil issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 6 the function of commercial banks in promoting financial inclusion in india dr. v l. raju, associate professor vathsalya institute of science&technology abstract: a commercial bank is a type of bank that provides services such as accepting deposits, loans, and offering basic investment products that is operated as a business for profit. it can also refer to a bank, or a division of a large bank, which deals with large /middle-sized business to differentiate it from a retail bank and an investment bank. a bank is a financial institution that provides banking and other financial services to their customers. a bank is generally understood as an institution which provides fundamental banking services such as accepting deposits and providing loans.indian banking regulation act 1949 section of the banking regulation act 1949 banking is defined as: “accepting for the purpose of the landing of investment of deposits of money from public repayable on demand or other wise and withdraw able by cheques, draft, order or otherwise.”a bank is an institution whose debts are widely accepted in settlement of other people's debts to each other." in this definition sayers has emphasized the transactions from debts which are raised by a financial institution.commercial bank being the financial institution performs diverse types of functions. it satisfies the financial needs of the sectors such as agriculture, industry, trade, communication, etc. that means they play very significant role in a process of economic social needs.the functions performed by banks are changing according to change in time and recently they are becoming customer centric and widening their functions. generally the functions of commercial banks are divided into two categories viz. primary functions and the secondary functions. keywords: savings, customers,loans, sustainable ,financial serv preamble: a commercial bank is a financial institution that grants loans, accepts deposits, and offers basic financial products like savings accounts and certificates of deposit to individuals and businesses. it makes money primarily by providing different types of loans to customers and charging interest.the bank’s funds come from money deposited by the bank customers in saving accounts, checking accounts, money market accounts and certificates of deposit (cds). the depositors earn interest on their deposits with the bank.however, the interest paid to depositors is less than the interest rate charged to borrowers. some of the loans offered by a commercial bank include motor vehicle loans, mortgages, business loans, and personal loans.the commercial banks help in mobilising savings through network of branch banking. people in developing countries have low incomes but the banks induce them to save by introducing variety of deposit schemes to suit the needs of individual depositors.they also mobilise idle savings of the few rich. by mobilising savings, the banks channelise them into productive investments. thus they help in the capital formation of a developing country. deposits which can be withdrawn on demand by depositors are called demand deposits, e.g., current account deposits are called demand deposits because they are payable on demand but saving account deposits do not qualify because of certain conditions on withdrawal.no interest is paid on them. term deposits, also called time deposits, are deposits which are payable only after the expiry of the specified period. the most important activity of a commercial bank is to mobilise deposits from the public.people who have surplus income and savings find it convenient to deposit the amounts with banks. depending upon the nature of deposits, funds deposited with bank also earn interest. thus, deposits with the bank grow along with the interest earned.if the rate of interest is higher, public are motivated to deposit more funds with the bank. there is also safety of funds deposited with the bank. an advance is a credit facility provided by the bank to its customers.it differs from loan in the sense that loans may be granted for longer period, but advances are normally granted for a short period of time. further the purpose of granting advances is to meet the day to day requirements of business.the rate of interest charged on advances varies from bank to bank. interest is charged only on the amount withdrawn and not on the sanctioned amount. history of commercial banks: ancient india: the vedas are the earliest indian texts to mention the concept of usury, with the word kusidin translated as "usurer". the sutras and the jatakas also mention usury. texts of this period also condemned usury: vasishtha forbade brahmin and kshatriya varnas from participating in usury. by the 2nd century ce, usury became more acceptable. the manusmriti considered usury an acceptable means of acquiring wealth or leading a livelihood.it also considered money lending above a certain rate and different ceiling rates for different castes a grave sin.the jatakas, dharmashastras and kautilya also mention the existence of loan deeds, called rnapatra, rnapanna, or rnalekhaya. later during the mauryan period, an instrument called adesha was in use, which was an order on a banker directing him to pay the sum on the note to a third person, which corresponds to the definition of a modern bill of exchange. the considerable use of these instruments has been recorded[citation needed]. in large towns, merchants also gave letters of credit to one another. medieval india: the use of loan deeds continued into the mughal era and were called dastawez. two types of loans deeds have been recorded. the dastawez-e indultalab was payable on demand and dastawez e-miadi was payable after a stipulated time. the use of payment orders by royal treasuries, called barattes, have been also recorded. there are also records of indian bankers using issuing bills of exchange on foreign countries. the evolution of hundis, a type of credit instrument, also occurred during this period and remain in use. modern india: during the period of british rule merchants established the union bank of calcutta in first as a private joint stock association, then partnership. its proprietors were the owners of the earlier commercial bank and the calcutta bank, who by mutual consent created union bank to replace these two banks. commercial banks are financial institutions that accept demand deposits from the general public, transfer funds from the bank to another, and earn profit. commercial banks play a significant role in fulfilling the short-term and mediumterm financial requirements of industries. they do not provide, long-term credit, so that liquidity of assets should be maintained. the funds of commercial banks belong to the general public and are withdrawn at a short notice; therefore, commercial banks prefers to provide credit for a short period of time backed by tangible and easily marketable securities. objective of commercial banks: 1. earning savings through demand and term deposit accounts. 2. advancing the loans loans and investing the amount which is deposited by the customers. 3. provide custody services. 4. discounting of bills. 5. securitization of loans 6. dealing in foreign exchange. 7. bancassurance. 8. acts as trustee,executor , attorney etc. 9. provide trade information. 10. factoring services. 11. as per the the banking regulation act banking accepting deposits for the purpose of lending 12. all commercial banks does the same. as to the objectives they primarily provide banking 13. financial services of accepting deposits/investment products and offer loans to public 14. banks also extend such other products like remmittaces, insurance etc. scope of the commercial banks: a professional money lender is one who is exclusively engaged in money lending activity. he may occasionally accept deposits and provide agency services to his customers. a non– professional money lender, on the other hand, is either a merchant, or a trader, or a member of the business community, whose main activity is not money lending. such money lenders engage in money lending as a side activity.a money lender normally meets the cash requirements of the public. he gives loans for consumption purposes such as marriages and other social functions. the rate of interest charged by him is generally very high. investment policy of the banks: the commercial banks have to follow the guidelines issued by rbi for investments. the following are the motives of investment policy of rbi.1. safety and security. safety and security of the funds which are deposited by the customers of the bank is very important in banks. the money which is deposited by the customers in banks should be safe and they should get back whenever they require. the banks should see that the money which is deposited in commercial banks should not be misused by the banks through its unscrupulous management or mismanagement and lead to loss and consequently lead to bankruptcy. hence the rbi will guide the commercial banks through its monetary policies and issues guidelines to follow in their investment policies research methodology: methodology concerns the territory of proposed study and gives information to the readers about adopted process of analysis for the respective study. this includes aims for which the study is undertaken. this also clarify time, scope, data sources etc. of proposed study. another significant aspect is tools and techniques which are used for the study. in brief this chapter helps to the researcher to decide his path of research work. banking sector acts as a backbone of modern business. a well organized banking system is necessity for the economic development of a country. in india all commercial banks excluding regional rural banks. hypothesis of the banks: 1. the reforms in banking sector transformed the regulated environment into a market-oriented one and induced competitiveness in banking industry. 2. the reform measures brought a paradigm shift in the banking industry and enhanced the overall performance of the banks. 3. information technology in banking business has a visible impact on the quality of customer service. conclusion: banking systems have been with us for as long as people have been using money. banks and other financial institutions provide security for individuals, businesses and governments, alike. let's recap what has been learned with this tutorial. in general, what banks do is pretty easy to figure out. for the average person banks accept deposits, make loans, provide a safe place for money and valuables, and act as payment agents between merchants and banks. banks are quite important to the economy and are involved in such economic activities as issuing money, settling payments, credit intermediation, maturity transformation and money creation in the form of fractional reserve banking. suggestions: indian banking, especially the public sector banks, has performed impressively in achieving social goals, extending the geographical reach and functional spread of financial services, especially for the rural poor. references: katuri, n. r.. indian banking: managing transformation. professional banker. gresternberg, c. w. financial organisation and management of business, new delhi: fitriani, p. faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi profitabilitas perbankan. studi pada bank umum go public yang listed di bursa branscomb, l.m .the changing global economy. washington, d.c.: national academy of engineering angeela, m. k. (2010). credit risk management and profitability of commercial banks in kenya. nairobi: university of nairob 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 chinese traditional medical journal design and implementation of an intelligent mobility solution with adaptive cruise control zhangi aipingh, ji aiyingji, department of obstetrics and gynecology, zhengzhou hospital of traditional chinese medicine, zhengzhou department of digestion, the first affiliated hospital of henan university of traditional chinese medicine, zhengzhou china, i. introduction it's exhausting to be behind the wheel when there's a lot of traffic. in order to react swiftly to unexpected conditions, the driver must be focused at all times. driving may be made more enjoyable with the use of adaptive cruise control (or acc). it is possible for acc to alleviate the stress of driving by adjusting the vehicle's speed to match the flow of traffic. [1] the driver specifies the desired speed and the abstract the primary aim for vehicle automation research is to enhance driver comfort. as the number of cars on the road continues to rise, traffic congestion is reaching new heights. driving in an urban environment may be a gruelling experience. a lifesaver for motorists whose survival depends on their ability to move across town will be an effective traffic management system. driver assistance systems that monitor the vehicle's speed were first introduced with the introduction of the cruise control (cc) [1]. additional radars [11] and cameras were added to the original cc system, resulting in the more advanced adaptive cruise control (acc) [1]. when the automobile is in difficult-to-maneuver situations, even the control system itself may take over control of the vehicle. a new kind of control system was introduced when the acc was upgraded to cooperative adaptive cruise control (cacc). string stability and gps [15] for precise movement have enhanced vehicle density while reducing road accidents dramatically thanks to the platoon concept and its associated inter-vehicle communication system. the paper sheds light on cacc from the perspective of acc. keywords: acc, cacc, vehicle following, vehicle-vehicle communication keywords: acc, cacc, vehicle following, vehicle-vehicle communication 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 distance to be maintained from the car ahead of them. [1] it is possible to adjust this distance based on the driving circumstances and personal style. a radar sensor with a long range is used to keep tabs on traffic conditions directly in front of the vehicle fig. 1: long range radar [8] when a vehicle's sensor system sends out radar waves, they are reflected back by the objects in front of it. using this information, the acc can identify vehicles ahead and determine factors such as distance, direction, and speed relative to the item in front. acc maintains the set desired speed when the road ahead is clear. there is an electronic stability program (esp) [1] and engine control or brake system interaction that guarantees that the established safety distance is maintained in the event of an approaching vehicle. [1] as soon as the road ahead is clear, the vehicle's acc system accelerates automatically to the driver-specified speed. for example, acc supports both harmonic and discordant traffic flow on the roadways. even if the acc is on, the driver is still responsible for keeping an eye on the distance and speed of the car in front of him or her at all times. the drivers have the priority to turn-off or override the acc function at any moment. drivers driving cross-country highways or on freeways may benefit from the assistance of the standard acc, which can be used at speeds up to 200mph. at speeds below 30 kilometres per hour, the acc's stop and go version is also operational. even at low speeds, the system is able to maintain a specified distance from the preceding vehicle and can even bring the car to a full stop. the acc car will automatically drive ahead if the vehicle in front does so within a short period of time. to return to acc mode after a period of inactivity, the driver merely has to apply a little amount of throttle. to those drivers who spend most of their time on congested roadways, "acc stop and go" [1] is a godsend. one long-range radar sensor can be used to implement both acc versions. by incorporating more video or radar sensor technologies into the vehicle, acc functionalities may be further improved and enhanced.. increased dynamics while moving forward from a stop are made possible by increasing the acc speed range from 200kmph to 250kmph. [1] as acc continues to evolve, cooperative adaptive cruise control is the next step (cacc). an inter-vehicle communication system is used as an add-on to the cruise control system in order to increase the maximum speed and decrease traffic congestion. this document describes the process of moving from acc to cacc. fig. 2: driver assistance systems [1] 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 ii. literature review autonomous driving is becoming an integral aspect of car technology. for automotive drivers, artificial intelligence using neural networks is assuming the role of intelligent driving. to avert calamities, there are instances where human intellect must outperform artificial intelligence's computer power. many types of autonomous manoeuvring have been created to aid the driver in avoiding weariness as a result of long distance driving.hil (hardware in the loop) [2] is the first of its type as a control for a fleet of automobiles.following a successful test of platooning cars for cooperative adaptive cruise control (cacc), wireless technology has now advanced to a sufficient level. there were always issues when an algorithm was performed between cars in a lane because of the decentralised nature of the technique. for example, each car in the fleet is able to talk to one another. after some time, this is now a dynamically-connected network system. because of this, developing an asymptotic network control system is a timeconsuming endeavour for developers. the development of an algorithm with string stability [2] is currently being pursued.the dynamics of traffic will differ based on the location, such as highways and urban centres. as the algorithm is designed, the cacc-equipped cars will react accordingly. not only does this strategy not work because of the varying road conditions, but it also doesn't work because of the variable vehicle densities at different sites. depending on the age and aggressiveness of the driver, the reaction time might range from 0.8 seconds to 1 second. to compensate for this disparity, a flexible strategy is essential. [3]fast (flexible agent-based simulator of traffic) [3] is a simulator model to study the adaptability of cacc-equipped cars in varied traffic situations. different road conditions with changeable traffic are part of this object-oriented microsimulation running on a java platform. in this they employed a dedicated lane known as hov (high-occupancy vehicle) for cars equipped with cacc. as a consequence, traffic flow increased significantly while congestion was reduced to a minimum. [3] if your car is equipped with adaptive cruise control (acc), you may select a speed and the vehicle will maintain that speed and modify automatically based on the vehicle ahead of you. in the event of cars equipped with cacc, the speed and spacing between the vehicles are determined by the vehicle in front, and the platoon will be updated with the vehicle characteristics and other traffic factors to ensure a safe and efficient movement with the least possible congestion.the goal of algorithm development is to get the output of a closed loop system to a zero error level. in cruise control systems and adaptive cruise control systems, pid controllers [13] are often used. the two controls vary in that they rely on different types of settings and operate in different ways. traffic flow must be taken into account while driving acc-equipped vehicles. 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 slide mode is used to do this. an extra s variable will be introduced such that the feedback loop's output is always zero error probability and does so with the least amount of time delay possible. this allows the vehicle to respond quickly and adapt to changing conditions. [4]it's not a simple process to develop cruise control controllers. during acceleration and braking, the vehicle's dynamics will be different. depending on the car's gearbox, the throttle response will be different. in the field of vehicle automation, the idea of a hybrid controller that can change its mode of operation quickly and easily in response to changing conditions is gaining traction. the foc (fractional-order control) [5] modified version of the ordinary pid controller has acquired prominence in the design of cacc because it can transition between controllers based on dynamics. acc in brief iii.cacc has two subsystems: acc and cacc. the acc in the cacc system controls the vehicle's braking system as well as the steering angle and yaw rate sensors, which allow it to determine the vehicle's current lane and recognise road bends. the second cacc subsystem, the communication subsystem, is responsible for transferring data among the pool's cars. in addition to the radar sensor, the acc subsystem has a lidar [12], stereoscopic camera, tyre speed sensor, and brake pad monitor sensor. the radar sensor measures the vehicle's speed and distance. as long as the computed distance between two cars is higher than the intended one, one of them will be sped up to make up for lost time, and as long as the calculated distance is smaller, one of them will be slowed down by decreasing throttle, lowering gear, or even applying brakes. the maximum deceleration potential of the brake system (full braking) is limited to roughly 25% in order to minimise unexpected jerks and to provide a comfortable journey. iv.there will be noise in the radar signals that are received, and as a result, there is a considerable risk of signal loss. rain, sleet, and slush can have an impact on radar performance. it becomes more difficult to keep track of what's going on since the reflected signal from the previous car must be processed and filtered. stereo vision cameras and their image processing capability are employed here as a support for radar. this aids with lane maintenance and identifies the precise vehicle with which manoeuvring is required for a safe trip through road bends. in metropolitan locations, where stop-andgo traffic is the norm, the cacc function will be very useful. when stuck in traffic, technology has improved to the point where it is now possible to entirely halt the automobile in order to save gasoline. when traffic starts moving again, the system restarts the vehicle and follows the automobile in front. as a result, the driver's weariness will be reduced by using this form of control action. active braking may be necessary to prevent a collision in certain traffic scenarios. v.hardware architecture of cacc 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 figure 3 depicts the cacc hardware architecture. a stereoscopic camera, radar, and lidar make up the front end. a digital signal processor (dsp) manages the navigation units, which can process data in real time. there are tachometers attached to each tyre that measure the speed of the vehicle in realtime. via the can bus [10], the 32-bit mcu [14] receives the signal from the dsp and tyre speed controller.system and sensor data may be exchanged via the can bus, a serial protocol. up to 1mbps can be transmitted and received over a single or dual-wire networked data bus when using can. in figure-3, the can bus is shown by a black arrow. the system must update the brake pad information on a frequent basis in order to have total control over the vehicle's movement. in the event of an emergency, the acc can calculate the amount of time it will take to decelerate and come to a complete stop from the predetermined speed. as a result, a can bus connects the brake pad controller to the mcu. fig. 3: cooperative adaptive cruise control (cacc) hardware layout. vi. the distinction between acc and cacc is that communication mechanisms are present. there will be a gps system for satellite navigation. vehicle-to-vehicle communication is handled by a separate wireless system. the protocol utilised for string stability in the hil system will be improved for vehicle usage, as there is no central unit. vii. working of cacc automated driver assistance systems (caccs) are designed to help alleviate driver fatigue during long drives. the acc and ota (on the air) [17] wireless communication systems in cacc may function together as a group or as acc on its own to communicate with the rest of the system. figure-4 depicts the cacc workflow diagram. the fluidic performance of a vehicle equipped with the cacc system is dependent on three parameters from the preceding vehicle: distance, speed, and position. long-range radars are used to determine the distance and speed of the vehicle in front of the driver. the doppler shift effect can be used to determine if the preceding vehicle is accelerating or decelerating based on the time difference between the transmitted and reflected signals at the radar sensor. the previous vehicle's relative angle must be determined in order to ascertain the vehicle's location (relative position). with the use of a 3-beam radar, the ratio of signal amplitudes of the broadcast and received signals can be calculated, and this may be used to establish a car's location in relation to other vehicles. 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 the cacc system log will be updated as a result of the sensors in the vehicle subsystem monitoring the various system parameters. in addition, the acc system's subsidiaries are screened for compliance. after the feature is activated in the car, the initialization process will be completed in 2 seconds. at first, the system will function as a stand-alone acc. having modulated the vehicle's manoeuvrability using the acc in accordance with the preset speed restriction to the acc console in the driver cabin, the vehicle prepares its communication subsystem for platooning so that cacc may be activated. platooning requests are sent with their gps locations and pre-set vehicle speeds. cacc-equipped cars in close proximity to the platoon may now join the pool and synchronise themselves with the vehicle in front of the platoon. the operation will be continued to any limit. using the accelerator pedal, the driver can overdrive at any time and the system will activate once the driver stops accelerating. fig. 4: cacc work-flow diagram viii. drivers in cacc can only control the acc, which keeps tabs on the vehicle's performance metrics and makes adjustments to provide a stress-free travel. the platooning method is handled by a wireless communication subsystem that is not under the control of the driver. to initiate platooning, the first vehicle must be acc-stabilized; otherwise, it may join a pool with cacc controls. at any point, the driver has the option to accept or refuse a platoon. if there are any objects present, the acc will wait for a response from the driver. the acc will begin the braking operation if the driver does not reply within the determined safe time, and the acoustic notice will be heard in the cabin. accident-avoidance technology alerts the driver if the vehicle's brake actuation is insufficient to stop it from colliding with another object. an item is removed from the path of travel, and the acc automatically accelerates to its pre-set speed. ix.for a cacc system the complete flow diagram is valid for its functioning. the add on in this situation is the following cars will be informed with the leading vehicle’s location, velocity, and acceleration so that the following vehicle’s acc may optimise the settings in its plant(car) for a safe journey in platoon. assign each vehicle's location, velocity and acceleration i = 0 -n) to zi, vi and ai; i = 1 is the lead vehicle and the rest are following. vehicles that are too close together pile up, and this results in incorrect parameter computations. x. conclusion there is still a long way to go in the development of vehicle intelligence. although it isn't a replacement for human intellect, it may be used as an aid in some situations. human intelligence will only be able to avert a collision with a plant in certain scenarios on the road. so the technology must be viewed merely as an assisting system. due to the inherent limitations of wireless technology, there is the potential for data loss, packet corruption, and platooning delays. even if the vehicle is equipped with cacc, the 7 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 driver should still be aware of their surroundings. references [1]http://www.bosch-mobilitysolutions.com/ [2]four people from italy: [2] giovanni fiengo; [2] manuela tufo; [2] stefania santini; university of palermo, palermo, italy: 22nd mediterranean conference on control and automation (med), 2014, 22nd mediterranean conference on control and automation (med). the week of june 16-19, 2014. the city of palermo in sicily [3 shannon bowling, georges m. arnaout cooperative adaptive cruise control deployment strategy to improve traffic dynamics. automation and computing 11(1), february 2014; pages 10-18 in print. [4]sliding-mode-control-based adaptive cruise controller [4] by behnam ganji; abbas z. kouzani; sui yang khoo; and mojdeh nasir, 2014 ieee international conference on control & automation (icca) june 18-20, 2014 in taichung, taiwan. [5]experimental application of hybrid fractional-order adaptive cruise control at low speed ieee transactions on control systems technology, vol. 22, no. 6, november 2014. (6) vicente milanés, steven e. shladover, john spring, christopher nowakowski, hiroshi kawazoe, and masahide nakamura. [6]. ieee transactions on intelligent transportation systems, vol. 15, no. 1, february 2014, "cooperative adaptive cruise control in real traffic situations" [6]http://forum.a8parts.co.uk/attachment.p hp?attachmentid=4812&d=1348136382 car cruise control system by karen lie at calvin college, page 8 of 10. [9] a sampled-data cooperative adaptive cruise control system for vehicles with sensor failures, ieee transactions on intelligent transportation systems, vol. 15, no. 6, december 2014, by ge guo and wei yue, ieee members. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 1 chinese traditional medical journal the role of digital media in improving vocabulary of young learners at school level ling shihangj, wich eungpinithpog, faculty of associated medical sciences, khon kaen university, khon kaen 40002, thailand; department of sports, east china university of political science and law, shanghai 201620, china; faculty of graduation, khon kaen university, khon kaen, amonrat jumnaisong, somchai rattanathongkom, faculty of associated medical sciences, introduction: using language, one may communicate one's thoughts, emotions, and experiences to another person. prior to the introduction of globalisation, students were able to speak freely in their own language without having to worry about finding the right words to describe their thoughts. even the labour market didn't require fluency in english as a condition of employment since it was mostly local. as time has progressed, however, the situation has radically altered. the world is now connected. the work market was also integrated as the globe became more interconnected. when a consumer in the united states has a problem with his chinese washing machine, he or she may call a south korean mobile phone operator in india and complain about the issue. english, being a widely spoken worldwide language, has facilitated this degree of abstract any language, and english in particular, relies heavily on a strong vocabulary to ensure fluency. for many indian students, english is a tough language in which to communicate effectively, and as a result, they struggle to find the right words to convey themselves when they talk. as a consequence, many indian students are afraid to speak english in front of others. conversely, a strong vocabulary may provide pupils the self-assurance they need to begin communicating fluently in english. as a result, enhancing the pupils' vocabulary is an essential aspect of teaching english. vocabulary building via digital media has the potential to be a formidable tool in the toolbox of language instructors everywhere. in light of this, this study explores how digital media may be used to help students at the high school level improve their vocabulary via reading and writing in the classroom. key words: digital media, foreign languages, and acceptable vocabulary are some of the subjects covered in this course. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 2 professional integration. despite the fact that english is largely regarded as a western language, mastery of it has become an important ability for students pursuing high-paying careers since western nations have dominion over global commerce and can afford to provide excellent wages to potential professionals. india was one of the first nations to take advantage of this huge chance with both hands. thousands of indians left the country around the turn of the millennium in quest of better opportunities elsewhere. in the initial wave of migration, only the middle and upper classes with a decent command of the english language were able to leave their less fortunate, ruraldwelling brothers to continue working low-paying, often demeaning occupations. however, youth has changed throughout time. aspirational. the fact that their fellow indians were enjoying a better life than they were made them realise that they needed to learn english in order to keep up with them. the problem was that many individuals were held down by a lack of vocabulary while learning the language. aspirational and hungry rural pupils have also made it difficult for language instructors to convey vocabulary. we've experimented with a slew of novel approaches to education. students' vocabulary may be improved via the use of digital media, according to a new study. in this article, we'll go through some of the digital media resources that might help pupils improve their vocabulary: e-paper reading: using e-papers is an excellent way to expand a student's vocabulary. it's the most natural approach to learn new words, as well. one of the best things about this practise is that students may be encouraged to read local and state-specific news items, which will pique their attention and dispel any sense of alienation they might have while reading textbooks. the e-papers' coverage of local festivals and cultural events might also serve as an incentive for students to do more reading. using this method, children learn the english names of the different artefacts, customs, and rituals they witness every day. it's also a lot easier for the instructor to get pupils to participate in this activity since it doesn't seem to be a learning exercise at all. furthermore, because to the proliferation of smart phones and the widespread availability of the internet in rural areas, this activity may be readily done even in rural schools. watching english movies: this is another another pastime that is both pleasurable to partake in and educational in nature. students may watch englishlanguage blockbusters with subtitles, as long as they're subtitled. then students are urged to write down the new terms and check them up in the dictionary for their definitions. this kind of vocabulary instruction has the added benefit of allowing students to make educated guesses about the meaning of new words based on the context and scenario in which the characters in the movie use the term. as a result, kids are more likely to recall the meaning of new words when they are taught in a fun and engaging way. in addition, pupils never grow tired of it. listening to pop-songs: listening to well-known english songs with lyrics is also a fun way for students to improve their vocabulary. students must pay close attention to popular songs as part of this task. the songs are replayed if the children are unable to grasp the lyrics at ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 3 first hearing. then, pupils are encouraged to search up new terms' definitions. teaching vocabulary using music and lyrics is a more effective way than using textbooks because it allows students to retain more of the words in their heads for longer. listening all india radio: every hour on the hour, all india radio transmits news in english to all of india. students are instructed to pay attention to the news and record any new terms they hear. students may look up unfamiliar terms in a dictionary or ask the instructor to explain them to them. to begin with, the news is read in an indian accent, making it simpler for the students to acquire the language, and second, the news bulletins are brief, making it easy for instructors to integrate this activity into the limited time students spend in an english class. cross words: one of the best ways to excite the minds of young learners and enhance their vocabulary at the same time is via this exercise. crossword problems from major english e-papers are used in this lesson, and students may work together or on their own to complete them. finally, students are tasked with brainstorming ways to fill in the gaps in their vocabulary, either with their peers or with other organisations. the problem may be solved with the assistance of the instructor as well. this task has a lot of recall value since students have to think for a long time before they can come up with the correct word for the supplied clues. mobile apps: it is possible to boost the vocabulary of children in the classroom by using mobile applications such as 'build my vocabulary' and 'word hub.' as a bonus, these smartphone applications are both amusing and educational. conclusion: fluency in a language is highly dependent on one's vocabulary. as a result of globalisation, proficient english speakers have a better chance of securing a highpaying job than non-english speakers. consequently, it has become imperative for pupils to enhance their vocabulary in order to avoid a circumstance where they are unable to talk because of a lack of words. the language instructors are unable to come up with novel and creative approaches to improve the vocabulary of their students in this environment. vocabulary building for pupils whose native language is not english may be made much easier with the use of digital media. references: a practical guide to teaching and studying english, by m.l. tickoo, published by orient blackswam private limited in 2009. theodore s. rodgers and jack c. richards, approaches and strategies in language education, cambridge university press, 2010 1.nation.p.2010; strategies and procedures for teaching vocabulary. thomson heinle; new york 2nd edition of "learning vocabulary in another language" by peter nation. a third source of information on teaching language to young learners is cameron, l. 2005. 1.using technology to help english language learners improve their vocabulary is a common practise in the field of linguistics. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 4 2. using digital storytelling to help young iraqi english learners improve their vocabulary is the work of may ali abdul ameer. november 2, 2014, volume 8, issue (197-214) 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 chinese traditional medical journal a study on the problems of migrant labour force in kerala zull kamal, farhat ullahj department of pharmacy, shaheed benazir bhutto university, sheringal, dir upper department of zoology, shaheed benazir bhutto university, sheringal, dir upper introduction in all parts of the globe, labour is seen as a necessary component of production. many technologies exist to minimise the number of workers, thus human interaction is still required. internal migration in a nation like india has been going on for many years. kerala is a popular location for workers from across the world. kerala is like a foreign country to them, offering a higher standard of living and a better standard of living than their own country. there are several industries that heavily rely on migrant workers either directly or via indirect means. there was a shortage of workers in various industries because of the growing popularity of white-collar jobs amongst domestic workers. migrant labourers flock to kerala for this reason above all others. they're always on the move in search of new work. tamilnadu, rajasthan, west bengal, orissa, bihar, jharkhand, chhattisgarh, assam, and other north-eastern indian states are the primary sources of migrant labour. in addition, people from nepal, bangladesh, and other abstract whatever the kind of business, labour is the most crucial element of production. labor migration is improving nowadays because of the variety of challenges that workers encounter in their home countries. however, it is distressing to learn that migratory workers are subjected to physical and verbal abuse, as well as human rights violations, in their new state of residence. depending on the project's capital incentive, labour will be required. however, there are a variety of factors causing workers to move throughout the country nowadays. local workers are in short supply in places like kerala, thus the number of migrant workers is growing rapidly. laborers face a wide range of challenges, no matter where they work. workers from other states, in particular, should be welcomed. regardless of the sort of work performed, workers' rights must be safeguarded. studying migrants' labour issues is the purpose of this work. keywordsworkforces, migrants, migrants 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 countries migrate to the united states. migration has been going on for a long time. migrants are increasingly confronted with difficulties. even in agriculture, migrant workers are already common. they are involved in our commercial, social, and economic growth in one way or another. their work in the construction industry, in hotels and restaurants, and elsewhere is very beneficial to the growth of both the local community and the country as a whole. as a result, it's essential to look at the issues facing kerala's migrant workers. literature review feudal exploitation and extreme poverty were found to have sparked the flight from bihar, according to ghosh and sharma (1990). they relocated to different states in order to survive. other reasons for employee migration, according to him, include the attitude of local workers and their poor wages. dubey. as stated by v.p. chand krishnan and sukhvinder singh (1996), migration has a crucial influence in economic growth, social transformation and political organisation. there are many migrant workers in pakistan, according to the punjab human development report (2004). however, there are several ways in which the labours are discriminated against. according to r.b.bhagath (2005), 309 million people in india are migrants, making about 30% of the country's overall population. a kind of linguistic prejudice against them has been documented in punjab. according to dilip saikia (2008), the savimgs habit of the migrant labour force has been determined to be bad. all of their earnings are spent on themselves, and the remainder is sent back to their home state. migrant workers' monthly expenses are estimated to be less than $1500, according to the report. an investigation by the kerala government discovered that around 25 lakh of the migrant labourers come from northern indian states, as reported by the indian express (2013). 5 percent of kerala's gross domestic product is remitted by them. when it comes to male migration, the most common factors are work-related, followed by family and business concerns and education-related ones, according to research conducted by ramees abbas and divya varma in 2014. methodology the research is purely descriptive in scope. the research relies on both primary and secondary sources of data. surveys that had been pre-tested were utilised to gather information. secondary data are used to augment the primary data, which were drawn from a large pool using a random sampling procedure. a total of 60 samples were used in the investigation. shoranur municipality provided the source of the sample. overview migrant workers have taken over kerala, formerly considered as god's own land. migrant workers from bangladesh, bihar, and assam now populate almost every city and town in the country. in addition, there are a few foreign migrants. we've also seen workers from nepal, bihar, and other places. migrant labour is widely used in the construction business, the hotel industry, and the agricultural industry. kerala has become a haven for many longterm migrant workers. it's because the pay 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 is better than in their own state. but in kerala, they're dealing with a lot of problems. migrant workers face a wide range of health difficulties, discrimination, and human rights breaches. these migrants' social progress and economic well-being are likewise up for debate. however, migrant labour should be taken into consideration as a significant aspect in economic progress. various government policies and laws in support of them need be developed. the state of kerala has a slew of labour camps dotted across its different regions. shoranur is also home to a large number of labour camps. the refugee camps aren't clean. they are overseen by an administrator. many people work in shoranur owing to its convenient transit options, such as a railroad and roads. migrant workers need an agent to go to and from work every day. it takes them around 200 kilometres a day to go to and from work. people are drawn to these workers because of their hardworking attitudes. the keralite inferiority complex is a major factor in the area's labour shortage. there are several types of occupations that they categorise. as a result, some are seen as prestigious, while others are seen as less so. the need for migrant workers is growing in this region. findings there is evidence to suggest that a large number of people are fleeing their home countries because of high levels of unemployment, losses from natural disasters, and other unusual occurrences in their agricultural sector. migrants under the age of 30 make up the vast majority of the population. compared to males, the number of female workers migrating is lower. employees that have just relocated seem to be under-educated. incredibly, some of the supervisors who have also relocated to this location are recent graduates of their own state universities. migrant workers are concentrated in the construction industry. are migrant workers putting in more hours than the industry norm? the vast majority of migrants are employed in the unregulated labour market. as a result, they don't know about the many benefits that are accessible to them such as health insurance and id cards provided by the local authority and the federal government. kerala's construction business was boosted by the migration of workers from kerala to gulf nations. kerala's building industry has grown, making it easier for migrant workers to relocate there. migrant workers in kerala come mostly for the higher pay. migrants are mostly coming from bihar, west bengal, assam, uttar pradesh, tamilnadu, and so forth. other countries, such as nepal and bangladesh, have sent their citizens here. migrants' living circumstances are likewise appalling. unfortunately, the room's amenities are a disgrace. they have a difficulty because of the lack of sanitation and infrastructure. health insurance and other programmes enacted to address their concerns remain unknown to the working class. manpower, particularly that of young people, is critical to a country's development. providing young people with 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 a pleasant work environment is an important step the government can take to empower them. migrants' workplaces must have adequate safety precautions in place. migrant workers' information is not properly gathered by the state government. so a separate cell belonging to the local authorities may collect this data, which can be utilised for future purposes. to prevent the agents and other middlemen from being exploited by a licencing scheme. the government may provide migrants with a basic education to help them live moral and peaceful lives. the native government of each state has the power to address the issues that cause migrant workers to flee their home country and therefore aid in the rehabilitation of those migrants. proper legislation is needed to protect the idea of pay equality. the government must safeguard human life and rights since they are critical to the country's economic progress. conclusion in today's economy, labour plays an important role. local workers in kerala are hesitant to take on some professions because they believe they are beneath them. some of them were exclusively interested in white-collar careers. because of this, migrant workers were brought in to fill the labour shortage. migrant workers are now the backbone of a number of industries in kerala. in many respects, migrant workers are exploited. these folks are less informed of their rights. they are exploited mostly because they lack organisation. there were no labour unions or other social safety nets in place. even still, in order to alleviate the woes of migrant workers, effective government intervention is required. a variety of measures are needed to help migrant workers reintegrate into society in their home countries. references •according to a research conducted in 2009 by the department of planning and economic affairs and punjab's government, "a study on the difficulties faced by migrant workers in punjab" • •a report on the human development of punjab in 2004 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue5 1 chinese traditional medical journal synthesis and characterization of olive oil based biodegradable polymers lu fengyan, gao junhong, wang yuanyuan department of needling manipulation, institute of acupuncture and moxibustion, china academy of chinese medical sciences, beijing 1. introduction vegetable oils are fatty acid triglycerides. olive oil has a variety of advantageous qualities that enable it to be used in the production of important polymeric materials such as epoxy, polyester amides alkyds, and polyurethane, in addition to its many other uses. 1,2,3 the acrylated epoxidized resins were made mostly from olive oil. the manufacturing technique that incorporates stoned olives seems to be a technical advancement in the industrial production of olive oil. 4,5 several studies have shown the advantages of the destoning method for phenolic compounds. 6 nowadays, there is a rising interest in biopolymer production. biopolymers derived from oil offer a number of benefits over polymers derived from petroleum monomers. recently, bio-based thermosetting polymers derived from vegetable oils, such as epoxy olive oil and epoxy sunflower oil, have been produced abstract: similar to olive oil, plant oil is a fat extracted from the fruit of the olea europaco family oleaceae, a typical mediterranean crop. it is used to make polymeric materials. these are derived from naturally occurring renewable resources. the purpose of this work was to determine the composition and characteristics of a biodegradable polymer derived from a non-volatile oil such as olive oil. the influence of olive oil-based acrylated epoxidized resin on monomers such as methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate was investigated in this study using the thermal polycondensation process with the inclusion of a catalyst. additionally, solubility tests, tg-dta (thermo gravimetric – differential thermal examination) and mechanical analysis, sem analysis, and chemical investigations were performed on newly produced copolymers. these polymers displayed a broad variety of mechanical and degrading properties that may be tailored by monomer selection. keywords: biodegradation, epoxidization, methyl methacrylate (mma), vinyl acetate (va), olive oil. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue5 2 in many formulations. these polymers include a functional epoxie group that may be reacted with appropriate curing agents to form an elastomeric network. 7 epoxidized flaxseed oil and its derivatives have shown promise as reactive resins due to the oil's unsaturation, which may be chemically changed by simple processes. 2. experimental 2.1 materials used olive oil that is commercially accessible was utilised. hydrogen peroxide (h2o2), glacial acetic acid, sulphuric acid, acrylic acid, triethyl amine, and benzene were all utilised as compounds. sigma-aldrich chemical company provided the monomers methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate. 3. result and discussion polymer preparation olive oil was epoxidized with glacial acetic acid and h2o2 in a 250 ml round bottomed flask for 12 hours at 80°c. separating the mixture using a separating funnel and collecting the epoxy resin in a beaker. after epoxidation, the olive oil was acrylated using acrylic acid. the catalyst was triethylamine, while the solvent was benzene. the reaction mixture was then refluxed for about 20 minutes at 80°c– 100°c with steady agitation in a nitrogen environment and collected in the beaker to yield acrylated epoxidized olive oil (aeoo). the olive oil acrylated epoxidized resin was co-polymerized with co-monomers such as methyl methacrylate (mma) and vinyl acetate [va]. the initiator was benzoyl peroxide, while the accelerator was n,n1 dimethyl aniline. the slurry was cast onto a clean silicon oil-spread glass plate and cured at 100oc for 1 hour. all cured materials demonstrated a high degree of toughness, elastometry, and transparency. the acrylated epoxidized olive oil (aeoo) was made as illustrated in figure 1. figure 1: synthesis of acrylated epoxidized olive oil resin thermal analysis thermal studies of the polymers was determined by tg-dta analysis. thermo gravimetric analysis (tga) was performed by perkins elimer thermo gravimetric analyzer over the temperature ranging from 30oc to 700oc at a heating rate of 10oc/min under nitrogen gas atmosphere. thermogravimetric analysis (tga) was utilised to determine the polymers' heat stability. the tg-dta curves of oliaemma and oliaeva in figures 2 and 3 illustrate the breakdown behaviour of the polymers samples in a nitrogen environment. the bulk polymer is thermally stable below 100oc and decomposes between 100oc and 250oc. stage [1], stage [2] between 250oc and 450oc, and stage [3] over 450oc. the bulk polymer's initial breakdown stage [stage 1] is mostly due to evaporation and decomposition of unreacted free oil. at a heating rate of 20oc/min, the decomposition temperature of the strongly crosslinked polymer exceeds 400oc, which is about the temperature at which the bulk polymer decomposes in stage 2. this procedure results in the degradation and development of char on the cross linking polymer network. above 460oc, the char residues progressively oxidise and release oxygen into the air. as a result, the final temperature region is same for all polymers. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue5 3 figure 2: tg-dta curve of olive oil methyl methacrylate figure 3: tg-dta curve of olive oil vinyl acetate the dta curve of an oliaemma polymer sample exhibits an endothermic peak about 290°c, which corresponds to the polymer network's melting point, and two exotherms. the first exotherm occurs at around 260°c and is caused by the cleavage of a long alkyl side chain. the second exotherm in the sample occurs strongly at 370°c and corresponds to the breakdown and synthesis of char from the cross linking polymer network. similarly, the dta curve of the oliaeva polymer sample exhibits an endothermic peak at 300°c, which corresponds to the polymer network's melting point, and two exotherms at 260°c and 370°c. when compared to dta curves, oliaeva polymer had a slightly ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue5 4 higher melting point than oliaemma polymer. mechanical studies tensile strength of the produced polymers was evaluated using a dumbbell-shaped cut from the specimen using an instron utm, a ten-ton static universal testing machine. the valves depicted were the mean of around three to four samples. in contrast to plastics, the novel polymeric material displayed tensile stress strain behaviour. according to the rubber elasticity theory e1=3vert, the cross link densities re were estimated from the rubbery modulus plateau. where e1 denotes the number of cross-linked copolymers in the plateau area with a storage modulus of 1. the universal constant (8.314 i-mol-1.k-1) is denoted by r, while the absolute temperature is denoted by t. table 1 summarises the mechanical parameters of thermosetting polymers, including tensile strength, percentage of elongation, youngs modulus, and shore 'd' hardness . table 1: mechanical properties of polymers polymer sample cross link density (x10-3) mol. wt. between cross links (mol-1) tensile strength ×105pa % of elongation young’s modulus ×105pa shore d hardness oliae50mma50 1.15 867 3.10 0.62 80 52.5 oliae75mma25 1.01 988 3.25 0.67 99 56.4 oliae25mma75 1.23 812 3.01 0.60 103 57.2 oliae50va50 3.72 269 9.29 2.51 258 59.3 oliae75va25 3.63 275 9.42 2.67 244 58.2 oliae25va75 3.73 268 9.12 2.43 267 58.7 in the preceding table 1, polymer samples such as mma and va are listed at various concentrations. the findings indicate that the polymer samples created from these polymers have a high tensile strength and a high young's modulus, but the polymer samples made from oliaemma have a low tensile strength and a low young's modulus. the tensile strength and youthful modulus of elasticity of polymers rise as the cross link density increases. biodegradation – soil burial tests we explored the biodegradation of polymers using a soil burial approach. for the soil burial test, copies of the sample (5x3cm) were buried 30cm below the ground surface in garden soil and injected with sewage sludge capable of sticking to and degrading the polymer film for three ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue5 5 months. 10 the test specimen was obtained from the soil on a regular basis and meticulously cleaned to eliminate any related debris or dust before being vacuum dried. the connection was used to evaluate weight reduction after 30 and 60 days. 11 degree of biodegradation, 𝐷 = w𝑜−w𝑡 × 100 w𝑜 where, how much weight does the original film have? wt weight of leftover film after various times of deterioration. table 2 summarises the biodegradation of polymer samples generated by free radical copolymerization of olive oil acrylated epoxidized resin with varied concentration monomers such as mma and va. table 2: percentage of biodegradation of polymer sample from olive oil polymer sample degree of biodegradation % 30 days 60 days oliaemma 10.8 26.48 oliaeva 3.7 8.37 the findings obtained from the soil burial test indicate that the amount of biodegradation rises as the monomer concentration drops. according to this research, biodegradation is rapid in oliaemma and slow in oliaeva polymer. sem analysis sem is commonly used for studying both the surface morphology, and cellular response of bio materials. figure 4 shows the sem micrographs of the polymer oliaemma, oliaeva. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue5 6 sem micrograph of oliaemma (before) sem micrograph of oliaemma (after) sem micrograph of oliaeva (before) sem micrograph of oliaeva (after) figure 4: sem micrographs of polymers before and after soil burial test chemical resistance chemical resistance of freshly synthesised polymer samples was investigated by immersing them in different solvents such as ccl4, chcl3 diethyl ether, toluene, and dmso for one week and four weeks and evaluating the dimensional changes. weight loss was also determined after 45 days. the degree to which polymers are attacked by chemicals is governed by a variety of characteristics, both chemical and polymer-specific. chemical resistance of freshly manufactured polymer samples was investigated by immersing them in different solvents such as ccl4, toluene, chcl3, diethyl ether, and dmso for one week and four weeks and evaluating the dimensional changes. weight loss was also determined after 45 days. all polymeric samples generated are quite stable, however owing to their fragility, they degrade somewhat in toluene, chcl3, diethyl ether, dmso, and ccl4 (table 3). polymer samples exhibit increased chemical resistance and are biodegradable. table 3: weight loss of polymers in various solvents solvents weight loss % in 45 days oliaemma oliaeva ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue5 7 toluene 6.3 3.4 diethyl ether 4.5 3.7 ccl4 6.3 4.5 chcl3 6.2 4.1 dmso 7.2 3.5 figure 5 compares the stability of the polymers oliaemma and oliaeva to a variety of chemicals. according to the research, olive oil polymers (oliaemma) have a lower chemical resistance than the other polymer, oliaeva. figure 5: chemical resistance of polymers in various chemicals conclusion edible oils originating from plants, such as olive oil, that have been employed in the manufacture of acrylated epoxidized resin. these resins are used to create a broad variety of polymers with varying mechanical characteristics. these resins are very durable and robust. the newly synthesised polymeric samples, such as oliaeva, have a high tensile strength and a low modulus in comparison to conventional thermosetting polymers. this demonstrates that the polymer samples are very rigid and flexible, similar to plastics. the low tensile strength and low young modulus of samples such as oliaemma show that the sample is soft and rubbery. the soil burial test indicates 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 oliaemma oliaeva toluene diethyl ether ccl4 chcl3 dmso solvents ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue5 8 that the polymer samples created are only slightly biodegradable and are very stable, although they degrade in chemicals such as toluene, chcl, ccl, dietherether, and dmso, indicating that the polymer samples exhibit a high level of chemical resistance. references [1] s. das and s. lenka, journal of applied polymer science, vol. 75, no. 1487, 2000. [2] v. crivelb and r. ghoshai, us patent 5318808, published july 7, 1994. [3] treybig, d. wang, p. sheis, and l. ho, united states patent 5151485 pub/.1992, aug 05. [4] r. amirante, e. cini, g. l. montel, and a. pasquolone (2001). the effect of mixing and extraction conditions on the quality of virgin olive oil grasas. 52, pp. 198-201. [5] frega n, cagtioti l, et al. (1999) oil derived from pitted olives olivo and olio 12, 40-44. [6] a. de nilo, l. donna, f. mozzotti, a. sajjad, and g. sindona, et al (2008). oleuropein expression in olive girls derived from stoned drupes food chem. 106, pages 677-684. [7] n. shrikant and l. khol, journal of science, 2001, 83, 703. [8] hory, p.j. polymer chemistry: fundamentals cornell university press ithaca (1958). [9] nielse l.e. landel r.f. polymer and composite mechanical properties new york marcel dekker (1994). [10] m.n. belgacem and a. gandini, monomers polymers and compositions from renewable amstar of 2008, pp. 3966. [11] v. jai sankar, m. karunanithi, r. nanthini, a. ravi, and m. karunanithi a biodegradable aliphatic polyester was synthesised and characterised. asian journal of chemistry, vol. 22, no. 10 (2010), pp. 7699–7705. 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 chinese traditional medical journal an advanced ensemble enhanced feature selection approach for intrusion detection system pegg bosh, heik staud, sujun ye donders centre for cognition, radboud university nijmegen, nijmegen psychiatric research institute, lvr-klinik bedburg-hau, bedburg-hau research group of pain and neuroscience, kyung hee university, seoul introduction 2. as network based pc frameworks assume increasingly important parts in modern civilization, they have turned into the targets of our enemies and hoodlums. as a result, we must seek out the most optimal methods possible in order to safeguard our foundations. the security of a pc framework is traded off when an interruption arises. an interruption may be classified [hlms90] as "any arrangement of operations that aim to trade off the honesty, categorization or accessibility of an asset". client validation (e.g. using passwords or biometrics), avoiding programming errors, and data assurance (e.g. encryption) are all interruption counteraction measures that have been used to assure pc frameworks as a first line of defence. interruption counteractive action alone is not adequate in view of the way that since frameworks grow out to be persistently unexpected, there are constantly exploitable inadequacies in the abstract : in recent years intrusion detection systems (ids's) play a key part in data security. the goal of ids is to assist computer systems in dealing with attacks. the ids for identifying the attacks effectively has been suggested and actualized. for this reason, another component determination method called optimal feature selection approach. the idea of an information gain ratio has been put up in light of this strategy. the primary purpose of algorithm determines appropriate amount of features from kdd cup dataset. svm and rule based classification have both been used to characterise the data, making it possible to categorise it even more effectively. in comparison to previously published findings, our ofsa model shows promise in detection. .keywords: intrusion detection, information gain, support vector machine feature selection technique and classification 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 frameworks because of outline and programming faults, or various "socially intended" infiltration strategies. the existence of exploitable "cushion flood" due to programming errors in certain late framework programming was first documented many years ago and has persisted ever since. 3. because of the tactics that balance ease of use with stringent control over a framework and its data, it is now impossible for a business activity to be completely safe. as a secondary line of defence against unauthorised access, intrusion detection systems are essential. to guard these frameworks from being assailed by interlopers, another intrusion detection system has been designed and built in this project effort, which combines a basic feature selection method and svm approach to discover . 4. attacks. using kdd cup data set and data mining retrieve the hidden predictive information from big databases. using this powerful new technology, corporations can zero in on the most critical information in their data warehouses, which has enormous potential. . 5 any kind of data repository may be linked to information mining. algorithms and techniques, on the other hand, might differ depending on the kind of data they are working with. in recent years, the internet has become an integral part of our daily lives. the current virtual worlds taking into consideration data preparation systems are predisposed to various type of risks which lead to diverse sorts of damages bringing about major calamities. as a result, data security is becoming more important. protecting administrative systems against unauthorised access via disclosure, interruption, alteration, or pulverisation is the most important goal of system security. system security also reduces the risks associated with the core security goals, such as confidentiality, integrity, and openness. 6 related work lately, network security has been the focus of various study efforts with arrival of web. there are several books in the literary that discuss about intrusion detection system. idss are applied to distinguish the attacks made by gatecrashers. [1]sindhu et al presented a heredity based component determination calculation for decreasing the computational complex nature of the classifier. jianping li et al [2] proposed another technique taking into account continuous random function for picking suitable capabilities to execute system interruption discovery. many svm-related order computations may be found in the ids writings. for instance, a computation called tree structured multiclass svm has been presented by snehal a. mulay et al [3] for grouping information viably. there are several works in the literature that evaluate about pre‐ preparation. the greater part of the actual troubles undoubtedly demand an ideal and deserving arrangement as opposed to figuring them utterly at the price of debased execution, time and space. the element choice quest started with invalid set where elements were incorporated one by one or it was commenced with a complete arrangement of elements where components were dispensed with one by one. li et al suggested a wrapper based element choice computation with a defined end aim to build up an ids. using geetha raman's[4] component determination algorithm, we can better parse the massive kdd cup dataset. there are various works in the literature that explore about grouping methods and tools. in the beginning, classifiers like bolster vector machines (svm) were designed with paired characterisation in mind. ids's 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 neural network model was developed by debar et al.. dewan md. farid proposed another learning approach for system interruption recognition utilising innocent bayesian classifier and id3 algorithm is introduced, which recognises compelling traits from the preparation dataset, ascertains the restrictive probabilities for the best property estimations, and after that accurately 7. each and every instance of setting up and running tests on a dataset is grouped together. the svm‐ based interruption recognition framework consolidates a varied levels bunching technique, a fundamental component choosing methodology, and the svm process. 8 proposed approach a. information preparation subsystem 1) information collector the records from the kdd'99 cup data set are gathered by the data accumulation operator. the pre-processing module receives this data and uses it to pre-process the data. the records acquired from the kdd cup dataset could be a normal information or an assaulted information. 2) pre-processing module pre-processing strategies are critical for information decreasing because it is extremely hard to manage huge amount of system movement information with all components to detect gatecrashers progressively and to supply anticipation procedures. b. classification subsystem 1) rule based classifier the application of rules fired by the rule system called by intelligent agents improves judgments on anomalous intrusion detection and prevention in this system. rule-based decision-making on incursions is made easier with the use of a knowledge base. 2) support vector machine svm is the learning machine that can execute double order and relapse estimating jobs. they are coming out to be progressively well known as another worldview of order and learning on account of two key aspects. to start with, different to the following arrangement systems, svm reduces the usual blunder as opposed to minimising the characterisation error. to achieve a twofold problem, svm uses the duality hypothesis of numerical programming, which admits powerful computing techniques. c. proposed algorithm for optimal feature selection approach the information gain ratio for property selection was used to build this method. keeping in mind the final objective to do this, the information set d is partitioned into n number of classes ci. the qualities fi having highest quantity of non‐zero qualities are selected by the professional and the information gain ratio (igr) is figured utilising conditions: ten key components have been identified by the ofs algorithm in order to more quickly detect possible attacks. 12. implementation a. enhanced feature selection 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 the conventional component choice techniques set aside substantial computation time for determining igr values. a new component determination technique, dubbed the enhanced feature selection algorithm, is now presented and implemented in this study in order to reduce computation time. this procedure calculates the information gain ratio (igr) esteem for the altering characteristics in the information collection. it performs segment diminution in light of the igr esteem. ofs enhances the exactness in identification and reduces the false caution rates. all of the reenacted attacks fall under one of four categories: denial of service (dos), user to root (u2r), remote to local (r2l), or probe assault. table 1 the 41 features in kdd’99 dataset b. calculation of info (d) the data pick up base is gained from data hypothesis. the important notion of data hypothesis is that the data carried on by a message relies on upon the probability and may be quantified in bits as less the logarithm of base 2 of that likelihood. think of a dataset d that has q classifications c1..cn. assume additionally that we have a hypothetical test x with m outcomes that allotments d into m subgroups d1….dm. since parallel split is all we're doing, m=2 for a numeric quality. the chance that is picked one record from the set d of information records and report that if has a location with some class cj is provided by , m j=1 freq(cj,d) 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 where freq (cj, d) refers to the amount of information records(points) of the class cj in d, whereas |d| is the aggregate number of information records in d. so the info that is handed on is −log2 [freq(cj,d)] bits |d| to discover the normal data anticipated to differentiate the class of an information record in d before apportioning occurs, summing is conducted across the classes in extent to their frequencies in d, providing info(d)=− ∑m [freq(cj,d)] log |d| [freq(cj,d)] (1) |d| the dataset d has been partitioned into m equal parts based on the test x findings. the normal measure of data anticipated to differentiate the class of an information record in d after the parcelling has occurred, may be determined as the weighted whole over the subsets, as: info (f) = ∑n [|fi|] ∗ info(|f |)(2) i=1 |f| i where |fi| denotes the number of data records in the subset di after the partitioning has happened. the information received owing to the partition is: gain(ai) = info(d) – info(f) (6) plainly, it is vital to raise the addition. the addition foundation is to pick the test or slice the widens the increase to parcel the existing information info(d)−info(f) igr (ai) = [ ( ) ] ∗ 100 (3) info d +info(f) 6. result underneath, we evaluate and plan the execution and time investigation for the various types of attacks. table's exhibits the discovery exactness and calculation time got using the parts of the kdd'99 cup information set by applying the element choosing procedures of current and prospective work. a. rule based classification the rule based characterisation is the beginning step in the organisation of several types of attacks. the execution examination as far as accuracy and time spent for characterising the attacks using rule based classifier is established in the table 2. the accuracy and processing time for recognising 5000 records are shown in the table below. 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 the classification and detection accuracy for rule based classification table 3time analysis for u2r attack in svm 7. conclusion by combining the efs algorithm with two order techniques and a novel ids, this research proposes and implements a more secure framework. the computation time necessary for identifying and arranging the records employing all the forty one aspects of the kdd'99 cup information set is observed to be large. the suggested highlight choice computation choices only the key parts that aid in lowering the time spent for identifying and sorting the records. as an added bonus, svm outperforms the standard-based classifier in terms of 7 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 accuracy. the fundamental point of interest of the suggested ids is that it minimises the false positive rates additionally lessens the computation time. references 1. 1. “analysis of kdd’99 intrusion detection dataset for selection of relevance features” bydaramola o. abosede, adetunmbi a. olusola, adeolas.oladele,.,from proceedings of the world congress on engineering and computer science, vol. i, october 20‐22, 2010. 2. 2. “intrusion detection system utilising support vector machine and decision tree “, by devale.p.r,garje.g.v.,snehala.mulay, 2012. international journal of computer (0975– 8887), vol. \s3, june 2010. 3. debar, becker, and siboni, 1992, "a neural network component for an intrusion detection system," ieeesymposium on research in computer security and privacy, p. 240250; 4. (4) du hongle, tengshaohua, and zhu qingfang, "intrusion detection based on fuzzy support vector machines", international conference on networks security, wireless communications, and trusted computing, pp. 639–642, 2009. 5. 5. wei lu, mahbodtavallaee, ebrahimbagheri, alia a.ghorbani,. proceedings of the 2009 ieee symposium on computational intelligence in security and defense applications, vol. 97, pp. 4244–37641, 2009. a detailed analysis of the kdd cup 99 dataset. 6. 6. weka software, machine learning. “weka 3–data mining using open source machine learning software in java” machine learning group at university of waikato website, . issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 1 android-based black box system for vehicle tracking m.prabha1, l.gnanaprakash2, n.navinkumar3, assistant professor1,2,3, geetham college of arts & science, coimbatore article info received: 17-11-2022 revised: 20 -12-2022 accepted: 18-02-2023 abstract— the basic idea of our paper is to create a universal black box that can be installed in any car, anywhere in the globe. this mysterious device is not a jumbled circuit. the purpose of the black box in a car is to make driving safer. it helps locate the car in question. the condition of the vehicle may be determined using the stored data. the location and timing of stops, for example. theft examination is another common use. the lcd display indicates the vehicle's separation of the object. the global positioning system (gps) is used to determine the precise time and location as well as to measure distance and longitude. accidents may be avoided with the use of sensors. any vehicle, wherever in the globe, might be presented. increased vehicle security, better care for crash victims, assistance for insurance companies conducting accident investigations, and a better road environment all contribute to a lower fatality rate. the vehicle is operated by hand-off, with (no) meaning normally open and (nc) meaning normally closed. if anything goes wrong in the circuit, the start unit may be used to turn off the power. the whole circuit is monitored using an android app. keywords: android, gsm, black box, gps, and accident terms. 1. introduction over a million people worldwide die each year as a direct consequence of shipping comparison accidents, according to the world health organization. the modern office infrastructure is now also accessible via mobile devices. the adaptable is now having a significant effect on the network. to alleviate or prevent accidents, we are working to implement a comparable concept for autos. while computers and the internet have made great strides in bringing people together, getting them involved, and facilitating the sharing of information, nothing beats wireless when it comes to reaching everyone, everywhere, at any time. the following types of study are looked at as the most important information that is necessary after an accident in order torecognize which kind of sensors to put up inside the car. there are essentially two parts to this architecture. the first is to keep an eye on the vehicle and collect data. the second is a more straightforward information presentation technique. when it comes to potential dangers on the road, speed is among the most crucial and vital aspects. it not only makes the accident more severe, but also increases the likelihood that you will be involved in one. these days, a car can't be imagined without a global positioning system. the united states department of defense (dod) developed gps for use in military operations, and it quickly became a favorite invention. after some time, civilians were able to utilize it as well. time, distance, and velocity may all be artificially manufactured. more than 690 portable systems provide gsm advantages in more than 213 countries, and gsm accounts for 82.4% of all portable connection throughout the globe. many researchers disseminate their findings on accident id models. the street's direction and the location of the nearest car are originally determined by our framework. in order to prevent accidents from happening, it is crucial to implement the whole planned structure. in the event of an accident, this remote device will send a text message alerting family members, emergency medical services, and nearby medical facilities to the patient's location via the gsm/gps network so that they may dispatch a rescue vehicle and begin treatment immediately. reduced fuel flow is to be expected when the distance between cars is smallest. 2. existing system using gps, ir sensors, a relay controller, a microcontroller, a power supply, and an alcohol sensor, the present setup for discovery is functional. because of the gps following framework, the recipient moves in the same direction as the item. a parent may track their children's whereabouts, a sales representative can monitor his driver's territory, and a manufacturer can monitor the movement of their wares. because gps lets you track the precise location of your mobile resources, it lets company owners keep tabs on how their profits are growing. if the advantage has been stolen or misplaced and the gps tracking device finds it, the advantage may be recovered. the gps tracking device can figure out its whereabouts on its own. if an accident were to occur, it wouldn't be recorded by the present black box. the cause of the accident remains unclear. neither can we keep all of the vehicle's data nor can we see the vehicle's real location. the low repetition rage of ir sensors is really a benefit in the design we've described. 3. proposed system 4. the alcohol detector can tell whether someone has been drinking too much, and the ultrasonic range finder can measure the physical distance betweentwo automobiles. to get from a basic sign to a computerized one, a simpletocomputerized converter is used. when the sensor detects any aggravations between the cars while traveling, the smaller scale controller is used for programming and it requires the transfer to kill. if the smaller controller detects that a person has been intoxicated, the hand-off will be disabled. since the microcontroller only recognizes 5v as data, the controlled power supply is used to generate 5v. the 5v is handled by the tiny controller of the scale. the gps system is used to determine the vehicle's location by calculating the longitude and scope pivot. it's used to update the vehicle's real-time surroundings just before departure. information such as the distance covered by the vehicle, the number of cars that have been stopped, and a live update on a particular vehicle will be sent as a message to the client's portable via the global system for mobile communication (gsm). information regarding the current condition of the vehicle is saved on an sd card. in the vehicle discovery architecture, the starting unit is used to enter and exit the vehicle. the current location and status of the car may be seen in real time using an android app installed on a portable device. fig.1 vehicle tracking system 1. regulated power supply in most cases, it is recommended that a voltage controller be used to maintain a constant voltage. an instantaneous "feed-forward" structure or intertwined negative examination control rings are two examples of possible voltage controller architectures. an electromechanical device or electrical components might be used. it might be used to regulate either ac or dc voltages, depending on the strategy. the dc voltages used by the cpu and distinguishable components are regulated by electronic voltage controllers included in devices like pc power supply. voltage controllers regulate output in generator plants, such as those used in automobile alternators and central power stations. the controller swapping frequency ranges from 50 and many. every single second. electronic voltage regulators employ solid-state semiconductor devices to regulate the flow of electricity and prevent disruptions. most of the time, they operate as factor safeguards, decreasing resistance when electrical load is high and increasing resistance when load is low. in the same way as voltage controllers in engine cars and obvious machines restrict surges in voltage to protect the device using the power, they perform a similar role in large-scale control distribution systems. 2. alcohol sensor it is used to detect the person whose consume alcohol. it has a high sensitivity and fast response in time. the sensors can active temperature ranging from -10 to 50° c with a power supply is less than 150 ma to 5v. vcc –input power supplygnd –supply ground do –digital outputaoanalog output fig.2 alcohol sensor 3. ultrasonic sensor it is used to measure the distance between the vehicle and other objet around it. it emits an ultrasound which travels through the air .it will bounce back to the module. vcc -5v dc trigger-pulse input that trigger the sensor echo -indicates the reception of echo from the target fig.3 ultrasonic sensor 4. analog to digital converter easy to cutting edge converter is a structure that changes over a straightforward banner, for instance, a sound snatched by a speaker or light entering an automated camera ,into a propelled banner. an adc may moreover give a disengaged estimation, for instance, an electronic contraption that changes over a data basicvoltage or current to a propelled number addressing the degree of the voltage or current .typically the mechanized yield is a two's enhancement twofold number that is comparative with the data , anyway there are distinctive possible results. 5. microcontroller in spite of the fact that most pcs give their very own exceptional inside security, the circuit gives an additional layer of insistence. in the event that in excess of 500 ma is related with the usb port, the wire will subsequently break the relationship until the short or overload is discharged. the arduino uno has a resettable poly join that shields your pc's usb ports from shorts and over current. however most pcs give their own inside assurance, the wire gives an additional layer of security. in the event that in excess of 500 ma is related with the usb port, the circuit will ordinarily break the relationship until the short or overinconvenience is discharged. the arduino uno can be constrained by techniques for the usb alliance or with an outside power supply. the power source is picked in this way. 6. memory the atmega328 has 32 kb (with 0.5 kb utilized for the boot loader). it additionally has 2 kb of sram and 1 kb of eeprom (which can be perused and composed with the eeprom library). input and output fig.4 atmega 328 every one of the 14 advanced sticks on the uno can be utilized as an info or yield, utilizing pinmode(), digitalwrite(), and digitalread() capacities. they work at 5 volts. each stick can give or get a limit of 40 ma and has an interior draw up resistor (detached as a matter of course) of 20-50 kohms. furthermore, a few pins have specific capacities. 7. liquid crystal display lcd (liquid crystal display) screen is an electronic grandstand module and find a wide extent of employments. a 16x2 lcd show is very fundamental module and is routinely used in various contraptions and circuits. these modules are supported in excess of seven areas and other multi parcel leds. the reasons being: lcds are saving; easily programmable; have no hindrance of demonstrating unprecedented and even custom characters (not under any condition like in seven segments), developments, and so on. a 16x2 lcd infers it can show 16 characters for each line and there are 2 such lines. in this lcd each character is appeared in 5x7 pixel cross section. this lcd has two registers, to be explicit, command and data. the request enlist stores the bearing rules given to the lcd. a bearing is a direction given to lcd to finish a predefined task like presenting it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controllinggrandstand, etc. the data enroll stores the data to be appeared on the lcd. the data is the ascii estimation of the character to be appeared on the lcd. fig.5 liquid crystal display 8. gps a gps following unit is a gadget that used to decide the precise area of the individual, vehicle or different resources. we get the area of the vehicle dependent on the scope and longitude of the earth. the recorded information of the vehicle will be transmitted to the gps beneficiary utilizing satellite. gps unit show the provided data, for example, guidance and speed determined from the vehicle position changes. the collector utilizes the information it get to decide the travel time of every datum and registers the separation to each satellite utilizing the speed of light. the recipient gets a sign from every gp gets additionally knowas precise area in the sky. the gps can found your situation in three measurements east, north and elevation. fig. 6 gives login interface to the customer. exactly when customer will enter customer name and mystery key then structure will do endorsement to check whether the entered username and mystery word is correct or not. in case the entered username or mystery express isn't right, structure gives a misstep message. besides, if it is correct, customer gets composed to next page with compelling login. 9. gsm gsm represents global system fig.6.circuit for mobile communication. gsm produce a choice to voice call as short message service (sms). the gsm modem pass on the gps parameter of the scope and longitude esteems at whatever point the security mode is on and whenever there are differing values. the gsm arrange is part into three significant frameworks: the switch framework (ss) the base, station framework (bss), and furthermore activity and system (oss). gsm electronic gear might be remote electronic hardware that works with a gsm remote framework. the most contrast between the dial-up electronic gear send the gets information through a set telephone line though remote electronic hardware sends gets information through radio wires. 5. result after fruitful usage of vehicle tracking system we acquired after outcomes: at checking side, from the start customer needs to perform login development. login page showed up in fig.7 android app 6. conclusion 7. in this way, the architecture for vehicle discovery is complete. two sensors are installed in the structure at various points around the car. correspondence from those tested and true sensors is received by the arduino controller, leading to promising results. raspberry pi and arduino, working together, set the parameters for the sensors; the data collected by the sensors is stored on an sd card and may be retrieved as necessary. the camera's collected extra data is the main data and will be saved to sd card for processing later. in case of an emergency, the control unit has already been coordinated with the security module so that an alert may be sent immediately. we provide the framework with an alert message to deliver as a result of this information. accident causes may be easily determined with the use of a vehicletracking system. in this way, we have successfully encrypted the data. 8. acknowledgment the authors of this project would like to thank guide assistant professor m.prabha for guiding the entire project. the completion of this project would have been impossible without the involvement and encouragement of my guide m.prabha. references [1] mr .manish bhelande, mr .viraj chaudhari, mr. prathamesh gore, mr. raj dhure, abhishek bhayye, “car black box ” international journal of advanced research in computer and communication engineering, issn:2278 1021, volume-05, issue 3, march 2016 . [2] mr. abdallah kassem,mr .rabih jabr,mr. ghady salamouni,mr .ziad khairallah maalouf, “vehicle black box system” international system conference, april 2008 . [3] mr. girish l.deshmukh, dr.s.p.metkar, “rtos based vechile tracking system” international conference on information processing, december 2015. [4] mr. kontham lavanya,mrs.y.roji, “evidence collecting system from car black box” international journal of advanced research in computer engineering and technology,volume-03, issue-10, october 2014. [5] mr. ngo chon chet, “design of black box for moving vechile warning system”, student conference on research and development, 2003. [6] ms. monisha j prasad, ms. arundathi s, mr. nayana anil, ms. harshikha, “automobile black box system for accident analysis” international conference on advances in electronics, computer and communications, 2014 [7] ms. prafulla u.p,ms. yuvashree g.s,ms. ramya gowda,ms. rashmitha h.r, “black box with intelligent vehicle system” international journal of engineering research and technology, issn:2278-0181, 2017. [8] mr. kazi aaliya,mr. gantyala supriya, mr. prabhutendolkar mrunal, mr. v.l.salke, “wireless black box using mems accelerometer for vehicle accidental monitoring” international journal of innovative research in science, engineering and technology, issn:23198753, volume-06, issue-04, april 2017. [9] mr. b.hari kumar ,mr. syeda fathima tehseen, mr. thanveer, mr .guntha vamshi krishna, mr. syed mohisinakram, “vehicle monitoring and tracking sysytem using gps ans gsm technologies” international research journal of engineering and technology, issn:2395-0056, volume-03, issue-04, april 2016. [10] mr.ahmed abdelrahman a.a, mr.ahmed abdallah m.e, mr.mohammed ali.h, akram mohammed a.a, “design and implementation of vehicle tracking and theft control system”, international conference on computing, control, networking, electronics and embedded systems engineering, issn: 978-1-4673, july 2015. [11] mr. kishor rane, mr. rahul tichkule, mr. mohit shinde, prof. s.i. nipanikar, “online black box system for cars”, international journal of engineering science invention, issn: 2319-6726, volume 3, issue 4, april 2014. [12] mr.chanjin kang, mr. seo weon heo, “intelligent safety information gathering system using a smart blackbox”, ieee international conference on consumer electronics, issn: 978-1 5090-5544, september 2017. [13] mr.salman almishari, mr.prajna dash, mr.kshirasagar naik, “an energy efficient real-time vehicle tracking system”, institute of electrical and electronics engineers, august 2017. [14] mr.mayuresh desai, mr.arati phadke, “internet of things based vehicle monitoring system”, institute of electrical and electronics engineers, july 2017. [15] mr.fatin balkis binti alzahri, mr.maziani sabudin, “vehicle tracking device”, institute of electrical and electronics engineers, may 2016. 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 chinese traditional medical journal a novel image enhancement technique based on trainable nonlinear reaction diffusion (tnrd) zhu qinguan, huan linyan, yu li department of physical therapy with chinese massage, yueyang hospital of integrated traditional chinese and western medicine, shanghai university of traditional chinese medicine, shanghai key laboratory of exercise and health sciences, ministry of education, shanghai university of sport, shanghai introduction a wide range of applications, including things like item detection and inspection, therapeutic applications, as well as other image-based packages, employ digital sceneries. this photograph was captured during the day and has outstanding perceivability with a large dynamic assortment, making it beneficial in terms of locating interesting pixels. in any event, the picture was taken at night or in a lowlight situation, and it has a poor dynamic range and a lot of bustle. an picture may be degraded, not just affecting the human eye's ability to recognise it, but also affecting the performance of an imagecaught application. a significant amount of space is required to enhance the magnificence of a photograph. this provides the most crucial information from the records, allowing for an in-depth examination andsee how the issue is being handled the low direct photos, for example, are accurate. every other abstract virtual images are being used in a wide range of applications. we utilise it all the time and practically wherever we go in our modern lives. these images are deteriorated and the quality of the picture is lowered when the images are taken in poor lighting circumstances. trainable nonlinear reaction diffusion (tnrd) is a novel technology created to increase the image's remarkable quality (tnrd). this approach is used to enhance photos taken in low light conditions or photos that were previously taken in low light. our approach outperforms the current state of the art in terms of efficiency. this procedure yielded precise and reliable findings. keywords: low-light image enhancement, illumination estimation, and transmission of illumination 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 component might have an impact on several computations that are developed to accommodate excessive perceivability inputs. many interesting aspects of interest may be obscured by an unappetizingly minor state. the veiled picture may be clearly seen with a low direct image improvement. there is a great deal of trial and error involved in improving an image, and many of these procedures are experimental and need intuitive approaches to get satisfactory results. systems for improving the quality of an image might be based on spatial or recurrence space considerations. when it comes to spatial area planning, we simultaneously address the pixels of the picture. to get the desired outcome, the pixel values are carefully monitored and adjusted. when using recurrence area approaches, the picture is first shifted into the recurrence put. the image's fourier transform is enrolled first in the approach. to get the final picture, the fourier rework of the original image is first performed, followed by an inverse fourier rebuild. in order to control the image's brightness, evaluate it, or take use of the dark areas, these enhancements are carried out. because of this, the yield picture's pixel charge (forces) might fluctuate in response to the information values' shifting highlights. each area in which photos must be interpreted and studied is linked to image improvement. the examination of clinical images, satellite imagery analysis, and so on are all examples of this kind of work. related work a. histogram equalization in order to enhance evaluation, histogram equalisation is a technique for changing the intensity of images. the approach is useful in images with both light and dark foundations and fronts. bone structure can be better shown in x-ray pictures with this approach, and the technology can also improve images that are either completed or under-revealed. key to the strategy's success is the fact that it is a legitimate system and an intransigent administrator. on a basic level, if the hallmark for histogram elongation is known, the individual histogram may be recovered. it's not always the case that the calculation is computationally intensive. a shortcoming the method's main selling point is that it targets everybody and everyone. possibly, even if the use of the sign is reduced, the noise assessment of heritage noise will rise. b. single scale retinex logarithmic image receptor trademarks that resemble the vision apparatus primarily in light of an encircling center/encompass [6] trademark are vital components of ssr. the ssr is provided via the following methods: there is a relationship between logi(x, y) and logi[f(x, y) – ii(x, y)]. (1) f(x,y) is the standardised encompass characteristic[7] where ii (x,y) is the image dispersion within the ith colour band. the aim is to: for all two given inputs, we may deduce that the function f = 1 (2) in terms of both range pressure and tone variation, ssr does not have the ability to do both at once. it also shines a light on the gadgets. multiscale retinex (msr) 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 at long last, in an effort to keep up both dynamic assortment pressure and shade variation, multi-scale retinex—a total of ssr weighted unique sizes—is an astounding arrangement:: 𝑁 𝑅𝑀𝑆𝑅i = ∑ w𝑛𝑅𝑛i (3) 𝑛=1 wn, where n is the scale's measurement, r ni is the ith scale component, and i is the weight of the nth scale, is used to calculate scale weights. for msr, weight and scale are critical issues. weights are likely to be the same on three scales in most circumstances. generally speaking, the steadily rising for example, a piece of picture length may be 15, 80, or 2 sizes. putting greater emphasis on a single factor. a modification in weights may be required for a certain range's pressure or shade version. these photographs have a considerable shade fluctuation over the whole picture scale, as well as a large dynamic range pressure at the light/dark contrast boundary. illumination map figure 1: flow chart for existing method the recommended technique may be broken down into the steps listed below. b. block matching 3d method using 3-d groupings of comparable 2-d parts of the picture may help increase the image's sparsity. there's a new approach to get rid of impurities: synergistic filtration. in all three dimensions, take care of these organisations. due to three-dimensional conversion, the rework spectrum lowers and the 3-d transformation reverses itself.' when employing this method, it is feasible to create a three-dimensional model of the foundation that incorporates a number of 2d adjustments. the clamour may be distanced from the shrinking asset by a large amount when an update takes up a completely sparse instance of the real sign." community-oriented ltering may share knowledge obtained through the process of gathering sections while yet safeguarding the distinctive talents of each participant. this new technology has led to the development of denoising methods for photographs. taking everything into account, we've come up with a predetermined set of guidelines. unrivaled when it comes to efficacy and efficiency, this set of principles shows a successful diversity/standard general switch-off. peak motion-to-commotion ratio and subjectively perceived extraordinary have been found to meet current denoising criteria, according to exploratory study. illumination map gamma correction bm3d technique enhanced image 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 figure 2 : flow chart for proposed method i. input image slight). the reproduction of diffuse light between reflected image and caustics is referred to as "universal light" in the context of working out. estimating illumination map to measure illumination, maxrgb uses the useful asset of looking for the maximum value in three shaded channels, namely r, g, and b. this is one of the principal methods for maintaining colour consistency in images. however, this estimate may at the very least improve the overall lighting. in this study, we want to begin by estimating that the number of enlightenments will not be evenly distributed. the commencement of the programme is shown in this image, which is available on the show's website. 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑐∈(𝑅,𝐺,𝐵) 𝐿(𝑥) (4) ii. sits back and waits for the console to enter, then examines any articulations and returns the surrender outcome. the information capacity may use current workplace parameters to evaluate articulations. iii. illumination map for each every pixel x.. this operation is based on a legislation that states that the light is always at its maximum value of three channels in a certain area. because r(x) = l(x), the obtained t(x) assures that the reconstruction will no longer be wet. percentage of (maximum lc(x+) (5) it's called "circuitous brightening" or "worldwide illumination" because of the way it may be utilised to bring more realistic lighting to 3d computer graphics. coordination enlightenment is no longer remembered in these computations, but rather subsequent cases in which light beams from an indistinguishable source are pondered over by means of the utilisation of diverse surfaces in the scene, regardless of whether smart or not, are also considered (unusual lighting up). theory suggests that world light is typically reflected and refracted in the manner that one inquiry affects another (in contrast to a thing just being impacted by an instantaneous change). to prevent the zero denominator, a small constant is used instead of the numerator. instead of erasing the shade shift caused by little assets, we see this exquisite art as a way to inconsistently beautify the enlightenment of low-gentle pictures. additionally, a widely used model has been developed based on the idea that discordant images 1 – l seem like photos of clouds, and is thus presented as 1 l = (1 r)ot + a(1 t) (6) 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 where a direct address to global environmental issues is made. though it is superficially comparable to dark photographs, upset low-light images 1 l have a different visual effect than models. gamma correction the picture evaluation may be improved mechanically by gamma correction. gamma correction is a nonlinear process used to correct for picture softness or darkness. the gamma rate indicates that the best image shine may be restored. values in the gamma range are rated from 0 to 1. from 0.0 to 10.0. gamma values lower than (1.0) are beneficial to the picture. a image will not alter if the gamma charge is not less than one. gamma is solely used to represent a picture's colour, not its content. the three primary approaches inside the gamma amendment have been completed. in any event, a histogram evaluation provides the spatial guarantees of an incoming picture. at this point, it is employed to balance out aberrant occurrences and prevent the formation of age-troubling relics. gamma treatment may be used in the last 1/three of an advancement to automatically improve the picture. it establishes the link between a pixel's monetary value and its level of verified brilliance. focus the image's force. determine the gamma rate by looking at the image's drive. to enhance the brightness of the right image, use the gamma charge. make sure the wonder of the perfect image is not lost. in this case, gamma parameters are as follows: (7) ii. trainable nonlinear reaction diffusion trainable nonlinear reaction diffusion (tnrd) is the name of this method. the tnrd method may be used to distribute picture repair responsibilities. the suggested method results in a single framework for teaching strong image diffusion models to learn about each other. dispersion seems to be a talent. diffusion-based approaches may be used to improve current performance while preserving the advantages of their high performance. for gpu-based computing, our tnrd model has a similar set of rules to the csf model, which makes it a good fit. sharpening visual structures like edges may be achieved by using an educated backward diffusion system. this is exactly what is needed to carry out the task of making a picture exceptional choice. with the same version capabilities, our tnrd model is often quicker than the csf model. the csf model contains additional dft and inverse dtf operations at each degree, however our version just needs a part of the computation of the csf model. this makes it inexpensive. in spite of its non-local nature, the bm3d is very fast in terms of computing. our nonlinear diffusion method has the following advantages: as a nonlinear diffusion model with training filters and an influence on capabilities, it is theoretically straightforward. 2) it may be used to solve a wide range of photo recovery problems. it is possible, in principle, to revisit all of the diffusion-based models after receiving enough training. gaussian denoising, single photo high-resolution, and jpeg deblocking are just a few of the image recovery tasks that may be accomplished with this software 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 4by including appropriate reaction pressure, it is very computationally efficient and well suited for parallel processing on gpus. results + figure 3 : input image figure 4 : initial illumination map image figure 5 : after solver applied defined map figure 6 :iiiumination t ^ with γ-gamma correction figure 7 : luminanace map figure 8 : low light image, lime output and lime gamma corrected images 7 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 figure 9 : inverted versions of enhanced figure 10 : denoised image figure 11 : recomposed image table 1: comparision table of existing system table 2: performance metrics of proposed and extension methods i. conclusion trainable nonlinear reaction diffusion (tnrd) has been shown to be more effective in improving low-light images. the results of our experiments have shown that our technique to evaluating modern possibilities has improved over the last several years. for example, facet identification, characteristic matching, object recognition and tracking, and so forth, may all benefit from our low-mild image enhancement approach since it can feed these programmes with high-visibility inputs, and therefore improve their universal overall performance references k. zhang, l. zhang and m. yang, realtime compressed tracking, in proc. eccv, 2014, pp. 866879. "[2] xiaojie guo, yu li, member, and haibin ling "lime: low-light image enhancement through illumination map estimation," vol. 26, no. 2, february 2017, pp. 262-267. "the retinex hypothesis of colour vision," scientific american, 237:6, 108-128 (1977): the naturalness preserved enhancement algorithm for non-uniform illumination images by s wang, j zheng, h hu, and b li was published in tip, vol. 22, no. 9, 2013, pp. 3538-3578. "edge preserving decomposition for multi-scale tone and detail modification" by z. farbman, r. fattal, d. lischinski, and r. szeliski, tog, vol. 27, no. 3, 2008. sixth: "multigrid and multilayer preconditioners for computational photography," tog 30(6), 2011 d. krishnan r. szeliski * [7] "image denoising via sparse 3d transformdomain collaborative filtering," tip, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 20802095, 2007 8 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 in proceedings of the national academy of sciences (vol. 83, no. 3078–3080, 1986), e. land proposed an alternate method for calculating the designator in his "retinex theory of colour vision." ieee trans. on image processing 6: 451– 462, march 1997.author’s profile: kuntrapaka.madhavi gokula krishna college of engineering in sullurpet, ap awarded me a b.tech. in electronics and communications engineering. students at india's gokula krishna college of engineering in sullurpet are pursuing an m.tech. in decs (development of engineering science). mrs.t.aruna my bachelor's degree in electronics and communications engineering came from gokula krishna college of engineering in sullurpet, andhra pradesh. m.tech. students at india's gokula krishna college of engineering in sullurpet are pursuing decs m.tech degrees (development of engineering science). 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 chinese traditional medical journal a novel image enhancement technique based on trainable nonlinear reaction diffusion (tnrd) zhu qinguan, huan linyan, yu li department of physical therapy with chinese massage, yueyang hospital of integrated traditional chinese and western medicine, shanghai university of traditional chinese medicine, shanghai key laboratory of exercise and health sciences, ministry of education, shanghai university of sport, shanghai introduction a wide range of applications, including things like item detection and inspection, therapeutic applications, as well as other image-based packages, employ digital sceneries. this photograph was captured during the day and has outstanding perceivability with a large dynamic assortment, making it beneficial in terms of locating interesting pixels. in any event, the picture was taken at night or in a lowlight situation, and it has a poor dynamic range and a lot of bustle. an picture may be degraded, not just affecting the human eye's ability to recognise it, but also affecting the performance of an imagecaught application. a significant amount of space is required to enhance the magnificence of a photograph. this provides the most crucial information from the records, allowing for an in-depth examination andsee how the issue is being handled the low direct photos, for example, are accurate. every other abstract virtual images are being used in a wide range of applications. we utilise it all the time and practically wherever we go in our modern lives. these images are deteriorated and the quality of the picture is lowered when the images are taken in poor lighting circumstances. trainable nonlinear reaction diffusion (tnrd) is a novel technology created to increase the image's remarkable quality (tnrd). this approach is used to enhance photos taken in low light conditions or photos that were previously taken in low light. our approach outperforms the current state of the art in terms of efficiency. this procedure yielded precise and reliable findings. keywords: low-light image enhancement, illumination estimation, and transmission of illumination 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 component might have an impact on several computations that are developed to accommodate excessive perceivability inputs. many interesting aspects of interest may be obscured by an unappetizingly minor state. the veiled picture may be clearly seen with a low direct image improvement. there is a great deal of trial and error involved in improving an image, and many of these procedures are experimental and need intuitive approaches to get satisfactory results. systems for improving the quality of an image might be based on spatial or recurrence space considerations. when it comes to spatial area planning, we simultaneously address the pixels of the picture. to get the desired outcome, the pixel values are carefully monitored and adjusted. when using recurrence area approaches, the picture is first shifted into the recurrence put. the image's fourier transform is enrolled first in the approach. to get the final picture, the fourier rework of the original image is first performed, followed by an inverse fourier rebuild. in order to control the image's brightness, evaluate it, or take use of the dark areas, these enhancements are carried out. because of this, the yield picture's pixel charge (forces) might fluctuate in response to the information values' shifting highlights. each area in which photos must be interpreted and studied is linked to image improvement. the examination of clinical images, satellite imagery analysis, and so on are all examples of this kind of work. related work a. histogram equalization in order to enhance evaluation, histogram equalisation is a technique for changing the intensity of images. the approach is useful in images with both light and dark foundations and fronts. bone structure can be better shown in x-ray pictures with this approach, and the technology can also improve images that are either completed or under-revealed. key to the strategy's success is the fact that it is a legitimate system and an intransigent administrator. on a basic level, if the hallmark for histogram elongation is known, the individual histogram may be recovered. it's not always the case that the calculation is computationally intensive. a shortcoming the method's main selling point is that it targets everybody and everyone. possibly, even if the use of the sign is reduced, the noise assessment of heritage noise will rise. b. single scale retinex logarithmic image receptor trademarks that resemble the vision apparatus primarily in light of an encircling center/encompass [6] trademark are vital components of ssr. the ssr is provided via the following methods: there is a relationship between logi(x, y) and logi[f(x, y) – ii(x, y)]. (1) f(x,y) is the standardised encompass characteristic[7] where ii (x,y) is the image dispersion within the ith colour band. the aim is to: for all two given inputs, we may deduce that the function f = 1 (2) in terms of both range pressure and tone variation, ssr does not have the ability to do both at once. it also shines a light on the gadgets. multiscale retinex (msr) 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 at long last, in an effort to keep up both dynamic assortment pressure and shade variation, multi-scale retinex—a total of ssr weighted unique sizes—is an astounding arrangement:: 𝑁 𝑅𝑀𝑆𝑅i = ∑ w𝑛𝑅𝑛i (3) 𝑛=1 wn, where n is the scale's measurement, r ni is the ith scale component, and i is the weight of the nth scale, is used to calculate scale weights. for msr, weight and scale are critical issues. weights are likely to be the same on three scales in most circumstances. generally speaking, the steadily rising for example, a piece of picture length may be 15, 80, or 2 sizes. putting greater emphasis on a single factor. a modification in weights may be required for a certain range's pressure or shade version. these photographs have a considerable shade fluctuation over the whole picture scale, as well as a large dynamic range pressure at the light/dark contrast boundary. illumination map figure 1: flow chart for existing method the recommended technique may be broken down into the steps listed below. b. block matching 3d method using 3-d groupings of comparable 2-d parts of the picture may help increase the image's sparsity. there's a new approach to get rid of impurities: synergistic filtration. in all three dimensions, take care of these organisations. due to three-dimensional conversion, the rework spectrum lowers and the 3-d transformation reverses itself.' when employing this method, it is feasible to create a three-dimensional model of the foundation that incorporates a number of 2d adjustments. the clamour may be distanced from the shrinking asset by a large amount when an update takes up a completely sparse instance of the real sign." community-oriented ltering may share knowledge obtained through the process of gathering sections while yet safeguarding the distinctive talents of each participant. this new technology has led to the development of denoising methods for photographs. taking everything into account, we've come up with a predetermined set of guidelines. unrivaled when it comes to efficacy and efficiency, this set of principles shows a successful diversity/standard general switch-off. peak motion-to-commotion ratio and subjectively perceived extraordinary have been found to meet current denoising criteria, according to exploratory study. illumination map gamma correction bm3d technique enhanced image 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 figure 2 : flow chart for proposed method i. input image slight). the reproduction of diffuse light between reflected image and caustics is referred to as "universal light" in the context of working out. estimating illumination map to measure illumination, maxrgb uses the useful asset of looking for the maximum value in three shaded channels, namely r, g, and b. this is one of the principal methods for maintaining colour consistency in images. however, this estimate may at the very least improve the overall lighting. in this study, we want to begin by estimating that the number of enlightenments will not be evenly distributed. the commencement of the programme is shown in this image, which is available on the show's website. 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑐∈(𝑅,𝐺,𝐵) 𝐿(𝑥) (4) ii. sits back and waits for the console to enter, then examines any articulations and returns the surrender outcome. the information capacity may use current workplace parameters to evaluate articulations. iii. illumination map for each every pixel x.. this operation is based on a legislation that states that the light is always at its maximum value of three channels in a certain area. because r(x) = l(x), the obtained t(x) assures that the reconstruction will no longer be wet. percentage of (maximum lc(x+) (5) it's called "circuitous brightening" or "worldwide illumination" because of the way it may be utilised to bring more realistic lighting to 3d computer graphics. coordination enlightenment is no longer remembered in these computations, but rather subsequent cases in which light beams from an indistinguishable source are pondered over by means of the utilisation of diverse surfaces in the scene, regardless of whether smart or not, are also considered (unusual lighting up). theory suggests that world light is typically reflected and refracted in the manner that one inquiry affects another (in contrast to a thing just being impacted by an instantaneous change). to prevent the zero denominator, a small constant is used instead of the numerator. instead of erasing the shade shift caused by little assets, we see this exquisite art as a way to inconsistently beautify the enlightenment of low-gentle pictures. additionally, a widely used model has been developed based on the idea that discordant images 1 – l seem like photos of clouds, and is thus presented as 1 l = (1 r)ot + a(1 t) (6) 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 where a direct address to global environmental issues is made. though it is superficially comparable to dark photographs, upset low-light images 1 l have a different visual effect than models. gamma correction the picture evaluation may be improved mechanically by gamma correction. gamma correction is a nonlinear process used to correct for picture softness or darkness. the gamma rate indicates that the best image shine may be restored. values in the gamma range are rated from 0 to 1. from 0.0 to 10.0. gamma values lower than (1.0) are beneficial to the picture. a image will not alter if the gamma charge is not less than one. gamma is solely used to represent a picture's colour, not its content. the three primary approaches inside the gamma amendment have been completed. in any event, a histogram evaluation provides the spatial guarantees of an incoming picture. at this point, it is employed to balance out aberrant occurrences and prevent the formation of age-troubling relics. gamma treatment may be used in the last 1/three of an advancement to automatically improve the picture. it establishes the link between a pixel's monetary value and its level of verified brilliance. focus the image's force. determine the gamma rate by looking at the image's drive. to enhance the brightness of the right image, use the gamma charge. make sure the wonder of the perfect image is not lost. in this case, gamma parameters are as follows: (7) ii. trainable nonlinear reaction diffusion trainable nonlinear reaction diffusion (tnrd) is the name of this method. the tnrd method may be used to distribute picture repair responsibilities. the suggested method results in a single framework for teaching strong image diffusion models to learn about each other. dispersion seems to be a talent. diffusion-based approaches may be used to improve current performance while preserving the advantages of their high performance. for gpu-based computing, our tnrd model has a similar set of rules to the csf model, which makes it a good fit. sharpening visual structures like edges may be achieved by using an educated backward diffusion system. this is exactly what is needed to carry out the task of making a picture exceptional choice. with the same version capabilities, our tnrd model is often quicker than the csf model. the csf model contains additional dft and inverse dtf operations at each degree, however our version just needs a part of the computation of the csf model. this makes it inexpensive. in spite of its non-local nature, the bm3d is very fast in terms of computing. our nonlinear diffusion method has the following advantages: as a nonlinear diffusion model with training filters and an influence on capabilities, it is theoretically straightforward. 2) it may be used to solve a wide range of photo recovery problems. it is possible, in principle, to revisit all of the diffusion-based models after receiving enough training. gaussian denoising, single photo high-resolution, and jpeg deblocking are just a few of the image recovery tasks that may be accomplished with this software 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 4by including appropriate reaction pressure, it is very computationally efficient and well suited for parallel processing on gpus. results + figure 3 : input image figure 4 : initial illumination map image figure 5 : after solver applied defined map figure 6 :iiiumination t ^ with γ-gamma correction figure 7 : luminanace map figure 8 : low light image, lime output and lime gamma corrected images 7 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 figure 9 : inverted versions of enhanced figure 10 : denoised image figure 11 : recomposed image table 1: comparision table of existing system table 2: performance metrics of proposed and extension methods i. conclusion trainable nonlinear reaction diffusion (tnrd) has been shown to be more effective in improving low-light images. the results of our experiments have shown that our technique to evaluating modern possibilities has improved over the last several years. for example, facet identification, characteristic matching, object recognition and tracking, and so forth, may all benefit from our low-mild image enhancement approach since it can feed these programmes with high-visibility inputs, and therefore improve their universal overall performance references k. zhang, l. zhang and m. yang, realtime compressed tracking, in proc. eccv, 2014, pp. 866879. "[2] xiaojie guo, yu li, member, and haibin ling "lime: low-light image enhancement through illumination map estimation," vol. 26, no. 2, february 2017, pp. 262-267. "the retinex hypothesis of colour vision," scientific american, 237:6, 108-128 (1977): the naturalness preserved enhancement algorithm for non-uniform illumination images by s wang, j zheng, h hu, and b li was published in tip, vol. 22, no. 9, 2013, pp. 3538-3578. "edge preserving decomposition for multi-scale tone and detail modification" by z. farbman, r. fattal, d. lischinski, and r. szeliski, tog, vol. 27, no. 3, 2008. sixth: "multigrid and multilayer preconditioners for computational photography," tog 30(6), 2011 d. krishnan r. szeliski * [7] "image denoising via sparse 3d transformdomain collaborative filtering," tip, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 20802095, 2007 8 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 in proceedings of the national academy of sciences (vol. 83, no. 3078–3080, 1986), e. land proposed an alternate method for calculating the designator in his "retinex theory of colour vision." ieee trans. on image processing 6: 451– 462, march 1997.author’s profile: kuntrapaka.madhavi gokula krishna college of engineering in sullurpet, ap awarded me a b.tech. in electronics and communications engineering. students at india's gokula krishna college of engineering in sullurpet are pursuing an m.tech. in decs (development of engineering science). mrs.t.aruna my bachelor's degree in electronics and communications engineering came from gokula krishna college of engineering in sullurpet, andhra pradesh. m.tech. students at india's gokula krishna college of engineering in sullurpet are pursuing decs m.tech degrees (development of engineering science). 10.11648.j.ijhnm.20160201.11 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 5 prevalence of bovine mastitis and assessment of risk factors in and around wolayta sodo, ethiopia dr. sachin dangal patil associate professor homoeopathic medical college & hospital, jalgaon abstract: the purpose of this cross-sectional study was to estimate the prevalence of mastitis and to assess the associated risk factors in dairy breeds (jersey, indigenous zebu, and high grade holstein) in the woliata soddo area and surrounding areas from november 2013 to may 2014 at the soddo regional veterinary laboratory. a clinical examination and californian mastitis test (cmt) were conducted on 386 nursing cows, including 216 indigenous zebu, 88 jersey, and 82 high grade holsteins. the patients who tested positive for both clinical and subclinical mastitis were then tested for bacteria. among the 134 animals tested, 34.7% tested positive for clinical mastitis and 61.19 percent tested positive for subclinical mastitis. a total of 21.94 percent of the 966 quarters tested positive for mastitis. mastitis was much more common in high grade holstein cows (54.8%), jersey cows (44.3%), and indigenous zebus (23.1%) compared to other breeds (p< 0.000). regarding quarters, however, no discernible variation existed between breeds. mastitis was most common between 1 and 120 days into early lactation (43.8%), between 120 and 240 days into mid-lactation (32.8%), and beyond 240 days into end-lactation (23.8%). additionally, the difference between lactation was statistically significant (p<0.000). there was a positive correlation between parity and mastitis prevalence (r=0.8), with the greatest incidence occurring at lactation stage 6 and thereafter. microbiologic analysis was performed on 134 udder quarter samples; 111 (82.8%) were found to be culturally positive, whereas 23 (17.2%) were found to be negative. out of the 124 bacteria that were recovered in positive samples, 43.54% were staphylococcus, 28.89% were streptococcus, and 19.35% were coliform. findings informed calls for further education of dairy cow owners and calls for additional research into financial losses. keywords: woliata soddo, bovine mastitis, prevalence, cmt, bacteriological examination, risk factors 1. introduction injurious substances such as pathogenic microbes, trauma, and chemical irritants may cause mammary gland inflammation, which is known as masttitis. mastitis in dairy cows is always caused by microorganisms, most often bacteria but sometimes yeast, mycoplasma, and, on rare occasions, algae. staphylococci, streptococci, and a few other gram-negative bacteria are the most common infecting microorganisms. the teat end may get infected with infectious bacteria that are found in the environment, such as coliforms and some streptococci species [1]. although moderate or severe clinical manifestations are possible, masttitis is often subclinical in character. host, agent, and environmental factors all play intricate roles in illness etiology and progression [1, 2]. economically significant decreases in output and productivity are caused by masttitis. mastitis milk may cause significant financial losses because of the risks associated with treating the infection, throwing out antibiotic-treated milk, decreasing the market value of milk, and even mortality from inflammations [1, 3]. food poisoning, disruption of production processes, and the transmission of zoonotic diseases including tb, brucellosis, and streptococcal sore throat are all possible outcomes of milk produced by mastitic animals. also, the public health issue of antibiotic residue infections and mastitis-treated animals' milk is a problem [1]. in ethiopia, the limited information available [8] indicates that bacteria mastitis is one of the major facing all dairy farms in the country. moreover, mohammed [9] in his study on the bacterial causes of bovine mastitis in zebu, holstein dairy caws of wondogenet all of southern ethiopia found a quarter infection rate of 16% by potentially pathogenic bacteria however, economic losses due to mastitis in ethiopia are not known. according to [10] in their assessment of 10 state dairy caws more than 10% of caws in most farms in ethiopia have at least one blind quarter. in addition, [11] in their assessment of 10 state dairy farms near addis ababa point out that mastitis accounts for major economic losses. in general, regarding the occurrence and distribution of major causative agents of the disease, in ethiopia in general, and in southern regions in particular, is inadequate, moreover, not enough investigations have been carried out to ascertain the effects of different risk factors on the prevalence of mastitis. therefore, by considering all the above information this study set out the following objectives: to estimate the prevalence of bovine mastitis in woliata soddo; to isolate and identify major potentially pathogenic bacteria that cause bovine mastitis and to recommend the appropriate control and prevention methods that are applicable in the study areas. 2. materials and methods 2.1. study area 2.2. from november 2013 to may 2014, researchers at the regional veterinary laboratory in woliata soddo town conducted the study. situated in the snnpr, about 383 kilometers from addis ababa, lies the town of woliata soddo. damot gale woreda forms the northern boundary, humbo woreda the southern one, damotwoide the eastern one, and damotsore the western one. it gets 100– 1200 mm of rain each year and 25–35°c in temperature, and its height spans from 1650– 2980 m.a.s.1. the woliata soddo zone is located in a woinadega (mid altitude) region with an elevation below 1600 meters. the animal population in this area includes around 128,919 cattle, 29,191 sheep, 4,606 horses, and 55,272 chickens [12].study population and their management system here, we studied indigenous zebus from around sodo, jersey cows from sodo dairy farm, and high grades holstein frisian from the dairy farm in the sodo area and in the sodo town. indigenous zebu animals in peasant farm are reared mainly for meat, milk production, and the generation of cash income and the provision of draft power. they are not supplemented except during dry season when farmers offer their animals straw of various crops and pasture grasses in a cut, and carry form. they usually graze on communal pastures where transmission of contagious disease is facilitated. the dairy farm at soddo had relatively improved management system; jersey cows were housed in a free stall in which each animal was tide by chain. pregnant cow were transferred to a maternity house a few days before parturition, generally without any preparation. calves aging up to 6 months were penned separately. cows were allowed to graze on native or improved pastures or both growth on the faced grazing land of the farm and watered with hay or concentrates mainly during the dry season. generally, problem associated with inadequate nutrition were uncommon, milking was conducted twice a day 2.3. study methodology 2.3.1. study design a cross sectional study design was conducted from november 2011 to may 2012. 2.3.2. sample size determination and sampling technique a total of 386 cows, of which 216 indigenous zebu, 88 jerseys and 82 high grade holstein friesian were sampled using the formula on [13]. the cattle were grouped into lactating cow (in milk), breed as indigenous zebu, jersey and high grade holstein friesian, lactation stage into early lactation (1-120 days) mid lactation (121-240 days) late lactation (above 240 days) and parity number as 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th 5 th , 6 th and above 6. milking sample was collected hygienically after each quarter was washed with clean water and soap and then cleaned with a swap dipped in 70% alcohol while extruding the external sphincter by pressure to ensure that dirt and wax were removed from the orifice. ten ml of milk were collected in a test tube and held in oblique manner to prevent contamination of samples by falling particles. 2.4. data collection during the sampling of animals for the present study, the breed, parity number, status of mammary gland, stage of lactation or lactation period were noted, and so were clinical findings (e.g., palpable and visible abnormalities of the udder, nature and appearance of milk secretion). questionnaire: a preliminary survey was conducted in the specified study areas and adjoining localities during initial period of the study. the questionnaire targeted mainly dairy farms and livestock owners; it was aimed at generating basic information on livestock management system, nutrition, hygienic practices, disease detection, housing, prevention and control measures. diagnosis of mastitis: although mastitis in an individual cow may be obvious, it is more often a sub clinical case or disease and clinical. therefore tests for the detection of changes in the udder or the milk caused by mastitis are necessary. in this study criteria for the detection of mastitis included: 1) physical examination of udder quarter for signs of inflammation by a thorough clinical inspection and palpation; and 2) detection of high level of leukocytes in milk using the californian mastitis test (cmt). microbiological procedure: all positive samples were analyzed microbiologically by cmt and clinical examination according to [14]. samples from individual quarter where centrifuged at 3000 revolution for 15 minutes and supernatant was discarded. standard loop full of 0.01ml of milk was then removed from the sediment and cultured on blood agar plates containing 7% of sheep blood, maconkey agar plates or edward’s agar plates. inoculation of plates performed with a 0.01 ml wire loop. the original milk samples were also incubated at the same temperature and cultured similarly 24 hours after bacterial growth was identified and recorded, at 24 and 48 hours of incubation. at the end of this period, identification of isolated bacterial was made on the basis of morphology, color and size of the colonies, presence or absence of hemolysis and gram stain. the identification of bacterial isolates up to the species level was made by sub culturing a single pure colony and conducting the following tests: staphylococcus species and micrococci were identified and differentiated by gram staning, colony morphology, catalase test, tube coagulase test using human plasma, ability to produce hemolysis, ability to ferment maltose, and manitol. streptococcus species were identified and differentiated by colony morphology catalase test, growth characteristic on edward’s media, ability to produce hemolysis camp test. coliform species were identified and differentiated by colony morphology on the maconkey agar; gram staining, motility test, indole test, triple sugar iron agar for the detection of lactose and glucose fermentation and hydrogen gas production. 2.5. statistical analysis the data collected was filled into microsoft excel and then analyzed with chi-square and p value using spss vergin 20. 3. result 3.1. questionnaire 3.2. in the farms included in this study no strip cup was used and dry therapy and post milk disinfection were not practiced. clinically detected cases of mastitis have been treated by parental injection of locally available drug, most of the time by pencilline, streptomycin, and oxytetracyclines. animal at the soddo dairy farms and in farmers hand had high tick infestation, despite regular treatment with steladone. as regards nutrition, almost all dairy cows, especially those in peasant’s farms, were kept on dry roughage except during rainy season when green feeds are available. type of housing ranged from open kraals to free stalls in which cow were tied with chains. 3.3. clinical examination of the total 386 cows examined, 134 (34.7%) were found to be positive for mastitis: 52 (38.8%) clinical and 82 (61.1%) sub clinical mastitis. out of 966 quarters, 212 (21.94%) were found to be affected: 83 (39.15%) clinically and 139 (65.56%) sub clinically affected. in the clinical cases, 12 blood tinged milk with sign of inflammation in the affected quarter, 20 had watery without sign of inflammation in the quarters, 13 milk contained pus with swollen quarter mostly. seven animals had acute mastitis with signs of inflammation in the quarter and severe inflammation. among all animal examined, 105 blind quarters were found and those that had an indurate mass due to fibrosis were common in most cows. 3.4. prevalence of mastitis clinical examination and screening test results indicate an overall prevalence rate of 34.7%. the prevalence rate differed significantly among breeds (p<0.05). table 1. prevalence of mastitis by breed in and around wolaita soddo. breed no of animal examined no. of affected no. of not affected prevalence indigenous zebu 216 50 166 23.1% jersey 88 39 49 44.3% high-grade holstein 82 45 37 54.8% total 386 134 252 34.7% x2 = 31.04; p= 0.000 quarter prevalence of mastitis is found to be 25% in high grade holstien and 20.82% in indigenous zebu with no significant difference among quarters of the three breeds. table 2. quarter prevalence of mastitis by breed. breed no. of quarter examined noof affected no of not affected prevalence indigenous zebu 485 101 384 20.82% jersey 281 61 220 21.70% high grade holstien 200 50 150 25% total 966 212 754 21.94% x2= 1.43; p=0.49 the highest prevalence is seen in early lactation (1-120 days) in which out of 228 animal examined 100 (43.85%) were found positive and the lowest prevalence is seen in end lactation (<240 days) 23%. table 3. prevalence of mastitis in different lactation stage. stage of lactation no. of examined no. of affected no. of not affected total beginning (1-120 days 228 100 (43.85%) 128 (56.14%) 228 middle (120-240days 137 44 (32.25%) 93 (68.19%) 137 end (<240 days) 21 5 (23.80%) 16 (76.19%) 21 total 386 149 237 386 x2= 7.03; p= 0.000 the highest prevalence (64.51%) is observed at a parity number 6 and above and the lowest prevalence (26.08%.) observed at first parity number which is the prevalence raised with an increase in parity number (r= 0.8). table 4. prevalence of mastitis in various parity groups. parity number no. of cowexamined no. of mastitic animal none mastitc animal prevalence % 1 115 30 85 26.08% 2 93 17 76 39.54% 3 75 29 46 38.66% 4 54 28 26 51.85% 5 18 10 8 55.55% 6 and above 31 20 11 64.51% the prevalence of 41.66% was seen in animals with lesions and/or tick infestation on teat and /or udder skin as compared to animals without lesions and/or tick infestation, in which the prevalence was 25.88%. table 5. prevalence of mastitis in relation to predisposing factors. cow infected animal none-infected total with lesion and /or tick on skin or udder 90 (41.66%) 126 (58.33) 216 without lesion and tick infestation on skin /teat or udder 44 (25.88%) 126 (74.11) 170 total 134 252 386 x2= 12.52; p= 0.02 in the present study, the highest prevalence was seen in housed animals as compared to pastured cows. table 6. prevalence of mastitis by management system. management animals examined no. of affected none affected prevalence pastured 216 50 166 23.14% housed 170 84 86 49.41% total 386 134 252 34.7% x2= 35.42; p= 0.000 3.5. milk bacteriology results bacteriological examination was carried out on all cmt and clinically positive udder quarter samples to identify the causative organism involved in the disease. the organisms were identified based on colony morphology, gram stain, heomolysis andbiochemical test for species identification. the differentiation of microorganisms was carried out according to [14]. out of 134 positive animals, 52 were clinically infected while 82 were sub-clinically infected. from 134 positive animals only 111 is culturally positive. table 7. prevalence of clinical and sub clinical mastitis. infection status clinical mastitis sub clinical total infected 52 (38.15%) 82 (61.1%) 134 none-infected 126 (32.64) 126 (32.64%) 252 total 178 208 386 of all culturally positive animals, 46 were from clinical and 65 from subclinical cases. table 8. staphylococcus identification. hemolysis catalase tube cougaluse manitol test 0-f test frequency of isolation species of bacteria isolated +ve +ve +ve +ve f 54 s. aureous -ve +ve +ve -ve f 2 s. hyicus -ve +ve -ve -ve f 3 s. epidermides +ve=positive;-ve=negative; f= fermentation; cmt= californian mastitis test o-f= oxidation fermentation test; s=staphylococcus table 9. streptococcus species identification and differentiation results. hemolysis catalase camp test hydrolysisof aesculin on edward media frequency of isolation species of streptococcus identified alpha -ve +ve -ve 10 strep. agalactiae beta -ve +ve -ve 6 strep. agalactiae gamma -ve -ve +ve 7 strep. dysagalactiae beta -ve -ve +ve 4 strep. dysagalactiae -ve= negative+ve=positivestrep= streptococcus table 10. genera of bacteria isolated from clinical and sub clinical mastitis. cases staphylococcus streptococcus coliform clinical 15 7 7 sub-clinical 25 12 8 total 40 19 15 out of all clinical cases, 15 were caused by staphlococcus, 7 were caused by streptococcus, and 7 by coliform species. out of all subclinical cases, 25 were by staphylococcus, 12 by streptococcus and 8 by coliform species. 4. discussion the purpose of the research was to find out how common bovine mastitis is in the town of woliata soddo in southern ethiopia. the overall frequency of the illness in cows was 34.7% and in quarters it was 21.94%. this result is in line with the overall claim made by [1], who states that the incidence rate in cows is 40% and in quarters 25% in most nations, regardless of the source. results from [4] and [15] showing a prevalence of 45.8% in sudan and 45.5% in ethiopia, respectively, are in agreement with the infection rate in cows. compared to the results of [4], which indicated a quarter infection rate of 38.8% in sudan, this was lower. factors including the environment, the agent, and the host may contribute to the variance in the general prevalence of mastit is. according to this research, an unclean milking process and ineffective management might lead to a higher infection rate. one possible explanation for the observed variation is that management styles change from one location to another. zebu, jersey, and high grade holstein cows had significantly different incidence rates (p<0.05). in contrast to jersey-holstien crosses, those involving the holstein frisian or hariana breeds were more likely to have subclinical mastitis, according to several writers [16]. in addition, researchers in kombolcha, ethiopia, discovered that the prevalence rate of zebu holstien crosses is much greater than that of the zebu breed [18]. the impact of milk output on mastitis incidence may account for this variance. also, according to [1], high-yielding cows are more likely to be affected. the high milk output stress that may upset the animals' defense system and the ease with which injuries may be incurred in huge udders, which provide foci for the entry of viruses, might be the reasons for this. due to the lack of interaction between the two breeds during milking, the local zebu, whose prevalence rate was much lower than that of jersey and holstein, were at danger of mastitis. relative to other breeds, there was a higher incidence of sanitary procedures, lesions, and tick infestations on the surface of the udder and teats. prevalence rates of sub-clinical mastitis were 61.19% and clinical mastitis was 38.80% in this research. the yearly incidence rate of 41.2% in england's dairy herds is consistent with the severity of clinical cases. according to studies conducted in sudan [5] and ghana [20], there is a 46% difference between sub-clinical and clinical mastitis, whereas in ghana it is 20% and 41.67%, respectively. mastitis prevalence was shown to be 43.85% during early lactation (1-120 days), substantially greater than 32.25% during mid-lactation (121-240 days) and 23.25% at the end of lactation, when the influence of lactation stage was evaluated (p< 0.05). consistent with previous research, this data supports the high prevalence seen in early lactation sahiwal cows in india (reference 21). multiple forms of physiological stress, including early breastfeeding, may lower immunity and lead to an upsurge in mammary gland infections, as stated in [22]. according to [23], acute mastitis is common during breastfeeding because neutrophils in the mammary glands have a delayed diapedesis, which reduces their resistance. the increased prevalence rate seen in early lactation in this research may be explained by this fact. animals without this lesion and/or tick infestation on udderand/or teat skin had a prevalence rate of 41.66% compared to animals without these variables at 25.88%. this was done in order to determine the effects of these factors on the prevalence of mastitis. this result was in line with previous reports from [18], [20], [24], and [3]. staphylococci and, to a lesser degree, streptococcus colonized the teat lesions in this population of animals, which may explain the high occurrence. mastitis prevalence was found to be 49.41% in housed cows and 23.14% in pastured cows as a result of the management approach. because the organisms may be easily transmitted from infected to healthy animals, our results are in agreement with those of [25], who also discovered a much higher incidence rate in housed animals. after conducting a thorough microbiological examination of the sample, it was found that out of the 124 organisms identified, staphylococcus aurous constituted 43.54% of the total. this finding was consistent with those of [6], [26], all of whom found staphylococcus aureus as predominant isolates from bovine mastitis. the predominance of staphylococcus aurous could attribute to the wide ecological distribution of the organism on intra mammary and skin of the udder and frequent colonization of the eroded and injured skin on the teat and/or udder of the cows. [1] the bacterium is able to thrive in the udder and may cause a mild illness that lasts for a long time. it can then spread to healthy animals via milk, which happens mostly when milking is not done properly. possible causes of the high isolation rate include unsanitary living quarters, insufficient dry treatment, insufficient milking teat dipping, and a low rate of culling for animals who suffer from mastitis. the isolation rate for staphylococcus epidermidis was 2.41% and for staphylococcus hyicus it was 1.61%. the researchers in this investigation identified s. epidermides and s. hyicus as cougalase negative staphylococcus. a recovery rate of 16.12% for escherchia coli was observed; this finding is in agreement with [27], which reported an isolation rate of 11.5%; however, demelash's reported rate was 3.14%, and klebsiella aerogenes occurred at a rate of 3.23%. the most common source of these coliform organisms in dairy cow environments is manure [3]. according to popular belief, these viruses may live and reproduce in non-mammary areas more effectively than other prevalent mastitis infections. additionally, no one control approach has been shown to be efficient in laboratory settings. isolation rates of streptococcus agalactiae were 13%, 10%, and 13.5 percent, respectively, in previous studies [28], [29], and [27]. although 38% and 37% were lower than the results in [30], they were still below the average. possible causes for the relatively high isolate of this organism in this research include improper hygiene during milking, not dipping the teats after each milking, not treating animals who were clinically infected, not using dry period therapy, and not culling cows that didn't react to dry period therapy. among the isolates, 8.87% were streptococcus dysagalactiae and 4% were streptococcusuberis. because most of the illnesses were not severe enough to warrant treatment, many of them spread to other cows in the herd and eventually became clinical. while farmers and herd managers may be aware of the symptoms of mastitis, they may not realize how common the illness is or how much money it costs. antibiotics can help with mastitis control in dairy cows, but they aren't a panacea. what's more, overusing antibiotics like penicillin and streptomycin could lead to the rise of bacteria that are resistant to both drugs. hence, according on these comments, the following suggestions are made: when it comes to milking, dairy farms should adhere to strict sanitary procedures; chronically sick cows, whether they have blind quarters or not, should be slaughtered to eliminate a possible vector for disease. be eradicated; additional research should be conducted, focusing on the factors that put farmers at risk of financial losses due to the disease, in order to raise awareness among farmers about the disease and its impact on dairy production; and short-term training, extension workers, and model farmers should be employed to educate farmers about the disease. author contribution jsh: conception of the research idea, designing data collection, interpretation of the results and drafting the manuscript. it: data collection and drafting the manuscript. the authors read and approved the final manuscript. references [1] [1] in herd health, food, animal production, and medicine, edited by w. b. saonders and published in philadelphia by wonders campany in 1994, the authors radosetis, leslie, and fetrow discuss methods for controlling mastitis in dairy herds. the prevalence of streptococci mastitis on a tanzanian dairy farm (schalm, fl, and radiostitis, o. m., 2022). african bulletin of animal health and production, vol. 36, no. 2, 1994, pp. 196–129. the thirdbovine mastitis as described by schalm, o., carroll, e. s., and jain, n. c. lea and fiebiger, 1971: 1.302, philadelphia: usa: lea and fiebiger. shad. lad, abdelrahim, a. i., shommerin, a. i., and suliman, h. b. research in production and veterinary care for tropical nations, volume 42, issue 4, pages 512-514, published in 1989, examined the prevalence of mastitis in imported friesioan cows in sudan. [5] tizard, i.: immunity in the mammary gland. in: veterinary immunology, fourth edition, 244–245 philadelphia: saunders compony, 1992. (mohammed, i. e.) in the proceedings of the second scientific conference, mohammed, g. e., and el. dwni oao conducted a research on the incidence and etiology of bovine mastitis in sudan. december 5-7, 1993; 2: 326-336; egyptian society of cattle disease. the prevalence of streptococcal mastitis on tanzanian dairy farms (machang, u. r. s. and muyungi, l., 2007). african journal of animal health and production, vol. 36, no. 2, 1988, pp. 190–129. research on mastitis in cattle (tsegaye, h. m., 2008). articles 41–44 published in 1972 by the college of agriculture at addis ababa university in haremaya, ethiopia. 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[19]bagadis, h. o.: three regions of sudan and the cause of bovine mastitis publishing house, khartoum, sudan; 1978: 18, 86. in [20],demalash, b. a.: research on the prevalence of mastitis in organic zebu and jersey cattle in woliatasoddo and its indigenous communities. phd dissertation submitted to the university of addis abeba in 1994. the authors of the article "comparative incidence of mastitis in relation to certain factors in cattle and buffaloes" (published in 1995: 65; 1, 12–14 in the indian journal of animal science) are prem chand, g. d. behar, a. k. chakaravarty, and p. chand. research on the prevalence of bovine mastitis in several cooperative dairy farms in the chilalo awraja area of the arsi region [22] hamman dr. v.m. thesis, addis abeba university, faculty of veterinary medicine, 1987. environmental mastitis: a cause, prevalence, and preventive strategy (sympostium) in cows: a review of the literature (journal of dairy science, 1985, 68: 5-8, 1531–1553) by smith, k. l., todhunter, d. a., and shoenberger, p. s. dvm thesis, faculty of veterinary medicine, addis abeba university, 1996 tarekegn, bovine mastitis in indigenous arsi breed and arsi holstein crosses: prevalence. [25] in their anatomy of the mammary gland: anatomy and physiology of the fifth edition (lea and febiger, philadelphia, 1992: 466-473), frandos and spurgeon provide the following information. [26] in low southern western veterinarian, december 1960, 13: 114–118, fred, c. n. discusses chloranphinicol as a therapy for staphylococcal mastitis. [27] tiruneh, z.: a dvm thesis completed in 1996 at the faculty of veterinary medicine at addis abeba university examined the frequency of subclinical mastitis in asella dairy farms. [28] inodongo, m. o., and ambani aia: 1989, veterinary diagnostic laboratory in kebete, kenya, isolated microorganisms from bovine milk samples. [29]gezahegn, s.: subclinical mastitis in freisian-indigenous zebu crosses in bahirdar: prevalence and cause. dvm thesis. graduated from the university of addis abeba's veterinary medical program in 1996. [30]in a 1990 article published in the journal of the south african association, bryson and thomson discussed the methods used in the lab and in the field to reduce clinical mastitis in dairy cows in the bulawayo area. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 1 chinese traditional medical journal comparison between the piston of ic engine made with cast carbon steel and carbon graphite using finite element analysis (fea) niu tianfu, li zhijun, yuan ruyu, cardiovascular department, shanxi traditional chinese medicine institute, taiyuan cardiovascular department, the first teaching hospital of tianjin university of traditional chinese medicine cardiovascular department, the second teaching hospital of tianjin medical university, tianjin introduction: i. a piston is a cylinder-inside cylindrical component that exerts pressure on the combustion gases. various materials are used to construct it. a piston rod and/or connecting rod are used in an engine to transmit the force generated by the expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft. the piston rings seal the cylinder and enclose the moving component. the connecting rod's obliquity causes it to generate side thrust. combustion gases also abstract— cast carbon steel and carbon graphite pistons were subjected to thermal loads in this study, which was carried out via the use of finite element analysis (fea). the working gas temperature and the material qualities of the pistons are employed in the simulation. these pistons were studied using a four-stroke 100cc hero bike engine's specs. a four-stroke 100cc hero bike engine's specs are used to demonstrate an analytical design process for cast carbon steel and carbon graphite pistons. with an applied temperature of 600 kelvin (k), the fea findings predict the gradn: temperature gradient and critical region on both pistons. it is crucial to identify the key region and the benefits and drawbacks of the two materials. as part of the design process, solidworks is used to create the 3d models of pistons (the feature module), which are then meshes and thermally analysed. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 2 create a lot of heat, which is dissipated via the cylinder wall. the piston may also serve as a valve in certain engines, closing and opening apertures in the cylinder wall. ii. fem method: the fundamentals of the fem are straightforward. assume that a field variable, such as displacement or stress, has to be distributed across a body or component of the engineering design in question. an example of this would be a component that is under stress, or a temperature that is being affected by a heat source. an 'element assembly' is used to represent a one-, two-, or three-dimensional solid's body as a collection of tiny bits known as 'finite elements.' as the number of degrees of freedom required to simulate each element is finite, the term "finite" is used. only at the nodes, which are the connecting joints, are the components presumed to be connected. because the components aren't independent things like bricks, they don't have any gaps or surfaces in between them. discrete materials and structures may be modelled using systems that already exist.) however, this course does not include aspects like as real-masonry bricks, particle mixtures, sand grains, or any of the like.) iii. methodology of proposed work: this project's approach is based on the data that was gathered and analysed throughout the investigation phase. designing pistons requires the following methods: ic engine piston development data collection. taking apart a system to find out what went wrong. this piston and its predicted dimensions were measured and replicated as a 3-d model in solidworks software, and then examined in solidworks simulation.. using the software's library to choose material. pistons mated together. boundary conditions may be applied. calculation of the outcome. thermal load analysis is performed by comparing the resulting temperature gradients. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 3 iv. engine specifications: type air cooled, 4 stroke single cylinder ohc displacement 97.2 cc max. power 6.15kw (8.36 ps) @8000 rpm max. torque 0.82kg m (8.05 n-m) @5000 rpm max. speed 87 kmph bore x stroke 50.0 mm x 49.5 mm carburetor side draft , variable venturi type with tcis compression ratio 9.9 : 1 starting kick / self start ignition dc digital cdi oil grade sae 10 w 30 sj grade , jaso ma grade air filtration dry , pleated paper filter fuel system carburetor fuel metering carburetion i. reverse engineering the piston: the dimensions of the model piston were measured using vernier callipers and other measurement devices. in order to create a 3d model of this piston, solidworks 3d modelling software was used: ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 4 vi. boundary conditions and loads: temperature was applied to the top of the piston at 600 kelvin, and the piston pin holes were fixed. both tests will use the same units, boundary conditions, and loads . vii. analysis on cast carbon steel piston: model information model name: part1 current configuration: default solid bodies document name and reference treated as volumetric properties document path/date modified ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 5 <piston for study> solid body mass:0.199708 kg volume:2.56036e005 m^3 density:7800 kg/m^3 weight:1.95714 n study properties study name study 1 analysis type thermal(transient) mesh type solid mesh solver type ffeplus solution type transient total time 1 seconds time increment 0.1 seconds contact resistance defined? no result folder solidworks document (c:\users\dell\appda ta\local\temp) units unit system: si (mks) length/displaceme nt mm temperature kelvin angular velocity rad/sec pressure/stress n/m^2 material properties ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 6 model reference propertie s compon ents name: cast carbon steel model type: linear elastic isotropic default failure criterion: max von mises stress thermal conductivity: 30 w/(m.k) specific heat: 500 j/(kg.k) mass density: 7800 kg/m^3 default curve data:n/a thermal loads load name load image load details temperature1 entities: 1 face(s) temperature: 600 kelvin mesh information mesh type solid mesh mesher used: standard mesh automatic transition: off include mesh auto loops: off jacobian points 4 points ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 7 element size 2.94848 mm tolerance 0.147424 mm mesh quality high mesh information details total nodes 26259 total elements 14251 maximum aspect ratio 90.34 % of elements with aspect ratio < 3 83.9 % of elements with aspect ratio > 10 0.428 % of distorted elements(jacobian) 0 time to complete mesh(hh;mm;ss): 00:00:0 8 computer name: dellpc ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 8 figurei there is a 600 kelvin maximum temperature on the piston head, while the lowest is 0 kelvin at the piston bottom, which suggests that heat moves to the 1st groove of the piston ring. viii. analysis on carbon graphite piston: volumetric properties: lpattern2 solid body mass:0.0609817 kg volume:2.7224e-005 m^3 density:2240 kg/m^3 weight:0.59762 n defaul t material properties ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 9 model reference prop erties compo nents name: c (graphite) model type:linear elastic isotropic default failure max von mises criterion: stress thermal 168 w/(m.k) conductivity: specific heat: 44 j/(kg.k) mass density: 2240 kg/m^3 de fa ul t figure – ii figure ii: according to the results shown in the figure, which show a maximum temperature of 600 kelvin at the top of the piston head and a minimum temperature of 291.770 kelvin at the bottom, the flow of heat is sufficient. conclusion conclusion: based on thermal (transient state) analysis results on cast carbon steel ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 10 piston (result i) and c graphite (result ii), we found that the maximum heat flow occurred in c graphite instead of cast carbon steel which is evidence that the thermal conductivity of carbon graphite piston is much better than cast carbon steel piston which is best for the long life of the piston. it is also lighter than cast carbon steel, which is better suited for an internal combustion engine. in contrast, carbon graphite has a lower thermal coefficient than cast carbon steel, which permits engine design to utilise smaller cold clearances without risking piston seize under heavy loads. carbon graphite pistons also have the benefit of having great thermal shock resistance and self-lubricant qualities, both of which contribute to the engine's operating durability and efficiency by reducing lubricant use. when a result, c-graphite is a corrosion resistant against acids and solvents, which helps to preserve mechanical properties, and c-graphite grows stronger as the temperature is increased. finally, based on the results of this research, carbon graphite pistons are superior than cast carbon steel pistons for ic engines. references "thermal stressanalysis of engine piston" by b.r. ramesh and kishan naik, internationalconference on challenges and opportunities in mechanical engineering, industrialengineering and managementstudies (iccomim-2012), 11-13 july, 2012 design, analysis, and optimization of three aluminum piston alloys using fea: ajay raj singh, drpushpendra kumar sharma, international journal of engineering research and applications issn: 2248-9622, vol. 4, issue 1(version 3, january 2014, pages 94-102 in this study, dallwoo kim, akemi ito, yasuhiro ishikawa, katsuyukiosawa, and yoshiyuki iwasaki-friction characteristics of steel pistons for diesel engines. there are three authors listed in the bibliography for "thermal analysis and optimization of microfluidic devices: a review of the literature": finite element analysis of an i.c. engine piston friction losses between the piston ring and liner assembly of an internal combustion engine have been studied in the international journal of scientific and research publications, research on ic engine parts with coating: a review by ravi s modi, maulik modi, and tushar m patel issn: 2395-0056, volume: 4, issue: 2, january 2017, international research journal of engineering and technology (irjet). a structural and thermal analysis of a piston has been done by k.s.mahajan and s.h.deshmukh [7]. current engineering and technology journal, e-issn 22774106, p-issn 2347-5161, international the 2016 inpressco.kancharla raja sekhar is thermal analysis of a piston by g. vijay prakash, volume 5, issue 4, oct 2016. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 11 a study of the thermal temperature fields and thermal stress in a steady temperature field of diesel engine pistons by yaohui lu, peng lin, xing zhang, and dawei dong was published in 2016 by southwest jiaotong university in chengdu, sichuan 610031. "mechanical and thermal study of the internal combustion engine piston using ansys" was presented at the international conference on applied sciences in bucharest, romania (icas2016). experiment and simulation research breakthroughs in the piston assembly of an internal combustion engine" by 11.c. kirner, j. halbhuber, b. uhlig, a. oliva, s. graf, and g. wachtmeister tribology international accepted the preprint on march 17, 2016. ieee paper template in a4 (v1) issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 4 a look at chatgpt's rising reputation among tech-savvy college students dr. n. sumathy, professor kumaraguru college of liberal arts and science, coimbatore. . abstract since the advent of it and much enhanced advancements in programming, several approaches or media have been promoted as ways to facilitate efficient learning. chatgpt, developed by openai, is an ai system that can have natural-sounding conversations. chatgpt is an artificially intelligent chatbot that grows and learns from its conversations over time. this allows researchers in academia and the scientific community to explore chatgpt's potential as a versatile tool. there are several ways in which chatgpt may be put to use, all of which advance the state of knowledge and quicken the pace of education. since its release to the public in november 2022, chatgpt has seen unprecedented growth. the surprising success of this ai bot raises the question of whether or not students are using it as a teaching tool. this is a very important question to ask after spending so much time training and improving the ai's domain. by analyzing how students use tools like google and chatgpt, we may be able to enhance a variety of educational practices. this study aims to assess the popularity of chatgpt amongst students and identify its contributing variables. keywords— using the chatgpt, web searches, learning platforms, and conversational ai a. introduction b. in computing, "artificial intelligence" (ai) refers to either actual or simulated intelligence at or above the human level. intelligence is a broad concept that includes not only information acquisition but also processing, interpretation, application, and generalization. artificial intelligence is used in many different contexts, including web search engines, voice recognition software, automated decision making, and machine vision. in november of 2022, openai unveiled chatgpt, an implementation of their chat generative pretrained transformer. artificial intelligence was used to design it. as it started offering well-considered advice on a broad variety of issues, it gained popularity quickly. chatgpt was created using supervised learning as well as reinforcement learning. this model uses both human aid and large data sets to train and improve the ai's performance and output quality. openai is trained with many large data sets to develop its domain knowledge over time. c. major technical advances in recent years have increased the significance of understanding ai. memory and storage have become less expensive and easier to use, while computing speeds have increased dramatically in computers. algorithm improvements have also had a major impact on the progress of machine learning. the widespread accessibility of ai technology has the potential to dramatically improve the quality of education and the creation of content. chatgpt and related technologies have demonstrated a lot of potential for expanding ai's real-world uses. in this context, it's vital to learn more about the rate of chatgpt's awareness and the elements that contribute to its success. d. by conducting a thorough literature review, analyzing statistics on the usage and popularity of chatgpt, and investigating the perspectives of students and educators, this research aims to provide useful insights into the growing popularity of chatgpt among students and its potential influence on education. the findings of this research will provide light on how widespread usage of chatgpt is as a learning resource, how its features may be put to good use in the classroom, and how conversational bots may play a greater part in the future of education and academia. b. b. the range of the research c. c. this study's overarching goal is to investigate the reasons behind chatgpt's meteoric surge in popularity and to assess the level of student awareness of chatgpt and other conversational ai technologies. the findings will also lead further study into the most useful features of chatgpt from a pedagogical perspective. the study will also include suggestions for improving the operation and prospective integration in future educational environments, all with the goal of better meeting the needs of students. d. defining the issue (d) e.even though there are already many other search engines and communication tools accessible, chatgpt has grown extremely popular among today's students. chatgpt's cutting-edge, oneof-a-kind, and powerful features are enabled by its dependence on language model ai and vast data sets, making it superior to ordinary search engines like google and bing. e. f. chatbots are gaining popularity as a teaching tool, however it is unclear how effective they really are. the moment has come to look at what's causing chatbots to become so well-liked. it is also important to assess chatgpt's potential as a learning tool. f. g. this study will shed light on how well known chatgpt is as a teaching tool and how it may affect the future of education. g. h. aims of the research h. to investigate the extent to which today's digital natives are conversant with chatgpt. i. to determine which features of chatgpt are most useful to academics and students. j. to investigate how different user profiles on chatgpt correlate with different demographic characteristics. k. research methodology data collection refers to the process of collecting and evaluating raw data to interpret a sensible meaning from the outcome which may enable relevant questions to be answered. this study relies on both primary and secondary data. the primary data was collected through the issue of questionnaires to the respondents. the secondary data was gathered from published sources like journals, magazines, articles, and websites. the study is limited to coimbatore. the sample size of the study is 110 respondents. sample techniques adopted for the study are convenient and random sampling for the collection of primary data through questionnaire. the process of data analysis and interpretation is to transform the collected data into credible evidence about the statistical data view that is been calculated based on the research conducted. the following tools are used in the analysis:  percentage analysis  weighted average score method  ranking analysis  chi square analysis l. limitations of the study  this study is confined to coimbatore district and the findings may not be generalizable to other regions.  the study is limited to the perspective of students and researchers and does not consider the perspective of other stakeholders such as educators or the developers of chatgpt.  the study is limited by time constraints such as short research period, which prevents and indepth investigation into the topic of study. review of literature the newly created ai agent chatgpt poses a threat to the reliability of online examinations since it is able to demonstrate critical thinking and generate realistic language with minimum input (teo susnjak, 2022). while proctoring methods and ai-text output detectors may assist, they may not be infallible, and invigilated and oral examinations may be part of the answer. to fully grasp the consequences of big language models like chatgpt and to create effective anti-cheating measures, further study is required. educators and institutions should be aware of this danger and look into ways to keep online examinations legitimate and fair. based on the results of this research, educators and institutions should be aware of the risk of online test cheating facilitated by ai agents like chatgpt and take appropriate measures to counteract it. additional research into ai and machine learning tools capable of recognizing text created by chatgpt-type models is required, as are strategies like invigilated and oral examinations and proctoring systems. this article by brady lund and ting wang (2023) provides an overview of chatgpt and the technology, gpt, that underpins it. this includes information on gpt's generative pre-trained transformer model, its versatility, and how chatgpt makes use of it. this interview with chatgpt, which discusses the advantages and ethical implications of this technology, is also included in this report. the article concludes by discussing the potential of chatgpt in academic writing. in this study, we delved into the inner workings of chatgpt, a sophisticated chatbot, and how its technology might be used to further the fields of academia and librarianship. generative pre-trained transformer (gpt), the foundational technology of chatgpt, was the topic of discussion. it illustrated the capabilities of chatgpt, explored the advantages of using it, and highlighted the ethical concerns that must be addressed. according to riley and stephen (2023), the usage of ai writing tools like chatgpt has elicited a range of responses from educational establishments. some people are optimistic that it will help kids write better, reduce the amount of homework they have to do, and force a reevaluation of how we engage in deep reflection on students' progress in the classroom. instructors should think about syllabus statements, provide rewards for active learning, and shuffle written tasks throughout the classroom to promote academic honesty. throughout the course of the semester, the office of teaching and learning will maintain its focus on this issue. the research of aydin, mer, and enis karaarslan (2023) examines the status of generative ai and its most popular implementation, chatgpt, as well as its prospective future developments. it describes the interest in chatgpt and the analysis of its capabilities via what people want and what they get in return. the paper forecasts the development of generative ai by comparing chatgpt with contemporaries like bard ai, claude, and wit.ai. chatgptan overview the term "artificial intelligence" (ai) is used to describe the study and implementation of computer systems capable of doing activities that traditionally require human intellect. what was formerly thought to be a uniquely human ability has been shown by robots and software: the ability to perceive, synthesize, and infer information. recent years have seen a significant improvement in ai's capabilities. it's now simple to incorporate into daily life, and in some cases indispensable. artificial intelligence (ai) systems are built to continuously learn from data and adapt, enhancing their performance and output over time. created by openai and released to the public in november 2022, chatgpt is an ai-powered conversational chat bot. to simulate human responses to a question or instruction, gpt employs the autoregressive language model trained with deep learning known as generative pre-trained transformer 3 (gpt). we employed a technique called reinforcement learning with human feedback (rlhf) to fine-tune the system. chatgpt is an advanced chatbot that can respond to a broad variety of queries in text form. by using its data warehouses, chatgpt's training model enables it to mimic human conversation and perform a variety of activities, including as providing answers to inquiries, generating personalized suggestions, and even generating original material like essays, tales, music, and speeches. a. characteristics of chatgpt chatgpt is able to interpret and react to human language instructions and inputs in a manner that resembles human conversation since it is trained on a big library of text and information. chatgpt's ability to learn from its own conversations is what sets it apart from similar conversational ai and represents a significant advance in the area of generative ai. in order to enhance its replies over time, chatgpt employs statistical techniques to learn from the data it is trained on. this allows for a more rapid and effective pace of learning, which in turn yields replies of a high standard. as a result of its training, chatgpt can pick up on the nuances of a discussion and adjust its responses accordingly. through its comprehension and context learning, it can grasp and react to figurative language, idioms, and colloquialisms. chatgpt can have free-form discussions with its human users. it is not restricted to predetermined scripts or predetermined tasks and may instead react to a broad range of user-posed inquiries using its extensive knowledge base. this is what makes it different from other search engines. english, spanish, french, german, italian, and more are just some of the languages that chatgpt knows and can speak in. it turns out that chatgpt may be rather useful for picking up new tongues. chatgpt can tailor its replies and suggestions to each user by learning from their past interactions and preferences. it remembers talks and uses that information to respond to requests accurately. the software behind chatgpt is designed to learn and improve over time, even in natural language, by analyzing fresh data and taking into account user comments. it learns from its mistakes and improves its replies over time. b. operation of chatgpt in response to user orders and prompts, chatgpt, an nlp model powered by ai, generates natural-sounding conversational dialogue. this model is trained using big textual datasets, such as books, papers, and websites, so that the code can make sense of the relationships between words and phrases. the "unsupervised learning" approach is also used by chatgpt to create text without being given any specific guidelines to follow. chatgpt leverages its knowledge of language to provide a response that is more likely to be relevant and of good quality when it is given a phrase as a prompt or command. the quality of replies received is proportional to the size of the training set utilized for chatgpt. chatgpt may be customized for use in a variety of contexts by using domain-specific training data sets. as more and better training data is supplied and as more and better methods for generating high-quality text and content are created, chatgpt as a language model improves and evolves. c. key chatgpt statistics  chatgpt gained over a million users within a week of its launch  chatgpt crossed the 100 million users milestone in january 2023  in the first month of its launch, chatgpt had more than 57 million monthly users  13 million individual active users visited chatgpt per day as of january 2023  chatgpt receives approximately 10 million daily queries  the estimated monthly traffic of chatgpt is around 96 million visitors  microsoft recently made $1 billion investment in chatgpt d. chatgpt in education 1) answering questions: chatgpt can be used to answer students’ questions, provide quick and accurate responses to help them understand the course material and the concepts in a more efficient manner. 2) tutoring: chatgpt acts as a virtual tutor and is capable of providing one-on-one support to students who need extra help with the topic. 3) preparing for tests: chatgpt can help by providing practice questions and simulations to help students prepare for exams and tests. 4) research: chatgpt can provide valuable and relevant resource material and provide information on a wide range of topics 5) writing: chatgpt can help students improve their writing skills and provide suggestions and recommendations to improve their grammar, vocabulary, etc. 6) language learning: chatgpt can help provide assistance in learning a new language by providing translations, creating language learning exercise, and vocabulary lists for a wide range of languages. 7) personalized learning: chatgpt can adapt to students’ learning styles and preferences and provide customized learning experiences that are personalized to each student. 8) distance learning: chatgpt can be used to facilitate distance learning and allow students to access a wide range of information from anywhere at any time. 9) increase student engagement: chatgpt can provide interactive and engaging learning experiences to improve student involvement and to prevent fatigue or stagnation in the learning process. 10) provides feedback: chatgpt can provide efficient feedback on students’ work, educators’ course material and plan to improve the quality of teaching and learning. i. analysis and interpretation of data a. characteristics of sample percentage analysis is the method of representing raw streams of data as a percentage, a part of 100, for better understanding of the collected data. the gathered data is represented in the following table: table no. 1 showing the characteristics of sample s. no. characteristics of sample category frequency percentage 1 age under 18 years 3 2.7% 18 – 24 years 103 93.6% 25 – 34 years 3 2.7% over 35 years 1 0.9% 2 educational qualification high school / diploma 17 15.5 bachelor’s degree 87 79.1 master’s degree 5 4.5 3 occupation business owner 2 1.8 professional 4 3.7 employed 5 3.7 student 99 90.8 4 field of work / study engineering 38 34.5 medicine 6 5.5 management & commerce 53 48.2 humanities 11 10.0 otheranalytics 1 0.9 othercosmetics 1 0.9 5 awareness about chatgpt not at all familiar 6 5.5 somewhat familiar 44 40.0 very familiar 60 54.5 6 main usage of chatgpt to answer academic questions 37 33.6 to analyse data and make predictions 10 9.1 to access information quickly & easily 60 54.5 to practice language skills 3 2.7 7 use of chatgpt’s study tool accuracy of answers 14 12.7 speed of answering 22 20.0 quality of answering 29 26.4 ease of access 45 40.9 8 task chatgpt is used for text generation 26 23.6 question answering 54 49.1 conversational ai 11 10.0 content simplification 19 17.3 9 reliability of chatgpt not reliable 3 2.7 somewhat reliable 68 61.8 very reliable 39 35.5 10 user friendliness of chatgpt very difficult to use 3 2.7 somewhat difficult to use 2 1.8 neutral 24 21.8 somewhat user friendly 32 29.1 very user friendly 49 44.5 11 technical issues of chatgpt browser/device incompatibility 14 12.7 server issues & inaccessibility 65 59.2 input errors 25 22.7 security threats and issues 6 5.5 12 browsing time less than 1 hour 68 61.8 1 – 2 hours 30 27.3 2 – 3 hours 11 10.0 3 – 4 hours 1 0.9 more than 4 hours 0 0 13 improvement in quality of answers significant improvement 22 20.0 some improvement 60 54.5 no change 28 25.5 14 likeliness to recommend extremely unlikely 3 2.7 unlikely 8 7.3 neutral 27 24.5 likely 40 36.4 extremely likely 32 29.1 15 degree of help received significantly 42 38.2 somewhat 54 49.1 not really 14 12.7 not at all 0 0 16 reliability of chatgpt in comparison to other search engines more reliable 12 10.9 reliable 61 55.5 equally reliable 27 24.5 less reliable 10 9.1 not reliable at all 0 0 17 degree of satisfaction extremely satisfied 27 24.5 somewhat satisfied 52 47.3 neutral 23 20.9 somewhat dissatisfied 5 4.5 extremely dissatisfied 3 2.7 18 suggestions to improve chatgpt more accurate answers 32 29.1 faster response time 27 24.5 improved quality of answers 27 24.5 better user interface 24 21.8 b. weighted average score method weighted average score is the most accurate measure of data that are relatively important to each other. weighted grade is the average of a set of grades, where each set contains a different amount, the values with larger weights contribute more to the weighted mean and data values with smaller weights contribute less to the weighted mean. table no. 2 showing the level of satisfaction of the respondents with respect to various features of chatgpt features of chatgpt highly beneficial somewhat beneficial neutral somewhat not beneficial highly not beneficial total score weighted average score rank answering questions 280 124 42 4 7 457 4.15 1 providing recommendations based on preferences 160 172 66 16 5 419 3.80 5 summarizing text 255 124 63 10 2 454 4.12 2 translation 130 140 114 14 4 402 3.65 8 proof reading 110 156 114 16 3 399 3.62 9 data analysis and making predictions 110 196 81 10 7 404 3.67 7 generating creative content 180 168 57 16 5 426 3.87 4 teaching/ simplifying concepts 185 152 69 18 3 427 3.88 3 natural language generation 140 152 75 24 7 398 3.61 10 text completion 180 144 69 22 4 419 3.80 5 providing news updates 110 112 96 32 12 362 3.29 12 offering weather forecasts and updates 85 140 93 26 14 358 3.25 13 helps with language learning 115 104 117 20 12 368 3.34 11 interpretation the weighted average has been conducted in this study to analyze the overall level of satisfaction among the respondents with respect to the features of chatgpt. from the above table, it can be observed that answering questions ranked first with the highest score of 4.15. summarizing text ranked second with a score of 4.12; teaching and simplifying concepts ranked the third with a score of 3.88; generating creative content ranked fourth with a score of 3.87; text completion ranked fifth with a score of 3.80 along with providing recommendations based on preferences; data analysis and predictions ranked seventh with a score of 3.67; translation ranked the eight with a score of 3.65; proof reading ranked the ninth with a score of 3.62; natural language generation ranked tenth with a score of 3.61; language learning ranked eleventh with a score of 3.34; priding news updates ranked twelfth with a score of 3.29 followed by weather forecasts at thirteenth with a score of 3.25. table no. 3 showing the level of satisfaction of the respondents in search engines search engines highly beneficial somewhat beneficial neutral somewhat not beneficial highly not beneficial total score weighted average score rank chatgpt 205 172 57 4 5 443 4.02 2 google 350 104 27 6 2 489 4.44 1 bing 10 60 141 52 20 283 2.57 3 yahoo 0 40 126 60 28 254 2.30 4 duckduckgo 15 28 102 62 35 242 2.20 6 ask.com 0 32 123 56 33 244 2.21 5 interpretation in the above table, google has ranked first with a score of 4.44; chatgpt ranked second with a score of 4.02; bing has ranked third with a score of 2.57 followed by yahoo at fourth with a score of 2.30; ask.com ranked fifth with a score of 2.21 followed by duckduckgo with ranked the last with a score of 2.20. c. rank analysis rank analysis is a method of statistics that measures the relationship between ranking of various ordinal variables and different rankings of the same variables. table no. 4 showing the ranking of preferred search engine among the respondents search engine r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 total score rank chatgpt 246 245 36 6 10 4 547 2 google 348 210 8 3 6 4 579 1 bing 12 25 244 87 14 8 390 3 yahoo 6 30 96 189 24 4 349 4 duckduckgo 12 30 20 21 136 22 241 5 ask.com 36 10 36 24 30 70 206 6 interpretation ranking analysis indicates that google ranked the first with a score of 579, followed by chatgpt with a score of 547; bing ranked third with a score of 390; yahoo ranked fourth with a score of 349; finally, duckduckgo ranked 5 with 241 and ask.com ranked the sixth with 206. d. chi square analysis chi-square test is the non-parametric test of significant difference between the observed distribution of data among categories and the expected distribution based on the null hypothesis. this test is widely used to identify the relationship between multiple variables. table no. 5 showing the relationship between variables s. no. relationship variables chi square value table value hypothesis accepted/ rejected result 1 age and familiarity of chatgpt 0.096 12.59 accepted no significant relationship 2 occupation and frequent use of chatgpt 0.131 12.59 accepted no significant relationship 3 field of study and frequent use of chatgpt 1.041 12.59 accepted no significant relationship 4 occupation and task used 0.061 16.92 accepted no significant relationship 5 age and user-friendliness of chatgpt 0.060 21.03 accepted no significant relationship 6 age and technical issues 0.127 21.03 accepted no significant relationship 7 field of study and technical issues 0.601 25 accepted no significant relationship 8 field of study and hours spent 0.124 31.41 accepted no significant relationship 9 occupation and chatgpt’s degree of help in work 0.096 16.92 accepted no significant relationship 10 field of study and satisfaction with chatgpt 12.34 31.41 accepted no significant relationship ii. findings the objectives of this study were to ascertain the popularity of chatgpt among students of this generation and to analyze the causes of such popularity. the data gathered has been carefully analyzed using the techniques of percentage analysis, weighted average score method, rank analysis and chi-square analysis. a. percentage analysis  majority (93.6%) of the respondents lie in the age group 18 – 24 years.  majority (79.1%) of the respondents have the qualification of a bachelor’s degree.  majority (90.8%) of the respondents are students.  majority (48.2%) of the respondents are in the work / study field of management & commerce.  majority (54.5%) of the respondents are very familiar with chatgpt.  majority (54.5%) of the respondents use chatgpt to access information quickly and easily.  majority (40.9%) of the respondents use chatgpt as a study tool due to its easy access and use.  majority (49.1%) of the respondents use chatgpt for its question answering feature.  majority (61.8%) of the respondents find chatgpt somewhat reliable.  majority (44.5%) of the respondents find chatgpt very user friendly.  majority (59.2%) of the respondents have faced server issues and inaccessibility while using chatgpt.  majority (59.1%) of the respondents have observed an improvement in their work after using chatgpt.  majority (61.8%) of the respondents use chatgpt for less than 1 hour at a time.  majority (36.4%) of the respondents were likely to recommend chatgpt to others.  majority (49.1%) of the respondents were somewhat aided by the use of chatgpt.  majority (55.5%) of the respondents found chatgpt somewhat reliable in comparison to other sources of information.  majority (47.3%) of the respondents were somewhat satisfied after using chatgpt.  majority (29.1%) of the respondents suggested “more accurate answers” when asked about what they would suggest to improve chatgpt. b. weighted average score method  the respondents derive maximum satisfaction from the question answering feature of chatgpt which ranked the first with the highest score of 4.15; summarizing text ranked second with a score of 4.12, followed by teaching and simplifying concepts at the third rank with a score of 3.88; generating creative content ranked fourth with 3.87 points and finally providing recommendations based on preferences ranked fifth with a score of 3.80.  the respondents are observed to derive most benefit from google which ranked the first with the highest score of 4.44; chatgpt ranked a close second with a score of 4.02; bing ranked third with 2.57 points, followed by yahoo at rank four with a score of 2.30, ask.com at rank five with 2.21 points and finally duckduckgo at the final rank of six with a score of 2.20. c. rank analysis  the respondents preferred google which ranked first with the highest-ranking score of 579; this was followed by chatgpt at the second rank with a score of 547; bing ranked the third with a score of 390; yahoo ranked the fourth with 349 points; duckduckgo ranked the fifth with a score of 241 points and ask.com ranked the last position with the lowest rank with the score of 206. d. chi square analysis  the factors age and familiarity of chatgpt have an insignificant relationship between them.  the factors occupation and frequent use of chatgpt have an insignificant relationship between them.  the factors field of task and frequent use of chatgpt have an insignificant relationship between them.  the factors occupation and task used have an insignificant relationship between them.  the factors age and user-friendliness of chatgpt have an insignificant relationship between them.  the factors age and technical issues have an insignificant relationship between them.  the factors field of study and technical issues have an insignificant relationship between them.  the factors field of study and hours spent have an insignificant relationship between them.  the factors field of study and degree of help in work have an insignificant relationship between them.  the factors field of study and satisfaction level are using chatgpt have an insignificant relationship between them. suggestions  while chatgpt has shown to increase the work efficiency of its users, the data it has been trained with is yet to be updated with information from a few years ago. chatgpt could update this information and program chatgpt to continuously learn and further update its database of information.  one way to improve the appeal of chatgpt is to improve its user interface and allow users to personalize and customize it to their preference.  if openai takes into consideration the device compatibility, chatgpt’s accessibility will improve to a large degree and make this ai accessible to more users.  on the technical side, openai can ensure better server connections on the user’s end to improve the overall experience and accessibility.  chatgpt’s capability to manage high traffic must be improved as that is one of the most commonly faced technical issue while using chatgpt.  openai is looking into the possibility to monetize certain functions of chatgpt in the future. this could discourage users from even using the ai. to combat this, certain basic features could be retained outside the pay wall and tiers of subscription could be implemented.  in comparison to bing ai, respondents answered that chatgpt would be beneficial to also provide the sources of information in order to help the user directly verify the data and reduce direct plagiarism.  chatgpt’s user interface could include elements to showcase its features and functions in a better and visible manner as multiple users are unaware about few functions of the ai.  improvements to the interface and capabilities of the mobile version of the program could help improve the accessibility of chatgpt and its use as an integrable study tool. conclusion chatgpt is widely used by the younger population, which includes students and academics. they rely on it often to do a wide range of activities, including finding solutions to problems, researching extensive amounts of material, and analyzing large amounts of data. the accessibility and accuracy of the responses provided by chatgpt contribute to its widespread use. chatgpt was found to be very trustworthy and easy to use when compared to other information sources and the information sought by users from various academic and professional backgrounds. despite the intuitive design of the user interface, chatgpt users may have technical difficulties, such as inaccessibility due to heavy server load. the majority of chatgpt users are pleased with the service. the general user experience and availability may both benefit from open ai. with more people using it, chatgpt has a better chance of becoming a standard teaching resource. references [1]. rangoli, “google vs chatgpt: which search engine will dominate the world”, analytics insight, january 23, 2023 [2]. brady lund, ting wang, “chatting about chatgpt: how may ai and gpt impact academia and libraries”, library hi tech news, volume 40, january 2023 [3]. riley, stephen. "chatgpt, friend or foe in the classroom?", january 13, 2023 [4]. aydın, ömer, and enis karaarslan. "is chatgpt leading generative ai? what is beyond expectations?", january 29, 2023 [5]. zhai, xiaoming. "chatgpt user experience: implications for education" available at ssrn 4312418, january 4, 2022 [6]. https://www.zdnet.com/article/how-does-chatgpt-work/ [7]. https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-setsrecord-fastest-growing-user-base-analyst-note-2023-02-01/ [8]. https://nerdynav.com/chatgpt-statistics/ [9]. https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mphmodules/sb/behavioralchangetheories/behavioralchangetheor ies5.html https://www.zdnet.com/article/how-does-chatgpt-work/ https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-sets-record-fastest-growing-user-base-analyst-note-2023-02-01/ https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-sets-record-fastest-growing-user-base-analyst-note-2023-02-01/ https://nerdynav.com/chatgpt-statistics/ https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-modules/sb/behavioralchangetheories/behavioralchangetheories5.html https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-modules/sb/behavioralchangetheories/behavioralchangetheories5.html https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-modules/sb/behavioralchangetheories/behavioralchangetheories5.html ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 1 chinese traditional medical journal pharmacological research antimicrobial activity of vitex negundo linn. (nirgundi) leaves extract samijk ullahg, liu leiley department of botany, university of peshawar, peshawa , department of graduate school of tianjin university of traditional chinese medicine, tianjin china introduction icrobes, such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites, are all around us, some of which are helpful to our health and others which are detrimental. infectious illnesses account for 26% of all fatalities each year and over 30% of all dalys (disability-adjusted life years) lost each year. [1] more than three million children die each year from malaria and diarrheal illnesses alone in impoverished nations. [2] antibiotics are the medicines that suppress or kill germs. developing novel medications to treat abstract background: antibiotic resistance in human pathogens has been more widespread during the last several years. this necessitates the development of antibacterial medications that are not based on antibiotics. aims: in vitro testing of the antibacterial properties on both f and g gramme of vitex negundo linn. (nirgundi) organisms with a gramme positive and a gramme negative stain material and methods: to test the antimicrobial activity of vitex negundo linn. leaf oethanol extracts against three strains of bacteria obtained from the american type culture collection (atcc 25922, atcc 25923, and atcc 27736), researchers used the well diffusion technique (atcc). the concentrations of 20 mg/ml, 40 mg/ml, and 60 mg/ml were used in this investigation. leaf extract concentrations of up to 100 mg/ml were utilised. results: all of the bacterial pathogens investigated were shown to have antibacterial properties. highest zoi recorded for s. aureus was 15 mm at 80 and 100 mg/ml, respectively, whereas the maximum zoi was 12 mm for e. coli and 11 mm for k. pneumoniae at 100 mg/ml for the other two pathogens. conclusion: a significant antibacterial effect was found for s aureus in the vitex negundo linn. leaf extract when compared to all the other microorganisms. keywords: antimicrobial property, vitex negundo linn., nirgundi, well diffusion method ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 2 infections is necessary since bacteria are capable of transmitting and acquiring resistance to pharmaceuticals used as therapeutic agents [3]. bacteria appear often in ancient works of literature. vedic literature has identified and described over a hundred different species of microorganisms. there are macroscopic and microscopic creatures (like drishya) in the world (adrishya). they might come from inside or outside the body. they've located the main (vesa) and secondary (parivesha) locations of infection in the body. the organisms should be wiped off in order to lessen their negative impacts. for example, herbal medications such as manidharana (wearing jewels), bali (sacrificing an animal), homa (votive ritual), and mantra (hymns) were used, as well as the sun, re, and guggulu. [4] sankramaka or infectious disorders were identified by sushrut and vagbhata. some of these disorders have been linked to microbes, according to the research. because of this, antimicrobial medications known as krumighna or rakshoghna have been described in ayurvedic texts for centuries. [5] [6] as a member of the verbenaceae family, vitex negundo grows to a height of up to 4.5 metres and is distributed across india. therapeutic properties include anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, antibacterials, moderate cns depressants antifertility, analgesic, hepatoprotective and estrogenic anticonvulsant. herbalists employ the leaves for anything from rheumatism and arthritis to catarrhal fever and syphilis to sprains and inflamed sores and ulcers. [7] antibiotic-resistant pathogens, as well as their adverse effects, might be harmful to the host. as a result of the pressing demand for novel antimicrobial medications with fewer side effects than synthetic pharmaceuticals, the current research examined the antibacterial activity of nirgundi leaves. results were collected at jawaharlal nehru medical college in wardha, maharashtra, india, in the department of microbiology.. plant material: t from the 21st of july to the 30th of september of 2014, fresh leaves of vitex negundo linn. were harvested in the hamlet of dabha, wardha district (ms), which is located at 20.57 n and 78.81 e. herbarium was made and delivered to the botanical survey of india in pune, maharashtra, for plant certification. no. bsi/wrc-technology/2014/447-msd-4 is a voucher specimen. washing leaves under tap water for 2-3 times, followed by an ethanol wash, and then allowing them to dry in the shade at room temperature for seven days removes soil and other contaminants. using a mixer grinder, we pulverised the leaves of three different plants until we had a coarse powder. polyethylene bags containing the powder were secured, marked, and placed in an airtight container for further investigation. preparation of extracts: a soxhlet device was used to extract 20 gm of powdered vitex negundo linn. leaves into 200 ml of ethanol at 40-500c. 2.29 gramme of the filtered extract was collected and stored at room temperature to eliminate any remaining ethanol. and 10 cc of ethanol was used to dilute the solution. the mother solution was kept in a refrigerator for future usage and was referred to as 20 mg/ml, 40 mg/ml, 60 mg/ml, 80 mg/ml, and 100 mg/ml concentrations of the extract. microorganisms: e. coli, staphylococcus aureus and klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria were ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 3 purchased from the american type culture collection (atcc) for use in this study (atcc). preparation of subculture media for inoculum: the agar slant culture was transferred into the sterilised nutrient broth medium through a loopful of organism. at 370 degrees fahrenheit, the tubes were incubated for 18-24 hours. preparation of assay medium and pour plates: after sterilising the petri plates, mueller hinton agar (mha) was poured into them and allowed to cool at 400c until it solidified. there is a lot of room for development and culture in the petri dishes. a sterile swab steak was used to mow the prepared subculture media (a combination of microorganisms) over the surface of the solid mha medium. six 8-mm-diameter wells (holes) were drilled. an ethanol-based reference solution (99 percent ethanol) was also placed into one well, and leaves extracts of a trial medication at various concentrations were poured into each well, using the sterile pipette. there was a 50 l volume for all of the test and standard solutions tested. for 18 to 24 hours, the petri dishes were incubated in an incubator at 37°c. an aseptic area was used for all operations. [8]results: vitex negundo's ethanolic extract was shown to have an antibacterial effect beginning at a concentration of 20mg/ml for all three microorganisms studied in this investigation (fig-1). e. coli was shown to have antibacterial activity at all concentrations, with the greatest zoi of 12 mm at 100 mg/ml (table-1). at 80 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml, the greatest zone of inhibition of 15 mm was obtained against s. aureus (table-2). at a concentration of 100mg/ml, klebsiella pneumonia had the greatest zoi of 11 mm (table-3). fig.1: inhibition zone of vitex negundo linn. leaves extract escherichia coli staphylococcus aureus klebsiella pneumonia discussion: ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 4 the plant's active principle, in millimetres. inverse polarity gram-positive (s aureus) and gram-negative (e. coli) bacteria were both killed by the plant extract (e. coli, k. pneumoniae). a control medication of 98 percent ethanol was utilised. due to the little amount (50 l) and high concentration of the control medication, it demonstrated minimal inhibition. gram negative bacteria were less responsive to the experimental medication compared to gramme positive bacteria. gram-negative bacteria tend to be more resistant to antibiotics than their gram-positive counterparts. [9] s. aureus was shown to have the widest area of inhibition, which is impressive given the organism's significance. there are a slew of things that might influence antimicrobial properties are largely influenced by the extraction solvent. it may be possible that plant extracts include broad-spectrum antibiotics or just general metabolic poisons in them if they are able to kill both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. [10,11] vitex negundo leaves and bark have been shown to have antibacterial and phytochemical properties in a prior research. staphylococcus epidermidis, bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus, and s. aureus were the three gram-positive bacteria tested, while e. coli, salmonella typhimurium, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and vibrio anguillarum were the four gram-negative bacteria. bacteria such as cholera and vibrion alginolyteus polar and nonpolar substanc disc diffusion, agar cup and broth dilution procedures were used to test the antibacterial activity of the various extracts, including petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, and methanol. e. coli and s. aureus were shown to be the most resistant bacteria to extracts from both bark and leaves. alcoholic leaf extracts inhibited the growth of bacteria in the positive and negative serogroups, but extracts from the tree bark in petroleum ether and chloroform exhibited superior antibacterial action. [12] based on these and other studies, the trial medication seems to be an effective antibacterial therapeutic agent.. conclusion antibacterial activity was shown to be present against all of the bacterial pathogens investigated in this investigation. because of this, it may be employed as an antibacterial supplement as well as a potential novel medicinal drug. references: 9. infection control in south-east asia, world health organization south-east asia regional office, new delhi, anonymous. in the year [2005, on the internet], accessed at: http://www.searo.who.int /entity/emerging diseases/documents/b0005.pdf [cited on 5-92016]. 10. second, fauci as. infectious illnesses in the 21st century: considerations. clinical infectious dis 11.as an antibacterial agent, plant extracts and phytochemicals have been shown to be effective against antibiotic-resistant bacteria (4) 13. 4th purushottamacharyulu of ganjam these are the fundamental ideas behind 15. ancient indian bacteriology and ayurveda:parekh j, chanda s, antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 5 medicinal herbs. turkey's journal of biology, vol. 29, pp. 203-210 medicinal herbs from south africa have been shown to have antibacterial properties. ethanopharmacol. 1997;56(1):81-87 18. antibiotics that are resistant to resistance. scientific american. 1995;270(5237):724-7. 17. in the journal of medicinal plants research, dutta and panda report on the antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of the leaf and bark extracts of vitex negundo from the similipal biosphere reserve in orissa. 19.patna, shree, 1st ed., chapter 14 on literaturehow to cite the article: p.104-6 baidyanath ayurved bhavan commentary by gorakhanath chaturvedi and kashinath pandey, reprint ed. 1p. 82 5. commentary on dalhana's translation of the sushrut samhita, sutra sthana, chapter 38, verse 18, is included in yadavaji trikamji's edition of the book, which was reprinted in varanasi, india, in 2009. ccras; 2005;(3), page 451 in sharma p.c. et aldatabase .'s medicinal plants used in ayurveda microbes in action, by seely h.w. and p.j. van denmark. the 2nd edition of a laboratory manual of microbiology. it was published in bombay, india, in 1975 by d b taraporevala sons & co pvt ltd. kethamakka shivarama prasad, kunal kale, meena shamrao deogade and nilima tankhiwale are the other members of the team. vitex negundo linn. (nirgundi) leaves extract antimicrobial activity. trad. med. research 2016, 2(4): 99-102. http:dx.doi.org/10.21276/jrtm.2016/206 source of support: datta meghe institute of medical sciences (du), nagpur con ict of interest: nil © journal of research in traditional medicine 2015-2016 disclaimer: for any and all consequences resulting from the use of the information included in published articles, neither journal of research in traditional medicine, its publisher, editorial board members, nor anyone else involved in their production or delivery, assumes any duty or obligation. in the pieces, contributors express their own views, not necessarily those of the journal. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 6 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 chinese traditional medical journal case study multiple stage surgical approach along with ksharasutra therapy in the management of high anal fistula (bhagandara) jin xi, wan je, shen hifen, institute of hematology, the first affiliated hospital of medical school of zhejiang university, hangzhou department of oncology, the third affiliated hospital of zhejiang chinese medical university, hangzhou introduction darana (splitting or ripping) surrounding guda, yoni, and vasti is the literal meaning of bhagandara (urinary bladder). bhagandara was the first patient to benefit from the treatment. seton placement, stulotomy, and stulectomy[5] are all current surgical options for treating ano amputations.[6] pidika (boil) arises in the vicinity of guda, and when it fistula ligation of the inter-sphinteric (lift)it is known as bhagandara when it breaks out. (1) in the list of astamahagada (diseases that abstract background: anal stulas are relatively common in today's clinical practise, and despite improvements in surgical procedures, treating them is a time-consuming task. bhagandara, a disease mentioned in ayurveda that is supposed to be very difficult to treat, is similar to anal stula. as a result of the difficulty of using merely ksharasutra (alkaline seton) to treat high anal stulas, which have an internal opening that is above the dentate line and an exterior opening that is a significant distance from the anal edge, numerous surgical approaches have been used in this circumstance. materials & methods: stulotomy and ksharasutra were used in three phases to treat the patient. to establish hemostasis, the external incision was first expanded toward the anal canal by around 5 cm. curettage and packing were also performed at this step. during the second step, the tract extended 2 cm toward the anal canal and was stuffed, which took place after a month. ksharasutra was used in the third stage for eight weeks till the tract was severed and healed fully. results: it was approximately a year before all of the stulous tract had healed, although the hospital stay was just a few days. after six months of monitoring, there was no sign of the problem recurring. the outcomes of this trial were positive, and the patient was able to return to his normal schedule with little hospitalisation. keywords: fistula in ano, several stages of surgery, and ksharakarma are all examples of bhagandara. 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 are difficult to treat for both patients and surgeons), bhagandara is one of them. [7] expanded adipose derived stem cells (ascs) and fibrin glue, among others. stula-inano surgery has several disadvantages, including greater pain, expense, and time. the samhita of sushruta 2 fistula in ano, hints as a possible cause. a high occurrence rate. treatment options come in many shapes and sizes. between two epithelial-lined surfaces, a persistent granulating path even in the hands of the most experienced surgeons, it is known to reoccur. this awful sickness may be dealt with in a variety of ways using ayurveda, the ancient science of life. in its own limitations, the use of ksharasutra when the internal opening is very high due to an anal stula corresponding address: dr. alok kumar last 4-5 decades ksharasutra [4] has attained the ph.d. scholar, dept. of shalya tan that this is most suitable treatment option national institute of ayurveda , jaipur, india, email:dr.alokv@gmail.com exterior opening far away from anal verge is not only difficult to diagnose and cure, but it also takes a long period for healing to take place. as a result, ksharasutra and surgery may be used in conjunction to treat these types of instances. excision, incision, and cauterization are all recommended in ayurvedic literature along with the ksharasutra treatment.so, in light of the foregoing concerns, the current research was organised utilising the conventional ksharasutra and numerous rounds of surgery in the therapy of high anal stulas. case study the national institute of ayurveda, jaipur, saw a 45-year-old male patient with a complaint of pus discharge from the perianal area. upon closer investigation, an aperture was discovered around 10 cm from the anal margin at the 8 o'clock position, through which pus was draining. dimpling and induration were detected up to the anorectal ring on digital rectal examination, which was performed at 67 o'clock position. when the track was probed in full, it stretched up to the muscles of the puborectalis. stulous track was detected on magnetic resonance imaging (mri) of the gluteal area. the stulous track was extra-sphincteric, with a secondary track exhibiting transsphincteric course and an interior opening at 6 o'clock. all of the standard testing was done, but no abnormalities were discovered. in this case, a main threading procedure with a partial avulsion was used. methods procedure patients were positioned on their side and the perianal region was disinfected by using an antiseptic solution (10 percent povodine iodine). anesthesia was administered by injecting a 2 percent xylocaine and adrenalin solution into the surgical site and covering it with drape sheets. copper probes were introduced from an external orifice and tracked to determine the depth and direction of the track after it had been given the proper anaesthetic. an external hole of about 5 centimetres toward the anal canal, with hydrogen peroxide curettage and tight packing, was made to establish hemostasis after probing (fig. 1). every day, the patient was instructed to apply a dressing, and he or she was accompanied to the opd on alternate days for follow-up appointments. extensive curettage with hydrogen peroxide and tight packing were performed to ensure hemostasis after one month. the patient was repositioned in the lithotomy position and the external aperture was expanded roughly 2 cm towards the anal canal. similar instructions were given to patients. anal 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 canal probe was put via wound and removed through internal hole after second month of patient being in place. external opening was stretched about 2 cm towards anal canal. tight bandages were used to cover the wound, which had a lenin thread of 20 nm inserted into it. a normal apamarga kshara sutra was used in lieu of the plane thread after two days (fig. 2). the patient was instructed to apply betadine and jatyadi taila to the wound daily, as well as to use hot water on a regular basis. the ksharasutra was modified on a weekly basis and gradually tightened to allow the track to naturally cut through it. over the course of five months, a total of eight ksharasutra were administered, and the patient was monitored for a total of six months. result based on the patient's pain and discomfort, post-operative bleeding, hospitalisation, and recurrence of ano, treatment efficacy was evaluated. the whole treatment was conducted under local anaesthetic during the intraoperative time, therefore the patient felt no discomfort. on the first day, analgesics were given. the patient did not have any severe post-operative bleeding. after four hours of surgery, the patient was able to walk and there were no postoperative complications, such as urine retention. patients were released from the hospital on the same day after each sitting. after six months, no recurrence was seen in the patient who had had full recovery (fig. 3). despite the fact that the therapy lasted almost a year, the hospital stay was only a few days, therefore the total cost of the treatment was low since the patient was able to continue working throughout the time he was in the hospital. discussion because no significant incisions are made, patients don't have to worry about their daily routines or social lives being disrupted after surgery. in this case, the patient's incision was so minor that it didn't need a lengthy stay in the hospital. when the stulous wound was excised in many stages, the stula became brosed and the brous tissue in the wound inhibited the creation of secondary tracts, as the wound contraction approached the anal canal. in the same way that ksharasut the thread was progressively tightened during the previous two weeks to allow the remaining tract to be trimmed down. applied in the stulous track for last 8 weeks. recurrence was decreased because of the kshara's shodhana (cleaning) and lekhana (scrapping) properties. when the track had fully recovered and healthy granulation tissue had formed, we knew that our treatment plan was working. it is possible that ksharasutra's effect caused the tract to get brosed, resulting in excellent healing, which prevented the recurrence of secondary track recurrence following the healing of the tract which drains all secondary track linking to the main tracks. conclusion there were two weeks of gradually increasing tension before the remaining tract could be cut. for the last eight weeks, i've been on the stulous track. the kshara's shodhana (cleansing) and lekhana (scrapping) characteristics reduced recurrence. we knew our treatment approach was working when the track had entirely regenerated and healthy granulation tissue had grown. after the tract empties all secondary track connected to the main tracks, it's probable that ksharasutra's influence induced a brosis, resulting in great healing. this, in turn, prevented secondary track recurrence.. references 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue6 there was a two-week buildup of tension before the last segment could be snipped. i've been on the stulous path for the previous eight weeks. a reduction in recurrence was achieved via the shodhanna and lekhana (scraping) properties of the kshara. upon seeing a complete regeneration of the track and the growth of healthy granulation tissue, we realised that our treatment strategy was working. following a brosis of subordinate tracks connecting to the major tracks, it's likely that the effect of ksharasutra prompted the tract's clearing. secondary-track recurrence was averted as a result. how to cite the article: kumar alok et al, multiple stage surgical approach along with ksharasutra therapy in the management of high anal fistula (bhagandara). j. res. trad. medicine 2016; 2(2): 51-53 source of support: nil con ict of interest: nil © journal of research in traditional medicine 2015-2016 disclaimer: journal of research in traditional medicine, its publisher, editorial board members or anyone involved in producing and delivering the online materials, does not assume any responsibility or liability for any consequences arising out of the usage of the contents in the published articles. the contents presented in the articles are purely the opinion of the contributing authors and not necessarily of the journal. fig no. 1: after first sitting fig no. 2: during the third sitting no. 2: during the third sitting 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 chinese traditional medical journal electric rail traction for induction motor control of hybrid pwm strategy by using fuzzy logic controller ma yinl, zhu cuihon, ca rui, tianjin medical university cancer institute and hospital, tianjin department of medical oncology, tianjin medical university general hospital, tianjin china national clinical research center for cancer; key laboratory of cancer prevention and therapy; tianjin's clinical research center for cancer, tianjin introduction: over time, acceptance engines aided by voltage source inverters (vsis) will run the majority of electric rail footing frameworks [1]. protected entryway bipolar transistors, which are often used in these inverters, are still the most common implementation of these devices (igbts). silicon carbide (sic) and other wide-band gap semiconductor devices may be used to create inverters with lower losses and smaller diameters, but their current costs and power levels are unlikely to rise much in widespread usage. as a result, inverters abstract: switching losses are minimised, and reliability is improved, by using a low shift frequency in the electrical rail traction induction control system. however, with low switching frequencies, the usual single pulse width modulation (pwm) approach across the full speed range might produce an excessive number of harmonic components that sequentially induce motor heating, torsion ripple, and other detrimental consequences. hybrid pwm techniques are proposed in this research to achieve low losses and total harmonics supported by very low shift frequencies by combining carrier-based asynchronous and synchronous modulation and optimal synchronous modulation techniques. the findings and simulations of the hybrid pwm approach offered by a fuzzy logic controller were used as collateral. index terms— fuzzy logic controller, low switching frequency, hybrid pulse width modulation, smooth transition, and traction motor. 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 continue to be hindered by si devices. doping of si devices may have improved their controllability and strength within a particular temperature range, but high exchanging and on-state mishaps may still produce superfluous intersection temperatures that might make the devices fizzle. in rail footing frameworks, it is common to use low exchanging frequencies to reduce igbts' exchanging mishaps and therefore increase their warm life and limit. since the introduction of electric drive in 1964 by a. schonung and h. stemmler [4], beat width tweak (pwm) systems have grown swiftly, and the general employed pwm systems for enlisting engine drives have been discussed and thought about in [5]-[10]. by improving the exchanging modes, pwm techniques provide better dc transport voltage utilisation, improve converter noises and mishaps, and increase the yield recurrence range of three-stage converters and distinct markers [5], [7], [8]]. pwm methods supply the desired voltage as the primary goal. in addition to a large power, low exchanging recurrence, and a broad speed range, electric rail footing converters offer many other advantages. a single normal, nonstop balance is possible. to control the entire speed range of the footing enlistment engine, strategies such as sinusoidal pwm (spwm) or space vector pwm (svpwm) are used. the ratio ncr between the transporter and high recurrence areas decreases as the engine recurrence increases, which causes the converters to create an extensive number of synchronised segments and causes engine warming, torque swell and other adverse effects [7] [8]. as a contrast to this, uneven pwm (dpwm) approaches seem to reduce twisting at high ncr levels at a given exchange repetition. [10] electric rail footing converters are often used in the low-recurrence and mediumto high-recurrence regions to regulate dc voltages using half and half pwm approaches, i.e., regular uninterrupted regulation, over modulation or synchronous balancing, then square wave. currently, the majority of electric rail footing converters make use of cross-breed pwm techniques. over modulation, focused 60 synchronous balance, and ideal synchronous balance are the most common approaches to the medium recurrence change zone. for the low-recurrence district, mitsubishi and toshiba were given synchronous svpwm, which was then used across modulation i and ii locations in order to simply switch to square wave. basic, but with high fifth and seventh sub harmonics, making it necessary to develop a precise engine model to monitor basic current for shut circle current regulation and causing low repetition wavering when ncr is less than 11. ice fast trains and china's first ac electric train ac4000 used focal 60 synchronous spwm adjustment innovation, which can be easily implemented and has low exchanging misfortunes, despite the fact that it has high pinnacle engine streams and lowrecurrence noises. the agents selected symphonious least pwm (shepwm) and current symphonious least pwm may achieve various advancement targets, in contrast, by using increased synchronous regulation techniques [7] (chmpwm). alstom and ge obtained the more developed shepwm invention, whereas siemens used unconnected symphonious current simplifying synchronous regulation. in light of this, the major focus of this study is to provide a more in-depth 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 explanation of the use of mixture pwm for rail footing engine control. the remainder of this document is organised as follows. a more accurate representation of the suggested half-and-half structure may be found in area ii, which displays the necessary half breed pwm computations. ii. hybrid pwm algorithms: a. as previously discussed, igbts' calamities, music, adjustment records, and so on are all things to consider. for a real rail footing enlistment engine control, the use of a crossover pwm technique is a better choice. a steady recurrence offbeat pwm is used to avoid complicated count and advancements among synchronous pwms with different ncr in the lowrecurrence region. pwm waveform asymmetry is a real problem as the key repetition increases; this means that standard synchronous pwm with triple and odd ncr must be used until the direct regulation list is out of its range or sub harmonic segments are high [13], at which point ospwm must be used. [12] calculation of different pwms is discussed in this section before a halfbreed design for a real electric footing engine control is shown. b. asynchronous thipwm algorithm: for three-stage vsis with significant ncr adjustments, the most common balancing scheme is conventional svpwm (csvpwm), which aims to reduce thd while simultaneously increasing dc transport consumption [7], [8]. however, with csvpwm, three-stage beats must be balanced in the meanwhile, making it insufficiently adaptive for smooth progress where current or torque influence must be kept at a safe distance.. in a cross-breed structure of the engine control framework, this article uses one-fourth-thirdsymphonious infusion pwm (thipwm4). for low-recurrence locations with large ncr tweak, the thd of thipwm4 is extremely close to that of csvpwm, at the expense of a minor reduction of greatest dc transport usage [7]. an fpga may do the calculation without a triangle count and yet achieve smooth progress for three-stage beats using this technique [8]. fig. 1 depicts a typical electric rail traction voltage source converter in broad strokes. the vsi for electric rail traction topology is shown in figure 1. the one-fourth third-harmonic injection three-phase voltages vxn may be obtained from the figure, with regard to the dc bus negative point n [7] where with regard to fictional dc centre tap 0, vx0 is phase voltage, and vd is bus voltage. fundamental angle frequency () and beginning phase () are both defined as phase shift between three-phase voltages, x, is the problem. its modulation wave is 0.093 to 0.907 cycles per second. as a result, the pink pwm pulse may be generated by comparing active-high to active-low. fig. 2. thipwm schematic for cbpwm c. synchronous thipwm algorithm: as previously said, synchronous thipwm is used to alter the interface between apwm and ospwm, as previously stated. nonconcurrent thipwm's regulation calculation is extremely similar to that of synchronous control, the only difference being that the transporter's recurrence is not consistent, but is instead modified by critical recurrence and ncr. in addition, ncr's reputation as an alternative must be maintained. 1 2 4 zero to three and three to zero. 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 in order to complete each aspect of the project. vpn to the peak voltage (which is 2vd(13)) is what defines the modulation index m, which in turn is determined by the basic peak phase-to neutral voltage 𝜋 what is known as modulation the highest value of m for thipwm in the linear modulation range is 0.907 [13]. the three-phase reference modulation voltages vmx may be represented as an fpga implementation of the modulation method. fig. 2 shows an example of vma, which is represented by there is no need to be concerned about the presence of triple subharmonics in a threestage converter's separated, unbiased heap [13]. a 15-ncr resistor is used in the synchronous regulation zone of the approach shown. as a result, cspwm and apwm may easily link at any level, and no further progress method is required, since they share the same bearer. chmpwm algorithm: as of right now, the most widely-used ospwms for the disposal of low-arrange music are shepwm and chmpwm, with shepwm being much more often used in applications in writing. although shepwm has a drawback that causes non-ideal consonant hardship in an engine where the root-mean-square (rms) swell current is exaggerated, the following more elevated quantity of music will be boosted close to the previously disposed of music. [13] as a result of which steady development will be more difficult (will be talked about later in the part "iv smooth change discussion"). as a result, chmpwm is included in this investigation to get the lowest possible weighted thd ( wthdi ) to create chmpwm, the wave depicted in figure 3 may be employed, which is reliant on shepwm. shepwm phase voltage wave with k number of angles (fig. 3). there are only odd harmonics in the sine wave, hence the phase to n voltage may be written as [7], [13] using a fourier series. the number of notch angles i k, is the order of the harmonic, and vk is its peak phase voltage value i i for the kth-order harmonic. for even and odd values of k, we use the +1 and -1 notation. chmpwm technique optimal protest is to minimise the thd of line current, which can be calculated from the stage voltage separated by the forceful spillage engine impedance [13]. for the articulation, the wthdi, which is expressed as a unit of central line current [7], is preferable. this is how the results of the chmpwm computation might be conveyed: using a pc software, the score edges might be iterated, avoiding look-into tables (luts) [25]. the primary extent may be managed and the amount of k-1 noises can be removed with by using k number of score points. even if wthdi can be reduced by increasing the number of indent heavenly attendees, the lut will become absurdly large and more reasonable fpga components will be needed. however, the ncr of cspwm and apwm is high enough to maintain highquality tweak execution even in lowrecurrence areas. for k, only 1, 2, 3, and 4 are accepted in this newly-introduced use. d. hybrid pwm plan: this study proposes using apwm, cspwm, ospwm, and square-wave to control engine line current and reduce 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 throbbing torque at all speed ranges, in order to reduce the total harmonic distortion (thd) in the engine line current. the proposed cross-breed pwm can be planned as shown in fig. 4, where the tweak strategies (bearer frequencies), dc transport voltage v, rms line voltage vll(rms), and ascertained aggregate loss of the converter ploss are depicted against central recurrence for an electric rail footing framework with the fundamental parameters listed in table i. it can be observed from figure 4 that the suggested apwm travels to square wave via 15-switch cspwm (15-cspwm) and 4 to 1 indent edges ospwms throughout the whole speed range (9-chm to 3chm). changes in line voltage are made by primary recurrence to fulfil motion and torque requirements, culminating in square-wave (m = 1), which has the fewest switch duties and minimises the successful engine current, as well as disasters. the yield line voltage necessitates a change in the dc transport voltage. it is not just the most severe available exchange rates that are used to alter the balance modes, but also the largest available adjustment files. the aggregation misfortune is reduced as the transporter recurrence decreases, but the conduction misfortune is increased as it travels to square wave mode. the fundamental frequency of vsi variables is shown in this diagram. to provide optimal engine control, a hybrid pwm architecture has been implemented, where each pwm must meet the following requirements: limiting pinnacle current reduces igbt current weight. in order to avoid converter catastrophes, take into mind the limitations of exchanging frequencies and the normally modest frequency fluctuations that are characteristic of converters. consistent material is ok. there must be a pwm and an fpga capable of meeting the needs of m-edge luts and score-edge luts iii. transitions between pwms that are smooth and seamless. iv. smooth transition discussion: a. a. as the footing grows in speed, the bearer proportion drops as the expanding recurrence is bit by bit enlarged, and the contrary is true for the half-and-half pwm process. the critical shift in the transporter % will have an impact on the pwm yield voltage's exact stage management. as a consequence, a 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 dead time or chip advanced control mistake may easily cause the inverter's stage fluctuation between the actual yield voltage and the reference voltage. it is due of these circumstances that the footing engine current and torque stun. b. b. \sc. starting with general progress proposals and then going on to more technical discussions of improvements, including progress approaches and performance comparisons between a single dsp and the suggested structure, shepwm and chmpw, will be provided. c. general rules of smooth transition: so as to retain the soundness of engine streams and torques, when travelling between different pwm balancing modes, the following angles should be regarded to keep the advancement of pwms from easy back rates to square-wave. initially, endeavour to retain the key evolution, including smooth shifts of stage and plentifulness. the accuracy of the exchanging point and the control calculation are two of the most important factors in key advancement. at that time the influence of music can't be underestimated. symphonious phases are not promised to remain uninterrupted in different forms of exchanging, on the grounds that the consonant substance is differed for each manner, and stage modifications are inevitable. so the progress needs to retain a strategic distance from too enormous general symphonious change, all together not to generate the consonant current consequence. at long last, hysteresis must be implemented at each step so that the framework does not cycle incessantly between two unusual regulatory modes at a specified pace. a hysteresis of 0.5 hz is used in the suggested method. d. more discussion on smooth transition: v. in the full speed range, the halfand-half pwm shows a few notable improvements. the primary difference comes between two cbpwms of apwm and cspwm, where the transporter frequencies are nearly no differentiation and the m is constant, which make it easy to complete smooth progress. the change will likewise turn out to be easy when it happens between 3-beat ospwm and square-wave [11], for the point of the 3beat ospwm will drop to zero as per the increasing m, which is square-wave. despite the advancement, the engine's flow and torque may be maintained. vi. vii. in any event, the primary progression and consonant impact turn out to be more vital when the advancements happen between cspwm and ospwm, or within ospwms, specifically when only a single mcu or dsp is used or shepwm is utilised for ospwm. viii. simulation results: 7 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 fig:5 simulation diagram of inverter fed induction motor drive without load (a) pulses (b) phase currents (c) line voltage (d) phase voltages (a) stator current (f) torque fig:6 simulation results of inverter fed induction motor drive without load fig:7 simulation diagram of voltage source inverter with r load (a) control strategy (b) pulses 8 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 (c) phase currents (e) line voltages (e) phase voltages fig: 8 simulations results of voltage source inverter with r load fig: 9 simulation diagram of inverter fed induction motor drive with load (a) pulses (a) phase currents (b) line voltages (a) phase voltages 9 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 (a) stator current (a) torque fig: 10 simulations results of inverter fed induction motor drive with load simulation results by using fuzzy logic controller: fuzzy rule is a type of many-regarded rationalisation in which reality assessments of components may be any bona fide number some place between the scope of 0 and 1. it is possible for reality estimates of components to be just 0 or 1 when using the boolean technique. fluffy foundations have been engaged to control the potential of partial truth, where reality respect may fluctuate between being fully obvious and being utterly untrue. moreover, when semantic elements are employed, these degrees may be monitored by unique abilities. the three variables of the flc, the error, the change in error and the output, have seven triangle membership functions for each. sets of fundamental fuzzies of membership functions for the variables are as indicated in the figs.11. fig 11(a) function member ship of input1 10 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 fig 11(b) function member ship of input2 fig 11(c) function member ship of output xtable: 1. fuzzy rules e/ ∆e pb p m ps ze ns nm nb pb ze z e z e nb n b nb nb pm ze z e z e nm n m nm nm ps ze z e z e ns ns nm nm ze ns ns z e ze z e ps ps ns pm p m p m ns z e ps ze nm pm p m p m pb z e ps ze nb pb p m p m pb z e ze ze for each of the three factors, the semantic factors positive huge (pb), positive medium (pm), positive small (ps), zero (z), negative little (ns), negative medium (nm), and negative large (nb) convey the fuzzy factors' significance. a lead in the govern base may be conveyed in the shape: if both (e) and (de) are nb, then (album is z). the tenets are established in light of the framework's information and operation. the administrate base modifies the obligation cycle for the pwm of the inverter as per the alterations in the contribution of the flc. the amount of principles may be specified aswanted. the quantities of guidelines are 49 for the seven enrollment elements of the blunder and the adjustment in mistake (contributions of the flc). fig: 12 simulation diagram of voltage source inverter with r load (a) control strategy (a) pulse 11 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 (a) phase current (a) line voltage (a) phase voltage fig: 13 simulation results of voltage source inverter with r load fig: 14 simulation diagram of inverter fed induction motor drive without load torque (a) pulse 12 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 (b) phase current (c) line voltage (d) phase voltages (e) stator current (f) torque fig: 15 simulation results of inverter fed induction motor drive without load torque fig: 16 simulation diagram of inverter fed induction motor drive with load torque (a) pulse (b) phase current (c) line voltages 13 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 (d) phase voltages (e) stator current (f) torque fig: 17 simulation result of inverter fed induction motor drive with load torque vi. conclusion: the hybrid pwm subject for electrical traction motor control is simplified in this research using a fuzzy logic controller system and existing approach. by totally utilising the points of interest and assets of each processor, highprecision hybrid pwms square measure enforced while fulfilling the multi-rate and multi-task process of the traction management. the implementation strategies of the bestowed hybrid pwm technique, wherever asynchronous and synchronous thipwm4, chmpwms square measure used for transiting from low-speed to square-wave, square measure mentioned intimately, together with algorithms between the 2 processors, swish transition, etc.. by using the fuzzy logic controller and desining in matlab/simulink the thd values are reduced compared to the existing results pwm creation based on simulation findin low total harmonics supported by a horribly low switch frequency have been obtained with great precision and the feature of low losses, allowing the control to function better and the system's reliability to grow. references: among them: de doncker, rik, duco wj pulle, and andré veltman. analyzing, modelling, and controlling advanced electrical drives. springer science & business media, 2010. [1] a space vector modulator for the high-switching frequency control of three-level sic inverters, by j. holtz, m. höltgen, and j. o. krah, ieee trans. power electronics vol. 29, no. 5, may 2014, p. (2) "evaluation of switching performance of sic devices in pwm inverter-fed induction motor drives," ieee trans. power electronics, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 5701-5711, oct. 2015. z. zhang, f. wang, l. m. tolbert, b. j. blalock and d. j. costinett [2] in conjunction with reversible variable speed ac drives, a. schonung and h. stemmler "static frequency changers with subharmonic control in 1964, pp. 555-557", brown boveri rev. [3] [3] van der broeck hw, skudelny h-c, stanke gv, ―analysis and realisation of a pulse width modulator based on voltage space vectors,‖ ieee trans. industry applications,vol. 24, no. 1, pp.142–150, 1988.j. holtz, "electronic power conversion using pulse width modulation," proc. ieee, vol. 82, no. 8, aug. 1994, pp. 1194-1214. [5] [4] holmes d g, lipo t a. pulse width modulation for power converters: concepts and practise. john wiley & sons, 2003. 14 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 ayyanar and ayyanan, "space-vectorbased hybrid pulse width modulation techniques for reduced harmonic distortion," ieee trans. power electronics, vol. 25, no. 3, march 2010, pp. 760-774. [6] induction motor drives using an advanced hybrid pwm technique to reduce torque ripple are discussed in ieee trans on industrial electronics (vol 57 no 6, june 2010), by k basu and j. s. s. prasad, g. narayanan, h. k. krishnamurthy and r. ayyanar. microsoft word 8c51-b09a-2b03-7508 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 4 consideration of homoeopathy in coronavirus infection dr. priya dadarao wagh assistant professor homoeopathic medical college & hospital, jalgaon abstract: infectious coronaviruses may spread from animals to people. any number of respiratory illnesses, from a persistent cough and cold to deadly ones like sars and mers, may be caused by it. a newly-evolved coronavirus was discovered in 'wuhan,' the chinese metropolis, and quickly expanding to neighboring nations. comparable to the more severe forms of the flu and sars, this coronavirus is causing comparable symptoms. the sarscov-2 virus causes this condition, which is also known as covid-19. the elderly, those with compromised immune systems, and those suffering from several illnesses are at a higher risk of contracting covid-19. severe disease or even death may result from it. homoeopathy plays a significant part in pandemic illnesses, and covid-19 is now one of them. homoeopathy is well-known for boosting health and immunity. key wordcovid-19, mers, sars, sars-cov-2, flu, corona, virus introduction corona means crown. it is a latin word. a corona is an aura of plasma, which is present around the sun, moon and other stars. on seeing it is an irregular shaped glow surrounding the darkened disc of the moon. these viruses named corona because of its structure. their surface is covered with spikes that resemble crowns and are composed of protein. these spikey proteins encase the whole virus. the family coronaviridae includes coronaviruses. this family is rather big. because coronaviruses are of the zoonotic virus type, which means they may infect both people and other animals. from the ordinary cold to deadly infections like sars and mers, they are the culprits behind many sorts of illnesses. the first human coronavirus was discovered in the middle of 1960. a sickness known as sars began in china in 2003 and by the end of 2004 had spread to other nations. covid -19 & its origin covid-19 is a disease which is caused by a new type of corona virus i.e.december 2019 at „wuhan‟ a city of „china‟. the exact source of energy of this new type of corona virus (sars-cov-2) is not known. chinese authority identified this novel corona virus and in january 2020 and named sars – cov-2. the chinese health authority said that this virus is originate from a seafood market of wuhan city, china but after that on 7 th february chinese researcher said that the virus could be spread from infected animal species. an article on feb. 26, 2020, in nature reports that this virus may have spread from bats or pangolins (a scaly ant eater that inhabits china). incubation period of novel corona virus – the incubation period of novel corona virus is 2 to 14 days after exposure, but it can vary from person to person. the median incubation period is approx 5.1 days. it seems the appearance of symptoms within 11 – 12 days of exposure. types of corona viruses there are total 7 types of corona virus in which 4 are common human corona virus and 3 are other human corona viruses. 1. h cov-229 e novel corona virus sarscov-2 or 2019 ncov. it is a type of rna virus. before december 2019, this disease is completely unknown. covid-19 is firstly appeared inh cov-nl63 2. h cov-oc43 3. h cov-hku1 4. common human corona virus other human corona viruses 5. mers – cov (transmitted from dromedary camels to the humans) 6. sars – cov (transmitted from civet cats to the humans) 7. sars – cov-2 or 2019-ncov (novel corona virus) when the corona virus, who infects animals, evolve and make humans ill, then they became a new human corona virus. these are the three recent examples of other human corona viruses. sypmtoms the main symptoms of covid-19 are  fever  cough  shortness of breath (dyspnea)  breathing difficulty  tiredness the other symptoms may be aches, runny nose, congestion, sore throat and diarrhoea. in mild cases of covid-19, the symptoms are very similar to „flu‟ or „severe cold‟. but in more severe casesit can cause severe respiratory problems like pneumonia, renal failure and multiple organ failure or death. stages of covid-19 there are 4 stages of pandemic covid-19 1. imported caseswhen the cases of an infection are imported into a country, which was not the source of the infection. 2. locally transmissionwhen the infection is locally transmitted in the country. it means the person from whom the infection spread to the other one is from the country itself. 3. community transmissionin this stage, the virus has started circulating in the community. here it becomes very tough to track the chain of transmission of the virus. in this stage a lockdown becomes very important. 4. pandemicwhen the infection becomes endemic transmission of novel corona virusthe virus spreads mainly from person to person, through droplet infection on coughing and sneezing or from close contact. it is highly contagious and spreads from many local forms like touching the virus contaminated things i.e.surfaces, doors handle, lift button, switches of home and offices etc and then touching your mouth, nose and eyes. there is also a possibility that any person who is infected can transmit the virus or infection, even if that person is not showing the symptoms. investigations and diagnosis ctscan of covid-19 shows ground glass opacities in the lungs and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. the blood shows lymphocytopenia (lymphocytopeniaabnormal low level of lymphocytes cells in blood). diagnosis is based on ‘pcr test’. (pcr testa swab sample taking from patient‟s nose or throat and check it for the genetic footprint of virus.) homoeopathic prevention „prevention is better than cure‟ this is the right wordings here because in allopathy there is no medication or vaccination is available for novel corona. as dr. kent says “the other and greater prophylactic is the homoeopathic remedy. after working in an epidemic for a few weeks, you will find perhaps that half-a dozen remedies are daily indicated and one of these in a large number of cases than any other. this one remedy seems to be the best suited to the general nature of the sickness. you will find that for prophylaxis, there is required a less degree of similitude than is necessary for curing”. according to dr. j. h. clarke, “the best prophylactic against an attack of influenza is arsenicum. when a case of influenza occurs in a household, every person who has not already been infected should take arsenicum album” in homoeopathy, central council for research in homoeopathy (ccrh) under ministry of ayush, have recommended a homoeopathic medicine arsenic album as one of the constituents in a formulation has been shown to affect ht 29 cells and human macrophages. the dose of arsenic album 30 od in morning, empty stomach for 3 days, as a prophylaxis of covid-19 and the dose should be repeated after a month. general prevention  wash your hands from soap till 20 seconds every hourly.  sanitize your hands every hourly or after touching anything i.e. surface, doors, lift buttons, stairs, switches etc.  don‟t touch your mouth, nose, and eyes.  wear a face mask.  avoid close contacts i.e. handshakes, hug, kiss.  avoid crowded places. stay at your home when sick.  don‟t share your personal items with others.  cover your mouth and nose by tissue paper before coughing and sneezing.  maintain distance at least 11.5 meter or 3-4 feet to any person.  sanitize your home time to time. clean and disinfect the surfaces and objects, people frequently touch.  avoid outdoor food. difference between corona and flu homoeopathic approachhomoeopathy is very useful to increase the immunity. it has a big potential to prevent, relieve and cure the ongoing situation. homoeopathy always gives more value to prevention by lifestyle alterations or modification, diet and regiment management, prophylactic interventions for improving the immunity and after that simple remedy prescription symptoms covid 19 flu ip 1-14 days 1-4 days deadly more less onset gradual abrupt contagious more less fever mild commonl y prasent nose running occasional common present cough common dry cough common present fatigue sometimes/occ asional common sore throat commonly present common shortness of breath common rarely respiratory problrm common rarely body ache sometimes common mortality high low headache occasional common difficult breathing common rarely in 2014 at the time of ebola outbreak, who recommended, “it is ethical to offer unproven intervention with as yet unknown efficacy and adverse effects as potential treatment or prevention”. homoeopathy is a healing science. in „organon of medicine‟, dr. hahnemann told about „genus epidemicus‟. in aphorism 241, dr. hahnemann said, “each single epidemic is of a peculiar uniform character, common to all the individuals attacked, and when this character is found in the totality of the symptoms common to all, it guides us to the discovery of homoeopathic (specific) remedy suitable for all the cases, which is almost universally serviceable in those patients who enjoyed tolerable healthy before the occurrence of the epidemic. the genus epidemicus is the remedy found to be the most effective or particular epidemic (has most similar symptoms to the disease) for a particular epidemic” the final genus epidemicus (remedy) is found by observing the cases and analyze the totality of symptom. after that the most indicated remedy will be the genus epidemicus and this medicine is a on basis of symptom similarity. homoeopathy has always been used for prevention of many epidemic diseases as in yellow fever, scarlet fever, cholera, typhoid fever, diphtheria, spanish influenza etc.preventive medicine also. time line of novel corona virus  31 decemberchina alerts who to several pneumonia cases.  7 januarychinese authority confirmed identification of a novel corona virus named 2019-ncov.  11 january1 st death due to covid-19 in china.  20 january1 st confirmed cases outside china in thailand, japan and south korea.  11 februarywho named it covid19  24 februaryitaly become the worsthit country in europe by covid-19  28 februaryiran reported 34 deaths by covid-19  11 marchwho declared the virus as a global pandemic.  13 marchu.s. declared a state of emergency.  14 marchiran recorded nearly 2000 new cases.  16 marchitaly announced the confirmed cases rose to nearly 28000, total deaths2,158.  23 marchglobally 3,39,039 confirmed cases are reported.  23 marchtotal 415 cases and 7 deaths were reported in india. according to the published article by john elfleinthe outbreak of covid-19 had been confirmed in around 195 countries till 24 march 2020 and the number of total infected peoples are 3,82,057 worldwide. the total number of deaths from covid19 is 16,565 peoples. the most severely affected countries are china, italy, u.s., spain & germany till 24 march. management the national task force for covid-19 constituted by indian council of medical research recommends the use of hydroxy – chloroquine for prophylaxis of covid 19. the identification at early stage required to slow down the contamination of this disease. the special attention is necessary for the suspected cases of covid-19. these should be high preventive measures. conclusion the novel coronavirus that causes the deadly covid-19 pandemic has just emerged. at this time, there is no definitive cure for this illness. there is currently no cure or vaccine for this deadly disease, therefore people must rely on preventative measures. since prevention is always preferable than treatment, it is best to stay inside and avoid close contact. keep yourself and your loved ones safe by staying home during the lockdown and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. refferences 9. 1. the world health organization's website. 2. google's website.covid-19 and health-related news from nbc news: 3. 10. page 4 of the medical news today website 11. 5. the bbc website imported cases symptom develops home quarantine or home isolation for 14 day mild cases severe cases monitor self temperature treatment according to symptom admit to the hospital avoid contact to anybody home quarantine for 14 days if positive test if negative test monitor self symptom further o2 supplemantation, med ication, isolation symptomatic treatment avoid contact 12. homoeobook.com>covid-19 coronavirus infection-fact sheet by ccrh 13. ayush moh corona advisory 14. 14. the coronavirus covid-19 infection and homoeopathy: a comprehensive guide 15. the website healthline.com 16. <6. the cdc website.vaccine against coronavirus 17. william boericke, 13, c. 18. a concise guide to 19. the official statista website 20. samuel hahnemann 8. 21. "the organon" 22. homoeopathic medicine and its repertory, which includes the 23. b. jain publishers pvt. ltd., translated medical texts by willium boricke. 24. relative to all other treatments. 25. symptoms that serve as recommendations 26. printing house of b. jain 27. second edition, new delhi, 2002. individualised homoeopathic medicine in the treatment of lipoma: a case report issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 case study on the use of homoeopathic individual therapy for lipoma dr. ashwini shripad kulkarni assistant professor homoeopathic medical college & hospital, jalgaon abstract an benign mesenchymal tumor is known as a lipoma. when lipomas develop on the elbow, they might eventually become large enough to limit motion. some people have pressure sensations as a result of lipomas. diagnosing the majority of lipomas is not challenging. despite the fact that many choose surgical excision, it might leave the afflicted area deformed. this case report details a lipoma that developed just below the elbow. there are hardly any occurrences of lipomas around the elbow, and even fewer examples documented in medical journals. keywords: lipoma, lump, homoeopathy, baryta carbonicum introduction adult fat cells make up the benign mesenchymal tumor known as a lipoma. because they may develop wherever fat cells accumulate, these tumors are sometimes referred to as "universal tumors" or "ubiquitous tumors" [1]. a lipoma is a benign tumor that grows from adipose tissue. the most common location for a lipoma, a slow-growing fatty lump, is in the space between the dermal layer and the subcutaneous layer of muscle. with gentle finger pressure, a lipoma may be easily moved; it has a doughy texture and is often not delicate. it is common to see lipomas in middle age or later [2]. symptoms of lipoma small, tender lumps are the most common manifestation. less than 2 inches is the usual width for them. it is possible to have multiples [3]. the lipoma could feel doughy when pressed. pushing on it with your finger will make it move easily. they aren't painful in and of themselves, but they could irritate adjacent nerves or blood vessels [3]. the size, location, and development rate of the lesion have a significant impact on the clinical presentation. just as in our instance, most benign tumors appear as painless, mobile, palpable lumps that patients frequently fail to notice until they grow into a noticeable mass [5]. subcutaneous, subfacial, and intramuscular lipomas are the three main types [4]. diagnosis a rapid increase in size should always raise the suspicion of malignancy. ultrasonography remains as the initial imaging modality in diagnosis of head and neck lipomas while fine needle aspiration cytology (fnac) or computed tomography (ct) is indicated for confirmation of diagnosis [6] . case report a 27 year old male, came to the opd on 15 june 2022 with complaints of mass below the elbow joint since 2 year with gradual swelling and pain for 1 year. for the last 6 months the patient says that the swelling appears to grow rapidly. pain only when lifting heavy things. treatment history no treatment has been taken thus far. past history no major illness in the past. family history: aunt had h/o lump & was treated with homoeopathic medicines. personal history diet-mixed appetitegood thirst-thirsty desiresnothing specific aversionnothing specific urine-4-5 times a day/0-1 night stoolregular & satisfactory. perspiration-scanty sleep-sound. dreams-not specific. thermals-chilly life space investigation patient says he was not good in studies during his school days, as he always forgets what he issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 had learnt. he’s doesn’t mingle much with others. he’s very shy. he says that he like to stick close with his family members than with others. doesn’t like to be hurt, even a little criticize will make him upset. slow to grasp what was asked. restless. he is very slow in doing his daily work. he worries about his health, as he always asked will i be cured? on observation-childish behavior. there is slowness in his speech. mentals weak memory reserved shy slow to grasp restless sadness over triffles anxiety about health general examination appearance-well built & nourished. face eruption on the left cheeks, nodular type. hair short, wavy eyes conjunctiva no pallor nose no dns & no polyps mouth tongue clean. teeth are hygienic & gums pink. throat no congestion & no enlarged tonsils. lymph nodes not enlarged. cyanosis absent extremities no restricted movements vital signs temperature-98 degree f pulse-76 beats /min rr-18 cycles / min b.p -120/ 80 mm hg weight-70 kg local examination on inspection the mass is round in shape, no bleeding & no discharges. on palpation no tenderness. it is soft, movable mass & beneath the skin. issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 fig 1: before treatment totality of symptoms  mass on the left forearm.  weak memory  shy  reserved  mild  slow to grasp  restless  sadness over triffles  childish behaviour  anxiety about health  eruption on the left cheek, nodular type  thirsty  < heavy lifting, exertion repertorial chart [7] issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 prescription baryta carbonica 200/ 1 dose sacrum lactum 4 pills once a day for 15 days table 1: therapeutic intervention with follow up date symptom response prescription july 2, 2022 no change. the totality still reflects the remedy baryta carbonica baryta carbonica 200/ 2 dose given sac lac 4 pills once a day for 15 days august 17, 2022 patient was better, the mass decrease in size. can lift heavy things without any pain given sac lac 4 pills once a day for 15 days september 25, 2022 no new mass. flattening of the skin, completely resolved. given sac lac 4 pills once a day for 1 month fig 2: before, during and after treatment. conclusion when lipomas are treated early on, homoeopathic medications may help reduce their size. homoeopathic medication for lipomas provides efficient healing with the correctly chosen homoeopathic medicine; not only do the lipomas dissolve, issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 but the propensity to lipoma production is lowered from its source in those who are prone to several lipomas and their size progressively increases. this patient's lipoma has been much improved by the use of baryta carbonica homoeopathic therapy. references first, bailey's love's short practice of surgery (pdf e-book); 2008. the source is http://tinyurl.com/y6g2thsf.3. can you please provide more information on lipoma? i would much appreciate it.at https://www.webmd.com, you may get information on lipomas and how to treat them. 4. stern diane, and marx re. oral and maxillofacial pathology: a rationale for diagnosis and treatment, second edition. to cite: https://goo.gl/4eqb2w 5. felipo f. d. and del agua c. adenolipoma skin cancer. the skin journal online, 2004;10:9. source: https://goo.gl/gawbjp 6. sharma sk, bharati m, gupta a., khanna bk. an unusual case report of anterior neck lipoma extending into the mediastinum. the article is published in the kathmandu university medical journal and can be found on page 1989–1990. source: https://goo.gl/htzw7g version 8.1 of hompath classic 7. 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 chinese traditional medical journal an advanced ensemble enhanced feature selection approach for intrusion detection system pegg bosh, heik staud, sujun ye donders centre for cognition, radboud university nijmegen, nijmegen psychiatric research institute, lvr-klinik bedburg-hau, bedburg-hau research group of pain and neuroscience, kyung hee university, seoul introduction 2. as network based pc frameworks assume increasingly important parts in modern civilization, they have turned into the targets of our enemies and hoodlums. as a result, we must seek out the most optimal methods possible in order to safeguard our foundations. the security of a pc framework is traded off when an interruption arises. an interruption may be classified [hlms90] as "any arrangement of operations that aim to trade off the honesty, categorization or accessibility of an asset". client validation (e.g. using passwords or biometrics), avoiding programming errors, and data assurance (e.g. encryption) are all interruption counteraction measures that have been used to assure pc frameworks as a first line of defence. interruption counteractive action alone is not adequate in view of the way that since frameworks grow out to be persistently unexpected, there are constantly exploitable inadequacies in the abstract : in recent years intrusion detection systems (ids's) play a key part in data security. the goal of ids is to assist computer systems in dealing with attacks. the ids for identifying the attacks effectively has been suggested and actualized. for this reason, another component determination method called optimal feature selection approach. the idea of an information gain ratio has been put up in light of this strategy. the primary purpose of algorithm determines appropriate amount of features from kdd cup dataset. svm and rule based classification have both been used to characterise the data, making it possible to categorise it even more effectively. in comparison to previously published findings, our ofsa model shows promise in detection. .keywords: intrusion detection, information gain, support vector machine feature selection technique and classification 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 frameworks because of outline and programming faults, or various "socially intended" infiltration strategies. the existence of exploitable "cushion flood" due to programming errors in certain late framework programming was first documented many years ago and has persisted ever since. 3. because of the tactics that balance ease of use with stringent control over a framework and its data, it is now impossible for a business activity to be completely safe. as a secondary line of defence against unauthorised access, intrusion detection systems are essential. to guard these frameworks from being assailed by interlopers, another intrusion detection system has been designed and built in this project effort, which combines a basic feature selection method and svm approach to discover . 4. attacks. using kdd cup data set and data mining retrieve the hidden predictive information from big databases. using this powerful new technology, corporations can zero in on the most critical information in their data warehouses, which has enormous potential. . 5 any kind of data repository may be linked to information mining. algorithms and techniques, on the other hand, might differ depending on the kind of data they are working with. in recent years, the internet has become an integral part of our daily lives. the current virtual worlds taking into consideration data preparation systems are predisposed to various type of risks which lead to diverse sorts of damages bringing about major calamities. as a result, data security is becoming more important. protecting administrative systems against unauthorised access via disclosure, interruption, alteration, or pulverisation is the most important goal of system security. system security also reduces the risks associated with the core security goals, such as confidentiality, integrity, and openness. 6 related work lately, network security has been the focus of various study efforts with arrival of web. there are several books in the literary that discuss about intrusion detection system. idss are applied to distinguish the attacks made by gatecrashers. [1]sindhu et al presented a heredity based component determination calculation for decreasing the computational complex nature of the classifier. jianping li et al [2] proposed another technique taking into account continuous random function for picking suitable capabilities to execute system interruption discovery. many svm-related order computations may be found in the ids writings. for instance, a computation called tree structured multiclass svm has been presented by snehal a. mulay et al [3] for grouping information viably. there are several works in the literature that evaluate about pre‐ preparation. the greater part of the actual troubles undoubtedly demand an ideal and deserving arrangement as opposed to figuring them utterly at the price of debased execution, time and space. the element choice quest started with invalid set where elements were incorporated one by one or it was commenced with a complete arrangement of elements where components were dispensed with one by one. li et al suggested a wrapper based element choice computation with a defined end aim to build up an ids. using geetha raman's[4] component determination algorithm, we can better parse the massive kdd cup dataset. there are various works in the literature that explore about grouping methods and tools. in the beginning, classifiers like bolster vector machines (svm) were designed with paired characterisation in mind. ids's 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 neural network model was developed by debar et al.. dewan md. farid proposed another learning approach for system interruption recognition utilising innocent bayesian classifier and id3 algorithm is introduced, which recognises compelling traits from the preparation dataset, ascertains the restrictive probabilities for the best property estimations, and after that accurately 7. each and every instance of setting up and running tests on a dataset is grouped together. the svm‐ based interruption recognition framework consolidates a varied levels bunching technique, a fundamental component choosing methodology, and the svm process. 8 proposed approach a. information preparation subsystem 1) information collector the records from the kdd'99 cup data set are gathered by the data accumulation operator. the pre-processing module receives this data and uses it to pre-process the data. the records acquired from the kdd cup dataset could be a normal information or an assaulted information. 2) pre-processing module pre-processing strategies are critical for information decreasing because it is extremely hard to manage huge amount of system movement information with all components to detect gatecrashers progressively and to supply anticipation procedures. b. classification subsystem 1) rule based classifier the application of rules fired by the rule system called by intelligent agents improves judgments on anomalous intrusion detection and prevention in this system. rule-based decision-making on incursions is made easier with the use of a knowledge base. 2) support vector machine svm is the learning machine that can execute double order and relapse estimating jobs. they are coming out to be progressively well known as another worldview of order and learning on account of two key aspects. to start with, different to the following arrangement systems, svm reduces the usual blunder as opposed to minimising the characterisation error. to achieve a twofold problem, svm uses the duality hypothesis of numerical programming, which admits powerful computing techniques. c. proposed algorithm for optimal feature selection approach the information gain ratio for property selection was used to build this method. keeping in mind the final objective to do this, the information set d is partitioned into n number of classes ci. the qualities fi having highest quantity of non‐zero qualities are selected by the professional and the information gain ratio (igr) is figured utilising conditions: ten key components have been identified by the ofs algorithm in order to more quickly detect possible attacks. 12. implementation a. enhanced feature selection 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 the conventional component choice techniques set aside substantial computation time for determining igr values. a new component determination technique, dubbed the enhanced feature selection algorithm, is now presented and implemented in this study in order to reduce computation time. this procedure calculates the information gain ratio (igr) esteem for the altering characteristics in the information collection. it performs segment diminution in light of the igr esteem. ofs enhances the exactness in identification and reduces the false caution rates. all of the reenacted attacks fall under one of four categories: denial of service (dos), user to root (u2r), remote to local (r2l), or probe assault. table 1 the 41 features in kdd’99 dataset b. calculation of info (d) the data pick up base is gained from data hypothesis. the important notion of data hypothesis is that the data carried on by a message relies on upon the probability and may be quantified in bits as less the logarithm of base 2 of that likelihood. think of a dataset d that has q classifications c1..cn. assume additionally that we have a hypothetical test x with m outcomes that allotments d into m subgroups d1….dm. since parallel split is all we're doing, m=2 for a numeric quality. the chance that is picked one record from the set d of information records and report that if has a location with some class cj is provided by , m j=1 freq(cj,d) 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 where freq (cj, d) refers to the amount of information records(points) of the class cj in d, whereas |d| is the aggregate number of information records in d. so the info that is handed on is −log2 [freq(cj,d)] bits |d| to discover the normal data anticipated to differentiate the class of an information record in d before apportioning occurs, summing is conducted across the classes in extent to their frequencies in d, providing info(d)=− ∑m [freq(cj,d)] log |d| [freq(cj,d)] (1) |d| the dataset d has been partitioned into m equal parts based on the test x findings. the normal measure of data anticipated to differentiate the class of an information record in d after the parcelling has occurred, may be determined as the weighted whole over the subsets, as: info (f) = ∑n [|fi|] ∗ info(|f |)(2) i=1 |f| i where |fi| denotes the number of data records in the subset di after the partitioning has happened. the information received owing to the partition is: gain(ai) = info(d) – info(f) (6) plainly, it is vital to raise the addition. the addition foundation is to pick the test or slice the widens the increase to parcel the existing information info(d)−info(f) igr (ai) = [ ( ) ] ∗ 100 (3) info d +info(f) 6. result underneath, we evaluate and plan the execution and time investigation for the various types of attacks. table's exhibits the discovery exactness and calculation time got using the parts of the kdd'99 cup information set by applying the element choosing procedures of current and prospective work. a. rule based classification the rule based characterisation is the beginning step in the organisation of several types of attacks. the execution examination as far as accuracy and time spent for characterising the attacks using rule based classifier is established in the table 2. the accuracy and processing time for recognising 5000 records are shown in the table below. 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 the classification and detection accuracy for rule based classification table 3time analysis for u2r attack in svm 7. conclusion by combining the efs algorithm with two order techniques and a novel ids, this research proposes and implements a more secure framework. the computation time necessary for identifying and arranging the records employing all the forty one aspects of the kdd'99 cup information set is observed to be large. the suggested highlight choice computation choices only the key parts that aid in lowering the time spent for identifying and sorting the records. as an added bonus, svm outperforms the standard-based classifier in terms of 7 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 accuracy. the fundamental point of interest of the suggested ids is that it minimises the false positive rates additionally lessens the computation time. references 1. 1. “analysis of kdd’99 intrusion detection dataset for selection of relevance features” bydaramola o. abosede, adetunmbi a. olusola, adeolas.oladele,.,from proceedings of the world congress on engineering and computer science, vol. i, october 20‐22, 2010. 2. 2. “intrusion detection system utilising support vector machine and decision tree “, by devale.p.r,garje.g.v.,snehala.mulay, 2012. international journal of computer (0975– 8887), vol. \s3, june 2010. 3. debar, becker, and siboni, 1992, "a neural network component for an intrusion detection system," ieeesymposium on research in computer security and privacy, p. 240250; 4. (4) du hongle, tengshaohua, and zhu qingfang, "intrusion detection based on fuzzy support vector machines", international conference on networks security, wireless communications, and trusted computing, pp. 639–642, 2009. 5. 5. wei lu, mahbodtavallaee, ebrahimbagheri, alia a.ghorbani,. proceedings of the 2009 ieee symposium on computational intelligence in security and defense applications, vol. 97, pp. 4244–37641, 2009. a detailed analysis of the kdd cup 99 dataset. 6. 6. weka software, machine learning. “weka 3–data mining using open source machine learning software in java” machine learning group at university of waikato website, . 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 chinese traditional medical journal focus on lsrw language skills in government secondary schools of telangana state xiag leminh, luo meihonghi, , department of hematology, shanghai baoshan hospital of integrated traditional chinese and western medicine, shanghai china. shanghai baoshan hospital of integrated traditional chinese and western medicine, shanghai china. introduction today, secondary school teachers face the most difficult duty of all: changing pupils into well-versed in the art of communication. students may be divided into groups based on their level of flair and accuracy using a widely accepted standard technique for identifying their interests and limits. students in a mixed-gender classroom are unable to express themselves clearly and without making any grammatical mistakes. methodology linguistic learning is broken down into three components: interactive sessions, abstract teaching english as a second language is mandatory in every classroom, including in the government schools of telangana state. for a subject to begin, there must be well-equipped procedures and a manner of encouraging cooperation by asking spontaneous questions to get further information.. the ability to acquire a second language is not a given; rather, it is a function of one's exposure to the mother tongue. real-time practise in communication skills is becoming more and more common among today's pupils. for this reason, it is necessary to incorporate task-oriented activities, such as teaching grammar through audio visual aids by listening and reading and teaching conversational skills by writing and speaking into the teaching-learning process, in order to ensure that the comprehensive competencies of communication skills are maintained over a long period of time. learning a new language requires mastering all four communication skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing (lsrw). the acquisition of language skills is a critical component of every student's education. keywords: interactive workshops, on-the-the-job training, and proficiency in a foreign language. 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 real-time performance, and language competences that can be assessed. interactive sessions the instructor corrects their pronunciation and asks students to express their selfintroduction in a few phrases throughout these sessions, which are meant to assess their correct vocal capacity in english. additionally, this self-introduction session is meant to be worked out in couples and groups, including information on the participants' hometowns, family backgrounds, and academic accomplishments. just a minute (jam) seminars, extracurricular and co-curricular activities in essay writing, elocution, and more there will be information on hometowns, such as their historical location, cultural or religious characteristics, as well as peer groups exchanging ideas on the representation of education and technological advances in the next sessions. the following tasks are included in the activity-oriented learning model: warm up: actively encouraging their friends' good acts and emotions by asking a few questions about their own personal experience with them. starting classes with quotes, introducing fictional characters, and the like are offered as a means of warming up pupils while they are reacting to linguistic communication in order to facilitate icebreaking sessions. vocabulary: playing word games and writing short tales and sketches are great ways to incorporate lexical language into the framework of a storey or piece of writing. in addition, other topics like character development, famous people, wit, and humour provide the necessary incredible solutions to such tricky problems, which are explained in order to improve vocabulary proficiency and make proper use of it in real-time situations.......................................... grammar: the best source of equipment used by specialists for studying and incorporating grammar into everyday discussion with pupils is video clips, powerpoint presentations, and youtube's core essential features of tenses. as an example, in the textbooks for classes 8, 9, and 10, the use of auxiliary verbs and question tags to ask inquiries. writing: various activities such as discussions, essay compositions, role plays as renowned characters, and individual engagement are encouraged in order to enhance excellent written talents in groups and individuals. study skills: textbooks, such as those used in college, place a high value on developing students' study abilities by including exercises and quizzes. thus, it aids in the student's selfassessment, which is being used to construct their personality in the classroom. oral activity: 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 inspiring speeches are used to cover a wide range of topics in oral presentations. however, this is expected in the context of a wide range of languages. the use of first-person voice in virtually scientific discourse is more clear or expressive. however, in a laboratory setting, discussions about a particular activity might have varying degrees of specificity. dissimilar arguments have been used to oppose various political positions in the past rather than disputes on the validity of scientific research there are various models for teaching the concepts of successful oral communication that are valuable for students to learn, but the most practical and helpful schema is the public idea and event. the distinctive features of good speakers, such as their degree of knowledge, intensity of perception, awareness, potentiality, and values, are inherent in their ability to address or engage with an audience. a speaker must evaluate these characteristics while determining what kind of atmosphere they need to give, how to handle technical or difficult conditions, what arguments are most likely to be convincing, and how to keep the audience interested, requires analysis to be investigated. further performances in schools will include oral activity categories such as the general, food and beverage, and relationships.. interactive sessions general activities duration aim telling jokes 20–30 min oral fluency practice jokes in their own words. telling personal stories 25–35 min oral fluency practice students hear anecdotes from their classmates and tell them keyword dialogue 5 min oral fluency practice students role-play a dialogue, guided by a handful of keywords. retelling stories 25–35 min oral fluency practice students retell stories which they have just heard. storytelling by turns 5–15 min oral fluency practice working in groups, students invent a story, taking turns to speak. two minute debates 25–30 min oral fluency practice; disagreeing or agreeing a series of quick debates in pairs. one question survey 10–20 min speaking and listening practice each student receives a different question, and conducts a survey of their classmates. celebrity backs 20–25 min oral fluency practice adhesive labels; space to mingle ask yes/no questions to guess the celebrity name on each student's back world's greatest 15–20 min oral fluency practice http://waze.net/oea/activities/9 http://waze.net/oea/activities/1 http://waze.net/oea/activities/6 http://waze.net/oea/activities/28 http://waze.net/oea/activities/19 http://waze.net/oea/activities/3 http://waze.net/oea/activities/11 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 discussion groups brainstorm ideas for why ‘x’ is the world's greatest? food and drink swap recipes 10–15 min oral fluency practice students tell each other a recipe from their own knowledge. relationships matchmaking role-play 15–20 min oral fluency practice lots of space each student is given a "child", and tries to pair him/her up with a suitable partner. matchmaking discussion 25–35 min oral fluency practice students discuss how best to pair up the profiles of eight single people combining versions 15–20 min oral fluency practice each pair of students is given two incorrect versions of a text and, looking at only one version each, must discuss the differences and reconstruct the original text. real-time formation (rtf) real-time formation is a key component of our reimagined teaching approach. teachers can plan ahead and evaluate students by tracking their development and progress if they can establish some methods that monitor pupils on an ongoing basis around competency. traditional methods, such as asking kids about their favourite people they've met, have a number of drawbacks, including a lack of chance to intervene effectively until test results are available. the use of technologies that employ realtime formative data helps instructors identify students who need further assistance in grasping the skills being taught and to apply individualised interventions to bring them there. tabular representation of real-time formative data topi c traditional approach person teacher-centered instruction main objective students learning by performing classroom students matched by age, and possibly also by ability. all students in a classroom should possess the same material. http://waze.net/oea/activities/11 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 teaching methods traditional education emphasizes:  direct instruction and lectures  seatwork: class work at their respective places  students learn through listening and observation[4] materials instruction based on textbooks, lectures, and individual written assignments subjects individual, independent subjects. little connection between topics[3] content memorization of facts, objective information; correct knowledge is paramount social aspects little or no attention to social development.[3] focus on independent learning. socializing largely discouraged except for extracurricular activities and teamwork-based projects. multitasking a. a single, unified curriculum for all students, regardless of ability or interest. b. mixed class offerings without tracking, so that students receive a custom-tailoring education. manuscript a. present and test methods favor students who have prior exposure to the material or exposure in multiple contexts. b. requirements to study or memorize outside school inadvertently tests homes not students. c. students from homes where tested subjects are used in common conversation, or homes where students are routinely given individual help to gain context beyond memorization, score on tests at significantly higher levels student and teacher relationship students often address teachers formally by their last names. real time practice (rtp) contextualized practise and performance are synonymous with real-time practise. in the teaching community, the teacher is looked up to as a role model. the importance of appropriate conduct in the context of a school or workplace is highlighted. when kids aren't being challenged, instructors might be alerted by the system. it's possible that students who do assignments fast and precisely have already learned the concepts being taught. in this way, teachers have the chance to challenge pupils and keep them interested. personalization is essential in formative learning, since it makes it much more difficult for pupils to progress if they aren't given the opportunity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/direct_instruction https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=seatwork&action=edit&redlink=1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/traditional_education#cite_note-4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/traditional_education#cite_note-montessori-namta1-3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/traditional_education#cite_note-montessori-namta1-3 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 those immediate tactics create an effective portion of the system's productivity, which is what makes it productive. real-time performance (rtp) real time performance is embedded within the scope of context. vocabulary is mainly integrated by two important characteristics, firstly it includes short stories, sketches, essays, plays, poems, interviews, etc. and secondly, by way of themes like personality development, great personalities, intelligence and intellect. in this present scenario, english conversation is a continuous process and hence, one should understand that language learning consists of two elements: input and output. input is concerned with all the listening and reading i.e. everything about the english language that a student absorbs and output is regarded as writing and speaking. sometimes, it tends to result in a difficult situation dealing with output, which is what emphasized today. when the time comes to speak and for few people, to write, there’s an intellectual hindrances that deliberately reduce the tempo of conversations. due to these barriers in listening, students are unable to speak confidently while listening during a conversation unfeasible under such circumstances. thus, they feel less confident enough in spoken ability or maybe because of study at home or in a classroom situation (seatwork), where most of the learning practice spent on reading, writing and listening. when a good conversation with native english speakers, thus, speaking has become a challenging task. the right environment and right performance student data is useful, if the right environment is created on conversations and procedures, where data is informative, useful and put into practice, which is more imperative in case of an individual. however, it is not about the strength count but regarding the student’s data and their performances. in the process of personalizing instruction, the student must grow in learning skill sets and for teacher’s data must be constantly formative and meaningful mode. when, we take the following steps to integrate our learning initiatives with common planning process using data and also, forging ahead with designing a model that relies on data in the real-time practice (rtp) process for monitoring desired results in a true personalized learning environment along with preliminary analysis. and, the resultant data is being preserved under individual observation in leaning parameters with their progress is being evaluated. this is called preliminary analysis. in this process, learning platform positioned a path that monitors student performance based on practice. students are validated with an array of questions continuously put into practice in order to move forward. when they continue to get questions right over time, then they move about to the next stage. if a question is incorrectly answered, in such a case they may try again and also some hints are offered and the customized feedback helps them find the path to the right answer. in this analysis, seeking 7 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 the right answer is a critical skill that is developed during the process. the main idea is to improve the pace within the time limit provided to move the students by telling, whether they are right or wrong. learning how to find answers, this is feasible to productive outcome and is equally important for giving a right answer. using real time formation (rtf) and real time performance (rtp) information for planning and monitoring leads to the best alignment of the learning expectations to students’ personalized needs. context is crucial to real-time performance. by way of short stories, sketches, essays, plays, poems, and interviews, as well as themes such as personality development, great personalities, intelligence, and intellect, vocabulary is mainly integrated. in today's world, english conversation is a constant process, and one must recognise that language acquisition consists of two components: input and output. all of a student's listening and reading, as well as their writing and speaking, are considered input and output respectively. as a consequence, dealing with output might be problematic, which is why it was brought up today. when it's time to talk or, for a select few, write, there are cerebral roadblocks that artificially slow down dialogue. it's impossible for a learner to talk confidently while listening to a discourse that is impossible under these conditions. as a result, they are less confidence in their ability to speak, maybe due to the amount of time they spend studying at home or in a classroom (seatwork) where they spend most of their time reading, writing, and listening. as a result, a decent discussion with native english speakers has become a difficult challenge. the correct setting and the correct performance you can only get the most out of student data if the correct conditions are in place for discussions and processes that allow for the data to be instructive, valuable and put into action, which is more critical for an individual. it's not about the number of students, it's about the data and how well they do. it is essential for students and teachers alike to improve in their ability to learn in order to personalise education. a model that depends on data for real-time practise (rtp) for monitoring intended outcomes in a customised learning environment, as well as preliminary analysis, may be developed when we take the following steps to connect our learning efforts with the common planning process utilising data. in addition, the collected data is being stored and analysed for each student based on their performance on several learning metrics. preliminary analysis is the term used to describe this stage. student performance is monitored via practise in this way by the learning platform. in order to keep progressing, students are given a wide range of questions to answer.they go to the next level if they keep answering questions correctly. if they answer a question wrong, they may try again, and pointers and personalised feedback are provided to help them discover the proper answer. in this investigation, we are looking for 8 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 throughout the process, it is important to learn how to provide the correct response. the major goal is to increase the pupils' ability to proceed at a faster rate within the time allotted by letting them know whether they are doing anything correctly or incorrectly. to get a good result and provide a good response, it's essential to learn how to locate answers. planning and assessing student progress based on data from real-time formation and real-time performance (rtp) is the most effective way to match learning objectives to individual student requirements. language competencies students and staff alike benefit from a more favourable educational experience when they are able to communicate effectively in another language. information, skills, and abilities (ksa) are needed by teachers to implement syllabi based on linguistic competencies, engage, cooperate, and utilise ways for exploring more practical knowledge through evaluating student-centered activities in the classroom. english language learners' language capabilities and adaptations: goals for ell children should be developed by considering the complete competences connected to a positive sense of self and cultural identity as well as communication with others of different cultures and backgrounds. in the reporting process, using competencies to inform our objectives might be helpful. the following is an illustration of how the primary competences may be linked to a variety of adaptations. in order to gain and increase information, english language learners must adjust both classroom and cultural modifications. a. classroom adaptations reduced deadlines for assignments following the instructions, break up due dates for tasks and/or assignments (written, visual plus oral) assignments that differ from the norm (oral, model, illustrations, postures) to ensure comprehension, give students a second chance to comprehend and create a solution, and then have them repeat back the instructions. help from your peers (reading, scribing, directions) vocabulary teaching in advance (explain homophones, synonyms) think out loud when you read, write, and speak. put labels on everything in your classroom and school. b. cultural adaptations reducing the use of idioms, teaching meaning, not penalising students for mistakes in spelling or grammar in written tasks, supplementing speech with gestures, and using students' original languages to reinforce new ideas or to verify understandings are all examples of ways to do just that. to help children increase their self-esteem and self-confidence, one-onone training in the classroom, team meetings at the school, and other strategies are used. conclusion teaching and learning languages may be better understood if an integrated method that incorporates interactive sessions, realtime practise, and basic language competences is used. this includes the ability to work well with others in a team, as well as the ability to acquire a wide range of skills in a variety of contexts. learning a second language is a gruelling 9 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 experience that extends beyond the discovery of the world around us. enhances our capacity to interact with people on a more personal level. thus, the numerous acts of communication during lsrw skills transmit planned material that greatly enhances the ability to display possibly complex information in a forward-looking manner. references the khasi hills. new delhi: ncert; m.b. buch, 1978-1983, fourth survey of educational research. 2. india's government (1964-1966). the education commission's final report. government of india (goi) in new delhi (1968). 3. education policy in the united states. government of india. c. c. richard there are a number of approaches and methods that may be used to teach a language. national center for education statistics (ncert) (2000). school education in the united states follows the national curriculum framework (ncf). ncert is based in new delhi (2005). 6. sharma, a. (2011). importance of teaching english in india. found at http://www.preservearticles.com/ ;201102244205/what-is-the-importanceof-teaching-english-inindia.html internet sources: 1.http://www.dcielts.com/ielts-preparation 2.http://www.cengage.com/resource uploads/\s3. http://ccn.aacnjournals.org/content/24/3 3http://www.learnnc.org/lessons/ .4https://library.columbia.edu/content/dam .5http://te.manipuruniv.ac.in/download/sy l ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 3 issn: 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 3 physicochemical and sensory evaluation of coconut milk incorporated millet nutribar yerraguntla kasthuri*1, dr.a.swaroopa rani 2, patla tasmiya shaheen, 3 r. murali krishna 4 1student department of food technology, oil technology & pharmaceutical research institute, jnt university, ananthapuramu-515001, andhra pradesh, india 2professor & head of the food technology department, oil technological and pharmaceutical research institute, jnt university, ananthapuramu, 515001, andhra pradesh, india 3student department of food technology, oil technology & pharmaceutical research institute, j n t university, ananthapuramu-515001, andhra pradesh, india 4 gayathri milk dairy pvt ltd merikapudi (v) phirangipuram (m), guntur (dt). *corresponding author email: yarraguntlakasthuri1522@gmail.com keywords: coconut milk, sugar, ghee, calcium and vitamins. introduction: nowadays, there are many varieties of commercial coconut milk produced by different temperring processes such as pasteurisation, uht, sterilization and a spray dried method.the tempering process has an effect on the coconut milk qualities and prolongs shelf life when compared with unheated coconut milk samples (seow and gwee, 1997). coconut milk emulsion stability is generally governed by some proteins in the aqueous phase (peamprasart & chiewchan, 2006). the difference in the water: coconut meatratio, ranging from 1:1to 20:1 has no effect onoil and protein extraction into coconut milk (dendy&timmins, 1973). not only does the tempering process influence the coconut milk qualities,it also affects the physicochemical properties, sensory properties,aromatics properties,and consumer acceptance.many researchers have focused on many properties of coconut products, for example, emulsion stability (tangsuphoom& coupland,2008).,finger millet is originated from ugandian region of africa and was transported to india in the ,pre-aryan period (1500 bc). even today, in uganda, numerous tribal rural and religious, ceremonies are associated with finger millet. finger millet (eleusina coracana), one of theoldest crops in india is referred as “nrtta-kondka” in the ancient indian sanskrit literature, which means “dancing grain”, was also addressed as “rajika” or markataka” (achaya, 2009). the nutritional status of a community has been recognized as an important indicator of national developments. therefore, agricultural products must be introduced to people as nutritional food which are underutilized and ignored by us. cultivation of millets abstract— coconut milk know for its high protein and nutrient content,it is an alternative to dairy milk in production of nutrient bar, coconut milk is dairy free , making it a great alternative for those which lactose intolerance or dairy allergies. additionally it’s antimicrobial properties may support immune function and gut health . this study explores the formulation and sensory evaluation of coconut milk, sugar, ghee. it’s also good source of healthy fats, particularly medium chain triglycerides, which can boost energy and promote weight loss.. nutritionally, coconut milk is rich in protein, calcium, and vitamins, making it a healthy option, it’s low in saturated fats and cholesterol free which contribute to heart, additionally coconut milk is a good source of phyto nutrients such as isoflavones, which may have various health, benefits, including reduce the risk of certain cancers and improving the bone health .3 samples are formulated with the ratio of coconut milk: (1:3),(1:1),(3:1).the development and finalized product will be evaluated for physiochemical, textural, functional, and sensory attributes. mailto:yarraguntlakasthuri1522@gmail.com https://ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1750-3841.14223#jfds14223-bib-0063 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 3 and promotion for its utilization will be one of the successful potential approaches for improving the nutritional status and human health specifically in financially weaker population. dietary quality should be taken into consideration for solving the problems related to deep rooted malnutrition and heal roble (singh&raghuvanshi,2012. millets have been found to have high nutritive values and are comparable to other major cereals like wheat and rice. it is reported that major consumption of cereals provide 70-80% of total energy in majority of indian diets and millets contribute to only about 2% of total calorie (radhika,et.al.,2011). because millets are commonly used as animal feed. millets can be used as nutraceutical and to produce healthier food. millets are classified into two as major millets and minor millets. it is reported by yang et al. (2012) materials and methodology: the materials needed for the preparation of millet nutribar are finger millet powder, coconut milk, sugar, ghee ,dry fruits and cardamom powder. flow chart of nutribar: take fresh coconuts chop into small pieces nutribar table.1 and grind the coconut pieces in a blender strain the milk which is obtained take finger millets powder in vessels prepared with three different composition with finger millet powder, coconut milk the ingredients formulated with table 1 roast the finger millet powder for 2 minutes slowly mix the coconut milk and sugar into it and boil for some times place it into a moulds and make it into a shapes finally garnish with dry fruits. figure: 1 ingredients trail -1 trail-2 trail-3 coconut milk 250ml 500ml 700ml cow milk 700ml 500ml 2500ml sugar 500gms 500gms 500gms ghee 20gms 20gms 20gms cardamom powder 4gms 4gms 4gms finger millet powder 100ml 100ml 100ml ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 3 results and discussion: table-2: the sensory evaluation helps to characterize the sensory attributes of nutribar i.e, senses like colour, taste, appearance, odor, flavor, and overall acceptability. sensory evaluation: among the three samples, sample 3 was selected for further analysis. the analysis include nutribar, like many food products, can undergo various chemical tests to assess their nutritional content, safety, and quality. 1. proximate analysis: moisture content: determines the amount of water present in the nutribar, which affects its stability and shelf life. portion content: measures the total protein content using methods like kjeldahl or dumas method. fat content : determines the total fat content using methods such as soxhlet extraction or acid hydrolysis. ash content: quantifies the total mineral content left after the nutribar is burned at high temperatures, indicating the inorganic residue. 2. nutrient analysis: carbohydrate content: measures the total carbohydrates ncluding sugars, starches, and dietary fibers. vitamin content: analyzes the presence and quantity of various vitamins such as a, b complex vitamins, c, d, e, and k. these tests ensure that nutribars meet regulatory standards, provide accurate nutritional information to consumers, and are safe for consumption. testing protocols may vary depending on regulatory requirements and specific product formulations t table 3: nutritional composition of nutribar in table 3 conclusion: in the trend of nutrition and health, and active interest of people, coconut milk and coconut oil have attracted immense as these are highly nutritious, functional, and economical food ingredients. coconut milk contains large amount of proteins, vitamins, calcium isoflavonoids, micro-macroelements. references: j. y., wang, z. y., & li, y. z. (2004). study on stability of coconut milk drink. the beverage industry, 2, 1–7. capulso, s., gonzales, a., & celestino, v. (1981). studies on the isolation and functional characteristics of protein from coconut skim milk. philippine journal of science, 110, 1/2, 25–32. edible proteins from coconut milk press cake; one step alkaline extraction and characterization by electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. food research international, 47(2), 146–51. rasyid, f., manullang, m., & hansen, p. (1992). isolation and characterization of coconut protein. food hydrocolloids, 6(3), 301–14. rodsamran, p., & sothornvit, r. (2018). physicochemical and functional properties of protein concentrate from by-product of coconut samson, s. j., khaund, r. n., cater, c. m., & mattil, k. f. (1971). extractability of coconut proteins. journal of food science, 36(5), 725–28. satheesh, n., & prasad, n. (2014). production of virgin coconut oil by induced fermentation with lactobacillus plantarum ndri strain 184. croatian journal of food technology, biotechnology and nutrition, 9(1–2), 37–42. ariyaprakai, s., limpachoti, t., & pradipasena, p. (2013). interfacial and emulsifying properties of sucrose ester in coconut milk emulsions in comparison with tween. food hydrocolloids, 30(1), 358–67. chiewchan, n., phungamngoen, c., & siriwattanayothin, s. (2006). effect of homogenizing pressure and sterilizing condition on quality of canned high fat coconut milk. journal of food engineering, 73(1), 38–44. hagenmaier, r., mattil, k. f., & cater, c. m. (1974). dehydrated coconut skim milk as a food product: composition and functionality. journal of food science, 39(1), 196–9 iswarin, s. j., & permadi, b. (2012). coconut milk's fat breaking by means of ultrasound. international journal of basic and applied sciences, 12(1), 1–5.. jirapeangtong, k., siriwatanayothin, s., & chiewchan, n. (2008). effects of coconut sugar and stabilizing agents on stability and apparent viscosity of high-fat coconut milk. journal of food engineering, 87(3), 422–7. v. n., & murthy, z. v. p. (2012). enhancing the stability of oilin-water emulsions emulsified by coconut milk protein with the application of acoustic cavitation. industrial and engineering chemistry research, 51(11), 4222–9. monera, o. d., & del rosario, e. (1982). physico-chemical evaluation of the natural stability of coconut milk emulsion. annals of tropical research, 4(1), 47–54. peamprasart, t., & chiewchan, n. (2006). effect of fat content and preheat treatment on the apparent viscosity of coconut milk after homogenization. journal of food engineering, 77(3), 653– 8. sensory attributes control trail1 trail2 trail3 colour 8 7 7 8 test 8 7 7 9 appearance 8 7 7 8 odor 7 8 8 8 flavour 7 8 7 9 texture 8 7 7 9 overall acceptability 8 7 7 9 nutrition control sample moisture 37% 40% ash 4.6% 4% fat 2% 15% protein 32% 33% carbohydrates 20% 14% ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 3 chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com a rare insulmame-mediated pyroptosis cure that may be used to address acute pancreatitis dr.aneela 1 , dr.y.sirisha 2 ,adithyamathur 3 ,ashraful alom 4, assistant professor 1,2,3,4, department of pharmacy, samskruti college of pharmacy, kondapur (v), ghatkesar (m) medchal dist, telangana, india. abstract this study aims to examine the role of membrane-associated ring-ch-type finger 9 (march9) in the regulation of acute pancreatitis (ap). methods: ten healthy persons and fifteen ap patients hospitalized to changzhou second people's hospital nanjing, china, took part in the research. we tested the individuals' serum samples for march9 expression. inducing rat pancreatic acinar (pa) cells with ceruletide and then transfecting them with a march9 overexpression vector allowed for the establishment of an ap cell model. we found the molecular structure and level of march9, which are associated with pyroptosis and inflammatory cytokines. caspases 1 activity and cell survival rate were measured. the results showed that both the serum of ap patients and ceruletide-induced pa cells have low levels of march9. the survival rate of ceruletide-induced pa cells was boosted and the levels of inflammatory cytokines and components associated with pyroptosis were lowered when march9 was overexpressed. in ceruletide-induced pa cells, caspase 1 activity was shown to be decreased when march9 was overexpressed. furthermore, when ceruletide was used to elevate pa cell levels of il6, p-stat3/stat3, and pjak2/jak2, the overexpression of march9 exhibited a negative regulatory impact. results: march9 overexpression inhibits nlrp3-induced pyroptosis in pa cells via controlling the il6/jak/stat3 pathway; this finding may have implications for the treatment of ap. pyroptosis, acute pancreatitis, ar42j cells, ceruletide. introduction acute pancreatitis (ap) is an acute abdominal disease and the mortality rate can reach 47 to 69 % [1]. blood amylase and lipase are significantly increased in ap patients, which can also be accompanied by an increase in blood sugar [2]. systemic inflammation brings a second strike to the patients by increasing the burden on organs and exacerbating the severity of ap [3]. therefore, seeking effective treatment for ap is currently a hot topic in research. pyroptosis is a form of cell death involving members of the caspase family [4,5]. the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by activating nlrp3 inflammatome is one of the causes of pyroptosis. [6]. for instance, the activation of receptor-associated factor 6 induces pyroptosis through the caspase 1/3 signaling pathway, thereby contributing to the progression of ap [7]. therefore, inhibiting the occurrence of pancreatic cell pyroptosis is one of the ways to alleviate ap. membrane associated ring-chtype finger (march) includes 11 family members, from march1 to march11 and they play a role in immune regulation, cell polarity, and toll like receptor signal transduction [8]. march9, a member of the march protein family, may be related to cellular immune regulation [9]. in addition, it was recently shown that march9 regulates the pancreatic cells pyroptosis induced by nlrp3 inflammasome in ap [10]. this indicates that march9 participates in the regulation of ap chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com occurrence. the study of march9 in ap is still however immature. the potential function and possible mechanisms of march9 in ap was discussed in the current study, with the intent being to provide new ideas for the treatment of ap. methods clinical samples venous blood (10 ml) were collected from patients with ap admitted in changzhou second people's hospital nanjing, china (ap group, n = 15, 6 females and 9 males) and from 15 healthy individuals (normal group, n = 15, 8 females and 7 males) were collected. healthy individuals were those who participate in physical examinations in outpatient clinics. ap patients were hospitalized and did not suffer from any disease other than ap. serum was separated from blood sample and kept at 80 °c. all participants signed informed consent. the study was approved by the ethics committee of the affiliated changzhou no. 2 people's hospital with nanjing medical university (approval no. [2023]ky106-01) and complied with guidelines of world medical association declaration of helsinki [11]. the amylase and lipase levels in the patient's serum were assayed using an amylase assessment kit and a lipase assessment kit. all kits were purchased from nanjing jiancheng bioengineering institute (nanjing, jiangsu, china). cells culture rat pa cells (ar42j cells, atcc, manassas, va, usa) were cultured in dmem medium (5 % co2, 37 °c). streptomycin (100 μg/ml), fetal bovine serum (10 %) and penicillin (100 u/ml) (all reagents: gibco, waltham, ma, usa) were contained in the culture medium. ar42j cells were separated into ceruletide, control, ceruletide + nc, and ceruletide + march9 groups. to establish an ap cell model, ar42j cells were cultivated in the medium complemented with ceruletide (100 nmol/l, mce, china) for 24 h. march9 overexpression vector (march9) and the negative control (nc) were got from genepharma (shanghai, china). the cells were harvested 24 h after transfecting by lipofectamine 2000. western blotting and rna extraction and quantitative real time-pcr (qrt-pcr) the western blotting and qrt-pcr procedures are based on previous research. the relative expressions of interleukin-6 (il-6), march9, tumor necrosis factor α (tnf-α) and il-1β were measured,and their primers sequences were listed in table 1. the primary antibodies (abcam) are as below: toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4, 1:1000), march9 (1:1000), p65 (1:500), nlrp3 (1:1000), p-p65 (1:500), il-1β (1:1000), gasdermin d (1:1000), il-6 (1:1000), caspase 1 (1:1000), il-18 (1:1000), janus kinase 2 (jak2, 1:5000), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (stat3, 1:1000), p-jak2 (1:500), pstat3 (1:1000) and gapdh (1:2000). immunofluorescence (if) ar42j cells were fixed with paraformaldehyde solution (4 %, sigma aldrich, darmstadt, germany) and then blocked with pbs, triton (0.3 %) and normal goat serum (5 %) for 1 hour. samples were cultivated (4 °c) overnight with an anti-march9 primary antibody (abcam) diluted at a ratio of 1:100. after that, samples were cultivated with a cy3-conjugated secondary antibody (abcam) diluted at a ratio of 1:500 and dapi staining (1:1000, sigma aldrich) conducted for one hour at room temperature. the images were collected by a fluorescence microscope (uy203i; aopu, chongqing, sichuan, china). cell counting kit‐8 (cck‐8) assay the cell survival rate was evaluated by cck-8 method and then planted in 96-well plates (1 × 103 cells/well) for 12 h. each well was mixed with cck‐8 solution (10 μl). one hour later, a microplate chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com reader (a51119500c; thermo fisher) was used to read the absorbance at 450 nm. determination of ldh level lactic dehydrogenase (ldh) levels in the ar42j cells were determined using ldh assay kit (sigma aldrich). flow cytometry to test pyroptosis in the ar42j cells, caspase 1 detection kit (beyotime, shanghai, china) measured the active levels of caspase 1. the active caspase 1 enzyme was labeled with fam-yvad-fmk and determined using flow cytometry. pyroptosis was defined as being double positive for propidium iodide (pi) staining and fam-yvad-fmk. statistical analysis the data was analyzed through spss 20.0 (chicago, il, usa) and displayed as sd. the statistical significance is assessed by one-way-anova followed by tukey post hoc test, t-test. p < 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. all assays were repeated as independent experiments in at least triplicate. results low expression of serum march9 in ap patients and ap cell models serum samples from ap patients were collected and march9 expression was determined. figure 1 a demonstrated that ap patients showed higher levels of serum amylase and lipase. qrt-rcr and western blotting results revealed that march9 was lowly expressed in serum from ap patients (figure 1 b and c). moreover, ap cell models were established using ceruletide and it was found that march9 expression decreased in the ceruletide group (figure 1 d and e). figure 1: march9 expression in serum of ap patients and ap cell models. (a) levels of serum amylase and lipase. b) march9 mrna expression. (c) march9 protein level. (d) march9 mrna expression. (e) march9 protein expression. ***p < 0.05, vs normal or control overexpression of march9 enhanced the activity of ar42j cells induced by ceruletide here, ap cell models were transfected with march9 overexpression vector. the results showed that march9 level increased in ar42j cells induced by ceruletide after transfection with march9 overexpression vector (figure 2 a). in the ceruletide + march9 group, there was a remarkable increase in cell survival rate (figure 2 b), and a rapid reduction in ldh levels (figure 2 c). figure 2: the role of march9 overexpressed in activity of ar42j cells induced by ceruletide. ar42j cells were induced with ceruletide and then transfected with march9 overexpression vector. (a) immunofluorescence (if) images. (b) cell survival rate. (c) the levels of ldh. ***p < 0.05, vs control; ##p < 0.05, vs ceruletide + nc overexpression of march9 inhibited inflammation in ar42j cells induced by ceruletide as shown in figure 3 a, the levels of inflammatory cytokinesin ceruletide + march9 group were remarkably lower than ceruletide + nc group (p < 0.05). tlr4 and p-p65/p65 expressions were downregulated in ar42j cells induced by ceruletide after transfection with march9 overexpression vector (figure 3 b). chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com figure 3: effect of march9 overexpressed in inflammation in ar42j cells induced by ceruletide. (a) tnf-α, il-6 and il-1β levels. (b) tlr4 and pp65/p65 expressions. ***p < 0.05 or **p < 0.05, vs control; ##p < 0.05 or ###p < 0.05, vs ceruletide + nc overexpression of march9 inhibited the pyroptosis of ar42j cells induced by ceruletide western blotting results revealed that march9 down-regulated the expressions of nlrp3, gsdmdn, caspase 1, il-1β and il-18 in ar42j cells induced by ceruletide (figure 4 a). as shown in figure 4 b, the overexpression of march9 regulated the activity of caspase 1 in ceruletide + march9 group, compared with ceruletide + nc group. over-expression of march9 inhibited il6/jak/sata3 pathway to further investigate the regulatory mechanism of march9 in the pyroptosis of ar42j cells induced by ceruletide, the expression of related proteins was determined using western blotting. the results showed that march9 overexpression repressed the expressions of il-6, p-jak2/jak2 and pstat3/stat3 in ar42j cells induced by ceruletide (figure 5). figure 4: effect of march9 overexpressed in the pyroptosis of ar42j cells induced by ceruletide. (a) expressions of nlrp3, gsdmd-n, caspase 1, il-1β and il-18. (b) activity of caspase 1. p < 0.05, vs control; ##p < 0.05, vs ceruletide + nc figure 5: effect of march9 overexpressed in il6/jak/sata3 levels. expressions of il-6, pjak2/jak2, and p-stat3/stat3. ***p < 0.05, vs control; ###p < 0.05 or ##p < 0.05, vs ceruletide + nc discussion recent studies showed that inhibiting pyroptosis alleviates pancreatic injury and significantly affects the progression of ap [12]. this study showed that march9 expression is downregulated in ap patients' serum and has the ability to regulate pyroptosis in pa cells. research has shown that march9 participates in cancer progression. in lung adenocarcinoma, the overexpression of march9 attenuates the carcinogenic effect of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (icam-1) [13]. furthermore, studies have found that march9 is related to immune regulation in the chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com bod [9], and participates in innate immunity by catalyzing the polyubiquitination of key immune factors [14]. another recent study found that march9 was related to the occurrence of ap and the overexpression of march9 inhibits the nlrp3 inflammasome-dependent pancreatic cell pyroptosis by mediating the ubiquitination of nadph oxidase2, which may regulate the progression of ap [10]. the nlrp3 inflammasome is involved in regulating cellular inflammatory responses through the modulation of downstream pro-inflammatory factors [15]. one way to effectively mitigate these inflammatory responses is to target nlrp3 [16]. in addition, nlrp3 is also closely related to the occurrence of pyroptosis. for example, isoliquiritin ameliorates depression symptoms by suppressing mirna-27a-mediated pyroptosis induced via nlrp3 inhibition [17]. furthermore, cisplatin activates nlrp3/caspase 1 pathway, contributing to trigger pyroptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells [18]. in the present study, march9 was lowly expressed in the serum of ap patients, which suggests that march9 was related to the development of ap. to further explore the role of march9 in ap, an in vitro ap cell model was established by inducing pa cells with ceruletide and investigated for its effect on pa cells pyroptosis by overexpressing march9. as expected, the upregulation of march9 suppressed the inflammation in ceruletide-induced pa cells, as well as nlrp3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis, leading to enhanced viability of the pa cells. in addition, this study revealed a potential association between march9 and the il6/jak/stat3 pathway. however, this study is only a preliminary work at the cellular level and has not been validated in animal models. we will supplement this in the follow-up study. conclusion the results confirm that march9 is low expressed in ap patients and its overexpression contributes to the inhibition of nlrp3-induced pyroptosis in pa cells by regulating il6/jak/stat3 pathway. thus, march9 is a potential biomarker for ap treatment. references 1. cheng z, abrams st, alhamdi y, toh j, yu w, wang g, toh ch. circulating histones are major mediators of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in acute critical illnesses. crit care med 2019; 47(8): e677-e684. 2. mayerle j, sendler m, hegyi e, beyer g, lerch mm, sahin-tóth m. genetics, cell biology, and pathophysiology of pancreatitis. gastroenterology 2019; 156(7): 1951-1968.e1951. 3. pasari lp, khurana a, anchi p, aslam saifi m, annaldas s, godugu c. visnagin attenuates acute pancreatitis via nrf2/nfκb pathway and abrogates associated multiple organ dysfunction. biomed pharmacother 2019; 112(108629. 4. zhang x, chen w, liu w, li d, shen w. cited2 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and pyroptosis in human lung fibroblast by inhibition of nf-κb pathway. allergol immunopathol (madr) 2022; 50(4): 64-70. 5. buranrat b, prawan a, senggunprai l, kukongviriyapan v. alendronate blocks human cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation and migration. trop j pharm res 2019; 18(6): 11791184. 6. yu zw, zhang j, li x, wang y, fu yh, gao xy. a new research hot spot: the role of nlrp3 inflammasome activation, a key step in pyroptosis, in diabetes and diabetic complications. life sci 2020; 240: 117138. 7. wei b, gong y, yang h, zhou j, su z, liang z. role of tumor necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor 6 in pyroptosis during acute pancreatitis. mol med rep 2021; 24(6): 848. 8. nakamura n. the role of the transmembrane ring finger proteins in cellular and organelle function. membranes (basel) 2011; 1(4): 354-393. 9. hör s, ziv t, admon a, lehner pj. stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture and differential plasma membrane proteome quantitation identify new substrates for the march9 transmembrane e3 ligase. mol cell proteomics 2009; 8(8): 1959-1971. 10. lin m, jin y, wang f, meng y, huang j, qin x, fan z. march9 mediates nox2 ubiquitination to alleviate nlrp3 inflammasome-dependent pancreatic cell pyroptosis in acute pancreatitis. pancreas 2023; 52(1): e62-e69. 11. world medical association declaration of helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. jama 2013; 310(20): 2191-2194. chinese traditional medicine journal | 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 issn : 2693 6356 2020 | vol 3 | issue 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com 12. wang x, qian j, meng y, wang p, cheng r, zhou g, zhu s, liu c. salidroside ameliorates severe acute pancreatitis-induced cell injury and pyroptosis by inactivating akt/nf-κb and caspase3/gsdme pathways. heliyon 2023; 9(2): e13225. 13. shen qm, wang hy, xu s. march9 suppresses lung adenocarcinoma progression by downregulating icam-1. cell physiol biochem 2018; 50(1): 92-107. 14. de angelis rigotti f, de gassart a, pforr c, cano f, n'guessan p, combes a, camossetto v, lehner pj, pierre p, gatti e. march9-mediated ubiquitination regulates mhc i export from the tgn. immunol cell biol 2017; 95(9): 753-764. 15. blevins hm, xu y, biby s, zhang s. the nlrp3 inflammasome pathway: a review of mechanisms and inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. front aging neurosci 2022; 14: 879021. 16. mangan msj, olhava ej, roush wr, seidel hm, glick gd, latz e. targeting the nlrp3 inflammasome in inflammatory diseases. nat rev drug discov 2018; 17(8): 588-606. 17. li y, song w, tong y, zhang x, zhao j, gao x, yong j, wang h. isoliquiritin ameliorates depression by suppressing nlrp3-mediated pyroptosis via mirna-27a/syk/nf-κb axis. j neuroinflammation 2021; 18(1): 1 18. yan h, luo b, wu x, guan f, yu x, zhao l, ke x, wu j, yuan j. cisplatin induces pyroptosis via activation of meg3/nlrp3/caspase-1/gsdmd pathway in triple-negative breast cancer. int j biol sci 2021; 17(10): 2606-2621. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue1 chinese traditional medical journal a study on consumer perception towards packaged drinking water with special reference to pattukkottai town lixaogan, wan ru, xi xinx, department of anesthesiology, the first affiliated hospital of xi'an jiaotong university, department of traditional chinese medicine, the first affiliated hospital of xi'an jiaotong university, introduction a gift from the natural world, water is a need for human life. every human being's body is made up of a significant portion of water. businesses make the most sense since they are a necessary part of human life. until recently, bottled water was only available to the wealthy, tourists, and those with a strong interest in health; but, as living standards have risen, disposable money has increased, and consumers have become more educated and aware, demand for bottled water has grown significantly. the sale of bottled water has skyrocketed abstract life can only exist if it has access to water. consumers in the indian context have found that bottled drinking water has a significant influence. historically, the most reliable source of drinking water has been municipally provided piped water. like other consumer goods, bottled water was once a big industry. water scarcity at train stations and tourist destinations, as well as the role of tourism crops and other factors, have all contributed to the expansion of this industry, and a variety of bottles are available for filling with water. because of the assurance of both convenience and quality, bottled drinking water is becoming more common. customers may choose from a wide selection of bottled, bubble-top, can, and other types of packaged drinking water, as well as a wide choice of brands. customers buy water bottles because they are convenient to handle and because they don't have to think about other factors like quality, price, or comfort when they buy packaged drinking water. this study was done to better understand how customers feel about packaged drinking water brands and how they influence their purchasing decisions. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue1 in recent years thanks to an influx of local and international tourists, as well as sophisticated businesses and workplaces. that people are buying more bottled water shows just how poor tap water quality and availability have become. more people are becoming ill from drinking water that is contaminated with bacteria and viruses due to an increase in urbanisation, the lack of clean and safe drinking water as well as the role of tourism in the expansion of bottled water. objectives to conduct a comparative study of bottled drinking water in the marketplace. to learn how satisfied customers are with these companies. to find out which firms have the most market share in the packaged drinking water industry. to learn about the many pattukkottaimarket bottled water brands accessible. the study's methodology the technique by which data will be gathered is often included in a study methodology. what equipment will be utilised, how they will be used, and how the data will be analysed are all questions that must be answered. sources of data both primary and secondary data sources are used in this investigation. secondary data was gathered through published publications, papers, and websites, as well as information obtained directly from survey respondents. method of sampling it refers to the number of people that were chosen to participate in the research. the research was carried out with the help of 250 participants. the convenience sampling approach is used to pick the respondents. annotated bibliography his research, "a study on the perspective of consumers towards soft drinks," was aimed at examining the perception and behaviour of soft drink customers. according to his research, most people like to drink soda in bakeries. "a consumer preference study of soft drinks in the city of coimbatore" was undertaken by mr. avinashgupta (1991). the goal of this study was to learn more about soft drink drinkers' taste preferences. pepsi and thamps have a similar degree of consumer awareness, although pepsi is the more popular. ozone-treated mineral water, according to k.kammalakannan (2001) in the hindu, turns back to oxygen following the oxidising process, making it the most environmentally friendly treatment currently available. ozone is the most powerful disinfectant in the world. remaining chlorine is also ingested when drinking water is treated with chlorine, which is a highly carcinogenic agent. analysis& interpretation  age group particular no. of respondents percentage (%) below 20 20 8% 20-30 130 52% 31-40 50 20% 41-50 30 120% above 50 20 8% total 250 100%  occupation& type of family particular no.of respondents percentage (%) professional 25 10% ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue1 government employee 15 6% private employee 20 8% business 32 12.8% students 53 21.2% joint family 65 26% nuclear family 40 16% total 250 100% percentage analysis findings from the research among the survey participants, 52% are between the ages of 20 and 30. 2.8% of those who took the survey are employed by private companies. approximately 16 percent of those polled are members of a nuclear family. suggestions mineral water's quality has to be enhanced. 2. water bottles may be packaged in a more appealing manner. complaints should be handled in a timely manner. it's important to create eyecatching marketing materials. the proper vehicle should be used to ensure that regular deliveries to the stores are accomplished. conclusion people purchase packaged drinking water not just when they travel or stay away from home, but they also buy it while they are at home. in today's world, more individuals are concerned about their health. however, the cost of packed water cannot be ignored in this case since for certain individuals it is more expensive than bottled water. it is tough for them to come to terms with the fact that they would have to pay for a tiny amount of water, but it has been the norm for people living in the city to use packaged water since it is a product that is supposed to have a high level of quality and hygiene. as a result, it is clear that businesses that place a high value on these elements will be more successful in the market and attract a larger audience. reference frank rr and williamjc (2000) everyone's business is market water. vision for the world's water resources. two years from now, india's market for packaged bottled water will be worth 160 billion rupees. in 1997, mr. prothiv raj s. conducted a research on the perceptions of consumers toward soft frinks. chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com impact of pycnogenol on oxidative and inflammatory damage in rat ovaries caused by ischemia/reperfusion dr.y.sirisha 1 , dr.aneela 2 ,shivaprasad 3 ,asraful hoque 4, assistant professor 1,2,3,4 , department of pharmacy, samskruti college of pharmacy, kondapur (v), ghatkesar (m) medchal dist, telangana, india. abstract the goal of this biochemical and histological study was to determine if pycnogenol (pyc) protected rats' ovaries from the ischemia/reperfusion (i/r) damage that resulted from experimental ovarian torsion.methods: the six rats were divided into four equal groups and given the following names: sg (sham), pcg (pycnogenol 40 mg/kg), irg (ovarian ischemia-reperfusion), and pir (pycnogenol 40 mg/kg plus ovarian ischemia-reperfusion). the right ovary was made to undergo ischemia for two hours using vascular clips in the groups that received irg and pyc treatments. two hours after induction of ischemia, the ovary was reperfused. next, the levels of mda, tgsh, nf-κb, tnf-α, and il-1β in the rat ovarian tissues were reviewed. follicle counts were also conducted in addition to histological examinations of ovarian tissues.the outcomes are: the developing follicles in the ovary of the i/rinduced group exhibited morphological and cellular deterioration as well as vascular disease, according to the histopathological investigation. compared to the i/r-induced group, the pyc therapy group exhibited significantly reduced ovarian injury, edema, and vascular pathology (p < 0.05). compared to the sg group, the i/r-induced group had considerably greater levels of mda, nf-κb, tnf-α, and il-1β, whereas the i/r damage group had significantly lower levels of tgsh (p < 0.05). treatment with pycnogenol corrected the alterations in these biochemical indicators and the histological changes caused by i/r.pycnogenol protects rat ovaries against i/rinduced alterations in biochemical markers and histological disturbances, as shown in the conclusion. if we want to know how pyc affects ovarian damage, we need further research, preferably on people. key terms: ischemia-reperfusion, ovarian injury, pycnogenol, malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1β. introduction ovarian torsion occurs when the ovary rotates around its ligaments from which it receives support [1]. it is a gynecological emergency and affect women of all ages [2]. the most important risk factors are: being of reproductive age, presence of a mass in the ovaries exceeding 5 cm, pregnancy, ovulation induction and previous ovarian torsion [3]. however, ovarian torsion is seen even in normal ovaries [4]. ovarian torsion is one of the causes of ovarian ischemia [2]. ischemia is a condition in which the amount of oxygen in the tissue is reduced as a result of impaired blood flow in the vessels associated with the tissue, for whatever reason. on the other hand, reperfusion is the restoration of blood supply to the ischemic tissues [5]. continuous reperfusion, after an ischemic attack, leads to a new physio-pathological process called “reperfusion injury”, which results in more severe tissue damage [6]. a delay in diagnosing and treating ovarian torsion result in severe ovarian damage and infertility [7]. therefore, in the clinical setting, reperfusion of the ovaries by detorsion of the torsioned ovaries and preservation of their functions should be prioritized. xanthine oxidase, the levels of which increase in tissue during ischemia, converts hypoxanthine to xanthine, using the abundant oxygen available as the tissue reperfuses [5]. as a result, a large proportion of the oxygen that reaches the tissue during reperfusion is converted into reactive oxygen species (ros). products with toxic properties, such as malondialdehyde (mda), are formed due to the attack of cell membrane lipids by ros [5]. in a study conducted by ali and coworkers, it was reported that chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com the ischemia/reperfusion (i/r) procedure also increased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines along with oxidants in ovarian tissue [8]. pycnogenol (pyc), investigated for its protective effect against possible damage caused by the ovarian i/r procedure, is a standardized extract of pinus maritime [9]. in many countries, pyc is used as a dietary supplement and as a phytochemical treatment for various diseases, from chronic inflammation to circulatory disorders. a large number of studies have determined the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of pyc. it has been reported that the strong antioxidant activity of pyc is due to the synergistic interaction of its components [10]. ozoner et al reported that pyc protects brain tissues by reversing the increase in mda and pro-inflammatory cytokines and the decrease of total glutathione (tgsh) [13]. turkler et al also showed that pyc had mitigating effects against cisplatin-induced uterine and ovarian tissue damage in rats [14]. based on this information, it was thought that pyc might protect the ovaries from i/r injury. however, studies investigating the effect of pyc on i/r-induced ovarian injury were not found in the literature. in this study, the preventive effect of pyc treatment on ovarian injury induced by i/r procedure in rats was investigated using biochemical analysis and histopathological examination. experimental animals eighteen female albino wistar rats (245 – 258 g) were used in the study. animals were provided from the atatürk university medical experimental application and research centre. the rats were housed in laboratory rooms at a temperature of 22 ± 2 °c. the rooms were equipped with 12hour automatic light–dark cycles. the rats were provided with food and water without restriction before and during the experiment. the study was approved by erzurum ataturk university laboratory animal research local ethics committee (dated: 04.30.2020, meeting no. 4, decision no. 60), and followed international guidelines for animal studies. chemicals thiopental sodium was purchased from i.e ulagay (istanbul, turkey) and pyc was purchased from solgar (leonia, america). groups the rats used in this study were divided into three groups of six rats each and designated as follows – sg: sham operation group, pcg: pycnogenol (40 mg/kg) group, irg: ovarian ischemia-reperfusion group and pir: pycnogenol (40 mg/kg) + ovarian ischemia-reperfusion group. procedure sterile conditions were provided for surgical procedures in the experimental design. one hour before anesthesia, pyc (40 mg/kg) was administered orally in the pcg and pir groups [13]. sg and irgs were also given normal saline orally. thiopental sodium (25 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally (ip) one hour after administration of pycnogenol or saline. a vertical incision (2 – 3 cm) was made in the appropriate anatomical region of the rats to access the right ovaries in sg, pir and irgs (no application was made to the ovaries of sg animals). two hours later, the clips were excised and the tissues reperfused for another two hours. the rats were sacrificed using sodium thiopental (50 mg/kg) and the right ovaries were excised. the ovarian tissues were subjected to biochemical and histopathological examination. biochemical analyses preparation of samples excised rat ovaries (0.2 g) were weighed, washed with nacl (0.9 %) to remove blood and subsequently homogenized in liquid nitrogen. for mda determination, 2 ml of the homogenate was transferred to a 1.15 % potassium chloride solution. to determine total glutathione (tgsh), phosphate buffer (ph = 7.4, 2 ml) was added to homogenate. the solution was subsequently centrifuged and filtrate was used for analysis. determination of mda levels for the determination of mda, the pink-colored compound formed the reaction of thiobarbituric acid and mda (µmol/g protein) at 100 °c was measured spectrophotometrically [13]. homogenates were centrifuged (5000 rpm, 20 min) and 250 μl of the clear filtrate was added to 750 μl (0.08 %) thiobarbituric acid, 100 μl (8 %) sodium dodecyl sulphate, 750 μl (20 %) acetic acid and 150 μl purified water and allowed to mix. then, this mixture was incubated at 100 °c for one hour. n-butanol (2.5 ml) was added and the pink color produced was read at a wavelength of 532 nm. the standard calibration curve was prepared using an appropriate chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com concentration range of 1,1,3,3,3-tetramethoxypropane [13]. evaluation of tgsh levels gsh (nmol/g protein) is a compound containing a sulphydryl group in its structure. sulfhydryl groups reduce 5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (dtnb), and a yellow color is formed [14]. homogenates were centrifuged (12,000 rpm, 10 min) and 500 μl of the supernatant was added into test tubes containing 1500 μl of measuring buffer, 100 μl dtnb and 7,900 μl of methanol and the solution was allowed to mix. this mixture was incubated at 37 °c for 30 minutes. the absorbance of the yellow compound was read at 412 nm and the sample concentrations were calculated using a standard curve prepared according to gsh standard [14]. assessment of nf-κb, tnf-α and il-1β levels rat-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) kits were used to determine nfκb (µg/g protein), tnf-α (pg/ml) and il-1β (pg/ml) concentrations in ovarian tissue homogenates. kits for rat nf-κb (catalog no. 201-11-0288) were procured from sunred (china) while those for tnfα (catalog no. yhb1098ra) and il-1β (catalog no. yhb0616ra) were purchased from shanghai (china). analyses were carried out following the manufacturer’s manual. histopathological analysis for light microscopy evaluation, the samples were placed in a 10 % formaldehyde solution to prevent any deterioration in the histological structures of the tissues. the tissues were then washed and gradually treated with (70 – 100 %) alcohol for dehydration. they were made transparent with xylol and blocks were obtained using paraffin wax. sections (4 – 5 µm) obtained from these blocks were stained with hematoxylineosin. tissues were examined and photographed (olympus dp2-sal, olympus® inc. tokyo, japan). the histopathologist who performed the evaluation was not aware of the groups. tissue damage was graded between 0 and 3 (0: absent, 1: mild, 2: moderate, 3: severe). follicle classification and counting were performed at 100x magnification. statistical analysis the ibm spss 22 software was used for all statistical analyses. the biochemical and follicle count data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (sd). the data were subjected to the shapiro-wilk test, and the results showed that they were normally distributed. a one-way anova was used for analysis. post-hoc test selection was made based on levene’s test. the games-howell test was used in cases where variance homogeneity was not provided (mda), and tukey’s hsd test was used when it was provided (tgsh, nf-κb, tnf-α, il-1β and follicle count). for histopathological statistics, the kruskal wallis test mann whitney u test was used. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. results mda and tgsh levels malondialdehyde (mda) levels were significantly elevated in ovarian tissues obtained from the irg (5.37 ± 0.23) compared to the sham operation (2.23 ± 0.05) and pyc alone (1.47 ± 0.23) groups (p < 0.001). mda levels in rats treated with pyc (2.92 ± 0.37) prior to i/r were significantly lower than in the irg (p < 0.001, figure 1). on the other hand, tgsh levels were found to be decreased in the irg (1.71 ± 0.76) compared to the sham operation (4.60 ± 0.17) and pyc alone (5.86 ± 0.07) groups (p < 0.001). this decrease in tgsh levels was reversed by pyc (3.73 ± 0.20) administration prior to i/r (p < 0.001, figure 1). nf-κb, tnf-α and il-1β production as shown in figure 2, nf-κb production in ovarian tissues subjected to i/r (irg) was higher (5.70 ± 0.33) than in the sham operation (2.39 ± 0.36) and pyc alone (1.65 ± 0.15) groups (p < 0.001). the pyc significantly reversed i/rinduced increase in nf-κb levels (p < 0.001). there was no significant difference in the nf-κb levels between pir group and sg (p = 0.220). furthermore, tnf-α levels were higher in the irg (4.62 ± 0.19) than in the sham operation (1.72 ± 0.16) and pyc alone (1.21 ± 0.09) groups (p < 0.001). pyc significantly reduced the increase in tnf-α amounts in ovaries subjected to i/r (p < 0.001; figure 2). in addition, the irg exhibited a significantly higher il-1β (6.28 ± 0.20) than those of the sham operation (2.58 ± 0.34) and pyc alone (1.35 ± 0.21) groups (p < 0.001). pretreatment with pyc significantly reversed the increase in il-1β levels in ovaries subjected to i/r (p < 0.001, figure 2). histopathological findings as shown in figure 3 a and b and table 1, microscopic analyses of the ovarian sections of the sham operation and pyc groups show normal chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com histological structure with developing follicle structures, corpus luteum, interstitial area and vessels. in the ovarian sections of i/r group (irg) however, there was pronounced morphological and cellular degeneration of the developing follicles, abnormal bleeding foci in the corpus luteum and edema in the interstitial region were observed. figure 1: mda and tgsh levels in ovarian tissues of experimental groups. note: *p < 0.001 vs. irg. mda: malondialdehyde; tgsh: total glutathione; sg: sham operation; pcg: pycnogenol (40 mg/kg); irg: ovarian ischemia-reperfusion; pir: pycnogenol (40 mg/kg) + ovarian ischemia-reperfusion figure 2: nf-κb, tnf-α and il-1β levels in ovarian tissues of experimental groups. note: *p < 0.001 vs. irg. nfκb: nuclear factor kappa b; tnf-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; il-1β: interleukin one beta. sg: sham operation; pcg: pycnogenol (40 mg/kg); irg: ovarian ischemia-reperfusion; pir: pycnogenol (40 mg/kg) + ovarian ischemiareperfusion chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com figure 3 (a – e): hematoxylin-eosin staining of the ovary section of the experimental groups; a. healthy control group. df: developing follicle. int: interstitial : blood vessel, x100. b.area. cl: corpus luteum. pyc group. df: developing follicle. int: interstitial area. : blood vessel, x100. c.cl: corpus luteum. ischemia/reperfusion group. df: degeneration in developing follicles, int: edematous interstitial area, : dilated andcl: degenerated corpus luteum, congested blood vessel, x100. d. ischemia/reperfusion group. df: degeneration in developing follicles, int: dense edematous interstitial : dilated andarea, cl: degenerated corpus luteum, congested blood vessel, x100. e. i/r + pyc group. df: developing follicle with normal morphology, int: interstitial area with normal appearance, cl: corpus : normal blood vessel, x100luteum, severe dilatation and congestion were also noted in the blood vessels (figure 3 c and table 1). furthermore, degeneration was also observed in the oocytes of the developing follicles, and areas of intense edema containing vacuolized cells were found in some places in large interstitial areas (figure 3 d and table 1). in contrast, histopathological examination of the treatment group (pir) detected a normal appearance of the developing follicles and corpus luteum, elimination of edema in the interstitial field and absence of dilatation and congestion of the blood vessels (figure 3 e and table 1). as shown in table 2, i/r procedure decreased the number of developing and primordial follicles compared to rats in the sham operation and pyc-only groups (p < 0.05). the number of developing and primordial follicles counted in pyc + i/r-treated rats was higher than in i/r group (p < 0.05). atretic follicle and corpus luteum counts were the same in all groups (p > 0.05). discussion ovarian ischemia may occur for various reasons, including surgical interventions, ovarian masses or ovarian torsion. it is an emergency gynecological situation that cause serious complications like infertility [15]. reperfusion of ischemic ovaries after the detorsion procedure causes reperfusion damage. therefore, it is increasingly recommended to add a conservative treatment to detorsion therapy [1]. the lipid peroxidation process that occurs in the cell due to oxidative stress leads to the formation of free radicals [9]. malondialdehyde (mda), the end product of lipid peroxidation, rises in i/r state, indicating the development of oxidative stress [9]. agents like gsh, which interact with free radicals and are reduced to more stable molecules, also have the ability to repair lipid peroxides [11]. in a study where i/r was performed in rat ovaries, there was an increase in mda amounts and a depletion in total antioxidant capacity in ovarian tissues [8]. oxidative damage was detected in i/r group rats’ ovaries, with an increase in mda levels and a decrease in tgsh levels compared to the sham group rats. furthermore, in the pyc + i/r group, pyc protected the ovaries chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com against i/r injury by limiting mda increase and tgsh decrease. this result is in agreement with ozoner et al who showed that pyc protects brain tissues against i/r injury by inhibiting the rise of mda and pro-inflammatory cytokines while increasing tgsh levels as well [11]. also, ozer sehirli et al established a model of renal i/r damage and found that mda levels were significantly reduced in rats receiving a single dose of 10 mg/kg pyc intraperitoneally [9]. nf-κb serves as a transcription factor for the production of several proinflammatory cytokines that play important roles in regulating inflammation and immune responses [16]. previous studies established that ros increases nfκb production [17]. in addition, kocaturk et al found an increase in nfκb levels in kidney tissues following i/r application [16]. in the current study, i/r application led to an elevation of tissue nf-κb concentrations. the fact that nfκb levels in i/r + pyc group did not increase as in i/r group but were close to those in the sham group suggests that pyc inhibits nf-κb. nf-κb specifically triggers the production of tnf-α, il1, il-6, lymphotoxin, and ifn-γ [17]. the results from this study showed that tnf-α and il-1β levels increased at the tissue level in i/r group. according to the biochemical results, pyc given before i/r significantly suppressed the increase of tnf-α and il-1β. ali et al also demonstrated that ovarian i/r increased tissue tnf-α expression in their study [9]. pycnogenol had a similar effect in kidney tissues exposed to i/r and reversed the increase in tissue tnf-α and il-1β [16]. the data indicate that pyc suppresses inflammation by reducing i/rinduced oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine increase in the ovary. in this study, the protective effect of pyc on ovarian reserve was also evaluated by determining the number of follicle loss. previously. turkler et al showed that pyc ameliorated cisplatin-induced histopathological changes in the uterus and ovaries [14]. additionally, another study showed that pycnogenol reduced liver damage in an i/r rat model [6]. in this study, it was observed that the amount of primordial and developing follicles was lower in the pyc-treated group. congestion, bleeding, edema and follicular degeneration, which are changes that occur due to i/r damage in ovarian tissue, were also observed histopathologically. conversely, pyc pretreatment significantly ameliorated i/r-induced ovarian damage. conclusion the results of this study confirm that i/r procedure causes serious damage to ovarian tissues. pycnogenol protects the ovaries against i/r damage and possesses antioxidant activities, including the stabilization of intracellular antioxidant defense systems as well as reduction of ros and lipid peroxidation products. this study has shown that pyc is beneficial in the treatment of i/r-induced ovarian injury. further in vivo studies on the effect of pyc on ovarian injuries, including in humans, would be required. references 1. yapca oe, borekci b, turan mi, gulapoglu m. the effect of agomelatine on oxidative stress induced with ischemia/reperfusion in rat ovaries. adv clin exp med 2014; 23(5): 715-721. 2. huang c, hong mk, ding dc. a review of ovary torsion. ci ji yi xue za zhi 2017; 29(3): 143-147. 3. huchon c, fauconnier a. adnexal torsion: a literature review. eur j obstet gynecol reprod biol 2010; 150(1): 8-12. 4. naiditch ja, barsness ka. the positive and negative predictive value of transabdominal color doppler ultrasound for diagnosing ovarian torsion in pediatric patients. j pediatr surg 2013; 48(6): 1283-1287. 5. yapca oe, borekci b, suleyman h. ischemiareperfusion damage. eurasian j med 2013; 45(2): 126-127. 6. tokac m, bacanli m, dumlu eg, aydin s, engin m, bozkurt b, yalcin a, erel o, kilic m, basaran n. the ameliorative effects of pycnogenol® on liver ischemiareperfusion injury in rats. turk j pharm sci 2017; 14(3): 257-263. 7. bayer ai, wiskind ak. adnexal torsion: can the adnexa be saved? am j obstet gynecol 1994; 171(6): 15061510. 8. ali ff, ahmed af, elroby adm. underlying mechanisms behind the protective effect of angiotensin (1-7) in an experimental rat model of ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury. life sci 2019; 235: 116840. 9. ozer sehirli a, sener g, ercan f. protective effects of pycnogenol against ischemia reperfusioninduced oxidative renal injury in rats. ren fail 2009; 31(8): 690697. chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com 10. d'andrea g. pycnogenol: a blend of procyanidins with multifaceted therapeutic applications? fitoterapia 2010; 81(7): 724-736. 11. ozoner b, yuceli s, aydin s, yazici gn, sunar m, arslan yk, coban ta, suleyman h. effects of pycnogenol on ischemia/reperfusion-induced inflammatory and oxidative brain injury in rats. neurosci lett 2019; 704: 169-175. 12. turkler c, kiremitli t, onat t, yildirim e, yazici gn, mammadov r, sunar m. can pycnogenol prevent cisplatin-induced damage in uterus and ovaries? arch med sci 2022; 18(5): 1364-1371. 13. ohkawa h, ohishi n, yagi k. assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. anal biochem 1979; 95(2): 351-358. 14. sedlak j, lindsay rh. estimation of total, protein-bound and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with ellman's reagent. anal biochem 1968; 25(1): 192-205. 15. hibbard lt. adnexal torsion. am j obstet gynecol 1985; 152(4): 456-461. 16. kocaturk h, bedir f, altay ms, bakan e, suleyman b, yazici gn, sunar m, suleyman z, suleyman h. the effect of desloratadine on ischemia reperfusion-induced oxidative and inflammatory renal injury in rats. ren fail 2020; 42(1): 531-538. 17. park yc, rimbach g, saliou c, valacchi g, packer l. activity of monomeric, dimeric and trimeric flavonoids on no production, tnf-alpha secretion and nf-kappabdependent gene expression in raw 264.7 macrophages. febs lett 2000; 465(23): 93-97. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 issue3 1 chinese traditional medical journal an intelligent tutoring system for automata theory: a proposed framework luo da, den hui, zhang youhu department of graduate school, beijing university of chinese medicine, beijing , department of ophthalmology, china-japan friendship hospital, beijing introduction an concept from distant education that allowed students to study at their own speed and in any location came up with the notion of giving instruction online, which was a result of research in education. education and artificial intelligence have been bolstered and advanced by scholars who have worked in both fields. traditional computer-aided teaching systems have developed into intelligent tutoring systems (cai). intelligent tutoring systems (its) were originally known as intelligent computer assisted instruction (icai) when cai was designed to act intelligently (its). [11] computational modules on cognitive sciences, cognitive learning, computational linguistics and artificial intelligence, as well as mathematics and regular language, are used in computer-based learning environments to construct intelligent systems that are well-specified computationally. [1] following are some of the original its needs outlined by researchers in [21]: (a) a working knowledge of the field (expert model) learner self-awareness, or b) (student model) b) an understanding of instructional methods (tutor model) although the overall structure has remained the same, a new module has been introduced. abstract: humans are being displaced in almost every aspect of their existence on this planet by computers and the advances they have made in technology. since the discovery of artificial computers that function on the same principle as the human brain and learn with changes in experience over time, the concept of intelligent computers attempting to emulate the human brain has developed. learners benefit from intelligent tutors since it is hard for a human tutor to focus on every student in a classroom setting. as a result of a review of current intelligent tutoring systems for undergraduate courses in automata theory for computer science students, this article presents an improved approach. keyword: flat, automata theory, and intelligent tutoring system. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 issue3 2 intelligent tutoring systems currently rely on the four-model design, which maintains the previous three models while adding a fourth. the following are four examples of each design type: (a) database of knowledge a) student's representation b) a model for teaching interface (d) the knowledge base is identical to the preceding designs' domain model. consolidation of declarative, procedural, and metacognitive information is the goal of a tutor or coach. this is an internal model that describes the cognitive processes, metacognitive methods, and psychological traits of each learner. a comparable module exists in the other architectures as a pedagogical model for this one. it selects an efficient route through its knowledge representation based on a model of the learner's current understanding to produce expert behaviour by the learner. this module combines three categories of information: knowledge about the patterns of interpretations and actions inside conversations; domain knowledge required for presenting material, and knowledge needed for conveying intent. student knowledge is 'actively constructed' rather than passively learned from textbooks and lectures, according to this theory. in this way, each student will create their own unique form of knowledge since the construction builds recursively on the learner's prior knowledge (facts, thoughts, and beliefs). constructivist teaching methods are expected to be more effective than conventional methods because they openly address the unavoidable process of knowledge production. [24] computer science teaching is challenging to use constructivist theory because of these reasons. • because sensory data from class must be integrated into a student's existing framework that is too superficial, cs concepts are constructed using constructivist theory. there is a lot of frustration and the idea that computer science is difficult since models have to be built from scratch. • success in academic computer science courses is not always connected with autodidactic programming expertise. these pupils, like physics students, undoubtedly arrive to school with preconceived notions that aren't going to hold up under the scrutiny of a classroom environment. • students who prefer a more introspective or social learning approach may be discouraged by the actual feedback they get while working on a computer. [24] flat is included in most computer science curricula because it provides students with an understanding of the mathematical foundations of computing, as well as its power and limits, as well as how to use it. the numbers 20, 10, and 19, respectively. theoretical computer science, formal languages and automata theory (flat), and other similar terms are taught in many computer science curricula. designing finite automata (fas), push-down automata (pda) and turing machines to identify languages of the appropriate class is a common requirement in these courses. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 issue3 3 it's common for students to struggle with these flat ideas since they're so abstract and difficult to grasp (as there is a perception that the field is not only dated, but that it has little current applicability in the real world). [4] in order of appearance: [7] [28] [30]... [34] as a result, students may get demotivated and disappointed, and they may not remember much of what they've studied. it has been shown that a lack of problem-solving abilities is a key contributor to the challenges connected with the development of fas. the logic mistakes that were shown to be common may be traced back to a lack of problemsolving skills. it is possible that pupils are relying on "plug and chug" procedures without a clear knowledge of how they work. many teaching methods have been developed in response to these issues, as well as to aid in the development of stronger mental models of fas [5]. [38] • active learning and constructivist teaching strategies: students require quick feedback at each level of the process of developing fas to better improve their problem-solving abilities (something that is very difficult to implement in a distance learning environment) by offering an alternate perspective and letting students to interact with the ideas by testing them on multiple input strings with quick feedback, visualisation tools aid students in grasping fas and how they function. such methods are based on the idea that students can make abstract models more tangible when they are able to engage with them. [9] link to current computer science applications: this might include leveraging programming expertise as incentive for fa investigation and usage of its application to real-world issues. • link to current computer science applications. these systems give students with personalised guidance, adjusting the path through the needed content depending on the student's progress. students put off taking the course until their final semesters of an undergraduate course because they have only rudimentary or no prior understanding of computer science theory and arithmetic. the pupils become bogged down in the language if the educational content isn't motivating enough [14]. the issue here is that students may resort to rote learning if they do not grasp the topics [37]. a variety of hardware and software applications benefit greatly from automata theory's insights. because they are abstract, these topics are often taught using a conventional lecture format, which works well for students who want to think things out for themselves. computer engineering students, on the other hand, exhibit a significant predilection for active and sensory learning. related work: formal languages and automata theory have been supported by a few famous instances of e-learning systems. since it was launched in 1998, flute (formal languages and automata education) [42] has been educating students about automata theory via examples and dependency graphs connecting related subjects. however, this system is out of date and is no longer in service. for automata theory, a smartphone-based multimedia learning system was created. simulating an automaton, reading course notes, seeing presentations, taking a quiz and even having a help section that acts as a handbook are just some of the features available. the difficulties of online education and the static acquisition of information have been addressed in certain ways in [41] [32] [2] [13]. they have been conceived and ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 issue3 4 developed so that students may learn via exploration, rather than relying just on textbooks. this kind of method is often used in learning activities where students answer practical issues, so that the information acquisition involves the completion of an acceptable number of exercises.. as a result of these systems, students are given exercises from a repository, given the opportunity to contribute their own answers, given comments on their work, and even given the opportunity to create new challenges depending on their progress. there is no way for students to create their own exercises using these systems. they are limited to working with a collection of activities that are already in a repository. [18] motivated teachers seek for or develop visual aids to aid their pupils in their learning processes. as long as kids are interested in what they are learning, they will find a way to succeed. animations have been suggested for the dfa, nfa and turing machines. in addition, the recommended remedy has not been implemented, and no explanation is offered as to how to create these storyboards an introduction to fsms is provided by these first two components. in one component, learners are given a brief movie-style introduction to the subject matter. in addition, there is a more indepth hypertext explanation of the fundamental principles. students may use this component to get a general understanding of the material. finite automation and a turing machine simulator are included in the course, which also includes two games for students to apply what they've learned. [25] it is composed of several components, including an animated (movie-like) welcome component, a hypertext introduction to computation theory topics, a finite state machine (fsm) simulator, a turing machine (tm) simulator, a selfassessment component for online collaborative learning, and three other components showing visual examples of automata, such as video, of hamada's elearning system for automata and the theory of computation these detailed resources are tough for novice automata students to understand since they were developed to accommodate a wide range of learning styles. students are stumped as to where to begin their studies. [27] to make the learning experience more fun, [27] adds an additional component that helps the student discover their preferred method of learning. in the same way as other it systems, selfa-pro is made of a number of modules that work together to achieve the overall system goal. the flat problem solver module, the linker module, and the interface module make up the proposed system. each module has been meticulously crafted to do a particular set of activities using just the data that is required. it is the goal of the issue solver module to take the student's exercise (declarative knowledge) and assess the problem or circumstance needs before using the knowledge to solve the problem (i.e. execute procedural operations). the linker module will provide advice on how to repair an issue after it has identified one (i.e. attempts to place conditional knowledge into specific execution). in accordance with the linker module's recommendations, the interface module gives students mechanisms for sending exercises and for creating the most suitable view of system outputs. [18] problem identification: it is assumed that the student has a basic understanding of formal languages and automata theory in order to benefit from the teaching aids currently available. since ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 issue3 5 no mechanism has been created to help a pupil who does not comprehend the essential ideas. simulators and emulation seem to be the offered answers in the current systems, which aid students in putting the ideas and information they've acquired to use. there isn't a single system that makes it easier for beginners to learn about automata theory topics. mathematical foundations of computer science are assumed to have been taught in the past, but students tend to forget these concepts or rely on rote learning to get a passing grade, which prevents them from progressing to a higher level course or semester in the traditional classroom. assuming that all students have the same level of comprehension and that a teacher is unable to spend enough time with each one, most e-learning systems for this purpose use recorded lectures, scanned textbooks as study materials, and scanned handwritten notes, which are considered to be standard for the acquisition of knowledge in the traditional classroombased scenario. for the most part, its built in computer science focus on offering individualised answers to issue questions relevant to information learned by students, rather than on the learning module itself. for many students, however, this isn't a viable option since they are frustrated by the fact that they must go back to their textbooks or notes for notes and study material while using the system the conventional way. proposed solution: an its for formal languages and automata theory may be developed by using the four current model its designs [16] [wing components: for further information, see the17] [39], which are endorsed by numerous scholars [16] [17] [39]. it is composed of the follo following resources: theoretical framework for instruction • the user interface fig: proposed solution of its for automata theory knowledge base: the its for automata theory will include a knowledge base made up of learning objects that may be mapped to the preferences and requirements of learners based on their many intelligences. when creating the parts of the knowledge base, attention must be made since it contains domain knowledge, restrictions, rules, and difficulties linked to the topic. when the learner model is modified, the knowledge base should be updated accordingly. the various needs, preferences and strengths of the eight intelligences can be seen below which is taken from [12] intelligence area strengths preferences needs verbal / linguistic writing, reading, memorizing dates, thinking in words, telling stories write, read, tell stories, talk, memorize, work at solving puzzles books, tapes, paper diaries, writing tools, dialogue, discussion, debated, stories, etc. mathematical/ logical math, logic, problem-solving, reasoning, patterns question, work with numbers, experiment, solve problems things to think about and explore, science materials, manipulative, ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 issue3 6 visual / spatial maps, reading charts, drawing, mazes, puzzles, imagining things, visualization draw, build, design, create, daydream, look at pictures video, movies, slides, art, imagination games, mazes, puzzles, illustrated book bodily / kinesthetic athletics, dancing, crafts, using tools, acting move around, touch and talk, body language things to build, movement, tactile experiences, hands-on learning, etc. musical picking up sounds, remembering melodies, rhythms, singing sing, play an instrument, listen to music, hum sing-along time, musical instruments, etc. interpersonal leading, organizing, understanding people, communicating, resolving conflicts, selling talk to people, have friends, join groups group games, intrapersonal recognizing strengths and weaknesses, setting goals, understanding self work alone, reflect pursue interests self-paced projects, choices naturalistic understanding nature, making distinctions, identifying flora and fauna be involved with nature, make distinctions order, same/different, connections to real life and science issues, patterns table: strengths, preferences and needs of the eight intelligences many of these intelligences can still be used in automata theory education, even if they can't be applied to all of them. identifying learning objects for each form of intelligence in automata theory ideas would be a future project in this field. student model: the student model is the internal model that will keep track of the following information about the learner: • the current degree of understanding of the subject by asking questions regarding the subject's preparatory themes. assuming a clean slate would be a far cry from the current state of affairs, though. a questionnaire based on gardner's theory of multiple intelligence [15] is used to determine a person's intelligence type, which may then be used to design learning routes appropriately. in order for the knowledge base to update the learner model and make expert judgements, it needs the ability to retain and remember information. it is important to note that the bloom's learning goals [22] have not been met, and a 100 shows that the principles of the constructivist theory [6] have been fulfilled, where the learner develops new knowledge. pedagogical model: learner profiles are used to match several learning routes and discover the most efficient one, so that a learner advances in such a way that produces expert behaviour. user interface: integration of the three models into a unified user interface will ensure that it does not overload the student with too much information, while at the same time helping to maintain the learner's pace and redirecting them to other links utilising adaptive hypermedia [33]. evaluation module: these milestones for the learner may be referred to as its assessment modules that test the student's knowledge on a regular ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 issue3 7 basis to ensure that the learning objectives have been met. from simple multiplechoice quizzes to more advanced methods like employing simulators and emulators to solve issues, there are a wide range of assessment methods available. the next level of assessment would be to see how well students can apply what they've learned by designing their own games and puzzles. in order to make the principles more understandable, they should be applied to real-world scenarios. in this case, the knowledge base would assist students in solving issues by highlighting incorrect answers and providing clues to the right ones, much as a human tutor would. regularly, the student model will update the profiles of students and their potential learning routes based on assessment findings. conclusion and future work: problems in the current intelligent tutoring systems for automata theory have been discovered and a solution has been offered to address these issues. in the future, this system will be designed and developed, and the results of its assessment will be reported by comparing its usage with those of the conventional classroom method. these findings may be used to other theoretical areas, such as the mathematical foundation of computer science, digital logic, compiler design etc. if results are sufficient. references "computerized learning environments that include research in discourse psychology and cognitive science as well as computational linguistics," by a. c grasser, x. hu and d. mcnamara in experimental cognitive psychology and its applications. 2005 marks the end of a decade of conduct.. computers & education, volume 53, number 2, 2009, pages 243-251, "using co-lab to build system dynamics 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[13] advances in intelligent tutoring systems, berlin, springer-verlag (2010), pp. 63-80, r. nkambou and r. mizoguchi and j. bourdeau [14] a visual and interactive automata theory course stressing the breadth of automation was presented at the 10th annual sigcse conference on innovation and technology in computer science education, iticse, caparica in portugal in 2005. [15] [16] t. murray, "authoring intelligent tutoring systems: an examination of the current state of the art," international journal of artificial intelligence in education, vol. 10, pp. 98-129, 1999. [16] [17] v. devedzic, j. debenham, and d. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 issue3 9 popovic, "an intelligent tutoring system for formal languages," [18] [19] vol. 3, no. 2, 2000, educational technology & society. [20] [21] automata theory in an active and collaborative environment: a multimedia learning system on a smartphone for automata theory," presented at the 11th international conference on electronics (icecco) in 2014. considering the attitudes toward the covid‐19 vaccine, the levels of vaccine hesitancy among family healthcare center (fhc) employees: a cross‐sectional study ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 20 considering the attitudes toward the covid-19 vaccine, the levels of vaccine hesitancy among family healthcare center (fhc) employees: a cross-sectional study 1 y. sombabu, 2 sk. baji baba, 3 m.rajesh, 4 v.mariya babu 1 assistant professor, 2,3,4 iv year students, civil engineering department, sree vahini institute of science and technology, tiruvuru 1. introduction ever since it first emerged in 2019, the new coronavirus—officially known as coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19)—has been causing a worldwide epidemic [1]. worldwide, there have been a total of 5,91,683,619 cases and 6,443,306 fatalities as of august 19, 2022 [2], according to the world health organisation (who) report. vaccination is a well-known and effective method for fighting the covid-19 pandemic. the disease's mortality and morbidity rates have been significantly reduced because to this preventative strategy [3]. because of their long history of reliable use and outstanding effectiveness, vaccines have come to represent preventative health care in the public eye [4]. vaccines have been used effectively for a long time to prevent illnesses that can be vaccinated against. vaccines are very effective in disease control, yet a large section of the population is still quite hesitant to get them [5, 6]. vaccine scepticism was named by the world health organisation (who) as one of the ten most pressing issues in global health in 2019 [7]. the phrase "vaccine hesitancy" encompasses a wide variety of responses to any and all recommended vaccinations, including waiting, refusing, or accepting each and every covid-19 vaccine. vaccine reluctance is a complex phenomenon with several levels. this oneof-a-kind ailment might manifest differently in different eras and due to different immunisation programmes [8]. people who work in healthcare also have reservations regarding vaccinations, just as the general public. healthcare personnel are at a higher risk of contracting covid-19 due to the increased probability that they will come into touch with the illness and transmit it to both their surroundings and patients [9]. due to [10], healthcare professionals are one of the people who abstract— aim. the primary objective of this study was to investigate the attitudes towards the covid-19 vaccine, the extent of vaccine hesitancy, and the factors influencing the family healthcare center staf who are responsible for delivering primary healthcare services. methods. the research, which employed a cross-sectional design, was carried out with a sample of 102 healthcare professionals employed at family healthcare centers located in the city center. the study data were collected using three instruments: the “personal information form,” the “vaccination hesitancy in pandemic scale,” and the “attitudes towards covid-19 vaccine scale.” results. a total of 13.7% of the participants said that they were hesitant about having themselves the total score of attitude towards the covid-19 vaccine in the pandemic. it was also found that the situation of considering the vaccine as partially necessary increases the vaccine hesitancy in the pandemic and the decrease in the degree of considering the childhood vaccines as necessary decreases the attitude towards the covid-19 vaccine. discussion. despite the relatively low prevalence of vaccination hesitancy among healthcare workers, it remains a noteworthy concern. it is imperative to conduct a thorough investigation into the various factors that contribute to vaccine hesitancy and the attitudes held by healthcare professionals, with a particular focus on those factors having a negative impact. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 21 should get an immunisation first. health care providers deliberately impact vaccination uptake [11]. as a result, disapproval of the covid-19 vaccine and other signs of vaccination reluctance may reduce the efficacy of ongoing global immunisation programmes [12, 13]. there is a heavy burden on primary healthcare workers like those who work for family healthcare centres (fhcs) to increase public trust in vaccinations and decrease vaccination hesitancy [14]. an essential part of healthcare prevention is family healthcare centres (fhcs). they are in a unique position to provide continuous, affordably priced, and readily available services to all parts of society, and they are also trustworthy resources for knowledge on vaccines and the people who need them [15]. the existence of geographical differences in medical staff's views and hesitations about the covid-19 vaccine vaccination. as an example, a review research indicated that healthcare professionals throughout the globe were hesitant to get the covid-19 vaccination, with rates ranging from 4.3% to 72.0% [12]. also, pro-vaccine sentiments decreased covid-19 vaccination hesitation in the uk, while around 25% of healthcare workers were hesitant to get the vaccine [16]. vaccinations are a topic that healthcare personnel in turkey often raise questions about [17, 18]. half of the primary care providers surveyed expressed a willingness to get the covid-19 vaccination, while a third were uncertain and a quarter were against it [19]. many factors have been identified in prior research as contributing to the general public's negative perception of and unwillingness to get the covid-19 vaccination. most notably, there is a general distrust about immunisations [20, 21]. people working in healthcare made up the bulk of the subjects in the first research on this topic. employees at fhcs, who are the primary points of contact for vaccination services in turkey, have been the subject of little research. furthermore, no research has been published that addresses vaccination reluctance during the pandemic and opinions on the covid-19 vaccine at the same time. our hope is that this study will contribute to existing literature, inspire further research, and provide the groundwork for important policy developments in this field. a cross-sectional research was carried out in the city centre of mardin to better understand the attitudes towards the covid-19 vaccination, levels of vaccine hesitancy, and influencing variables among fhc staff delivering primary healthcare. methods research methods and subjects 1.1. from january 1, 2022, to may 1, 2022, researchers conducted the cross-sectional investigation. healthcare workers from mardin's family health centres (fhcs) in the heart of the city, in turkey's southeastern anatolia region, took part. around 186,622 people are served by the 20 family health centres (fhcs) located in the heart of mardin. of the 110 healthcare workers surveyed, 20 worked in family health centres (fhcs) in mardin's central business district. instead of picking a random sample, we tried to get in touch with every single healthcare worker at the fhcs. five people did not want to be a part of the research, and three others were not included in the assessments because their questionnaires were not fully filled out. an extensive survey was filled out by 102 medical experts. the percentage of those who took part in the research was 92.7%. direct one-on-one interviews were the means of data collection. the researchers sent out the questionnaire and then got it back from the subjects in an envelope. at the beginning of the questionnaire, we included some clarification on the study objective, confidentiality, and anonymity. in addition, participants were told orally that taking part in the study was completely optional, that they may stop at any moment, and that their data would only be used for research reasons. the questionnaire was filled out and returned by the participants who happily agreed to participate in the study. no compensation or other benefits were offered to participants in the research. we did not do a pilot study of this topic. data collecting took 10–15 minutes.1.2. those who take part. people who are willing to give their time, work as healthcare employees, and are employed by one of the family health centres (fhcs) in the heart of mardin are eligible to participate in this research.no one will be considered for inclusion in this research if they do not meet the following criteria: they are not healthcare employees, they are not volunteers, they have not finished the questionnaire, or they work for the fhc but live outside of mardin's city centre. part 1.3: the methods used to gather information. researchers used three different measures to ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 22 compile their findings: the "personal in-formation form," the "vaccination hesitancy in pandemic scale," and the "attitudes towards covid-19 vaccine scale." researchers prepared the personal information form after scouring the current literature. participants' age, gender, marital status, and socioeconomic position were among the eight items measured by the survey's demographic information form. the survey also included 9 questions designed to elicit responses on the participants' views on vaccination [22]. after some tweaks, the "vaccination hesitance scale in pandemic" was born out of the vaccine hesitancy scale that larson et al. had previously created. this modification was made after a research in turkey was carried out by çapar and çınar, which evaluated the reliability and validity of the scale [23, 24]. a 5-point likert-style scale is used as a measuring instrument in this investigation. in this research, a scoring system was used, where a score of 1 signifies total disagreement and a score of 5 full agreement. a high score on the scale indicates that there was a considerable amount of vaccination reluctance during the epidemic. every one of the 10 components that make up the scale is further subdivided into two. eight components make up the first subdimension, "lack of confidence," and they are m1-t, m2-t, m3-t, m4-t, m5-t, m6-t, m7-t, and m8. this method has been reversed for the items that have the letter "t" next to them. scores that are higher during the epidemic indicate a greater degree of scepticism against vaccinations on this specific dimension. included in the second sub-dimension, "risk," are two items: m9 and m10. during the pandemic, a high score on this subscale indicates a high likelihood of receiving a vaccine. the scale has a cronbach's alpha score of 0.901. the reliability of the scale was determined to be 0.914 in this research.4. analyses based on statistics. the statistical software programme spss 22.0 was used to analyse the data acquired in this research. mean and standard deviation statistics were used to examine the scale, while frequency and percentage analyses were used to determine the participants' descriptive features. in order to determine whether the research variables followed a normal distribution, the kurtosis and skewness values were examined. the research variables were found to follow a normal distribution, which supported the use of parametric analytic methods. in order to learn more about the connections between the dimensions that decide the participants' scale levels, this research used regression and correlation analysis. this study makes use of dependent variables. what this means is that people's attitudes and levels of vaccination reluctance towards the covid-19 vaccine are at a pandemic level. every other variable is considered an independent variable. the first step in analysing the scale variations based on their descriptive qualities was to use the t-test and one-way analysis of variance (anova). we next included in the regression analysis the variables that showed statistical significance in the t-test and anova. for the dependent variable of vaccine hesitancy in the pandemic, these analyses found the following variables: vaccination opinion, vaccination opinion regarding childhood, vaccination necessary, vaccination having negative information about vaccination, thinking that not having vaccine is a parent's right, and opinion about vaccines in general. opinions about vaccines, views on childhood vaccines, hesitancy about getting vaccinated, seeing vaccine as necessary, having negative information about vaccination, and thinking that not having vaccine is a parent's right were all factors that made up the dependent variable of attitude towards the covid-19 vaccine. researchers used a set of independent factors in multiple linear regression analysis to predict how vaccine hesitant people would be and how they would feel about the covid-19 vaccine during the epidemic. when we were looking at the scales' internal consistency, we calculated cronbach's alpha. a slant analysis was used for every single analysis. a significance threshold of p < 0.05 was determined for all results. 2. results the percentage of those who took part in the research was 92.7%. the current research included 45.1% males, 61.8% females, and 39.2% with 10 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 23 table 1: the distribution of the employees according to descriptive characteristics (n � 102). table 2: the mean scores of vaccine hesitancy and attitude towards covid-19 vaccine in pandemics. significant results were obtained from the regression analysis that sought to establish a causeand-effect relationship between various factors related to vaccines, including thoughts about childhood vaccines, the belief that it is a parent's right not to get vaccinated, the belief that the characteristics n % age 20–25 years 15 14.7 26–30 years 25 24.5 31–40 years 46 45.1 <40 years 16 15.7 gender female 63 61.8 male 39 38.2 marital status married 69 67.6 single 33 32.4 income level income more than expenses 27 26.5 income equal to expenses 33 32.4 income less than expenses 42 41.1 duty doctor 45 44.1 nurse 31 30.4 midwife 20 19.6 emergency medical technician (emt) professional years 6 5.9 <1 year 4 3.9 1–5 years 24 23.5 6–10 years 34 33.3 >10 years time spent at first-step healthcare institution 40 39.3 <1 year 6 5.9 1–5 years 40 39.2 6–10 years 29 28.4 >10 years 27 26.5 educational status high school 15 14.7 associate degree 6 5.9 undergraduate/medicine 75 73.5 postgraduate opinions about vaccines 6 5.9 very necessary 63 61.8 necessary 34 33.3 i have no idea/i do not know opinions about children’s age vaccines 5 4.9 very necessary 76 74.5 necessary 26 25.5 thinking that not having vaccine is the right of parents yes 20 19.6 no 61 59.8 i am indecisive 21 20.6 having received in-service training about vaccine rejection yes 37 36.3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 24 vaccine is necessary, the presence of negative information about vaccination, and the overall score of vaccine hesitancy during the pandemic (f 6.898; p ≤ 0.001). consideration of the vaccine as essential, receiving negative information about vaccination, thinking about childhood vaccines, thinking that not being vaccinated is a parent's right, and thinking about vaccines in general accounted for 22.6% of the total change in vaccination hesitancy during the pandemic (r2 0.226). according to table 4, vaccination hesitation during the pandemic is increased when people see the vaccine as somewhat required (β 3.894). we found a significant cause-and-effect relationship (f 4.396; p ≤ 0.001) in our regression analysis of the following variables: overall vaccine thinking, vaccine thinking about childhood, belief that parents should be able to choose not to vaccinate their children, hesitations about previous vaccinations, necessaryness of vaccine, negative information about vaccination, and attitude towards the covid-19 vaccine. factors such as considering the vaccine necessary, thinking negatively about vaccination, hesitating to get vaccinated, believing that not getting vaccinated is a parent's right, and thinking about vaccines in general accounted for 16.8% of the total change in attitude towards the covid-19 vaccine (r2 0.168). according to table 5, there is a decline in the level of agreement that children immunisations are important, which in turn affects the attitude towards the covid-19 vaccine (β −0.453). 3. discussion getting healthcare providers to vaccinate against covid-19 as intended requires research on vaccine hesitancy and their perspectives on the vaccine, as well as the variables that shape these perspectives [26]. the present research set out to examine how people feel about the covid-19 vaccination, how hesitant people are to get the vaccine, and what variables are affecting the primary healthcare providers at the family health centre (fhc). only a few of people who took part in the study had concerns about getting immunisations. previous studies found conflicting results. a study found that healthcare workers throughout the world showed a range of vaccination reluctance for covid-19, from 4.3% to 72.0%, which is in line with our findings [27–29]. the covid-19 vaccination was reportedly a source of anxiety for 41.0 percent of south african healthcare staff [30]. while earlier studies had a more optimistic view of vaccinations, the current study takes a more cautious approach, recognising that data obtained after the global and national distribution of covid-19 vaccines may reveal different degrees of vaccine reluctance. results showed that participants had a high degree of risk perception, with a risk subscore above the mean, and overall scores for vaccination hesitancy and lack of confidence below the mean in the context of the pandemic. prior study has recorded the attitudes voiced by healthcare workers towards new vaccinations, and our discovery adds to that body of evidence. healthcare professionals in italy were hesitant to get the covid-19 vaccination because they didn't believe it would protect them against the virus [31]. a large percentage of healthcare personnel in ethiopia were hesitant to get the covid-19 vaccination, according to a recent research [22]. vaccine reluctance in china is mostly due to healthcare providers' mistrust of the covid-19 vaccine [32]. healthcare providers in turkey were hesitant to use the covid-19 vaccination for a variety of reasons, including scepticism over the vaccine's effectiveness [33, 34]. the rarity of vaccination scepticism and low levels of distrust 4. conclusion in conclusion, fhc employees had low vaccine hesitancy and high covid-19 vaccine attitudes. as fhc employees become more hesitant about the covid-19 vaccine, their attitudes change. considering the vaccine as partially necessary increases vaccine hesitancy in the pandemic and decreases the attitude towards the covid-19 vaccine as the degree of needing childhood vaccines decreases. the present study found low vaccination hesitancy and a ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 25 positive attitude toward the covid-19 vaccine, but the rate of 13.7% is still important for fhc employees, who are society’s role models and the primary application for vaccination. thus, fhc staf vaccination hesitancy and attitude must be thoroughly examined. policies must be developed to give them more transparent information on the covid-19 vaccine and to combat vaccine hesitancy. methods must be developed to reduce the lack of confidence and risk perception toward vaccines, and firm steps must be taken in this regard. data availability the datasets used and/or analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. ethical approval the study adhered to the declaration of helsinki principles. the study was approved by the noninvasive clinical re search ethics committee of a university (13.12.2021/36846). consent informed consent was obtained from all participants before their participation. conflicts of interest the authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. authors’ contributions vbd and gy conceptualized the study; vbd and gy su pervised the study; vbd and gy were responsible for materials; vbd and gy were responsible for data collection and/or processing; vbd and gy 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material's development, the delineations of charaka and susruta were followed up to the 15th century in terms of medicine. during the ninth century a.d., vrinda madhava contained a small number of plants such as parsikayavani, babbul, and others[1]. chopchini (dwipantra vacha) was added by bhavamisra (16th ad) after a centuries-long absence. the author of 'basavarajeeyam,' neelakanta kotturu basavaraju, was one of andhra pradesh's most distinguished professors. this book is a must-have for doctors in this portion of the nation. basavaraju has contributed 14 plants to the existing ayurvedic materia medica throughout his complete work. according to the author, he began writing this book after studying charaka, nithyanatheeyam (1360 ad), revanakalpam, pujyapadiyamm, bahatam, kashikhandam (1435 ad), and other works. he has correctly replicated a passage from the vaidyachintamani of the 15th century. on the basis of these, abstract background: basavarajeeyam is an essential manual for andhra pradesh's ayurvedic physicians. it is a multilingual book that has information in both sanskrit and telugu. aim: the plants detailed in the telugu verses of basavarajeeyam are seen to be significant contributions to the indian medical system. with this in mind, a re identification of those plants was attempted. materials and procedures: to find and tabulate the herbs, the whole text was analysed and inspected. the results of this conceptual analysis were utilised in a subsequent field study. botanical identification was performed using the data acquired during the field survey. the study was carried out in collaboration with regional research centres in the states of andhra pradesh and karnataka, as well as the coimbatore botanical survey unit. non-controversial source plants' latin names were included and critically analysed. results: there are a total of 268 plants listed in the telugu cantos, of which 29 are stated just once and are not repeated in sanskrit or in parentheses. conclusion: basavaraju provided 14 new plants in total, 10 of which were listed in telugu cantos and 4 of which were referenced elsewhere in the book. keywords: telugu cantos, basavarajeeyam, new medicinal plants ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 2 the sanskrit lines were translated into telugu. he has never defined the purpose of his telugu poetry. in 1930, pandit sri govardhan sharma changani, a non-telugu speaker, translated these telugu lyrics into sanskrit for the first time in india. pandit changani has embarked on the arduous job of transcribing basavarajeeyam into sanskrit, which would greatly enhance the ayurvedic physician's therapeutic arsenal [4]. corresponding address: the purpose of this project was to identify the plants mentioned in the telugu cantos of basvarajeeyam and to re-identify the specimen by field investigation and botanical identification in collaboration with ccras and the botanical survey of india. the plants detailed in the telugu verses of basavarajeeyam are regarded as a valuable addition to the indian medical system. the study's goal also involves gathering information on botanical sources, distribution, and vital local knowledge of the therapeutic properties of plants that basavaraju had just presented. materials and procedures to count and tabulate the herbs, the complete text of basavarajeeyam printed by puvvada (1929) was analysed and evaluated in the first part of the research. the results of this conceptual analysis were utilised in a subsequent field study. mehaboobnagar, nalgonda, bellari, anatapura, kaddapa, kurnool, and srikakulam were all visited for a field survey. a field trip was organised to confirm the plant names stated in the book. the author claims to have come from koturu village, although there are other villages with that name in karnataka's neighbouring districts. the telugu verses included in the book are popular in telangana and the karnataka bordering states (bellari, anantapur, cutappa and kurnool). these regions' rural and tribal residents were questioned using a proforma that included the plant's vernacular name, therapeutic value, and technique of application. the 29 species were discussed with all of the attendees. the information gathered by the a field research was conducted to verify the botanical origins. the study was carried out in collaboration with regional research centres in the states of andhra pradesh and karnataka, as well as the coimbatore botanical survey unit. appropriate latin names for non-controversial source plants were used and evaluated critically. observations and findings there are a total of 268 herbs listed in the telugu cantos, with 29 plants being referenced uniquely. oddurti's botanical origins, according to a.w lushington, is celastrus paniculatus (jyotishmati) (vernacular list of trees, shrubs and woody climbers in the madras presidency). prof. k. raghunathan believes that the botanical source of oddurti is dolichandrone falcata, which is known as oddi in the andhra area. however, basavaraju mistook oddi for meshasringi and vekkudu for jyotishmati. given these considerations, determining the botanical identification of oddurtigadda[5] becomes very difficult. results of filed study to analyse the distribution of 14 new plants & their therapeutic value (1) regotti (capparis grandis linn) – small tree with a wide distribution in andhra pradesh's deciduous woods and scrub jungles. uses: the bark of the stem sushkavata (paralysis) is treated with juice and maricha, whereas vandhyatwa is treated with stem bark and ghrita (sterility)jannangi (chinnangi) (cassia sophera linn) a common shrub in road side hedges and around the villages of adilabad, karimnagar, warangal and rangareddy districts of andhra pradesh. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 3 uses: drug possess expectorant properties, seed powder/ bark infusion is used in diabetes, leaf juice is used in burning urination, leucorrhea and jaundice. leaves, seeds and bark are used in ringworm, bark is used in bronchitis, asthma and paste of leaves in piles. (2) nallamukkada (plieospermium alatum wt&arn) – small tree with a height of up to 8 metres, found in wet deciduous or semi-evergreen forests up to 1250 metres, with lower altitudes on rare occasions, mostly in andhra pradesh, karnataka, tamil nadu, and the andaman islands. leaves and bark are used as fomentations in the treatment of rheumatic pain, and the juice is used as a nasya in peenasa (chronic rhinitis).gollajiddaku (ipomoea sepiaria koenig ex. roxb) leaf juice+ (for male progeny), leaf juice+ (for female progeny), leaf juice+ (for female progeny), leaf not repeatperennial shrub found in andhra pradesh's roadside hedges and surrounding villages. leaf juice is used as a nasal drop in pumsavana. (either in sanskrit or in parentheses [5] method ed) kusumaroga (leucorrhoea) buffalo curd, leaf juice (see table 1) ten of the 29 medications are novel additions to the ayurvedic materia medica by basavaraju [5]. (table 2). the botanical origins of the plant oddurtigadda is accurate. during the field research, no evidence of it was found (table 1). seeds as a cardiac depressant, hypotensive, spasmolytic, antidote to arsenic poisoning and as a diuretic, hypotensive, uterine tonic, antidote to arsenic poisoning. (3) raktamandalapaku (ventilago madraspatana gaertn) – a big, woody climb with a lot of branches. prof. karra nishteswar head, dept. of dravyagunaipgt & ra, gujarat ayurved university, jamnagar, gujarat, india,email: nishteswar@yahoo.co.i andhra pradesh's telengana and rayalseema forests are home to this species. root bark is used as a carminative, stomachic, febrifuge, stimulant, atonic dyspepsia, and skin diseases. bark powder + gingerly oil is used in dadru (ringworm) vicharchika (eczema), leaf juice + curd in leucorrhea, root bark is used as a carminative, stomachic, febrifuge, stimulant, atonic dyspepsia, and skin diseases. [dalhana has linked tamravalli to the herb vamataruni, also known as manjistha. dalhana's vamataruni might be ventilago madraspatana or a smilax species.] illinda (diospyros chloroxylon roxb) a tiny tree native to andhra pradesh's deciduous woods and scrub jungles. illinda juice is utilised in parshwashoola (anks discomfort) and stem bark powder is useful in helminthes and diarrhoea. 4) ucchita (solanum pubescens willd) — a roadside plant found in andhra pradesh's telengana and rayalseema districts. sl. no 1 telugu name [5] regotti sanskrit name botanical name & family capparis grandis linn. capparaceae 2 guvvaguttaku adhapuspi trichodesma indicum br. boraginaceae 3 baddakachaku satakratulata cardiospermum halicacabum linn, sapandaceae. 4 brahmajemudu snuhibheda euphorbia antiquorum linn, euphorbiaceae. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 4 5 jinnangi cassia sophera linn, caesalpiniaceae 6 madanabudata madanaghanti borreria articularis (linn.f.) f.n.will, rubiaceae 7 kavvapugummadi gopabhadra gmelina asiatica linn, verbenaceae 8 phirangichekka dwipanthara vacha smilax glabra roxb, liliaceae 9 sevatudiyaku toota morus alba linn, moraceae 10 arechekka swetakanchanara bauhinia racemosa lamk, caesalpinaceae 11 gollajiddiaku ipomoea sepiaria koenig ex. roxb, convolvulaceae. 12 pulicheraaku krishna kamboji phyllanthus reticulates poir, euphorbiaceae. 13 raktamandala ventilago madraspatana gaertn, rhamnaceae 14 sanapavali laghulonika portulaca quadrifida linn, portulacaceae 15 parighaku vallibadara ziziphus oenoplia (linn) mill, rhamnaceae. 16 kalangpatra bhavya dillenia indica linn, dilleniaceae 17 nimmasara swalapajambira citrus aurantifolia linn, rutaceae 18 nalamukkada pleiospermium alatum (wt.&arn ) swingle (=limoniaalata wt & arn), rutaceae 19 ucchita solanum pubescens linn, solanaceae 20 barrebachchali cissus setosus roxb, vitaceae 21 tellavelaki gardenia turgid roxb, rubiaceae 22 galanelli agnimanthabheda premna latifolia roxb, verbenaceae 23 pullateegaveru somavalli sarcostemma brevistigma w &a, asclepiadeceae 24 vidiveru madhavi hiptagema dablota gaertn, malpighiaceae 25 tundilapuchekka jatropha glandulifera roxb, euphorbiaceae 26 pullapavili lonica portulaca olaraceae linn., portulaceae 27 chenchali digera muricata (linn) mart, amaranthaceae 28 korralu kodrava setaria italica (linn) beauv, poaceae 29 oddurti leaf juice is used to treat lack of appetite and jaundice, while ucchita's medicinal oil nasya is used to treat jaundice. table 2: list of new herbs introduced by basavaraju in telugu cantos no. herb name [5] latin name 1. regotti capparis grandis linn. f 2. jinnangi cassia sophera linn 3. gollajiddak u ipomoea sepiaria koenig ex. roxb 4. raktamadal apaku ventilago madraspatana gaertn 5. ucchita solanum pubescens 6. barrebachc hali cissus setosus roxb. 7. tellavelaki gardenia turgid roxb. 8. tundilipuch ekka jatropa glandulifera roxb. 9. chenchali digera muricata linn mart. 10. nallamukka da pleiospermium alatum (wt.&arn) swingle u sed in peen asa (ch ro n ic rh in itis). ( 4) berrebachchali (cissus setosus roxb) tendrillar climber observed on road sides and abandoned fields in telengana and andhra pradesh's coastal areas. leaf is used as a local stimulant, a poultice of leaf is used to stimulate suppuration, and it is used externally to help with guinea worm extraction. in gandamala, root is utilised (cervical lymphadenopathy) (5) tellavelaki (gardenia turgid roxb) small deciduous tree found in andhra pradesh's deciduous woods and scrub jungles. (6) root powder is used in gandamala to treat children's dyspepsia, while root decoction is used to treat piles and jaundice. fruits are used to treat mammary gland infections. fever is treated by applying fruit pulp to the forehead. to treat headaches, crushed root + water (lather) is applied to the head. (7) tundilapuchekka (jatropha glandulifera roxb) in the black cotton soils of rayalseema, telengana, and the coastal regions of andhra pradesh, a tiny evergreen perennial shrub up to 1m high is a weed. (8) purgative properties of the root and seed oil oil is utilised as an anti-rheumatic, anti-paralytic, and anti-ringworm and antichronic ulcer treatment. in piles, root powder is employed. cough syrup is made from the juice of the leaves. warts and tumours are treated with latex. (9) [in api, it is incorrectly perceived as a dravanti, whereas it is a traditional medication presented by basavaraju. accepting croton tiglium linn. as dravanti and its seeds as jayapala] may not be controversial. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 5 (10) chenchali (digera muricata linn.) an annual plant with a height of 30-60 cm that is often found in andhra pradesh's agricultural fields. (11) uses: flowers and seeds are used as diuretic, urinary disorders. as antidote in arka & dugdha poison. (12) nakkapeetaku (lepidagathis cristata willd.)mainly seen in konkan and andhra pradesh. uses: leaf juice + pippali is used in prasutivata (eclampsia), externally applied in charmakeela (warts). ethno-medicinal uses of leaf is in fever, itching & cough. (13) teegamusidi (tiliacora acuminate lam.) – a woody climber, distributed throughout andhra pradesh more so in coastal districts. uses: moola is used in mandala sarpa visha (snakebite by vascular poisonous snakes) it also acts as spasmolytic & hypothermic . (14) kasara (momordica tuberosa congn.) monoecious trailing tendrillar plant discovered as a weed in andhra pradesh's cotton and chilli fields. (15) garbhasrava is made using kasaramoola and water (abortion). (16) discussion (17) basavarajeeyam was prepared by basavaraju from a variety of sources, including references to the sources from which he gathered the material. he had also contributed from his important experiences and studies, all of which seem to be highly practical and result-oriented. he also included a collection of telugu recipes, both prose and poetic. basavaraju wrote 111 telugu poems including 131 recipes, as well as asadhya lakshans of specific vyadhis, symptoms of death, and beejaksharaprayoga in vishas. in chapters 3, 10, 11, 12, 22, and 24, no telugu verses were stated. there are a total of 268 herbs listed in the telugu cantos, of which 29 are mentioned just once and are not repeated. in sanskrit or in parentheses. the herbs introduced by basavaraju in telugu verses as well in parenthetical descriptions clearly indicate that he enriched the ayurvedic material medica through his outstanding contributions. he contributed 10 new herbs to ayurvedic materia medica in telugu verses. among these 10 drugs, gollajiddaku and raktamadalapaku are identi ed as ipomoea sepiaria koenig ex. roxb and ventilago madaraspatana gaertn respectively. takur balwant singh while describing the source plants of lakshmana mentioned ipomea sepiaria as one of its possible source. lakshmana is a herb used in pumsavana karma and it has been described as one looking like bastagandha and having red blots simulating the gure of a male child. the human gure according to others, is presented in the shape of the tuber or root of the plant. it is said to have white owers and fruits during references v r i n d a n d a n d a n d a n d a p.v.tewari and asha kumari edited the book v r i n d a m a d h a v a. e d i t i o n e d i t i o n e d i t i o n visvabharati; 2006:p.178. v a r n a s i c h o u k h a m b h a 2. bhavaprakasha samhita, 11th ed., by bhavamisra. v a r n a s i c h o u k h a m b h a b h a r t i academy;2010:p. 47. ayu. 2011;vol 32(4): pp-458-460. 3. k. nishteswar. basavarajeeyam, a historical viewpoint. 4. basavaraju. basavarajeeyam. pt. govardhan sharma changani is the translator. pune: india mudranalaya, 1930. 1st ed. herbs in vasavarajeeyam, 1st ed. varanasi: chaukhamba surabharati prakashan; 2003: p. 59-91. 6. thakur balwant singh, vegetable glossary september and october are the appropriate months. brhattrayi's medicines, 2nd edition, varanasi: the plant was collected. because both have been used independently for pumsavana karma[6], the white form of solanum xanthocarpum schrad and wendl. has been substituted. the usage of gollajiddaku leaf juice in kusumaroga is mentioned by basavaraju (leucorrhoea). tamravalli has been ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 6 linked to the vamataruni or manjistha plant by dalhana. the vamataruni of dalhana, according to thakur balwant singh, might be ventilago madraspatana or a smilax species. dineshavalli is the name for ventilago madraspatana, which is widely used in kerala. however, another plant, alkanna tinctoria, is identified as dineshavalli. basavaraju's latest additions include ipomea sepiaria and ventilago madraspatana. basavaraju's allegation about arechekka (swetakanchanara) government in leucorrhoea is still popular in andhra pradesh's rural and agency regions. despite numerous inquiries throughout the field study, the botanical source for the medication 'oddurti' could not be found. identification of this will need further research. conclusion basavarajeeyam has made a significant addition to the ayurvedic materia medica by introducing new herbs. basavaraju added 14 new plants in all, 10 of which were listed in telugu cantos and four others throughout the remainder of the book. the botanical origins of the oddurti plant has yet determined. more research is needed to determine the parent plant of oddurti, and the activity of any discovered species need scientific confirmation via preclinical and controlled clinical studies. c h a u k h a m b h a a m a r a b h a r a t i prakashan;1999 :p. 177, 347 how to cite the article: nishteswar, new medicinal plants in the telegu cantos of basavarajeeyam. j. res. trad. medicine 2015;1(1): 3-9 source of support: nil, con ict of interest: nil images of the plants: fig 1: regotticapparis grandis fig 2: chinnangi-cassi a sophera fig 3: nallamukkadda – pleiospermium alatum fig 4: gollajiddakuipomoea sepiaria ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 7 fig 5: raktamandalaventilago madraspatana fig 6: illinda-diospyros chloroxylon fig 11: chenchalidigera muricata fig 12: nakkapeetaku – lepidagathis cristata ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 8 fig 9: tellavelakigardenia turgida fig 10: tundilapuchekka jatropha glandulifera fig 11: chenchalidigera muricata fig 12: nakkapeetaku – lepidagathis cristata fig 13: teegamusiditiliacora acuminata fig 14: kasara – momodica tuberosa ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 9 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 10 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 chinese traditional medical journal gsm based electronic elective system , zhanh tiang, zhai huaqianji, department of pharmacy, beijing hospital, beijing china department of clinical chinese pharmacy, school of chinese materia medica, beijing university of chinese medicine, beijing .. introduction voting is the most important technique used to disclose the views of the people on issues such as the election of a government or the selection of a leader. as a result, paper ballots are being phased out in favour of computerised voting devices. for the most important role in an election, electronic voting systems should be developed with the utmost care and security. people with impairments may benefit from electronic voting machines, which read out the instructions through headphones, as well as assist the blind. the combination of mechanical and electrical equipment required to allow voters to cast their ballots and show the results of elections is known as a voting machine. in 1838, a proposal was made to use voting machines. there are several smart systems in use today that make use of microcontrollers, and a variety of voting methods have been created to ensure that votes are cast in a safe manner. in order to learn how many people are registered to vote in a certain location, the design illustrated here includes a voter information centre. an electronic voting machine that sends polling results to a monitoring system has been described in this study. voters may use their votes through gsm by sending a text message to the polling place via mobile network. digital abstract "gsm-based electronic voting system" provides extra advantages and flexibility to the voter in this project. as gsm technology has progressed, it may be utilised to lessen the number of errors that occur throughout the voting process. in the past, several electronic voting techniques have been suggested and tested, but they have all failed to provide efficient and transparent voter proof. under the watchful eye of the election commission, voters may put their ballots to use. after the polls close, the votes are manually tallied. gsm and switches are utilised for manual voting, and a buzzer is used to indicate that a voter has cast a ballot when the switch is pressed. key words: at89s52 micro controller, gsm, buzzer driver circuit. i. introduction voting is the most important technique used to disclose the views of the people on issues such as the election of a government or the selection of a leader. as a result, paper ballots are being phased out in favour of computerised voting devices. for the most important role in an election, electronic voting systems should be developed with the utmost care and security. people with impairments may benefit from electronic voting machines, which read out the instructions through headphones, as well as assist the blind. the combination of mechanical and electrical equipment required to allow voters to cast their ballots and show the results of elections is known as a voting machine. in 1838, a proposal was made to use voting machines. there are several smart systems in use today that make use of microcontrollers, and a variety of voting methods have been created to ensure that votes are cast in a safe manner. in order to learn how many people are registered to vote in a certain location, the design illustrated here includes a voter information centre. an electronic voting machine that sends polling results to a monitoring system has been described in this study. voters may use their votes through gsm by sending a text message to the polling place via mobile network. digital tampering is also prevented in this technology, which is completely secure. infrared sensors may be used to monitor the number of voters at the 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 tampering is also prevented in this technology, which is completely secure. infrared sensors may be used to monitor the number of voters at the polling station. existing system if a switch is pressed, the number of voters can be increased, and a buzzer will sound to indicate that the voting process has ended. in addition, there is a cancellation option built into the current system. people who are unable to get to the voting booths and cast their ballots will have a lower polling usage % under this method. proposed system ii. voters may use their gsm voting by sending a message to the polling booth, and there is also a manual alternative for those who want to cast their ballots in person. when a single participant has finished the voting procedure, the buzzers will turn on. iii. block diagram fig 1: block diagram of the proposed system 8051 microcontroller it is an 8-bit microcontroller with 40 pins. the 8051 has 32 i/o pins, while the remaining eight are used for a specific purpose. 8051 controllers need a power supply and a ground pin in order to function. the reset pin is required in order to reset the microcontroller to its default settings and begin afresh. clock system clock is delivered into both xtal 1 and xtal 2 via the crystal clock circuit. the 8051 microcontroller block diagram comprises ram, rom, interrupts, timers, i/o pins, a serial port, and the cpu. fig 2: block diagram of the 8051 liquid crystal display having a sixteenx2 fluid precious stone alphanumeric display means that it will display 16 characters on each line, and there are a few such lines. each character is shown in a 5x7-part grid on top of this lcd. the lcd contains two registers, the command and data registers, respectively. the lcd is assigned charge headings, which are then stored in the order register. information stored in the lcd's information register is summoned to perform a specific task such introducing it, cleaning the screen, establishing the marker position, prevailing show, and so on. the data is the character's ascii value, which will be shown on the lcd. gsm modem this device accepts a sim card as a form of modulation and demodulation. the gsm module is utilised when a computer and a gsm system need to communicate with one other. in many countries, it is the mobile communication architecture of choice. modular gsm phone system with built-in rs232/usb/gsm modem, together with computer power supply. when connected to a computer, a gsm modem uses the mobile network to communicate. in addition to sms and mms messages, gsm modems can also be used to send and receive text messages. using 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 serial connectivity, a gsm may be simply integrated into a microcontroller system. polling switches voting for the candidates is accomplished via the usage of polling switches. the switch may be pressed to cast a vote for the candidate of your choice. the four parties are represented by four switches in the simulated voting mechanism. max232 in many communication systems, the max232 ic is often found. to put it another way, max232 is a device that converts between ttl and rs232 voltage levels. serial communication is the first use case for max232. communication between ttl logic and cmos logic systems is a major issue. eia/tia-232-e, the international standard for rs232, defines logic 0 as a value between +3 and +15 volts, and logic 1 as a voltage between -3 and -15 volts. in ttl logic, 0 is defined by 0 volts, and 1 is defined by 5 volts, therefore this is a highly useful ic to use. software design in order to complete this project's equipment, we'll need to install software such as keil u vision and glimmer enchantment on the controller we'll be using. details on these programmes can be found in the sections below. although the compiler runs on a single computer, it provides code for a specific type of computer. code written using cross compilers is often compatible with computers with a substitute plan or special purpose devices that can't run their own compilers. the use of cross compilers is becoming more popular for embedded enhancement, especially in cases when a compiler is unlikely to be available. ordinarily, an inserted degree stage has only a small amount of ram, no plate, and limited i/o. iv. to ensure that the code is always up to date and ready for testing, it is often modified and accumulated on a fast host computer (such as a tablet or workstation running the functioning framework). in situations when the host system has more resources than the target, cross compilers may be useful. one such compiler, the keil compiler, supports a wide range of host and target combinations. microcontrollers like atmel, motorola, and others in the eightpiece family are supported by this goal. embedded systems academy has partnered with streak magic to make it easier for you to select a microcontroller gadget's options. a microcontroller's nonvolatile storage may be deleted in chunks or in its whole using this project. ]v. working description vi. fast host computers are used to make sure that the code is constantly upto-date and available for testing (such as a tablet or workstation running the functioning framework). cross compilers may be advantageous in cases when the host system has more resources than the target system has. it is possible to use a broad number of hosts and targets with the keil compiler. there are microcontrollers in the eight-piece family that are supported by this objective. there are many microcontroller gadgets on the market, but choosing the right one might be difficult. the nonvolatile storage of a microcontroller may be removed in pieces or in its whole using this project. fig 3 depicts the project's underlying structure. 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 vii. results viii. it is demonstrated in this article that the results of our "gsm based electronic voting system" technology may be seen using polling switches. if a voter is unable to vote in person, he or she may text a message to the designated voting number. as a result, voters may use gsm to cast their ballots. ix. conclusion x to ensure voter privacy and security, the "gsm based electronic voting machine" initiative employs a single mobile phone number that can only be used once. voters can only use their voting choice once by sending a message from their phone. if a voter uses a mobile device to cast their ballot, he will be sent an otp. voting is concluded if the otp is matched. manual voting is done via switches. xi. future scope using sophisticated vlsi techniques, the design of the electronic voting machine based on gsm technology presented in this work may be further optimised in terms of power consumption. references international workshop on requirements engineering for e-voting systems, august 31, 2009. [1]. douglas w. jones, "early requirements for mechanical voting systems." 2]. pawan whig and vaibhav bhatia, "performance analysis of multifunctional bot system design using microcontroller," international journal of intelligent systems and applications, volume 6, number 2, 69-75, january 2014. 3]. a. drumea and p. svasta, "universal electronic module for industrial control based on system on chip device," isse 2007, cluj-napoca, romania, pp. 232-235, may 2007. gavish and vaibhav bhatia, "room temperature-based fan speed control system using pulse width modulation technology," international journal of computer applications (ijca), vol 81, number 5, november 2013, pp 35-40 (5) a. villafiorita, k. weldemariam and ieee transactions on information forensics and security, vol. 4, no. 4, 2009. as cited in s. lavanya, "trusted secure electronic voting machine," international conference on nanoscience, engineering and technology (iconset), pp. 505 – 507, 2011 seventh [7]: [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] voterverifiable election system, s. de capitani di vimercati, p. syverson, and d. gollmann, proc. computer security (esorics 2005), vol. 3679, pp. 118-139, 2005. an electronic voting machine with voter information facility utilizing microcontroller: a novel design [8] vaibhav bhatia and rahul gupta, "international conference on computing for sustainable global development," march 5–7. as bijit – 2012, vol. 4 no. 1, issn 0973–0973, a. hasti's "study of the impact of mobile ad-hoc networking and its future applications" 5658. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 issue3 1 chinese traditional medical journal an intelligent tutoring system for automata theory: a proposed framework luo da, den hui, zhang youhu department of graduate school, beijing university of chinese medicine, beijing , department of ophthalmology, china-japan friendship hospital, beijing introduction an concept from distant education that allowed students to study at their own speed and in any location came up with the notion of giving instruction online, which was a result of research in education. education and artificial intelligence have been bolstered and advanced by scholars who have worked in both fields. traditional computer-aided teaching systems have developed into intelligent tutoring systems (cai). intelligent tutoring systems (its) were originally known as intelligent computer assisted instruction (icai) when cai was designed to act intelligently (its). [11] computational modules on cognitive sciences, cognitive learning, computational linguistics and artificial intelligence, as well as mathematics and regular language, are used in computer-based learning environments to construct intelligent systems that are well-specified computationally. [1] following are some of the original its needs outlined by researchers in [21]: (a) a working knowledge of the field (expert model) learner self-awareness, or b) (student model) b) an understanding of instructional methods (tutor model) although the overall structure has remained the same, a new module has been introduced. abstract: humans are being displaced in almost every aspect of their existence on this planet by computers and the advances they have made in technology. since the discovery of artificial computers that function on the same principle as the human brain and learn with changes in experience over time, the concept of intelligent computers attempting to emulate the human brain has developed. learners benefit from intelligent tutors since it is hard for a human tutor to focus on every student in a classroom setting. as a result of a review of current intelligent tutoring systems for undergraduate courses in automata theory for computer science students, this article presents an improved approach. keyword: flat, automata theory, and intelligent tutoring system. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 issue3 2 intelligent tutoring systems currently rely on the four-model design, which maintains the previous three models while adding a fourth. the following are four examples of each design type: (a) database of knowledge a) student's representation b) a model for teaching interface (d) the knowledge base is identical to the preceding designs' domain model. consolidation of declarative, procedural, and metacognitive information is the goal of a tutor or coach. this is an internal model that describes the cognitive processes, metacognitive methods, and psychological traits of each learner. a comparable module exists in the other architectures as a pedagogical model for this one. it selects an efficient route through its knowledge representation based on a model of the learner's current understanding to produce expert behaviour by the learner. this module combines three categories of information: knowledge about the patterns of interpretations and actions inside conversations; domain knowledge required for presenting material, and knowledge needed for conveying intent. student knowledge is 'actively constructed' rather than passively learned from textbooks and lectures, according to this theory. in this way, each student will create their own unique form of knowledge since the construction builds recursively on the learner's prior knowledge (facts, thoughts, and beliefs). constructivist teaching methods are expected to be more effective than conventional methods because they openly address the unavoidable process of knowledge production. [24] computer science teaching is challenging to use constructivist theory because of these reasons. • because sensory data from class must be integrated into a student's existing framework that is too superficial, cs concepts are constructed using constructivist theory. there is a lot of frustration and the idea that computer science is difficult since models have to be built from scratch. • success in academic computer science courses is not always connected with autodidactic programming expertise. these pupils, like physics students, undoubtedly arrive to school with preconceived notions that aren't going to hold up under the scrutiny of a classroom environment. • students who prefer a more introspective or social learning approach may be discouraged by the actual feedback they get while working on a computer. [24] flat is included in most computer science curricula because it provides students with an understanding of the mathematical foundations of computing, as well as its power and limits, as well as how to use it. the numbers 20, 10, and 19, respectively. theoretical computer science, formal languages and automata theory (flat), and other similar terms are taught in many computer science curricula. designing finite automata (fas), push-down automata (pda) and turing machines to identify languages of the appropriate class is a common requirement in these courses. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 issue3 3 it's common for students to struggle with these flat ideas since they're so abstract and difficult to grasp (as there is a perception that the field is not only dated, but that it has little current applicability in the real world). [4] in order of appearance: [7] [28] [30]... [34] as a result, students may get demotivated and disappointed, and they may not remember much of what they've studied. it has been shown that a lack of problem-solving abilities is a key contributor to the challenges connected with the development of fas. the logic mistakes that were shown to be common may be traced back to a lack of problemsolving skills. it is possible that pupils are relying on "plug and chug" procedures without a clear knowledge of how they work. many teaching methods have been developed in response to these issues, as well as to aid in the development of stronger mental models of fas [5]. [38] • active learning and constructivist teaching strategies: students require quick feedback at each level of the process of developing fas to better improve their problem-solving abilities (something that is very difficult to implement in a distance learning environment) by offering an alternate perspective and letting students to interact with the ideas by testing them on multiple input strings with quick feedback, visualisation tools aid students in grasping fas and how they function. such methods are based on the idea that students can make abstract models more tangible when they are able to engage with them. [9] link to current computer science applications: this might include leveraging programming expertise as incentive for fa investigation and usage of its application to real-world issues. • link to current computer science applications. these systems give students with personalised guidance, adjusting the path through the needed content depending on the student's progress. students put off taking the course until their final semesters of an undergraduate course because they have only rudimentary or no prior understanding of computer science theory and arithmetic. the pupils become bogged down in the language if the educational content isn't motivating enough [14]. the issue here is that students may resort to rote learning if they do not grasp the topics [37]. a variety of hardware and software applications benefit greatly from automata theory's insights. because they are abstract, these topics are often taught using a conventional lecture format, which works well for students who want to think things out for themselves. computer engineering students, on the other hand, exhibit a significant predilection for active and sensory learning. related work: formal languages and automata theory have been supported by a few famous instances of e-learning systems. since it was launched in 1998, flute (formal languages and automata education) [42] has been educating students about automata theory via examples and dependency graphs connecting related subjects. however, this system is out of date and is no longer in service. for automata theory, a smartphone-based multimedia learning system was created. simulating an automaton, reading course notes, seeing presentations, taking a quiz and even having a help section that acts as a handbook are just some of the features available. the difficulties of online education and the static acquisition of information have been addressed in certain ways in [41] [32] [2] [13]. they have been conceived and ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 issue3 4 developed so that students may learn via exploration, rather than relying just on textbooks. this kind of method is often used in learning activities where students answer practical issues, so that the information acquisition involves the completion of an acceptable number of exercises.. as a result of these systems, students are given exercises from a repository, given the opportunity to contribute their own answers, given comments on their work, and even given the opportunity to create new challenges depending on their progress. there is no way for students to create their own exercises using these systems. they are limited to working with a collection of activities that are already in a repository. [18] motivated teachers seek for or develop visual aids to aid their pupils in their learning processes. as long as kids are interested in what they are learning, they will find a way to succeed. animations have been suggested for the dfa, nfa and turing machines. in addition, the recommended remedy has not been implemented, and no explanation is offered as to how to create these storyboards an introduction to fsms is provided by these first two components. in one component, learners are given a brief movie-style introduction to the subject matter. in addition, there is a more indepth hypertext explanation of the fundamental principles. students may use this component to get a general understanding of the material. finite automation and a turing machine simulator are included in the course, which also includes two games for students to apply what they've learned. [25] it is composed of several components, including an animated (movie-like) welcome component, a hypertext introduction to computation theory topics, a finite state machine (fsm) simulator, a turing machine (tm) simulator, a selfassessment component for online collaborative learning, and three other components showing visual examples of automata, such as video, of hamada's elearning system for automata and the theory of computation these detailed resources are tough for novice automata students to understand since they were developed to accommodate a wide range of learning styles. students are stumped as to where to begin their studies. [27] to make the learning experience more fun, [27] adds an additional component that helps the student discover their preferred method of learning. in the same way as other it systems, selfa-pro is made of a number of modules that work together to achieve the overall system goal. the flat problem solver module, the linker module, and the interface module make up the proposed system. each module has been meticulously crafted to do a particular set of activities using just the data that is required. it is the goal of the issue solver module to take the student's exercise (declarative knowledge) and assess the problem or circumstance needs before using the knowledge to solve the problem (i.e. execute procedural operations). the linker module will provide advice on how to repair an issue after it has identified one (i.e. attempts to place conditional knowledge into specific execution). in accordance with the linker module's recommendations, the interface module gives students mechanisms for sending exercises and for creating the most suitable view of system outputs. [18] problem identification: it is assumed that the student has a basic understanding of formal languages and automata theory in order to benefit from the teaching aids currently available. since ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 issue3 5 no mechanism has been created to help a pupil who does not comprehend the essential ideas. simulators and emulation seem to be the offered answers in the current systems, which aid students in putting the ideas and information they've acquired to use. there isn't a single system that makes it easier for beginners to learn about automata theory topics. mathematical foundations of computer science are assumed to have been taught in the past, but students tend to forget these concepts or rely on rote learning to get a passing grade, which prevents them from progressing to a higher level course or semester in the traditional classroom. assuming that all students have the same level of comprehension and that a teacher is unable to spend enough time with each one, most e-learning systems for this purpose use recorded lectures, scanned textbooks as study materials, and scanned handwritten notes, which are considered to be standard for the acquisition of knowledge in the traditional classroombased scenario. for the most part, its built in computer science focus on offering individualised answers to issue questions relevant to information learned by students, rather than on the learning module itself. for many students, however, this isn't a viable option since they are frustrated by the fact that they must go back to their textbooks or notes for notes and study material while using the system the conventional way. proposed solution: an its for formal languages and automata theory may be developed by using the four current model its designs [16] [wing components: for further information, see the17] [39], which are endorsed by numerous scholars [16] [17] [39]. it is composed of the follo following resources: theoretical framework for instruction • the user interface fig: proposed solution of its for automata theory knowledge base: the its for automata theory will include a knowledge base made up of learning objects that may be mapped to the preferences and requirements of learners based on their many intelligences. when creating the parts of the knowledge base, attention must be made since it contains domain knowledge, restrictions, rules, and difficulties linked to the topic. when the learner model is modified, the knowledge base should be updated accordingly. the various needs, preferences and strengths of the eight intelligences can be seen below which is taken from [12] intelligence area strengths preferences needs verbal / linguistic writing, reading, memorizing dates, thinking in words, telling stories write, read, tell stories, talk, memorize, work at solving puzzles books, tapes, paper diaries, writing tools, dialogue, discussion, debated, stories, etc. mathematical/ logical math, logic, problem-solving, reasoning, patterns question, work with numbers, experiment, solve problems things to think about and explore, science materials, manipulative, ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 issue3 6 visual / spatial maps, reading charts, drawing, mazes, puzzles, imagining things, visualization draw, build, design, create, daydream, look at pictures video, movies, slides, art, imagination games, mazes, puzzles, illustrated book bodily / kinesthetic athletics, dancing, crafts, using tools, acting move around, touch and talk, body language things to build, movement, tactile experiences, hands-on learning, etc. musical picking up sounds, remembering melodies, rhythms, singing sing, play an instrument, listen to music, hum sing-along time, musical instruments, etc. interpersonal leading, organizing, understanding people, communicating, resolving conflicts, selling talk to people, have friends, join groups group games, intrapersonal recognizing strengths and weaknesses, setting goals, understanding self work alone, reflect pursue interests self-paced projects, choices naturalistic understanding nature, making distinctions, identifying flora and fauna be involved with nature, make distinctions order, same/different, connections to real life and science issues, patterns table: strengths, preferences and needs of the eight intelligences many of these intelligences can still be used in automata theory education, even if they can't be applied to all of them. identifying learning objects for each form of intelligence in automata theory ideas would be a future project in this field. student model: the student model is the internal model that will keep track of the following information about the learner: • the current degree of understanding of the subject by asking questions regarding the subject's preparatory themes. assuming a clean slate would be a far cry from the current state of affairs, though. a questionnaire based on gardner's theory of multiple intelligence [15] is used to determine a person's intelligence type, which may then be used to design learning routes appropriately. in order for the knowledge base to update the learner model and make expert judgements, it needs the ability to retain and remember information. it is important to note that the bloom's learning goals [22] have not been met, and a 100 shows that the principles of the constructivist theory [6] have been fulfilled, where the learner develops new knowledge. pedagogical model: learner profiles are used to match several learning routes and discover the most efficient one, so that a learner advances in such a way that produces expert behaviour. user interface: integration of the three models into a unified user interface will ensure that it does not overload the student with too much information, while at the same time helping to maintain the learner's pace and redirecting them to other links utilising adaptive hypermedia [33]. evaluation module: these milestones for the learner may be referred to as its assessment modules that test the student's knowledge on a regular ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 issue3 7 basis to ensure that the learning objectives have been met. from simple multiplechoice quizzes to more advanced methods like employing simulators and emulators to solve issues, there are a wide range of assessment methods available. the next level of assessment would be to see how well students can apply what they've learned by designing their own games and puzzles. in order to make the principles more understandable, they should be applied to real-world scenarios. in this case, the knowledge base would assist students in solving issues by highlighting incorrect answers and providing clues to the right ones, much as a human tutor would. regularly, the student model will update the profiles of students and their potential learning routes based on assessment findings. conclusion and future work: problems in the current intelligent tutoring systems for automata theory have been discovered and a solution has been offered to address these issues. in the future, this system will be designed and developed, and the results of its assessment will be reported by comparing its usage with those of the conventional classroom method. these findings may be used to other theoretical areas, such as the mathematical foundation of computer science, digital logic, compiler design etc. if results are sufficient. references "computerized learning environments that include research in discourse psychology and cognitive science as well as computational linguistics," by a. c grasser, x. hu and d. mcnamara in experimental cognitive psychology and its applications. 2005 marks the end of a decade of conduct.. computers & education, volume 53, number 2, 2009, pages 243-251, "using co-lab to build system dynamics models: students' actions and on-line tutorial advice," [3] concise review and synthesis of recent research in intelligent computer-assisted instruction by c. dede 24:329-353 (1986), international journal of man-machine studies (ijms). a psychological theory of learning based on constructivism is presented in the second volume of constructivism: theory, perspectives, and practice, pp. 8-33. international conference on computer systems and technologies, 2007: d. chuda, "visualization in the education of theory of computer science," p. 58. [1] "automata and formal languages: an introduction," by david kelley. prentice-hall inc., upper saddle river, nj (usa), 1995. [2] sleeman and brown (1982), intelligent tutoring systems: cambridge: academic press, published by d. [3] multiple intelligences and learning styles," in emerging perspectives on learning and teaching with technology, edited by m. orey, 2003, createspace independent publishing platform (d.w. west, j.p. pearce and m.chance). 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[13] advances in intelligent tutoring systems, berlin, springer-verlag (2010), pp. 63-80, r. nkambou and r. mizoguchi and j. bourdeau [14] a visual and interactive automata theory course stressing the breadth of automation was presented at the 10th annual sigcse conference on innovation and technology in computer science education, iticse, caparica in portugal in 2005. [15] [16] t. murray, "authoring intelligent tutoring systems: an examination of the current state of the art," international journal of artificial intelligence in education, vol. 10, pp. 98-129, 1999. [16] [17] v. devedzic, j. debenham, and d. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 issue3 9 popovic, "an intelligent tutoring system for formal languages," [18] [19] vol. 3, no. 2, 2000, educational technology & society. [20] [21] automata theory in an active and collaborative environment: a multimedia learning system on a smartphone for automata theory," presented at the 11th international conference on electronics (icecco) in 2014. issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 5 the role of organizations and employee engagement in disaster management in the context of natural disasters ms. niharika singh (assistant professor) g.l bajaj institute of management & research, gr. noida abstract: disaster prevention may mean different things to different individuals depending on their field of study. to lessen the severity of; alleviate the burden of; moderate is the definition of the word mitigate. as a result, preventative measures may be planned as if they would be implemented after the fact. catastrophe mitigation, on the other hand, is defined as "measures taken in advance of a disaster with the aim of decreasing or eliminating its impact on social and environmental systems" in a globally agreed upon multilingual vocabulary. the indian government recognizes the need of including preventative measures and damage control into its growth plans. the disaster management strategy is laid out in great detail in the ten year plan document. the plan stresses the need of incorporating mitigating measures into the development process in order to ensure long-term sustainability. each state is responsible for developing its own disaster preparedness strategy in conformity with the framework laid forth in the plan. to sum up, mitigating measures are increasingly becoming standard in the development planning process. the finance commission suggests how money should be distributed between the federal government and the states, as well as how much should be spent on humanitarian aid. the sections highlight the gaps in preparedness and catastrophe prevention strategies. (key wordsmanage, lessen, prevent, and alleviate disasters.) introduction floods, droughts, earthquakes, and tsunamis are all examples of natural disasters that may have a significant negative impact on human life. these trigger fatalities, material losses, and societal and economic upheaval. due to population and resource growth, these types of losses have worsened with time.the consequences of natural catastrophes on people and the environment are worsening. reasons include environmental deterioration and perhaps global climate change, as well as rapid population expansion and density, migration, and unplanned urbanization. political strategies for addressing the idea of risk have evolved in contemporary cultures due to the magnitude of social and economic repercussions from natural catastrophes. the number of victims of natural and man-made catastrophes during the previous two decades is compared.natural catastrophes come in many forms in india. the following are examples of frequent natural disasters that may strike anywhere in the united states.droughts-drought is perhaps the manifestation of desertification, which may be due to unprecedented soil erosion, widespread deforestation, abrupt changes in microclimate, increasing temperatures and decreasing rainfall, etc., ultimately leading to fall of groundwater level and hence, loss of agricultural productivity of the land, due to lack of water resources. droughts are a recurrent occurrence in india because much of the country's agriculture relies on rainwater.when there is a lot of rain in the catchments of rivers, particularly during the monsoon, and no dam to hold back the water, the rivers will flood. similar to the prevalence of drought, floods may happen anywhere in the nation.the nation is prone to earthquakes because its geological formations are part of the younger, more ephemeral gondwana landmass. there are still several areas in the nation that are considered to be earthquake hotspots. there are numerous devastating examples that may be drawn from history.earthquakes had shacked the backbone of the country; the recent one is being the earthquake of bhuj at the state of gujarat. the great himalayan mountain range, which belongs to comparatively the younger geological formations, which is still undergoing morphological changes, the construction of tehri dam, therefore, is a great-threat to the garhwal region of the himalayas. cyclone-due to low pressure in the atmosphere and frequent formation of whirls; cyclones take place frequently at the eastern coast of india. in the bay of bengal of indian ocean, these low pressure whirls are formed and gets transmitted to the coastal districts of andhra pradesh and orissa. the recent super-cyclone at orissa in october, 1999 took away the life of more than 25,000 people, destroyed the properties of more than thousands billion dollars and more than a millions of people rendered jobless. their livelihood security of the common mass was also got severely threatened hot waves-in recent days, india has got highly affected by a new form of natural calamities i.e flowing of hot waves again in the east coast, killing the thousands of people in the northen and eartern parts of the country like, uttar pradesh, bihar, rajasthan, gujarat, orissa and andhra pradesh. the flow of hot waves is also known as ‘sun-stroke,’ which in fact, is common in our country. in orissa, alone about 151 people died of “ sun-stock “ in 1999.the worst sufferers are physically weaker persons, old men and women and the children. cold waves-the incidents of death due to cold waves occur in higher and lesser himalayas especially in the states of uttaranchal, sikkim, himachal pradesh and northern parts of west bengal including darjiling. in addition, there are also other natural calamities such as tornado, spiral tide whirls etc, which occur very often in our country. india’s deadliest disasters sr. no disaster impact 1. 29th october 1971, orissa cyclone and tidal waves killed 10,000 people 2. 19th november, 1977, andhra pradesh cyclone and tidal waves killed 20,000 3. 29th and 30th october 1999, orissa cyclone and tidal waves killed 9,000 and 18 million people were affected earthquake 1. 20th october 1991 uttarkashi an earthquake of magnitude 6.6 killed 723 people 2. 30th september 1993 latu approximately 8000 people died and there was a heavy loss to infrastructure 3. 26th january, 2001, bhuj, gujarat more than 10,000 dead and heavy loss to infrastructure landslide 1. july 1991, assam 300 people killed, heavy loss to roads and infrastructure 2. 18th august 1998, malpa 210 people killed. villages were washed away flood 1. 1978 floods in north east india 3,800 people killed and heavy loss to property. 2. 1994 floods in assam, arunachal pradesh, jammu and kashmir, himachal pradesh, panjab, uttar pradesh, goa, kerala and gujarat more than 2000 people killed and thousands affected 3. 18 june 2013 floods in kedarnath, uttarakhand more than 5700 people were presumed dead disaster mitigation the objectives of disaster prevention and mitigation are to minimize the following: i. loss of life ii. damage to property iii. economic disruption all aspects of prevention of disasters will significantly contribute to reducing the effects of disasters on occurrence. the responsiveness at all levels of society and administration would decide the effectiveness of disasters mitigation. mitigation measures would include the following: approach to disaster management till recently, the approach to disaster management has been reactive and relief centric. a paradigm shift has now taken place at the national level from the relief centric syndrome to holistic and integrated approach with emphasis on prevention, mitigation and preparedness. these efforts are aimed to conserve developmental gains as also minimize losses to lives, livelihood and property. a typical disaster management continuum as shown below, comprising of six elements i.e., prevention, mitigation and preparedness in pre-disaster phase, and response, rehabilitation and reconstruction in post-disaster phase, defines the complete approach to disaster management pre-emergency phase the emphasis in the pre-emergency phase is on reducing the vulnerability of communities to suffer from the impact of natural phenomena. measures to achieve this objective include risk 2 an often used definition of ‘local’ – particularly by fao – is that provided in the 1980s by n. uphoff. prevention includes all measures aimed at avoiding that natural phenomena turn into disasters for settlements, economies and the infrastructures of communities. mitigation involves measures taken to limit the adverse impact of natural hazards and related environmental and technological disasters. examples of mitigation are the retrofitting of buildings or the installation of flood-control dams, and specific legislation. preparedness involves measures taken to ensure effective response to the impact of disasters. preparedness measures include, for example, evacuation plans, early warning systems, pre-stocking of relief items – all being part of a national disaster relief plan. emergency phase in the emergency phase of a natural disaster, response mechanisms are automated. this phase is normally shortlived and may be over within days or weeks. post-emergency phase the transition from relief to rehabilitation is rarely clear-cut. on the one hand, the foundations of recovery and reconstruction are usually laid in the immediate aftermath of a major disaster, while emergency response activities are still ongoing. on the other hand, there is often, in the aftermath of a natural disaster, a phase when basic needs must still be met as the long-term benefits of rehabilitation and reconstruction projects have not yet been fully realized. as a result, the phasing-out of relief assistance must be managed carefully. response involves measures taken immediately prior to and following the disaster impact. response measures are directed towards saving life and protecting property. they deal with the immediate disruption caused by the disaster. they include search and rescue, and the provision of emergency food, shelter, medical assistance. the effectiveness of responding to disasters largely depends on the level of preparedness recovery is the process by which communities are assisted in returning to their proper level of functioning? the recovery process can be very protracted, in some cases up to a decade or more. typical activities undertaken under this phase include: restoration of essential services and installations, and long-term measures of reconstruction, including the replacement of buildings and infrastructure that have been destroyed by the disaster. development its inclusion in the disaster cycle is intended to ensure that following the natural disaster, countries factor hazard and vulnerability considerations into their development policies and plans, in the interest of national progress. the rationale behind the use of the expression ‘disaster management cycle’ is that disaster and its management is a continuum of interlinked activities. yet, the expression is slightly deceiving in that it suggests that the periodic occurrence of natural disasters is something inevitable, always requiring the same response. on the contrary, if effective prevention and preparedness measures are implemented, natural disasters may be avoided by limiting the adverse impact of inevitable natural phenomena. disaster mitigation organization various organizations for interaction, decision making and communication already exist at the centre and state level. the department of agriculture and cooperation (dac) in ministry of agriculture, government of india is the nodal department for all the matters concerning natural disaster relief. the national contingency action plane (cap) facilitates launching of relief and rescue operation. there are various commits and groups for disaster management and for implementation of relief measures at the national level such as the national crises management committee (ncmc) and the crisis management group. the essential components of any effective disasters management organization would comprise the following: i. the state machinery ii. the armed forces iii. non government organizations experience has shown that the state machinery for disaster management is neither complete nor effective. on the hand the armed forces and the ngo’s have played a significant role in disaster mitigation, relief operation and rehabilitation efforts. the armed forces with their disciplined manpower and available resources are well equipped to mitigate the effects of disasters and manpower resources for disaster management would be available from state machinery, armed forces, ngo’s and volunteers. identification of the other resources required and ensuring their availability in time is a vital aspect of disaster management. these resources would vary depending on the type of disaster as also the area for which they are required. some of the resources that would required are as follows: i. stores for flood relief. ii. earth moving plant. iii. mobile hospitals and operation theatres. iv. transport for evacuation and carriage of relief stores. v. tents and prefabricated shelters. vi. relief stores (food, water, shelters). conclusion the frequency or severity of natural disasters is not expected to reduce anytime soon. while certain geological processes may occur without of human influence, evidence suggests otherwise. the fast expansion of technological dangers is a potential outcome of the unchecked industrialization of most nations and the potential usage of dangerous chemicals suitable for use in weapons against civilian populations. there should not be a proportional rise in the ensuing health burden as the number of dangers increases. consistent work is required to lessen risk by strengthening defenses and decreasing exposure via preventive and mitigation. a strategic approacha developing nation's number one priority is, of course, development. disasters and other emergencies have proved to be significant roadblocks on the way to sustainable development. the inadequacies of development programs and institutions, on the other hand, lessen the health response's impact during emergencies. management of catastrophe risk is an integral part of development efforts. countries with weak economies and healthcare systems must prioritize risk reduction above other priorities. this should be a top concern for everyone's health. references 1. planning commission (2002); "tenth five year plan (2002-2007) vol.1"; planning commission, government of india; new delhi. 2. gupta a; "information technology and natural disaster management in india"; www.gisdevelopme nt.net 3. acharrya, s.k. 1999. natural hazards: earthquakes and landslides in india during the nineties and mitigation strategy. proc. sem. on earthquakes & landslides: natural disaster mitigation, calcutta, pp. 5-13. 4. www.ndmindia.nic.in 5. www.aidmi.org disaster relief – worldwide disaster aid and information via the internet http://www.disasterrelief.org international strategy for disaster reduction http://www.unisdr.org http://www.gisdevelopment.net/ http://www.gisdevelopment.net/ http://www.ndmindia.nic.in/ http://www.aidmi.org/ http://www.disasterrelief.org/ http://www.unisdr.org/ reprinted from chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com the role of mta2 expression in bladder cancer cells and its regulation mechanism dr.k.nagarsee 1 , dr.nadeem 2, g.rajani 3,aszad hussain barbhuyan 4, assistant professor 1,2,3,4 , department of pharmacy, samskruti college of pharmacy, kondapur (v), ghatkesar (m) medchal dist, telangana, india. abstract researching the role of the mta2 gene in bladder cancer and its possible therapeutic applications is the goal of this research.methods: the t24 bladder cancer cells were transfected with a viral vector to induce overexpression of the metastasis-associated gene 2 (mta2), whereas the ej bladder cancer cells were transfected with si-mta2. under the two mta2 expression settings, cell lines were tested for their invasiveness and migratory capability in vitro using matrigel and transwell methods, respectively.end result: data from transwell migration experiments showed that t24 bladder cancer cell lines were much more able to migrate when mta2 protein was overexpressed, but ej cell lines were much less able to migrate when mta2 was knocked down (p < 0.01). in the matrigel invasion experiment, it was shown that the invasive capability of the t24 bladder cancer cell line was greatly increased by overexpressing the mta2 protein, whereas the invasive capacity of the ej bladder cancer cell line was dramatically decreased (p < 0.01) by knocking down mta2. in the t24 bladder cancer cell line, which overexpresses mta2, the levels of e-cadherin and n-cadherin were lower than in the cd511b-transfected and untransfected groups, respectively. in addition, compared to cells that were transfected with si-nc or not transfected, the e-cadherin protein expression in the ej bladder cancer cell line with mta2 knockdown was noticeably greater (p < 0.01).in conclusion, mta2 knockdown blocks bladder cancer cell lines' ability to proliferate, migrate, and invade by preventing proteins involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition from doing their jobs.reproductive process, migration, bladder cancer, mta2 introduction the most frequently diagnosed tumor of the urinary tract is bladder carcinoma which is usually located on the mucosal surface and ranks amongst the 10 mostoften diagnosed human neoplasms [1]. the age of onset of bladder cancer is relatively broad: it occurs almost at any given age, even in children. however, the occurrence of bladder cancer slowly rises as a function of age. there have been increases in incidence of bladder cancer in recent times, due to factors such as heightened use of sundry chemical products, tobacco use, and aging human populations [2]. at present, radical surgery and adjuvant treatment are used to mitigate the signs of bladder carcinoma, but studies have revealed that postoperative bladder cancer patients still experience high degrees of local recurrence, distant metastasis and poor prognosis [3]. the etiology of bladder cancer is complex. two clear risk factors are exposure to aromatic amines and smoking, but little is known about some unpredictable biological behaviors within the cancer tissue or signaling routes associated with its progression [4]. therefore, in order to efficiently carry out timely diagnosis and treatment of bladder tumor patients, there is need to identify new molecular markers for evaluation of its prognosis. some investigations have revealed that mta2, one of the metastasis-associated genes (mtas), is upregulated in ovarian cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, bladder cancer and other malignant tumors, and is intimately linked to cancer cell migratory and invasive potential [5]. however, the number of reports on relative expression of mta2 in bladder carcinoma, and its role, is limited. thus, this research was aimed at determining mta2 expression in bladder carcinoma cells, as well as the influence of mta2 overexpression and mta2 silencing on their multiplication, invasiveness and migratory potential. this was to identify the relevance of mta2, and its possible regulatory mechanism in the progression of bladder carcinoma. experimental materials chongqing youbao biotechnology co. ltd was the supplier of bladder cancer cell lines (24, ej and j82), mta2 interference lentivirus and plasmid required. handling of cells the bladder cancer cells were maintained in rpmichinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com 1640 medium containing 10 % fbs. the experiments were carried out using logarithmic growth phase cells. the t24 bladder cancer cells were infected with a 1:1 (v:v) mixture of bovine serum-free medium and virus solution, in line with lentivirus transfection kit instructions. the plasmid dna was incorporated into escherichia coli, followed by 12-h culturing at 37 oc, after which it was subjected to extraction. then, transfection of bladder cancer cells with the mta2 was done in line with the steps indicated in the transfection instructions. western blot assay total protein was extracted from bladder cancer cells by adding ripa buffer solution and shaking on ice for lysis for 20 min. the lysed cell samples were centrifuged for 10 min, and the supernatant was collected. the protein contents of the supernatants were determined using the bca method. then, each protein sample was subjected to sds-page, followed by transfer to polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. the membrane was incubated fat-free milk solution to block non-specific binding of the blot. then, it was incubated with mta2-specific primary antibodies overnight at 4 oc, followed by incubation with a secondary antibody at room temperature for 1 h. luminescent substrates or staining agents were used for color development to observe the expression level of the target protein. mts colorimetry bladder cancer cells transfected with mta2 overexpression and low expression were cultured to logarithmic growth stage. the cells were evenly inoculated in 96-well plates, with approximately 5000 cells per well. after incubating the well plates in the incubator for 24 h, mts reagent was added to each well, and the wells were incubated for 1-4 h. then, the absorbance of each well was read in a multichannel elisa reader and recorded. using the absorbance values, the proliferation capacity of cells in each group was calculated, and the differences between the mta2 overexpression and low-expression groups were determined. matrix invasion and transwell migration the upper chamber of transwell was evenly coated with matrigel, while the lower chamber contained equivalent amount of cell culture medium. the bladder cancer cells transfected with mta2 overexpression and low expression were made into single-cell suspensions, and the cell suspension was added to the pores covered by matrigel or transwell. the well plates were incubated in the incubator for 24 48 h. then, the migrated cells on the upper surface were removed with washing solution or cotton swab. for the matrigel invasion experiment, cell fixation was performed using repair solution, and then cells were stained with specific staining agents. for the transwell migration experiment, direct staining was done, and the stained well plates were examined under a microscope. the number of invading or migrating cells was counted, and the differences between different mta2 expression groups were obtained. statistical analysis the spss 22.0 statistical software package was used to perform statistical analysis of the recorded data. the counting data are presented as (n (%)). groups were compared using χ²-test. quantitative data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (sd). paired data were compared between groups using independent sample t-test, while non-normal distribution data were compared using rank sum tests. statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05. results mta2 protein expression in bladder cancer cells there was significantly lower amount of mta2 protein expression in t24 than in ej bladder cancer cell lines, and the mta2 expression level in ej bladder cancer cell line was significantly higher than that in other bladder cancer cell lines (p < 0.05). these results are shown in table 1. therefore, t24 and ej bladder cancer cells were chosen for use in follow-up studies. mta2 expressions in selected cell lines transfected with mta2 in the present study, mta2 was successfully transferred into t24 bladder cancer cell line. the mta2 protein expression level in t24 bladder cancer cells in mta2 transfection group was significantly higher than those in un-transfected group and cd511b transfection group. however, mta2 expression was unchanged, irrespective of cd511b transfection status. moreover, mta2 of ej bladder cancer was effectively silenced, resulting in significantly lower mta2 expression levels in ej bladder cancer cells than in untransfected cells. however, mta2 expression was comparable in si-nc transfected and untransfected cells. these results are presented in table 2 and table 3. multiplication of overexpression and low expression mta2 cell groups the absorbance readings of t24 bladder cancer cells in mta2 transfection group were significantly higher than those in the transfected and cd511b transfection groups at different times (p < 0.01). in contrast, absorbance values were not changed by cd511b chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com transfection status. however, the absorbance of ej bladder cancer cell line was significantly reduced in si-mta2-transfected cells, when compared with the untransfected and si-mta2 transfection groups. the simta2 transfection had no marked effect on absorbance. these results are presented in table 4. migratory potential of overexpression and underexpression mta2 cell groups in the in vitro migration experiment, the population of t24 bladder cancer cells that crossed the basement in mta2 transfection group was significantly higher than the corresponding numbers in the un-transfected and cd511b transfection groups. however, cd511b transfection status did not affect mta2 expression. significantly lower number of ej bladder cancer cells crossed the basement membrane in si-mta2transfected cells than in un-transfected and si-nc transfection groups. the si-nc transfected and transfected cells did not differ in mta2 expression. these data are presented in table 5 and table 6. invasiveness of overexpression and under expression of mta2 cell groups in the invasion experiment, the population of t24 bladder cancer cells that crossed the membrane in mta2 transfection group was significantly higher, relative to the un-transfected and cd511b transfected groups. however, cd511b transfection had no effect on mta2 expression. the population of ej bladder cancer cells that crossed membrane was significantly reduced in si-mta2 transfection cells, relative to untransfected and si-nc transfection cells (p < 0.01). the si-nc transfection had no effect on mta2 expression. these results are presented in table 7 and table 8. levels of emt-associated proteins in overexpression and under-expression mta2 cell groups e-cadherin protein level in t24 bladder cancer cells was significantly down-regulated in mta2 transfection cells, relative to the un-transfected and cd511b transfection groups, but n-cadherin protein was significantly up-regulated in mta2 transfection cells, relative to un-transfected and cd511b transfection cells. the cd511b transfection had no marked effect on the expressions of the two proteins. these data are presented in table 9. chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com there was significantly higher e-cadherin protein expression level in si-mta2 transfection ej bladder cancer cells than in un-transfected and si-nc transfection cells, but n-cadherin protein was expressed significantly lowly in simta2 transfection cells, relative to the corresponding levels in untransfected and sinc transfection cells. however, sinc transfection did not affect the expression levels of the two proteins. these data are presented in table 10. discussion malignant tumor is one of the most common diseases threatening people's lives at present. the incidence and case fatality rate of malignant tumors are rising all over the world, and they have also become one of the main causes of death among the chinese population [6]. the metastatic and invasive nature of malignant tumors is the main cause of poor prognosis in the vast majority of patients. therefore, studying the mechanisms underlying the metastatic and invasive potential of cancer cells has become an urgent issue that needs to be addressed. bladder carcinoma is one of the most frequently seen malignant diseases in urinary canal, with high metastasis and invasion, but its specific regulatory mechanism is still unclear [8].the mta2 protein is a 68-amino acid polypeptide with nucleosome remodeling activity, and it belongs to one of the mta family members associated with tumor metastasis. studies have revealed that mta2 protein is well-expressed in certain cancers such as cancers of the bladder, colon and esophagus, with close association with tumor node metastasis stage, metastasis to lymph nodes, and differentiation [9]. thus, mta2 gene is likely to be involved in the occurrence and progression of bladder carcinoma. in order to investigate the link between mta2 and the occurrence of bladder carcinoma, lentivirusoverexpressing vectors were employed to establish mta2 overexpression plasmids so as to generate mta2overexpressing t24 cells. in addition, si-mta2 and knockdown mta2 were used to transfect ej cancer cells. through matrigel, mts and transwell assays, it was found that t24 cancer cells overexpressing mta2 protein had increased proliferation and invasion potential. the migratory potential was significantly raised in mta2-silenced t24 cells, relative to cd511btransfected and untransfected cells, but the invasive, proliferative and migratory potential of mta2knockdown ej cells were suppressed. thus, mta2 may participate in the bladder carcinoma development via its effect on bladder cancerous cell invasiveness and proliferation. therefore, it is important to unravel the regulatory process through which mta2 influences the above biological characteristics of bladder carcinoma cells. the reduction in adhesion between cells and epithelialmesenchymal transition (emt) is an important reason for the metastatic potential of cancer cells [10]. therefore, the regulation of mta2 may be related to the invasiveness and migratory capacity of bladder carcinoma cells. it is known that e-cadherin is a ca2+-reliant adhesion protein which regulates the structural intactness of cells of the epithelium, maintains tight connections between cells, and prevents cell proliferation and invasion [11]. in contrast, ncadherin mainly exists in interstitial cells and is loosely connected. therefore, e-cadherin upregulation and n-cadherin downregulation were used as crucial indices for evaluating emt transformation in this study. the experimental results showed that knocking down mta2 upregulated the expression of e-cadherin and downregulated the expression of n-cadherin. overexpression of mta2 had the opposite effect, with downregulation of ecadherin expression and upregulation of n-cadherin expression. this suggests that mta2 may promote the invasiveness and spread of bladder carcinoma cells by regulating emt transformation. tumor metastasisassociated gene 2 (mta2) plays an important role in bladder cancer [12,13]. this gene plays a key role in regulating the multiplication, invasiveness and migration of bladder carcinoma cells. by regulating the expression levels of e-cadherin, n-cadherin and other related proteins, mta2 affects the metastatic potential of bladder carcinoma [14,15]. conclusion overexpression of mta2 enhances the multiplication, invasiveness and migration of bladder carcinoma cells, but silencing mta2 significantly reduces their multiplication, migratory potential and invasiveness. mta2 exhibits these properties through a mechanism that is related to the suppression of emt. therefore, targeting mta2 may be a treatment approach in developing a suitable therapy against bladder carcinoma. further studies on the regulatory mechanism of mta2 may reveal its exact mechanism in the pathogenesis of this disease. chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com references 1. chang ss, boorjian sa, chou r, clark pe, daneshmand s, konety br, pruthi r, quale dz, ritch cr, seigne jd, et al. diagnosis and treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: aua/suo guideline. j urol 2016; 196(4): 1021-1029. 2. hamilton jg, shuk e, genoff mc, rodríguez vm, hay jl, offit k, robson me. interest and attitudes of patients with advanced cancer with regards to secondary germline findings from tumor genomic profiling. j oncol pract 2017; 13(7): e590e601. 3. ding w, hu w, yang h, ying t, tian y. prognostic correlation between mta2 expression level and colorectal cancer. int j clin exp pathol 2015; 8(6): 7173-7180. 4. han x, yang j, huo q. corrective effect of electronics combined with internal intervention of pirarubicin on superior bladder cancer. chin j epidemiol 2015; 21 (5): 494-497 5. zhou c, ji j, cai q, shi m, chen x, yu y, zhu z, zhang 6. j. mta2 enhances colony formation and tumor growth of gastric cancer cells through il-11. bmc cancer 2015; 15: 343. 7. liu z, liu x, liang j, liu y, hou x, zhang m, li y, jiang 8. x. immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: current status and future prospects. front immunol 2021; 12: 765101. 9. liu j, liu w, mi l, zeng x, cai c, ma j, wang l; union for china lymphoma investigators of the chinese society of clinical oncology; union for china leukemia investigators of the chinese society of clinical oncology. incidence and mortality of multiple myeloma in china, 2006-2016: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2016. j hematol oncol 2019; 12(1): 136. 10. huang ky, petretto e. cross-species integration of single-cell rna-seq resolved alveolar-epithelial transitional states in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. am j physiol lung cell mol physiol 2021; 321(3): l491l506. 11. an jx, ma mh, zhang cd, shao s, zhou nm, dai dq. mir-1236-3p inhibits invasion and metastasis in gastric cancer by targeting mta2. cancer cell int 2018; 18: 66. 12. vu t, datta pk. regulation of emt in colorectal cancer: a culprit in metastasis. cancers (basel) 2017; 9(12): 171. 13. kanai y, ushijima s, hui am, ochiai a, tsuda h, sakamoto m, hirohashi s. the ecadherin gene is silenced by cpg methylation in human hepatocellular carcinomas. int j cancer 1997; 71(3): 355359. 14. guilford pj, hopkins jb, grady wm, markowitz sd, willis j, lynch h, rajput a, wiesner gl, lindor nm, burgart lj, et al. e-cadherin germline mutations define an inherited cancer syndrome dominated by diffuse gastric cancer. hum mutat 1999; 14(3): 249-255. 15. priya r, yap as. active tension: the role of cadherin adhesion and signaling in generating junctional contractility. curr top dev biol 2015; 112: 65-102. 16. huntley gw, benson dl. neural (n)cadherin at developing thalamocortical synapses provides an adhesion mechanism for the formation of somatopically organized connections. j comp neurol. 1999; 407(4): 453-471. 17. lozano md, panizo a, toledo gr, sola jj, pardomindán j. immunocytochemistry in the differential diagnosis of serous effusions: a comparative evaluation of eight monoclonal antibodies in papanicolaou stained smears. cancer 2001; 93(1): 68-72. 10.11648.j.ijhnm.20220802.11 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 3 experimental investigation of the antimicrobial effects of terminalia avicennioides extracts on staphylococcus aureus strains resistant to multiple drugs dr. manjusha vithhal ahire assistant professor homoeopathic medical college & hospital, jalgaon abstract: as the prevalence of antibiotic resistance rises, fewer effective treatments are available for infections caused by mrsa and other multidrug-resistant bacteria. as a result, there was a surge in interest in medicinal plant extracts as a potential source of novel phytochemicals for the treatment of infectious disorders. the purpose of this research was to identify the in vitro antibacterial activity of terminalia avicennioides extracts against mrsa strains that have developed resistance to many drugs used in wound infections. patients from nigeria's barau dikko teaching hospital in kaduna provided the wound swab samples. we used conventional phenotypic and genotypic identification techniques to isolate and characterize staphylococcus aureus. following established protocols, we determined the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the staphylococcus aureus isolates. standard protocols were also followed to synthesize terminalia avicennioides extracts and test them for antibacterial activity against mrsa in vitro. staphylococcus aureus isolates exhibited resistance to a wide range of conventional antibiotics, from 8.18% to 100%, according to the susceptibility profile. nevertheless, imipenem was effective against all of the isolates. phytochemical studies conducted on the extracts, both qualitative and quantitative, have shown that they include tannin, alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycoside, phenols, saponins, and terpenoids, but no anthraquinones. terminalia avicennioides extracts shown a strong antimicrobial effect against mrsa isolates, with growth inhibition zones ranging from 16.28±10.45 23.81±6.69 mm and a p-value less than 0.05. the range of the extracts' minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) was 56.2500 ± 29.1241 31.2500 + 22.16013 gm/ml, and there was no significant difference (p > 0.05). there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) of the extracts, which varied from 175,000 ± 64.2910 to 68.7500 ± 45.8063 mg/ml. surprisingly, the antimicrobial properties of terminalia avicennioides extracts show stronger inhibitory effects against mrsa strains, suggesting they might be developed and studied further for the treatment of wound infections. keywords: staphylococcus aureus, multidrug resistance, wound, antibacterial terminalia avicennioides 1. introduction staphylococcus aureus persists in evading antibiotic control efforts and has a history of developing resistance to new medications. there has been a worldwide pandemic of infections caused by staphylococcus aureus strains that are resistant to antibiotics, and the rates of antimicrobial resistance are on the rise. are reducing the number of available treatments [1]. the global economic and health burden of multidrug-resistant (mdr) diseases is immense and terrible. it has only lately come to light that antimicrobial-resistant illnesses cause the deaths of around 700,000 people every year [2-4]. unrecognized costs of multidrug-resistant infections (mdr) are disproportionately high in underdeveloped countries like nigeria. therapy of antibiotic-resistant diseases and related fatalities. antimicrobial resistance infections are a growing problem in modern medicine, and many important variables, including shifting demography, increased international trade, and extreme weather events, are exacerbating the problem [3, 4]. it is well acknowledged that the majority of antibacterial agents on the market, particularly synthetic ones, have been improperly utilized and no longer work [57]. so, the world health organization (who) said that we should be looking for new antibiotics that work against bacteria that are resistant to multiple drugs, as well as ones that don't crossor co-resist with other antibiotic classes [3]. the world over, people have been using traditional herbal remedies to cure a variety of infectious ailments for thousands of years [8, 9], and it's interesting to note that medicinal plants are also seen as possible sources of novel antimicrobial compounds. because chemically produced drugs often cause side effects and microbial resistance, ethnopharmaconosy has become the preferred method of drug discovery involving natural products, such as plant extracts (either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts) [10, 11]. the simplicity, low cost, and high clinical performance of traditional healing agents make them ideal for use in wound care. these treatments provide a more economical option for treating various wounds that are difficult to heal, such as burns, ulcers, and infected wounds. they have a variety of therapeutic actions that speed up the healing process and enhance the quality of the new skin [12]. the purpose of this research was to determine whether or not terminalia avicennioides extracts had any antibacterial effect on mrsa, a kind of bacteria often seen in wounds, when cultured in a laboratory setting. 2. materials and methods 2.1. ethical consideration 2.2. at the barau dikko teaching hospital, kaduna state university, kaduna, nigeria, we got approval from the research ethics committee (reference number: hrec: 20-0004) to take swabs from patients' wounds in order to isolate staphylococcus aureus. kaduna state university, barau dikko teaching hospital, nigeria. patients diagnosed with wound infections were asked to fill out an informed consent form before any pertinent data or wound swab samples were collected. the nurses of the chosen hospital wards and units were informed of the study's purpose and the ethical committee's clearance before wound swabs were taken from patients. in order to educate the patients, a concise description of the research's goals and purposes was given. patients were also made aware that they might choose to participate or not. parents or guardians of children who have a wound infection are kindly asked to provide their consent on behalf of the children.collection of wound swabs and isolation of staphylococcus aureus from the wound swabs a total of sixty wound swabs samples were collected from 2.3. in and out patients with wound at barau dikko teaching hospital kaduna, nigeria exudate or purulent or pus discharge were aseptically swabbed with sterile swab cotton tip and the cotton tip broke immediately into a sterile brain heart infusion (bhi) broth in a universal bottle. the collection of the samples from the patients were carried out with the help of the hospital nurses. the samples collected were then transported in ice packed thermo flasks to kaduna state university postgraduate medical microbiology laboratory for isolation of staphylococcus aureus isolates. all media were prepared according to manufacturer's instructions. all clinical samples collected were cultured aerobically for isolation of staphylococcus aureus in the laboratory as described by vallis et al. [13] and cheesbrough [14]. the swab samples were first cultured aerobically in an enrichment medium (brain heart infusion (bhi) broth) at 37°c for 24 hours. the broth cultures from the bhi broth were then manitol salt agar (msa) plates for selective isolation of staphylococcus aureus. pure culture colonies of presumptive staphylococcus aureus on msa plates were further subculture aerobically on baired parker agar plates at 37°c for 24 hours for morphological characteristics study of the isolates. pure single colonies from this medium were subculture on nutrient agar slant and kept at 4°c for biochemical morphological and biochemical characterisation. 2.4. morphological and biochemical characterisation of presumptive staphylococcus aureus isolates biochemical characterisation of the pure isolates obtained was carried out as described by aneja, ochai and kolhatkar, and cheesbrough [14-16]. motility, catalase, coagulase, hemolysis, citrate utilization, methyl red, voges-proskauer, indole, and sugars (lactose, mannitol and sucrose) fermentation test were carried out for identification of staphylococcus aureus isolates. 2.5. molecular identification of staphylococcus aureus 2.5.1. chromosomal dna extraction the dna extraction was carried out using bioneer bacterial extraction kits (genomic dna extraction kits) protocols ―bioneer accuprep genomic dna extraction kit (k-3032). standard inoculumn (a density of 1x10 8 cells/ml) of staphylococcus aureus were prepared from 24 hours broth culture. two millilitre (2 ml) of the prepared standard inoculumn was transfered to 5 ml sterile eppendorf tube and centrifuged for 5 min at 10,000 rpm. the supernatant was carefully discarded without disturbing the pellet. another two millilitres (2 ml) of the standard inoculumn added and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 5 min., followed by carefully discarding the supernatant, and repeated once again to obtained more quantity of dna. the pellets obtained was resuspended in 200 µl of phosphate buffer saline (pbs) in the eppendorf tube. twenty microlitres (20 µl) of proteinase k was added to the tube containing the pellet in pbs, followed by addition of 10µl of rnase, then mixed thoroughly by vortexing and incubated at room temperature. two hundred microlitres (200 µl) of gb buffer (lysis buffer) was added to the sample and mixed by vortexing, followed by incubation at 60°c for 10 minutes using heating block. four hundred micro litres (400 µl) of absolute ethanol (biological grade) was added and mixed well by pipetting, followed by careful transfered of the lysate into the upper reservoir of the binding or absorption column (fitted in the collection tube) without wetting the rim. the tube was closed and centrifuged at 8,000 rpm for 1 min. followed by discarding the solution from the collection tube and then resused the collection tube. five hundred micro litres (500 µl) of w2 buffer was added without wetting the rim, followed by closing the tube and then centrifuged at 8,000 rpm for 1 minute. the solution from the collection tube was discarded and then reused the collection tube. the sample was centrifuged once more at 13,000 rpm for 1 minute to completely removed ethanol, followed by checking to ensured that there were no droplets clinging to the bottom of the binding column tube. the binding column tube was transfered to new 1.5ml tube for elution and 100 µl of ea buffer (elution buffer) was added on to the binding column tube and then kept at room temperature (15-25°c) for 1 minute. 2.5.2. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) accupower hotstart pcr premix (bioneer) twenty microlitres (20µl) reaction pcr set up was prepared by adding; 16ul dh2o, 1µl forward primer ggactacagggtatctaat 16s (ribose-1), 1µl reverse primer agagtttgatcctgg 16s (ribose2), and 2ul template dna. pcr amplification reaction was performed using ptc 100 thermal cycler with pre denaturation at 95°c for 5 minutes, denaturation at 94°c for 1 minute, primer annealing at 54°c 1 minute, extension at 72°c 1 minute for 25 cycles, and final extension at 72°c 5 minutes. the pcr products were separated by electrophoresis in 1.5% agarose gel for 35 minutes at 125 volt and then visualized the gel dna bands using uv lightbox/ gel imaging system (biorad). amplified pcr products were sequence and the nucleotides sequences of the 16srrna genes were searched for sequences similarities using online blastn. 2.6. antimicrobial susceptibility tests using selected conventional antimicrobial agents used for treatments of wound infections antimicrobial susceptibility test against staphylococcus aureus isolates was carried out using kirby-buaer disc diffusion techniques described by arora [17]. a loopful of 24 hours growth culture of each isolate in nutrient broth was suspended in 10ml sterile distilled water and then issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 3 diluted in steps of 1:10 to give turbidity equivalent to the 0.5 mcfarland standards (a density of 1x10 8 cells/ml) before inoculation. sterile cotton wool swabs were dipped in the suspensions adjusted to 1x10 8 cells/ml, the excess fluid was removed by pressing and rotating the swabs against the wall of the tubes, and then streaked on the surface of muller hinton agar plates. the inoculated plates were allowed to dry for about 5 minutes. using disc dispenser, single disc gram positive antibiotics (oxoid); gentamycin (10µg), amoxicillinclavulanic acid (30µg), nalidixic acid (30µg), kanamycin (30µg), ciprofloxacin (5µg), vancomycin (30µg), ampicillin (10µg), oxacillin (1µg), chloramphenicol (30µg), imipenem (10µg), cefoxitin (30µg), and sulphamethaxole (25µg) were dispensed on inoculated plates of staphylococcus aureus. after 30 minutes of applying the discs, the plates were then incubated aerobically at 37°c for 24 hours in an inverted position. diameter of zone of growth inhibition were measured using a transparent metric ruler and the results were interpreted as either susceptible, intermediate, or resistant according to clinical and laboratory standard institute (clsi) guidelines [18]. 2.7. collection and authentication of terminalia avicennioides plant materials fresh terminalia avicennioides plant’s parts was collected and transported for identification at the herbarium unit of department of biological science, faculty of life sciences, ahmadu bello university zaria, nigeria; where the voucher number of the plant was obtained (900239). fresh terminalia avicennioides plant’s parts was collected after the authentication of the plant in large quantity and cut into small pieces and dried under shade at 30°c in a clean laboratory cabinet. the dried plant materials wasl first pounded in a mortar, followed by dry-milling with an electric blender and then sieved to obtained fine powder using 20µm mesh size sieve. 2.8. preparation of plant extracts water, acetone and ethanol were used as the extracting solvents. twenty-five gram (25g) of the processed fine powder sample of plant was soaked in 250ml of ethanol in clean sterile 500ml conical flask and then covered the mouth of the flask with non-absorbent cotton wool followed by wrapping with aluminum foil paper. the flask was then agitated at 80 rpm for about 48 hours at 28±2°c using shaking incubator. the content was filtered first using clean muslin cloths, followed by whatman’s no. 1 filter paper. the filtrate was then evaporated using rotary evaporator to concentrate the extracts at 37°c. the same procedure was repeated with water and acetone as the extraction solvents. 2.9. qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening the extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical tests to determine the presence of saponins, tannins, phenolic compounds, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, and flavonoids, using standard procedures described by trease and evans, harborne, and sofowara [19-21]. the quantitative phytochemical test was also carried out for detection of the amount of total phenol, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids according to standard procedures described by; harborne, aoac, chang et al., edeoga et al. and oloyed [20, 22-24]. 2.10. in vitro determination of antimicrobial activity of the terminalia avicennioides extracts against multi drug resistant staphylococcus aureus isolates 2.10.1. determination of antimicrobial potency the antimicrobial potency of the plants extracts and agnps against all the multi drug resistant staphylococcus aureus isolates was determined using a spread-plate and agar-well diffusion method according to ochai and kolhatkar [16], and cheesbrough [14]. zero-point eight grams of the extracts of terminalia avicennioides was reconstituted in 2ml of 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) in water to get a concentration of 400mg/ml. 200mg/ml, 100mg/ml, 50mg/ml, and 25mg/ml concentrations were made from the initial concentration using a standard dilution method. twenty millilitres (20 ml) of sterile muller-hinton agar was poured into each of the petri plate and allowed to solidify on the bench. an overnight broth cultures of each pure isolate was prepared, and 0.1ml of the culture broth was added to 19.9ml steriled distilled water, then adjusted by comparing with 0.5 mcfarland turbidity standard (density of 1.0×10 8 cells/ml) against a light background. steriled cotton wool swab was dipped into the suspension, remove the excess fluid by pressing and rotating the swabs against the wall of the tubes and then streaked uniformly on the surface of mullerhinton culture plates. the inoculated plate was allowed to dry for 5minutes. six millimetres (6mm) diameter cork borer was used to make wells on the inoculated culture plates and 0.2ml each of the reconstituted extracts concentrations was then loaded into the wells using sterile micropipettes. the plates were kept on the laboratory bench for 2 hours to allow the loaded extracts diffused into the culture medium. the plates were then incubated aerobically for 24 hours at 37°c. this was repeated using 1mg/ml of ciprofloxacin as positive control; and also 2% dimethyl sulphur oxide (dmso) as negative controls. zones of growth inhibition form around the wells were measured with a transparent meter rule and the results recorded in millimeter (mm). the antimicrobial activity was expressed as the average diameter of the zones of growth inhibition (mm). 2.10.2. determination of minimum inhibitory conentration (mic) the concentrations that showed antimicrobial activity from the potency test were selected for the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the solvents extracts against the multi drug resistant staphylococcus aureus isolates. zero-poit eight grams of the extract of terminalia avicennioides was reconstituted in 4 ml of 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) in water to get a concentration of 200mg/ml. 100mg/ml, 50mg/ml, and 25mg/ml were prepared from the stock solution using muller-hinton broth as the diluent. an overnight broth cultures of each pure isolate was prepared and 0.1ml of the broth culture was added to 19.9ml steriled distilled water, then adjust by comparing with 0.5 mcfarland turbidity standard (density of 1.0×10 8 cells/ml) in light background. zero-point two millilitres each of the 10 8 cfu/ml isolate suspension was transfered to 2ml of each selected solvent extract concentration in tubes and gently mixed by shaking the tubes. the tubes were then incubated aerobically at 37°c for 24 hours. the lowest concentrations of the extracts which showed no visible growth was recorded as the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the extracts. 2.10.3. determination of the minimum bactericidal conentration (mbc) for each of the test tubes in the mic that showed no visible growth, a loopful of the broth cultures were collected from those tubes and streaked on sterile antibiotic free nutrient agar plates. the plates were incubated at 37°c for 24 hours. the concentrations at which no growth was observed were noted and recorded as the minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) [25]. 2.11. data analysis analysis of variance (one way-anova), duncan multiple test, and independent t-test using spss version 23, were used for the data analyses. 3. results 3.1. morphological and biochemical characteristics of presumptive staphylococcus aureus presumptive staphylococcu aureus colonies showed by table 1 appeared completely yellowish in colour with raised, circular and smooth edges on manitol salt agar (msa). on baired parker agar, the colonies appeared black with shining characteristics and lytic edges. on blood agar, the colonies showed complete lysis of blood cells surrounding the coloniescharacteristics of betahymolysis. gram stains cell appeared purple/bluewish in colour (gram-positive characteristics) and cocci in shape, arranged inclusters (grape-like) under microscopic examination. the biochemical characteristics showed that the isolates are not motile, but catalase positive, coagulate positive, indole negative, methyl red positive, vogesproskauer positive, citrate utilization positive, betaheamolytic, lactose utilization negative, mannitol utilization positive and sucrose utilization negative. 3.2. molecular characteristics of staphylococcus aureus isolates figure 1 showed the gel electrophoresis of amplified pcr 16srrna genes bands of staphylococcus aureus isolates respectively at 800bp of the 100 bp plus dna marker. the sequences blast results (table 2) of the presumptive staphylococcus aureus isolates; s1, s2 and s3 16srrna genes revealed the percentage identity and similarity of these isolates from the genebank database as 76.87%, 91.64% and 86.94% respectively, confirming the identity of these isolates staphylococcus aureus strains. table 1. morphological and biochemical characteristics of presumptive staphylococcus aureus isolates. probable organism biochemical characteristics morphological characteristics isolate idenfication code issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 3 keys: + = positive, = negative, dr = dressing room wound isolate, fsw = female surgical ward wound isolate, and msw = male surgical ward isolate. table 2. blast characteristics of staphylococcus aureus strains. s/n sample code organism sequence searched gene total scores identity and similarity (%) e-value query cover (%) sequence searched accession no 1. s1 staphylococcus aureus 16srrna 134 76.87 8e-29 44 lt6805131 2. s2 staphylococcus aureus 16srrna 878 91.64 0.0 99 lc429749.1 3. s3 staphylococcus aureus 16srrna 360 86.94 9e-94 43 lc57519.1 key: s1 = dr12, s2 = fsw1, s3 = dr11, dr = dressing room wound isolate, fsw = female surgical ward wound isolate, and msw = male surgical ward isolate. figure 1. gel electrophoresis of amplified pcr 16srrna genes bands of staphylococcus aureus isolates at 800bp of the 100 bp plus dna marker. key: m = 100bp dna marker, s = staphylococcus aureus, bp = base pair, ve = negative control 12, s2 = fsw1, s3 = dr11 3.3. antimicrobial activity of selected conventional antibiotics against staphylococcus aureus strains tables 3 and 4 showed that all staphylococcus aureus strains are multi-drug resistant isolates. out of eleven staphylococcu aureus isolates screened using twelveselected conventional antibiotics, 2 (18.18%) were resistant to gentamycin, 3 (27.27%) resistant to kanamycin, 5 (45.45%) resistant to ciprofloxacin, 7 (63.64%) resistant to chloramphenicol and vancomycin, 10 (90.91%) resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and sulphamethoxazole, and 11 (100.00%) resistant to ceftazidime, ampicillin, oxacillin and cefoxitin. all 11 (100.00%) isolates were sensitive to imipenem. the resistant pattern of staphylococcu aureus isolates showed by table 4 indicated that four isolates (dr19, dr21, fsw1 and fsw6) were resistant each to 7 (58.33%) antibiotics used, five isolates (dr3, dr5, dr11, msw3 and msw4) were resistant each to 8 (66.64%) antibiotics used, and two isolates (dr12, and msw2) were resistant each to 9 (75.00%) antibiotics. according to the results; imipenem, gentamycin and kanamycin were the most effective antibiotics against all the staphylococcus aureus strains. table 3. antimicrobial activity of selected conventional antibiotics against staphylococcus aureus strains. antibiotics strength staphylococcus aureus sensitive (n =11) n(%) intermediate resistant gentamycin 10 µg 9 (81.18) 0 (0.00) 2 (18.18) amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 30 µg 1 (9.09) 0 (0.00) 10 (90.91) kanamycin 30 µg 7 (63.64) 1 (9.09) 10 (90.91) ciprofloxacin 5 µg 4 (36.36) 2 (18.18) 5 (45.45) vancomycin 30 µg 4 (36.36) 0 (0.00) 7 (63.64) ceftazidine 30 µg 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 11 (100.00) ampicillin 10 µg 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 11 (100.00) oxacillin 1 µg 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 11 (100.00) chloramphenicol 30 µg 4 (36.36) 0 (0.00) 7 (63.64) imipenem 10 µg 11 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) cefoxitin 30 µg 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 11 (100.00) sulphamethoxazole 25 µg 1 (9.09) 0 (0.00) 10 (90.91) table 4. susceptibility profile of staphylococcus aureus strains against selected antibiotics. staphylococcus aureus conventional antibiotics (n =12) n(%) sensitive intermediate resistant dr3 4 (33.33) 0 (0.00) 8 (66.67) dr5 4 (33.33) 0 (0.00) 8 (66.64) dr11 3 (25.00) 1 (8.33) 8 (66.64) dr 12 2 (16.67) 1 (8.33) 9 (75.00) dr19 5 (41.67) 0 (0.00) 7 (58.33) dr21 5 (41.67) 0 (0.00) 7 (58.33) fsw1 4 (33.33) 1 (8.33) 7 (58.33) fsw6 5 (41.67) 0 (0.00) 9 (75.00) msw2 3 (25.00) 0 (0.00) 9 (75.00) msw3 4 (33.33) 0 (0.00) 8 (66.64) msw4 4 (33.33) 0 (0.00) 8 (66.64) key:, dr = dressing room wound isolate, fsw = female surgical ward wound isolate, and msw = male surgical ward isolate. table 5. percentage extracts yield of terminalia avicennioides. s/n extract category mean±sd extract yield (%) p-value at α = 0.05 comment leave, stem and root bark extracts the percentage extracts yield based on plant leaves 5.19 ±1.61b 0.0052 extracts showed significant difference. 1 stem bark 15.98 ± 3.95a (p< 0.05) stem and root bark extract showed higher root bark 13.28 ± 3.75a percentage yield compared to leave extracts acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts acetone 11.95±6.90a 0.5209 percentage extracts yield based on extracting 2 ethanol 14.09 ± 6.42a (p> 0.05) solvents showed no significant difference. aqueous 8.40 ±3.66a table 6. phytochemical characteristics of root barks, stem barks and leave exracts of terminelia avecenoides. terminelia s/no avecenoides plant part type of solvent extract phytochemical characteristics alkaloids flavonoids tannins saponins cardiac glycosides phenols anthraquinones terpenoids 1. root barks ethanol + + + + + + + acetone + + + + aqueous + + + + + 2. stem barks ethanol + + + + + + acetone + + + + + + + aqueous + + + + + + 3. leaves ethanol + + + + + acetone + + + + + ethanol + + + + + + key: + = positive; = negative. 3.4. percentage extract yield of terminalia avicennoides the extracts from terminalia avicennoides were obtained from dried processed powdered of stem bark, root bark and leaves using three extracting solvent; ethanol, acetone and water (table 5). the percentage extracts yield based on plant parts showed significant difference (p< 0.05). the percentage extractsyields ranged from 5.19±1.61– 15.98 ±3.95%., with stem bark extracts having high percentage yied (15.98 ±3.94%). based on extracting solvents, percentage extracts yield showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) and percentage extracts yield ranged from 8.40 ±3.66 14.09 ± 6.42%, with ethanol stem bark having high percentage yield (14.09±6.42%). table 7. quantitative phytochemical analysis of root bark, stem bark, and leave extracts of terminelia avecenoides. t. phenols (mg/100g) flavonoids (mg/100g) tannins (mg/100g) terpenoids (mg/100g) saponins (µg/g) alkaloids (mg/100g) eet l 176.00 ± 10.50 84.00 ± 3.30 120.00± 2.60 887.00 ± 4.20 24.31 ± 0.76 129.52 ± 1.96 eet rb 273.00 ± 10.70 84.40 ± 1.30 102.00 ± 1.50 68.00 ± 1.20 47.27 ± 1.72 298.33 ± 1.12 eet sb 123.00 ± 20.80 88.00 ± 4.20 89.00 ± 11.00 not detected 45.93 ± 2.20 122.48 ± 4.96 aqet l 362.00 ± 20.10 77.00 ± 8.10 104.00± 1.60 35.00 ± 1.70 19.90 ± 1.02 312.43 ± 0.96 aqet rb 34.00 ± 10.12 100.00 ± 13.00 83.00 ± 3.70 not detected 37.35 ± 3.14 236.40 ± 0.48 aqet sb 540.00± 20.10 111.00 ± 10.00 112.00 ± 10.00 not detected 22.72± 1.31 275.28 ±1.48 aet l 2331.00 ± 23.00 106.00 ± 4.30 114.00 ± 3.50 388.00 ± 3.00 37.76 ± 3.20 131.73 ± 1.21 aet rb 96.00 ± 10.10 104.00± 13.00 91.00 ± 3.60 not detected 37.79± 2.30 127.60 ± 0.72 aet sb 1660.00 ± 12.00 104.00 ± 17.00 108.00± 3.50 56.00 ± 3.00 45.22 ± 4.21 323.82 ± 3.12 key: eet l: ethanol extract terminalia leaves; eet rb: ethanol extract terminalia root back; issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 3 eet sb: ethanol extract terminalia stem back; qet l: aquoues extract terminalia leaves; aqet rb: aquoues extract terminalia root back; aqet sb: aquoues extract terminalia stem back; aet l: acetone extract terminalia leaves; aet rb: acetone extract terminalia root back; aet sb: acetone extract terminalia stem back. 3.5. qualitative and quantitative phytochemical characteristics of root barks, stem bark and leaves extract of terminalia avicennoides table 6 showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins and phenol in all the root bark, stem bark and leaves extracts obtained using both ethanol, acetone and water solvents. alkaloids was detected only in ethanolic extracts of root bark, stem bark and also acetone aqueous stem barkextracts. cardiac glycoside was detected only in all stem bark, ethanolic and aqueous root bark extracts and also ethanolic leaves extracts. terpenoids was present in all leave extracts acetone stem bark and ethanol root bark extracts. anithroquinone was not detected in all the extracts. the quantitative analysis (table 7) showed that the extracts generally had higher phenol content (2331-34mg/100g), followed by terpenoids (887-35mg/100g), and then saponins (47.27-22.72 µg/g) as the lowest. figure 2. showing zone of growth inhibition of terminalia aviceniodes extract. table 8. antimicrobial activity of terminalia avicennioides extracts against multidrug resistant staphylococcus aureus strains. organism variably mean ± sd zone of growth inhibition (mm) p-value at α = 0.05 interpretation leaves, stem and root bark activity aetl 16.45 ± 11.38c 0.0003 eetl 18.56 ± 11.63bc (p < 0.05) aqtl 17.02± 10.92c aetsb 23.38 ± 5.98ab generally, zone of growth inhibition showed staphylococcus eetsb aqtsb 16.28 ± 10.45c 20.86 ± 6.38abc significant difference. aureus strains aetrb 23.81 ± 6.69a (dr3, dr5, dr11, dr12, eetrb aqtrb 23.25 ± 6.51a 21.00 ± 6.99abc dr19, dr21, plant parts extracts activity there was a significant difference between leave, fsw1, fsw6, leaves 17.34 ± 11.24b 0.0003 stem and root bark activity. stem and root bark msw2, msw4) stem bark 20.17 ± 8.33a (p < 0.05) extracts showed larger zone of growth inhibition root bark 22.69 ± 6.77a compered to leave extracts concentration (mg/ml) there was significant difference between the zone of 200 100 50 25.21 ± 3.45a 24.71 ± 5.34a 23.15 ± 7.00ab 0.0364 (p < 0.05) growth inhibition for four concentrations tested against the organisms. 200mg/ml, 100mg/ml showed larger zone of growth inhibition compared 25 21.15 ± 4.37a to 50mg/ml and 25mg/ml activity key:: dr = dressing room wound isolate, fsw = female surgical ward wound isolate, and msw = male surgical ward isolate, eetl = ethanolterminalia avicennioides leave extract, aetl =acetoneterminalia avicennioides leave extract, aqtl =aquoeusterminalia avicennioides leave extract, eetsb=ethanolterminalia avicennioides stem bark extract, aetsb acetoneterminalia avicennioides stem bark extract, aqtsb = aqueousterminalia avicennioides stem bark extract, eetrb = ethanolterminalia avicennioides root bark extract, aetrb = acetoneterminalia avicennioides root bark extract, and aqtrb =aqueousterminalia avicennioides root bark extract. table 9. antimicrobial activity of terminalia avicennioides extracts against multidrug resistant staphylococcus aureus strains. organism variable mean ± sd zone of growth inhibition (mm) p-value at α = 0.05 interpretation leave extracts activity aetl 16.45 ± 11.39a 0.7431 there was no significant different between the eetl 18.56 ± 11.64a (p > 0.05) activity of acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts aqtl 17.02 ± 10.92a concentration (mg/ml) there was significant different between activity 200 21.81 ± 12.93a 0.0298 at 200mg/ml and 100ml, and 50mg/ml and 100 19.00 ± 11.63a (p < 0.05) 25mg/ml. higher activity was recorded at 50 15.81 ± 9.89ab 200mg/ml and 100mg/ml compare to 50mg/ml 25 12.75 ± 8.68a and 25mg/ml stem bark extract activity there was significant different between acetone, aetsb 23.38 ± 5.98a 0.0019 aqueous extract, and ethanol extract activity. dr3, dr5, dr11, eetsb 16.28 ± 10.45b (p < 0.05) acetone and aqueous extracts showed larger dr12, aqtsb 20.85 ± 6.38a zones compared to ethanol extract activity. dr19, dr21, concentration (mg/ml) three was a significant differennce between the fsw1, fsw6, 200 24.63 ± 8.39a extracts activity for all the concentrations, with msw2, msw4, 100 22.00 ± 7.67ab 0.0003 larger zone of growth inhibition at 200mg/ml, issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 3 msw4 50 18.88 ± 7.23bc (p < 0.05) followed by 100mg/ml, 50mg/ml and then 25 15.19 ± 7.27c 25mg/ml root bark extracts activity aetrb 23.81 ± 6.69a 0.2146 there was no significant difference between both eetrb 23.25 ± 6.51a (p < 0.05) acetone, ethanol, and aqueous extracts aqtrb 21.00 ± 6.99a concentration (mg/ml) three was a significant difference between the 200 28.29 ±4.14a 0.0001 extracts activity for all the concentrations, with 100 25.10 ± 4.49b (p < 0.05) larger zone of growth inhibition at 200mg/ml, 50 20.96 ± 5.53c followed by 100mg/ml, 50mg/ml and then 25 16.39 ± 6.17d 25mg/ml key:: dr = dressing room wound isolate, fsw = female surgical ward wound isolate, and msw = male surgical ward isolate, eetl = ethanolterminalia avicennioides leave extract, aetl =acetoneterminalia avicennioides leave extract, aqtl =aquoeusterminalia avicennioides leave extract, eetsb=ethanolterminalia avicennioides stem bark extract, aetsb acetoneterminalia avicennioides stem bark extract, aqtsb = aqueousterminalia avicennioides stem bark extract, eetrb = ethanolterminalia avicennioides root bark extract, aetrb = acetoneterminalia avicennioides root bark extract, and aqtrb =aqueousterminalia avicennioides root bark extract. 3.6. antimicrobial activity of terminalia avicennoides extracts against multi drug resistant staphylococcus aureus strains figure 2 showed the zone of growth inhibition produced by the activity of terminalia avicennioides extracts. antimicrobial activity of terminalia avicennioides extacts against multidrug resistant staphylococcus aureus isolate result in tables 8 and 9 showed in vitro activity of theacetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts of stem bark, root bark and leave extracts as zone of growth inhibition in millimeter for four varying concentrations: 200 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml. the zone of growth inhibition ranged from 16.28±10.45 – 23.81±6.69 mm and showed significant difference (p < 0.05), with acetone root and stem bark, ethanol root bark and aqueous leave extracts showing larger zone of growth inhibition. table 10. minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of terminalia avicennioides extracts against multidrug resistant staphylococcus aureus strains. organism variable mean ± sd mic (mg/ml) p-value at α = 0.05 interpretion leave, stem and root bark generally, there was no significant difference between the mic for all the extracts irrespective of the parts of the plant and type of the extracting solvents extracts tested against all the multidrug resistant staphylococcus aureus strains. no significant difference between the mic for the leave, stem and root bark extracts activity against all the bacterial strains no significant difference between the mic for the acetone, ethanol and aqueous leave extracts activity against all the bacterial strains no significant difference between the mic for the acetone, ethanol and aqueous stem bark extracts activity against all the bacterial strains significant difference between the mic for the acetone, ethanol and aqueous stem bark extracts activity against all the bacterial strains extracts activity aetl 31.25 ± 22.16a eetl 37.50 ± 32.73a aqtl aetsb eetsb 43.75 ± 32.04a 56.25 ± 29.12a 43.75 ± 39.52a 0.7804 (p > 0.05) aqtsb 53.12 ± 31.16a aetrb 43.75 ± 25.87a eetrb 43.75 ± 11.57a aqtrb 53.12 ± 31.16a staphylococcus plant parts extracts activity aureus strains (dr3, dr5, dr11, dr12, dr19, dr21, fsw1, fsw6, msw2, msw3, msw4) leaves stem bark root bark leave extracts activity aetl 37.50 ± 28.55a 51.04 ±32.54a 46.87 ±23.67a 31.25 ± 22.16a 0.2480 (p > 0.05) 0.7005 eetl 37.50 ± 32.73a (p > 0.05) aetl 43.75 ± 32.04a stem bark extracts activity aetsb 56.25 ± 29.12a 0.7437 eetsb 43.75± 39.53a (p > 0.05) aqtsb 53.13 ± 31.16a root bark extracts activity aetrb 43.75 ± 25.87a 0.6778 eetrb 43.75 ± 11.57a (p > 0.05) aqtrb 53.12 ± 31.16a key:: dr = dressing room wound isolate, fsw = female surgical ward wound isolate, and msw = male surgical ward isolate, eetl = ethanolterminalia avicennioides leave extract, aetl =acetoneterminalia avicennioides leave extract, aqtl =aquoeusterminalia avicennioides leave extract, eetsb=ethanolterminalia avicennioides stem bark extract, aetsb acetoneterminalia avicennioides stem bark extract, aqtsb = aqueousterminalia avicennioides stem bark extract, eetrb = ethanolterminalia avicennioides root bark extract, aetrb = acetoneterminalia avicennioides root bark extract, and aqtrb =aqueousterminalia avicennioides root bark extract. 3.7. minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of terminalia avicenode extracts against multi drug resistant staphylococcus aureus strains as presented in table 10 the mic of leave, stem and root bark extracts for all types of solvent extracts tested against multi drug resistant staphylococcus aureus isolate strains ranged from 56.25±29.12 – 31.25±22.16 mg/ml and showed no significant difference (p> 0.05). however, acetone extracts showed higher mic value of 31.25±22.16 mg/ml, and acetone stem bark extracts showed the lower mic values of 56.25±29.12 mg/ml. 3.8. minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) of terminalia avicennioides extracts against multidrug resistant staphylococcus aureus strains as presented in table 11, the mbc of leave, stem and root bark extracts for all types of solvent extracts tested against multi drug resistant staphylococcus aureus isolate strains ranged from 175.00±46.29 – 68.75±45.81 mg/ml and showed no significant difference (p> 0.05). however, acetone leav extracts showed higher mbc (68.75±45.81 mg/ml), and aqueous stem bark extracts showed the lower mbc values of 175.00±46.29 mg/ml. table 11. minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) of terminalia avicennioides extracts against multidrug resistant staphylococcus aureus. organism variable mean ± sd mbc (mg/ml) p-value at α = 0.05 interpretation leave, stem and root bark extracts activity the mbc showed significant difference. however, acetone stem bark and ethanol root bark showed lower mbc compared to other extracts. mbc showed no significant difference. however, leave extracts showed higher mbc compared to stem and root bark extracts. mbc showed no significant different. however, acetone extracts showed higher mbc compared to stem and root bark extracts. mbc showed no significant different. mbc showed no significant different. aetl 68.75 ±45.81b eetl 75.00 ±46.29b aqtl 125.00 ±88.64ab aetsb 112.500 ±64.09ab 0.0388 eetsb 106.25 ±86.34b (p < 0.05) aqtsb 175.00 ±46.29a aetrb 115.00 ±45.28ab eetrb 125.00 ±46.29ab aqtrb 106.25 ±57.37b staphylococcus aureus strains (dr3, dr5, dr11, dr12, dr19, ddr21, fsw1, fsw6, msw2, msw3, msw4) plant parts extracts activity leaves stem bark root bark leave extracts activity aetl 89.58 ±65.90b 131.25 ±71.95a 112.50 ±53.67a 68.75 ±45.81b 0.0872 (p > 0.05) 0.1765 eetl 75.00±46.29a (p > 0.05) aqtl 125.00 ±88.64a stem bark extracts activity aetsb 112.50 ±64.09a 0.1036 eetsb 106.25 ±86.34a (p > 0.05) aqtsb 175.00 ±46.29a root bark extracts activity aetrb 115.00 ±45.28a 0.4320 eetrb 125.00 ±46.91a (p > 0.05) aqtrb 106.25 ±57.37a key: dr = dressing room wound isolate, fsw = female surgical ward wound isolate, and msw = male surgical ward isolate, eetl = ethanolterminalia avicennioides leave extract, aetl =acetoneterminalia avicenioides leave extract, aqtl =aquoeusterminalia avicennioides leave extract, eetsb=ethanolterminalia avicennioides stem bark extract, aetsb acetoneterminalia avicennioides stem bark extract, aqtsb = aqueousterminalia avicennioides stem bark extract, eetrb = ethanolterminalia avicennioides root bark extract, aetrb = acetoneterminalia avicennioides root bark extract, and aqtrb =aqueousterminalia avicennioides root bark extract. 4. discussion using phenotypic and genotypic methods, this research isolated and identified strains of staphylococcus aureus from individuals with wound infections. staphylococcus aureus colonies on mannitol salt agar (msa) were found to be yellow, flat, and moderately shaped, according to cultural morphology of phenotypic identification. fitzgerald said that the fermentation of mannitol salt, leading to the creation of acid, is responsible for the formation of yellow colonies on msa [26]. colonies of staphylococcus aureus appeared dark grey-black and shiny on baired parker medium. they had an opaque halo and a clearing zone around them. in a study conducted by silva et al., similar phenomena were observed in staphylococcus aureus on baired parker medium. the authors found that the colonies' greyish-black shine is caused by a decrease in potassium tellurite, while the clear zone around each colony is the outcome of proteolytic activity caused by lecithinase breaking down egg yolk. the opaque halo surrounding this clearing is thought to be caused by lipase activity [27]. under the microscope with an x100 objective lens, the gram stain cell showed a characteristic of gram positive cocci, which is that they appeared in clusters like grapes. staphylococcus aureus has a comparable cellular morphology, according to tong et al. [28]. this organism was shown to be catalase and coagulase positive according to the biochemical characteristics. issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 3 beta-hemolysis, a distinctive phenotypic marker for pathogenic staphylococcus aureus strain identification, is characteristically produced on blood agar. research has shown that human staphylococcus aureus isolates contain both bound and free coagulase forms [16], and they produce the telltale beta-haemolysis when cultured on blood agar. one way to tell harmful staphylococcus aureus strains apart from less dangerous ones is by looking for the presence of the enzyme coagulase. this study's phenotypic identification method uncovered biochemical and cultural traits associated with staphylococcus aureus isolates. but because this ethnobotanical study had to focus on pathogen-specific wound infections, and because the organisms chosen had to be directly related to the traditional uses of the plant terminalia avicennioides, it was necessary to use molecular identification methods to characterize staphylococcus aureus. according to vanvuuren [5], this is done to ensure that research can be reproduced. as per prescott et al. [29], the staphylococcus aureus bacteria that were found in wound infections were compared using molecular identification to the genbank database to see how similar they were genetically. the gel electrophoresis of amplified pcr 16srrna gene bands of staphylococcus aureus isolates at 800 bp of the 100 bp plus dna marker was shown by the findings of the molecular analysis in this research. presumptive staphylococcus aureus sequences from blast isolates; s1, s2 and s3 16srrna genes revealed the percentage identity and similarity of these isolates to those from the genebank database as 76.87%, 91.64% and 86.94% respectively, confirming the identity of these isolates as staphylococcus aureuss trains. according to prescott et al., it has been generally acknowledged since the 1970s that prokaryotes with genomes that are at least 70% homologous belong to the same species [5]. the percentages of identity and similarity shown by the sequence blast results for all of the staphylococcus aureus strains ranged from 76.87% to 997.67%. this lends credence to the study's conclusion that the isolates in question are, in fact, staphylococcus aureus. all of the staphylococcus aureus strains identified in this investigation were shown to be resistant to several drugs. all of the staphylococcus aureus isolates tested were susceptible to imipenem and gentamycin, respectively, suggesting that these antibiotics were the most effective against the bacteria (3 and 4). this implies that doctors need to be very cautious when prescribing imipenem to patients in order to prevent the organism from developing a resistance. the prescription of these medications to patients should always be based on sensitivity results. the discovery and its significance to public health should also be communicated to practitioners. similar results were observed in a study of staphylococcus aureus susceptibility profiles by rashedul et al. [30], who found that 90% of the isolates were sensitive to imipenem and that 75% of the isolates were resistant to oxacillin, methicillin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline. according to research by kitara et al. and brown and ngeno, among other sources, staphylococcus aureus may develop resistance to a wide variety of medicines and can generate several strains that are resistant to these drugs [31, 32]. the authors brown and ngeno agreed that antibiotic-resistant staphylococcus aureus represents an international health crisis. consistent with previous research, this investigation found that some strains of staphylococcus aureus were resistant to the antibiotic chloramphenicol [30]. in line with the findings of aisha et al. [33], our investigation also documented that staphylococcus aureus displayed multidrug resistance to ceftazidime. also, this research found that staphylococcus aureus is resistant to vancomycin, which is concerning since rashedul et al. found that only 4 out of 66.63 percent of staphylococcus aureus strains were sensitive to the antibiotic [30]. this study's findings of vancomycin resistance in staphylococcus aureus isolates suggest that some strains of this bacterium pose a significant threat to the efficacy of wound infection treatments and pose an extra burden on healthcare systems, particularly in communities. since vancomycin is still only effective against some strains of staphylococcus aureus, researchers khan et al. and juayan et al. have identified vrsa as a major global health concern [34, 35]. when it came to treating wound infections caused by staphylococcus aureus, benjamin and christopher suggested tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and gentamycin [36]. on a similar note, for the efficient treatment of wound infections, bowler et al. suggested the following medications: imipenem, cefoxitin, gentamycin, and vancomycin [37]. the study's results showed that the most effective antibiotics, as advised, are imipenem, gentamycin, and ciprofloxacin. despite the earlier study recommending them, the other antibiotics tested were ineffective against the tested bacterial strains. even more concerning is the fact that the staphylococcus aureus strains tested here were susceptible to gentamycin, imipenem, and ciprofloxacin, in contrast to the multidrug-resistant bacteria described by aisha et al. [38]. bacterial resistance gene acquisition, mutations, environmental conditions, biofilm development, presence of beta-lactamase, efflux pump mechanism, and other factors could all contribute to the inconsistency. because current antibiotics are ineffective against bacterial wound infections, this demonstrated the need for a new medication. extraction solvents used in this research were ethanol, acetone, and water, while the plant material used was dried, processed powdered terminalia avicennoides stem bark, root bark, and leaves. the percentage yields of the extracts demonstrated a significant variation (p<0.05), ranging from 5.19±1.61 to 15.98 ±3.95%. the percentage yield of the extracts varied from 8.40 ± 3.66 to 14.09 ± 6.42% depending on the solvents used for extraction, and there was no significant difference (p>0.05). possible explanations for the observed % yield discrepancies include the use of various extraction solvents. according to research by mule et al., the polarity of the extracting solvent (non-polar, polar, or less polar) has a significant impact on the kinds of bioactive compounds that can be extracted from plant components [39]. the results showed that acetone and ethanol solvents produced higher percentage yields of extracts than water, according to this research. since most active antimicrobial components are insoluble in water, a universal polar solvent, according to afolayan et al. [40], it stands to reason that organic polar solvents like acetone and ethanol would produce more potent antimicrobial extracts. this could be because ethanol and acetone had a greater percentage yield from their extracts than water did in this investigation. the research found that the extracts of terminalia aveicennioides included tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and sapponins, according to the quantitative and qualitative phytochemical examination. none of the plant extract categories showed any signs of anthroquinones. following terpenoids (887-35mg/100g) and saponins (47.27-22.72 µg/g), the quantitative analysis revealed that extracts often exhibited a greater phenol content (2331-34mg/100g). alaje et al. and odebumin et al. both found the same thing [41, 42]. the majority of the plant's chemical components include many bioactive substances, such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, steroids, and ketones, according to earlier research on the biochemical components of medicinal plants by irshad et al. [43]. according to radhika et al., the bioactive chemicals in question are very significant. are the alkaloids, tannins, sapponins, flavonoids and phenolic compounds [44]. according to cragg and newman, the presence of important phytochemical constituents is the bioactive bases for plant medicinal properties as these secondary metabolites are the chemical substances used by the plants for defense system and serve as bioactive principles for various drugs and modern therapy [45]. the important phytochemical constituents like steroids, tannins and saponins have been detected in terminilia avecennoides plant parts [46], and the presence of these compound is known to confer antibacterial activity against bacteria pathogens [47]. to confer antibacterial activity of plant, flavonoids has been reported to be singly responsible for antibacterial activity associated with some ethnomedicinal plant [48]. it has also been reported that plants that are rich in tannins or phenolics compounds are inhibitory to wide range of bacteria, thus capable of confering protection against some microbial infections [49]. the presence of the various phytochemical compounds is an indication that terminilia avecennoides have potent antiseptic, bactericidal and other medicinal properties. this is due to the fact that each of the compounds identified has one or more therapeutic usage and may be acting singly or in consortium to bring about cidal or static effect on the organism. thus, the presence of the phytochemical compound recorded in this study could be responsible for in vitro antibacterial activity. the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the various terminilia avecennoidesextracts against multi drug resistant staphylococcus aureus showed zone of growth inhibition on the various concentrations, extracting solvents and parts of the plant. antibacterial activity was shown by an inhibitory activity characterized by a cleared zone between the wells (containing the samples) and certain distance. formation of inhibitory zones around the wells shows bacterial sensitivity to the extracts. the antimicrobial activity of terminalia avicennoides extacts against multidrug resistant staphylococcus aureus isolates showed in vitro antimicrobial activity of the acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts of stem bark, root bark and leave extracts as zone of growth inhibition in millimeter for four varying concentrations: 200mg/ml, 100mg/ml, 50mg/ml and 25mg/ml. the zone of growth inhibition ranged from 16.28±10.45 – 23.81±6.69 mm and showed significant difference (p< 0.05), with acetone root and stem bark, ethanol root bark and aqueous leave extracts showing larger zone of growth inhibition in comparison to others. udgire and pathade suggested that plant extracts exhibiting inhibitory zones diameter greater than or equal to 10 mm and above against selected microbial pathogens should be considered to possess antimicrobial activity, whereas, those showing inhibitory zones greater than 20 mm against selected microbial pathogens should be considered noteworthy [50]. the level of the extracts in vitro antibacterial activity against the multi drug resistant staphylococcus aureus isolates revealed the presence of the important bioactive ingredients, the strength concentrations of these ingredients and their capacity to diffuse into the agar medium. in this study, thezone of inhibition of the extracts increases as the extract concentration increases, thus, the linear relationship between the concentrations of the extract zone of inhibition could be that the extracts used were able to diffuse into the inoculated nutrient agar. this however, may explain why even though there were cleared zone of growth inhibition for some extracts against some bacteria strains, there were also no detectable zone for different solvents extracts and different extracts concentration against different bacteria isolates. several studies have attributed the antibacterial and therapeutic activities of terminilia avecennoides extracts to the presence of flavonoids and a mixture of phenolic compounds and tannins [51]. the phenolic compounds are said to act as protoplasmic poison which penetrate and disrupt bacterial cell wall in addition to precipitation of cell proteins. more so, it has been confirmed that secondary metabolites such as alkaloids and tannins inhibit enzymes and protein synthesis, while glycosides are antidiarrhea [52]. the terminilia avecennoides extracts were found to be active against the staphylococcus aureus strains with greater inhibitory activity at concentration of 200 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml and this is similar to findings by shedidi [53]. the present study revealed that the terminalia avicennioides extracts showed potent antibacterial activity against the bacterial strains. this implies that the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the terminilia avecennoidesextracts recorded in this study was due to availability of the plant secondary metabolites required for antibacterial activity. the ability of the extracts of terminilia avecennoides to inhibit the growth of the multi drug resistant staphylococcus aureus explains why it is been effectively used in folk medicine for treatment of wound infection. the terminalia avicennioides is the most widely used plants for traditional medicinal purposes worldwide including wound healing. it is known for local used in form of; leaf and root bark medicine, pain killer root bark medicine, and skin and mucosae root bark medicine [53, 54]. because of its potential antimicrobial activity, it is harvested locally and used for treatment of burn and wound infection. the pulverized leaves are used in northern nigeria on burns and bruises. in north eastern nigeria, the jukun in taraba state use the roots in treatment of syphilis. the root bark is made into a decoction along with other medicinal plants by the baule of ivory coast for severe jaundice and non-healing old sores. in casamance of senegal, the root bark is considered cleasing and healing issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 3 on refractory sores. the powdered root bark is applied topically to sores and ulcers and is rubbed on the gums of toothache in ivory coast. the root bark is being used for treatment of skin infection and separate examination of antimicrobial activity against sarcina lutea, staphylococcus aureus, mycobacterium phlei, and some gram positive organisms [53, 54]. it can therefore, be deduced from the result obtained in this study that terminilia avecennoides is a source of bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic benefit, because it portrays a good inhibitory effect against the multi drug resistant staphylococcus aureus. the terminilia avecennoides extracts showed mic values at different concentration depending on extracting solvent and parts of the plants. the mic of the plant extracts tested against multi drug resistant staphylococcus aureus isolate strains in this study ranged from 56.25±29.12 – 31.25±22.16 mg/ml, and showed no significant difference (p> 0.05) with acetone extracts having higher mic value of 31.25±22.16 mg/ml, and acetone stem bark extracts showed the lower mic values of 56.25±29.12 mg/ml. similarly, the mbc of the extracts tested against multi drug resistant staphylococcus aureus isolate strains ranged from 175.00±46/29 – 68.75±45.81 mg/ml and showed no significant difference (p> 0.05) with acetone leave extracts having higher mbc (68.75±45.81 mg/ml), and aqueous stem bark extracts having the lower mbc values of 175.00±46.29 mg/ml. these values represent the in vitro bacteriostatic and bactericidal concentrations of these crude extracts against the multi drug resistant staphylococcus aureus strains. the high concentrations of the secondary metabolites such as tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, among others in this plant extracts could be attributed to the high antimicrobial activity recorded in this study. the findings are indicative of the various efficacy levels of terminilia avecennoides extracts that can be enhanced by further separation, purification and concentration of the bioactive compounds of the plants. 5. conclusion patients both in and out of barau dikko teaching hospital kaduan, nigeria, had staphylococcus aureus strains extracted from their wounds. the staphylococcus aureus strains were all resistant to more than one antibiotic. only four antibiotics—gentamycin, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, and kanamycin—were effective against the wound infections tested. noteworthy antimicrobial activity against multidrug resistant staphylococcus aureus strains is shown by the terminalia avicennioides extracts, which include important phytochemical components necessary for bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities. the plant extracts of terminalia avicennioides showed promise as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of bacterial wound infections caused by strains of staphylococcus aureus that 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"food and nutrition" 2000, 44, 158–163. according to a study by a. mann, a. y. yahaya, a. banso, and f. john, terminalia avicennioides extracts have phytochemical and antimicrobial properties that make them effective against some bacterial infections that are linked to challenging respiratory tract disorders. volume 2, issue 5, pages 094-097, journal of medicinal plant research, 2011. [54] thecock, e. i. terminalia plants' phytochemical composition and therapeutic uses (combretaceae family). volume 23, issue 5, pages 203-229, inflammopharmacology, 2015. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 1 chinese traditional medical journal identification of new medicinal plants enumerated in telugu cantos of basavarajeeyam du xiaoin, , xu li, wan liju, heg minli department of education, tianjin central hospital of gynecology obstetrics, tianjin department of emergency medicine, tianjin medical university general hospital, tianjin introduction internal evidence, it is possible to conclude that the work in terms of ayurvedic material's development, the delineations of charaka and susruta were followed up to the 15th century in terms of medicine. during the ninth century a.d., vrinda madhava contained a small number of plants such as parsikayavani, babbul, and others[1]. chopchini (dwipantra vacha) was added by bhavamisra (16th ad) after a centuries-long absence. the author of 'basavarajeeyam,' neelakanta kotturu basavaraju, was one of andhra pradesh's most distinguished professors. this book is a must-have for doctors in this portion of the nation. basavaraju has contributed 14 plants to the existing ayurvedic materia medica throughout his complete work. according to the author, he began writing this book after studying charaka, nithyanatheeyam (1360 ad), revanakalpam, pujyapadiyamm, bahatam, kashikhandam (1435 ad), and other works. he has correctly replicated a passage from the vaidyachintamani of the 15th century. on the basis of these, abstract background: basavarajeeyam is an essential manual for andhra pradesh's ayurvedic physicians. it is a multilingual book that has information in both sanskrit and telugu. aim: the plants detailed in the telugu verses of basavarajeeyam are seen to be significant contributions to the indian medical system. with this in mind, a re identification of those plants was attempted. materials and procedures: to find and tabulate the herbs, the whole text was analysed and inspected. the results of this conceptual analysis were utilised in a subsequent field study. botanical identification was performed using the data acquired during the field survey. the study was carried out in collaboration with regional research centres in the states of andhra pradesh and karnataka, as well as the coimbatore botanical survey unit. non-controversial source plants' latin names were included and critically analysed. results: there are a total of 268 plants listed in the telugu cantos, of which 29 are stated just once and are not repeated in sanskrit or in parentheses. conclusion: basavaraju provided 14 new plants in total, 10 of which were listed in telugu cantos and 4 of which were referenced elsewhere in the book. keywords: telugu cantos, basavarajeeyam, new medicinal plants ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 2 the sanskrit lines were translated into telugu. he has never defined the purpose of his telugu poetry. in 1930, pandit sri govardhan sharma changani, a non-telugu speaker, translated these telugu lyrics into sanskrit for the first time in india. pandit changani has embarked on the arduous job of transcribing basavarajeeyam into sanskrit, which would greatly enhance the ayurvedic physician's therapeutic arsenal [4]. corresponding address: the purpose of this project was to identify the plants mentioned in the telugu cantos of basvarajeeyam and to re-identify the specimen by field investigation and botanical identification in collaboration with ccras and the botanical survey of india. the plants detailed in the telugu verses of basavarajeeyam are regarded as a valuable addition to the indian medical system. the study's goal also involves gathering information on botanical sources, distribution, and vital local knowledge of the therapeutic properties of plants that basavaraju had just presented. materials and procedures to count and tabulate the herbs, the complete text of basavarajeeyam printed by puvvada (1929) was analysed and evaluated in the first part of the research. the results of this conceptual analysis were utilised in a subsequent field study. mehaboobnagar, nalgonda, bellari, anatapura, kaddapa, kurnool, and srikakulam were all visited for a field survey. a field trip was organised to confirm the plant names stated in the book. the author claims to have come from koturu village, although there are other villages with that name in karnataka's neighbouring districts. the telugu verses included in the book are popular in telangana and the karnataka bordering states (bellari, anantapur, cutappa and kurnool). these regions' rural and tribal residents were questioned using a proforma that included the plant's vernacular name, therapeutic value, and technique of application. the 29 species were discussed with all of the attendees. the information gathered by the a field research was conducted to verify the botanical origins. the study was carried out in collaboration with regional research centres in the states of andhra pradesh and karnataka, as well as the coimbatore botanical survey unit. appropriate latin names for non-controversial source plants were used and evaluated critically. observations and findings there are a total of 268 herbs listed in the telugu cantos, with 29 plants being referenced uniquely. oddurti's botanical origins, according to a.w lushington, is celastrus paniculatus (jyotishmati) (vernacular list of trees, shrubs and woody climbers in the madras presidency). prof. k. raghunathan believes that the botanical source of oddurti is dolichandrone falcata, which is known as oddi in the andhra area. however, basavaraju mistook oddi for meshasringi and vekkudu for jyotishmati. given these considerations, determining the botanical identification of oddurtigadda[5] becomes very difficult. results of filed study to analyse the distribution of 14 new plants & their therapeutic value (1) regotti (capparis grandis linn) – small tree with a wide distribution in andhra pradesh's deciduous woods and scrub jungles. uses: the bark of the stem sushkavata (paralysis) is treated with juice and maricha, whereas vandhyatwa is treated with stem bark and ghrita (sterility)jannangi (chinnangi) (cassia sophera linn) a common shrub in road side hedges and around the villages of adilabad, karimnagar, warangal and rangareddy districts of andhra pradesh. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 3 uses: drug possess expectorant properties, seed powder/ bark infusion is used in diabetes, leaf juice is used in burning urination, leucorrhea and jaundice. leaves, seeds and bark are used in ringworm, bark is used in bronchitis, asthma and paste of leaves in piles. (2) nallamukkada (plieospermium alatum wt&arn) – small tree with a height of up to 8 metres, found in wet deciduous or semi-evergreen forests up to 1250 metres, with lower altitudes on rare occasions, mostly in andhra pradesh, karnataka, tamil nadu, and the andaman islands. leaves and bark are used as fomentations in the treatment of rheumatic pain, and the juice is used as a nasya in peenasa (chronic rhinitis).gollajiddaku (ipomoea sepiaria koenig ex. roxb) leaf juice+ (for male progeny), leaf juice+ (for female progeny), leaf juice+ (for female progeny), leaf not repeatperennial shrub found in andhra pradesh's roadside hedges and surrounding villages. leaf juice is used as a nasal drop in pumsavana. (either in sanskrit or in parentheses [5] method ed) kusumaroga (leucorrhoea) buffalo curd, leaf juice (see table 1) ten of the 29 medications are novel additions to the ayurvedic materia medica by basavaraju [5]. (table 2). the botanical origins of the plant oddurtigadda is accurate. during the field research, no evidence of it was found (table 1). seeds as a cardiac depressant, hypotensive, spasmolytic, antidote to arsenic poisoning and as a diuretic, hypotensive, uterine tonic, antidote to arsenic poisoning. (3) raktamandalapaku (ventilago madraspatana gaertn) – a big, woody climb with a lot of branches. prof. karra nishteswar head, dept. of dravyagunaipgt & ra, gujarat ayurved university, jamnagar, gujarat, india,email: nishteswar@yahoo.co.i andhra pradesh's telengana and rayalseema forests are home to this species. root bark is used as a carminative, stomachic, febrifuge, stimulant, atonic dyspepsia, and skin diseases. bark powder + gingerly oil is used in dadru (ringworm) vicharchika (eczema), leaf juice + curd in leucorrhea, root bark is used as a carminative, stomachic, febrifuge, stimulant, atonic dyspepsia, and skin diseases. [dalhana has linked tamravalli to the herb vamataruni, also known as manjistha. dalhana's vamataruni might be ventilago madraspatana or a smilax species.] illinda (diospyros chloroxylon roxb) a tiny tree native to andhra pradesh's deciduous woods and scrub jungles. illinda juice is utilised in parshwashoola (anks discomfort) and stem bark powder is useful in helminthes and diarrhoea. 4) ucchita (solanum pubescens willd) — a roadside plant found in andhra pradesh's telengana and rayalseema districts. sl. no 1 telugu name [5] regotti sanskrit name botanical name & family capparis grandis linn. capparaceae 2 guvvaguttaku adhapuspi trichodesma indicum br. boraginaceae 3 baddakachaku satakratulata cardiospermum halicacabum linn, sapandaceae. 4 brahmajemudu snuhibheda euphorbia antiquorum linn, euphorbiaceae. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 4 5 jinnangi cassia sophera linn, caesalpiniaceae 6 madanabudata madanaghanti borreria articularis (linn.f.) f.n.will, rubiaceae 7 kavvapugummadi gopabhadra gmelina asiatica linn, verbenaceae 8 phirangichekka dwipanthara vacha smilax glabra roxb, liliaceae 9 sevatudiyaku toota morus alba linn, moraceae 10 arechekka swetakanchanara bauhinia racemosa lamk, caesalpinaceae 11 gollajiddiaku ipomoea sepiaria koenig ex. roxb, convolvulaceae. 12 pulicheraaku krishna kamboji phyllanthus reticulates poir, euphorbiaceae. 13 raktamandala ventilago madraspatana gaertn, rhamnaceae 14 sanapavali laghulonika portulaca quadrifida linn, portulacaceae 15 parighaku vallibadara ziziphus oenoplia (linn) mill, rhamnaceae. 16 kalangpatra bhavya dillenia indica linn, dilleniaceae 17 nimmasara swalapajambira citrus aurantifolia linn, rutaceae 18 nalamukkada pleiospermium alatum (wt.&arn ) swingle (=limoniaalata wt & arn), rutaceae 19 ucchita solanum pubescens linn, solanaceae 20 barrebachchali cissus setosus roxb, vitaceae 21 tellavelaki gardenia turgid roxb, rubiaceae 22 galanelli agnimanthabheda premna latifolia roxb, verbenaceae 23 pullateegaveru somavalli sarcostemma brevistigma w &a, asclepiadeceae 24 vidiveru madhavi hiptagema dablota gaertn, malpighiaceae 25 tundilapuchekka jatropha glandulifera roxb, euphorbiaceae 26 pullapavili lonica portulaca olaraceae linn., portulaceae 27 chenchali digera muricata (linn) mart, amaranthaceae 28 korralu kodrava setaria italica (linn) beauv, poaceae 29 oddurti leaf juice is used to treat lack of appetite and jaundice, while ucchita's medicinal oil nasya is used to treat jaundice. table 2: list of new herbs introduced by basavaraju in telugu cantos no. herb name [5] latin name 1. regotti capparis grandis linn. f 2. jinnangi cassia sophera linn 3. gollajiddak u ipomoea sepiaria koenig ex. roxb 4. raktamadal apaku ventilago madraspatana gaertn 5. ucchita solanum pubescens 6. barrebachc hali cissus setosus roxb. 7. tellavelaki gardenia turgid roxb. 8. tundilipuch ekka jatropa glandulifera roxb. 9. chenchali digera muricata linn mart. 10. nallamukka da pleiospermium alatum (wt.&arn) swingle u sed in peen asa (ch ro n ic rh in itis). ( 4) berrebachchali (cissus setosus roxb) tendrillar climber observed on road sides and abandoned fields in telengana and andhra pradesh's coastal areas. leaf is used as a local stimulant, a poultice of leaf is used to stimulate suppuration, and it is used externally to help with guinea worm extraction. in gandamala, root is utilised (cervical lymphadenopathy) (5) tellavelaki (gardenia turgid roxb) small deciduous tree found in andhra pradesh's deciduous woods and scrub jungles. (6) root powder is used in gandamala to treat children's dyspepsia, while root decoction is used to treat piles and jaundice. fruits are used to treat mammary gland infections. fever is treated by applying fruit pulp to the forehead. to treat headaches, crushed root + water (lather) is applied to the head. (7) tundilapuchekka (jatropha glandulifera roxb) in the black cotton soils of rayalseema, telengana, and the coastal regions of andhra pradesh, a tiny evergreen perennial shrub up to 1m high is a weed. (8) purgative properties of the root and seed oil oil is utilised as an anti-rheumatic, anti-paralytic, and anti-ringworm and antichronic ulcer treatment. in piles, root powder is employed. cough syrup is made from the juice of the leaves. warts and tumours are treated with latex. (9) [in api, it is incorrectly perceived as a dravanti, whereas it is a traditional medication presented by basavaraju. accepting croton tiglium linn. as dravanti and its seeds as jayapala] may not be controversial. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 5 (10) chenchali (digera muricata linn.) an annual plant with a height of 30-60 cm that is often found in andhra pradesh's agricultural fields. (11) uses: flowers and seeds are used as diuretic, urinary disorders. as antidote in arka & dugdha poison. (12) nakkapeetaku (lepidagathis cristata willd.)mainly seen in konkan and andhra pradesh. uses: leaf juice + pippali is used in prasutivata (eclampsia), externally applied in charmakeela (warts). ethno-medicinal uses of leaf is in fever, itching & cough. (13) teegamusidi (tiliacora acuminate lam.) – a woody climber, distributed throughout andhra pradesh more so in coastal districts. uses: moola is used in mandala sarpa visha (snakebite by vascular poisonous snakes) it also acts as spasmolytic & hypothermic . (14) kasara (momordica tuberosa congn.) monoecious trailing tendrillar plant discovered as a weed in andhra pradesh's cotton and chilli fields. (15) garbhasrava is made using kasaramoola and water (abortion). (16) discussion (17) basavarajeeyam was prepared by basavaraju from a variety of sources, including references to the sources from which he gathered the material. he had also contributed from his important experiences and studies, all of which seem to be highly practical and result-oriented. he also included a collection of telugu recipes, both prose and poetic. basavaraju wrote 111 telugu poems including 131 recipes, as well as asadhya lakshans of specific vyadhis, symptoms of death, and beejaksharaprayoga in vishas. in chapters 3, 10, 11, 12, 22, and 24, no telugu verses were stated. there are a total of 268 herbs listed in the telugu cantos, of which 29 are mentioned just once and are not repeated. in sanskrit or in parentheses. the herbs introduced by basavaraju in telugu verses as well in parenthetical descriptions clearly indicate that he enriched the ayurvedic material medica through his outstanding contributions. he contributed 10 new herbs to ayurvedic materia medica in telugu verses. among these 10 drugs, gollajiddaku and raktamadalapaku are identi ed as ipomoea sepiaria koenig ex. roxb and ventilago madaraspatana gaertn respectively. takur balwant singh while describing the source plants of lakshmana mentioned ipomea sepiaria as one of its possible source. lakshmana is a herb used in pumsavana karma and it has been described as one looking like bastagandha and having red blots simulating the gure of a male child. the human gure according to others, is presented in the shape of the tuber or root of the plant. it is said to have white owers and fruits during references v r i n d a n d a n d a n d a n d a p.v.tewari and asha kumari edited the book v r i n d a m a d h a v a. e d i t i o n e d i t i o n e d i t i o n visvabharati; 2006:p.178. v a r n a s i c h o u k h a m b h a 2. bhavaprakasha samhita, 11th ed., by bhavamisra. v a r n a s i c h o u k h a m b h a b h a r t i academy;2010:p. 47. ayu. 2011;vol 32(4): pp-458-460. 3. k. nishteswar. basavarajeeyam, a historical viewpoint. 4. basavaraju. basavarajeeyam. pt. govardhan sharma changani is the translator. pune: india mudranalaya, 1930. 1st ed. herbs in vasavarajeeyam, 1st ed. varanasi: chaukhamba surabharati prakashan; 2003: p. 59-91. 6. thakur balwant singh, vegetable glossary september and october are the appropriate months. brhattrayi's medicines, 2nd edition, varanasi: the plant was collected. because both have been used independently for pumsavana karma[6], the white form of solanum xanthocarpum schrad and wendl. has been substituted. the usage of gollajiddaku leaf juice in kusumaroga is mentioned by basavaraju (leucorrhoea). tamravalli has been ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 6 linked to the vamataruni or manjistha plant by dalhana. the vamataruni of dalhana, according to thakur balwant singh, might be ventilago madraspatana or a smilax species. dineshavalli is the name for ventilago madraspatana, which is widely used in kerala. however, another plant, alkanna tinctoria, is identified as dineshavalli. basavaraju's latest additions include ipomea sepiaria and ventilago madraspatana. basavaraju's allegation about arechekka (swetakanchanara) government in leucorrhoea is still popular in andhra pradesh's rural and agency regions. despite numerous inquiries throughout the field study, the botanical source for the medication 'oddurti' could not be found. identification of this will need further research. conclusion basavarajeeyam has made a significant addition to the ayurvedic materia medica by introducing new herbs. basavaraju added 14 new plants in all, 10 of which were listed in telugu cantos and four others throughout the remainder of the book. the botanical origins of the oddurti plant has yet determined. more research is needed to determine the parent plant of oddurti, and the activity of any discovered species need scientific confirmation via preclinical and controlled clinical studies. c h a u k h a m b h a a m a r a b h a r a t i prakashan;1999 :p. 177, 347 how to cite the article: nishteswar, new medicinal plants in the telegu cantos of basavarajeeyam. j. res. trad. medicine 2015;1(1): 3-9 source of support: nil, con ict of interest: nil images of the plants: fig 1: regotticapparis grandis fig 2: chinnangi-cassi a sophera fig 3: nallamukkadda – pleiospermium alatum fig 4: gollajiddakuipomoea sepiaria ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 7 fig 5: raktamandalaventilago madraspatana fig 6: illinda-diospyros chloroxylon fig 11: chenchalidigera muricata fig 12: nakkapeetaku – lepidagathis cristata ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 8 fig 9: tellavelakigardenia turgida fig 10: tundilapuchekka jatropha glandulifera fig 11: chenchalidigera muricata fig 12: nakkapeetaku – lepidagathis cristata fig 13: teegamusiditiliacora acuminata fig 14: kasara – momodica tuberosa ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 9 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue5 10 10.11648.j.ijhnm.20210702.11 issn : 2693 6356 2021 | vol 4 | issue 2 tautopathy: a remedy for drug-related illnesses dr. alkesh bishandchand agrawal associate professor homoeopathic medical college & hospital, jalgaon abstract: the practice of using a medicine that is made in homoeopathic potency to treat an illness or syndrome that is induced by a crude form of the same substance is called tautopathy. tautopathy has been shown to be effective in reducing the drug's toxicological effects, according to several research investigations. one of the main reasons why people get chronic illnesses is because, as science and biology have progressed, our bodies have been exposed to more and more toxins and radiations. a medical system is necessary to fight them. an example of a system that offers a similar approach to treating the toxicological effects of medicat ions is tautopathy. it was known even in hahnemann's day that many medications had adverse effects, and the remedy nux vomica was recommended to alleviate them. these once-recommended homoeopathic antidotes are now less effective as a result of human genome evolution and the subsequent discoveries of contemporary medications. the rule of similars states that the same medications, in a stronger version, that caused an allergic reaction should be used to treat antibiotic-related allergies. on top of that, cortisone and corticosterone not only symptom suppressants; they also cause patients to develop resistance to them. iatrogenic illness management might benefit greatly from further research into the topic. we learn more about the effectiveness of tautopathy from cases treated with homoeopathy and associated studies. in addition, they are useful for learning how to deal with patients who have developed an allergy to or resistance to current medications that were formerly prescribed to them. this article discusses a number of such references and the clinical evidence that backs them up. keywords: tautopathy, homoeopathy, similimum, iatrogenic diseases, toxicological effects, health hazards introduction 1. there is a third word that is consistent with homoeopathy, isopathy, and equalopathy; it is "homopathy" (homossame). but the term "tautopathy," meaning "same" in greek, is chosen instead so that no one gets confused. the late director of london's nelsons homoeopathic pharmacy, mr. dudley wooton everitt, invented the word "tautopathy" [1]. hydrophys cyanocinta and atrax robustus were both aided by his contributions to the provings. [2] therapeutic drug-induced disorders, or iatrogenic diseases, have a huge window of opportunity in the tautopathic system for treatment. the toxicological activity of medications and allied therapies is covered in many homoeopathic repertories' rubrics. for instance, the chapter addresses topics such as the negative impacts of chlorine, sulphurized hydrogen, formaldehyde, and more. 2. poisoning, as stated in robin murphy's homoeopathic medical repertory. the third the breadth of repertorising such situations would be enhanced by include tautopathic medications in such rubrics. the efficacy of tautopathy has been the subject of prior studies. an comprehensive inventory of medications used in the tautopathic therapy modality is presented here, along with a discussion of a thorough evaluation of prior clinical experiences by stalwarts. tautopathy the insight and scope it is a method of curing or removing bad effects of drugs by giving isotoxication, just similar to isopathy. isopathy is a system of medicine in which a disease can be cured by giving its very own product. tautopathy has two advantages. first it can be proven like homoeopathic drugs and included in materia medica. second it can be given to antidote bad effects of crude or harmful identical agents. [3] the indication of tautopathy is based on causative factor and symptoms produced as side effects of the abused drug. tautopathy is strictly homoeopathic, though including drugs that are used by allopathic system of medicine. the reason is because they are used on the basis of symptoms produced by crude drug on diseased persons. they are prepared strictly according to homeopathic principles and used in potencies. [4] the need to study about tautopathy lies in the ever increasing incidences of drug hazards and chronic health conditions caused by the toxic effects of drugs. a study [5] showed that iatrogenic and pharmacogenic effects are among the most frequent causes of death and disability, and not the heart diseases and cancer. the practice of administering nonspecific therapy to control and check infections was a fad in medical science, even before the discoveries of antibiotics and sulphonamides. this gradually led to the development of resistance in the body, further increasing the risk of developing iatrogenic diseases. [4] antibiotics also do not cause complete destruction of microorganisms as they are mainly bacteriostatic. in addition to that, they destroy normal flora of the gut and respiratory tract, causing more harm. side effects of antibiotics have been known with a great certainty so far. [6] along with this antibiotics era, there existed a vitamin era also, in which multiple vitamins were prescribed for general wellbeing of the patients and also to those suffering from avitaminosis. though, it was observed that patients still had persisting common cold in spite of treating with vitamin d. [7] according to hahnemann in 6 th edition of organon of medicine, ―the botched health condition brought above by the allopathic non healing art are the most tragic and the least curable of all the chronic disorders. i regret to say that when they have been driven to an extreme, it will probably be impossible to invent or think up means to remedy them.‖ [8] hahnemann called drug induced diseases as the ones that are most difficult to treat, and thus should be left alone to be cured by the vital force itself. tautopathy holds a cognizable purview for these ‗difficult to cure‘ diseases and helps in unfolding the layers of miasm produced by such drugs. the forthcoming review of different research studies will unveil the indications of various tautopathic drugs. some of the known physiological action of drugs are as follows: [4] 1) streptomycincauses neurological disturbances, specially of eighth cranial nerve 2) penicillincauses decrease in leucocyte count 3) chlorpromazinecauses hepatic disorders 4) theouracil, methimazole, asphenamine, methylestasteroneliver disorders 5) phenylbutazone, phenycerylureacauses toxic hepatits, inflammatory infiltration and liver cell damage, sulfapyridinecauses kidney stone and urinary tract stone 6) sulpha drugscause enlargement of thyroid gland 7) acth and cortisonecause peptic ulcer 8) therapeutic hormoneslike estrogen is a risk factor for breast cancer and gynaecomastia antihypertensive like hexamenthorium-known to cause acute interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and progressive dyspnea. these drugs when prepared in potencies by trituration and succussions and when prescribed according to homoeopathic principles, may remove these side effects, which have no known treatment so far. in chronic diseases, hahnemann suggested that the causative organism of an infectious disease would naturally produce the disease itself. thus the potentised microbe would have to be the similimum to a case of that selfsame disease (tauto-same). [9] a glasgow mustard trial [10] was conducted to study the tautopathic treatment as preventive, by the british homoeopathic society and the ministry of home security during world warii. it was a double blinded placebo controlled trial, in which mustard gas 30c or placebo was given to volunteers before real mustard gas was applied to their forearm. the observations were as follows: table 1. observations in two groups of mustard trial. the result of the study showed that statistically significant improvement or prevention was observed during these trials from the tautopathic mustard gas 30c. another study [11] was conducted by the researcher khuda baksh in nadia district of west bengal, to know the effects of arsenicum album 30c on the chronic effects of arsenic poisoning contaminated from drinking water. it was observed that there was reduction in the level of arsenic in blood and urine in the subjects consuming the contaminated water. the tautopathic immunotherapy is another term applied for potentised allergens in homoeopathic potencies. this is used when an allergen displays a clear group of symptoms and that allergen when given in potency also produces the same group of symptoms. for example, in allergic rhinitis syndrome, hay fever produces symptoms that are similar to those produced by individuals, who are sensitive to galphimia glauca. a randomized controlled trial was conducted between two groups of galphimia glauci 6x and placebo, on patients suffering from these symptoms. it was found that the homoeopathic preparation improved symptoms to a greater extent. [12] in a case report [13], sulphothiazole cured fever in a 6 months old child with symptoms of cough, stomatitis and constipation, who was given cibazol tablets for 10 days. a female aged 45 years with typhoid was initially under the treatment of allopathy using chloromycetin, which caused stomatitis, burning in mouth and throat, vertigo while getting up from bed, headache and aggravation from movement. all these indications pointed towards bryonia, which gave no relief. chloromycetin 6, lowered the temperature and alleviated the other symptoms as well. [13] other drugs that add on to the list of tautopathic medicines include ambistrin that cured a case of tuberculosis of the lungs which was worsened by ambistrin injection producing symptoms of giddniness, headache and deafness. a patient of prostatic complaint was given zephrol drug by an allopathic doctor, 1. 12 caseshad deep lesions 2. 2 casesgot no lesions 1. 2 casesgot deep lesions 2. 12 caseshad no lesions placebo group mustard group which failed to relieve the retention of urine. ephedrine 6 (a content of zephrol) was prescribed with an effective outcome. [13] a female child aged 2 years, got her urticarial eruptions on forehead, suppressed by tetramycine injections. the eruptions flooded the face all over, with puffiness and pus discharge. intolerable pain and profuse salivation were other marked symptoms. after a failed attempt with rhus tox 0/3, tetramycine 30 relieved the symptoms, followed by mezerium 0/3 and calcarea carb 0/3, to complete the cure. in a case report, a 16 year old youth diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd), asperger's syndrome and dyslexia received homoeopathic dilutions of the same drug to which the child was exposed to in intrauterine life. there was significant relief in symptoms as well as improvement in mymop (measure yourself medical outcome profile) score and dsm-1v (diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders– fourth edition) score was observed. [14] similar such studies have proved the efficiency of tautopathy, in improving immunodeficiency disorders and iatrogenic drug hazards. the sole indication lies in the treatment history of the patient. therefore, every case, which is resistant to the indicated homoeopathic medicine, should be inquired into any previous drug administered. if the totality of the symptoms is similar to the known adverse reactions of the drug, then the same drug in potentised form will be the next best indicated medicine. most of the patients approach homoeopathic system of medicine after prolonged treatment with allopathic drugs that leave them in dire straits. the indicated homoeopathic medicine fails to improve such artificial chronic diseases that are suppressed by several conventional drugs. tautopathy is a leap forward for such cases and should be considered and accepted in the domain of homoeopathy. 3. conclusion when we deplete our bodies' natural systems with synthetic pharmaceuticals, the body responds by repairing itself utilizing the same resources that caused the damage. homoeopathic medicine, or tautopathy, is an alternative to traditional medicine. a large number of iatrogenic illnesses may be traced back to these medications and their negative side effects. there is now no solution for these diseases, however tautopathy opens up a lot of possibilities for studying these responses and administering a stronger version of the same medication. immunodeficiencies, allergies, and drug-induced diseases—the ones master hahnemann called the "most difficult to cure"—can now be treated with more precision with only a thorough examination of the patient's medical history and extensive study in the area of tautopathy. what makes a doctor smart is keeping up with the latest research but yet relying on the insights of the past.a species' chances of survival depend less on its intelligence and strength and more on how well it adapts to new circumstances. darwin, charles. references [1] everitte dudley (1957) 'tautopathy', british homoeopathic journal, 46 (1), pp. 32-38 [online]. available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/s00070785(57)80048-9 (accessed: 25 june 2021). [2] mueller (2017) 'the evidence scientific studies show tautotherapy is an effective treatment for druginduced and toxic disorders', the american homoeopath, 23 (december), pp. [online].available [3] at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322821667_the _evi dence_scientific_studies_show_tautotherapy_is_an_eff ectiv e_treatment_for_druginduced_and_toxic_disorders (accessed: 8th april). [4] murphy robin (2008) 'toxicity', in (3rd ed.) homoeopathic medical repertory. new york: leads press. [5] patel r. p. (1960) what is tautopathy, kerela: hahnemann homoeopathic pharmacy. [6] g. null et al (2005) 'death by medicine', journal of orthomolecular medicine, 20, pp. [online]. available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237591129_dea th_b y_medicine (accessed: 8th april). [7] hoffmann kathryn, robin ristl, lukas heschl, dominik stelzer, manfred maier, antibiotics and their effects: what do patients know and what is their source of information?, european journal of public health, volume 24, issue 3, june 2014, pages 502–507, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckt112 [8] awasthi prashasti. vitamin d does not protect from catching cold, other respiratory illness, study reveals business line: portfolio premium. 2021/jan/14. [9] hahnemann samuel. aphorism 75. william boerick. 6th ed. organon of medicine, 26th ed. new delhi: b. jain; 2011. pp. 120. [10] hahnemann samuel. the chronic diseases their peculiar nature and their homoeopathic cure, 30th ed. new delhi: b. jain; 2010. [11] dean michael emmans. the mustard gas experiments done by the british homoeopathic society for the ministry of home security, 1941–1942. the journal of royal society of medicine 2014; 107 (11): 453-455. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/014107681 4521 937 (accessed 8th april, 2021). [12] khuda baksh anisur rehaman. a research at university of kalyani in exploring some basic issues of homoeopathy. indian journal research in homoeopathy 2017; 11 (7): 147157. https://www.ijrh.org/article.asp?issn=09747168;year=201 7;vol ume=11;issue=3;spage=147;epage=157;aulast=khudabukhsh (accessed 8th april, 2021). [13] wiesenauer m, gaus w. double-blind trial comparing the effectiveness of the homeopathic preparation galphimia potentiation d6, galphimia dilution 10 (-6) and placebo on pollinosis. arzneimittelforschung. 1985; 35 (11): 1745-7. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/322821667_the_evi http://www.researchgate.net/publication/322821667_the_evi http://www.researchgate.net/publication/237591129_death_b http://www.researchgate.net/publication/237591129_death_b http://www.ijrh.org/article.asp?issn=09747168%3byear%3d2017%3bvol http://www.ijrh.org/article.asp?issn=09747168%3byear%3d2017%3bvol 21khan sheeba saleem: tautopathy an effective treatment for drug induced diseases [14] mathur k. n.. tautopathy. (ed). principles of prescribing, 1st ed. noida: b. jain; 2017. pp. 477-479. [15] fibbert philippa (2015) 'case report of a 16 year old youth with diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol 5 | issue 1 1 chinese traditional medical journal efficacy of erand sneha (castor oil) in the management of amavata (rheumatoid arthritis) with respect to its sama stage lillu wei, xiong xingj, li yixua. , department of cardiology, beijing hospital of traditional chinese medicine, capital medical china department of cardiology, guang′anmen hospital, china academy of chinese medical sciences , community healthcare center of shangzhuang town china introduction f the development of many illnesses is facilitated by a regular consumption of elements that affect the condition of digestive fire at all levels, i.e. intestinal, subcellular, and cellular. mandagni, according to ayurveda, is the root cause of all illness (diminished digestive fire). [2] more people are suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (ra) in the 21st century than ever before. ra affects around abstract background: as a result of its long-term, incurable nature, complications, and morbidity, amavata (rheumatoid arthritis) is one of the most difficult diseases for doctors to treat. sneha (castor oil) possesses qualities that stimulate digestive fire, enter into micro-channels and eliminate blockage from these channels, soothe vata and kapha doshas, and remove them via purgation. aim: for the purpose of determining the efficiency of castor oil in the treatment of the acute stage of amavata's sama condition. materials & methods: the opd and ipd of roga-nidana evam vikriti vijnana, department of i.p.g.t. & r.a., gujarat ayurved university, jamnagar, were used to identify 61 patients aged 20-60 years who met the inclusion criteria and had symptoms of the sama stage. eranda sneha (castor oil) was administered alone or in combination with shunti (zingiber officinale) once a day on an empty stomach in two separate groups of patients. results: both groups had comparable clinical improvement after a 15-day course of treatment. only group a showed a moderate improvement in both objective and subjective criteria in the overall evaluation of treatment. conclusion: research shows that zingiber officinale combined with castor oil is efficient in removing amavata's sama stage and providing symptomatic relie keywords: amavata, castor oil, rheumatoid arthritis, zingiber officinale ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol 5 | issue 1 2 0.8% of the global population. three times as many women as men are impacted. it is a multisystem chronic inflammatory joint condition. symptoms often begin in the 4th and 5th decade of life, but may afflict anybody at any age in any environment. infectious triggers, a genetic predisposition, and an autoimmune response are all possible causes of ra. fatigue, anorexia, weakness, and fast development of polyarthritis accompany the disease's insidious and sudden onset, as do constitutional symptoms including fever, lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly. asymmetrical engagement is common. pain, swelling, soreness, and a painful restriction of mobility are all hallmarks of this condition. there may be general stiffness, but morning stiffness lasting more than an hour is a common feature. some of the most often affected joints include those in the hands, wrists, knees, and the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints in the foot. [3] as dmards, steroids and nsaids have been demonstrated to have a detrimental influence on the immune system and only provide shortterm relief, it is a difficult illness for doctors and the medical community to treat. however, there has yet to be a successful medical solution to this condition. bone and joints are the primary sites for the presentation of cardinal symptoms including pain, edoema, and stiffness of joints in amavata, the illness of madhyama rogamarga. disease is caused by the imbalance of the three body humours, although ama and a vitiated vata play the most important role. vata is the second word in the phrase amavata. if food digestion is inadequate or wrong, the resulting chyle, known as annarasa, circulates through the body and reaches the target cell, where it causes symptoms such as weight gain, weakness and sleepiness, it aggravates vata and impedes the body's ability to properly eliminate waste products. amavata is characterised by aches and pains throughout the body, an unwillingness to eat, excessive thirst, a high temperature, problems digesting meals, and swelling in the afflicted joints. [4] as the illness worsens, it becomes more difficult to treat. ama has all of the symptoms listed, hence a medicine with ushna (hot), tikshna (strong), and deepana (medium) is needed criteria of assessment 1)subjective: 2)a. symptoms in the immediate area 3)the signs and symptoms that affect the whole body 4)objective: as a first step, we need to have a look at the data biochemical and other haematological measurements. as a measure of disability (the indian health assessment questionnaire) walking time, foot pressure and hand grip have all become better over time. clinical assessment: on the zero day (i.e. the day before delivering the trial medicine), on the 5th, 10th, and 15th days following treatment, cardinal and related symptoms were assessed and documented. a acceptable scoring technique was used to evaluate changes in the patient's signs and symptoms. functional assessment walking time: to record time, patients were instructed to walk 50 metres. hand grip: patients were instructed to squeeze the inflated cuff of the sphygmomanometer and the grip strength was measured in millimetres of mercury (mm hg). foot pressure: foot pressure was measured using a weighing machine in order to provide an objective perspective of the leg's functional capability. following statistical test has been applied in this workthe wilcoxon signed rank test, the unpaired 't' test, and the paired 't' test all compare two groups based on subjective criteria (for same group). software used: all of the statistical analysis was done with the help of sigma programme. observations & results ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol 5 | issue 1 3 61 patients signed up in all; 53 finished therapy, while 8 dropped out. 31 people signed up for group a, 28 of them finished the course and three dropped out. group b had 30 patients enrolled, of whom 25 finished the study and five dropped out. patients aged 41 to 50 comprised 31.14 percent of the total population. there were 59.01 percent females and 68.85 percent of them were housewives. after elementary school, 26.22 percent of the population was illiterate (24.59 percent ). in the lower middle class, 34.42 percent of people lived. the urban region comprised 70.49 percent of the total. 78% of those polled were vegetarian. more over half of those surveyed reported a history of eating a sour diet. oily and fatty diets were followed by cold items in 81% of cases (70.49 percent ). a total of 27.86 percent of patients experienced sleep problems, whereas 85.24 percent slept during the day. krura koshtha was in the possession of 50.81 percent of those surveyed (hard and constipated stools). in 72.13 percent of cases, the digestive fire functioned in a decreased capacity or was irregularly functioning (11.47 percent ). 68.85% of those surveyed reported having an unsatisfactory or irregular bowel movement (44.26 percent ). 54.09 percent of those polled reported excessive urination (polyuria). sixty-six percent of the women who took part in the study had a history of normal birth, followed by an abortion (19.44 percent) and lscs (13.88 percent ). 63.93% of the participants possessed vatakaphaja sharira prakriti. a whopping 80.32 percent of those tested positive for the rajajasatamasika manasa prakriti. all three avara saras (14.75%), 9.83%) and 57.37 % possessed avara satva, the most common kind of avara. there were 31.14 percent overweight people and 18.03 percent overweight people in the united states in 2013. madhyama satmya was present in 88.52 percent of those tested. more than seven out of ten people had avara ahar shaktipat. hani awastha (old age) accounted for 59.01 percent of patients, whereas sampurnata patients accounted for 37.70 percent.avastha (adult) and 3.27% of yuva awastha. the dosha avastha in the patients are represented in table 1. table 1. dosha avastha in patients enrolled dosha vriddhi kshaya vata 31.14% 4.91% pitta 22.95% 47.54% kapha 34.42% 1.63% 60.65 percent had a bad family history, followed by 39.34 percent with a favourable family history. 42.62 percent of the patients had been sick for 1 to 5 years. 86.80% of the cases were gradual. pain and stiffness affected everyone, and 95.08 percent of those people also experienced soreness and edoema in their affected areas. following the laziness, 83.60 percent of the patients displayed laziness, followed by 78.04%, 770.44%, 721.33%, 62.293%, 442.66% and 344.22% of the patients with characteristics of numbness, heavy body, body achy, disrupt sleep, gargling sound in the belly, giddiness, and burning feeling accordingly. there was 57.37 percent thirst, polyuria and constipation among the patients who were examined, and 55.73 percent reported a lack of appetite. 81.96% said that chilly wind, sour taste, and exercise were the most aggravating variables for them, followed by sleep deprivation (96.72%), morning time (98.36%), and exertion (96.72%). (90.16 percent ). recuperation rate was the highest at 95.08 percent, followed by warm water (91.8 percent) and warm food (91.80 percent) (49.18 percent ) rasavaha srotodushti lakshana was also found in 93.44 percent, 70.49 percent, and 42.62 percent of the samples. annavaha, asthivaha, purishvaha, mutravaha, majjavaha, and medavaha shrotodushti symptoms were present in 40.98 percent, 16.39 percent, and 4.91 percent of people. oneeighth of the patients had joint crepitation; the remainder had boutonniere deformity, ulnar deviation, and swan neck deformation. 72.13 percent had a decreased digestive fire, followed by 62.29 percent who were eating a diet that ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol 5 | issue 1 4 was not suitable. a high-fat diet, repression of natural desires (70.49 percent), and unwholesome activities were followed by 75.40 percent of participants engaging in physical activity (11.47 percent ). anxiety accounted for 80.32 percent of all cases, followed by tension (34.42%), anger (22.95%), despair (22.95%), and fear (22.95%). (4.91 percent ). comparison of effect of therapy between group a and b the wilcoxon signed ranked test indicated statistically insignificant results when comparing the impact of treatment on chief complaints in the two groups. this suggested that there were no significant differences in effect between the two groups. sandhishotha and sparshasahatva, on the other hand, had a higher proportion of alleviation after treatment with group a than with group b. when it came to sandhishoola and sandigraha, group b performed much better than the control group (table 2). table 2: comparison of effect of therapy on chief complaints chief complaints group n median relief % z w t+ tp sandhishoola group a 27 1.00 37% 0.382 23 138 -115 0.715 is group b 25 1.00 45.97% sandhishotha group a 27 1.00 50.97% -0.58 99.50 138 -131.50 0.569 is group b 23 1.00 48.79% sandhigraha group a 27 1.00 60.03% 0.00 0.00 85.50 -85.50 1.000 is group b 25 1.00 66.66% sparshasahatva group a 27 1.00 50.87% -1.429 -48.00 36.0 -84.000 0.188 is group b 25 1.00 50% table 3: comparison of effect of therapy on associated symptoms associated symptoms group n median relief % z w t+ tp angamarda group a 27 0.00 55.55% 0.000 0.000 52.5 -52.50 1.000 is group b 21 0.50 48.37% group a 13 0.00 40.62% aruchi group b 19 0.00 60.07% 0.688 24.00 trishna group a 22 0.50 44.43% -0.595 -27.00 group b 23 0.00 40.02% alasya group a 23 0.50 40.70% -0.218 9.000 group b 25 0.10 44.73% jwara group a 14 0.000 81.27% 0.721 22.00 group b 16 0.000 50.03% apaka group a 16 0.000 87.5% -1.147 -40.00 group b 20 0.000 53.33% gaurav group a 17 0.000 57.16% 1.213 35.00 group b 24 1.000 55.21% anga shunyata group a 19 1.000 77.14% -0.790 -38.00 group b 23 1.000 48.79% bahumutrata group a 21 0.000 46.12% 1.414 18.00 group b 20 0.500 53.57% there were no significant differences in the effectiveness of treatment on related complaints when the wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare the two groups, indicating that there were no substantial differences between them. clinically, however, group a exhibited superior results in alleviating symptoms such angamarda, jwara, apaka and gaurav than group b in alleviating symptoms such as alasya, bahumutrata and aruchi (table 3).unpaired 't' tests used to compare the effectiveness of therapy on functional parameters showed statistically insignificant results for all but foot pressure, suggesting no significant differences in effect between the two groups. a significant result indicates that group a patients had a measurable and better outcome than group b patients (table 4). table 4: comparison of effect of therapy on functional parameters functional parameters functional parameters group n mean relief % mean difference ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol 5 | issue 1 5 walking time group a 28 3.21 7.5% -0.107 3.244 0.613 -0.094 0.925 (is) group b 25 3.32 9.35% hand grip group a 56 -5.433 9.36% -5.933 82.84 10.69 -0.464 0.643 is group b 50 0.500 10.80% foot pressure group a 56 2.242 1.19% -9.035 28.67 3.702 -2.055 0.042 s group b 50 11.277 2.32% disability index group a 27 0.607 40.46% 0.127 0.653 0.131 0.689 0.494 is group b 25 0.480 47.26% table 5: comparison of effect of therapy on serological parameter serological parameter group n mean relief% mean difference sd ± se ± t p r.a. factor group a 28 10.618 3.70% -14.566 122.21 24.44 -0.429 0.669 is group b 25 25.184 7.40% c.r.p group a 28 3.914 43.16% 0.858 19.403 3.881 0.214 0.832 is group b 25 3.056 12.44% a.s.o. group a 28 -16.218 12.97% -141.13 213.93 42.78 -2.413 0.019 s group b 25 124.920 25.91% although there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups when evaluating the effectiveness of treatment on serological markers using an unpaired 't' test, the aso titre indicated a significant difference between patients in groups b and a. according to the results of this research, group a exhibited moderate improvement in 35.71 percent of patients, which equates to alleviation ranging from 50 to 74%, whereas only 20% of patients in group b showed the same improvement. group a seems to have done a better job of decreasing patient complaints than group b. (table 5). discussion as many as 80% of those who participated in this study were female, which supports previous research that found a greater incidence of ra in females, as shown in this study. the condition was triggered by a history of reduced physical activity, lethargy, and daytime sleep deprivation in the majority of the affected population, which was concentrated in metropolitan areas. in accordance with charaka samhita's reference, impaired appetite and the majority of patients had elevated levels of metabolism. patients with more than two years of chronic illness had a history of using dmards, steroids, and anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids), all of which have a deleterious effect on the immune system. as a result, patients of this kind need long-term therapy and careful adherence to pathyasevana (diet and exercise) in order to improve. there were no significant differences between the two treatment groups in the statistical analysis of primary complaints and their related symptoms. both esr and aso titre rose in group a whereas crp fell in both groups on paired "t" tests for serological parameters. patients also responded better symptomatically when aso and esr increased although crp levels decreased dramatically over the research. despite the lack of a scientific explanation for this sort of reaction, additional examination and research are needed to comprehend the same.. how eranda sneha may go about her business in addition to its ability to penetrate into micro channels and remove obstruction in them, eranda sneha is also a potent digestive stimulant and a vata shamaka drug because of its snigdha guma, and finally enters the dhatu level (cellular level) where it acts as an ama pachaka and kapha shamaka drug. [7]shunti's most likely method of actionkatu rasa and ushna virya characteristics of shunti make it an effective kapha shamaka medication. it enhances the digestive fire and functions as a vata shamaka because of madhur vipaka [8]. due to its shamaka characteristics, shunti may help alleviate the symptoms of amavata at the sama stage, which is the most common stage of the disease. there was a slight to moderate improvement in almost all of the main complaints such swollen joints and stiffness, along with the accompanying symptoms such as lack of appetite, sleepiness, polyuria, fever and ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol 5 | issue 1 6 excessive thirst in both groups. it's possible that the presence of shunti, which has amapachaka and vata-kapha shamaka properties, may have contributed to group a's more successful outcomes than group b's, but this isn't conclusive. on the basis of all complaints, related symptoms, functional improvement, and serological examinations, group a exhibited a superior overall improvement than group b. this indicates that the extra shunti in group a is responsible for the increased effectiveness. conclusion clinical effectiveness cannot be ruled out, even if statistical analysis shows no difference between the two groups of therapy. consequently, we can say from this study's findings that eranda sneha, on its alone or in conjunction with shunti, is successful in the sama stage of amavata; however, clinical addition of shunti has assisted in improving the patient's overall state. references 1.sections 1–4 of chapter 25, verses 1-4, commentary by vijay rakshit and shri kanthadatta, vol. i. varanasi; chaukhamba sanskrit series; 2009, p. 508; 1. 2.one may find this passage in the nidanasthana, chapter 12, verse 1 in the udar roganidnan edited by kaviraj atrideva gupta (varahi chaukhamba prakashna ; 2009), p358. 2017 [cited on 2 5 / 4 / 1 7]. rheumatoid arthritis [internet]. from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rheumatoid arthritis, retrieved on january 20, 2017. 3.ibidem madhav nidana [1], chapter 25, verses 5-8 of p. 508 amavata adhyaya, p. 508. 4.varanasi chaukhambha sanskrit series varanasi, p-781 bhava mishra bhava prakash and vidhyotini commentary on tailavarg verses 23 to 25, tailavarg. 5.this is the fifth chapter of sushruta's sutra sthana and the 114th verse of chapter 45, verses 114 of the first volume of chaukhamba sanskrit series ; it was edited by ambikadatta shastri and published in varanasi by chaukhamba sanskrit series in 2009, in varanasi. cited in sushruta samhita [6], p. 231 (drava dravya vidhi adhyaya), section 45/114 seventh ibidem, p. 261 of the drava dravya viddhi adhyana, 45/226 [6]. charaka samhita, sutra s thana, v idhyotini hindi commentary, annadravyavidhi adhyayaya, chapter 27, verses 296, edited by padmbhushana vaidhya samrata shree satyanarayana shastri, and explained by kashinath shastri and gorakhnath chaturvedi, varanasi; chaukhambha sanskrit series, 2009 p560 how to cite the article: darshana h. pandya and gauridutt mishra. castor oil's efficacy in the treatment of amavata (rheumatoid arthritis) in relation to the sama stage. traditional medicine journal of research and practice, volume 3, number 2, pages 28-35, 2017 source of support: nil conflict of interest: nil © journal of research in traditional medicine 2015-2017 no responsibility or liability for any consequences emerging from the use of the published articles is assumed by journal of traditional medicine, its publisher or editorial board members or anyone associated in the production and delivery of the online resources. articles are solely the views of the writers who contributed them; they do not represent the views of the journal in any way. 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 chinese traditional medical journal developing and learning skills through english literature lii jig, qiuh lihuag, , department of acupuncture and rehabilitation, the first teaching hospital, chengdu university of traditional chinese medicine, chengdu china radiology department, west china hospital of sichuan university, chengdu china introduction "flying without engines is feasible, but it requires knowledge and ability." "wilbur wright," there's no getting around the need for training, as wilbur wright has shown time and time again. literature aids students in developing a wide range of life skills and shows them how to put those talents to use in the real world. in the course of reading a literary work, a student is exposed to a wide range of literary elements. he/she acquires a better understanding of the abilities during the course of the book. abstract literature in english is more than just a tale and a few well-chosen words. the literature of the english-speaking world is not only a source of entertainment, but it also provides a wealth of knowledge and wisdom that we identify with reason and intelligence. it enables the complete growth of the learner via a range of sources and empowers the capability of the mind to explore through imagination. literature encourages students to engage their imaginations, deepen their sense of empathy for others, and cultivate their own originality. because of this, it aids in the development of one's whole character. it's possible to think of english literature as a subset of everyday life. there is more than one degree of communication in literary works. the learners' emotions and cognition are entwined in literary texts, which are representational. in order to have a better grasp of the world around them, literature provides a way for people to go beyond the present and look into the future. as today's world is more tough and competitive than it was in the past, the need for mental and emotional strength grows as well." to be successful, one must not only be clever, but also possess specific soft skills that allow them to cope with their surroundings and connect with others in an efficient and harmonious manner. overall, english literature is a great tool for enhancing one's soft skills and applying them to other aspects of one's life. in my paper, i discussed the poems "the village blacksmith" and "a psalm of life" by henry wadsworth longfellow. a positive view on life, hard effort, time management, and an eagerness to learn new things are all desirable qualities, as are the ability to live in the present moment, be present-oriented, and be able to think analytically and cognitively. 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 students are inspired to learn these abilities via literature. in english literature or any other literary form, there are no poems whose only purpose is to instruct and lead the reader. poems like "the village blacksmith" and "a psalm of life" by henry wadsworth longfellow reflect many of these life skills in a simple and profound manner. discussion having a well-balanced mind and a wellbalanced existence is essential in today's world. a cheerful outlook is the product of a well-balanced mind and life. the poetry of henry wadsworth longfellow inspires students to approach life with a positive view and achieve greater achievement. in life, the spirit that complains about uncertainty and accomplishes nothing useful is a lifeless one. learners are told not to be discouraged by the prospect of dying since it is unavoidable. alternatively, people should recognise the significance of life's purpose and strive to attain it. never tell me that life is nothing more than a meaningless dream, in sad choruses!" because the slumbering spirit is dead, and nothing is quite as it seems. real life exists! this life is serious! and the grave is not its last destination. "there is no alternative for hard effort, and no amount of hard work is worthless without effective time management. decisions made at the correct moment may have favourable outcomes. literature encourages one to work hard and efficiently by maximising one's time. in order to inspire future generations, it is important to put in the effort and make the most of one's limited time. to accomplish one's objectives and leave an impact on the world, one must work hard. literature encourages us to make the most of our limited time and to serve as a role model for others in times of distress. in both "the village blacksmith" and "a psalm of life," we can trace this lesson. "great men's lives serve as constant reminders of when we die, we leave behind footprints in the sands of time, and we may make our life magnificent. if there are any additional footprints, they're sailing across the sombre main of existence. seeing, a bereaved and shipwrecked brother, will find hope once again." throughout "the village blacksmith," the blacksmith works from dawn till dusk, and his life carries on. he maintains a strict schedule and always completes his tasks on schedule. he is an excellent manager of his time, and his hard work serves as an example to his whole family. this is an excellent example of how the dedication of one person may serve as an inspiration to others. his bellows may be heard all day and night, week after week." his huge hammer is swung with a steady pace and slow motion. when the sun goes down in the evening, it's like hearing the sexton ring the village bell. and, of course, youngsters returning from school. look in via the open door. it is their favourite thing to watch the forge burn and hear the bellows rumble. sparks fly like "threshing-floor chaff," and they may be captured. there is no substitute for hard work and effort if you want to succeed in life. it takes a lot of work to achieve in this world. one must hammer and mould one's thoughts and actions to become a better person with each passing day as a blacksmith does with his anvil. 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 life's fortunes must be forged in the scorching forge of life, and each burning action and thought must be fashioned on its own anvil. a lifelong love of learning is instilled in us by literature. every day, we should strive to improve on our previous performance and gain new knowledge. as a whole, literature provides a blueprint for how one should conduct their own lives. there are happy and sad times in everyone's life, no matter how old we become. it's important to keep in mind that nothing lasts forever, and that we must look beyond the pleasures and trials of life. we must work tirelessly every day if we want to progress in life "not happiness, not grief, but to act, so that each day brings us a step farther than the last." while he is working, he is also celebrating, and he is also weeping. every morning a new work begins, and every evening it comes to an end. something that has been tried or completed "it's time to take a rest." it is literature that discusses and demonstrates the relevance of values in one's life. literature helps pupils reclaim their origins in a world of ruthless competition. honesty is a good policy, and people like "the village blacksmith" help illustrate that point. he works hard and gets as much money as he can, his forehead is drenched with honest perspiration." despite the fact that he owes no one anything. the ability to conduct one's life with honour and dignity is a result of one's honesty. honesty is a source of great joy and bravery in the face of the world. working and earning his living honestly gives the blacksmith an unobstructed view of the world. one who is honest and true without any malice in nature is confident and self-assured.' one may learn to be a hero in their own life through reading. be open to other people's views, but apply your own judgement and reasoning before making any decisions. in order to be a champion, one must take responsibility of one's life. the vast battleground of the universe is my bivouac, and i'm here to stay." not like a herd of docile, stifled animals! "be a hero amid the chaos!" live in the now with literature. to be responsible does not imply ignoring one's own resources in favour of one's job. it encourages people to participate in a variety of activities and to give their utmost to each one. people nowadays, under the name of performing their duties, are chasing money and forgetting to live and appreciate what they already have. literature teaches us to take lessons from the past, live in the present, and make the most of the current moment in order to brighten the future. "don't put your faith in the future, no matter how lovely it may be!" let the departed of the past rest in peace! in the here and now, take action! "god o'erhead, and the heart of the matter at hand." on sundays, the blacksmith takes a break from his labour to go to church and pray, even though he works from dawn till dusk. when he's at work, he's focused on getting things done; at church, he simply listens to the pastor speak and pray; and when his daughter sings, he takes pleasure in the music. in this way, one learns to live in the moment and be grateful for what one has while still taking care of one's duties in life. 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue4 "he attends church on sundays and sits with his sons; the pastor prays and preaches to him. in the distance, he can make out the voice of his daughter. as a member of the local choir, and his heart is filled with joy," he says. conclusion the importance of literature is instilled in students via literature. readers scrutinise every word and strive to comprehend the poet's thoughts like they read any piece of literature. as a result, people are able to empathise with the poet's feelings. it aids in the development of the mental and emotional fortitude of students. although literature may help students develop their analytical and cognitive abilities, it also helps them to empathise with others. references 1.https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems /44644/a-psalm-of-life 2.http://www.hwlongfellow.org/poems poem.php?pid=38\s3. https://bookbloggerjitesh.wordpress.com/2 017/03/25/the-village-blacksmith-poemanalysis-summary / 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 chinese traditional medical journal performance evaluation of prophet routing protocol on different buffer management policies jinh taeji hong, hee seobh leeli, college of pharmacology, chungbuk national university, chungju college of human ecology, pusan national university, busan college of pharmacy and medical research center, chungbuk national university, chungju 1. introduction delay tolerant networks (dtns) is the one of the most challengeable network over the last decade. to overcome challenges of the network a possible solution is delineate in which internet architecture support the intermittent networks. in this network no end-to-end route is exist between source and destination node. moreover, the communication links among nodes in the network are irregular, data flows in asymmetric way and high latency delay. in such type of networks, routing messages is a challengeable task because the message carrier nodes having limited advance abstract delay tolerant networks (dtns) is the advanced class of ad-hoc network. dtn is wireless network in which connections between nodes are occasionally, due to which there is no permanent path is established between source and destination node. the connection between nodes are made instantly, when one node come into the range of another node. therefore, in these network, message delivery is totally depends open the connection of nodes made in network. in dtn, mechanism used for routing the message is store-carry and forward (scf) approach. each node in network has limited buffer space to store message. the message is discards or dropped from the buffer space when it is full. to discover which message is discards form the buffer space a number of buffer management strategies are developed by the researcher such as the first in first out (fifo), drop oldest, drop large, drop last, drop random (dr), drop least recently received (dlr), evict most forward first (mofo) and e-drop drop strategies etc. in this paper performance of drop random, dlr, mofo and e-drop buffer policies are evaluated on prophet routing protocol. keywords: dtn, drop random, dlr, mofo and e-drop. 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 information [1]. to send a message in such a network, routing algorithms use storecarry and forwarding approach (scf). nodes in dtn have limited resources such as bandwidth, buffer space and energy etc. so it is necessary to use these limited resources in efficient way during routing messages from source to destination node. to improve the delivery probability of message in such a network, the researcher proposed different dtn routing such as direct delivery, first contact, epidemic [2], spray and wait [3], prophet [4] and maxprop [5]. in this paper, prophet routing protocol is evaluated on different buffer management policies. 2. existing buffer management strategies the various buffer management optimization policies have explored by the researchers in the field of delay tolerant networks (dtns) such as fifo, drop random, drop oldest, dlr, drop largest, mofo, drop last and e-drop [7,8]. these policies are used to decide which message is dropped from the buffer space if buffer space is full when a new message is arrived from the other nodes encountered in the network. in this paper, drop random, dlr, mofo and edrop [11,12, 13] polices are evaluated on prophet routing protocol. • drop random: in this drop policy the messages will be dropped randomly from the buffer space to accommodate the message transmitting from the other nodes. this policy continues to drop the messages randomly until it free the buffer space required for the newly arrived message buffer space. • drop least recently received (dlr): in this policy those message will be dropped which are stay for long time in the buffer space. the main reason behind dlr policy is that the messages which are stay for long time in a buffer space have a lesser amount of delivery probability to be conceded to other nodes. • evict most forward first (mofo): in this policy only that messages are dropped first from the buffer space which are forwarded to utmost number of times, i.e. the message which are propagated number of hop counts in the network are dropped first. in this policy only those messages which are travelled less number of hop counts are allowed to forward in the network. • e-drop: in this policy only those messages are dropped from the buffer space whose message size is equal or greater than the incoming message size form encounter node in the network otherwise no messages will be dropped from the buffer space [6]. 3. prophet routing protocol in prophet routing protocol [9] delivery predictability is defined as estimate probabilistic metric i.e. p(node a, node b), at each node a for each destination node b. whenever two nodes meet in the network scenario its swap the summary vector which consist of delivery predictability values. after swap process each nodes updates their own delivery predictability in the summary vector. a low predictability value is assigned to the node if the contacts between two nodes are very rare or no contact exists between two nodes. if the nodes are meet regular interval then it delivery predictability is very high. the 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 transitivity property of prophet routing protocol state that if node a regularly meets b and node b regularly meet node c, then c is appropriate node for a, hence a marks c delivery predictability value as high in the summary vector. the operation performed by the prophet routing protocol is totally depend upon the delivery predictability value in the summary vector. the calculation of delivery predictability of nodes is divided into three parts. direct update: direct update is done whenever the two nodes a and b are encounter directly with each other. the equation 1. given below show the direct update of delivery predictability values. (𝑎,𝑏) = 𝑃o𝑙 ) + (1 − 𝑃o𝑙𝑑 ) 𝑃i𝑛i𝑡 …….(1) where 𝑃o𝑙𝑑 = value of p(a, b) before updating 𝑃i𝑛i𝑡 ∈ [0,1] = initialization constant. (𝑎,𝑏 (𝑎,𝑏) aging : in case of aging, the equation 2 given below decreases the node delivery predictability by the time elapsed without direct contact between two nodes a and b. (𝑎,𝑏) = o𝑙𝑑 ᵞ𝐾 (2) where ᵞ ∈ [0, 1] = aging constant. k= number of time units that have elapsed since the last time the metric was aged. transitive update: in case of transitivity update, the equation 3 given below update the delivery predictability of node a towards node b during the transitive contact among node a and node c. (𝑎,𝑏) = 𝑃o𝑙 ) + (1 − 𝑃o𝑙𝑑 ) 𝑃(𝑎,𝑐) 𝑃(𝑐,𝑏) 𝛽 …..(3) where (𝑎,𝑏 (𝑎,𝑏) β ∈ [0, 1] = transitivity constant which reflects the impact of transitivity on the delivery predictability. 4. performance metrics the performances of various buffer drop strategies are evaluated by using epidemic routing protocol. the following metrics are used to evaluate the performance [10]: • message delivery probability (mdp): it is defined as the ratio of the number of messages actually delivered to the destination and the number of messages sent by the sender. • mdp = no of message delivered to destination/ no of message sent by sender • number of message drop (nmd): number of message drop is the ratio of message drop during transmission to destinations among all messages generated. • overhead ratio (ohr): it is defined as the ratio of total number of relayed messages by source nodes minus total number of delivered messages to the destination nodes divided by total number of delivered messages to the destination nodes. • average delivery latency (adl):the average time taken to deliver the message form source nodes to destination nodes is called average delivery latency. adl=average (total time taken to deliver the message form source nodes to destination nodes) 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 5. simulation and results in dtn, different types of network environments can be designed and implemented, in current network setting two types of groups are considered, first group is pedestrians which engaged 50 nodes, second is cars which occupied 50 nodes. the shortest path map based movement model mobility model is used in our evaluation. the simulation area is 4500m x 3400m. table 1. parameter setting parameter pedestrians (p) cars (c) no. of hosts 50 50 speed 0.5-1.5 km/h 2.713.9 km/h router prophet buffer capacity 2-10mb message size 200, 500 kb message inter arrival time 25-35 seconds transmission speed 5mbps world size (meters) 4500 x 3400m simulation time 72,000 sec message delivery probability (mdp) from fig.1 the following points are evaluated: • in prophet routing protocol the delivery probability of the entire drop policies is increases with increasing the buffer size because prophet routing protocol provides the information towards destination node by tracing the meeting between nodes and assigning weight to these meeting whether they meet directly or by intermediate nodes. • in prophet routing protocol, e-drop policy has the highest delivery probability among all the drop policies. its delivery probability is 50% throughout the scenario. its maximum delivery probability is 67.51% at buffer size 10mb. number of message dropped (nmd) from figure 3 the following points are concluded: • in prophet routing protocol, as the buffer size increases nodes have enough capacity to accommodate the messages therefore number of message dropped ratio will be decrease and delivery ratio will increase as shown in fig. 1 • in prophet routing protocol, e-drop policy has the lowest number of message dropped among all the drop policies. its maximum number of message dropped is 6872 at buffer size 2mb and its minimum number of message dropped is 845 at buffer size 10mb. • in prophet routing protocol, e-drop policies have least number of messages dropped as compared to other drop policies. 80 60 40 20 0 drop random dlr mofo e-drop 15000 10000 5000 0 2 4 6 8 10 varying buffer size 3000 0 2500 0 2000 0 drop random dlr mof o e-drop 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 fig. 2. nmd vs. varying in buffer size overhead ratio (ohr) the following results are evaluated from figure 3. • in prophet routing protocol, the overhead ratio is minimum with increasing buffer size because the nodes in the network are not required to perform more computations to take decision which message to be accommodate in buffer capacity. • overhead ratio of e-drop policy is approximately equal with increasing the buffer size. • overhead ratio of e-drop policies is lesser as compared other drop policies. average delivery latency the following points are analyzed from the fig 4. • in prophet routing protocol, the average delivery latency of the entire drop policies are gradually decreases with increasing buffer size due to flooding behavior of protocol. • the variation between maximum and minimum average delivery latency in case of drop random, dlr, mofo and edrop policies are 24.18%, 17.49%, 27.74% and 141.57% respectively. • e-drop policies are performed better among all other drop policies. 6. conclusion fig. 4. adl vs. varying in buffer size in this paper, the performance of buffer management drop policies such as drop random dlr, mofo and e-drop are evaluated on prophet routing protocol using one simulator. it has examined form the simulation that e-drop strategy performs outstanding as compared to drop random, dlr and mofo policies on prophet routing protocol. the delivery probability of e-drop strategy is improves 29.68 % over drop random, 22.24% over dlr and 10% over mofo policies with varying buffer size. references 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 drop random dlr mofo e-drop 2 4 6 8 10 varying buffer size 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 drop random dlr mofo e-drop 2 4 6 8 10 varying buffer size 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4 |issue3 [1] k. fall, “a delay-tolerant network architecture for challenged internets.” proc. on applications, technologies, architectures and protocols for computer communications (sigcomm), new york, usa, (2003), 27–34. [2] a. vahdat and d. becker, “epidemic routing for partially connected ad hoc networks.” technical report, cs, duke university, (2000). [3] t. spyropoulos and k. psounis. et al., “spray and wait: an efficient routing scheme for intermittently connected mobile networks.” wdtn’05, new york, ny, usa, (2005), 252–259. [4] s. d. han and y. w. chung, “an improved prophet routing protocol in delay tolerant network.” the scientific world journal. (2015). 1-7. [5] m. naziruddin, “impact of queuing policy variations on maxprop dtn routing protocol.” int’l j. of comp. sci. and info. tech. (ijcsit). vol 5 no. 6, (2014), 7841-7843. [6] s. rashid, and a. h. abdullah, et al., “e-drop: an effective drop buffer management policy for dtn routing protocols.” ijca. vol. 13 no.7, (2011), 8-13. [7] m. p. rodrigues and n. magaia, “drop policies for dtn routing protocols with delivery probability estimation.” journal on adv. in theory and application informatics, vol. 3 no.1, (2017), 16-24. [8] j. shen and w. l. m. jin, et al., “improvement of buffer scheme for delay tolerant networks, inno. in theory computer science (itcs), vol. 25, (2013), 384-390. [9] a. lindgreny and a doria, et al., “poster: probabilistic routing in intermittently connected networks.” acm international symposium on mobile ad hoc networking and computing, (2003). [10] v. k. samyal and s. s. bhamber, el al., “performance evaluation of delay tolerant network routing protocols,” proc. international journal of computer applications, (2015), 24-27. [11] a. krifa, and c. barakat,, et al., “an optimal joint scheduling and drop policy for delay tolerant networks.” ieee international symposium on world of wireless, mobile and multimedia networks, newport beach, ca, (2008), 1-6. [12] v. k. samyal and y. k. sharma, “impact of buffer size on different drop policies (dlr, mofo and e-drop) for maxprop routing protocol in dtn.” international journal for research in applied science & engineering technology, vol. 6 no 6, (2018), 1420-1424. [13] v. k samyal and n.gupta, “comparison of mofo drop policy with new efficient buffer management policy.” international journal of innovative research & studies, vol. 8 no. 4, (2018), 456-460. 10.11648.j.ijhnm.20220802.12 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 2 oral agarwood's potential as a treatment for chronic inflammatory diseases dr. priyanka shrenik gugale assistant professor homoeopathic medical college & hospital, jalgaon abstract: gingivitis, in one form or another, may affect almost everyone. many things, like not cleaning your teeth enough or an immune system that isn't working properly, may lead to gingivitis, a kind of periodontal disease. periodontitis, which is irreversible, may develop from gingivitis if left untreated. finding a medication that may decrease inflammation with fewer adverse effects, as an alternative to existing anti-inflammatory medicines, is a significant avenue of gingivitis research. traditional chinese medicine makes extensive use of agarwood for its therapeutic properties. according to prior research on agarwood's chemical composition and pharmacological actions, sesquiterpene and quercetin, two of the plant's active components, can reduce inflammation. nevertheless, agarwood's potential in alleviating chronic inflammation in the mouth, including gingivitis, has received little scientific attention. this research aimed to outline the potential mechanism of act ion of agarwood on gingivitis by reviewing and synthesizing the relevant domestic and international literature. to determine how agarwood could work to reduce chronic inflammation in the mouth, we looked at the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, analgesic, and immunological functions of its active ingredients in gingivitis. if you are interested in using agarwood or one of its byproducts to alleviate inflammation in your mouth, this review will serve as a useful theoretical reference. keywords: agarwood, gingivitis, anti inflammation, bacteriostasis, analgesia introduction the resinous heartwood produced by trees belonging to the genus aquilaria lam is known as agarwood. according to taxonomy, it is a member of the daphne family. aquilaria sinensis, scientifically known as aquilariasinensis (lou.) gilg, is the primary component of agaricus grown in china [1]. taiwan, guangdong, guangxi, and hainan island are the primary production regions [2]. traditional medicine practitioners have relied on agarwood for centuries to alleviate a variety of symptoms, including heart problems, nausea, vomiting, and shortness of breath [3]. traditional chinese medicine also heavily relies on agarwood. it is anthelmintic and has a sedative effect. stomach pain is another common usage for it. issues, a runny nose, watery eyes, rheumatism, and a high temperature [4, 5]. the unique scent components of agarwood are refined and concentrated to create agarwood essential oil. according to studies, its primary components include chemicals that prevent the development of many illnesses, such as sesquiterpenes, aromatics, chromones, fatty acids, and others. its many pharmacological effects have been carefully engineered [6]. inflammation of the gums brought on by bacteria and tartar buildup in the gingival groove is known as gingivitis. progression to periodontitis is possible if prompt treatment is not provided. agarwood is a local specialty with great therapeutic potential and great scientific value. it would be wise to investigate its history, potential uses, and integration with diverse goods in a range of formats to fulfill its function. 1. anti-inflammatory activity gingivitis is a chronic inflammatory disease, manifested as gingival swelling, bleeding and pain. agarwood has anti-inflammatory effect, chromone and sesquiterpene are the main anti-inflammatory related active components isolated from agarwood essential oil [7]. the antiinflammatory active components of agarwood can play an anti-inflammatory role by inhibiting the synthesis of inflammatory mediators such as 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine and prostaglandin [8]. in molecular docking and adme studies, it was found that several major sesquiterpenoids in agarwood essential oil have strong affinity for major anti-inflammatory receptors and immunoregulatory receptors [9]. some sesquiterpenoid monomers also inhibit the release of no induced by lipopolysaccharide in the anti inflammatory activity screening model of mouse monocyte macrophages raw 264.7 in vitro [10, 11]. it was found that sesquiterpenoids in agarwood essential oil inhibit the expression of pstat3, thereby reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokine il-1 β and il-6, releasing antiinflammatory mediators [12]. in addition, some scholars confirmed through experiments that 2 (2-phenylethyl) chromone derivatives in agarwood can inhibit stat1/3 and nfκ b signal pathway showed significant anti-inflammatory effect [2]. tryptone derivatives can also inhibit the production of carbon monoxide in macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide [1]. in addition, the alcohol extracts of the flowers, seeds, pericarp and leaves of agarwood contain n-hexadecanoic acid and squalene [1]. hexadecanoic acid can inhibit phospholipase a2 by binding to the active site of phospholipase a2 to control inflammation [9]. some researches have found that agarwood essential oil has significant anti-inflammatory activity when administered by gavage. the anti-inflammatory activity of agarwood essential oil has been confirmed. the incidence of periodontal tissue inflammation is high in systemic inflammation. at present, there is no precedent for the treatment of periodontitis with agarwood composition. the anti-inflammatory function of agarwood extract provides a theoretical basis for its application in the treatment of gingivitis. 2. antioxidant effects a large number of studies have shown that oxidative stress is caused by the imbalance between the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ros) and the relative lack of antioxidants, and oxidative stress is also one of the pathophysiological mechanisms of periodontal tissue inflammation [13]. ros can change the periodontal microenvironment by activating inflammatory factors, nuclear factor kb (nf-kb), c-jun amino terminal kinases (jnks) and autophagy, causing indirect serious damage to periodontal tissue, leading to periodontitis [14]. some people measured the antioxidant activity of agarwood essential oil by 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (dpph) radical scavenging and iron ion reduction / antioxidant capacity method (frap), proving that it has a good antioxidant capacity in vitro [15]. its essential oil extract βcaryophyllene shows strong antioxidant effect [16]. its antioxidation can reduce the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species to a certain extent, and significantly enhance the cellular antioxidation. the activity of enzyme sod and gsh px can protect pc12 cells from oxidative damage induced by h2o2 [17]. there is also a flavonoid compound in the agarwood extract that can provide antioxidant effect by preventing the formation of ros, directly capturing ros, protecting lipophilic antioxidants and stimulating the increase of enzymatic antioxidants [18]. in addition, different concentrations of agarwood essential oil have scavenging effects on dpph free radicals, hydroxyl free radicals and superoxide anion free radicals, and with the increase of the concentration of agarwood essential oil, the antioxidant capacity gradually increases, with obvious correlation [19]. the analysis results also showed that both young leaves and mature leaves of agarwood have strong antioxidant activity, and the two kinds of leaves have the same use value in terms of chemical content and antioxidant capacity, which can reduce inflammatory reaction to a certain extent [20]. agarwood essential oil shows certain antioxidant capacity in various systems, can reverse the imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants, and has the potential to be applied to gingivitis. therefore, agarwood is a natural antioxidant, which can resist oxidative stress and alleviate gingivitis. 3. antibacterial activity the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of agarwood are the main mechanisms to alleviate gingivitis. gingivitis is caused by substances accumulated in or near the gingival sulcus by microbial plaque. dental plaque is the main cause related to the development of gingivitis. it can aggravate inflammatory reaction by enhancing plaque accumulation or enhancing the susceptibility of gingival tissue to microbial attack. in recent years, it has been reported that agarwood has antibacterial activity and can inhibit some bacteria in oral cavity. bacteria in the mouth mainly include streptococcus mutans, porphyromonas gingivalis, staphylococcus, etc. the antibacterial activity test shows that agarwood essential oil has a good inhibitory effect on gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria, and has a more obvious antibacterial effect on gram-positive bacteria. because the cell wall of the external gram-negative bacteria contains a layer of lipopolysaccharide, which prevents hydrophobic compounds from entering the cells, thereby reducing the bacteriostatic effect [21]. in the process of agarwood formation, the infection of pathogenic bacteria causes the defense system of the aquilaria sinensis to resist external damage. it can prevent further infection of the pathogenic bacteria by generating local allergic reaction, that is, blocking the damage site [22]. this indicates that antibacterial activity has been carried out in the process ofagarwood formation, so agarwood itself may have antibacterial activity. in previous studies, mei showed that chinese agarwood essential oil has anti mrsa activity [23]. wetwitayaklung found that agarwood essential oil (a. crassna) has antibacterial activity against candida albicans [24]. filter paper method was used to test the antibacterial ability of agarwood essential oil by measuring the antibacterial circle. with the increase of the concentration of agarwood essential oil, the inhibition rate against bacteria increased. the inhibition rate of agarwood essential oil against bacteria is in the following order: staphylococcus aureus > bacillus subtilis > escherichia coli [25]. the antibacterial effect of agarwood essential oil is related to sesquiterpenes and chromones in agarwood. sesquiterpenes usually have antibacterial activity. studies have found that sesquiterpenes in the volatile oil of agarwood βcaryophyllene has significant antioxidant and antibacterial properties. its antibacterial activity is attributed to its strong antioxidant activity [26]. flavone widely exist in the plant kingdom, and are one of the main components of agarwood. the pharmacological activities of flavonoids include antiinflammatory activity, anti allergic activity, antioxidant activity, anti-tumor activity, antifungal and antibacterial activity, which can inhibit a variety of bacterial virulence factors [27]. 4. analgesic and sedative effects most plant herbs have antipyretic and analgesic effects. the analgesic and sedative effects of agarwood can alleviate the clinical manifestations of gingivitis, such as swelling and pain. the agarwood contains a variety of analgesic and sedative substances, and valerenic acid has obvious sedative activity, αsandalyl alcohol and agarospirol have the same chlorpromazine like stabilizing effect as agallospirol. through animal experiments, researchers found that agarwood oil has a sedative effect on issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 2 mice, which is manifested in that the autonomous motor activity of mice inhaled agarwood oil gradually decreases with the increase of medication time [28]. in addition, some scholars evaluated the pharmacodynamic effects of different parts of agarwood on sedation and hypnosis through the hypnosis experiment with pentobarbital sodium and the autonomous activity experiment. they found that the volatile oil of agarwood could significantly prolong the sleep time and increase the proportion of mice entering sleep. based on the experimental results, the active molecules with sedative and hypnotic effects in the volatile oil of agarwood were further inferred [29]. in addition, they evaluated the sedative and hypnotic effects of agarwood essential oil through animal behavior experiments and explored the potential mechanism of action on gaba ergic system. the results showed that agarwood volatile oil has a versatile sedative and hypnotic effect, and its mechanism of action may be related to regulating the gene expression of gabaa receptor, enhancing the function of gabaa receptor, and promoting the influx of cl -1 [30]. researches have compared the analgesic effects of different years ofagallodendron, and deduce that the volatile oil of agallodendron can significantly increase the pain threshold of mice and reduce the number of writhing induced by acetic acid in mice, proving that it has a clear analgesic effect [31]. the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac is a commonly used anti-inflammatory drug with analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. the anti-inflammatory activity of agarwood essential oil in vivo and in vitro is comparable to that of standard diclofenac [9]. the analgesic and sedative effects of agarwood essential oil can be applied to gingivitis to alleviate the pain reaction caused by gingivitis and the active inflammation and immune reaction in the gums. 5. immune activity of agarwood the development of gingivitis is mostly due to the chronic inflammatory process caused by long-term microbial stimulation of the gums. gingivitis involves a series of immune reactions, such as the accumulation of lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells in the place where inflammation occurs. overinduction, prolongation or imbalance of immune response will lead to immune diseases. gingivitis is also an immune disease. agarwood is not only able to enhance the cellular and humoral immune functions of the body, but also inhibit the immune function and reduce the release of inflammatory factors. this two-way immune regulation reflects the theory of "holism" and "balance between yin and yang" emphasized by traditional chinese medicine [32]. through modern pharmacological research, it has been found that agarwood and its essential oil have a variety of pharmacological activities, which may be related to their strong immune regulatory function. inflammation, as the most basic immune reaction of the body, makes it possible to find new anti-inflammatory drugs from agarwood essential oil. because of the correlation between immune reaction and inflammation, it was isolated from agarwood. tryptone and sesquiterpene are not only the main anti-inflammatory substances, but also the main immunoactive substances. compound cyf-2 is an epoxide 2 (2-phenylethyl) chromone derivative isolated from agarwood, which can significantly inhibit the activation of microglia, dendritic cells and neutrophils, which play an important role in innate immunity. in addition, gyf-21 significantly inhibits the transformation of adaptive immune+t cells into helper t cell 1 (th1) and helper t cell 17 (th17) by inhibiting the differentiation of primitive cd4, and inhibits the activation, proliferation and ifn of cd8γ secreting+t cells. mechanism study showed that gyf-21 significantly inhibited stat1/3 and nf in microgliaκ activation of b signal path. in conclusion, gyf-21 can inhibit stat1/3 and nfκ b signal pathway significantly inhibits innate immunity and acquired immunity [7]. in addition, compound hhx-5 is a sesquiterpene derivative from agarwood. hhx-5 significantly inhibits the activation of macrophages and neutrophils, which plays an important role in innate immunity. in addition, hhx-5 strongly inhibits the transformation of adaptive immune +t cells into th1, th2 and th17 cells by inhibiting the differentiation of original cd4, and inhibits the activation, proliferation and differentiation of cd8+t cells and b cells. inhibits innate and adaptive immunity by inhibiting stat signaling pathway [33]. the excesive immunity of macrophages and neutrophils in inflammatory reaction is the main immune mechanism that causes gingivitis. because the chromone and sesquiterpene in agarwood can inhibit the relevant signal pathway and immune response respectively, in conclusion, agarwood has the possibility to alleviate the overimmunity of gingivitis. 6. conclusion sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, quercetin, and other chemicals make up agaricus formosana, the active ingredient in traditional chinese medicine. there are a number of pharmacological effects shown by the active components of agarwood, including antiinflammatory, antioxidant, bacteriostatic, analgesic, sedative, and immunological properties. plaque buildup on the gingival edge causes gingivitis, a persistent inflammatory condition. finding a medication that can reduce inflammation without causing too many negative effects is a key area of focus in gingivitis research. in comparison to manufactured chemical medications, agarwood is safer. nevertheless, agarwood is seldom used to treat gingivitis. by providing evidence of the aforementioned benefits, this study elucidates a potential mechanism by which agarwood reduces inflammation in periodontal tissues. for the agarwood industry to undergo a revolution, it offers a theoretical foundation. references [1] [1] in an article published in 2008 in the journal of ethnopharmacology, the authors zhou, wang, suolangjiba, and others investigated the antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects of an extract from the leaves of aquilaria sinensis (lour.) gilg. four novel 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone derivatives from chinese agarwood derived via the whole-tree agarwood-inducing method [2] liu y, chen d, wei j, et al. published in 2016 in volume 21, issue 11, this article is referenced as 1433. the thirdthe authors of the article are wang sl, hwang tl, chung mi, and others. emerging flavones, anti-inflammatory components and a 2-(2phenylethyl)-4h-chromen-4-one derivative derived from aquilaria sinica stem barks. the citation is from the journal molecules, volume 20, issue 11, pages 20912–20925, published in 2015. citation: [4] liu y, chen h, yang y,... aquilaria sinensis trees can be efficiently and innovatively produced high-quality agarwood using the whole-tree agarwood-inducing technology. chemical communications. 2013; 18(3): 30863106. this comes from the work of shao h, mei wl, kong fd, and others [5]. chinese agarwood "qinan" obtained from aquilaria sinensis contains a novel 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone glycoside. journal of asian natural product research, 2017, 19, 1, 42–46. agarwood alcohol extract inhibits oxidation and inflammation, protecting against gastric ulcers [6] (wang c, peng d, liu y, et al.). review of alternative and complementary medicine, 2021, 2021: 9944685. according to guo r, zhao yf, li j, and others, gyf-21, a derivative of the epoxide 2-(2phenethyl)-chromone, inhibits the stat1/3 and nf-κb signaling pathways, hence suppressing innate and adaptive immunity. published in 2017 in the journal front pharmacol, volume 8, page 281. [8] agarwood tea, a new modern herbal beverage made from the leaves of the aquilaria (thymelaeaceae) plant, and its pharmacological characteristics. research by adam az, lee sy, and mohamed r. article published in 2017 in the journal of herbal medicine, volume 10, pages 37–44. 9. yadav dk, mudgal v, agrawal j, et al. topical anti-inflammatory effectiveness of natural components of agarwood oil studied by molecular docking and adverse drug event (adee) investigations. the current state of computer-assisted drug design is 360–370. three novel sesquiterpenoids and one novel sesquiterpenoid derivative were isolated from chinese eaglewood by zhao, peng, han, and colleagues [10]. chemicals. 2016; 21(3): 281. a study was conducted by ma ct, ly tl, le thv, and colleagues on the anti-inflammatory effects of sesquiterpene derivatives derived from aquilaria malaccensis agarwood on no generation by macrophage raw 264.7 cells [11]. journal of phytochemistry, 2021, 183: 112630. inhibition of p-stat3 and il-1 β/il-6 is the mechanism by which the essential oil of chinese agarwood has an anti-inflammatory effect (gao xl, et al., 2012). the article is published in the chinese pharmaceutical journal in 2019 and has the doi: 54/23/51-1957. this information is sourced from the work of r g kumar l, chatterjee ns, tejpal cs, and others. optimal chitosan wall material for spraydried microencapsulation of squalene: oxidative stability experiments and characterization. worldwide journal of biomolecular science, 2017, 104 (part b): 1986-1995. according to [14] chen, cai, zhao, et al. a meta-analysis and comprehensive review of biomarkers in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid linked to oxidative stress and chronic periodontitis. journal of clinical periodontics. 2019; 46(6): 608-622. a study conducted by waddington, moseley, and embery [15] was conducted. theories behind periodontal disease: one possible component of periodontal disease pathophysiology is reactive oxygen species. journal of oral disorders, 2000, 6, 3, 138–151. [16] gc-ms by wang, li, luo, and colleagues an analysis of the chemical constituents of agarwood and several aquilaria sinensis (lour.) gilgorgans from various asian nations. the article is published in molecules on april 23, 2018, volume 23, issue 9, pages 2168. [17] in a study conducted by dahham, tabana, and iqbal et al. the antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant characteristics of the sesquiterpene βcaryophyllene derived from the aquilaria crassna essential oil. citation: molecules, 2015, 20(7): 11808-11829. the essential oil of lignum aquilariae resinatum protects pc12 cells from oxidative damage caused by hydrogen peroxide, according to xiong ly et al. [18]. chinese journal of pharmaceutical research, volume 25, issue 1, pages 28–32, 2014. by parwata, manuaba, and yasa [19] we mean... gyrinops versteegii leaves, an extract of which is water-based, contain powerful flavonoid components that function as antioxidants. journal of biomedical and pharmacology, 2018, 11(3): 1501-1511. according to ma, qiao, fu, et al. (2021). the biological activity of man-made and naturally occurring agarwood: a comparative study. article number: 1532 in forests, volume 12, issue 11. reference: [21] batubara r, wirjosentono b, siregar ah, and colleagues. antimicrobial action issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 2 against skin-dwelling bacteria and fungus, as well as bioactive components of an ethanol extract of agarwood leaves (aquilaria malaccensis). publication: biodiversitas, volume 22, issue 1, pages 2884–2890, 2021. mikaido h. [22] bacterial cell wall permeability. "angew chem international, english edition," 1979, 18, 5, 337–350. proteinase inhibitor gene families: methods for enhancing herbivore resistance via genetic engineering [23] ryan ca. volume 10, issue 1, pages 20–24, 1989, bioessays. [24] huang y, wu j, zeng y, et al. the chemical make-up and anti-mrsa efficacy of chinese eaglewood essential oil. the citation is from the journal of chinese pharmaceutical science, volume 17, issue 3, page 225. essential oil and heartwood extracts of aquilaria crassna produced by water distillation and supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction: chemical components and antibacterial activity [25] wetwitayaklung p, thavanapong n, charoenteeraboon j. volume 2009, issue 3, pages 25–33, journal of science, technology, engineering, and health affairs. cushnie and lamb [26] said. a better knowledge of flavonoids' antimicrobial activities has recently emerged. journal of antimicrobial agents: an international publication, 2011, 38 (2), 99-107. this sentence is paraphrased from a publication by takemoto et al. [27]. exploring the sedative effects of vaporizing spikenard extract and agarwood oil, as well as identifying their active ingredients. ―journal of the national medical association‖ (2008), 62(1), 41–46. wang s. et al. [28] investigated the effects of agarwood made using the whole-tree agarwoodinducing approach on the suppression of spontaneous activity and hypnosis in mice. published in the journal of international pharmaceutical research in 2016, volume 43, pages 1082–1089. an essential oil from agarwood demonstrates gabaergic-mediated sedative-hypnotic effects [29] wang et al. "molecules" published in 2017 with the doi 22/12: 2190. [30] research by wang et al. comparing the analgesic effects of chinese eaglewood from various years. (hainan medical journal, 2014, 25: 2188-2190). the article "aquilaria species (thymelaeaceae) distribution, volatile and non-volatile phytochemicals, pharmacological uses, agarwood grading system, and induction methods" was written by wang y, hussain m, jiang z, and others—[31]. journal of molecules, 2021, 26, 24: 7708. the authors of the piece are ma hd, deng yr, tian z, and lian zx. the relationship between tcm and immunological modulation. clinical review of allergy and immunology. 2013; 44(3): 229–241. according to research by zhu, zhao, huo, and colleagues, hhx-5, a sesquiterpene derivative found in chinese agarwood, inhibits stat signaling pathways and hence reduces both innate and adaptive immunity [33]. european journal of pharmacology, 2016, 791: 412-423. 10.11648.j.ijhnm.20210702.12 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 1 anxieties over withdrawal decisions and their negative impact on mexican women who had hysterectomies: a case report dr. suresh vinayakthombare associate professor homoeopathic medical college & hospital, jalgaon abstract: the present study examined the significant suppressive effects, in particular those of organ removal surgery. numerous negative consequences of uterine excision are recognized in homeopathy as a result of the huge proportion of premenopausal women who choose to do it as a preventative measure. the primary factor contributing to these choices is the gynecologists' reported fear—or what they see as a high probability—of cancer among their patients. statements like: the uterus that can no longer carry a child will definitely develop cancer have been coined. the clinical case study format was used for this analysis; recruiting patients to participate in such an investigation is challenging; many of the patients have no connection to homoeopathy, which limits the scope of potential hysterectomy complications. not to mention the patients who have tried homeopathy as a last option after being unsuccessful with conventional medicine. just four people out of that group consented to take part in the study. the primary objective was to demonstrate the risks associated with this kind of surgery and their effects on women's health. the four ladies who were part of the case study all had uterine fibroids (fibroids) as their preoperative diagnosis. the catastrophic allopathic prognosis has become practically fashionable in medical practice, particularly in western nations, and this is the primary reason why these patients are worried. following surgery: with time, the withdrawal caused them to all experience a variety of significant symptoms. an essential aspect to examine in this paper is the miasmatic diagnosis of post-operative symptoms. in this post, we will go over how the homeopathy school of mexico uses a miasmatic orientation method to tailor therapy to each unique patient. the therapy is described with the assumption that the miasmatic is the most important factor. a method that pretends to discover the prevalent miasma in each patient is used to show instances with columns where symptoms are categorized. in this post, we will go over how miasmatic orientation may be used to manage issues in a personalized way for each patient. in this article, the miasmatic method is used to describe a personalized treatment plan. at last, the results are discussed, and suggestions for further study are made. keywords: hysterectomy, suppression, miasmatic orientation, myomas introduction allopathic physicians advise or prescribe hysterectomy to female patients based on a flawed version of probability theory while hysterectomy is still an option for certain women, the psychological effects of the most prevalent types of surgeries that women undergo are still unclear. a feature of an occurrence that gives rise to reasons to expect it will occur is its likelihood, according to probability theory. the ratio of the number of favorable instances (y) of an event (x) to the total number of potential cases (n) is the probability (p) that the event (x) will occur out of n equally likely situations. patients who are 44 and above, they utilize the phrase "just in case" to persuade them that hysterectomy is necessary to prevent potential risks. additionally, they use probability theory incorrectly, downplaying the negative impacts while highlighting the positive ones. six out of one hundred women will have uterine cancer if the average age-related risk is determined to be 6% in a sample of women. having a family history of cervical cancer, smoking, the number of pregnancies, the number of sexual partners, starting sexual activity at a young age (under 18), using long-term oral contraceptives, and many other factors all contribute to an inaccurate sample size. a personal risk average is calculated for each patient based on the results of these tests. prior to a hysterectomy, it is wise to familiarize yourself with the most common reasons for the procedure. as previously stated by afridi, n., fareed, a., nazeer, s., khan, s., and khan, sh. [1], the gynecological surgical procedure most often performed is the hysterectomy. additionally, it was shown that the most prevalent histological finding in individuals having a hysterectomy for benign reasons is adenomyosis. period problems and uterine prolapse were the leading causes of hysterectomy in the years 2013–2016, according to anbreen, f., qadir, s., naeem, h., farhat, n., ghafoor, m., and hassan, s. [2].it is typical for doctors to recommend hysterectomy in some specialist medical practices; nevertheless, there are occasions when doctors will just recommend it as a precaution. despite this caution, a large number of people still choose to have surgery.when myomas are detected, doctors often advise a hysterectomy as option a. typically, this suggestion informs patients of the dangers of cancer. choice b: many women have been pregnant due to misinformation at 44 years old, i often get into panic mode after reading an overblown, non-scientific magazine. some of these women often visit physicians and inquire about the operation in particular. after that, there are physicians who are willing to take on the task of removing the organ without warning, all the while the patient is terrified. a living being's cognitive capacity is its information processing ability, which includes the ability to perceive, knowledge gained through experience, and the subjective qualities that give the information worth. learning, thinking, paying attention, remembering, solving problems, making decisions, and experiencing emotions are all parts of it. here are a few key features of the cognitive framework: the first kind of action is observation, which is picking out and absorbing the characteristics of one or more objects. 2. society for the study of cancer. 3. for instance, the following are some of the reasons why a hysterectomy may be recommended by stanford health care: irregular periods of bleeding, infections or pains in the pelvis, endometriosis, adenomyosis, prolapsing of the pervicillous organs, uterine fibroids or noncancerous growths, and so on. components, with vision serving as the primary tool. part b) identifying variables: pinpointing exactly where the components of a phenomena under investigation are located. c) comparison: a way to find the similarities and differences between two things by relating them. d) a relationship is a mental operation that allows us to see similarities or linkages between three or more entities. e) ordering: a mental operation that involves distributing or arranging two or more items, sometimes according to their attributes. one socially distributed form of cognition is the idea of interactive learning, which levine, resnick, and higgins [3] state as the belief that learning is essentially about internalizing processes that have been practiced in interaction with others. for learning to do things independently, it's necessary to engage in social contact; this is true whether one is solving a mathematical issue, operating complicated equipment, or understanding various texts (vygotsky, [4]). when we can see how other people behave in real life, we may learn from it. classification in a hierarchical structure is a mental operation that allows us to express or link different experiences according to their relative significance. at its most basic, it may be given in one of two ways: first, from the broad to the specific (the deductive technique), or second, from the specific to the broad (the inductive method). how did the ladies who were persuaded to get the procedure really fare? according to the homeopathic method, they will exhibit a wide range of complicated symptoms around the midpoint, some of which will be difficult to identify, explain, and cure. this additional symptom, known as a suppressive symptom, is a result of malpractice; specifically, it is the result of removing an organ that is essential for birthing and many other vital processes. (not only for giving birth, but for many other crucial bodily processes as well). according to quantum mechanics, the uterus's sole function is to facilitate conception, yet in the observable universe, this is not the case at all. within the human body exists an unseen network in which all parts are interdependent. one of the tenets of the theosophical view is that, on the plane of manifestation, there is a single conscious energy that (a) moves the atoms about and (b) coordinates their movements so that they form circles. organs, cells, machinery, and systems are all assembled by following the orders of the group of commanding atoms that make up a body. it would seem that the many components inside the body are interconnected by a complex network of signals. that's why it seems like there are consequences in areas of the body where there are no obvious physical connections or touch when a portion is removed from the body. homeopathic approaches: there are many cases, kaur, d., shah, j. and sonavale, r. [5] investigate and evaluate the anticancer activity of commercially available homeopathic preparations the specific case of dynamized testosterone. yadev, r., jee, b., and rao, k. [6] follow a spectrum of symptoms of a patient guide in cancer process. available data suggest that homeopathy has potency not only to treat various types of cancers but also to reduce the side effects caused by standard therapeutic modalities like chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgery. lucadou, w. [7] report research of homeopathy and the result of epidemiological clinical studies about the success of homeopathic treatments. the paper tries to answer the question of why extremely highly diluted substances may be able to result in a medical reaction in a patient even if no single molecule of the used substance is detected in the medicament. homeopathy will affect positively the negative effects of uterus resection. basically, the reasons of those beneficial effects are various: banyopadhyay, p., das, s., manchanda, r., khurana, a., nayak, d., bhar, d., basu, r. and nandy, p. [8] mentioned that homeopathic medicines affect physical properties of matter which depend on the characteristic and the potency of the medicine. these effects can be explained from two aspects: (a) classical and (b) quantum electrodynamical. using three different sets of experiments where homeopathic medicines have affected the physical properties of matter, they have shown how the results can be interpreted in a positive way. in the following cases, we will present different homeopathical treatments for suppressive symptoms that appeared after hysterectomy. however, the best decision is the correct evaluation of each case and practice hysterectomy only if is completely necessary and not before the overwhelming data. 2.1. case 1 maria miasmatic diagnosis issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 1 general mental hypertension. hypotiroidism. colitis. cephalalgy 3-1-2 psoric dx of pathology, symptoms after the hysterectomy (supression): miasmatic diagnosis: predominant miasma myomas uterine fibroids nosological dx psora1 sycosis 2 syphilis 3. 1. cases four patients hysterectomized for the same cause: uterine fibroids (myomas) all of them developed symptoms some months after the surgery. all of those symptoms were new for all of them. as the homeopathic pathogenesis predict, after a suppression the patients will present new symptoms. as it is known, in homeopathy the symptoms are individualized, it means that there is not an equal reaction for all the patients in front of the same suppression (hysterectomy). in all of those cases the patients were treated with different remedies and using the miasmatic approach. in the end, after several sessions, three of them were cured, one was in the stage of incurability. there are experiments where homeopathic medicines have affected the physical properties of matter, they have shown how the results can be interpreted in a positive way. in the following cases we will present different homeopathical treatments after hysterectomy. however, the best decision is the correct evaluation of each case and practice hysterectomy only if is completely necessary and not before the overwhelming data. four patients hysterectomized for the same cause: uterine fibroids (myomas) all of them developed symptoms some months after the surgery. all of those symptoms were new for all of them. as the homeopathic pathogenesis predict, after a suppression the patients will present new symptoms. as it is known, in homeopathy the symptoms are individualized, it means that there is not an equal reaction for all the patients in front of the same suppression (hysterectomy). in all of those cases the patients were treated with different remedies and using the miasmatic approach. al the end, after several sessions, three of them were cured, one was in the stage of incurability. table 1. i&d identification and demographics (name maria, age). age 58, psora sycosis syphilis pmh (past medical history) (major illnesses) 11 5 12 fh (family history) (father mother. paternal grandparents and maternal grandparents) 9 7 14 hpc (history of presenting complaint) synthesis: average mental and general symptoms in common………. 4 8 6 24 20 32 table 2. nosological dx. case 1 some of the main symptoms and miasmatic seriation and equivalences: table 3. mental and general symptoms.malicious (resentment) 1, 2) 3 despair 3 hatred 3 forgetful 3-1 impatience 2 1. i feel really resentful with my husband, sometimes a dream that a take revenge for what he did to me. 2. i know i would never hurt him and that makes me feel impotent. 3. i feel that i will never get over this, that makes me feel sad and really angry. 4. i`ve always been morose, i get easily angry and lately i forget everything and 5. i feel really tired 6. i had a pelvic and abdominal ultrasound because i had stomachache, 7. i was diagnosed with colitis but they found too uterine myomatosis so my doctor decided to take off my uterus” dx miasmatic: 3-1-2 syphilitic, psoric, sycosic. treatment: natrum muriaticum 0/6 lm. 2.2. case 2 laura miasmatic diagnosis psora1 sycosis 2 syphilis 3. table 4. i&d identification and demographics (name laura, age). i&d identification and demographics (name, age, height, weight) age 45, psora sycosis syphilis pmh (past medical history) (major illnesses) 3 13 2 fh (family history) (father mother. paternal grandparents and maternal grandparents) 9 3 2 hpc (history of presenting complaint) synthesis: average mental and general symptoms in common……… 8 14 4 20 30 8 table 5. nosological dx. nosological dx myomas uterine fibroids allergic rhinitis dx of pathology, symptoms after the hysterectomy (supression): colitis constipation gerd gastro esofagial reflux disease miasmatic diagnosis: 2-1-3 predominant miasma sycosic case 2 some of the main symptoms and it´s miasmatic seriation and equivalences: table 6. mental and general symptoms. mental general particular fastidious 2 contradiction intolerant of contradiction 2 impatience 2 noise agg 2 sleeplessness 2 motion amel 2 cold agg 1 nasal discharge 2 nasal congestion 2-1 history of female genitalia–tumors myoma (fibroid) (suppressed) 2 phenomenological expressions: 1. i like everything perfect so i encourage my children to be really organized as me. 2. i get angry when they don’t obey. 3. i also get angry when people don’t agree with me. 4. i hate being seek, i can`t breathe, 5. i have nasal obstruction worsen by cold weather. that gives me a headache but when i start doing things, working, walking i feel better. 6. whenever i get cold i feel the obstruction with a mucous discharge from the back of my nose and on my throat. sometimes that wont let me sleep. 7. i want to feel better as soon as possible, i feel desperate” dx miasmatic: 2-1-3 sycosic, psoric. syphilitic treatment: nux vomica 0/1. 2.3. case 3 patricia miasmatic diagnosis psora1 sycosis 2 syphilis 3. table 7. i&d identification and demographics (name patricia, age). i&d identification and demographics (name, age, height, weight) age 57 psora sycosis syphilis pmh (past medical history) (major illnesses) 14 6 6 fh (family history) (father mother. paternal grandparents and maternal grandparents) 4 6 5 hpc (history of presenting complaint) synthesis: average mental and general symptoms in common……… 3 12 6 21 24 17 table 8. nosological dx. nosological dx uterine bleeding for myomas uterine fibroids ovaric cyst dx of pathology, symptoms after the hysterectomy (supression): dyslipidemia (hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia) hypothyroidism miasmatic diagnosis: 2-1-3 predominant miasma psoric case 3 some of the main symptoms and it´s miasmatic seriation and equivalences: table 9. mental and general symptoms. mental general particular swelling 2 anger 2 obesity 2 extremities cramps 3 singing 2 morning agg 1 chest–pain–stitching mammae 2-3 industrious 2 cold agg 1 female genitalia–tumors ovaries 2 busy 2 unrefreshing sleep 3 history of female genitalia–tumors myoma (fibroid) (suppressed) 2 weariness 1 phenomenological expressions: 1. i feel angry everytime 2. i have leg cramping because it wont let me walk and it is really painful. 3. i like to be busy, i get easily bored so i work a lot. ever since they removed my uterus 4. i feel stitching pain on my breast, it gets worse in cold weather and when i wake up in the morning. 5. i feel really tired all the time, most of all at rise, i wake up without energy and really sleepy” issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 1 dx miasmatic: 2-1-3 sycosic, psoric, syphilitic treatment: nux vomica 0/2. 2.4. case 4 sofía miasmatic diagnosis psora1 sycosis 2 syphilis 3. table 10. i&d identification and demographics (name sofia, age). i&d identification and demographics (name, age, height, weight) age 48, psora sycosis syphilis pmh (past medical history) (major illnesses) 9 3 2 fh (family history) (father mother. paternal grandparents and maternal grandparents) 9 3 2 hpc (history of presenting complaint) synthesis: average mental and non-general symptoms in common 8 4 4 26 10 8 table 11. nosological dx. nosological dx myomas uterine fibroids dx of pathology, symptoms after the hysterectomy (supression): ferropenic anemia inguinal hernia miasmatic diagnosis: 1-2-3 predominant miasma syphilitic case 4 some of the main symptoms and it´s miasmatic seriation and equivalences: table 12. mental and general symptoms. mental general particular yielding disposition 1 history of reserved 1 sleepiness. morning 1 female genitalia–tumors myoma (fibroid) (suppressed) 2 ailments from. disappointment 1 cold weather agg 1 female genitaliametrorrhagia fibroids from (suppressed) 3-2 company desire for 1 phenomenological expressions: 1. i feel really tired and sleepy on the morning, even if 2. i sleep well at night. i feel like everything 3. i`ve ever done is for emotional dependency, to make everyone happy or to make them love me. 4. i don`t like to be alone, so a seek for company. 5. i`m not comfortable sharing my feelings, it its hard for me to tell you how 6. i feel but my husband was unfaithful and ever since 7. i`ve been feeling tired and cold. 8. i don`t like cold weather it makes me feel worst. also after that i started to have minor bleeding in between my menstrual cycle so 9. i had a pelvic ultrasound and they found uterine fibroids so that is why i had the surgery to get my uterus removed. after that happened i`ve been feeling really tired, sleepy and cold” (blood work showed iron deficiency anemia) dx miasmatic: 1-2-3 psoric, sycosic, syphilitic treatment: phosporus 0/2. conclusion the primary goal of medicine, which was to treat and cure people, has clearly evolved. what's important right now is that it just addresses my concerns, which is often the key to someone's financial success. traditional medicine and homeopathy have been under danger from medical overmarketing for decades. the basic reason homeopathy has persisted is because it is effective in curing people without inflicting any damage to them. the public takes the media's claims about what works and what doesn't for granted. as a result, many terminally sick patients seek out homoeopathy, but their therapies are just palliative rather than curative since they were not administered quickly enough. we are aware that a large number of the items used in modern allopathic treatment are either modernized versions of or derivatives from compounds that have been there for millennia, but which get very little attention. what should one do in light of all this? call out others because they claim to know? better yet, learn from one's own mistakes by investigating, verifying, and adjusting to new circumstances. research and development of contemporary pharmaceuticals should not overlook drugs developed from traditional medicines that follow the traditional uses of traditional medicine, as pointed out by yuan, h., ma, o., ye, l., and piao, g. [9]. khan, sh., afridi, nazeer, fareed, and khan all collaborated on this study. propose investigating the incidence of histopathological diagnosis in women who had a hysterectomy at a tertiary care institution for a benign reason. the issue of suppression is real, however, so this won't solve it. the known suppressive consequences of organ mutilation in humans manifest as varying degrees of symptoms. after a hysterectomy, stewart [10] explains what transpired psychologically. some of the most prevalent mistakes include putting too much weight on past designs, not having enough controls, letting assessment methods become contaminated, and not properly quantifying and analyzing data. the absence of a miasmatic diagnosis in hysterectomy instances, as pointed out by torres and reig [11], adds many more difficulties. women who are scared or misled into thinking a hysterectomy is the best option for them should have access to more and better protections immediately. following protocols similar as those described by afridi, n., fareed, a., nazeer, s., khan, s., and khan, sh. [1], researchers at a tertiary care hospital assessed the prevalence of histopathological diagnoses in women who had hysterectomy for benign conditions. but we must also adjust our thinking so that women can hear the risks of this kind of surgery and make an informed decision. the path to internalization is laid out by rogoff [12] in certain ways of thinking and conceptual stances. managing cognitive contamination as a means to safeguard individuals against manipulation was also brought up by reig, e., galvanovskis, a., asili, n., and diez martínez, o. [13]. whether it's before or after a hysterectomy, patients always benefit from a thorough homeopathic evaluation and interview. a team consisting of bell, i. r., koithan, m., gorman, m. m., and baldwin, c. m. [14] this is the case of bell, i. r. and others. in an effort to catalog what the 38 classical homeopaths would consider to be the most important changes in their patients, the following categories were proposed: (1) emotional stability; (2) mental clarity; (3) improved physical functioning; (4) overall physical changes; (5) self-perception; (6) relationships; (7) spirituality; (8) way of life; (9) vitality; (10) sleep quality and quantity; (11) overall health; (12) perceptions of others; (13) relationships in life; (14) a sense of liberation or reduced "stuck"; (15) rest; (16) conflict resolution; (17) flexibility; (18) imagination; and (19) recalling previous experiences. references [1] afridi, n., fareed, a., nazeer, s., khan, s., khan, sh. (2020) histopathology diagnosis in women who underwent a hysterectomy for a benign condition. professional medical journal. 27 (4) pp 721–724. [2] anbreen, f., qadir, s., naeem, h., farhat, n., ghafoor, m., hassan, s. (2018) type, time-trend and indications of hysterectomy. gomal journal of medical sciences. 16 (4) pp 92–96. [3] levine, j. m., resnick, l. b. and higgins, e. t. (1993). social foundations of cognition. in l. w. porter and m. r. [4] vygotski, l. s. (1978). mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes. cambridge, massachussetts: harvard university press. [5] kaur, d., shah, j. and sonavale, r. (2019) evaluating the role of homeopathic medicine testosterone in its various attenuations for its anticancer activity on breast cancer cell line mcf-7. international journal of pharmaceutical research. 11 (3) pp 164–170. [6] yadev, r., jee, b., and rao, k. (2019) how homeopathic medicine works in cancer treatment: deep insight from clinical to experimental studies. journal of experimental therapeutics and oncology. 13 (1) pp 71–76. [7] lucadou, w. (2019) homeopathy and the action of meaning: a theoretical approach. journal of scientific exploration. 33 (2) pp 213–254. [8] banyopadhyay, p., das, s., manchanda, r., khurana, a., nayak, d., bhar, d., basu, r. and nandy, p. (2016) effects of homeopathic medicine on physical properties of matter a classical and qed perspective. international journal of high dilution. 15 (3) pp 18–22. [9] yuan, h., ma, o., ye, l., piao, g. (2016) the traditional medicine and modern medicine from natural products. molecules. 21 (5) pp 559-577.stewart (1977) the psychological effects of hysterectomy. canadian psychology. 18 (2), pp. 128-141. [10] torres, r. and reig, e. (2019) la curacion verdadera a traves de los remedios homeopaticos. (true healing through homeopathic remedies) spain: arcopres publishing house. [11] rogoff, b. (1990). apprenticeship in thinking: cognitive development in social context. new york: oxford university pressrosenzweig (editors), from the annual review of psychology, 44, 585-612. [12] reig, e., galvanovskis, a., asili, n. and diez martínez, o. (1995) geriatric control of cognitive contamination improves life quality in elderly. quarterly journal of the international institute on ageing, united nations. may. 5 (3). [13] bell, i. r., koithan, m., gorman, m. m., & baldwin, c. m. (2003). homeopathic practitioner views of changes in patients undergoing constitutional treatment for chronic disease. journal of alternative & complementary medicine, 9 (1), 39-50. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 2 chinese traditional medical journal a fog-centric secure cloud storage scheme pu wenyuan, zhou chunxiang department of biology, guang′anmen hospital, china academy of chinese medical sciences article info received: 19-02-2023 revised: 25 -03-2023 accepted: 2-04-2023 abstract: the ever-increasing computing and storage capacity of these devices need a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method of storing data. however, there are various hazards and constraints associated with cloud computing, such as those relating to data access control and security as well as efficiency concerns as well as bandwidth. checking the integrity of data stored in many cloud services using a unique model: cpabe, idp (identification principally based proxy). a variety of well-known symmetric algorithms, such as identity-based cryptography and proxy public key cryptography, were put to the test in real time on a variety of handheld devices in order to determine which cryptographic approach could provide the most efficient and reliable safety mechanism for recoring data. fog-centric comfort is the focus of its design. data is protected from illegal access, alteration, and deletion by storing it in the cloud. the suggested technique uses a fresh new approach xor combination to disguise data to prevent unauthorised access. as an additional safeguard against fraudulent data retrieval and data loss, block management outsources the results of xor combination. resilience of the proposed strategy. tests show that the suggested approach is superior in terms of processing time compared to other cutting-edge alternatives. keywords: anonymity-based cryptography, proxy public key cryptographic-abe (fog server), xor-combination (crh), privacy. introduction: ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 2 there are many advantages of cloud computing, but one of them is that it eliminates the need for a customer to manage his or her own computer infrastructure. it refers to the majority of time spent painting server farms that may be accessed by a large number of clients. it is common for large organisations to have capacity distributed throughout certain locations by focused personnel. if you have a close relationship with the buyer, you will almost certainly be allocated a facet employee.some mists can only be found in a single affiliation venture, while others may be found in the public cloud of several institutions. in order to achieve scalability and reliability, distributed computing depends on the sharing of property. because of dispersed computing, public and half-breed organisations may avoid or limit upfront it foundation costs. defendants also guarantee that allotted computing allows companies to get their programmes ready for action faster, with stepped forward reasonability and less protection, and that it companies can all more quickly change assets to meet fluctuating and capricious need, giving the burst processing capacity: high registering strength at specific times of peak interest. the expanding amount of data necessitates a more extensive use of distributed computing and distributed storage, both of which have several advantages. with the rise of company transmission capabilities, the volume of client's statistics has increased significantly. every time i go on to the internet, there's a lot going on.customer has a designated parking space that spans from gbs to tbs. the nearby ability fails to meet this substantial stockpiling requirement by itself. individuals, above all, have a natural need to be able to access their data at any time. as a result, people are looking for innovative ways to preserve their information. a rising number of customers are shifting to cloud storage because of the ground-breaking hoarding limitation. they even want to keep their personal information in the cloud. using a commercial company public cloud employee to store documents may become a common practise in the future. several companies, including as dropbox, google drive, icloud, and baidu cloud, are now offering a variety of capabilities services to their customers after being spurred by reality. even yet, the advantages of dispersed storage are accompanied with a slew of digital hazards. security is a major concern, but there are many others, such as a lack of data, spiteful change, and worker failure. for example, in 2013, programmers leaked three billion records from yahoo, and in 2014, apple's icloud spilled private photos of hollywood stars. in 2016, dropbox data security was breached, and in 2017, yahoo's three billion records were leaked again, this time by programmers. we recommend a method known as xor combination, which divides the data into squares, uses xor hobby to join several squares, and then adapts the resulting squares to various cloud/mist persons. in order to prevent any cloud worker from improving a particular set of data, the suggested method is designed. each block of data is stored by a cloud employee selected by management. defense and recovery of information are aided by xor and block management, respectively. there are a lot of different sources, even though certain squares are missing. collision resolving, a good hashing feature, is also recommended. a hashing interest that is reliant on a standard hash computation that is resistant to a crash in hashing and shows the importance of security. communication skills. using appropriate verification, access control, and interruption reputation, haze registering may be relative study: done reliably. having a haze system in close proximity to the consumer enhances its credibility as a covered location. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 2 1. t. wang et al., "fog-based storage technologyto fight registration framework. there are several methods with cyber threat,”: recommended for use in addition to haze processing, including their own xor combination, block block disbursed computing has had a significant impact on everyone's management and collision resistant hashing (crh) to understanding of base systems, data transfer and specialised safeguard security, assure recoverability, and to choose records aspects. when it comes to computationally important services, they are increasingly being moved to the cloud and accessed adjustment for the information sent inside the distributed garage. through a customer's mobile phone thanks to the advent of both client, mist worker, and cloud employee make up our mobile firms and dispersed computing. however, digital threats framework paradigm. these chemicals have varying levels of are also becoming more advanced and sophisticated, putting the trustworthiness. preparation for the future includes thinking privacy of consumers' personal information at risk. customers lose control of their data and are exposed to virtual hazards such about the components' constant quality: as information loss and vengeful manipulation while using data is owned by the user. this paper's primary goal is to standard support mode, which stores client statistics entirely in protect, recover from disasters, and relocate customer data in the the cloud. second, "a three-layer privacy preserving cloud storage scheme based on computational intelligence in fog computing,": by t. wang, event of an emergency. fog server: patrons may rely on a fog employee. mist employee and his information are relied upon by the client. three-layer stockpiling devices based on mist figures are heave employees' dependability is bolstered by the proximity of recommended. the suggested structure is capable of both haze devices to the consumer, full-life genuine security, ensuring the safety of data and making the most widespread storage possible. in addition, the hash-solomon code computation is designed to separate statistics into several components... as soon as that happens, we may place a touch authentic validation and cosy communication. server in the cloud: a cloud employee is seen to be sincere and piece of information in a nearby gadget and spray an employee enquisitive. however, cloud workers are expected to investigate to ensure their safety. in addition, in light of this calculation is their clients' data in accordance with their service level able to deal with the flow amount in cloud, mist, and near-by agreement. cloud employees, on the other hand, may claim to be devices one at a time, thanks to the power of computing. the acceptable regardless of how close they get to being able to feasibility of our strategy has been confirmed by hypothetical security investigation and check assessment, which is a perform. significant improvement over the present allocated garage two tuples are returned as output: a block tag and a fixed length conspire. block for each tuple. in each set, there are a certain number of tuples to be found. splits input into numbers of data blocks with by mixing cloud and fog computing, "secure data storage and a predetermined size upon receiving padded data. code called searching for industrial iot": xor combination separates and combines any number of we examine the emerging issues in the iot areas of information successive blocks in order to maintain privacy and allow for data handling, safe data storage, effective data healing, and dynamic record collection. at that time, we'll devise a flexible financial framework that incorporates cloud computing and distributed computing to address the challenges raised above. threshold workers or cloud workers process and store gathered data in accordance with the time inaction requirements. brink workers first analyse the raw data, then apply and store time-sensitive information locally, which is done within a few minutes. implementation: with the only goal of ensuring cloud data, we suggested a cloud data storage approach based on haze modelling. the purchaser's stability is presumed by the conspirators in the form of a mist employee who has been given some processing, stockpiling, and recovery if anything goes wrong. input: data as block of bytes. output: two sets of tuples. procedure: receive data that has been padded; set2 ; / set the value to null. initialize set3 with null. the n-th term is |data| |l| ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 2 if you want to know how many percentage points you have to random condensation units and irregular values, you will add to get to the next percentage point, you need to know how increase the risk of area. it is necessary for us to use random many percentage points you have to add to go to the next evaluation and a single set of non-smooth numbers given the percentage point. assume that set3 u is equal to the product of set2 u and set3 u. b((i percent n)+2) percent n >; end of; input set2 andset3 and return; end procedure; • crh.ver ification input: 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑇 𝑒𝑥𝑡output: true or false. procedure: get the appropriate r, originaldigest, and randomdigest from the database. verifydigest = hash (verifiabletext) is computed. and 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦𝐷𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 𝑕𝑎𝑠𝑕 (𝑅 || 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑡); assuming that (originaldigest == verifiabledigest and that a random digest is equal to a verifiable random digest returnr, the originaldigest, and the randomdigest; end procedure; collision resolving hashing resolving a collision regardless of whether or not there is an effect, hashing is an efficient method for determining the integrity of a data set. the hash evaluation of original content is protected to differentiate any toxic substitute, and the hash digest of modified content is identical to that of the original text. crh can still distinguish between the original and modified versions of a text notwithstanding a crash. using popular crash safe hash work. results and discussions: admin login page data user registration page: ] view file request: view file: admin login page: cloud server and fog server: file upload: conclusion: the storage service is excellent, but customers are entrusting the cloud storage server with their private information. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 2 complete access to and control of the cloud server as soon as statistics are outsourced to the cloud, people's information may be manipulated. it has the ability to look up and investigate a person's history. information is also vulnerable to several cyberattacks, and cloud hardware or software failure might entirely wipe out the data on the cloud. a three-layer fog-based structure is an appropriate solution for a secure cloud storage facility that can withstand cyber assaults. preventive sports are performed on a trusted fog server, while the real data is sent to several cloud servers in a twisted architecture. this research recommends xor as a preventative strategy s. combination, crh, and block management strategies. xor combination splits and mixes a dataset into blocks of fixed period length in order to make it ready for outsourcing. references: [1] a fog-centric secure cloud storage scheme by m a manazir ahsan, ihsan ali, and muhammad imran was published in ieee transactions on sustainable computing on may 6, 2019, pp. 2377-3782. [2] [2] "a three-layer privacy preserving cloud storage scheme based on computational intelligence in fog computing," ieee transactions on emerging topics in computational intelligence, vol. 2, no. 1, 2018, pp. 3-12. [3] s. basu and his colleagues, "cloud computing security issues and solutions," appeared in computing and communication workshop and conference (ccwc), the 2018 ieee 8th annual, 2018. pp. 347–356: ieee. [4] future generation computer systems, "fog-based storage technique to combat cyber danger," 2018. [5] ieee transactions on dependable and secure computing, 2017. [5] yang, x. liu, and r. deng, "multi-user multi-keyword rank search over encrypted data in arbitrary language," 2017. [6] ieee, "the fog computing paradigm: scenarios and security challenges," 2014 federated conference on computer science and information systems (fedcsis), pp. 1 8, i. stojmenovic and s. [7] arora, parashar, and transforming, "secure user data in cloud computing utilising e-ncryption algorithms," international journal of engineering research and applications, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1922-1926, 2013. [8] cloud computing security: a review by david zissis and dimitris lekkas, future generation computer systems, volume 28, number 3, pages 583-592, 2012. [9] "privacy preserving public auditing for data storage security in cloud computing," by c. wang, q. wang, k. ren, and w. lou, appeared in infocom, 2010 proceedings ieee (pp. 1-9). ieee.com. [10] distributed computing systems workshops (icdcsw), 2010 ieee 30th international conference on, pp. 26-31: ieee, 2010. 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 chinese traditional medical journal ayurveda critical appraisal of embryological concepts (garbhasharir) delineated in ayurveda zhan tao, hu yue, lu hao school of traditional chinese medicine, southern medical university, guangzhou nanfang hospital, southern medical university, guangzhou the foundation of yurveda is built on a set of timeless principles, such as tridosha, triguna, and panchamahabhuta, among others. garbhasharir, on the other hand, adheres to the same fundamental abstract background: from conception to death, ayurveda focuses on the health and illness of the human body. ayurvedic compendia mention garbhasharir (embryology) as the primary goal (healthy progeny). there are several differences between modern embryology and ayurveda when it comes to describing the creation of the embryo, development of the foetus, and structural teratogenesity in body parts. for example, there are various quotations from garbhasharir that need to be interpreted in an acceptable manner in brihattrayee (three main compendia of ayurved) and their commentaries. aims: using terms from grabhasharir articulated in ayurvedic lexicons in connection to embryological notions, this critical assessment attempts to explain and analyse the processes associated with the genesis of progeny using contemporary scientific knowledge. materials methods: to find the secret essence of embryology mentioned in garbhasharir chapters, brihattrayee and other pertinent material were rigorously analysed. results: ayurvedic embryology is founded on its basics, such as the "tridosha" (three physical humours), the "triguna" (three psychological humours), and the "panchamahabhoota" (four essential aspects of life) etc. when it comes to the process of creating new life, the ayurvedic compendia demonstrate that there are two basic sorts of processes (dependent and independent). there are two types of processes: those that can be modified and those that cannot be modified. conclusions: even though the concepts of embryology described in ayurveda dates back to centuries, they are still relevant in the current scienti c world provided proper insight is applied to interpret them . keywords: ayurveda, embryology, garbhasharirfactors that may be assessed as a result of genesis 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 ideas. when it comes to studying live species' genes, hereditary variation, and other aspects of genetics, it is known as genetics. [1] a close examination of the ayurvedic compendia's description of garbhasharir reveals that the origin of offspring may be divided into two categories: dependent and independent. the terms "dependent processes" and "independent processes" refer to the ability of parents to alter the behaviour of their children. pregnant women are advised to follow suprajanan's recommendations in order to ensure a healthy foetus.independent elements for facsimile are those things that are beyond of the control of the parents at the time of birth and cannot be managed by precautions or virtuous acts. most of an infant's characteristics may be traced back to these two elements alone. ayurveda mentions just the perception of atma (soul) when it comes to the production of garbha. additionally, garbhasharir goes into detail into things like sex determination, foetal abnormality, and prakruti. corresponding address: dr. sachin khedikar associate professor, dept. of rachana sharir, mahatma gandhi ayurved, college, hospital & research center, salod (h), wardha, maharashtra, india, email: sach21009@gmail.com ayurveda's many genetic principles need to be explained in light of current understanding. the goal of this research is to evaluate the different ayurvedic lexicons' descriptions of garbhasharir's embryological notions critically. materials & methods: with their comments, notably from sushruta samhita sharirsthana as it was thought that secret notions of genetics are exemplified in it, supporting texts of modern science, references from the internet and publications were assessed for this research. observations & results: analysis of garbhasharir literature indicates the following processes, which may be classified as dependent, independent, or both (table-1). shrushtiutpatti (evolution): ayurveda's conception of embryology dates all the way back to the beginning of time. the development of the universe serves as a classic illustration of the separate variables that contribute to the genesis of a foetus. the following is sushruta's brilliant explanation of abiogenesis. when it comes to the origin of all things, the avyakta (unmanifest) is a contributing source of all creatures, causeless itself, represented by the eight forms of the satva (purity), the raja (motion), and tama (inertia). avyakta, mahat (principle of intelligence), ahankara (egoistic inclination), and the mahabhutas are the eight kinds according to sankhya philosophy (apparent elements). it is from this avyakta that the like-element mahat arises, and it is through this that the three types of ahankara, vaikarika, taijasa, and bhutadi, all of which have the same properties, are produced. [2] there are a variety of manasprakruti (psychic constitutions) that have been developed based on the tanmatras are tanmatras, which are tanmatras, which are tanmatras, which are tanmatras, which are tanmatras, which are tanmatras, which are tanmatras [4] preconception factors: for ayurveda's objective of healthy offspring, it stresses pre-conceptual care. rutumati (menstruating lady) has been advised to follow the rutuaticharya teachings. when following celibacy, the lady should refrain from daytime slumber and many other activities throughout her menstrual cycle. the mother's lifestyle and conduct throughout the rutumati period have a mailto:sach21009@gmail.com 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 significant impact in shaping the character of the foetus to come. [5] prior to conception, the parents' diet and lifestyle play a significant role and have a direct impact on the characteristics of the embryo. [6] [7] formation of embryo & soul: pregnancy occurs when four components come together properly: rutukal (the proliferation phase of the menstrual cycle), garbhashaya (the uterus), ahar-ras (the nourishment) and shukra-artav (sperm and the egg). in the same way, sprouts emerge from the combination of season, soil, water and seed. as a result, boys born worthy are described as gorgeous, endowed with a high degree of satva, and endowed with a long life expectancy. they are also free of three debts, and as a result, they benefit their father. [8] there is a reference in ayurveda to the soul's involvement in the creation of the embryo. it has been revealed by sushruta that the formation of an embryo is a collaborative effort of the soul, ashtaprakruti (the eight fundamental natures), and shodas-vikar (the sixteen products). [9] righteous and unrighteous actions made by a soul before to its birth determine whether or not it enters a certain ovum-sperm mixture. agni (ovum) and soma (sperm) combine to form the psyche, which is, despite its immutability and impenetrability, influenced by the impulses of previous actions. combined with bhutadi's ahankara[3]. the subtle body is linked to satva, rajas, and other mental states. when taijasa work together, they create ve tanmatras (subtle elements), which share the same characteristic and have audible, tactile, and visual emanations. it is only with vayu's help that tamas and other godly demonical or otherwise impelled characteristics reach the uterus. [10] table-1: processes involved in genesis of progeny independent process dependent process srushtiutpatti (evolution) formation of body parts preconception process formation of embryo & soul prakruti according to an equivalent passage in the first chapter of sushruta sharirsthana, in ayurvedic teachings, souls are not omnipresent but endlessly reincarnated as animals, men, and gods depending on the good or bad deeds of their creator. because of their intricacy, consciousness, and perpetual manifestation in the fusing of ovum and sperm, they are inferable. [11] sex determination: shukra (semen) generates a male kid, while aartava (ovum) produces a female child. when both are equal, the result is a hermaphrodite. [12] odd-day conception of a male kid and a female child may be the outcome of sexual interaction on even days. [13] if conceived now, the lady seeking a male child should put three or four drops of one of the following herbs into her right nostril (without spitting): lakshmana (ipomoea sepiaria roxb), vatashrunga (ficus bengalensis linn), 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 sahadeva (sida humilis wild), and vishvadeva (grewia populifolia). [14] evolution & body parts: the elements facilitated in an individual with the assistance of panchamahabhuta includes the traits those of akash (sound, auditory organ, all ori ces and distinctness); vayu (touch, tactile organ, all activities (nervous system), actions in all body parts and lightness); tejas (vision, visual organ, complexion, heat, brilliance, digestion, intolerance, sharpness and valor); aap (taste, gustatory organ, all liquidity, immensity, coldness, unctuousness and semen) & similarly those of prithvi (smell, olfactory organ, hardness and weightiness).[15] development of embryo: parts and subparts of the embryo develop naturally. the virtues or flaws that result from the soul entering the embryo should be recognised as such. [16] zygote splits into two souls spurred by unrighteousness as it reaches the uterus due to internal vayu. twins are a common term for them. [17] ayurveda explains the importance of panchamahabhuta in the creation of the foetus's complexion and the six variables that affect the growth of the foetus, known as garbhot-padak (supporting factors for the production of garbha). the element tejas is responsible for the complexion. when the aap element is prominent at conception, the foetus is fair-skinned; when the prithvi element is dominating, the foetus is black. eyes become red-eyed if tejas does not reach the visual organ; the same connected with blood causes redeyedness.yellow-eyed and white-eyed respectively, if associated with vata it causes deformity in eye. [18] the parts of the foetal body originating from father, mother, rasa (nutrition), atma (soul), satva (psyche) and satyama (suitability) are described as shadbhava. the hard parts like bone, nail, teeth etc originate from father; the soft parts like heart, liver, spleen etc are of maternal origin; physical development, strength, complexion originate from rasa; sensory and motor organs, knowledge, wisdom life-span, pleasure, pain etc originate from atma; energy, health, strength, complexion and intelligence are satyamaj in origin.[19] structural arrangement of body parts, falling and reappearing of teeth and absence of hair on palm and soles these are due to nature.[20] the person attains the same act in rebirth by which he was impelled in previous life. he also acquires the same qualities which were frequently used in the previous life. [21] foetal deformity: fetal anomaly is explained by charak in terms of the seed (sperm or egg) and how it affects the portion of a foetus damaged by its genetic source. the number 22 is an example of this. parents who do unrighteous activities may produce a foetus like a snake, scorpion, pumpkin, or other reptilian creature. neonatal neonates such as kubja and kuni have a humped back, kuni has a malformed hand, pangu is lame, mook is stupid, and minmin has a muffled voice since the mother ignored her need. [23] a baby in the womb is affected by the doshas (bodily humour) in the same way as a tree in a river stream is affected by wood, stone fragments, and water currents during the rainy season. [24] prakruti the body's inherent constitution is influenced by the prevailing dosha during conception. it has seven types: three for each individual dosha, three for the combination of two doshas, and one for the sum total of all seven doshas. [25] discussion: shrushtiutpatti (evolution): is a self-contained process that cannot be influenced by outside forces. there are three types of triguna in avyakta, but they are all equally distributed and inactive before abiogenesis. differentiation in triguna occurs when mahat arises, and the processing of a person begins with the development of anatomical, physiological, and mental variety. some conclusions may 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 be reached from a comparison of this theory of universe manifestation with the atomic hypothesis. consider the proton, electron, and neutron as satva, raja, and tama, respectively. it's well-known that each one's design and structure the proton, electron, and neutron quantities in an atom are what determine the atom's properties. atoms are the building blocks of the cosmos. according to ayurveda, the manifesting cause of the whole cosmos is unmanifest. our old idea of abiogenesis is akin to this atomic hypothesis. the manas-prakruti (psychological constitution) of a person is defined by the combination of trigunas. variations in mahat and ahankara, then, define an individual's psychic characteristics. this process may be termed autonomous since it is not under the authority of any one person. preconception factors: rely on each other. it is possible for parents to influence the physical and mental qualities of their children for the rest of their lives by manipulating a number of parameters listed in garbhasharir. rutumaticharya ovums are observed in modern research to be in prophase of the rst meiotic division prior to maturity of the main oocyte. garbhasharir compel menstrual women to take precautionary measures, hence there must be a link between oocyte maturation and rutumaticharya. epigenetic studies have shown the impact of one's food and other lifestyle choices on one's offspring. formation of embryo, body parts & soul: are also unaffected by external influences and must be treated as such. rutukal, garbhashaya, aahar-rasa, and shukra-artava are the primary elements in the conception process. the healthy progeny will not be born until all of the following four elements are normal. conception may or may not be feasible if one of these variables is weakened. it's impossible to rule out the chance of a flaw if conception occurs under these circumstances. because most of these entities may be planned and modified for the benefit of a healthy baby, this procedure is virtually dependant. the panchamahabhuta's qualities are well acknowledged. a person's rebirth might benefit from the stored knowledge about their good and bad deeds during their genesis. the stored information controls the entry of the soul into the ovum-sperm combination. the information that is kept in a computer may be compared to genetic code. the number of chromosomes is unique to each species and has a role in reproduction, as well as in the general development of a person, together with genes. when it comes to parenthood, the previous birth may be seen as a source of genetic information for their offspring's creation and development, according to this perspective because of this, ayurvedic terminology such as "righteous and unrighteous deeds" may be understood as genetic information. sex determination: this process depends on but also operates independently of one another. as stated in pumsavana sanskara, the desired sex of a kid may be acquired with timely intervention (sacrament of getting child of desired sex). based on the prevalence of shukra and shonita at the moment of conception, it may be an autonomous process. development of embryo: a procedure that is both reliant and autonomous the embryo's growth, which modifies people's features, is described in part by dependent elements such garbhotpadak bhava, nutritional and behavioural influences. "atmaja bhava" executions among shadbhava are independent of each other. according to genetics, "swabhava," or nature, is the same as "nature." genes contain all of the information necessary for the emergence of any given bodily component during genesis. for every organ, this stored 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 knowledge dictates the whole path of growth. foetal deformity: a procedure that is both reliant and autonomous if you have modest hirsutism and a deep voice, as well as secondary amenorrhea and cystic ovaries, you may have stein-leventhal syndrome. from the individual's mahat and ahankara. this means that the effectiveness of structural traits passed down through generations will differ from person to person. individual variety is increased as a result. what's the difference between the two? ayurveda holds that there is no existence of life without the soul. every person has a unique soul, and the characteristics of that soul influence how that person's character emerges. sushruta shows that if a woman practises coitus in a dream after menstruation, vayu, taking the ovum, creates an embryo in the uterus when it is associated with kalala (semisolid substance resembling sputum). this causes the woman to show signs of pregnancy, but it remains a semi-solid mass similar to sputum that lacks any paternal characteristics. there is evidence that both maternal and paternal variables are necessary for the generation of normal offspring. it has been noted by charak that the vitiation of the doshas that result from genetic flaws, as well as the uterus's physiology, a mother's diet, and other factors, leads to a wide range of physical and mental anomalies. charak's view is supported by instances such as x, y-linked illness, sickle cell anaemia, and so on. ayurveda explains the three reasons that cause foetal abnormalities, namely, unrighteous acts, vitiated vata, and a lack of desire in pregnancy. prakruti: ayurveda genetics has been the primary concern of prakruti's writers. there are three types of prakruti: maternal; paternal. each of these determines the offspring's physical, mental, as well as behavioural characteristics. sushruta uses tridosha to explain the same thing. in a study on prakruti, researchers discovered a link between the cyp2c19 genotype and prakruti's rapid or slow metabolism. phenomenological-genotype connection, drug development, pharmacogenomic medicine, and personalised medicine all seem to be affected significantly by these findings, too. [27] it has been discovered that the gene pgm1 is linked to pitta dosha by manipal university's center for cellular and molecular biology (ccmb). this gene's role in the process i.e., both independent and reliant. ayurveda has a unique belief in the presence of a soul, which they think is responsible for life. awareness the principles of embryology articulated by ayurveda centuries ago demands an understanding of notions that are still relevant in today's scientic society. references: [internet], [cited on 5 / 1 / 2 0 1 5] [definition of genetics]. a readily available website http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/genetics. when it comes to the word "susher," the word "sushruta" comes to mind. ayurvedrahasyadeepika commentary by b. g. ghanekar, sharirsthana, chapter 1 verses 2-3, reprint ed. new delhi; meharchand laxman das publishing; 2009, p. 1-2 3. in the sushrutasamhita: chapter 1, verse 18, edited by anantram sharma, reprinted by chaukhamba surbharati in varanasi in 2013, volume 2, page 10, we find the following passage: "sushrutha" 7 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 edited by p. v. sharma, the sharirsthana chapter 1 verse-4 of sushruta's sushrutisamhita, sharirsthana varanasi; chaukhamba visvabharati; 2005. vol. 2: p. 118 in the reprint on the basis of this passage from the sushrutasamhita, chapter 2, verse 25 of sharirsthana: chap. 2, verse -49, reprint ed. varanasi; chaukhamba sanskrit sansthan; 2014. vol-1. edited by ambikadatta shashtri. p. 23 pgm1 has long been recognised as a key player in the regulation of the basal metabolic rate. for more on this topic, see ibid. similar to pitta dosha in terms of basal metabolic rate (bmr). as the preponderance of dosha during fertilisation has an influence on several parameters, it is an independent factor. there can be no doubt that embryology is an important topic. chapter three, verse -35, page 44 chapter 2, verses 34-35 of the sharirsthana, sharirshita (2), sharirshita, p. 38-41 sharirsthana chapter 5, verse 2, p. 146 ibidem sushrutasamhita (2) sushrutasamhita (4), sharirsthana, sharirsthana p. 140, verse 4 of chapter 3 according to ayurvedic garbhasharir, for more on this topic, see ibid. ayurveda's philosophical and theoretical foundations. the p. 9 of chapter 1, verse 16 attention is paid to both right and wrongdoing. italics in original (3), sharirsthana, significance for the emergence of characteristics in a person. p. 30 of chapter 3, verse 5 the majority of the origin theories outlined in the sushrutasamhita (6), sharirsthana, modern science's genetic theory may help us better understand ayurveda. deeds, both good and bad, may be seen as a forerunner. page 279 of ibidem nutritional and environmental factors may influence an individual's genetic makeup. 8 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 the sushrutasamhita (6), sharirsthana, epigenetics is a comparison that may be drawn between parents' lifestyles and their children's dna .conclusion: ayurveda's conception of embryology for the genesis of a person is based only on tridosha, the core principle of the system. tridosha, triguna, and panchamahabhoota are ayurveda's core concepts of embryology. there are two types of processes involved in the development of offspring, according to critical interpretation of garbhasharir's works. verse 26 of chapter 9 on page 9 in the "sushrutasamhita" of sharirsthan, sharirsthan, chapter 3, verse34 chapter 28 of volume 1 of the second edition, published by chaukhambha orientalia in 2004 in varanasi. chap. 2, verse 37 (suritva), srikantha murthy, sushrutha samhita, sharirsthan on page 20 of chapter 2, verses 37 to 38 in the sixth chapter of the ibidem sushruta samhita chapter 3, verse 43, p. 4 of sharirsthana italics in original ( 4), sharirsthana, in p. 138 of chapter 2, verse 56, there are many different ways to look at this, but here are some of the more common ones: in the second chapter, verses 57-58 appear on page 139 2. agnivesha, charaka, dhridhhabala, and others, p. v. sharma, reprint ed., varanasi; chaukamba orientalia, 2011, vol. 1, p. 426 of charakasamhita, sharirsthana, chapter 3, verse 17. in the ibidem sushrutasamhita (2), the sharirsthana, on page 23 of chapter 2, verses 53-54, sharirthana, chapter 2, verse -29, p. 415 of the ibidem charakasamhita (22), five. ibidem sushrutisamhita (4), sharirsthana section 63 of chapter 4 (page 162) volume 2 of human anatomy by b. d. chaurasia (new delhi: cbs publishers, 2006), page 356 seven. ghodke y., joshi k., patwardhan b., ayurvedic prakriti type and cyp2c19 gene polymorphism associated with metabolic variability. complementary and alternative medicine. 2011;249528. how to cite the article: 9 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 khedikar g sachin et al, critical appraisal of embryological concepts (garbhasharir) delineated in ayurveda j. res. trad. medicine 2016; 2(2): 45-50 source of support: nil con ict of interest: nil © journal of research in traditional medicine 2015-2016 disclaimer: journal of research in traditional medicine, its publisher, editorial board members or anyone involved in producing and delivering the online materials, does not assume any responsibility or liability for any consequences arising out of the usage of the contents in the published articles. the contents presented in the articles are purely the opinion of the contributing authors and not necessarily of the journal. 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 chinese traditional medical journal ayurveda critical appraisal of embryological concepts (garbhasharir) delineated in ayurveda zhan tao, hu yue, lu hao school of traditional chinese medicine, southern medical university, guangzhou nanfang hospital, southern medical university, guangzhou the foundation of yurveda is built on a set of timeless principles, such as tridosha, triguna, and panchamahabhuta, among others. garbhasharir, on the other hand, adheres to the same fundamental abstract background: from conception to death, ayurveda focuses on the health and illness of the human body. ayurvedic compendia mention garbhasharir (embryology) as the primary goal (healthy progeny). there are several differences between modern embryology and ayurveda when it comes to describing the creation of the embryo, development of the foetus, and structural teratogenesity in body parts. for example, there are various quotations from garbhasharir that need to be interpreted in an acceptable manner in brihattrayee (three main compendia of ayurved) and their commentaries. aims: using terms from grabhasharir articulated in ayurvedic lexicons in connection to embryological notions, this critical assessment attempts to explain and analyse the processes associated with the genesis of progeny using contemporary scientific knowledge. materials methods: to find the secret essence of embryology mentioned in garbhasharir chapters, brihattrayee and other pertinent material were rigorously analysed. results: ayurvedic embryology is founded on its basics, such as the "tridosha" (three physical humours), the "triguna" (three psychological humours), and the "panchamahabhoota" (four essential aspects of life) etc. when it comes to the process of creating new life, the ayurvedic compendia demonstrate that there are two basic sorts of processes (dependent and independent). there are two types of processes: those that can be modified and those that cannot be modified. conclusions: even though the concepts of embryology described in ayurveda dates back to centuries, they are still relevant in the current scienti c world provided proper insight is applied to interpret them . keywords: ayurveda, embryology, garbhasharirfactors that may be assessed as a result of genesis 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 ideas. when it comes to studying live species' genes, hereditary variation, and other aspects of genetics, it is known as genetics. [1] a close examination of the ayurvedic compendia's description of garbhasharir reveals that the origin of offspring may be divided into two categories: dependent and independent. the terms "dependent processes" and "independent processes" refer to the ability of parents to alter the behaviour of their children. pregnant women are advised to follow suprajanan's recommendations in order to ensure a healthy foetus.independent elements for facsimile are those things that are beyond of the control of the parents at the time of birth and cannot be managed by precautions or virtuous acts. most of an infant's characteristics may be traced back to these two elements alone. ayurveda mentions just the perception of atma (soul) when it comes to the production of garbha. additionally, garbhasharir goes into detail into things like sex determination, foetal abnormality, and prakruti. corresponding address: dr. sachin khedikar associate professor, dept. of rachana sharir, mahatma gandhi ayurved, college, hospital & research center, salod (h), wardha, maharashtra, india, email: sach21009@gmail.com ayurveda's many genetic principles need to be explained in light of current understanding. the goal of this research is to evaluate the different ayurvedic lexicons' descriptions of garbhasharir's embryological notions critically. materials & methods: with their comments, notably from sushruta samhita sharirsthana as it was thought that secret notions of genetics are exemplified in it, supporting texts of modern science, references from the internet and publications were assessed for this research. observations & results: analysis of garbhasharir literature indicates the following processes, which may be classified as dependent, independent, or both (table-1). shrushtiutpatti (evolution): ayurveda's conception of embryology dates all the way back to the beginning of time. the development of the universe serves as a classic illustration of the separate variables that contribute to the genesis of a foetus. the following is sushruta's brilliant explanation of abiogenesis. when it comes to the origin of all things, the avyakta (unmanifest) is a contributing source of all creatures, causeless itself, represented by the eight forms of the satva (purity), the raja (motion), and tama (inertia). avyakta, mahat (principle of intelligence), ahankara (egoistic inclination), and the mahabhutas are the eight kinds according to sankhya philosophy (apparent elements). it is from this avyakta that the like-element mahat arises, and it is through this that the three types of ahankara, vaikarika, taijasa, and bhutadi, all of which have the same properties, are produced. [2] there are a variety of manasprakruti (psychic constitutions) that have been developed based on the tanmatras are tanmatras, which are tanmatras, which are tanmatras, which are tanmatras, which are tanmatras, which are tanmatras, which are tanmatras [4] preconception factors: for ayurveda's objective of healthy offspring, it stresses pre-conceptual care. rutumati (menstruating lady) has been advised to follow the rutuaticharya teachings. when following celibacy, the lady should refrain from daytime slumber and many other activities throughout her menstrual cycle. the mother's lifestyle and conduct throughout the rutumati period have a mailto:sach21009@gmail.com 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 significant impact in shaping the character of the foetus to come. [5] prior to conception, the parents' diet and lifestyle play a significant role and have a direct impact on the characteristics of the embryo. [6] [7] formation of embryo & soul: pregnancy occurs when four components come together properly: rutukal (the proliferation phase of the menstrual cycle), garbhashaya (the uterus), ahar-ras (the nourishment) and shukra-artav (sperm and the egg). in the same way, sprouts emerge from the combination of season, soil, water and seed. as a result, boys born worthy are described as gorgeous, endowed with a high degree of satva, and endowed with a long life expectancy. they are also free of three debts, and as a result, they benefit their father. [8] there is a reference in ayurveda to the soul's involvement in the creation of the embryo. it has been revealed by sushruta that the formation of an embryo is a collaborative effort of the soul, ashtaprakruti (the eight fundamental natures), and shodas-vikar (the sixteen products). [9] righteous and unrighteous actions made by a soul before to its birth determine whether or not it enters a certain ovum-sperm mixture. agni (ovum) and soma (sperm) combine to form the psyche, which is, despite its immutability and impenetrability, influenced by the impulses of previous actions. combined with bhutadi's ahankara[3]. the subtle body is linked to satva, rajas, and other mental states. when taijasa work together, they create ve tanmatras (subtle elements), which share the same characteristic and have audible, tactile, and visual emanations. it is only with vayu's help that tamas and other godly demonical or otherwise impelled characteristics reach the uterus. [10] table-1: processes involved in genesis of progeny independent process dependent process srushtiutpatti (evolution) formation of body parts preconception process formation of embryo & soul prakruti according to an equivalent passage in the first chapter of sushruta sharirsthana, in ayurvedic teachings, souls are not omnipresent but endlessly reincarnated as animals, men, and gods depending on the good or bad deeds of their creator. because of their intricacy, consciousness, and perpetual manifestation in the fusing of ovum and sperm, they are inferable. [11] sex determination: shukra (semen) generates a male kid, while aartava (ovum) produces a female child. when both are equal, the result is a hermaphrodite. [12] odd-day conception of a male kid and a female child may be the outcome of sexual interaction on even days. [13] if conceived now, the lady seeking a male child should put three or four drops of one of the following herbs into her right nostril (without spitting): lakshmana (ipomoea sepiaria roxb), vatashrunga (ficus bengalensis linn), 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 sahadeva (sida humilis wild), and vishvadeva (grewia populifolia). [14] evolution & body parts: the elements facilitated in an individual with the assistance of panchamahabhuta includes the traits those of akash (sound, auditory organ, all ori ces and distinctness); vayu (touch, tactile organ, all activities (nervous system), actions in all body parts and lightness); tejas (vision, visual organ, complexion, heat, brilliance, digestion, intolerance, sharpness and valor); aap (taste, gustatory organ, all liquidity, immensity, coldness, unctuousness and semen) & similarly those of prithvi (smell, olfactory organ, hardness and weightiness).[15] development of embryo: parts and subparts of the embryo develop naturally. the virtues or flaws that result from the soul entering the embryo should be recognised as such. [16] zygote splits into two souls spurred by unrighteousness as it reaches the uterus due to internal vayu. twins are a common term for them. [17] ayurveda explains the importance of panchamahabhuta in the creation of the foetus's complexion and the six variables that affect the growth of the foetus, known as garbhot-padak (supporting factors for the production of garbha). the element tejas is responsible for the complexion. when the aap element is prominent at conception, the foetus is fair-skinned; when the prithvi element is dominating, the foetus is black. eyes become red-eyed if tejas does not reach the visual organ; the same connected with blood causes redeyedness.yellow-eyed and white-eyed respectively, if associated with vata it causes deformity in eye. [18] the parts of the foetal body originating from father, mother, rasa (nutrition), atma (soul), satva (psyche) and satyama (suitability) are described as shadbhava. the hard parts like bone, nail, teeth etc originate from father; the soft parts like heart, liver, spleen etc are of maternal origin; physical development, strength, complexion originate from rasa; sensory and motor organs, knowledge, wisdom life-span, pleasure, pain etc originate from atma; energy, health, strength, complexion and intelligence are satyamaj in origin.[19] structural arrangement of body parts, falling and reappearing of teeth and absence of hair on palm and soles these are due to nature.[20] the person attains the same act in rebirth by which he was impelled in previous life. he also acquires the same qualities which were frequently used in the previous life. [21] foetal deformity: fetal anomaly is explained by charak in terms of the seed (sperm or egg) and how it affects the portion of a foetus damaged by its genetic source. the number 22 is an example of this. parents who do unrighteous activities may produce a foetus like a snake, scorpion, pumpkin, or other reptilian creature. neonatal neonates such as kubja and kuni have a humped back, kuni has a malformed hand, pangu is lame, mook is stupid, and minmin has a muffled voice since the mother ignored her need. [23] a baby in the womb is affected by the doshas (bodily humour) in the same way as a tree in a river stream is affected by wood, stone fragments, and water currents during the rainy season. [24] prakruti the body's inherent constitution is influenced by the prevailing dosha during conception. it has seven types: three for each individual dosha, three for the combination of two doshas, and one for the sum total of all seven doshas. [25] discussion: shrushtiutpatti (evolution): is a self-contained process that cannot be influenced by outside forces. there are three types of triguna in avyakta, but they are all equally distributed and inactive before abiogenesis. differentiation in triguna occurs when mahat arises, and the processing of a person begins with the development of anatomical, physiological, and mental variety. some conclusions may 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 be reached from a comparison of this theory of universe manifestation with the atomic hypothesis. consider the proton, electron, and neutron as satva, raja, and tama, respectively. it's well-known that each one's design and structure the proton, electron, and neutron quantities in an atom are what determine the atom's properties. atoms are the building blocks of the cosmos. according to ayurveda, the manifesting cause of the whole cosmos is unmanifest. our old idea of abiogenesis is akin to this atomic hypothesis. the manas-prakruti (psychological constitution) of a person is defined by the combination of trigunas. variations in mahat and ahankara, then, define an individual's psychic characteristics. this process may be termed autonomous since it is not under the authority of any one person. preconception factors: rely on each other. it is possible for parents to influence the physical and mental qualities of their children for the rest of their lives by manipulating a number of parameters listed in garbhasharir. rutumaticharya ovums are observed in modern research to be in prophase of the rst meiotic division prior to maturity of the main oocyte. garbhasharir compel menstrual women to take precautionary measures, hence there must be a link between oocyte maturation and rutumaticharya. epigenetic studies have shown the impact of one's food and other lifestyle choices on one's offspring. formation of embryo, body parts & soul: are also unaffected by external influences and must be treated as such. rutukal, garbhashaya, aahar-rasa, and shukra-artava are the primary elements in the conception process. the healthy progeny will not be born until all of the following four elements are normal. conception may or may not be feasible if one of these variables is weakened. it's impossible to rule out the chance of a flaw if conception occurs under these circumstances. because most of these entities may be planned and modified for the benefit of a healthy baby, this procedure is virtually dependant. the panchamahabhuta's qualities are well acknowledged. a person's rebirth might benefit from the stored knowledge about their good and bad deeds during their genesis. the stored information controls the entry of the soul into the ovum-sperm combination. the information that is kept in a computer may be compared to genetic code. the number of chromosomes is unique to each species and has a role in reproduction, as well as in the general development of a person, together with genes. when it comes to parenthood, the previous birth may be seen as a source of genetic information for their offspring's creation and development, according to this perspective because of this, ayurvedic terminology such as "righteous and unrighteous deeds" may be understood as genetic information. sex determination: this process depends on but also operates independently of one another. as stated in pumsavana sanskara, the desired sex of a kid may be acquired with timely intervention (sacrament of getting child of desired sex). based on the prevalence of shukra and shonita at the moment of conception, it may be an autonomous process. development of embryo: a procedure that is both reliant and autonomous the embryo's growth, which modifies people's features, is described in part by dependent elements such garbhotpadak bhava, nutritional and behavioural influences. "atmaja bhava" executions among shadbhava are independent of each other. according to genetics, "swabhava," or nature, is the same as "nature." genes contain all of the information necessary for the emergence of any given bodily component during genesis. for every organ, this stored 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 knowledge dictates the whole path of growth. foetal deformity: a procedure that is both reliant and autonomous if you have modest hirsutism and a deep voice, as well as secondary amenorrhea and cystic ovaries, you may have stein-leventhal syndrome. from the individual's mahat and ahankara. this means that the effectiveness of structural traits passed down through generations will differ from person to person. individual variety is increased as a result. what's the difference between the two? ayurveda holds that there is no existence of life without the soul. every person has a unique soul, and the characteristics of that soul influence how that person's character emerges. sushruta shows that if a woman practises coitus in a dream after menstruation, vayu, taking the ovum, creates an embryo in the uterus when it is associated with kalala (semisolid substance resembling sputum). this causes the woman to show signs of pregnancy, but it remains a semi-solid mass similar to sputum that lacks any paternal characteristics. there is evidence that both maternal and paternal variables are necessary for the generation of normal offspring. it has been noted by charak that the vitiation of the doshas that result from genetic flaws, as well as the uterus's physiology, a mother's diet, and other factors, leads to a wide range of physical and mental anomalies. charak's view is supported by instances such as x, y-linked illness, sickle cell anaemia, and so on. ayurveda explains the three reasons that cause foetal abnormalities, namely, unrighteous acts, vitiated vata, and a lack of desire in pregnancy. prakruti: ayurveda genetics has been the primary concern of prakruti's writers. there are three types of prakruti: maternal; paternal. each of these determines the offspring's physical, mental, as well as behavioural characteristics. sushruta uses tridosha to explain the same thing. in a study on prakruti, researchers discovered a link between the cyp2c19 genotype and prakruti's rapid or slow metabolism. phenomenological-genotype connection, drug development, pharmacogenomic medicine, and personalised medicine all seem to be affected significantly by these findings, too. [27] it has been discovered that the gene pgm1 is linked to pitta dosha by manipal university's center for cellular and molecular biology (ccmb). this gene's role in the process i.e., both independent and reliant. ayurveda has a unique belief in the presence of a soul, which they think is responsible for life. awareness the principles of embryology articulated by ayurveda centuries ago demands an understanding of notions that are still relevant in today's scientic society. references: [internet], [cited on 5 / 1 / 2 0 1 5] [definition of genetics]. a readily available website http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/genetics. when it comes to the word "susher," the word "sushruta" comes to mind. ayurvedrahasyadeepika commentary by b. g. ghanekar, sharirsthana, chapter 1 verses 2-3, reprint ed. new delhi; meharchand laxman das publishing; 2009, p. 1-2 3. in the sushrutasamhita: chapter 1, verse 18, edited by anantram sharma, reprinted by chaukhamba surbharati in varanasi in 2013, volume 2, page 10, we find the following passage: "sushrutha" 7 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 edited by p. v. sharma, the sharirsthana chapter 1 verse-4 of sushruta's sushrutisamhita, sharirsthana varanasi; chaukhamba visvabharati; 2005. vol. 2: p. 118 in the reprint on the basis of this passage from the sushrutasamhita, chapter 2, verse 25 of sharirsthana: chap. 2, verse -49, reprint ed. varanasi; chaukhamba sanskrit sansthan; 2014. vol-1. edited by ambikadatta shashtri. p. 23 pgm1 has long been recognised as a key player in the regulation of the basal metabolic rate. for more on this topic, see ibid. similar to pitta dosha in terms of basal metabolic rate (bmr). as the preponderance of dosha during fertilisation has an influence on several parameters, it is an independent factor. there can be no doubt that embryology is an important topic. chapter three, verse -35, page 44 chapter 2, verses 34-35 of the sharirsthana, sharirshita (2), sharirshita, p. 38-41 sharirsthana chapter 5, verse 2, p. 146 ibidem sushrutasamhita (2) sushrutasamhita (4), sharirsthana, sharirsthana p. 140, verse 4 of chapter 3 according to ayurvedic garbhasharir, for more on this topic, see ibid. ayurveda's philosophical and theoretical foundations. the p. 9 of chapter 1, verse 16 attention is paid to both right and wrongdoing. italics in original (3), sharirsthana, significance for the emergence of characteristics in a person. p. 30 of chapter 3, verse 5 the majority of the origin theories outlined in the sushrutasamhita (6), sharirsthana, modern science's genetic theory may help us better understand ayurveda. deeds, both good and bad, may be seen as a forerunner. page 279 of ibidem nutritional and environmental factors may influence an individual's genetic makeup. 8 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 the sushrutasamhita (6), sharirsthana, epigenetics is a comparison that may be drawn between parents' lifestyles and their children's dna .conclusion: ayurveda's conception of embryology for the genesis of a person is based only on tridosha, the core principle of the system. tridosha, triguna, and panchamahabhoota are ayurveda's core concepts of embryology. there are two types of processes involved in the development of offspring, according to critical interpretation of garbhasharir's works. verse 26 of chapter 9 on page 9 in the "sushrutasamhita" of sharirsthan, sharirsthan, chapter 3, verse34 chapter 28 of volume 1 of the second edition, published by chaukhambha orientalia in 2004 in varanasi. chap. 2, verse 37 (suritva), srikantha murthy, sushrutha samhita, sharirsthan on page 20 of chapter 2, verses 37 to 38 in the sixth chapter of the ibidem sushruta samhita chapter 3, verse 43, p. 4 of sharirsthana italics in original ( 4), sharirsthana, in p. 138 of chapter 2, verse 56, there are many different ways to look at this, but here are some of the more common ones: in the second chapter, verses 57-58 appear on page 139 2. agnivesha, charaka, dhridhhabala, and others, p. v. sharma, reprint ed., varanasi; chaukamba orientalia, 2011, vol. 1, p. 426 of charakasamhita, sharirsthana, chapter 3, verse 17. in the ibidem sushrutasamhita (2), the sharirsthana, on page 23 of chapter 2, verses 53-54, sharirthana, chapter 2, verse -29, p. 415 of the ibidem charakasamhita (22), five. ibidem sushrutisamhita (4), sharirsthana section 63 of chapter 4 (page 162) volume 2 of human anatomy by b. d. chaurasia (new delhi: cbs publishers, 2006), page 356 seven. ghodke y., joshi k., patwardhan b., ayurvedic prakriti type and cyp2c19 gene polymorphism associated with metabolic variability. complementary and alternative medicine. 2011;249528. how to cite the article: 9 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2021 | vol4|issue6 khedikar g sachin et al, critical appraisal of embryological concepts (garbhasharir) delineated in ayurveda j. res. trad. medicine 2016; 2(2): 45-50 source of support: nil con ict of interest: nil © journal of research in traditional medicine 2015-2016 disclaimer: journal of research in traditional medicine, its publisher, editorial board members or anyone involved in producing and delivering the online materials, does not assume any responsibility or liability for any consequences arising out of the usage of the contents in the published articles. the contents presented in the articles are purely the opinion of the contributing authors and not necessarily of the journal. 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 chinese traditional medical journal electric rail traction for induction motor control of hybrid pwm strategy by using fuzzy logic controller ma yinl, zhu cuihon, ca rui, tianjin medical university cancer institute and hospital, tianjin department of medical oncology, tianjin medical university general hospital, tianjin china national clinical research center for cancer; key laboratory of cancer prevention and therapy; tianjin's clinical research center for cancer, tianjin introduction: over time, acceptance engines aided by voltage source inverters (vsis) will run the majority of electric rail footing frameworks [1]. protected entryway bipolar transistors, which are often used in these inverters, are still the most common implementation of these devices (igbts). silicon carbide (sic) and other wide-band gap semiconductor devices may be used to create inverters with lower losses and smaller diameters, but their current costs and power levels are unlikely to rise much in widespread usage. as a result, inverters abstract: switching losses are minimised, and reliability is improved, by using a low shift frequency in the electrical rail traction induction control system. however, with low switching frequencies, the usual single pulse width modulation (pwm) approach across the full speed range might produce an excessive number of harmonic components that sequentially induce motor heating, torsion ripple, and other detrimental consequences. hybrid pwm techniques are proposed in this research to achieve low losses and total harmonics supported by very low shift frequencies by combining carrier-based asynchronous and synchronous modulation and optimal synchronous modulation techniques. the findings and simulations of the hybrid pwm approach offered by a fuzzy logic controller were used as collateral. index terms— fuzzy logic controller, low switching frequency, hybrid pulse width modulation, smooth transition, and traction motor. 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 continue to be hindered by si devices. doping of si devices may have improved their controllability and strength within a particular temperature range, but high exchanging and on-state mishaps may still produce superfluous intersection temperatures that might make the devices fizzle. in rail footing frameworks, it is common to use low exchanging frequencies to reduce igbts' exchanging mishaps and therefore increase their warm life and limit. since the introduction of electric drive in 1964 by a. schonung and h. stemmler [4], beat width tweak (pwm) systems have grown swiftly, and the general employed pwm systems for enlisting engine drives have been discussed and thought about in [5]-[10]. by improving the exchanging modes, pwm techniques provide better dc transport voltage utilisation, improve converter noises and mishaps, and increase the yield recurrence range of three-stage converters and distinct markers [5], [7], [8]]. pwm methods supply the desired voltage as the primary goal. in addition to a large power, low exchanging recurrence, and a broad speed range, electric rail footing converters offer many other advantages. a single normal, nonstop balance is possible. to control the entire speed range of the footing enlistment engine, strategies such as sinusoidal pwm (spwm) or space vector pwm (svpwm) are used. the ratio ncr between the transporter and high recurrence areas decreases as the engine recurrence increases, which causes the converters to create an extensive number of synchronised segments and causes engine warming, torque swell and other adverse effects [7] [8]. as a contrast to this, uneven pwm (dpwm) approaches seem to reduce twisting at high ncr levels at a given exchange repetition. [10] electric rail footing converters are often used in the low-recurrence and mediumto high-recurrence regions to regulate dc voltages using half and half pwm approaches, i.e., regular uninterrupted regulation, over modulation or synchronous balancing, then square wave. currently, the majority of electric rail footing converters make use of cross-breed pwm techniques. over modulation, focused 60 synchronous balance, and ideal synchronous balance are the most common approaches to the medium recurrence change zone. for the low-recurrence district, mitsubishi and toshiba were given synchronous svpwm, which was then used across modulation i and ii locations in order to simply switch to square wave. basic, but with high fifth and seventh sub harmonics, making it necessary to develop a precise engine model to monitor basic current for shut circle current regulation and causing low repetition wavering when ncr is less than 11. ice fast trains and china's first ac electric train ac4000 used focal 60 synchronous spwm adjustment innovation, which can be easily implemented and has low exchanging misfortunes, despite the fact that it has high pinnacle engine streams and lowrecurrence noises. the agents selected symphonious least pwm (shepwm) and current symphonious least pwm may achieve various advancement targets, in contrast, by using increased synchronous regulation techniques [7] (chmpwm). alstom and ge obtained the more developed shepwm invention, whereas siemens used unconnected symphonious current simplifying synchronous regulation. in light of this, the major focus of this study is to provide a more in-depth 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 explanation of the use of mixture pwm for rail footing engine control. the remainder of this document is organised as follows. a more accurate representation of the suggested half-and-half structure may be found in area ii, which displays the necessary half breed pwm computations. ii. hybrid pwm algorithms: a. as previously discussed, igbts' calamities, music, adjustment records, and so on are all things to consider. for a real rail footing enlistment engine control, the use of a crossover pwm technique is a better choice. a steady recurrence offbeat pwm is used to avoid complicated count and advancements among synchronous pwms with different ncr in the lowrecurrence region. pwm waveform asymmetry is a real problem as the key repetition increases; this means that standard synchronous pwm with triple and odd ncr must be used until the direct regulation list is out of its range or sub harmonic segments are high [13], at which point ospwm must be used. [12] calculation of different pwms is discussed in this section before a halfbreed design for a real electric footing engine control is shown. b. asynchronous thipwm algorithm: for three-stage vsis with significant ncr adjustments, the most common balancing scheme is conventional svpwm (csvpwm), which aims to reduce thd while simultaneously increasing dc transport consumption [7], [8]. however, with csvpwm, three-stage beats must be balanced in the meanwhile, making it insufficiently adaptive for smooth progress where current or torque influence must be kept at a safe distance.. in a cross-breed structure of the engine control framework, this article uses one-fourth-thirdsymphonious infusion pwm (thipwm4). for low-recurrence locations with large ncr tweak, the thd of thipwm4 is extremely close to that of csvpwm, at the expense of a minor reduction of greatest dc transport usage [7]. an fpga may do the calculation without a triangle count and yet achieve smooth progress for three-stage beats using this technique [8]. fig. 1 depicts a typical electric rail traction voltage source converter in broad strokes. the vsi for electric rail traction topology is shown in figure 1. the one-fourth third-harmonic injection three-phase voltages vxn may be obtained from the figure, with regard to the dc bus negative point n [7] where with regard to fictional dc centre tap 0, vx0 is phase voltage, and vd is bus voltage. fundamental angle frequency () and beginning phase () are both defined as phase shift between three-phase voltages, x, is the problem. its modulation wave is 0.093 to 0.907 cycles per second. as a result, the pink pwm pulse may be generated by comparing active-high to active-low. fig. 2. thipwm schematic for cbpwm c. synchronous thipwm algorithm: as previously said, synchronous thipwm is used to alter the interface between apwm and ospwm, as previously stated. nonconcurrent thipwm's regulation calculation is extremely similar to that of synchronous control, the only difference being that the transporter's recurrence is not consistent, but is instead modified by critical recurrence and ncr. in addition, ncr's reputation as an alternative must be maintained. 1 2 4 zero to three and three to zero. 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 in order to complete each aspect of the project. vpn to the peak voltage (which is 2vd(13)) is what defines the modulation index m, which in turn is determined by the basic peak phase-to neutral voltage 𝜋 what is known as modulation the highest value of m for thipwm in the linear modulation range is 0.907 [13]. the three-phase reference modulation voltages vmx may be represented as an fpga implementation of the modulation method. fig. 2 shows an example of vma, which is represented by there is no need to be concerned about the presence of triple subharmonics in a threestage converter's separated, unbiased heap [13]. a 15-ncr resistor is used in the synchronous regulation zone of the approach shown. as a result, cspwm and apwm may easily link at any level, and no further progress method is required, since they share the same bearer. chmpwm algorithm: as of right now, the most widely-used ospwms for the disposal of low-arrange music are shepwm and chmpwm, with shepwm being much more often used in applications in writing. although shepwm has a drawback that causes non-ideal consonant hardship in an engine where the root-mean-square (rms) swell current is exaggerated, the following more elevated quantity of music will be boosted close to the previously disposed of music. [13] as a result of which steady development will be more difficult (will be talked about later in the part "iv smooth change discussion"). as a result, chmpwm is included in this investigation to get the lowest possible weighted thd ( wthdi ) to create chmpwm, the wave depicted in figure 3 may be employed, which is reliant on shepwm. shepwm phase voltage wave with k number of angles (fig. 3). there are only odd harmonics in the sine wave, hence the phase to n voltage may be written as [7], [13] using a fourier series. the number of notch angles i k, is the order of the harmonic, and vk is its peak phase voltage value i i for the kth-order harmonic. for even and odd values of k, we use the +1 and -1 notation. chmpwm technique optimal protest is to minimise the thd of line current, which can be calculated from the stage voltage separated by the forceful spillage engine impedance [13]. for the articulation, the wthdi, which is expressed as a unit of central line current [7], is preferable. this is how the results of the chmpwm computation might be conveyed: using a pc software, the score edges might be iterated, avoiding look-into tables (luts) [25]. the primary extent may be managed and the amount of k-1 noises can be removed with by using k number of score points. even if wthdi can be reduced by increasing the number of indent heavenly attendees, the lut will become absurdly large and more reasonable fpga components will be needed. however, the ncr of cspwm and apwm is high enough to maintain highquality tweak execution even in lowrecurrence areas. for k, only 1, 2, 3, and 4 are accepted in this newly-introduced use. d. hybrid pwm plan: this study proposes using apwm, cspwm, ospwm, and square-wave to control engine line current and reduce 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 throbbing torque at all speed ranges, in order to reduce the total harmonic distortion (thd) in the engine line current. the proposed cross-breed pwm can be planned as shown in fig. 4, where the tweak strategies (bearer frequencies), dc transport voltage v, rms line voltage vll(rms), and ascertained aggregate loss of the converter ploss are depicted against central recurrence for an electric rail footing framework with the fundamental parameters listed in table i. it can be observed from figure 4 that the suggested apwm travels to square wave via 15-switch cspwm (15-cspwm) and 4 to 1 indent edges ospwms throughout the whole speed range (9-chm to 3chm). changes in line voltage are made by primary recurrence to fulfil motion and torque requirements, culminating in square-wave (m = 1), which has the fewest switch duties and minimises the successful engine current, as well as disasters. the yield line voltage necessitates a change in the dc transport voltage. it is not just the most severe available exchange rates that are used to alter the balance modes, but also the largest available adjustment files. the aggregation misfortune is reduced as the transporter recurrence decreases, but the conduction misfortune is increased as it travels to square wave mode. the fundamental frequency of vsi variables is shown in this diagram. to provide optimal engine control, a hybrid pwm architecture has been implemented, where each pwm must meet the following requirements: limiting pinnacle current reduces igbt current weight. in order to avoid converter catastrophes, take into mind the limitations of exchanging frequencies and the normally modest frequency fluctuations that are characteristic of converters. consistent material is ok. there must be a pwm and an fpga capable of meeting the needs of m-edge luts and score-edge luts iii. transitions between pwms that are smooth and seamless. iv. smooth transition discussion: a. a. as the footing grows in speed, the bearer proportion drops as the expanding recurrence is bit by bit enlarged, and the contrary is true for the half-and-half pwm process. the critical shift in the transporter % will have an impact on the pwm yield voltage's exact stage management. as a consequence, a 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 dead time or chip advanced control mistake may easily cause the inverter's stage fluctuation between the actual yield voltage and the reference voltage. it is due of these circumstances that the footing engine current and torque stun. b. b. \sc. starting with general progress proposals and then going on to more technical discussions of improvements, including progress approaches and performance comparisons between a single dsp and the suggested structure, shepwm and chmpw, will be provided. c. general rules of smooth transition: so as to retain the soundness of engine streams and torques, when travelling between different pwm balancing modes, the following angles should be regarded to keep the advancement of pwms from easy back rates to square-wave. initially, endeavour to retain the key evolution, including smooth shifts of stage and plentifulness. the accuracy of the exchanging point and the control calculation are two of the most important factors in key advancement. at that time the influence of music can't be underestimated. symphonious phases are not promised to remain uninterrupted in different forms of exchanging, on the grounds that the consonant substance is differed for each manner, and stage modifications are inevitable. so the progress needs to retain a strategic distance from too enormous general symphonious change, all together not to generate the consonant current consequence. at long last, hysteresis must be implemented at each step so that the framework does not cycle incessantly between two unusual regulatory modes at a specified pace. a hysteresis of 0.5 hz is used in the suggested method. d. more discussion on smooth transition: v. in the full speed range, the halfand-half pwm shows a few notable improvements. the primary difference comes between two cbpwms of apwm and cspwm, where the transporter frequencies are nearly no differentiation and the m is constant, which make it easy to complete smooth progress. the change will likewise turn out to be easy when it happens between 3-beat ospwm and square-wave [11], for the point of the 3beat ospwm will drop to zero as per the increasing m, which is square-wave. despite the advancement, the engine's flow and torque may be maintained. vi. vii. in any event, the primary progression and consonant impact turn out to be more vital when the advancements happen between cspwm and ospwm, or within ospwms, specifically when only a single mcu or dsp is used or shepwm is utilised for ospwm. viii. simulation results: 7 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 fig:5 simulation diagram of inverter fed induction motor drive without load (a) pulses (b) phase currents (c) line voltage (d) phase voltages (a) stator current (f) torque fig:6 simulation results of inverter fed induction motor drive without load fig:7 simulation diagram of voltage source inverter with r load (a) control strategy (b) pulses 8 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 (c) phase currents (e) line voltages (e) phase voltages fig: 8 simulations results of voltage source inverter with r load fig: 9 simulation diagram of inverter fed induction motor drive with load (a) pulses (a) phase currents (b) line voltages (a) phase voltages 9 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 (a) stator current (a) torque fig: 10 simulations results of inverter fed induction motor drive with load simulation results by using fuzzy logic controller: fuzzy rule is a type of many-regarded rationalisation in which reality assessments of components may be any bona fide number some place between the scope of 0 and 1. it is possible for reality estimates of components to be just 0 or 1 when using the boolean technique. fluffy foundations have been engaged to control the potential of partial truth, where reality respect may fluctuate between being fully obvious and being utterly untrue. moreover, when semantic elements are employed, these degrees may be monitored by unique abilities. the three variables of the flc, the error, the change in error and the output, have seven triangle membership functions for each. sets of fundamental fuzzies of membership functions for the variables are as indicated in the figs.11. fig 11(a) function member ship of input1 10 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 fig 11(b) function member ship of input2 fig 11(c) function member ship of output xtable: 1. fuzzy rules e/ ∆e pb p m ps ze ns nm nb pb ze z e z e nb n b nb nb pm ze z e z e nm n m nm nm ps ze z e z e ns ns nm nm ze ns ns z e ze z e ps ps ns pm p m p m ns z e ps ze nm pm p m p m pb z e ps ze nb pb p m p m pb z e ze ze for each of the three factors, the semantic factors positive huge (pb), positive medium (pm), positive small (ps), zero (z), negative little (ns), negative medium (nm), and negative large (nb) convey the fuzzy factors' significance. a lead in the govern base may be conveyed in the shape: if both (e) and (de) are nb, then (album is z). the tenets are established in light of the framework's information and operation. the administrate base modifies the obligation cycle for the pwm of the inverter as per the alterations in the contribution of the flc. the amount of principles may be specified aswanted. the quantities of guidelines are 49 for the seven enrollment elements of the blunder and the adjustment in mistake (contributions of the flc). fig: 12 simulation diagram of voltage source inverter with r load (a) control strategy (a) pulse 11 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 (a) phase current (a) line voltage (a) phase voltage fig: 13 simulation results of voltage source inverter with r load fig: 14 simulation diagram of inverter fed induction motor drive without load torque (a) pulse 12 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 (b) phase current (c) line voltage (d) phase voltages (e) stator current (f) torque fig: 15 simulation results of inverter fed induction motor drive without load torque fig: 16 simulation diagram of inverter fed induction motor drive with load torque (a) pulse (b) phase current (c) line voltages 13 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 (d) phase voltages (e) stator current (f) torque fig: 17 simulation result of inverter fed induction motor drive with load torque vi. conclusion: the hybrid pwm subject for electrical traction motor control is simplified in this research using a fuzzy logic controller system and existing approach. by totally utilising the points of interest and assets of each processor, highprecision hybrid pwms square measure enforced while fulfilling the multi-rate and multi-task process of the traction management. the implementation strategies of the bestowed hybrid pwm technique, wherever asynchronous and synchronous thipwm4, chmpwms square measure used for transiting from low-speed to square-wave, square measure mentioned intimately, together with algorithms between the 2 processors, swish transition, etc.. by using the fuzzy logic controller and desining in matlab/simulink the thd values are reduced compared to the existing results pwm creation based on simulation findin low total harmonics supported by a horribly low switch frequency have been obtained with great precision and the feature of low losses, allowing the control to function better and the system's reliability to grow. references: among them: de doncker, rik, duco wj pulle, and andré veltman. analyzing, modelling, and controlling advanced electrical drives. springer science & business media, 2010. [1] a space vector modulator for the high-switching frequency control of three-level sic inverters, by j. holtz, m. höltgen, and j. o. krah, ieee trans. power electronics vol. 29, no. 5, may 2014, p. (2) "evaluation of switching performance of sic devices in pwm inverter-fed induction motor drives," ieee trans. power electronics, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 5701-5711, oct. 2015. z. zhang, f. wang, l. m. tolbert, b. j. blalock and d. j. costinett [2] in conjunction with reversible variable speed ac drives, a. schonung and h. stemmler "static frequency changers with subharmonic control in 1964, pp. 555-557", brown boveri rev. [3] [3] van der broeck hw, skudelny h-c, stanke gv, ―analysis and realisation of a pulse width modulator based on voltage space vectors,‖ ieee trans. industry applications,vol. 24, no. 1, pp.142–150, 1988.j. holtz, "electronic power conversion using pulse width modulation," proc. ieee, vol. 82, no. 8, aug. 1994, pp. 1194-1214. [5] [4] holmes d g, lipo t a. pulse width modulation for power converters: concepts and practise. john wiley & sons, 2003. 14 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 ayyanar and ayyanan, "space-vectorbased hybrid pulse width modulation techniques for reduced harmonic distortion," ieee trans. power electronics, vol. 25, no. 3, march 2010, pp. 760-774. [6] induction motor drives using an advanced hybrid pwm technique to reduce torque ripple are discussed in ieee trans on industrial electronics (vol 57 no 6, june 2010), by k basu and j. s. s. prasad, g. narayanan, h. k. krishnamurthy and r. ayyanar. issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 6 an overview of partial reconfiguration for mccdma wcs implementation on fpga v. prema tulasi 1 m shravani 2 g.swetha 3 malla reddy institute of engineering and technology, hyderabad abstract— this paper discusses the current fpga partial reconfiguration (pr) state of the art, as well as design methodologies of wireless communication systems like multi carrier code division multiple access (mc-cdma) that are expected to provide higher data rates and greater flexibility for the services of voice, data, video, and internet to the users. software-defined radio (sdr) is a wireless technology implemented in programs. as a result, with the help of sdr, automakers may adapt the object-oriented programming standards of the countries in which their vehicles are sold in order to support communication applications. the significance of fpgas in sdr is crucial. however, contemporary wireless communication system software requires sdr and cr to construct a variety of complex waveforms, which is difficult in terms of both design and performance, and hence requires more time to implement. the pr technique is used in the design of modulation and demodulation as well as other signal processing applications because it allows for the dynamic modification of blocks of logic via the download of partial bit files without disrupting the operation of the remaining logic. as a result, pr users are free to choose to utilizing fewer or smaller devices, which saves energy and makes the system more amenable to upgrades. key words —mc-cdma, sdr, fpga, pr, and vhdl introduction in contrast to traditional wireless devices, which are built to present a single communication service using a specific standard [1], were-based approaches assume that a user must purchase a separate device for each criterion, with each having its own requirements for coding pattern types of modulation, frequency range, and environmental reach. due to the proliferation of new wireless services and technology, dedicated purpose devices can no longer satisfy the requirements of their users. the expense of updating and improving wireless systems whenever a new standard emerges is prohibitive. research efforts in wireless technology nowadays are focused mostly on maintaining a higher bit rate and delivering a wide range of services. this calls for the establishment of some kind of framework. each wireless communication system requires the mobile operator's individual assistance. sdr technologies are useful for addressing this problem. as a result, it uses less hardware overall and less energy [2, 3, 4]. multiple descriptions of sdr, sometimes called software radio, may be found online. the sdr forum, in conjunction with the ieee p1900.1 working group, has been hard at work developing a definition of sdr that would give consistency and a concise summary of the technology and its advantages [2]. selecting a radio with softwaredefined physical layer functionalities allows us to keep things simple. the qpsk modulator could be realized almost entirely on a single chip with the addition of an analog-to-digital converter if its design were performed on a dsp or sliced fpga with a certain degree of reconfigurability. however, in order to realize the qpsk modulator, it is necessary to implement the blocks that will perform functions equivalent to those performed by circuits with the realization in a coprocessor. in nco, a sinusoidal waveform is synthesized in a discrete-time, discretevalued form. the transfer function of signal-shaping fir filters takes the form of the rising cosine. two mixers would be needed to multiply the carrier and modulating signal, and two filters would be required to shape the signal. [5] with sdr, all of the radio functionalities may be implemented in software coding or firmware on a processing system, rather than requiring specialized hardware [6].the design process and implementation of sdr on an altera cyclone ii family board are suggested in [7]. the implementation made use of matlab/simulink, embedded matlab blocks, and a cyclone ii development and educational board. before launching and installing the scan test-bed on the iss, we assessed the response of the agcs to variations in sdr input power and temperature [8]. the space communications, sdr, contains both an analog and digital automatic gain control (agc).the cdma digital transmitter for a multi-standard sdr baseband stand was designed and implemented as detailed in [9]. the system relies on a programmable hardware platform that can be configured to accommodate a variety of standards and is implemented using an fpga to build a vhdl design for a cdma transmitter. an fpga-based ds-cdma transmitter was suggested by mahbub et al. [10].they detail the construction of a wireless transmitter based on the direct sequence principle, the circuitry for direct sequence coding, and the design of a pseudo random pn coder. the bpsk modulator and pn code are two of the most fundamental digital components of the transmitter. the design's code was written in vhdl (verilog hardware description language). for the purposes of functional simulation and logic verification, modelsim altera edition 6.5b was utilized. in order to synthesize the transmitter, we turned to version 12.3 of the xilinx synthesis technology (xst) included in the xilinx ise tool [11]. stands for the ability to reconfigure a subset of a xilinx fpga while leaving the remainder of the device functionally intact is a hallmark of the emerging segmented fpga era. since the late 1990s, xilinx has offered this capability in their high-end fpgas, along with a virtex series, in a beta release with restricted access. since the introduction of ise design suite version, they have been able to produce with the aid of their own tools and gadgets. the newest version, 12.1, maintains and enhances support for this function. ise 13-based variant. plan-ahead is a design environment for managing assembly design, constraints, and implementation validation[12, 13, 14, 15]. a dynamic partial re-flow technique to a series rasip sdr was shown in [16]. additionally, performance and hardware may be enhanced by implementing features like data encryption (w7, e0, helix, rc4, etc.) and taking use of them during the creation of the model with other algorithms using sff-sdr. the sff-sdr platform offers a heterogeneous solution, including both dsp and fpga implementations. downloading one of many partial bit files (a1.bit, a2.bit, a3.bit, or a4.bit) modifies the functionality provided in the reconfigurable (block a). see figure 1 for an illustration.in the fpga design, the logic is separated into two categories: reconfigurable logic and static logic. reconfigurable logic is represented by block a, whereas the other blocks are static[17]. figure 1 partial reconfiguration in fpga sdr and cr need to design a wide range of waveforms and design complex, performance and implementation with more time. since that reduce the time and reducing complexity are critical in the wireless communications, in the [18, 19] design of the modulation and demodulation technique by pr technique to make sure that the user has the possibility to exchange between different modulations and demodulation structures without loading the full bit stream, where designed m-qam and m-psk in fpga by pr and a low power of psk modems with pr by using a transmitter, that is a programmable twin channel lut founded direct digital synthesizer (dds), which will form part of the up converter. dds will generate the required carrier [20]. allows implementation of ofdm modems using pr faster switch between different ofdm transmitters that uses 1/2 bpsk, 1/2 qpsk, 3/4qpsk, 1/2 qam and 3/4qam through runtime in configuring the control record in modems fpga, with limit minimum of power consumption, which is crucial in cognitive radio. technology pr can be used to design platform restructuring the entire waveforms of cognitive radios [21]. using dynamic partial reconfiguration of some modules h.264/avc video encoding on the path reconstruction achieved the required condition in the area. so this method is not affected productivity and reduce the trade-off is between applications real-time video processing frameworks interfaces. higher operating frequency is 109.6 mhz and is designed so that easily meets all requirements of the productivity of real-time processing of htdv [22]. the [23] described ideas, on-going work and future work to exploit the possibility of adopting dynamic partial reconfiguration (dpr) properties fpga devices to improve real-time systems is an integral part of reliability. property of the dpr (fpga) based sram allows the use of fixed units with units restructuring, which could lead to the recovery of the system from inside the device to support one solution reconfigure self-chip. this offers significant improvements in the speed of healing, and sensitive applications critical to another. in addition, digital pre-distortion is a linear method that will negate the impacts of non-linear amplifier power generated while using thirdgeneration large-scale wavelength, such as wimax, lte, wcdma and tetra [24]. also using pr, design of frequency hopping synthesizer in which256 bit blum-blum-shub (bbs) generator is used as a random number generator, implementing of the hardware is using xilinx system generator and modeling [25]. ostler and his colleagues work on fpga bootstrapping method for constructing fpga circuit units using pr [26], at runtime over pcie, so that this method achieves a minor, static design that is configured in power even includes a pcie the endpoint, a configuration controller, and an interface for partially reconfigurable areas. large, dedicated circuits can be added or modified at run-time without restarting the host device. development platform bootstrap consists of fpga module which allows pr across the pcie link, the interaction between the pr unit and the host, and a driver for linux to interact with fpga on the host. mc-cdma technique a lot of attention has been placed on modulation techniques such as code division multiple access and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. cdma is widely used in current third generation wireless communication systems. spread spectrum technology, the basic principle behind cdma was generally used in military communications for improved secrecy and low probability of interception during transmission. today, cdma is increasingly deployed in civilian markets, thereby giving increased capacity and better performance; in addition, also ofdm is seen as a possible candidate for fourth generation wireless communication systems that request higher data rates for data transmissions and voice. [27]. mc-cdma is formed by combining ofdm with cdma. the ofdm is well suited for high data rate uses, and the cdma is a multiplexing technique where a number of users are simultaneously available for accessing a channel [28, 29]. mc-cdma adds the advantages of cdma with the natural toughness to the frequency selectivity offered by ofdm. in mc-cdma, the spreading and processing occurs in the frequency domain, rather than in the temporal domain. with mc-cdma, a data symbol is transmitted above n narrowband subcarriers with every sub-carrier existence encoded based on the spreading code [30]. in traditional dscdma, every consumer symbol is transmitted in the form of sequential chips, each of which is narrow in time and therefore wider in bandwidth. in contrast to this, in mccdma due to the fft along with ofdm, the chips are longer in time period and thus narrow in bandwidth. shows basic block diagram of the mc-cdma system in figure (2). figure 2 block diagram of mc-cdma system [31] partial reconfiguration (pr) on fpgas partial reconfiguration helps to reduce costs and board space to provide for flexibility, to change a vital part of the system without shutting down the entire system [32]. figure 3 shows how the use of pr will reduce the size of the implementation of the design on the segments fpga. this figure illustrates the fpga with the design of the three sections of which are dedicated to the areas of fixed, and the rest of the fpga can be used to implement the pr. the first part of this figure shows the fpga without the implementation of pr. this part can hold only a small number of different designs within the region of partial reconfiguration of the fpga. however, after the implementation of pr and a lot of additional designs can be stored outside the fpga and exchanged if need for changing while running fpga [33]. a. benefits of pr technology increased flexibility solution through the design and functionality doubling time, reduce the size or number of fpga ,thus cost, through job sharing time, reduce energy consumption by downloading vital functions on demand, offers real-time litheness in the select of algorithms or protocols available to the application at any instant, enable the use of new technologies in the field of security design, advances fpga fault tolerance, accelerates configurable calculating and decreases storage requirements bitstream. the added that it has a distinguished supporting the implementation of the complete design using powerful technology division also, allows entry of the entire design constraint and timing analysis and confirmation. finally, backings virtex-4, virtex-5, virtex-6, virtex-7, kintex-7, artix-7 family of fpga and the zynq™-7000 all programmable soc family [15]. figure 3 reducing size after implementing pr b. pr design flow targeting project configuration planahead pr by the zc702 evaluation platform, when you load the synthesized design, the filter engine module deal with it as a black box, where there is no net list associated with it, where the filter engine module is considered as an rp. then, creating of two reconfigurable modules (rm) and by adding the corresponding files net list / constraint files for sobel and sepia filter cores. floorplan the rp by setting the physical size of the division and the kinds of resources required [34]. xilinx support segments fpga reshaping clbs, bram, blocks of dsp, in addition to all the resources associated with the directive. when, building design configurations restructuring and training should be the first to be selected for the implementation of one of the most challenging. if all rms in the subsequent configurations are smaller or slower, easier it will be to satisfy their demands. configuration is performed sobel and encourage configuration sobel said the results of the implementation of the stator design can be reused by the sepia configuration. after that step is to implement the sepia configuration, figure 4 shows a planahead display comparing the physical resources inside the rp for the routed sobel and sepia configurations. then, generate bit-streams full and partial configurations sobel and dark brown[35]. (a) (b) figure.4 plan ahead display (a) placed rp resources for sobel filter (b) sepia filter. iv. comparison and analysis the [2] to provide coding modifications, oqpsk to change qpsk, implementation of fhss modulation and demodulation in matlab, to be used to maintain the level of error in the high data rates with sdr, the results of the frame error rate (fer) for models simulate four, where wimax systems using rs code with convolutional coding and oqpsk fade almost at 20 db while existing wimax system and qpsk the ratio is high, but before 28 db and wimax turbo using coding and qpsk decreasing linear when fer at 0.5 to wimax using rs added turbo coding and qpsk at 0.65. a lot of papers discussed the communication circuit design using simulink, matlab and xilinx with system generator, designed [1] transmitter and receiver use qpsk modulation that results were qpsk rate twice slower than binary. the work on the filtered of the signals after being up-sampled at a transmitter baseband stage, also the difference between the if and harmonic spectrum produced in the duc is around 30-40 db and reduction relatively few; transmitter spectrum is created after the signal is fed to the mixer. keep this process if signal in the 5 mhz and 15 mhz to 20 mhz to achieve sampling rate receiver. continued mhz 5 if signal is identical at 15 mhz and harmonic of 0.10 until 20 mhz in the spectrum, the cut off frequency ,in received spectrum, is maintained at 0.25 mhz from the observation, the attenuation range for the transceiver occurred between 50-60 db and modulated if signal set using qpsk modulator transmitter receiver. sampled signal design transceiver downside is lawful only after 56 samples at 10 mhz, these samples are involved the 28 samples and 28 transmitted contained. compared with [36], where system generator’s fir, fft, fifo and fda tool blocks are used, shows the output of the combined channel spectrum range from an average of two episodes and display spectral output channel spectra in the range of channel banks sdr at 2 mhz bandwidths frequency, and receive the output of this channel as contained in the input without the interference of noise in the output sinks. in [7], a summary of the use of resources is about 29% of the total logic elements and about 1% of the ios and less than 1% of the total memory bits. follow that too, and the highest frequency was 44.79 mhz at 22.326 ns maximum period with maximum path delay from any node at 22.326 ns. in addition, the ratios in the [37] for dsps of slices, slice flip flops, iobs, brams are (18, 12, 5, 12) % respectively. finally, design mimo-ofdm system based on fpga in [38], that has replaced siso to multiple input multiple output systems, four different types of mimo respectively 2nd, 4th, 8th and 12th, reduce the power with low cost that find total dynamic power 0.0107w of siso and ( 0.0216 0.03211 0.0858 0.1285 ) w of 2,4,8,12 mimo respectively, and the number of slices used increased from 60 in siso to up to 270 in 12 mimo with twice in each type of mimo, analysis of data rates for mimo systems and increases the data rate increase with the system when access to 12mimo, stops data rate to an increase in large quantity. as the number of antennas rise, also increases the cost of the hardware, the data rate extents overhead 1 gbps in the case of system for 12 mimo. in [20] use the same design with the use of technology pipeline design and implementation using a custom block rams, which will not use any guidance for programming within the heart, and you will get a reduction of power dramatically, where the total power 2.707 and the dynamic just 0.002 and quiescent power be 2.705. while, kumar in [18], used four types of mpsk modulator by programmable dual-channel station based dds, results have proved that the resource utilized by the modulator and demodulator. most of them do not exceed the 1% for available, and he, also in [19], implemented 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 -qam modems in virtex-6 fpga using pr technique, a summary of the use of resources for the fixed part of the entire modem and dynamic part of the-qam 64 is about 37% of the dsp48 slices and about 1% of the block of the rams. follow that too, designing an ofdm transmitter using pr technique by implementation of the 1/2 bpsk, 1/2 qpsk, 3/4qpsk, 1/2 qam and 3/4qam, the full transmitter is implemented as a multi-rate system with three clock domains. the resource utilization summary for the entire static part of the transmitter and the dynamic part with 16-qam is around 11% of the dsp48 slices and around 79% of the block rams and about 50% of the global clock buffer[21]. selfconfigure the rest of the fpga using pr is concluded the fpga bootstrapping design, so pr is a form of run-time reconfiguration and provides a number of important aids, statistics shows that the use of resources almost 19% of the dsp48 slices and around 2% of the bram and less than 60% of the vorbis in flip-flops [26]. in [25], implementation of 256-bit blum-blum shub (bbs) generator random number generator in virtex-6 fpga implement the entire design. the estimated resources of the generator in this design are consumes about 10% of the entire fpga and vary depending on the width-bit integer blum and seeds. the use of simulink and the possibility of change and adjustment without the cost of preimplementation confers an important advantage of the design and high flexibility moreover, the use of pr in fpga a major shift toward high performance and reduce cost and complexity by minimizing hardware. conclusion this research intends to examine contributions to the design of wireless communication systems based on a partly reconfigurable fpga, and the sdr is a great answer to the problem of cost and complexity. the design of sdr-based wireless communication services and the use of many of these services, using contemporary methods like pr, are indeed the focus of a large lot of current study. this is shown by a comprehensive analysis of the pr's applications in the field of fpga-based modulation and demodulation design for wireless communications systems. this section was followed, been reviewing the system multi carrier-cdma to be suitable for future wireless communication systems, and propose this system in the paper, because it was given to the use of his property in a manner effective bandwidth, which is expected to provide higher data rates and more flexibility for users of voice, data, video, and the internet. multi carriercdma technology combines the benefits of code division multiple access (cdma) with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ofdm). it is anticipated that the complexity of future communication networks will rise dramatically. you'll be accountable for making remote internet-based modifications to the control algorithm's diagnostics and error correction as its workload increases. this highlights the critical need for research into the theoretical underpinnings and 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[37] j. garcía, r. cumplido ―on the design of an fpga-based ofdm modulator for ieee 802.16-2004‖ proceedings of the international conference on reconfigurable computing and fpgas, ieee, p.p 1_4, 2005. [38] s. bhattacharjee, s. sil, s. dey, a. chakrabarti ―simulation, design and analysis of a low power mimo-ofdm system and its implementation on fpga‖ international conference on recent trends in information systems, ieee, p.p 88_93, 2011. http://www.jatit.org/ http://www.artechhouse.com/ http://www.ijsrp.org/ 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 chinese traditional medical journal electric rail traction for induction motor control of hybrid pwm strategy by using fuzzy logic controller ma yinl, zhu cuihon, ca rui, tianjin medical university cancer institute and hospital, tianjin department of medical oncology, tianjin medical university general hospital, tianjin china national clinical research center for cancer; key laboratory of cancer prevention and therapy; tianjin's clinical research center for cancer, tianjin introduction: over time, acceptance engines aided by voltage source inverters (vsis) will run the majority of electric rail footing frameworks [1]. protected entryway bipolar transistors, which are often used in these inverters, are still the most common implementation of these devices (igbts). silicon carbide (sic) and other wide-band gap semiconductor devices may be used to create inverters with lower losses and smaller diameters, but their current costs and power levels are unlikely to rise much in widespread usage. as a result, inverters abstract: switching losses are minimised, and reliability is improved, by using a low shift frequency in the electrical rail traction induction control system. however, with low switching frequencies, the usual single pulse width modulation (pwm) approach across the full speed range might produce an excessive number of harmonic components that sequentially induce motor heating, torsion ripple, and other detrimental consequences. hybrid pwm techniques are proposed in this research to achieve low losses and total harmonics supported by very low shift frequencies by combining carrier-based asynchronous and synchronous modulation and optimal synchronous modulation techniques. the findings and simulations of the hybrid pwm approach offered by a fuzzy logic controller were used as collateral. index terms— fuzzy logic controller, low switching frequency, hybrid pulse width modulation, smooth transition, and traction motor. 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 continue to be hindered by si devices. doping of si devices may have improved their controllability and strength within a particular temperature range, but high exchanging and on-state mishaps may still produce superfluous intersection temperatures that might make the devices fizzle. in rail footing frameworks, it is common to use low exchanging frequencies to reduce igbts' exchanging mishaps and therefore increase their warm life and limit. since the introduction of electric drive in 1964 by a. schonung and h. stemmler [4], beat width tweak (pwm) systems have grown swiftly, and the general employed pwm systems for enlisting engine drives have been discussed and thought about in [5]-[10]. by improving the exchanging modes, pwm techniques provide better dc transport voltage utilisation, improve converter noises and mishaps, and increase the yield recurrence range of three-stage converters and distinct markers [5], [7], [8]]. pwm methods supply the desired voltage as the primary goal. in addition to a large power, low exchanging recurrence, and a broad speed range, electric rail footing converters offer many other advantages. a single normal, nonstop balance is possible. to control the entire speed range of the footing enlistment engine, strategies such as sinusoidal pwm (spwm) or space vector pwm (svpwm) are used. the ratio ncr between the transporter and high recurrence areas decreases as the engine recurrence increases, which causes the converters to create an extensive number of synchronised segments and causes engine warming, torque swell and other adverse effects [7] [8]. as a contrast to this, uneven pwm (dpwm) approaches seem to reduce twisting at high ncr levels at a given exchange repetition. [10] electric rail footing converters are often used in the low-recurrence and mediumto high-recurrence regions to regulate dc voltages using half and half pwm approaches, i.e., regular uninterrupted regulation, over modulation or synchronous balancing, then square wave. currently, the majority of electric rail footing converters make use of cross-breed pwm techniques. over modulation, focused 60 synchronous balance, and ideal synchronous balance are the most common approaches to the medium recurrence change zone. for the low-recurrence district, mitsubishi and toshiba were given synchronous svpwm, which was then used across modulation i and ii locations in order to simply switch to square wave. basic, but with high fifth and seventh sub harmonics, making it necessary to develop a precise engine model to monitor basic current for shut circle current regulation and causing low repetition wavering when ncr is less than 11. ice fast trains and china's first ac electric train ac4000 used focal 60 synchronous spwm adjustment innovation, which can be easily implemented and has low exchanging misfortunes, despite the fact that it has high pinnacle engine streams and lowrecurrence noises. the agents selected symphonious least pwm (shepwm) and current symphonious least pwm may achieve various advancement targets, in contrast, by using increased synchronous regulation techniques [7] (chmpwm). alstom and ge obtained the more developed shepwm invention, whereas siemens used unconnected symphonious current simplifying synchronous regulation. in light of this, the major focus of this study is to provide a more in-depth 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 explanation of the use of mixture pwm for rail footing engine control. the remainder of this document is organised as follows. a more accurate representation of the suggested half-and-half structure may be found in area ii, which displays the necessary half breed pwm computations. ii. hybrid pwm algorithms: a. as previously discussed, igbts' calamities, music, adjustment records, and so on are all things to consider. for a real rail footing enlistment engine control, the use of a crossover pwm technique is a better choice. a steady recurrence offbeat pwm is used to avoid complicated count and advancements among synchronous pwms with different ncr in the lowrecurrence region. pwm waveform asymmetry is a real problem as the key repetition increases; this means that standard synchronous pwm with triple and odd ncr must be used until the direct regulation list is out of its range or sub harmonic segments are high [13], at which point ospwm must be used. [12] calculation of different pwms is discussed in this section before a halfbreed design for a real electric footing engine control is shown. b. asynchronous thipwm algorithm: for three-stage vsis with significant ncr adjustments, the most common balancing scheme is conventional svpwm (csvpwm), which aims to reduce thd while simultaneously increasing dc transport consumption [7], [8]. however, with csvpwm, three-stage beats must be balanced in the meanwhile, making it insufficiently adaptive for smooth progress where current or torque influence must be kept at a safe distance.. in a cross-breed structure of the engine control framework, this article uses one-fourth-thirdsymphonious infusion pwm (thipwm4). for low-recurrence locations with large ncr tweak, the thd of thipwm4 is extremely close to that of csvpwm, at the expense of a minor reduction of greatest dc transport usage [7]. an fpga may do the calculation without a triangle count and yet achieve smooth progress for three-stage beats using this technique [8]. fig. 1 depicts a typical electric rail traction voltage source converter in broad strokes. the vsi for electric rail traction topology is shown in figure 1. the one-fourth third-harmonic injection three-phase voltages vxn may be obtained from the figure, with regard to the dc bus negative point n [7] where with regard to fictional dc centre tap 0, vx0 is phase voltage, and vd is bus voltage. fundamental angle frequency () and beginning phase () are both defined as phase shift between three-phase voltages, x, is the problem. its modulation wave is 0.093 to 0.907 cycles per second. as a result, the pink pwm pulse may be generated by comparing active-high to active-low. fig. 2. thipwm schematic for cbpwm c. synchronous thipwm algorithm: as previously said, synchronous thipwm is used to alter the interface between apwm and ospwm, as previously stated. nonconcurrent thipwm's regulation calculation is extremely similar to that of synchronous control, the only difference being that the transporter's recurrence is not consistent, but is instead modified by critical recurrence and ncr. in addition, ncr's reputation as an alternative must be maintained. 1 2 4 zero to three and three to zero. 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 in order to complete each aspect of the project. vpn to the peak voltage (which is 2vd(13)) is what defines the modulation index m, which in turn is determined by the basic peak phase-to neutral voltage 𝜋 what is known as modulation the highest value of m for thipwm in the linear modulation range is 0.907 [13]. the three-phase reference modulation voltages vmx may be represented as an fpga implementation of the modulation method. fig. 2 shows an example of vma, which is represented by there is no need to be concerned about the presence of triple subharmonics in a threestage converter's separated, unbiased heap [13]. a 15-ncr resistor is used in the synchronous regulation zone of the approach shown. as a result, cspwm and apwm may easily link at any level, and no further progress method is required, since they share the same bearer. chmpwm algorithm: as of right now, the most widely-used ospwms for the disposal of low-arrange music are shepwm and chmpwm, with shepwm being much more often used in applications in writing. although shepwm has a drawback that causes non-ideal consonant hardship in an engine where the root-mean-square (rms) swell current is exaggerated, the following more elevated quantity of music will be boosted close to the previously disposed of music. [13] as a result of which steady development will be more difficult (will be talked about later in the part "iv smooth change discussion"). as a result, chmpwm is included in this investigation to get the lowest possible weighted thd ( wthdi ) to create chmpwm, the wave depicted in figure 3 may be employed, which is reliant on shepwm. shepwm phase voltage wave with k number of angles (fig. 3). there are only odd harmonics in the sine wave, hence the phase to n voltage may be written as [7], [13] using a fourier series. the number of notch angles i k, is the order of the harmonic, and vk is its peak phase voltage value i i for the kth-order harmonic. for even and odd values of k, we use the +1 and -1 notation. chmpwm technique optimal protest is to minimise the thd of line current, which can be calculated from the stage voltage separated by the forceful spillage engine impedance [13]. for the articulation, the wthdi, which is expressed as a unit of central line current [7], is preferable. this is how the results of the chmpwm computation might be conveyed: using a pc software, the score edges might be iterated, avoiding look-into tables (luts) [25]. the primary extent may be managed and the amount of k-1 noises can be removed with by using k number of score points. even if wthdi can be reduced by increasing the number of indent heavenly attendees, the lut will become absurdly large and more reasonable fpga components will be needed. however, the ncr of cspwm and apwm is high enough to maintain highquality tweak execution even in lowrecurrence areas. for k, only 1, 2, 3, and 4 are accepted in this newly-introduced use. d. hybrid pwm plan: this study proposes using apwm, cspwm, ospwm, and square-wave to control engine line current and reduce 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 throbbing torque at all speed ranges, in order to reduce the total harmonic distortion (thd) in the engine line current. the proposed cross-breed pwm can be planned as shown in fig. 4, where the tweak strategies (bearer frequencies), dc transport voltage v, rms line voltage vll(rms), and ascertained aggregate loss of the converter ploss are depicted against central recurrence for an electric rail footing framework with the fundamental parameters listed in table i. it can be observed from figure 4 that the suggested apwm travels to square wave via 15-switch cspwm (15-cspwm) and 4 to 1 indent edges ospwms throughout the whole speed range (9-chm to 3chm). changes in line voltage are made by primary recurrence to fulfil motion and torque requirements, culminating in square-wave (m = 1), which has the fewest switch duties and minimises the successful engine current, as well as disasters. the yield line voltage necessitates a change in the dc transport voltage. it is not just the most severe available exchange rates that are used to alter the balance modes, but also the largest available adjustment files. the aggregation misfortune is reduced as the transporter recurrence decreases, but the conduction misfortune is increased as it travels to square wave mode. the fundamental frequency of vsi variables is shown in this diagram. to provide optimal engine control, a hybrid pwm architecture has been implemented, where each pwm must meet the following requirements: limiting pinnacle current reduces igbt current weight. in order to avoid converter catastrophes, take into mind the limitations of exchanging frequencies and the normally modest frequency fluctuations that are characteristic of converters. consistent material is ok. there must be a pwm and an fpga capable of meeting the needs of m-edge luts and score-edge luts iii. transitions between pwms that are smooth and seamless. iv. smooth transition discussion: a. a. as the footing grows in speed, the bearer proportion drops as the expanding recurrence is bit by bit enlarged, and the contrary is true for the half-and-half pwm process. the critical shift in the transporter % will have an impact on the pwm yield voltage's exact stage management. as a consequence, a 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 dead time or chip advanced control mistake may easily cause the inverter's stage fluctuation between the actual yield voltage and the reference voltage. it is due of these circumstances that the footing engine current and torque stun. b. b. \sc. starting with general progress proposals and then going on to more technical discussions of improvements, including progress approaches and performance comparisons between a single dsp and the suggested structure, shepwm and chmpw, will be provided. c. general rules of smooth transition: so as to retain the soundness of engine streams and torques, when travelling between different pwm balancing modes, the following angles should be regarded to keep the advancement of pwms from easy back rates to square-wave. initially, endeavour to retain the key evolution, including smooth shifts of stage and plentifulness. the accuracy of the exchanging point and the control calculation are two of the most important factors in key advancement. at that time the influence of music can't be underestimated. symphonious phases are not promised to remain uninterrupted in different forms of exchanging, on the grounds that the consonant substance is differed for each manner, and stage modifications are inevitable. so the progress needs to retain a strategic distance from too enormous general symphonious change, all together not to generate the consonant current consequence. at long last, hysteresis must be implemented at each step so that the framework does not cycle incessantly between two unusual regulatory modes at a specified pace. a hysteresis of 0.5 hz is used in the suggested method. d. more discussion on smooth transition: v. in the full speed range, the halfand-half pwm shows a few notable improvements. the primary difference comes between two cbpwms of apwm and cspwm, where the transporter frequencies are nearly no differentiation and the m is constant, which make it easy to complete smooth progress. the change will likewise turn out to be easy when it happens between 3-beat ospwm and square-wave [11], for the point of the 3beat ospwm will drop to zero as per the increasing m, which is square-wave. despite the advancement, the engine's flow and torque may be maintained. vi. vii. in any event, the primary progression and consonant impact turn out to be more vital when the advancements happen between cspwm and ospwm, or within ospwms, specifically when only a single mcu or dsp is used or shepwm is utilised for ospwm. viii. simulation results: 7 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 fig:5 simulation diagram of inverter fed induction motor drive without load (a) pulses (b) phase currents (c) line voltage (d) phase voltages (a) stator current (f) torque fig:6 simulation results of inverter fed induction motor drive without load fig:7 simulation diagram of voltage source inverter with r load (a) control strategy (b) pulses 8 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 (c) phase currents (e) line voltages (e) phase voltages fig: 8 simulations results of voltage source inverter with r load fig: 9 simulation diagram of inverter fed induction motor drive with load (a) pulses (a) phase currents (b) line voltages (a) phase voltages 9 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 (a) stator current (a) torque fig: 10 simulations results of inverter fed induction motor drive with load simulation results by using fuzzy logic controller: fuzzy rule is a type of many-regarded rationalisation in which reality assessments of components may be any bona fide number some place between the scope of 0 and 1. it is possible for reality estimates of components to be just 0 or 1 when using the boolean technique. fluffy foundations have been engaged to control the potential of partial truth, where reality respect may fluctuate between being fully obvious and being utterly untrue. moreover, when semantic elements are employed, these degrees may be monitored by unique abilities. the three variables of the flc, the error, the change in error and the output, have seven triangle membership functions for each. sets of fundamental fuzzies of membership functions for the variables are as indicated in the figs.11. fig 11(a) function member ship of input1 10 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 fig 11(b) function member ship of input2 fig 11(c) function member ship of output xtable: 1. fuzzy rules e/ ∆e pb p m ps ze ns nm nb pb ze z e z e nb n b nb nb pm ze z e z e nm n m nm nm ps ze z e z e ns ns nm nm ze ns ns z e ze z e ps ps ns pm p m p m ns z e ps ze nm pm p m p m pb z e ps ze nb pb p m p m pb z e ze ze for each of the three factors, the semantic factors positive huge (pb), positive medium (pm), positive small (ps), zero (z), negative little (ns), negative medium (nm), and negative large (nb) convey the fuzzy factors' significance. a lead in the govern base may be conveyed in the shape: if both (e) and (de) are nb, then (album is z). the tenets are established in light of the framework's information and operation. the administrate base modifies the obligation cycle for the pwm of the inverter as per the alterations in the contribution of the flc. the amount of principles may be specified aswanted. the quantities of guidelines are 49 for the seven enrollment elements of the blunder and the adjustment in mistake (contributions of the flc). fig: 12 simulation diagram of voltage source inverter with r load (a) control strategy (a) pulse 11 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 (a) phase current (a) line voltage (a) phase voltage fig: 13 simulation results of voltage source inverter with r load fig: 14 simulation diagram of inverter fed induction motor drive without load torque (a) pulse 12 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 (b) phase current (c) line voltage (d) phase voltages (e) stator current (f) torque fig: 15 simulation results of inverter fed induction motor drive without load torque fig: 16 simulation diagram of inverter fed induction motor drive with load torque (a) pulse (b) phase current (c) line voltages 13 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 (d) phase voltages (e) stator current (f) torque fig: 17 simulation result of inverter fed induction motor drive with load torque vi. conclusion: the hybrid pwm subject for electrical traction motor control is simplified in this research using a fuzzy logic controller system and existing approach. by totally utilising the points of interest and assets of each processor, highprecision hybrid pwms square measure enforced while fulfilling the multi-rate and multi-task process of the traction management. the implementation strategies of the bestowed hybrid pwm technique, wherever asynchronous and synchronous thipwm4, chmpwms square measure used for transiting from low-speed to square-wave, square measure mentioned intimately, together with algorithms between the 2 processors, swish transition, etc.. by using the fuzzy logic controller and desining in matlab/simulink the thd values are reduced compared to the existing results pwm creation based on simulation findin low total harmonics supported by a horribly low switch frequency have been obtained with great precision and the feature of low losses, allowing the control to function better and the system's reliability to grow. references: among them: de doncker, rik, duco wj pulle, and andré veltman. analyzing, modelling, and controlling advanced electrical drives. springer science & business media, 2010. [1] a space vector modulator for the high-switching frequency control of three-level sic inverters, by j. holtz, m. höltgen, and j. o. krah, ieee trans. power electronics vol. 29, no. 5, may 2014, p. (2) "evaluation of switching performance of sic devices in pwm inverter-fed induction motor drives," ieee trans. power electronics, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 5701-5711, oct. 2015. z. zhang, f. wang, l. m. tolbert, b. j. blalock and d. j. costinett [2] in conjunction with reversible variable speed ac drives, a. schonung and h. stemmler "static frequency changers with subharmonic control in 1964, pp. 555-557", brown boveri rev. [3] [3] van der broeck hw, skudelny h-c, stanke gv, ―analysis and realisation of a pulse width modulator based on voltage space vectors,‖ ieee trans. industry applications,vol. 24, no. 1, pp.142–150, 1988.j. holtz, "electronic power conversion using pulse width modulation," proc. ieee, vol. 82, no. 8, aug. 1994, pp. 1194-1214. [5] [4] holmes d g, lipo t a. pulse width modulation for power converters: concepts and practise. john wiley & sons, 2003. 14 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 ayyanar and ayyanan, "space-vectorbased hybrid pulse width modulation techniques for reduced harmonic distortion," ieee trans. power electronics, vol. 25, no. 3, march 2010, pp. 760-774. [6] induction motor drives using an advanced hybrid pwm technique to reduce torque ripple are discussed in ieee trans on industrial electronics (vol 57 no 6, june 2010), by k basu and j. s. s. prasad, g. narayanan, h. k. krishnamurthy and r. ayyanar. a novel quality evaluation method for magnolia bark using electronic nose and colorimeter data with multiple statistical algorithms ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 abstract—the bark of the magnolia tree, which includes both the aromatic and medicinal varieties known as magnolia officinalis and magnolia officinalis, is often used in chinese patent medicines and clinical prescriptions. the chemical composition of hou po is a key indicator of its quality, which is in turn connected to its therapeutic efficacy; the site of origin plays a pivotal role in determining its quality. an innovative approach to quickly, correctly, and fully determining where hou po came from and what its key chemical components are is the goal of this research. methods: the magnolol and honokiol components were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography, while the magnocurarine and magnofluorine components were analysed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography. we found out what was in the water-soluble extracts by using the cold soak technique. the colorimeter and e-nose were used to identify the hou po samples' smell and colour, respectively. in order to determine where hou-po came from and what chemicals were in its water-soluble extracts, we used a number of statistical techniques to build discriminant models that relied on e-nose and colorimeter data. with a classification accuracy of 99.53%, the random forest classifier in conjunction with the ten-fold cross-validation approach outperformed the other models tested. for each of the five chemical components, the correlation coefficient between experimental and predicted values was more than 0.96. this research concludes that the electronic nose and colorimeter show promise as quantitative and qualitative tools for assessing the quality of chinese herbal remedies. a novel quality evaluation method for magnolia bark using electronic nose and colorimeter data with multiple statistical algorithms jiahui, shao, yuebao, yuetong, guangzhao, huiqin, yonghong * school of chinese materia medica, beijing university of chinese medicine, beijing, 102488, china introduction magnolia officinalis rehd. & wils. and magnolia officinalis rehd. & wils. are the two species of the magnoliaceae family from which the chinese word "hou po" (dry bark) is derived. gingko biloba (rehde & wilkinson)1 for hundreds of years, people have turned to hou po, a traditional chinese herbal medicine (chm), for relief from a variety of gastrointestinal issues. a large number of clinical prescriptions and patent medications in china use it as an active ingredient. traditional macroscopic identification based on subjective observations and linguistic descriptions is now the most utilized approach for assessing hou po quality in the market. two kinds of chemical components are officially specified in the 2015 edition of the people's republic of china pharmacopeia.1 clinical usage of hou po is hindered by the inadequacy of current criteria for assessing and monitoring its quality.1 the quality of hou po is influenced by several things, but one of the most essential is where it is made. the provinces of hubei, sichuan, zhejiang, guangxi, and fujian are among those in china where you may find hou po grown in a mix of natural and artificial settings. distinct origins provide unique growth conditions, which in turn affect the final product's quality. provinces like hubei and sichuan are known for producing highquality hou po. specifically, geo-authentic medicinal substance is acknowledged for hou po samples from the hubei city of enshi. research has shown that shown that the chemical composition, purity, and clinical effectiveness of samples originating from various locations vary.2 because even highly qualified specialists have a hard time telling them apart based on macroscopic identification and detecting one or two chemical components, hou po pieces from different origin sites may be readily mistaken in the marketplace and for therapeutic purposes. there are only two ingredients listed in the 2015 edition of the people's republic of china pharmacopoeia: magno-lol and honokiol, with a combined level of no less than 2%. because hou po's chemical makeup is diverse and varied, this may directly contribute to ambiguity. determining the whole chemical profile of hou po—which includes volatile oils, lignans, alkaloids, and phenylethanolic glycosides—is insufficient.3 hou po gets its distinctive scent from volatile oils. hou po samples with a more robust scent are likewise thought to be of higher grade based on the trustworthy experience of macroscopic identification.4 the main components of lignans, magnolol and honokiol, have many biological effects, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, and antioxidant properties.5—8 according to other research, alkaloids in chms often have substantial the actions of pharmaceuticals.9, 10 two of hou po's alkaloids, magnocurarine and magnocorine, have antifungal and antiplatelet activities, respectively.12 consequently, while assessing the quality of hou po, it is important to consider this sort of component. clinical trials have shown that a water decoction of hou po can improve gastrointestinal motility disorder and limit the development of human mesangial cells.13, 14 it is in the water-based extract that the phenylethanolic glycosides are most abundant. all things considered, these four aspects are very relevant to hou po's quality and should be considered accordingly. it is, therefore, critically necessary to create a new approach of assessing hou po's quality. experts in traditional chinese medicine say that color and smell are two of the most important ways to identify things at a macro level.4 but there has been a lack of specific scientific experimental evidence and just nebulous descriptions of these elements up to now. we have developed a colorimeter and an electronic nose (e-nose) to assess the color and odor of chms, respectively. as far as experimental data go, these two methods are fast, practical, and dependable. in contrast to other contemporary methods for determining chm quality, such as gas chromatography (gc), mass spectrometry (ms), and high performance liquid chromatography (hplc), the e-nose and colorimeter necessitate minimal sample volume, do not use organic reagents, and necessitate only basic sample pretreatments. much more essential than just providing the contents of one or more components, they provide a complete picture in terms of color and scent. food, agriculture, medicine, the environment, and the military have all seen increased usage of the e-nose and colorimeter in recent years.24 they have also been used to differentiate between chms of the same family25 and distinct varieties26, as well as between chm samples from various locations27, with varying processing specifications28, and harvested at different times 29 based on odor or color traits. the current research is focused on creating a new way to quickly, precisely, and thoroughly assess the quality of hou po. in order to distinguish the hou po samples originating from various locations, we will utilize the e-nose and colorimeter to detect their aroma and color. the next step is to create discriminant models that use various techniques to determine the chemical component contents of the hou po samples and their origin. materials and methods chemicals and reagents the following sources were used: honokiol (batch number t28o6b5149), magnolol (batch number ks0912cb14), and magnocurarine (batch number m25j9s66499) as reference standards; magno⬂orine (batch number 3536) as a standard from shanghai standard technology; analytical grade methanol (from beijing chemical works, beijing, china); and acetonitrile and methanol (from fisher scientific, fair lawn, nj) as hplc ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 grade and analytical grade, respectively. a super water purification technology was used to obtain ultrapure water. the following provinces contributed to the 246 batches of hou po: zhe-jiang (51 batches), sichuan (88 batches), and hubei (107 batches). professor yaojun yang of the beijing university of chinese medicine's department of chinese materia medica (beijing, china) verified the authenticity of all samples. e-nose analysis in this investigation, the scents of the hou po samples were analyzed using the a-fox3000 enose system (alpha m.o.s., toulouse, france). an hs-100 autosampler, a detector unit with a set of twelve chemical sensors of the metal oxide semiconductor type, and pattern recognition software (alpha soft v11) were the three primary components of the system. the twelve metal oxide sensors were assigned the numbers s1 through s12. the sensors were ly2/lg, ly2/g, ly2/aa, ly2/gh, ly2/gctl, t30/1, p10/1, p10/2, p40/1, t70/2, and pa/2, in that order. relative change in resistance (dr/ r0) was used to represent the sensor responses. after grinding the hou po samples into a powder and passing them through a 50-mesh filter, 0.3 g was precisely weighed and sealed in a ten milliliter vial. a vial containing 1000 ml of headspace air was fed into the detector unit for examination by the sensor array after being incubated at 40 ◦c for 240 s at a rotating speed of 250 r/s. the injection rate was 1000 ml/s and the temperature was set at 50 ◦c. a constant flow of 150 ml/min of clean air was maintained through the sensor chambers during the measurement procedure, serving as the carrier gas. the sensor data was captured for 120 seconds, with 1 second intervals. to make sure the sensor response values were back to their baseline before smelling the next sample, the 600second purge time was enough. we measured each sample six times. all twelve sensors typically respond in the same way for a hou po sample, as seen in fig. 1. the signal from a single sensor to a hou po sample as a function of time is shown by each curve. the reaction intensity is shown vertically on the xaxis, while the horizontal axis represents the time up to 120 s. the study's analysis index was determined by taking the greatest response from each sensor. colorimeter analysis in order to identify the color properties of the hou po samples, a hitachi u-3010 ultravioletevisible spectrophotometer was used. a custom-built button-shaped glass color measurement plate, color analysis software, a white calibration plate, an integrating sphere, and other components made up the equipment. the uniform color space system employed in this work is the cie 1976 l*a*b* (fig. 2). the axes l*, a*, and b* are orthogonal in this color space. a greater number for the l* value suggests a brighter light. fig. 1. a typical response of 12 sensors measuring of a hou po sample. fig. 2. cie 1976 l*a*b* uniform color space system. example color that is lighter in hue and deeper in shade for values that are lower. with a* indicating red, -a* green, b* yellow, and -b* blue, the corresponding tone directions may be represented by the a* and b* values correspondingly. the visible color difference between two color points is shown by the term de*ab, which is defined as the distance between two points in the color space divided by the product of (dl*)2, (da*)2, (db*)2}1/2. for color determination, the hou po samples were crushed into a powder and passed through a 50mesh filter. they were then deposited onto a glass color measurement plate fashioned like a button. here are the measuring conditions: the settings for the experiment were as follows: starting wavelength was 780 nm, ending wavelength was 380 nm, slit width was 1 nm, light source was d65, field of vision was set at 10◦, and the scan ing at a rate of 600 nm/min. we measured each sample six times. determination of magnolol and honokiol magnolol and honokiol concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) as follows: after soaking at room temperature for 24 hours, 0.2 g of 50-mesh sample powder was added to 25 ml of methanol in a conical flask. just after filtration, 5 ml of filtrate was carefully measured and transferred to a 25 ml volumetric flask. the flask ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 was then filled with methanol until it reached a volume of 25 ml, and the mixture was mixed. to prepare the sample solution for high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) analysis, this mixture was passed through a 0.22-mm filter membrane. using a mobile phase consisting of methanol (78%) and water (22%), a flow rate of 1 ml/min, a column oven temperature of 30 ◦c, an injection, and an agilent zorbax sb-c18 column (4.6 250 mm, 5 mm) from agilent technologies inc. in santa clara, ca, the hplc agilent system was assembled. has a detection wavelength of 294 nm and a volume of 5 ml. to get concentrations of 0.162 and 0.3 mg/ml, respectively, of honokiol and magnolol, the standards were weighed and dissolved in methanol. analyzing the standard solutions throughout a range of concentrations for honokiol and magnolol, respectively, from 0.162 to 0.000405 and 0.3 to 0.0015 mg/ml, was done to test the linearity of this approach. magnocurrine and magnesium determination we used ultra-performance liquid chromatography (uplc) to identify the primary alkaloid components of hou po, magnocurarine and magnofactorine. after grinding, the hou po samples were passed through a 50-mesh filter for analysis. after that, exactly 0.2 g of powder was measured and added to a 50 ml conical flask containing 25 ml of methanol. the flask was then allowed to soak at room temperature for 24 hours. once the filtration process was complete, the sample solution for uplc analysis was isolated by passing it through a 0.22-mm filter membrane. this investigation made use of a waters acquity uplc beh-c18 column (2.1 50 mm, 1.7 mm), an empower 3 workstation, and a pda detector from waters corp. in milford, ma. the mobile phase consisted of (a) phosphoric acid/water (0.2:100, v/v) and (b) acetonitrile. the elution was programmed as follows: 0e2 min (9%e11% b), 2e5 min (11%e12% b), and 5e7 min (12%e15% b). the flow rate was 0.4 ml/min. the column oven temperature was 35 ◦c. the injection volume was 0.5 ml. the detection wavelength for magnocurarine was 282 nm, and for magno⬂orine it was 268 nm. with careful weighing, the magnocurarine and magno* fluorine standards were dissolved in methanol to concentrations of 0.512 and 0.508 mg/ml, correspondingly. analyzing the reference solutions across a range of 0.0512 to 0.000512 mg/ml for magnocurarine and from 0.0508 to 0.0001016 mg/ml for magnoьorine allowed us to test the linearity of this approach. determination of water-soluble extracts after combining 4 grams of 50-mesh sample powder with 100 milliliters of water in a 250 milliliter conical flask, the mixture was allowed to soak for 24 hours at room temperature. following filtering, precisely 20 ml of filtrate was added to an evaporation pan that had been dried to a consistent weight. the pan was then steamed in a water bath until completely dry. afterwards, the evaporation pan was dried in a dryer at 105 ◦c for three hours, and subsequently, it was chilled in a desiccator for thirty minutes. at last, the evaporation pan was weighed with great precision. one way to measure the concentration of watersoluble extracts was to compare the preand postweight of the evaporation pan. statistical analysis first, the e-nose and colorimeter results were processed using ten classifiers from the weka software (https://www.cs.waikato.ac. nz/ml/weka/). these classifiers include bayes net, naive bayes net, naive bayes updateable, libsvm, logistic analysis, multiple layer perception, rbf network, nb tree, random forest, and random tree. the goal was to create discriminant models that could distinguish the origin places of the hou po samples. we used the classification accuracy as our metric to assess these models. to get the classification accuracy, we used both the external test set verification technique and the ten-fold cross-validation approach. the external test set verification approach used a test set that included 30% of the whole data set. if the classification accuracy was below 80%, the findings would not be taken into consideration. to create discriminant models for predicting the quantities of associated chemical components: hon-okiol, magnolol, magnocurarine, magnoorine, and water-soluble extracts, the data set was analyzed using the random forest classifier from the weka program. use the following metrics: root mean squared error (rmse), mean absolute error (mae), and correlation coefficient (cc) to assess the quality of the existing models accuracy in classification. classifiers libsvm, logistic analysis, multiple layer perception, nb tree, random forest, and random tree demonstrated the required degree of feasibility and veracity in identifying the origin places of hou po using e-nose and colorimeter data, as shown in the classification accuracies (table 1). with a maximum classification accuracy of 99.53%, the random forest classifier in conjunction with the ten-fold cross-validation approach provided the best classification. in order to proceed with the studies, the random forest classifier was paired with the ten-fold crossvalidation approach. prediction results of chemical components discriminant models based on the random forest classifier combined with the ten-fold cross-validation method the water-soluble extracts, honokiol, magnolol, magnocurarine, and magnoflorine were analyzed using the random forest classifier. in table 2 you can see the accuracy of the predictions. with cc, mae, rmse, rae, and rrse values of 0.9781, 0.1690, 0.3311, 14.6798, and 21.7669, respectively, for honokiol, it was determined that the selected method—the random forest classifier coupled with ten-fold cross-validation— could forecast the concentrations of the five component chemicals of hou po. for a more natural comparison between expected and experimental results, see fig. 3. as the data points go closer to the line indicating complete agreement in the scatter plots, the anticipated and experimental values become much more comparable. the most highly correlated of these five component prediction models was the one for water-soluble extracts. magnocurarine and magnoflowerine models were quite similar. when it came to determining the hou po samples' origins and chemical makeup, the existing models based on their smell and color offered a quick and dependable way to accomplish so. table 2 prediction accuracies of discriminant models for the five chemical components of hou po based on the random forest classifier combined with the tenfold crossvalidation. (rmse), relative absolute error (rae), and root relative squared error (rrse) were used as the index. the ten-fold crossvalidation method was applied to obtain the prediction accuracy. results classification results of discriminant models from different origin places using ten classifiers ten different types of classifier were used to obtain precise chemical components values cc mae rmse rae (%) rrse (%) honokiol 0.9781 0.1690 0.3311 14.6798 21.7669 magnolol 0.9737 0.2017 0.3666 18.8258 24.4372 magnocurarine 0.9633 0.0109 0.0193 21.0594 28.3004 magnoflorine 0.9663 0.0119 0.0209 19.4218 26.9892 water-soluble extracts 0.9818 0.3770 0.5914 15.4062 20.2298 abbreviations: cc: correlation coefficient; mae: mean absolute error; rmse: root mean squared error; rae: relative absolute error; rrse: root relative squared error. table 1 classification accuracies of origin place discriminant models from ten classifiers. classifiers classification accuracy (%) ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 ten-fold cross-validation external test set verification bayes net 77.24 77.88 naive bayes net 72.63 72.69 naive bayes updateable 72.63 72.69 libsvm 91.53 90.07 logistic analysis 92.68 92.55 multiple layer perception 99.05 97.29 rbf network 79.61 76.52 nb tree 97.36 95.94 random forest 99.53 99.32 random tree 97.36 94.81 fig. 3. comparison between the predicted and experimental values of five chemical components of hou po. discussion the classic technique of chm authentication, macroscopic identification, has the benefits of being quick, easy, and effective.4,30 this approach is a crucial part of assessing the quality of chm in the people's republic of china pharmacopoeia. the method's shortcomings, however, cannot be disregarded: it is very subjective and relies heavily on the assessors' own experiences. we have explored the potential of the e-nose and the colorimeter to measure the odor and color properties of chms, in an effort to circumvent these limitations. by combining these two methodologies with suitable statistical tools, the experimental findings demonstrate that a system based on instrumental sensory analysis can be set up to assess the quality of chms in a thorough manner.31, 32 both the scientific rationale for macroscopic identification and a novel approach to creating an easy, quick, and systematic approach of assessing chm quality. the exterior manifestations of the internal chemical components of chm, including its smell and color, are extensive. further study is needed to understand the link between the instrumental sensory features and interior chemical components of chms, since there is less research on the material basis of their odor and color characteristics. not only does a chm's chemical makeup determine its therapeutic efficacy, but it also ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 serves as a key quality indicator. plants' chemical make-up varies depending on a variety of environmental and geographical variables at their point of origin, including but not limited to: height, terrain, soil, water quality, weather, sunlight, and rainfall. consequently, chm quality is strongly correlated with its area of origin and chemical components. here, we use the e-nose and colorimeter to reliably identify where hou po come from and to forecast what kinds of chemicals are in them. rapidly. further investigation into the relationship between quality, provenance, and chemical components is required, however e-nose and colorimeter technology do provide new ways to assess hou po's quality. aside from instrumental sensory analysis, a discriminant model should be developed to predict the concentrations of additional chemical components, as well as to identify variations, specifications, and grades of hou po. this will help to augment and enhance the current method of quality assessment.volatile oils, lignans, alkaloids, and phenylethanolic glycosides are the four primary types of compounds found in hou po. only the contents of the last three chemical components have been predicted in this investigation using hou po's odorand color fingerprints. the fragrant scent of hou po comes from its volatile components, which the e-nose may interact with to measure. in this way, they link the e-nose reaction to the scent of hou po. this further highlights the need of doing more investigations to identify the specific volatile components responsible for the e-nose reactions and how they relate to the hou po odor. further investigation into the link between these factors and hou po quality is required. when utilizing the e-nose to assess the quality of hou po, volatile components are crucial. detailed descriptions of future study findings pertaining to volatile components will be provided in subsequent studies. conclusions three chinese provinces—zhejiang, sichuan, and hubei—provided 246 batches of hou-po samples for this investigation. specific procedures were used to determine the amounts of various chemical components, such as honokiol, magnolol, magnocurarine, magnolorine, and water-soluble extracts. using the e-nose and the colorimeter, we were able to identify the smell and color features of the samples, which helped us design a quick and dependable method to thoroughly assess the quality of the hou po. using a variety of statistical methods on this data, we were able to construct multiple discriminant models that could identify the locations of hou po's origin and provide predictions about the chemical components it contains. based on the findings, it is feasible to accurately determine the source locations and forecast the associated chemical components by analyzing the smell and color of samples in conjunction with suitable statistical algorithms. the most accurate model was the one that used random forest classifier in conjunction with ten-fold cross-validation. both the e-nose and the colorimeter have showed promise in this research as tools for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of chm quality. researchers are now working on a more sensitive and selective sensor for the volatile components of chm, as well as more efficient feature extraction approaches, with the goal of improving the discriminant models. references 1. commission for the chinese pharmacopoeia. china medical science press published the people's republic of china pharmacopoeia in 2015 in beijing, china. 2. wang l, yuana k, yu ww, and wang j. uplc-dad-tof-ms fingerprint evaluation and discrimination of magnoliae officinalis cortex produced in zhejiang province (wen-hou-po). natural product communication, 2010, 5, 1631– 1638. yang b., xue zz, yan ry, yu sx, liu hl, and yang l. four active hydrophilic chemicals in the cortex of magnoliae officinalis were quantitatively determined using an hplc-dad technique. 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this information is sourced from oncotarget, 2016;7(20):29116e29130. 8. the antidiarrheal and antioxidant effects of an honokiol extract from the cortex of magnolia officinalis in mice were investigated by han xf, pang yl, liu sm, and colleagues. the journal tropic j pharm res published an article in 2014 with the doi: 13.01653 and the page numbers 1643–1651. 9. the authors are jiang, pi, jin, yang, and cai. by generating reactive oxygen species and limiting mitochondrial activity, the chinese herb medication matrine induces apoptosis in human esophageal squamous carcinoma kyse-150 cells. research in clinical practice. 2018;214(5):691– 699. 10. lang l, hu q, wang jy, et al. the plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase is inhibited by the natural alkaloid coptisine, which is derived from the coptidis rhizoma. journal of chemical biology and drug discovery, 2018;92(1):1324–1332. eleven. chen ks, ko fn, teng cm, and wu yc. benzylisoquinoline and phenanthrene alkaloids have 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(maniscalco and motta, 2021). electronic nose and nmr-based metabolomics: are they practical for clinical and inflammatory phenotyping? the ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 article is published in the archiv of medical research and has the doi: 49/1:76. the authors of the article are montuschi p, mores n, trove' a, mondino c, and barnes pj. a technological nose for the field of respiratory medicine. asthma. 2013;85(1):72–84. blanco-rodríguez a, camara vf, campo f, and colleagues [23]. creating an electronic nose to identify and classify the many odors released by a wastewater treatment plant's various processes. scientific reports, 2018;134:92–100. 24.using the differential electronic nose to detect explosives at concentrations as low as parts per million (brudzewski k, osowski s, pawlowski w.). actuator sensor b citation: chem. 2012;161(1):528–533. (25).authors: lin h, yan yh, zhao t, jr. using an electronic nose in conjunction with multivariate statistical studies, we can quickly distinguish between apiaceae plants. journal of pharmacology and biomedical research. 2013;84:1e4. 26.authors li c, xu f, cao c, and more.... two species of asari were compared by radix et electronic nose, headspace gc-ms, and chemometrics for rhizoma. “j pharmaceut biomed anal” (2013), 85: 231– 238. 27.researchers liu, wang, yang, et al. radix angelicae sinensis growth zones may be quickly and accurately identified using an electronic nose in conjunction with multivariate statistical studies. “sensors” (2014, 14(11):20134e20148). 28.by xie ds, peng w, chen jc, and colleagues. a new approach to hawthorn and its derivatives product discrimination based on artificial neural networks and sophisticated sensory systems. nutritional science and biotechnology. 2016;25(6):1545– 1550. 29.the authors of the article are chen sg, mao j, han bx, and chen nf. electronic nose with a metal oxide sensor array for smelling rosa laevigata. journal of brazilian pharmaceutical research, volume 21, issue 6, pages 1150–1154, 2011. 30.chen zz, yuen jps, jiang zh, leung ksy, liang zt, hu yn, and zhao zz. a process of verification important to the process of standardizing chinese medicine. (planta med. 2006;72(10):865e874.) 31.we are zou hq, lu g, liu y, and others. is it feasible to use an electronic nose in conjunction with several mathematical algorithms to noninvasively and quickly detect various asteraceae plants? the citation for this article is j food drug anaal. 2015;23(4):788–794. 32.the authors of the study include gong jt, zhao ly, anders b, and others. acidity of armeniacae semen amarum involving bianzhuang lunzhi. reference: zhongguo zhongyao zazhi. 2016;41(23): 4375e4381. 33.xiang xi, mi wj, yan yh, li y, chen hr, and zou hq. the active components in licorice and their correlation with the color of its cross-section. mater med, world scientific and technological monthly transactions, 2017;19(11):1829–1835. issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 4 detection of anomaly application with system interpreting and supervising database access dr. latha 1, dr. maram ashok2 associate professor 1,2 malla reddy institute of engineering and technology, hyderabad, telangana, india. abstract data base management systems provide access control systems that enable database managers (dbas) to approve application programs access opportunities to data sources. though such systems are effective, in method finer-grained gain access to control device tailored to the semiotics of the data kept in the dmbs is needed as a fabulous defense mechanism against smart assaulters. hence, personalized composed applications which accessibility databases carry out an added layer of access control. for that reason, protecting a database alone is not nearly enough for such applications, as attackers targeting at taking information can capitalize on vulnerabilities in the blessed applications as well as make these applications to issue harmful database inquiries. an accessibility control device can only prevent application programs from accessing the data to which the programs are not licensed, yet it is not able to avoid misuse of the data to which application programs are licensed for accessibility. hence, we require a mechanism able to find malicious behavior arising from formerly accredited applications. in this paper, we provide the design of an anomaly detection mechanism, detanom that aims to fix such issue. our strategy is based the evaluation and profiling of the application in order to create a concise depiction of its communication with the database. such an account keeps a trademark for every sent question and likewise the equivalent constraints that the application program need to satisfy to send the inquiry. later on, in the detection stage, whenever the application issues an inquiry, a component catches the query before it reaches the data source as well as validates the matching signature as well as restraints against the existing context of the application. if there is an inequality, the query is marked as anomalous. the major benefit of our anomaly discovery system is that, in order to build the application profiles, we require neither any previous understanding of application susceptibilities nor any kind of instance of feasible attacks. as a result, our mechanism has the ability to secure the data from attacks customized to data source applications such as code alteration attacks, sql injections, and likewise from various other data-centric strikes as well. we have applied our device with a software program testing technique called concolic screening as well as the postgresql dbms. speculative results reveal that our profiling method is close to exact, needs appropriate quantity of time, and also the detection system sustains low run-time overhead. key terms: database, insider attacks, anomaly detection, application profile, sql injection. 1. introduction data stored in databases is commonly essential to the company's operations as well as also sensitive, for example relative to personal privacy. consequently, securing information stored in a database is an essential requirement. data should be protected not just from external assaulters, however likewise from users within the organizations [3] a large range of establishments from government firms (e.g., armed forces, judiciary etc.) to business are seeing attacks by experts at a startling rate. one of the most crucial purpose of these experts is to either exfiltrate sensitive data (e.g., military plans, trade secrets, intellectual property, etc.) or maliciously changes the information for deceptiveness purposes or for attack preparation [1], [8] there are a number of truths that make the avoidance of expert assaults much more tough compared with various other standard (external) assaults [4] initially, experts are allowed to accessibility sources, such as data and also computer system systems, as well as services inside the company networks as they have legitimate qualifications. second, the actions of expert’s stem at a trusted domain name within the network, and thus are exempt to complete safety checks in the same way as exterior actions are. for instance, there is commonly no inner firewall program within the organization network. third, experts are commonly very trained computer system professionals, that have expertise regarding the interior setup of the network and the protection and bookkeeping control deployed. consequently, they might be able to prevent traditional protection mechanisms. shielding information from insider hazards needs incorporating various strategies. one crucial such method is stood for by the accessibility control system that is implemented as part of the data source management system code. a gain access to control system allows one to define which users/applications can accessibility which information for which objective. in addition to the gain access to control system carried out as part of the dbms, applications might likewise execute their very own "application-level" gain access to control in order to carry out more complicated gain access to control plans. in such situations, accesses by individuals to the information stored in a database are mediated by the application programs. however, whereas the use of dbms-level as well as application-level accessibility control systems provide an initial layer of defense versus expert dangers, these mechanisms are unable to safeguard versus destructive experts that have access to the applications as well as can thus change the code to transform the questions provided to the data source and also modify the logics of the application-level access control. software-based attestation or easy stability measurement by a relied-on platform component could be used for identifying any kind of unauthenticated adjustment to the application resource code by expert insiders. nonetheless, attestation is commonly carried out throughout the loading of the application's executable as well as hence it cannot spot adjustments of program behaviors at runtime. consequently, throughout implementation if a program is endangered by an insider utilizing known assault strategies, e.g., barrier overflow [9] or return-oriented programming attestation mechanisms cannot discover such harmful adjustments of behavior in the program. likewise, a destructive insider may be able to customize the information used for the attestation of the target application program, thus rendering attestation ineffective. apart from that, utilizing simply a simple honesty measurement strategy is not a feasible service since this strategy cannot give integrity for selfmodifying code which is widely used as front end data source applications. 2. related work 3. an official framework to categorize anomaly discovery systems has actually been suggested by shu et al. according to this classification, our recommended strategy uses a deterministic language defined on the top of the database communications to do the detection. numerous approaches have actually been suggested to safeguard databases against harmful application programs. didafit is an intrusion detection system that works at the application degree. like our system, didafit works in two stages: training stage and detection phase. throughout the training phase, database logs are evaluated to create fingerprints of the inquiries found in the log. fingerprints are routine expressions of inquiries with constants in the in which stipulation changed by placeholders that mirror the data kinds of the constants. during the detection stage, input queries are examined versus such fingerprints. queries that match some expression in the profiles are thought about benign, and also anomalous or else. didafit has nonetheless some major downsides. first, the system counts just on logs to develop program profiles. there is consequently no guarantee that the log would certainly include all legitimate inquiries. to address this downside, the authors recommend a strategy to create new trademarks from various other signatures that are similar in all sections as well as have some predicates in common. while this option operates in some instances, the system would not have the ability to identify questions that do not show up in the log. one more issue is that didafit does not think about the control flow and also information circulation of the program, i.e., the formula neither checks the appropriate order of the queries, neither the restraints that need to be confirmed for a question to be executed. the approaches suggested by bertino et al. [5] as well as valeur et al additionally evaluate training logs for developing accounts of questions. as a result, they have the exact same drawbacks pointed out earlier. these approaches focus on the discovery of online attacks, like sql injection and cross-site scripting (xss) attacks, and also fall short to discover other assaults carried out via application programs, e.g., code alteration attacks. safeguarding a database can be an uphill struggle, paleari et al explained a brandnew group of assaults which depend on race problems. such kind of attacks are less complicated in internet applications, where the tools made use of (primarily php and mysql) provide a poor set of synchronization primitives however offer a highly identical setting. for that reason, when multiple at the same time requests are implemented, it is feasible to interleave the sql queries in such a way that generates unforeseen habits. such a sort of strike may be alleviated by a strategy, like the one we propose in this paper, which can impose the appropriate order of the inquiries. our previous poster paper [27] describes some preliminary suggestions to shield versus data exfiltration with malicious adjustment of the application program. however, the approach recommended in this paper reduces the efficiency expenses by allowing the ade to simply go across the application account instead of concretizing of the symbolic execution tree of the application program. such concretization in the discovery engine results in extra hold-up when validating a query. on top of that, our preliminary technique does not cover the combination of testing-based methods with program evaluation techniques nor cover execution and analysis of the recommended strategy. 4. proposed model 4.1. detanom architecture the system architecture consists of several components, supporting the two phases of detanom, which we describe in what follows. figure 1. system architecture for profile creation number 1 reveals the components sustaining the profile production stage and their interactions. this phase begins by giving the application program as input to the concolic implementation module which first instruments the application. note that the concolic execution does not require the application resource code. the bytecode is inspected using representation to discover the branches and track the input resources to the branch problems. after that, the application is started inside an instrumented digital machine which links the concolic execution engine to the networks utilized to connect with the individual. by doing this the concolic engine can generate input to compel the implementation of various branches. consequently, the concolic implementation component implements the instrumented application for a variety of times with the purpose of exploring as several execution paths as feasible. given that there is no warranty that the application terminates on each input, the concolic implementation utilizes a depth bounded search to restrict the profiling time. the depth of the search is a configurable parameter. each time the application program concerns a question to the database, the restriction extractor in the account home builder component removes the restrictions that lead the application program to adhere to the present path. these constraints compose a part of the application account. in addition, each query sent to the data source is also sent to the account builder component where the signature generator sub-module produces the signature of that query. figure 2. system architecture for anomaly detection anomaly detection component: the main modules supporting the anomaly detection phase are: the anomaly detection engine (ade), the sql proxy, the signature comparator, and the target database as shown in figure 2. the information to protect is saved in the target database. we presume that the database web server is already protected to the very best of present security modern technology and can be accessed only through our proxy. the monitored application engages with the data source via sql questions which are obstructed by the sql proxy and also forwarded to the ade for anomaly discovery. additionally, the instrumented environment collects the application input and adds it as meta-data to the inquiry. the ade additionally includes the trademark generator submodule that produces the trademark of the received query. upon getting the inquiry, the ade checks whether the present program inputs please the restraints of some feasible implementation paths. if the restraints are completely satisfied, the trademark comparator contrasts the trademark of the inquiry connected with the pleased restraint to that of the received query. if there is a suit, the query is thought about legitimate, or else an anomaly is spotted. this information is then returned to the proxy, where a customized logic is utilized to determine the activities to be executed in order to take care of the anomaly. instances of such activities consist of denying the inquiry, sending out an alarm system to a security manager, revoking the application program consents etc. 5. implementation modules 5.1. data owner in this module, the data owner uploads their data in the cloud server. for the security purpose the data owner encrypts the file and the index name and then store in the cloud. the data encryptor can have capable deleting of a specific file. and also he can view the transactions based on the files he uploaded to cloud and will do the following operations like register and login data owners, add data content about military, judiciary, govement, sports, like ccat, cname, cpublication, ccreato and generate digital signature based on desc, browse and enc data desc then upload, add image., view all data contents with rank and ratings with digital signature ,view all uploaded data and rating with ranking without digital signature, view file download req and give permission, sql operations --divide whole page into two parts –one for entering dbms query and another one is displaying results, if query is incomplete then it is sql injection (insert, update, select, delete). 5.2. data user in this module, user logs in by using his/her username and password. after login user do some operations like view your profile, request secret key from application server and view response, search data by its keyword and view all details and take secret key automatically if permission is given, download the file by verifying signature. if signature is wrong, then don't download 5.3. application server the application server manages a cloud to provide data storage service do some operations like view all data owners and authorize view all end users and authorize, view all data contents with rank and ratings with digital signature, view all data contents with rank and ratings without digital signature, view users search transactions, view all sql injection intruders with date and time and ip address, view all docs rank in chart, view all intruders and give link to view in chart(no. of attacked documents name). 5.4. signature generator the signature generator is the one who generates the generate digital signature and do following operations like login, view all owner documents and give option to generate digital signature, view all data contents with rank and give option to generate secret key using rsa. 6. conclusion and future work though accessibility control devices released in dbms have the ability to avoid application programs from accessing the information for which they are not licensed, they are incapable to prevent data abuse triggered by authorized application programs. in this paper, we have actually suggested an anomaly discovery mechanism that has the ability to recognize anomalous queries resulting from formerly accredited applications. our mechanism builds close to precise account of the application program, without the need of its source code, as well as checks at runtime inbound queries versus that profile. along with anomaly discovery, our detanom system is capable of finding any kind of injections or adjustments to the sql queries. we wish to emphasize 2 benefits of our strategy contrasted to other much more conventional techniques. the very first is that by using the concolic testing strategy instead of static analysis strategies, we can profile the actual implementation of the code that includes inquiries carried out by selfmodifying or dynamically downloaded and install code. the second is that we have the ability to impose the real order of the questions sent to the database, unlike conventional sql injection discovery techniques which are unable to identify whether a query is added or gotten rid of from an application program. we have applied detanom with jcute and also postgresql which leads to reduced run-time overhead and also high accuracy in detecting strange database accessibilities. we are currently prolonging our job along a number of directions. our existing application of detanom exploits the restraints that jcute references [1] c. cadar and k. sen. symbolic execution for software testing: three decades later. commun. acm, 56(2):82– 90, feb. 2013. 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[10] a. balakrishnan and c. schulze. code obfuscation literature survey. cs701 construction of compilers, 19, 2005. [11] e. bertino. data protection from insider threats. synthesis lectures on data management. morgan & claypool publishers, san rafael, 2012. [12] e. bertino and g. ghinita. towards mechanisms for detection and prevention of data exfiltration by insiders: keynote talk paper. in proceedings of the 6th acm symposium on information, computer and communications security, asiaccs ’11, pages 10–19, new york, ny, usa, 2011. acm. e. bertino, a. kamra, and j. p. early. profiling database application to detect sql injection attacks. in ieee international performance computing,and communications conference, ipccc 2007, pages 449– 458, april 2007. [13] r. majumdar and k. sen. hybrid concolic testing. in proceedings of the 29th international conference on software engineering, icse 2007, pages 416–426, may 2007. issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 5 effective use of convolutional neural networks for deep learning in cbir lakshmeelavanya alluri 1 , hemalatha dendukuri 2 assistant professor 1,2 , srkr pharmacy college, bhimavaram, andhra pradesh, india. abstract research into content-based image retrieval (cbir) has attracted a great lot of attention. users have a hard time coming up with the input since a cbir system uses low-level observable characteristics, and the system itself doesn't provide satisfactory retrieval results. to boost the efficiency of the retrieval process in a cbir system, it is crucial to investigate effective feature representations and suitable similarity metrics. the fundamental problem has been the semantic mismatch between the low-level picture pixels and the high-level semantics that people comprehend. machine learning (ml) is one approach that has been investigated as a potential means of closing the semantic gap. in this research, we are motivated by the recent achievements of deep learning techniques in computer vision applications to take on an advanced deep learning technique called convolutional neural network (cnn) in order to investigate its effects on the study of feature representations and similarity measures. in this research, we investigated how cnns may be used to address classification and retrieval challenges. we decided to adapt the deep architecture for image retrieval by employing transfer learning. by calculating the euclidean distance between each picture's feature vectors and our query image, we can determine which images are most similar to it in the dataset. these feature vectors were extracted from the retraining of the proposed cnn model's last-but-one fully connected layer. introduction the popularity of search engines like bing image search has skyrocketed in recent years. with the proliferation of image search engines like gazopa's (private company) cbir search engine, imense image search portal (private company), and like.com (private company), picture retrieval has become a formidable challenge. the problems, restrictions, and time commitments inherent with metadata-based systems have increased curiosity in cbir. existing technology makes it easy to search through textual information, but it is impractical for humans to manually describe each image in a database, especially for very large databases or for images that will be generated automatically, like those from surveillance cameras. there are further problems, such as the possibility of missing photos whose descriptions use alternative comparable words. the miscategorization issue may be avoided using systems that classify photos according to semantic classes, such as "tiger" as a subclass of "animal," but the user will have to put in more work to find the images that might be tigers but are instead classified as "animals." to solve the image retrieval issue, or the challenge of searching for specific digital pictures inside vast databases, content-based image retrieval (cbir) applies techniques for image collecting, preprocessing, analysis, representation, and comprehension. in contrast to more conventional methods, the cbir system is built on the principles of concept-based image indexing (cbii) [1].the effectiveness of a cbir system's retrieval function relies heavily on the accuracy with which features are represented and similarity measurements are taken. despite the many methods proposed, this is still a difficult undertaking because of the disconnect between the image's pixels and the high-level semantics people experience. ml is a promising strategy for addressing this issue over the long run. when it comes to classification tasks and feature research, deep learning is a family of ml algorithms where several layers of data processing stages in hierarchical patterns are used [2]. the field of picture categorization has seen remarkable progress because to deep learning frameworks. there is a discrepancy between how photographs are categorized and how they are ranked in terms of similarity. black boots, white boots, and dark-gray boots are all boots for the purposes of image classification, however when rating comparable photos, we often score the dark gray boot higher than the white boot if the query image is a black boot. for data with a grid-like structure, such as picture data (a 2d grid of pixels), cnns [2] are a specialized ann. simply said, convolutional neural networks (cnns) are anns in which at least one layer replaces matrix multiplication with convolution. convolution allows for parameter sharing, equivariant representations, and sparse interactions, all of which might aid in the development of a better ml system. this challenge is well-suited for the use of neural networks, and cnns in particular are wellknown for their capacity to learn forms, textures, and colors. using a state-of-the-art deep learning system— cnns for examining feature representations from image data—we conducted research on a deep learning architecture for cbir systems. in general, we retrain the previously learned cnn model using our data. next, the trained network is put to use to do two things: categorize objects into their correct classes and conduct a nearest-neighbors analysis to return the most comparable and relevant photos to the input image [3-4]. i. related work the 1.2 million pictures in the imagenet dataset were classified into 1000 categories using a deep cnn trained by krizhevsky et al. [5]. the authors developed an eight-layer network, the first five of which were convolutional layers and the last three of which were completely linked. this network has been trained using two gtx 580 gpus, each with 3gb of memory, since the memory limitations of a single gpu would prevent it from being trained with a larger dataset. top-1 error rates of 37.5% and top-5 error rates of 17.0% were attained by the authors when they employed characteristics derived from the 7th layer to retrieve related images. however, babenko et al. [6] recommended to compress the features using dimensionality reduction approach and achieved a decent performance due to the large dimensionality of cnn features and the inefficiency of similarity calculation between two 4096-dimensional vectors. for hash learning, researchers have turned to deep models. the revolutionary performance of image retrieval using deep learning was shown by xia et al. [7], who introduced a supervised hashing approach to investigate binary hash codes. they have utilized a matrix decomposition approach to examine the codes being used to represent the data in a preliminary processing stage. however, in the event of enormous data, this step is essential due to the increased storage and processing needs. using hashing-based approaches that project the high-dimensional features to lowdimensional feature space and construct the binary hash codes, lin et al. [8] suggested an easy and effective supervised learning model for rapid image retrieval system. this method uses binary pattern matching techniques or hamming distance calculation, both of which enhance search efficiency while drastically decreasing computing time. the authors say that whereas it takes 109.767ms to compute the euclidean distance between two 4096dimensional feature vectors, it only takes 0.113ms to compute the hamming distance between two 128-bit binary codes. adding more layers to the network and more neurons to each layer is the simplest technique to improve the performance of deep neural networks (dnns). szegedy et al. [3] developed a deep cnn architecture called inception that outperformed previous methods on the imagenet dataset for both classification and detection. the efficiency with which this strategy utilizes networked computer resources is its major metric. the writers have expanded the network's reach and depth. the architectural tradeoffs were made with the hebbian principle in mind. this architecture is useful for dramatically expanding the number of neurons at each stage without introducing a corresponding increase in computing complexity. increases in both the breadth of each step and the total number of steps are now possible because to more efficient use of computer resources. using the goals of addressing clothing style categorization and related clothes retrieval, chen et al. [9] investigated deep learning using cnns. transfer learning is used to simplify training by refining pre-trained structures on huge datasets. the model is built around a collection of deep networks, each of which was trained on a small subset of data due to the massive size of deep networks' parameters. on three apparel datasets, our strategy outperformed previous methods that use ml algorithms with shallow structure, with an 18% increase in accuracy seen on the biggest dataset including 80,000 photos.in their study, khosla and venkataraman [10] use a strategy wherein additional cnns are trained on the shoe dataset and then used to categorize input shoe images into suitable shoe classes and to conduct the closest neighbors assessment to return k most similar shoes to the given input shoe picture. the closest matches to the input picture were returned using caffe as the neural network architecture and the euclidean distance measure. the average score was 4.12 out of 5, and the retrieval accuracy was 75.6%, both of which were attained using this method of determining the euclidean distance between the features vectors of the pictures. for finegrained image categorization using pretrained neural networks, iliukovich-strakovskaia et al. [11] proposed a 'two flow model' in which the input picture is processed in two distinct ways. in the first process, the picture is transformed into a low-dimensional feature vector space using certain conventional dimensionality reduction algorithms, and then the most useful features are selected. the second route processes the picture using a previously trained cnn, which uses the features from the global pooling layer to refine the feature selection process. at last, a nonlinear classifier is fitted using a combined set of characteristics extracted from both flows. using inception_bn and inception_21k as examples of pretrained deep neural networks, this method employs random forest for both feature selection and the final step of a nonlinear classifier. by comparison, inception_21k achieved 69.3% accuracy on the global pooling layer, whereas inception_bn deep neural network accuracy ranged from 55.5% to 68.0%. ii. propos ed implementation this section describes proposed methodology which employs dconvnet for cbir system. working of cnn can be explained as follows: a 2 d convolutional layer applies sliding filters to the input. the layer convolves the input by moving the filters along the input vertically and horizontally and computing the dot product of the weights and the input, and then adding a bias term. a re lu layer performs a threshold operation to each element of the input, where any value less than zero is set to zero. a max pooling layer performs down sampling by dividing the input into rectangular pooling regions and computing the ma ximu m of each region. a fully connected layer multiplies the input by a weight matrix and then adds a bias vector. 3.1. dl-cnnfig. 1. proposed dconvnet for cbir system eigenvalue decomposition of every covariance matrix, which gives the list of eigenvalues or according to the facts, training and testing of dl-cnn involves in allowing every source image via a succession of convolution layers by a kernel or filter, rectified linear unit (re lu), max pooling, fully connected layer and utilize softmax layer with classification layer to categorize the objects with probabilistic values ranging from [0,1]. figure 1 discloses the architecture of dl-cnn that is utilized in proposed methodology for cbir system for enhanced feature representation of word image over conventional retrieval systems. 3.2. principal component analysis principal component analysis is an approach of machine learning which is utilized to reduce the dimensionality. it utilizes simple operations of matrices from statistics and linear algebra to compute a projection of source data into the similar count or lesser dimensions. pca can be thought of a projection approach where data with m-columns or features are projected into a subspace by m or even lesser columns while preserving the most vital part of source data. let ibe a source image matrix with a size of n * m and results in j which is a projection of i. the primary step is to compute the value of mean for every column. next, the values in every column are centered by subtracting the value of mean column. now, covariance of the centered matrix is computed. at last, compute theeigenvectors. these eigenvectors constitute the directions or components for the reduced subspace of j, whereas the peak amplitudes for the directions are represented by these eigenvectors. now, these vectors can be sorted by the eigenvalues in descending order to render a ranking of elements or a xes of the new subspace for i. genera lly, k eigenvectors will be selected which are referred principal components or features 3.3. euclidean distance to evaluate distances between query word image 𝐼𝑞 and retrieved word images 𝐼𝑟, a metric must be defined. we need a measurement method to tell how the query and retrieved word images are similar (bit per bit). therefore, we want a similarity measure where the distance value will be the number of similar bits in the considered images. fig. 2. illustration of euclidean distance fig. 3. retrieved dog images using dconvnet cbir system iii. res ults and discuss ion in this section we discussed the simulation results of cbir system. the proposed algorithm has been tested with few databases and displayed the outputs in the below figures. fig. 3 shows that retrieving images using proposed cbir scheme. similarly, proposed retrieval system has been shown in fig. 4 and 5 with different classification images. as a measure of performance, we have used two widely used metrics of precision and recall. precision is a measure of ability of cbir algorithm to retrieve only relevant images, while recall decides the ability of cbir algorithm to retrieve all relevant images as defined by eq. (1) and eq. (2) respectively. fig. 4. retrieved car images using dconvnet cbir system fig. 5. retrieved bird images using dconvnet cbir system iv. conclus ions using dconvnet and pca with pairwise hamming distance, this paper demonstrated a powerful cbir system. the suggested cbir system showed higher performance in simulations, with more relevant pictures being retrieved. additionally, map and mar are used to illustrate how the proposed cbir system's performance compares to that of previously described cbir systems. references [1] y. liu, d. zhang, g. lu, and w.-y. ma, ―a survey of content-based image retrieval with high-level semantics,‖ pattern recognition, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 262– 282, 2007. [2] y. le cun, y. bengio, and g. hinton, ―deep learning,‖ nature, vol. 521, no. 7553, pp. 436– 444, 2015. [3] c. szegedy,w. liu, y. jia, p. sermanet, s. reed, d. anguelov, d. erhan, v. vanhoucke, and a. rabinovich, ―go ing deeper with convolutions,‖ in proceedings of the ieee conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, 2015, pp. 1–9. [4] c. szegedy, v. vanhoucke, s. ioffe, j. shlens, and z. wojna, ―rethinking the inception architecture for computer vision,‖ in proceedings of the ieee conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, 2016, pp. 2818– 2826. [5] a. krizhevsky, i. sutskever, and g. e. hinton, ―imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks,‖ in advances in neural in formation processing systems, 2012, pp. 1097–1105. [6] a. babenko, a. slesarev, a. chigorin, and v. lempitsky, ―neural codes for image retrieval,‖ in european conference on computer vision. springer, 2014, pp. 584–599. [7] r. xia, y. pan, h. lai, c. liu, and s. yan, ―supervised hashing for image retrieval via image representation learning.‖ in aaai, vol. 1, 2014, p. 2. [8] k. lin, h.-f. yang, j.-h. hsiao, and c.-s. chen, ―deep learning of binary hash codes for fast image retrieval,‖ in proceedings of the ieee conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops, 2015, pp. 27– 35. [9] j.-c. chen and c.-f. liu, ― visual-based deep learning for clothing from large database,‖ in proceedings of the ase big data & social informatics 2015. acm, 2015, p. 42. [10] n. khosla and v. venkataraman, ― building image-based shoe search using convolutional neural networks,‖ cs231n course project reports, 2015. [11] a. iliu kovich-strakovskaia, a. dral, and e. dral, ― using pre-trained models for fine grained image classification in fashion field,‖ 2016. [12] j. donahue, y. jia, o. vinyals, j. hoffman, n. zhang, e. tzeng, and t. darrell, ―decaf: a deep convolutional activation feature for generic visual recognition.‖ in icml, vol. 32, 2014, pp. 647– 655. [13] g. shrivakshan, c. chandrasekar et al., ―a comparison of various edge detection techniques used in image processing,‖ ijcsi international journal of computer science issues, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 272–276, 2012. [14] a. maurya and r. tiwari, ―a novel method of image restoration by using different types of filtering techniques,‖ international journal of engineering science and innovative technology (ijesit) vo lume, vol. 3, 2014. [15] r. kandwal, a. kumar, and s. bhargava, ―review: existing image segmentation techniques,‖ international journal of advanced research in computer science and software engineering, vol. 4, no. 4, 2014. [16] k. roy and j. mukherjee, ―image similarity measure using color histogram, color coherence vector, and sobel method,‖ international journal of science and research (ijsr), vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 538–543, 2013. [17] j. shlens, ―train your own image classifier with inception in tensorflow,‖ https://research.googleblog.com/2016/03/train your-ownimageclassifier-with.html, 2016. [18] p. sermanet, d. eigen, x. zhang, m. mathieu, r. fergus, and y. lecun, ―over feat: integrated recognition, localization and detection using convolutional networks,‖ arxiv preprint arxiv:1312.6229, 2013. [19] p. wu, s. c. hoi, h. xia, p. zhao, d. wang, and c. miao, ―online multimodal deep similarity learning with application to image retrieval,‖ in proceedings of the 21st acm international conference on multimedia. acm, 2013, pp. 153– 162. [20] s. liu, z. song, g. liu, c. xu, h. lu, and s. yan, ―street-to shop: cross-scenario clothing retrieval via parts alignment and auxiliary set,‖ in computer vision and pattern recognition (cvpr), 2012 ieee conference on. ieee, 2012, pp. 3330–3337. 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[22] j. wan, p. wu, s. c. hoi, p. zhao, x. gao, d. wang, y. zhang, and j. li, ― online learning to rank for content-based image retrieval,‖ 2015. influence of puerarin, paeoniflorin, and menthol on structure and barrier function of tight junctions in mdck and mdck-mdr1 cells ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 1 | issue 1 influence of puerarin, paeoniflorin, and menthol on structure and barrier function of tight junctions in mdck and mdck-mdr 1 cells lin zhang, shouying duao*, yang lui **, chang lqiu, huichao, bing yang, bai, pengyue school of chinese materia medica, beijing university of chinese medicine, beijing 100029, china introduction medications designed to target certain areas of the brain either do not reach those areas or do not reach enough concentrations once they do. the bloodbrain barrier (bbb) governs and controls the molecular permeation between the brain's periphery and interior, and when the levels of drugs administered to the brain are inadequate, it is often due to the barrier function of the brain's capillary endothelial cells.1e4 one of the best cell models to mimic the bbb in vitro is madinedarby canine kidney epithelial (mdck) cells or mdck cells transfected with the human multidrug resistance 1 (mdr1) gene (mdck-mdr1).5, 6 the bbb is a barrier system that keeps the brain's internal environment steady and supports appropriate brain processes. it consists of a single layer of brain capillary endothelial cells joined by tight junctions (tjs). when it comes to molecules that go via the paracellular route, tjs are crucial for molecular permeability of the bbb. in addition to defining cell polarity by separating the apical and basolateral cell surface regions, they also serve as a barrier and fence.upon examination under electron microscopy, transmembrane junctions (tmjs)—which include integral membrane proteins—are seen as a region of tightly connected abstract— to find out how the drugs cross the blood-brain barrier (bbb), this study examined how puerarin, paeoniflorin, and menthol affected the structure and function of tight junctions (tjs) in mdck and mdck-multi-drug resistance 1 (mdr1) cells. the cells were first treated with puerarin, paeoniflorin, and menthol. then, they were stained with occludin, claudin1, and f-actin using immunohistochemistry. next, laser-scanning confocal microscopy was used to examine the cells. an epithelial voltage voltmeter was used to assess transepithelial electrical resistance (teer), and imagej software was used to analyse the average optical density (aod) of the protein immunofluorescence pictures. the results showed that tight junction proteins treated with puerarin and paeoniflorin were visible under confocal microscopy, but menthol reduced their expression. similarly, the menthol group's aod value was downregulated, while the control group's value was not different from the aod values of cells treated with either puerarin or paeoniflorin, or both. after three hours, the teer of cells that were not exposed to menthol were comparable to those of the control group, but treatment with with a p-value less than.05, menthol considerably reduced the teer score. and menthol's teer-lowering effects on mdck cells were noticed before those on mdck-mdr1 cells. ultimately, it seems that menthol, in contrast to puerarin and paeoniflorin, has the potential to decrease the barrier function of tjs, which in turn enhances paracellular transport and drug penetration of the bloodbrain barrier. membranes at the apex of neighbouring cells that face the lumen.a variety of transient junction proteins, such as occludin, claudins, zona occuldens protein 1 (zo-1), and f-actin, are expressed by mdck and mdck-mdr1 cells because their transient junction structures are similar to those of brain capillary endothelial cells. through their hydrophobic barrier function and intramembranous fence, tjs limit medication delivery to underlying tissues and reduce drug permeability of the blood-brain barrier (bbb). some medications may change the structure and characteristics of transmembrane junctions (tmjs) by acting on tj proteins to make them more permeable to the brain or to other drugs, or both. this is because tj tightness is dictated by the protein composition of the webs of the related proteinaceous filaments (called strands). in order to create medications that target the brain and effectively cure disorders, it is crucial to research how chemicals affect tj proteins and how they may cross the blood-brain barrier (bbb). an essential aspect of the folkloric therapeutic practice is the prescription of tongqiaosanyu, a traditional medicinal formula from china. kudzu root (pueraria lobata), white peony root (paeonia albiflora), and mint (mentha hap-localyx briq.) are among the plants that make up the mix. tongqiaosanyu is a treatment for stroke in china. the primary active ingredients have been determined to be menthol, pseudoniflorin, and pierin by pharmacodynamic screening. “puerarin (8-[beta-d-glucopyranosyl] “-7-hydroxy-3-[4 hydroxyphenyl]”traditional chinese medicine (tcm) has made extensive use of -4h-1benzopyran-4-one (c21h20o9), the main isoflavone glycoside extracted from kudzu root, for the treatment of ischemic stroke and cardiovascular diseases.17 with e19 5-beta-[{benzoyloxy} methyl] paeoniflorin5,4-dioxacyclobuta[cd] tetrahydro-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-2,5-methano-1h[2h] pentalen-1alphathe monoterpene glucoside iso-lated from white peony root is known as -ylbeta-d-glucopyranoside (c23h28o11). it enhances glucose uptake and possesses neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy, and antihyperglycemic properties.20 the chemical formula for menthol is c10h20o, and it is a primary component of peppermint oil, which increases blood-brain barrier (bbb) permeation and has excitatory effects on the central nervous system (cns).21 analytical methodologies for the primary active constituents were developed in our prior examination of tongqiaosanyu. furthermore, we investigated the in vivo pharmacokinetic behaviour of tongqiaosanyu, its compatibility with other medications, and several methods of administration. the processes by which puerarin crosses the blood-brain barrier (bbb) have been documented, as have its cytotoxicity and transport in mdck and mdck-mdr1 cells. nevertheless, it is still not known how these chemicals paracellularly cross the blood-brain barrier (bbb), particularly how they affect protein structure and barrier function. hence, we aimed to find out how this formula tjs worked and what part each chemical played in transport by simulating the bbb using mdck and mdck-mdr1 cells. researchers looked at how these medications entered the brain and how certain medicines improved their penetration. materials and methods materials puerarin, paeoniflorin, and menthol were purchased from the national institute for food and drug control (beijing, china). polyester (pet) cell culture inserts and 12-well plates (12-mm diameter, 0.4-mm pore size) were obtained from corning life sciences (corning, ny, usa). rabbit antioccludin antibody (ab31721) was obtained from abcam shanghai (shanghai, china). mouse anti-claudin-1 antibody (2h10d10) was purchased from invitrogen (camarillo, ca, usa). anti-rabbit igg tetramethylrhodamineisothiocyanate (tritc) conjugate was purchased from zsg-bio (beijing, china). antimouse-fluoresceinisothiocyanate (fitc) conjugated antibody was purchased from kangwei century biotechnology (beijing, china). acti-stain 488 phalloidin staining for f-actin was obtained from cytoskeleton (denver, co, usa). cell culture mdck and mdck-mdr1 cells were generously provided by dr. zeng (zhejiang university, china). both cell lines were cultured with dulbecco’s modified eagle’s media (dmem) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (fbs, gibco, fremont, ca, usa), 100 u/ml penicillin, and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin in a humidified atmosphere of 5% co2 at 37◦c. the medium was replaced with fresh medium every other day until the cells reached approximately 90% confluence. grouping and drug administration ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 1 | issue 1 in a previous study,22 the cytotoxicity of puerarin, paeoniflorin, and menthol in mdck and mdck-mdr1 cells using 3(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyltetr-azolium bromide (mtt) assay. results showed puerarin, paeoniflorin, and menthol were not cytotoxic at concentration ranges of 0e0.3 mg/ml, 0e0.4 mg/ml, and 0e0.04 mg/ml, respec tively. furthermore, puerarin plus paeoniflorin (1:0.4 w/v, pp), puerarin plus menthol (1:0.5 w/v, pm), and puerarin plus paeoniflorin plus menthol (1:0.4:0.5, w/w/w, ppm) groups exhibited no cytotoxicity at concentration ranges of 0e0.2 mg/ml (paeoniflorin), 0e0.05 mg/ml (menthol), and 0e0.04 mg/ml (menthol), respectively. based on the re sults of mtt assay, this study included the following six treatment groups: puerarin, paeoniflorin, and menthol (0.1 mg/ml, 0.04 mg/ml, and 0.05 mg/ml, respectively), as well as the pp group (0.1 mg/ml puerarin and 0.04 mg/ ml paeoniflorin, respectively), pm group (0.1 mg/ml puerarin and 0.05 mg/ml menthol, respectively), and ppm group (0.1 mg/ml puerarin, 0.04 mg/ml paeoniflorin, and 0.05 mg/ml menthol, respectively) groups. immunofluorescence microscopy for immunocytochemical analysis, the cells were seeded on 15 mm coated glass coverslips. when cell fusion attained approximately 80e90%, the regular media were replaced with media containing the various compounds (puerarin, paeoniflorin, or menthol at 0.1 mg/ml, 0.04 mg/ml and the previously described drug combinations was measured at 30, 60, 90,120,150, and 180 min. teer was measured immediately following drug treatment (0 min) and was set to 100%, with all the other values calculated and expressed relative to this value. finally, teer at each time point was compared to that of the control group and statistically analyzed. data analysis and statistics immunofluorescence images were analyzed semi quantitatively using imagej software based on the following equations: intden z area (1) where intden is the integrated optical density (iod) of the image, area is the region of fluorescence in the image, and aod is the average optical density. percentage aod (%) of the tj proteins was calculated using the following equation: aodsample 0.05 mg/ml, respectively) and the cells were further cultured for 3 h, and then fixed with cold 4% paraelative aod (%)z formaldehyde for 30 min. after washing thrice for 5 min each with phosphate-buffered saline (pbs), the cov erslips were incubated for 1 h with goat serum as the blocking buffer. then, after rinsing with pbs thrice, some coverslips were incubated with polyclonal anti-occludin or monoclonal anti-claudin-1primary antibodies (1:100, each) at 4◦covernight followed by incubation with tritc conjugated anti-rabbit igg or fitc-conjugated anti-mouse igg. other cells were only stained with acti-stain 488 phalloidin stain (1:150) at 25◦c for 30 min. cell nuclei were counterstained with 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (dapi, beijing solarbio science and technology, beijing, china). the cells were visualized using an inverted fluorescence microscope equipped with appropriate filters (olympus, tokyo, japan). images were acquired using a laser scanning confocal microscope and accompanying analysis software. fluorescence intensity of the images was measured using imagej software (national institutes of health, bethesda, md, usa). measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance to investigate changes in the tjs barrier function of the mdck and mdck-mdr1 cells, transepithelial electrical resistance (teer) of the monolayers was detected using the evom epithelial voltohmmeter (emd millipore, billerica, ma, usa). both cell types were cultured separately on0.4 mm pore size filters of 12 mm transwellsand grown to confluence. then, 0.5 ml and 1.5 ml of drug solution and hank’s basic salt solution (hbss) were added to the apical (a) side and basolateral (b) side, respectively to simulate a / b transport while in a parallel experiment, b / a transport was simulated by reversing the order of the drug solution and hbss. teer of untreated or puerarin-, paeo niflorin-, and menthol-treated cells or those treated with where aodsample and aodcontrol are the aods of the sample and control, respectively. percentage teer was calculated using the following equation: relative teer (%)z teert × 100 (3) teert0 where teert is the teer value at different times and teert0 is the initial teer value before the experiment was performed. results are presented as means (sd) of 3 separate parallel experiments. data were analyzed using a oneway analysis of variance (anova), followed by dunnett’s test to determine the difference between multiple groups compared to the control group using spss version 17.0 software. a p < .05 was considered statistically significant. results effect of compounds on expression of tj proteins to determine the effects of the compounds on tj proteins of the mdck and mdck-mdr1 cells, we immunohistochemically analyzed occludin, claudin-1, and f-actin using laser scanning confocal microscopy (fig. 1). all three tj proteins showed positive staining in both cell types and occludin stained red, claudin1and f-actin stained green, and the nuclei stained blue. both cell types had similar tj barrier function systems. aod after treatment with puerarin and paeoniflorin, the visual morphology of occludin, claudin-1, and f-actin in both kinds of cells was not difference from that of the untreated cells. however, incubation with menthol, decreased the tj proteins in both mdck and mdckmdr1-cells and the morphology was hardly observed (fig. 1a, b, respectively). fig. 1 effect of puerarin, paeoniflorin, and menthol on tight junction (tj) proteins in (a) madinedarby canine kidney epithelial (mdck) and (b) mdck-multi-drug resistance 1 (mdr1) cells (×600). (a) immunocytochemistry for occluding, claudin-1, and f-actin in mdck cells with puerarin or paeoniflorin showed similar fluorescent morphology with the control group. all three proteins were deceased in mdck cells by menthol. (b) fluorescence intensity in mdck-mdr1 cells with different compounds was similar to that in mdck cells. scale bar corresponds to 1.0 mm. changes in aod of tj proteins after treatment with different compounds fluorescence intensity of the immunofluorescent images was semi-quantitatively analyzed. aod values of each protein were calculated using imagej software and statis tical analysis was conducted (fig. 2). the control, puerarin, and paeoniflorin groups showed similar approximate rela tive aod values in the mdck and mdck-mdr1 cells, while the menthol group was significantly different compared to ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 1 | issue 1 the control group (p < .05). changes in teer of cells treated with various compounds to determine the effects of the compounds on the function of the tj barrier, we measured the teer values of mdck and mdck-mdr1 cells after exposure to the various fig. 2 change in relative average optical density (aod) of occludin, claudin-1, and f-actin in (a) madinedarby canine kidney (mdck) epithelial and (b) mdck-multi-drug resistance 1 (mdr1) cells after treatment with different compounds. (a) relative aod values of tight junction (tj) proteins in mdck cells treated with puerarin or paeoniflorin showed no signifi cant difference compared to the control group while aod values of the menthol group were significantly reduced. (b) relative aod values in mdck-mdr1 cells treated with different compounds were the same as in mdck cells. only menthol reduced aod of all three proteins. data presented as mean (sd) (n z 3). )p < .05 compared to control group. compounds for up to 3 h. teer values of each group treated with the compounds for different times were statistically compared with those of the control group (fig. 3). mdck cells (fig. 3a) treated with puerarin, paeoniflorin, and pp exhibited similar changes in teer compared to the control group in the a / b and b / a transport processes. at 90 min, teer of the menthol, pm, and ppm groups decreased significantly compared with that of the control group (p < .05). in mdck-mdr1 cells (fig. 3b), groups not treated with menthol exhibited a steady teer change similar to the control group and mentholtreated groups showed a significant decrease at 120 min(p < .05)in both the a / b and b / a transport processes compared to control. discussion use of both in vivo and in vitro methods has led to the elucidation of certain aspects of the drug transport process across the bbb. in vivo studies of the bbb provide valuable observational information and direct analysis of drug permeation processes such as drug distribution in each brain region. however, there are some limitations and shortcomings to this method including the laborious nature of the experiments, individual differences, and complicated analytical methods. accordingly, development of in vitro models is highly desired to facilitate the clarification of the bbb permeability mechanisms. such desired models mainly include those that would predict the associated bbb processes using computer simulation technology, parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (pampa), and in vitro cell culture techniques.6 cell culture is currently the favored tool for simultaneously obtaining complex and comprehensive information of passive and active transport processes. generally, there are two types of cell culture models that are used to simulate the bbb. one consists of the “real bbb model,” which is based on primary cultures of brain capillary endothelial cells or single cell lines that may be complemented or co-cultured with astrocytes/pericytes.23,24 the other type is the “sur rogate bbb model,” which uses similar epithelial cells such as mdck, mdck-mdr1,and human colon carcinoma cell lines (caco-2).5,25,26 among these, mdck and mdckmdr1 have been recognized as the ideal models for in vitro simulation of bbb drug penetration.6,27e29 they have several advantages including (1) stable source with no batch-to-batch variability, (2) convenient for routine experimental application and thus reduce labor intensity, (3) adequately and closely mimic relevant in vivo properties of the bbb, (4) ensure adequate monolayer integrity and display a proper teer value under conventional experimental conditions, and (5) show superior p-glycoprotein (p-gp) expression and activity, particularly in mdck-mdr1 cells transfected with the human mdr1 gene, which is a very important efflux transporter in the bbb.30e34 therefore, we chose mdck and mdr1-mdck cells to establish our in vitro bbb model. drugs cross the blood brain barrier by two main methods: transcellular and paracellular transport. in addition, numerous elements impede penetration of drugs and substances from the extra-brain region to the brain area, including the bbb morphologic characteristics (such as fig. 3 change in transepithelial electrical resistance (teer) in (a, b) madinedarby canine kidney (mdck) epithelial and (c, d) mdck multi-drug resistance 1 (mdck-mdr1) cells after treatment with different compounds. (a, b) teer of mdck cells gradually decreased following treatment with compounds alone or in combination with menthol. (c, d) teer in menthol-treated mdck-mdr1 cells similarly declined. data presented as mean (sd) (n z 3). pp: puerarin and paeoniflorin; pm: puerarin and menthol; ppm: puerarin, paeoniflorin and menthol groups. existence of tjs), enzymes in the cytosolor on the extra cellular membrane, and p-glycoprotein (p-gp). for hydrophilous compounds, paracellular transport is a crucial pathway for penetrating the brain and exerting a therapeutic effect. the physiologic function of the tj is inseparable from paracellular transport and its barrier and fence functions are regulated by various factors.35e37 using on the simulated bbb mdck and mdck-mdr1 cell model, we focused on studying the mechanism of the main active constituents in the tongqiaosanyu prescription to determine their effects on the structure and barrier function of tjs. the tj structure is composed of various types of proteins and occludin is regarded as the primary identifying molecule of the tj strands. it is a tetraspan membrane protein of approximately 60-kd, with a short intracellular curve, two extracellular annuli, and nand c-terminals in the cytoplasmic domain.38 assembly of tjs and concomitant increase in teer have been demonstrated to be associated with tyrosine phosphorylation of occludin, which is a phenomenon commonly observed after recovery from adenosine triphosphate (atp) depletion or during calcium repletion.39,40 claudins have different sequences from occluding and are 18to 27-kdtetraspan proteins with two extracellular annuli, a short n-terminus, and a cterminal in the cytoplasmic domain.41 claudin-1 is also considered an important strand or even the back bone of tjs.42 recent studies have shown that claudin-1 is the decisive component of tjs and possesses cell adhesion activity.43 it can directly affect the regulation of paracellular transport and the selectivity of solute size. f-actin, which is one of the peripheral membrane proteins of tjs, is related to organelle movement, protoplasmic streaming, and intercellular junctionregulation.7,44e47 importantly, the f-actin belt can control tj function and limit the material intake.48 although we did not investigate all tj protein types in mdck and mdck-mdr1 cells, the proteins we chose were excellent representations. we individually analyzed the immunofluorescence staining of occludin, claudin-1, and factin in mdck and mdck-mdr1 cells after treatment with puerarin, paeoniflorin, or menthol. the puerarin and paeoniflorin group did not affect the staining properties of tj proteins. only menthol inhibited the expression and reduced the fluorescence intensity (aod value) of all three kinds of tj proteins. this characteristic of menthol indi cated that it directly disrupted the structure and integrity of tjs to open the bbb barrier. these results combined with previous reports led us to infer that disruption of the configuration and integrity of tj by menthol might be ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 1 | issue 1 caused by phosphorylation of tj components, activation of protein kinases, or calcium depletion.49e52 teer measurement has been widely applied in evalu ating the integrity of the monolayer and studying the permeability of transport processes. changes in teer values have been directly linked to the function of the paracellular occluding barrier53,54 teer is caused by cell substrate contact, and if the distance of the cellsubstrate is short, a high teer value is observed. based on this physiologic characteristic, paracellular resistance and the average cell-substrate distance can be estimated by the teer. paracellular resistance consists of the serial resistance of the tjs as well as lateral intercellular resis tence.55 therefore, to establish the relationship between the change in teer and the state of tj barrier function, we used evom instrumentation to determine the teer of two kinds of cells at different time points after treatment with the compounds. the results were consistent with those of immunocytochemistry, and revealed that teer value gradually declined following treatment of cells with menthol, and values of the other groups were relatively stable during the test period. therefore, this experiment showed that menthol is capable of weakening the bbb and enhancing paracellular transport. the mechanism of the decrease in teer also involves ca2+ influx and the ca2+ chelator egta blocked cofilin dephosphorylation. further more, the alteration may have been caused by activity variation of intrinsic membrane proteins.56 for example, removal and addition of ca2+ to the filter where mdck cell layers form a monolayer may reversibly lead to their tjs opening and resealing, and the cell-substrate separation may correspondingly increase or decrease.57 in addition, we were surprised to find that reduction in teer of the mdck cells occurred earlier than it did in mdck-mdr1 cells, which suggests that the tj barrier in the mdck-mdr1 was stronger than it was in mdck, and menthol might have a rapid onset of action in mdck cells. our previous research in rats and mice on the pharma cokinetics of puerarin in tongqiaosanyu prescription used different methods of administration, including caudal vein injection as well as nasal and oral administration. the study employed reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography(rp-hplc) to determine the concentration of the puerarin in blood and brain tissue samples, which were collected at different time points. pharmacokinetics in rats showed that auc0en following nasal administration was 376.56 93.93 mg/min/l and absolute bioavailability of puerarin was 47.78% by nasal administration, which was significantly higher than oral administration. these results were the basis for our choosing nasal administration of tongqiaosanyu prescription. plasma and brain pharmaco kinetics in mice indicated that the brain targeting coeffi cient (re) was 132.25% following intranasal administration and the brain drug targeting index (dti) was 2.70, both of which were significantly higher than re and dti obtained following injection administration. these results showed that intranasal administration enhanced the medicine’s penetration and absorption into the brain.58 furthermore, we used the abdominal skin of the american bullfrog rana catesbeiana as an in vitro model to study the effect of different concentrations of puerarin and the effect of different proportions of menthol on the apparent perme ability coefficient (papp) using the franz diffusion cell sys tem and hplc. the results showed there was no significant difference in the effects of different concentrations of puerarin on papp, indicating that the permeation of puerarin is via passive diffusion. furthermore, when the mass con centration of menthol was 5 mg/l, there was a significant difference compared with the puerarin group, which proved that menthol enhanced the permeation of puerarin at a certain concentrationrange.59 the main limitation of this study is that we only explored a single drug dose. future studies will further investigate the dose-effect relationship. therefore, the mechanism underlying the effect of drugs on the tj and transport through the bbb needs further elucidation. conclusion in conclusion, this preliminary investigation demonstrated the mechanism of puerarin, paeoniflorin, and menthol on tj proteins and teer. compared with puerarin and paeoniflorin, menthol in tongqiaosanyu prescription affected the tj structure and function in mdck and mdck-mdr1 cells, which were used as in vitro bbb models. menthol inhibited occludin, claudin-1, and f-actin, which suggests that it may be a potential drug for enhancing the transport of other drugs though the bbb and, thereby, improving their permeation in the brain. moreover, menthol downregulated the teer, which verified the relationship between tj and teer value, and contributed to 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a paper in the journal of cell biology in 1986, volume 102, pages 436-468. proof that phosphorylation of tyrosine may enhance the permeability of tight junctions. j cell sci. 1995;108:609–619 53. niessen cm. adherens junctions and tight junctions: structure and function at a fundamental level. journal of the american academy of dermatology. 2007;127:2525–2532. 54. turner jr, buschmann mm, romero ci, sailer a, shen l. the function of molecular remodelling in the control of tight junction permeability via differential mechanisms. publication: semin cell dev biol. 2014;36: 204–212. 55. ciara cm. the transepithelial electrical resistance of cell layers cultivated on permeable filters may be affected by another factor, cellsubstrate interaction. publication date: 1999 and the volume number: 250, pages 576–580. number 56: chen xl, lu y, du sy, zhao xj, li py. research comparing the pharmacokinetics of tongqiaosanyu formula administered by various routes to the brain and plasma. journal of traditional chinese medicine, 2014, 29, 2668– 2672. from the chinese language. authors: li py, lu y, du sy, and cen xl. the in vitro study of puerarin mucosal permeability as it relates to menthol. chinese pharmaceutical journal 2012;23: 4425–4427. issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 5 bannari amman sugars limited: a study of employee job satisfaction and welfare provisions dr.k.naresh assistant professor, ksr college of arts and science, tiruchengode – 637 215, namakkal dist, tamil nadu. india. abstract the term "welfare" refers to programs designed to improve workers' productivity. workers' health, physical and mental efficiency, attentiveness, morale, and general productivity will all improve as a direct result of the employer's investment in their well-being. employee welfare programs exist to make workers' lives better and more manageable. the purpose of this research is to learn about the social protections in place for workers at bannari amman sugars limited. descriptive type is utilized for the layout of this project. the poll uses a percentage breakdown, mean, standard deviation, and chi-square test for data analysis. the findings support the conclusion that enough welfare services are given, and the study also includes recommendations for future enhancements. keywords : chi-square test, percentage, mean, bannari amman sugars limited, and welfare measures 1. introduction researching the emotional challenges faced by businesses is both fascinating and infuriating. in order to solve many issues in the field of behavioral science, it might seem as if one must first learn all there is to learn. the wellbeing of employees is an integral part of industrial relations since it provides a sense of fulfillment that a decent salary alone cannot. workers, whether in industry or farm, need more than the bare necessities to keep up with today's hectic lifestyle. humans need an outside force to maintain unity of body and spirit. employees are aware of the role's significance in delivering perks, but they aren't always able to meet workers' needs. costing a lot of money, employee wellbeing may or may not increase productivity. the emphasis that an individual worker places on worker welfare will vary based on his other goals. the government isn't certain that all companies are progressive-minded and would offer basic welfare measures, therefore it periodically passes statutory legislations to ensure that all industrial workers have access to the same minimum level of amenities. 2. literature review logasakthi and rajagopal (2005) they conclude that improving workers' health, safety, and welfare is an effective strategy for increasing productivity on the job. workers' health, physical and mental efficiency, attentiveness, morale, and productivity will all improve as a direct result of the employer's investment in their wellbeing.as a result of the increased output. there must be sufficient cafeteria facilities, housing arrangements, recreational facilities, medical facilities, and transit facilities for going to and from the place of employment, all of which come within the purview of labour welfare. the purpose of their research was to assess the quality of life in the workplace for those working in the chemical sector. workers' rights to health, safety, and other benefits are investigated in cooke (2006). for eligible workers, the federal government must comply with the family and medical leave act (fmla) when working conditions warrant it. the policy is made up of specific instructions for both companies and employees on how to handle this leave. the fmla requires all employers to inform their staff of their rights under the law. the corporation is required by law to provide basic notice of the act's provisions to all employees. it was established to protect businesses legally and to promote equal opportunity for all individuals. public and private elementary and secondary schools, as well as government organizations and businesses with forty or more workers, are all covered under the family and medical leave act (fmla). poongavanam (2006) explains india’s labour force exhibits extremes ranging from large numbers of illiterate workers unaccustomed to machinery or routine, to a sizable pool of highly educated scientists, technicians and engineers, capable of working anywhere in the world. the term denotes the adoption of measures to promote the physical, social, psychological and general wellbeing of the working population. welfare work in any industry aims, or should aim, at improving the working and living conditions of workers and their families. in this context, an attempt is made to study the welfare facilities provided by a large, well recognized government enterprise in pondicherry, namely anglo french textiles. bhavani and tamil selvan (2007) elucidated in their article that india has liberalized its economic policies in 1991, it has positively responded and now india is considered as one of the dynamic emerging nations. recently the world bank forecasts that by 2020, india could become the fourth largest economy in the world. the liberalized economic policies provide tremendous opportunity for the foreign companies to start business in india. this leads to increased level of competition and put pressure on domestic companies human resource functions. to survive and prosper, in this toughest competitive environment, they have to prepare and develop their employees to compete with overseas organisations in skills, efficiency and effectiveness. the adequate welfare measures will enhance the healthy industrial relations in the organisations. to identify the impact of labour welfare measures on industrial relations the researcher has collected a questionnaire from the employees working in the manufacturing industry. buvaneswari and suresh kumar (2007) made an attempt to review the labour welfare measures of the select sugar mills with reference to thanjavur, thiruvarur and nagapattinam districts. from the research it was explored that none of the sugar mills in tamil nadu had separate human resource department. in the cooperative/government sugar mills, special officer was the competent authority and performs various human resource functions. since the sugar mills were manufacturing organizations they were covered under factories act 1948, the sugar mills providing statutory welfare measures such as washing facilities, facilities for storing, drying and clothing, facilities for sitting, first aid appliances, canteens, rest room facilities, establishment of crèches and appointment of welfare officers. the non-statutory welfare measures of the select sugar mills include housing facility, loans and advances, educational facilities, recreation facilities, transport facilities, employees’ co-operative store and so on. resma and basavraju (2007) stated the employee welfare is a comprehensive term including various services, benefits and facilities offered to employees of the organization. this study enlightens the concept of welfare measures; it also highlights the employee’s perception regarding the various statutory welfare measures provided by the donimalai iron ore mine, bellary. 3. statement of the problem the researcher was very interested in this topic since employee wellbeing is a touchy subject in human resource management. the purpose of this investigation of bannari amman sugars limited's welfare policies was to learn more about them. a research on such a subject is informative and inspirational since it provides both facts and opinions regarding the welfare measures adopted by the company. when the worker doesn't have to worry about meeting their basic needs, they are better able to focus on the organization's goals and provide better results. the best employees may be attracted to and kept by offering them a competitive compensation and benefits package that lasts for their whole careers. this research aimed to assess how content female workers were with the company's welfare programs for workers at bannari amman sugars limited. 4. objectives of the study  to identify the working details of the employees working in bannari amman sugars.  to observe the opinion of the respondents towards the welfare measures provided in bannari amman sugars limited.  to offer the suitable suggestions and based on this study. 5. hypotheses of the study  there is no significant relationship between designation of the respondents and their opinion towards welfare measures.  there is no significant relationship between monthly income of the respondents and their opinion towards welfare measures.  there is no significant relationship between working department of the respondents and their opinion towards welfare measures. 6. research design this research is basically descriptive research. for examining the welfare measure, the researcher has framed a structured questionnaire that considered as a survey tool. in the questionnaire, there are two sections viz., demographic variables and opinion towards welfare measures. the researcher has selected 105 employees working in bannari amman sugars limited. the collected data were categorized into tables, followed by the analysis. the statistical tools used for this analysis are percentage analysis, mean score, standard deviation and chisquare test. the results are discussed in the following results and discussion section. 7. analysis and interpretation 7.1 demographic profile of the respondents table 1 : demographic profile of the respondents no. demographic profile no. of respondents % 1 age  upto 30 years 39 37.1  31-40 years 44 41.9  above 40 years 22 21.0 total 105 100.0 2 designation  workers 81 77.1  superiors 24 22.9 total 105 100.0 3 monthly income  less than rs.20,000 49 46.7  rs.20,000rs.30,000 38 36.2  above rs.30,000 18 17.1 total 105 100.0 4 working department  marketing 21 20.0  production 34 32.4  sales 25 23.8  store 17 16.2  accounts 8 7.6 total 105 100.0 5 working experience  less than 5 years 48 45.7  6-10 years 35 33.3  above 10 years 22 21.0 total 105 100.0  from the above analysis it is inferred that 37.1 percent of the respondents belong to upto 30 years of age category, 41.9 percent of the respondents are in the age group of 31-40 years and 21.0 percent of the respondents are belong to above 40 years of age group.  it is revealed from the above analysis that 77.1 percent of the respondents are working as workers and 22.9 percent of the respondents are supervisors in the sugar company.  from the analysis, it is noted that 46.7 percent of the respondents are earning less than rs.20000 in a month, 36.2 percent of respondents are earning rs.20000 to rs.30000 in a month and 17.1 percent of the respondents are earning above rs.30000 in a month.  it is explored from the above analysis that 20.0 percent of the respondents are working in marketing department, 32.4 percent of the respondents are working in production department, 23.8 percent of the respondents are working in sales department, 16.2 percent are working in store and 7.6 percent of the respondents are working in accounts department.  from the above analysis it is stated that 45.7 percent of the respondents are having experience less than 5 years in this company, 33.3 percent are having 6-10 years of working experience and 21.0 percent are working above 10 years in this company. 7.2 section 2: opinion towards welfare measures in this section, the researcher has discussed about the opinion towards welfare measures in bannari amman sugars. for the purpose, ten factors have been framed with 5 point likert’s scaling method for examining the satisfaction level. the mean and sd of the statements are given in the following table. table 2: opinion towards welfare measures s.no. welfare measures mean sd 1 canteen facilities 3.66 1.05 2 loan facilities 4.67 1.07 3 travelling allowances 3.10 1.06 4 special allowances 3.41 1.00 5 housing facility 4.36 0.70 6 ventilation 3.05 1.69 7 rest room facilities 3.32 1.28 8 first-aid facilities 3.70 1.28 9 drinking water facilities 3.29 1.65 10 wages and salaries 2.82 1.09 it is examined from the above analysis that among the ten variables, loan facilities recorded high level of mean score 4.67 and housing facility with the mean score of 4.36. relationship between demographic variables and opinion towards welfare measures (chi-square analysis) in order to find the relationship between the demographic variables of the respondents and their opinion towards welfare measures, the following hypothesis was framed and tested with the help of chi-square test including twoway table and the result is given below. designation and opinion towards welfare measures h0: there is no significant relationship between designation of the respondents and their opinion towards welfare measures. table 3: designation and opinion towards welfare measures s. no. designation level total mean  2 value (p value) low medium high 1. workers 12 (14.8%) 24 (29.6%) 45 (55.6%) 81 3.51 15.82* (0.002) 2. superiors 4 (16.7%) 8 (33.3%) 12 (50.0%) 24 3.63 total 16 32 57 105 note: * – significant at 1% level it is determined from the investigation that high level of opinion towards welfare measures among respondents is perceived by supervisors. it is obtained from the ‘p’ value that it has lesser than 0.05 and the null hypothesis is rejected. from the analysis, it is explored that there is a significant relationship between the designation of the respondents and their level of opinion towards welfare measures. monthly income and opinion towards welfare measures h0: there is no significant relationship between monthly income of the respondents and their opinion towards welfare measures. table 3: monthly income and opinion towards welfare measures s. no. monthly income level total mean  2 value (p value) low medium high 1. less than rs.20,000 9 (18.4%) 14 (28.6%) 26 (53.1%) 49 3.73 9.54 ns (0.536) 2. rs.20,000 rs.30,000 5 (13.2%) 12 (31.6%) 21 (55.3%) 38 3.57 3. above rs.30,000 2 (11.1%) 6 (33.3%) 10 (55.6%) 18 3.64 total 16 32 57 105 note: ns – not significant it is determined from the investigation that high level of opinion towards welfare measures is perceived by respondents earning less than rs.20,000. it is obtained from the ‘p’ value that it has greater than 0.05 and the null hypothesis is accepted. from the analysis, it is noted that there is no significant relationship between the monthly income of the respondents and their level of opinion towards welfare measures. working department and opinion towards welfare measures h0: there is no significant relationship between working department of the respondents and their opinion towards welfare measures. table 3: working department and opinion towards welfare measures s. no. working department level total mean  2 value (p value) low medium high 1. marketing 2 (9.5%) 10 (47.6%) 9 (42.9%) 21 3.43 58.130* (0.000) 2. production 4 (11.8%) 9 (26.5%) 21 (61.8%) 34 3.63 3. sales 5 (20.0%) 7 (28.0%) 13 (52.0%) 25 3.48 4. store 4 (23.5%) 2 (11.8%) 11 (64.7%) 17 3.57 5. accounts 1 (12.5%) 4 (50.0%) 3 (37.5%) 8 3.56 total 16 32 57 105 note: * – significant at 1% level it is determined from the investigation that high level of opinion towards welfare measures is perceived by respondents working in production department. it is inferred from the ‘p’ value that it has lesser than 0.05 and the null hypothesis is rejected. from the analysis, it is noted that there is a significant relationship between the working department of the respondents and their level of opinion towards welfare measures. 8. findings  it is observed from the analysis that the majority (41.9%) of the respondents are in the age group of 31-40 years.  it is explored from the analysis that the majority (77.1%) of the respondents are working as workers.  it is revealed from the analysis that the majority (46.7%) of the respondents are earning less than rs.20,000 in month.  from the analysis, it is found that the majority (32.4%) of the respondents are working in production department.  it is determined from the analysis that the majority (45.7%) of the respondents are having less than 5 years.  it is inferred from the analysis that loan facility and housing facility attains the maximum level of welfare measures among the ten categories.  it is revealed from the analysis that maximum level of welfare measures is perceived by the respondents who are workers. from the analysis, it is noted that there is a close significant relationship between the designation of the respondents and their opinion towards welfare measures.  it is concluded from the analysis that maximum level of welfare measures is perceived by the respondents who are earning less than rs.20,000.from the analysis, it is obtained that there is no significant relationship between monthly income of the respondents and their level of opinion towards welfare measures.  it is evaluated from the analysis that maximum level of welfare measures is perceived by the respondents who are working in production department. from the analysis, it is identified that there is a close significant relationship between the working department of the respondents and their opinion towards welfare measures.. 9. suggestions  most of the employees expressed that they are satisfied with present working condition. it is suggested to take necessary steps to satisfy the remaining workers.  most of the welfare facility provided by the company are rated good and few employees expressed that they further improvement in the present system of welfare measures.  most of the employees are satisfied with the canteen facilities and necessary steps management cleanliness in canteen.  management should introduce new idea of quality circle groups involving lower level staffs also.  each employee of the company should be made aware about the company's opportunity, threats, strength & weakness.  each employee or group should be given with a target to achieve and it should be motivated by the management itself. special prize should be given on achieving that target. 10. conclusion 11. employees are the driving force behind any company's success, therefore it's important for management to hear and solve their concerns. ensuring that workers are happy with their benefits is a difficult task that requires a lot of planning and management. it would seem that employees of bannari amman sugars limited are pleased with the advantages to which they are entitled. bannari amman sugars limited, being one of the few profitable businesses, must provide the basic needs of its employees. bannari amman sugars limited's productivity would greatly benefit from a morale boost for its employees. social service delivery is essential to the success of any business. the findings of this study were utilized to ascertain whether or not all worker welfare centers had access to real estate, as well as to provide suggestions for improving such facilities. 12. references bhavani & tamil selvan (2007). labour welfare measures step stone of healthy industrial relations. journal of contemporary research in management, 7(9): 39-50. buvaneswari & suresh kumar (2007). a study on labour welfare measures in select sugar mills of tamilnadu – an overview. asia pacific journal of research, 7(lviii), 9094. cooke, m.z., (2006). employee safety, health and welfare. university of phoenix employment law, 25-30. logasakthi, k., & rajagopal, k., (2005). a study on employee health, safety and welfare measures of chemical industry in the view of salem region. international journal of research in business management, 1(1): 1-10. poongavanam (2006). a study on labour welfare facility (with reference to aft, pondicherry), international journal of research in commerce, economics and management, 1(1): 40-45. resma & basavraju (2013). employee welfare measure in mining industry a study with reference to statutory welfare measures in nmdc, donimalai iron ore, mine bellari district karnatanka. excel international jour. of multidisciplinary management studies (eijmms), 3(7), 157-164. novel wild edible mushroom astraeus hygrometricus (pers.) morgan induces robust apoptosis on human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells through a rons-subsisted mitochondria-dependent pathway issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 abstract— the purpose of this study is to investigate the potential medicinal benefits of the astraeus hygrometricus (pers.) morgan, a newly discovered wild edible fungus, on cells that have developed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in humans.methods: using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (mtt) assay, a battery of tests was conducted to determine the antiproliferative and chemopreventive potential of various extracts from five wild mushrooms: a. hygrometricus, phallus sp., lentinus sp., tricholoma sp., and serpula sp. the results were evaluated against a panel of six cancer cell lines and normal cells. the following were examined using flow cytometry: cell cycle profiling, apoptosis determination, intracellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ros and rns), and mitochondrial membrane potential. we analysed the expression pattern of mitochondrial proteins and used colorimetric methods to quantify caspase activity. a. hygrometricus methanol extract showed the most antiproliferative effect, whereas molt-4 cells were the most sensitive, according to the results. mushroom extract effectively halted cell cycle development at the g0/g1 stage and produced strong selective apoptosis in molt-4 cells. in molt-4 cells, the extract increased ros generation and altered the potential of the mitochondrial membrane. by activating the caspase cascade, downregulating bcl-2 expression, and boosting bax expression, the methanol extract triggered apoptosis. in conclusion, the new edible wild mushroom may have biomolecules that may be used in the creation of antileukemic medications. novel wild edible mushroom astraeus hygrometricus (pers.) morgan induces robust apoptosis on human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells through a rons-subsisted mitochondria-dependent pathway pal a, ribhu a, chouni a, subhadwip hajra b, santanuna paul a, * a department of botany, university of calcutta, kolkata 700019, india b department of cancer chemoprevention, chittaranjan national cancer institute, kolkata 700026, india 1. introduction among all human diseases, cancer is now the leading killer.american cancer society estimates put the number of new cancer cases at 1,918,030 in 2022, with 609,360 deaths attributed to the disease.3 in 91 out of 172 nations, cancer ranks as the leading or second-leading cause of death, indicating a high mortality risk.1 radiotherapy and chemotherapeutic medications are the principal cancer therapies now available, however they have the potential to damage healthy cells and slow patients' recovery after treatment.5 there is an urgent need to produce a safe anticancer medication from natural sources with decreased side effects in order to eradicate the issues related to the administration of a nonspecific chemotherapeutic agent. issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 numerous bioactive substances, such as phenols, flavonoids, volatile oils, organic acids, polysaccharides, glycosides, carotenoids, and alkaloids, have been discovered in mushrooms, which has led to their inclusion in the quest for alternative natural anticancer medications. novel anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, and antidiabetic medicines may be derived from these chemicals or from alternative natural sources.6e11 – traditional, all-natural medicine derived from mushrooms has a long history of use in some southeast asian nations. for many centuries, various components originating from mushrooms have been used as nutritional supplements and herbal remedies in traditional chinese medicine (tcm).12 unfortunately, only a small fraction of the world's mushroom species have undergone any kind of medicinal screening, and even less have been studied in this area.13 numerous mushroom species have shown promise as anticancer agents; they include agaricus, antrodia, albatrellus, cordyceps, calvatia, clitocybe, inocybe, inonotus, russula, schizophyllum, and trametes.13 this trustworthy alternate supply of anticancer chemicals, however, seems to be understudied. previous research indicated that methanol extract of astraeus hygrometricus (pers.) morgan (a. hygrometricus) had an antiproliferative action on jurkat cells with only a small impact on normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs). the five species of mushrooms tested in this study were phallus sp., a. hygrometricus, a. hygrometricus, lentinus sp., tricho-loma sp., and serpula sp.14 here, we included six more cancer cell lines in the screening and apoptotic efficacy study: molt-4, reh, and nalm-6, which are leukemic; hep g2, which is hepatocellular carcinoma; a549., which is lung carcinoma; mcf-7, which is breast cancer; and beas-2b, which is normal. investigating the role of reactive nitrogen species (rns) and reactive oxygen species (ros) and their potential effect on mitochondrial membrane potentiality was another extension of our research into the potential mechanism of cancer inhibition. additionally, we tested the most sensitive cell line for the apoptogenic potential of the strongest extract. to conclude, we sought to determine the molecular mechanism of apoptotic induction by examining how the mushroom extract affected cell cycle progression and the expression levels of apoptotic mediators, caspases, and many important mitochondrial proteins. 2. materials and methods 2.1. sample collection and identification wild mushroom fruit bodies were collected between 2015 and 2019 from diverse habitats between 22.1203◦n, 88.3943◦e and 27.0206◦n, 88.5650◦e, spanning an area from the hinterland of the bay of bengal and lateritic region of the western part of west bengal state to the great himalayan foothills. the fruit bodies of a. hygrometricus (jamboni, 22.4502◦n, 86.8998◦e) and lentinus sp. (sigram, 22.4479◦n, 86.8967◦e) were collected from the laterite region of jhargram district; those of tricholoma sp. and serpula sp. (mathurapur, 22.1203◦n, 88.3943◦e) were collected from areas with alluvial soil in the south 24-parganas district; while those of phallus sp. were collected from wood logs associated with moist humus soil (lolegaon, 27.0206◦n, 88.5650◦e) in the kalimpong district of west bengal, india. mushroom species were identified using various published standard indentation keys and molecular validation, and voucher specimens were deposited at the calcutta university herbarium.5,14 2.2. chemicals issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 ¼ × all chemicals used were of molecular grade. dulbecco's modified eagle medium (dmem, gibco, new york, ny), roswell park memorial institute medium (rpmi 1640, gibco, new york, ny), fetal bovine serum (fbs, gibco, new york, ny), penicillin-streptomycin (gibco, new york, ny), amphotericin b (himedia, maharashtra, india), 2 mm l-glutamine, phosphate buffer saline (pbs, gibco, new york, ny), 3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (mtt, sigma aldrich, burlington, ma), 40,6diamidino-2-phenylindole (dapi, sigma aldrich, burlington, ma), methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate, dmso (sigma aldrich, burlington, ma), annexin-v/propidium iodide (pi) apoptosis detection kit (bdpharmingen, bergen, nj), cm-h2dcfda (invitrogen, carlsbad, ca), jc-1 kit (invitrogen, carlsbad, ca), propidium iodide (pi, himedia, maharashtra, india), caspase detection kit (biovision, waltham, ma), and primary and secondary antibodies against poly (adpribose) polymerase (parp) and b-actin (abcam, cambridge, uk) were purchased from the respective manufacturers. 2.3. preparation of mushroom extracts the samples were dried under a shed and then ground using a mixer grinder. each mushroom powder sample was extracted by selectively applying a solvent system based on solvent polarity, and 50 g of starting material was primarily percolated in hexane for 3 d to remove the fatty substances. the residual material was then sequentially extracted with ethyl acetate followed by methanol solvent. each extract was evaporated in a rotary evaporator, lyophilized at reduced pressure, and finally stored at 4◦c for further experiments. 2.4. cell culture and maintenance the molt-4 (t-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemic), reh (b-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemic), and nalm6 (b-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemic) cell lines were kindly gifted by dr. santu bandyopadhyaya and dr. chitra mandal (iicb, kolkata, india). hep g2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma) cells were gifted by prof. sanjit dey from the department of physiology, university of calcutta (kolkata, india). the a549 (human lung carcinoma), mcf-7 (human breast cancer), and beas-2b (human nontumorigenic lung epithelial) cell lines were procured from the national centre for cell sciences (nccs, pune, india). all cell lines were maintained in either dmem or rpmi 1640 supplemented with 2 mm l-glutamine, 10% (v/ v) fbs (heat-inactivated), and 10 u/ml penicillin/streptomycin and incubated at 37◦c in a humidified atmosphere of 5% co2 incubator (hf90, heal force, hong kong, china). 2.5. cell viability assay the antiproliferative effect of the crude extracts of the 5 mushroom species was assessed against 6 different cancer cell lines, that is, three leukemic cell lines (molt-4, reh, and nalm-6), one hepatocellular carcinomic cell line (hep g2), one lung carcinomic cell line (a549), and one breast cancer cell line (mcf-7) as well as against one normal cell line (beas-2b) and pbmcs from a healthy donor by the mtt assay.15,16 in brief, 5 × 104 cells were incubated with various concentrations (10e100 mg/ml) of mushroom extract in a 96-well plate for 24 h at 37◦c. subsequently, 3 h before completion, 25 ml mtt solution (5 mg/ml in pbs) was added to each well, and finally, formazone complex was dissolved in dmso, and the optical density (od) was recorded at 560 nm. the absorbance of fully lysed (100%) cells was measured by treating them with 5% sodium dodecyl-sulfate (sds) lysis buffer before measurement at 560 nm. the percentage of cell viability was calculated using the following equation: cell viability ð%þ¼ odsample — od100% lysis . od0% lysis — od100% lysis ×100 regarding the isolation of pbmcs, the percoll density gradient centrifugation (d 1.082 g/l) method was applied to heparinized venous blood from a healthy donor and desired pbmcs were recovered from the interface layers. the recovered cells were washed in pbs and resuspended in rpmi 1640 supplemented with 2 mm l-glutamine, gentamicin, and 10% heat-inactivated fbs, for further study.17 2.6. effect of methanol extract on cellular morphologydapi staining to investigate the effect of the methanol extract of a. hygrometricus on the nuclei of molt-4 cells, dapi staining was performed.18,19 the cells were incubated with increasing concen trations (0e25 mg/ml) of mushroom extract for 24 h at 37◦c. cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, followed by washing with pbs. the cells were then stained with 2 mg/ml dapi for 15 min in the dark and viewed under a fluorescent microscope at 400 1 magnification (dewinter optical, delhi, india). based on the status of the nucleus, cells were categorized as apoptotic (condensed or fragmented chromatin) or normal (smooth nuclear structure). 2.7. cell cycle profiling assay by propidium iodide staining for this experiment, molt-4 cells and pbmcs were treated with increasing concentrations of mushroom extract (0e25 mg/ml) for 24 h. subsequently, cells were harvested into a single-cell suspen sion and incubated overnight at —20◦c with 70% ethanol. cells issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 × × × were resuspended in pbs and incubated for 2 h with rnasea (20 mm) at 37◦c. eventually, pi was added, and after incubation for 20 min at 25◦c, cells were subjected to flow cytometry analysis.4,19 2.8. measurement of cellular apoptosis by annexin v-pi staining induction of apoptosis by the mushroom extract was measured by flow cytometry after annexin v-fitc/pi staining.16,20 briefly, 1.5 × 105 molt-4 cells and pbmcs were incubated with an increasing concentration (0e25 mg/ml) of methanol extract for 24 h. after incubation, cells were washed with pbs and resus pended in 100 ml of binding buffer for 30 min. finally, 5 ml annexin v-fitc and 5 ml pi were added to cells and incubated for 15 min, and fluorescent signals were recorded. the cell population negative for both annexin v and pi was recorded as viable cells. based on the annexin v/pi ratio, stained cells were categorized as early apoptotic (positive for annexin v/negative for pi) or late apoptotic (positive for annexin v/positive for pi). 2.9. measurement of mushroom-induced cellular ros using dcfda the levels of intracellular ros were measured using the dcfda method according to the manufacturer's instructions. in brief, 1.5 × 105 molt-4 cells were incubated with different concentrations of mushroom extract (0, 5, 10, 25, and 50 mg/ml) for 6 h. after incubation, cells were washed with pbs and reincubated in serumfree media containing 5 mm cm-h2dcf-da for another 30 min at 37◦c. finally, fluorescent signals of the intracellular production of ros were recorded using a flow cytometer. (attune nxt, boston, ma).17 2.10. measurement of mushroom-induced intracellular rns by daf-2 the levels of intracellular rns induced by the mushroom extract were measured using the daf-2 method according to the manufacturer's instructions. for the measurement of the concentrationdependent formation of rns, 1.5 105 molt-4 cells were incubated with different concentrations of mushroom extract (0, 5, 10, 25, and 50 mg/ml) for 6 h. to evaluate the time-dependent formation of rns, 1.5 105 molt-4 cells were induced with 5 mg/ml of mushroom extract every 60 min for up to 300 min. after incubation, the cells were washed with pbs and reincubated in serum-free media containing diaminofluorescein-fm (daffm) for another 30 min. the cells were then subjected to flow cytometry and fluorescent signals of intracellular production of rns were recorded. 2.11. measurement of mitochondrial permeability to explore the involvement of mitochondria in the apoptosis process, we measured the mitochondrial membrane potential (djm), using jc-1. in this procedure, 1.5 105 molt-4 cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of mushroom extract (0e25 mg/ml) for 6 h. the cells were then stained with jc-1 (10 mm in pbs), incubated for 15 min, and subjected to flow cytometry. the recorded data was further analyzed by applying a quadrant plot to distinguish monomers from j-aggregates and by using the flowjo software (flowjo, ashland, or). results were presented as the ratio of j aggregates/monomers, effectively indicating the cellular mitochondrial transmembrane potential.17 2.12. determination of caspase activity the activity of caspase-3, -8, and -9 was measured in cell lysates (100 mg protein in 50 ml lysis buffer) using a colorimetric assay according to the manufacturer's instructions. in brief, 5 × 105 molt-4 cells were incubated with 5 mg/ml of methanol extract for 0e180 min at 37◦c. cell lysates were then prepared, according to the manufacturer's instructions, and the protein concentration was measured, spectrophotometrically. lysates were supplemented with 50 ml reaction buffer (10 mm dtt) and devd-paranitroanilide (pna, 4 mm, 5 ml; caspase-3 substrate) or lehdpna (4 mm, 5 ml; caspase-9 substrate) or ietd-pna (4 mm, 5 ml; caspase-8 substrate) and incubated at 37◦c for 0e3 h. the activity of each caspase was evaluated by quantitatively measuring the levels of the resulting chromophore pna at 405 nm every 30 min for 3 h. for validation of the mushroom extract-induced activation of each caspase, molt4 cells were further coincubated with methanol extract and a pancaspase inhibitor, z-vad-fmk, for 24 h, and cell viability was measured by the mtt assay.18,21 2.13. immunoblotting cell lysates were prepared from molt-4 cells treated with 5 mg/ ml of mushroom extract for 12 and 24 h using the ripa buffer method.4 for immunoblotting, 20e35 mg proteins were resolved on 8%e15% sds-page gels and transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (sigma aldrich, burlington, ma). membranes were blocked with 5% bsa in 1 tbst and probed with respective primary monoclonal antibodies, followed by incubation with the corresponding secondary antibodies. finally, the blots were visualized using the ecl method on the chemidoc mp system (bio-rad, hercules, ca). 2.14. data analysis all experiments were performed independently in issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 duplicates or triplicates. all numerical data are expressed as mean (standard deviation). one-way anova followed by dunnett's multiple comparison test or turkey's test (wherever applicable) was used to compare differences among the experimental groups. in a specific case, the student's t-test was also performed. statistical significance was based on the following p value thresholds. all analyses were performed using graphpad prism 7.00 (graphpad software, san diego, ca). issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 3. results 3.1. differential antiproliferative activity induced by ethyl acetate and methanol extract of 5 different mushrooms against a panel of cancer cell lines we aimed to study the antiproliferative efficacy of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of 5 different mushrooms against 6 cancer cell lines and normal cells by performing mtt assays. we cultured the 6 cancer cell lines, that is, nalm6, reh, molt-4, a549, hep g2, and mcf-7, one normal cell line beas2b, and pbmcs isolated from a healthy donor with different concentrations (0, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml) of mushroom extracts for 24 h. the results showed that the majority of extracts exhibited a differential pattern of dose-dependent inhibition of cancer cell proliferation (fig. 1a). all tested extracts exhibited minimal cytotoxicity against normal cells, that is, pbmcs, and beas-2b cells. the antiproliferative efficacies of 2 representative mushroom extracts, in terms of “half-maximal inhibitory concentration” (ic50), are presented in fig. 1b and c. we categorized the resulting ic50 values as promisingly good (ic50 less than 25 mg/ml), moderately good (ic50 between 25 mg/ml and 250 mg/ml), or nonconsiderable (ic50 more than 250 mg/ml). the selectivity index (si), which implies the effectivity and safeness of any drug, was calculated by dividing the “half-maximal inhibitory cytotoxic concentration” (cc50) value of this drug in normal cells with the ic50 value of this drug in each cancer cell line. the respective si values are presented in supplemental tables 1 and 2. among all the 5 tested ethyl acetate mushroom extracts (fig. 1b), a. hygrometricus showed the highest effectivity against the molt-4 cell line with an ic50 of 16.10 (1.22) mg/ml. the ethyl acetate extract of a. hygrometricus also exhibited a high selectivity index against the molt-4 cell line, in contrast to other cell lines, with si values of 43.63 (1.30) against beas-2b, and 34.52 (1.77) against pbmcs. the ethyl acetate extracts of all 5 mushrooms were more effective against leukemic than other cancerous cell lines. the same trend was observed in the methanol extracts (fig. 1c). the methanol extract of a. hygrometricus was the most effective against the molt-4 cell line with an ic50 value of 7.25 (0.69) mg/ml, exhibiting si values of 64.20 (0.59) and 127.67 (1.57) against beas-2b and pbmcs, respectively. both ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of a. hygrometricus produced promising to moderately good efficacy against all cancerous cell lines, except for the a549 cell line, which appeared to be the most resistant when treated with ethyl acetate extracts. compared with other mushrooms, both extracts of lentinus sp. showed the least efficacy against all cell lines. the methanol extracts of phallus sp. and tricholoma sp. were the most effective issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 fig. 1. in vitro antiproliferative efficacy of both ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of 5 mushrooms were measured by mtt assay in the presence of an increasing concentration of the extract (0e100 mg/ml) in various cell lines, including nalm6, reh, molt-4, a549, hep g2, and mcf-7; one normal cell line beas-2b and pbmc isolated from a healthy donor (a); the ic50 value of different cancer cell lines, treated with increasing ethyl acetate extract of 5 different mushrooms (b); the ic50 value of different cancer cell lines treated with increasing methanol extract of five different mushrooms (c). note: pbmc: peripheral blood mononuclear cell. against the breast cancer cell line mcf-7 with ic50 values less than 10 mg/ml. methanol extract of all the 5 mushrooms produced moderately good efficacy against reh and nalm6 cell line. both extracts of all 5 mushrooms showed mediocre efficacy against the nalm6 cell line. we concluded that the methanol extract of a. hygrometricus was the most effective and safe anticancer extract, and molt-4 was the most sensitive cell line; hence, we performed further experiments on molt-4 cells using the methanol extract of a. hygrometricus. 3.2. mushroom extract induced nuclear condensation on molt4 cells in a concentration-dependent manner following dapi staining, molt-4 cells treated with an increasing concentration of the methanol extract (0e25 mg/ml) for 24 h exhibited characteristic features of increased apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner (fig. 2aec) with respect to control. treated cells displayed bright, fragmented, condensed, and unorganized nuclei, whereas the nuclei of control cells appeared dimly blue and organized (fig. 2a and b). the apoptotic effect of the extract was initiated at the concentration of 5 mg/ml, resulting in 26.33% morphologically altered molt-4 cells and increased concentration-dependently. the percentage of apoptotic molt 4 cells at the highest treatment concentration reached 74.66% (fig. 2c). 3.3. methanol extract interfered with cell cycle progression by targeting cells at sub-g0/g1 phase to verify the effect of the methanol extract of a. hygrometricus on the cell cycle distribution profile, we treated both molt-4 cells and pbmcs with increasing concentrations of the extract (0e25 mg/ ml) for 24 h, and acquired the cell cycle histogram by flow cytometry. the results showed that the methanol extract specifically targeted cells residing at the sub-g0/g1 phase, whereas no significant effect was noticed in normal cells (fig. 3aec). a significant decrease occurred in the numbers of the cell population at the g0/g1 phase in cells treated with 5 mg/ml extract, which further increased analogously in a concentration-dependent manner (fig. 3a). there was a drastic shift in the number of cells from the g0/g1 phase to the sub-g0/g1 zone, which indicated that the extract specifically targeted the g0/g1 population, as evidenced by cell cycle analysis. the sharp shift observed in the number of cells in the sub-g0/g1 phase indicated nuclear fragmentation resulting from apoptosis-like cell death. this finding suggested that these wild edible mushrooms may promote apoptosis-like cell death, specifically in molt-4 cells but not in normal cells. overall, our findings suggested that the methanol extract of a. hygrometricus demonstrated antileukemic activity against molt-4 cells by targeting the sub-g0/g1 population. 3.4. methanol extract of a. hygrometricus augmented robust apoptosis, specifically in molt-4 cells, had negligible impact on normal cells using annexin v/pi dual staining, we further corroborated the a. hygrometricus-induced apoptosis in cancer cells. we treated both molt-4 cells and pbmcs with or without increasing concentrations of the methanol extract (0e25 mg/ml) for 24 h, and subjected them to flow cytometry after staining with annexin v/pi. our analysis revealed a dosedependent increase in the number of apoptotic molt-4 cells; whereas, the methanol extract exhibited minimal activity against pbmcs isolated from healthy donors (fig. 3d and e). at https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/programmed-cell-death issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 24 h after treatment, the percentage of apoptotic cells was increased from 52.22% at the lowest treatment concentration of 5 mg/ml to 94.93% at the highest treatment concentration of 25 mg/ ml. the apoptotic-related ic50 value of the a. hygrometricus extract was 6.91 (0.91) mg/ml, which was very close to the ic50 concentration obtained by the mtt assay. at the same range of treatment concentrations, pbmcs showed very modest apoptosis. with these results, we inferred that the methanol extract of a. hygrometricus specifically induced robust apoptosis in molt-4 cells but not in normal pbmcs. 3.5. methanol extract of a. hygrometricus induced the production of high levels of ros in leukemic cells ros may trigger the intrinsic apoptotic cascade via in teractions with proteins of the mitochondrial permeability transition complex. therefore, we aimed to test the involvement of intracellular ros in the a. hygrometricus methanol extractinduced apoptosis in molt-4 cells. we treated molt-4 cells with increasing concentrations (0e50 mg/ml) of methanol extract for 6 h, followed by labeling with cm-h2dcfda (5 mm) and measurement of the number of dcfþ cells by flow cytom etry. the methanol extract triggered the generation of a high fig. 2. impact of methanol extract of a. hygrometricus on cellular and nuclear morphology in molt-4 cells: dose-dependent change in the condensed nuclear structure of molt4 cells treated with 5,10, and 25 mg/ml extract for 24 h and studied by dapi (a); changes in the cellular shape and membrane blebbing were clearly observed in molt4 cells in a dose-dependent manner (b); the bar graph indicates a concentration-dependent increase in mushroom-induced altered morphology containing molt-4 cells (c). notes: data are expressed as mean (standard deviation). magnification: 400 × 1. scale bar ¼ 10 mm. ****p < .0001 vs. control group. issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 fig. 3. molt-4 and pbmc, isolated from healthy donor cells, were treated with an increasing concentration of mushroom extract (0, 5, 10, and 25 mg/ml) for 24 h: the bar graph represent a dose-dependent augmentation of the cells at the g0/g1 phase in molt-4 cells (a); in contrast, no noticeable change was observed in pbmc (b); posttreatment, cells were harvested and fixed with ethanol and stained with pi. the representive histogram showing the distribution profile of the cell cycle analyzed by flow cytometry (c); a concentration-dependent increase in the annexin v-fitc/pi-positive population of molt-4 cells was observed in response to increasing concentration of methanol extract treated for 24 h, whereas a very light effect was observed in pbmc cells (d); the contour plot depicts that with increasing concentration of the extract, the percentage of apoptosis significantly increased in molt-4 cells in contrast to pbmc (e). notes: pbmc: peripheral blood mononuclear cell. t-test was performed to compare multiple groups means (molt-4) vs. pbmc control. **p < .01 vs. control group. yield of ros in a concentration-dependent manner as the fluo rescence intensity of dcf was increased with the increase in the concentration of the extract (fig. 4a and b). to confirm that the induction of apoptosis was a downstream event of the increased production of intracellular ros, we preincubated a set of molt 4 cells with the antioxidant, l-acetyl cysteine (l-nac). the percentage of apoptotic cells decreased from 90.56% to 22.83% after l-nac treatment, indicating that l-nac rescued cells from apoptosis by scavenging ros. in another set of molt-4 cells, media was supplemented with gsh, hence inhibiting the depletion of intracellular gsh. we found that the percentage of apoptotic cells decreased from 90.56% to 28.56% following gsh supplementation in the medium (fig. 4c). this further confirmed the involvement of intracellular ros in inducing apoptosis following treatment of molt-4 cells with the methanol extract of a. hygrometricus. 3.6. methanol extract of a. hygrometricus induced the production of high levels of rns in leukemic cells as reactive nitrogen species (rns) are essential signaling and effector molecules that play a role in apoptosis along with ros, we examined the effect of the methanol extract of a. hygrometricus on the production of rns using daf-2da. we observed that molt4 cells treated with an ic50 concentration, that is 7.25 (0.69) mg/ml of methanol extract of a. hygrometricus showed a time-dependent increase in the generation of rns from the basal level, which peaked at 180 min, and subsequently plateaued (fig. 5c). the production of rns reached a maximum after treatment with 25 mg/ ml methanol extract, and gradually decreased with increasing concentrations issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 (fig. 5a and b). there was a gradual increase in the fluorescence of dafþ cells along with concentration gradient treatment, suggesting that the methanol extract of a. hygrometricus also induced the generation of rns along with ros in molt4 cells. 3.7. depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potentials in molt-4 cells treated with methanol extract of a. hygrometricus loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (djm) is one of the significant consequences of ros-induced apoptosis. the mito chondrial disruption includes an imbalance in the mitochondrial membrane potential and associated changes in the oxidationreduction state inside the mitochondria. depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential prevents the accumulation of the jc-1 dye in the mitochondria and results in the dispersion of the dye throughout the cell leading to a shift from red (j fig. 4. flow cytometric data indicated a concentration-dependent increase in intracellular ros in molt-4 cells in response to the increasing concentration of the mushroom extract: the fluorescent signals from the cells were acquired by flow cytometer (a, b); the bar graph depicts a significant decrease in apoptosis, after treating with ros scavenger nac and gsh (c). notes: posttreatment, dcfda (5 mm final) in serum-free media was added and incubated for 30 min; cells were washed in 1 × pbs. finally, the fluorescent signals from the cells were acquired by flow cytometer. one-way anova, followed by dunnett's multiple comparisons tests, were performed to compare multiple groups means (treated sets) vs. control. ****p < .0001, vs. control group. issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 fig. 5. flow cytometric data indicated both concentration-dependent (a, b) and time-dependent (c) increases in intracellular rns production in molt-4 cells. notes: one-way anova, followed by dunnett's multiple comparisons tests, was performed to compare multiple groups' means (treated sets) vs. control. ****p < .0001, vs. control group. a. hygrometricus methanol extract-treated cells. the results revealed a shift in the fluorescence emission from red to green, indicating a massive loss of djm in a. hygrometricus methanol extract-treated molt-4 cells (fig. 6a and b). consequently, this decrease in the red/green fluorescence intensity ratio indicated mitochondrial depolarization (fig. 6c). we detected that the percentage of green monomers increased from 18.7% to 89.0% in a concentration-dependent manner. we thus concluded that the methanol extract induced the depolarization of mitochondrial membranes, leading to apoptosis. 3.8. methanol extract of a. hygrometricus induced cleavage of parp the dna repair enzyme, poly (adp) ribose polymerase (parp) plays a vital role in dna repair. however, when cells receive an apoptotic stimulus and activate their caspase cascades, parp serves as a substrate for active caspase-3, thus preventing the dna repair process. hence, the cleavage of parp is considered a prerequisite for apoptosis.17 therefore, we evaluated the effect of the methanol extract on parp cleavage. the amount of cleaved-parp was significantly increased at 12 and 24 h in molt-4 cells treated with 5 mg/ml of methanol extract compared with that in the untreated control molt-4 cells (fig. 7b). 3.9. methanol extract of a. hygrometricus induced caspasedependent apoptosis caspases, a group of proteases, are effector molecules of the apoptotic pathway and play a significant role in programmed cell death. therefore, we measured the activities of caspase-3, -8, and -9 after treatment with the methanol extract of a. hygrometricus (5 mg/ml) every 30 min for 3 h. there was an exponential increase in the activities of two caspases (caspase-3 and -9) up to 90 min of treatment. in contrast, there was no significant change in the level of activity of caspase-8 (fig. 7a). to validate the methanol extractinduced activation of caspases, we coincubated molt-4 cells with a nontoxic concentration of z-vad-fmk (20 mm), a pancaspase inhibitor, and measured cell viability using the mtt assay. we found that z-vad-fmk attenuated the extract-induced cytotoxicity in molt-4 cells by increasing the ic50 of the methanol extract of a. hygrometricus. hence, we concluded that the methanol extract of a. hygrometricus induced apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner. issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 3.10. methanol extract of a. hygrometricus triggered mitochondriadependent apoptosis in molt-4 cells the increased production of intracellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (rons), followed by the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potentiality and elevated levels of caspase-3 and -9, is correlated with the induction of the mitochondriainvolved intrinsic apoptotic pathway. to confirm our hypothesis, we checked 3 other proteins related to mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. one of the related consequences of intrinsic apoptosis is the downregulation of the antiapoptotic proteins and upregulation of proapoptotic proteins.17,22 we found that the levels of the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 protein were downregulated in a timedependent manner in methanol extract-treated molt-4 cells; in contrast, the levels of the proapoptotic protein (bax) were upre gulated (fig. 7b). cytochrome c is a significant mediator molecule of fig. 6. flow cytometric data indicated a concentration-dependent increase in green monomer and a decrease in red j-aggerates in molt-4 cells (a, b), a sharp decrease in red to green ratio was observed in a concentration-dependent manner (c). issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 fig. 7. lysates of molt-4 treated with mushroom extract in a time-dependent manner were subjected to study the caspase profile (caspase 8, caspase 9, and caspase 3): both caspase 9 and 3 upregulated in a time dependant manner (a); western blot images showing the expression profile of pro-apoptotic (bax), and anti-apoptotic bcl-2 protein involved in time-dependent extract induced apoptosis in molt-4 cells, the expression profile of cytochrome-c and parp were also measured (b); the mushroom extract selectively induced the rons in molt-4 cells and positively induced pro-apoptotic bax protein, followed by the release of cytochrome-c, which ultimately exhibited cellular apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway (c). note: data are expressed as mean (standard deviation). the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. in mammalian cells, various apoptotic stimuli cause the release of cytochrome c from mito chondria, inducing a series of biochemical reactions, and finally cellular death through the induced activation of caspases.23 hence, an increased amount of cytosolic cytochrome c confirms the occurrence of intrinsic apoptosis. the extract-treated molt-4 cells showed an elevated amount of cytosolic cytochrome c in a timedependent manner (fig. 7b). 4. discussion fatalities caused by cancer, particularly during the recovery phase, are mostly attributable to the ineffectiveness and adverse effects of currently available cancer treatments.24, 25 poor individuals, particularly in less developed nations, may be unable to afford cancer treatments due to their high cost.26 consequently, there is a need for new anticancer medications that are more selective for cancer cells and have fewer adverse effects. the anticancer properties of many biomolecules originating from mushrooms have been shown. these include b-glucans, b-proteoglycans, ergosterol, lectins, triterpenes, ergothioneine, and selenium.27 few studies have examined mushrooms' medicinal potential, especially in the context of drug development. we set out to assess the anticancer potential of mushrooms—an upcoming arsenal for possible anticancer medications—in order to circumvent one of the major roadblocks to cancer chemoprevention: the unwanted toxicity of pharmaceuticals to normal cells, which causes unpleasant side effects. we screened ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of five wild mushrooms for antiproliferative potential: a. hygrometricus, phallus sp., lentinus sp., tricho-loma sp., and serpula sp. this was motivated by the extensive ethnobotanical history issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 of mushroom usage as alternative medicine. out of the five species we examined, our research found that the new edible fungus a. hygrometricus had the least amount of carcinogenic chemicals. no studies have shown the impact of astrakurkurone and astrakurkurol on leukemic cells, while prior research has investigated their effects on hepatocarcinoma (hep g2, thle 2, and hep 3b) and renal cell carcinoma (rcc) cell lines.28e30 prior to this, we documented that an a. hygrometricus methanol extract was effective in killing a moderately leukemic cell line. in 2022, leukaemia accounted for 7% of all cancer cases and 7% of all cancer deaths worldwide, according to cancer statistics.3 the incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (all) is 1.6 per 100,000 in the us, making it a very common malignancy. there is an estimated 80% incidence rate of all, making it the most prevalent childhood cancer.3,31 the antileukemic effects of wild edible mushrooms have been the subject of few investigations so far. the antileukemic potential of a. hygrometricus, a wild edible fungus, was investigated in the current research. more specifically, we detail the molecular mechanism by which a. hygrometricus induces cell death in drug-resistant robust t-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells (molt-4). our research showed that a. hygrometricus methanol extract had strong apoptogenic potential, and that after 24 hours of treatment with different quantities of mushroom extract, molt-4 cells showed a dramatic increase in cell population in the sub g0-g1 stage. nonetheless, normal cells did not show any discernible alterations. nandi et al. found that the a. hygrometricus compound astrakurkurol showed the same halting in the g0/g1 phase in hep g2 cells.29 this discovery provides further evidence that a. hygrometricus may interrupt the cell cycle and cause cells to die in cancer cells, but it has no effect on normal cells. there are two well-established routes for signalling cell death: intrinsic and extrinsic.32 an important component of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway is the recognition and propagation of extracellular stimuli by specific membrane receptors. on the other hand, rons successfully triggers mitochondria-centered apoptosis via the intrinsic route, which is primarily a caspasedependent process involving a regulatory system centred on mitochondria. after caspase-8 mediates the extrinsic route and caspase-9 initiates the intrinsic pathway, caspase-3 cleaves the downstream executor protein to activate apoptosis.33 mushroom extract increased caspase9 and -3 levels but had no discernible effect on caspase-8 levels. based on our findings, it seems that the intrinsic apoptotic pathway may have been responsible for the strong apoptosis in molt-4 cells that was triggered by mushrooms. an integral part of the intrinsic apoptotic route includes the release of cytochrome c, collapse of mitochondrial membrane polarity, and mitochondrial malfunction mediated by reactive oxygen species (ros).34 nevertheless, proteins belonging to the bcl-2 family regulate the last effector molecules of apoptosis, caspase-3 and caspase-9. notably, the ratio of proapoptotic (bax) to antiapoptotic (bcl-2) proteins determines the extent of apoptosis.16 our results show that the mushroom extract confirmed a time-dependent cleavage of the apoptosis controller bcl-2 proteins, leading to cell death. the bcl-2 protein and caspase-9, the last effectors of apoptosis, are connected via cytochrome c. inferring from the increased ros production by the a. hygrometricus methanol extract, we found that it exerted its antileukemic effects against molt-4 cells via the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway (fig. 7c). additionally, it was shown issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 that the levels of rns were elevated after extract administration. 5. conclusion a. hygrometricus methanol extract significantly inhibited the proliferation of molt-4 cells relative to beas-2b and pbmcs derived from a healthy donor, out of five wild mushrooms evaluated against six human cancer cell lines. the aggressive, resilient, and resistant t-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia known as molt4 is characterised by pi3k-akt deregulation. by controlling bcl-2 and bax, our results revealed that the intrinsic apoptotic route, which is mediated by cytochrome c and caspases, is the principal mechanism by which a. hygrometricus induces apoptotic-like cell death in molt-4 cells. in molt-4 cells, the mushroom extract increased ros and rns production and produced strong apoptosis via the mitochondria-dependent route. since a. hygrometricus is a native mushroom, we infer that it contains active myco-compounds that may be useful in the fight against leukaemia. references 1. bray f, ferlay j, and soerjomataram i, among others. estimates of the global incidence and mortality for 36 cancers in 185 countries produced by globo-can in 2018. ca published in 2018 in the cancer journal, volume 68, issue 6, pages 394–424. 2. the authors include mathhur, sathishkumar, chaturvedi, and others. report from the national cancer registry programme in india, including cancer data for the year 2020. published in 2020 in the journal of clinical oncology, volume 6, pages 1063–1075. the cancer statistics for 2022 were compiled by siegel rl, miller kd, fuchs he, and jemal a. the published article is "cancer j clin" from 2022, with the doi: 72(1): 7e33. 4. parida pk, santra a, mahata b, etc. using microtubule dynamics disruption, g2/m arrest, and p53-dependent apoptosis, a new trans-stilbene derivative inhibits cancer growth. the article is published in cell death dis. and has the doi: 9/5/2018. ray r., pal a., and paul s. analysing the main metabolites and evaluating the effect of wild stinkhorn mushroom extracts on various cancer cell proliferation pathways. pharmaceutical journal. 2020;12(4):699–708. ga˛ secka m, mleczek m, siwulski m, and niedzielski p. composed the sixth. the phenolic profile and antioxidant capabilities of selenium and zinc-enriched pleurotus ostreatus and pleurotus eryngii. article published in 2016 in the european journal of food research and technology, volume 242, pages 723–732. 7. the authors include kim hg, yoon dh, lee wh, followed by others. by reducing the activation of redox-based nf-kb and mapks in raw 264.7 macrophages generated by lipopolysaccharide, phellinus linteus suppresses inflammatory mediators. in: journal of ethnopharmacology, 2007;114(3):307–315. eighth, in 3 biotech. 2012;2(1):1–15, patel and goyal reviewed recent advances in the use of mushrooms as anti-cancer therapeutics. sarikurkcu c, tepe b, and yamac m. (1999). an analysis was conducted on four edible mushrooms—xerocomus chrysenteron, boletus edulis, suillus collitinus, and lactarius deterrimus—found in eskisehir, turkey, to determine their antioxidant activity. the authors of the article "bio-resour technol. 2008;99(14):6651e6655" include synytsya a, míckova' k, and synytsya a, among others. glucans derived from the fruit bodies of pleurotus ostreatus and pleurotus eryngii, two types of farmed mushrooms: their structural makeup and issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 possible prebiotic effects. yang z, luo d, and liang z. structure of polysaccharides from the fruiting body of hericium erinaceus pers. carbohydr polym. 2009;76(4):548e556. 11. in a 2004 article published in carbohydr polym, the authors (lee kh, morris-natschke sl, yang x, et al.) discuss... new findings on the efficacy of traditional chinese medicine's mushroom, food, and herb remedies. journal of traditional and complementary medicine. 2012;2(2):84–95. 13. panda sk, sahoo g, swain ss, luyten w. mushrooms: an underappreciated resource for new medicines. pharmaceutics. 2022;15(2):176. 14. pal a, ray r, acharya k, paul s. analysing the metabolomic profile and evaluating the antileukemic and antioxi-dant capabilities of a methanol extract from the astraeus hygrometricus mushroom, a unique edible wild fungus. citation: 15. chatterjee a, pal a, paul s., published in j adv biotechnol exp ther in 2021, pages 388– 404. the anti-leukemic effects of plumercine, a new chemical derived from plumeria alba, show promise in the treatment of b cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. journal of nutritional oncology. 2022;74(7):2565–2580. 16. ray r, saha s, paul s. termitomyces heimii natarajan's two new compounds, ergosterol and ergosta-5,8dien-3ol, show potential as anti-hepatocarcinoma agents. 17—gopal p, paul m, and paul s. published in the journal of traditional chinese medicine in 2022, volume 9, issue 4, pages 443– 453. by upsetting the delicate redox equilibrium, curcumin triggers caspase-mediated cell death in jurkat cells. chouni a, pal a, gopal pk, and paul s. gc-ms analysis and screening of the antiproliferative potential of methanolic extract of garcinia cowa on various cancer cell lines. asian pac j cancer prev. 2014;15: 93e100. section 18. pharmaceutical journal, 2020, 13, 347–361. 19. sarkar s, gopal pk, paul s. nuclear fragmentation and cell cycle arrest were the mechanisms via which andrographolide caused apoptosis in nalm-6 cells. pharmaceutical journal, 2018;10:210–214. saha, ray, and paul (2021). parmotrema tinctorum yields two new compounds, lecanoric acid and atranorin, which show strong antihepatocarcinoma action, according to in vitro screening and in silico docking study. citation: sarkar s, pal a, chouni a, paul s. biointerface research and applications in chemistry 2023;13(6):1e21. by specifically targeting g0/g1 populations, a new chemical called b-sitosterol-3o-b-d-glucoside, which was extracted from azadirachta indica, successfully triggers cell death in leukemic cells. paul s., paul m., and gopal p. published in the indian journal of biochemistry and biophysics in 2020, volume 57, pages 27–32. in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, many abnormal cell signalling pathways play a role. jiang x, wang x. (2014) in biologia (bratislava) 69: 1097–1107. apoptosis mediated by cytochrome c. editorial: is there anything new to increase tolerance and lessen sequelae of cancer chemotherapy? (nurgali k, jagoe rt, abalo r. 2004; annu rev biochem 73:87–106). according to a 2018 study published in front pharmacol, the authors singh pk, bisht m, dhasmana dc, and singh s. pattern of adverse pharmacological responses to anti-cancer drugs: a quantitative and qualitative investigation. the economic cost of cancer in india: evidence from cross-sectional nationally representative household survey, 2014 (rajpal s, kumar a, joe w. indian journal of medical paediatric oncology, 2017;38(2):140e145). published in plos one on august 13, 2018, by figueiredo l. and re'gis wcb. an approach to the anti-cancer properties and putative mechanisms of action of medicinal mushrooms in adjuvant cancer therapy. dasgupta a, dey d, ghosh d, et al. (2017) published in nutrire, volume 42, issue 1, page 28. the sesquiterpene astrakurkurone is found in wild issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 edible mushrooms and targets cells in the liver that are cancerous by influencing proteins in the bcl-2 family. "28. nandi s, adhikary a, acharya k." iubmb life. 2019;71(7):992e1002. astrakurkurol, an anti-cancer compound found in a traditional tribal mushroom, inhibits cell cycle progression, induces cell death, and promotes cell migration in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. "journal of food biochemistry" 2022;46(1):e14021. 29the authors of the article are nandi, chandra, sikder, and colleagues. analysis and development of the cytotoxic chemical astrakurkurol, a triterpenoid, in relation to human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (hep3b). journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2019;67(27):7660e7673. 30. terwilliger t, abdul-hay m. comprehensive review and 2017 update on acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. journal of blood cancer 2017;7(6):e577. 31voleczki v, cojocneanu-petric r, maralani m, neagoe ib, and sandulescu r. were the authors of the study. micrornas function as regulators of cancer cell death pathways. romanian medical journal, 2016;89(1):50–55. 32.xu c., zhang f., zhuang j., wu y., zhao d. in human periodontal ligament cells, caspase-8 and caspase-9 performed distinct roles at various points in the cyclic stretchinduced cell death cascade. 32. plos one. 2016;11(12):1e15. 33.youle rj and wang c. the involvement of mitochondria in apoptosis. family history review. 2009;43(1):95–118. chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol7 |issue6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com 1 chinese traditional medical journal phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activities of memordica cymbalaria hook.f. fruit skin extracts r. lakshmanan1, m. deepa2, c. mahesh3 and r. solaiammal4 1. assistant professor, department of botany, g.venkataswamy naidu college (autonomous), kovilpatti – 628502. (affiliated to manonmaniam sundaranar university, tirunelveli) tamil nadu, india 2,3,4, department of botany, g.venkataswamy naidu college (autonomous), kovilpatti – 628502. (affiliated to manonmaniam sundaranar university, tirunelveli) tamil nadu, india introduction memordica cymbalaria hook.f., a member of the cucurbitaceae family, is widely known for its therapeutic potential, especially in traditional medicine. it has been utilized for various ailments, including infections and inflammatory conditions. despite the increasing use of synthetic drugs, medicinal plants continue to play a significant role in combating infectious diseases due to their lower side-effect profiles and antimicrobial properties. the standardization of medicinal plant products is crucial for ensuring their reproducibility and therapeutic efficacy. in this context, the present study investigates the abstract— the current study investigates the phytochemical composition, antibacterial, and antifungal activities of various solvent extracts of memordica cymbalaria hook.f., commonly known as bitter melon. the fruit skin extracts were evaluated for the presence of bioactive compounds, as well as their efficacy against common human pathogens. the findings suggest that the plant’s extracts, especially the petroleum ether extract, possess significant antibacterial and antifungal properties, highlighting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent. the study emphasizes the importance of solvent choice in optimizing the extraction of bioactive compounds. keywords: memordica cymbalaria, phytochemicals, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, petroleum ether extract, medicinal plants. chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol7 |issue6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com 2 phytochemical composition and the antimicrobial potential of memordica cymbalaria fruit skin. materials and methods collection of plant material the fruit skin of memordica cymbalaria was collected from mature fruits and authenticated by a botanist. the plant material was washed, dried, and powdered for further analysis. natural habit of memordica cymbalaria hook. f. extraction process the fruit skin was subjected to extraction using different solvents: petroleum ether, toluene, acetone, and aqueous. the extracts were prepared using standard protocols, and the extract concentrations were standardized for antimicrobial testing. phytochemical screening the presence of 15 bioactive phytochemicals was screened using standardized methods. the phytochemicals tested included alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, tannins, sterols, and more. table no. 1: the details of selected solvents and soxhlet unit running parameters of fruit skin of memordica cymbalaria hook.f. s.no. solvent name boiling point polarity total no. of cycles soxhlet total running hours 1. petroleum ether 600 c 0.1 18 3 2. toluene 1110 c 2.4 14 3 3. acetone 560 c 5.1 09 3 4. aqueous 1000 c 10.2 03 3 table no. 2: qualitative analysis of phytochemicals constituents of fruit skin of memordica cymbalaria hook.f. chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol7 |issue6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com 3 s.no test name petroleum ether toluene acetone aqueous 1. alkaloids + + 2. steroids + + + 3. reducing sugars + 4. tannins + + + 5. saponins + + 6. coumarins + 7. flavonoids + + 8. terpenoids + + + 9. glycosides + 10. quinones 11. amino acids + 12. essential oils + 13. aromatic acids + 14. carbohydrates + 15. anthocyanins + + total no. of phytochemicals 8 6 4 6 note: (+) present; (-)absent antibacterial activity antibacterial screening was performed using the disc diffusion method. the following bacterial strains were tested: staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and bacillus subtilis. antifungal activity the antifungal activity of the extracts was evaluated against aspergillus niger and penicillium notatum using similar methods to those used for antibacterial screening. results phytochemical composition the phytochemical composition varied depending on the solvent used for extraction. the following compounds were identified: petroleum ether extract: amino acids, carbohydrates, terpenoids, steroids, reducing sugars, alkaloids, flavonoids, aromatic acids. toluene extract: alkaloids, steroids, tannins, glycosides, essential oils, anthocyanins. chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol7 |issue6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com 4 acetone extract: tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins. aqueous extract: tannins, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, coumarins, anthocyanins. these findings indicate that different solvents extract distinct phytochemicals, emphasizing the importance of solvent selection for maximizing the extraction of bioactive compounds. antibacterial activity the antimicrobial properties of the fruit skin extracts were evaluated against four bacterial pathogens. the results indicated that the petroleum ether extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity: • staphylococcus aureus: 16.4 mm zone of inhibition. • escherichia coli: 16 mm zone of inhibition. • pseudomonas aeruginosa: 15.2 mm zone of inhibition. • bacillus subtilis: 15 mm zone of inhibition. these results suggest that memordica cymbalaria fruit skin, particularly the petroleum ether extract, holds promise as an effective antibacterial agent. table no. 3. antimicrobial activity of leaves extracts of fruit skin of memordica cymbalaria hook.f. using disc diffusion assay s. no pathogens antibacterial activity zone of inhibition (mm) petroleum ether toluene acetone aqueous control (amikacin) 1. escherichia coli 16 ± 0.5 15± 0.5 16.2 ± 0.3 12 ± 0.6 17 ± 0.4 2. pseudomonas aeruginosa 15.2 ± 0.2 13.6 ± 0.2 14.6 ± 0.4 13 ± 0.3 17 ± 0.5 3. staphylococcus aureus 15 ± 0.3 13 ± 0.3 16 ± 0.2 12 ± 0.2 18 ± 0.4 4. bacillus subtilis 16.4 ± 0.4 14 ± 0.4 15 ± 0.5 12.3 ± 0.5 18 ± 0.3 s. no pathogens antifungal activity zone of inhibition (mm) petroleum ether toluene acetone aqueous control (nystatin) 1. aspergillus niger 17 ± 0.5 13.6± 0.5 13 ± 0.3 11 ± 0.6 16 ± 0.4 2. pencillium notatum 15 ± 0.2 14 ± 0.2 13 ± 0.4 11.5 ± 0.3 15 ± 0.5 ± standard error, + present, – absent figure no. 3. antimicrobial activity of leaves extracts of fruit skin of memordica cymbalaria hook.f. using disc diffusion assay chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol7 |issue6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com 5 antifungal activity the antifungal activity of the fruit skin extracts was also significant: • aspergillus niger: maximum zone of inhibition (17 mm) in the petroleum ether extract and minimum (11 mm) in the aqueous extract. • penicillium notatum: maximum zone of inhibition (15 mm) in the petroleum ether extract and minimum (11.5 mm) in the aqueous extract. these results demonstrate that memordica cymbalaria is also effective against fungal pathogens, further supporting its therapeutic potential. discussion the phytochemical screening revealed that memordica cymbalaria contains a wide range of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponins. the composition of these compounds varied with the solvent used for extraction, which is consistent with previous studies on other medicinal plants. petroleum ether and acetone extracts, in particular, showed the presence of key bioactive compounds like alkaloids and terpenoids, known for their antimicrobial properties. the antibacterial activity of the fruit skin extracts, especially the petroleum ether extract, was significant, particularly against staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli, which are major causes of human infections. the observed antimicrobial activity aligns with other studies suggesting the potential of memordica cymbalaria as a natural source of antimicrobial agents. similarly, the antifungal activity of the petroleum ether extract against aspergillus niger and penicillium notatum highlights the broadspectrum potential of this plant in combating both bacterial and fungal pathogens. this finding is particularly important in the context of rising chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol7 |issue6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com 6 fungal infections and increasing resistance to conventional antifungal agents. conclusion the results of this study underscore the therapeutic potential of memordica cymbalaria fruit skin, particularly its extracts in petroleum ether. the significant antibacterial and antifungal activities observed in this study suggest that the plant can be developed as a natural antimicrobial agent. further research is needed to isolate and characterize the active compounds responsible for these activities and to explore their mechanism of action in greater detail. 6. references abdelmegeed et al. 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(2021) mitta r, duddu s, pulala ry, bhupalam p, mandlem v, konde a. mitigative effect of momordica cymbalaria fruit extract against sodium fluoride-induced hepatotoxicity in wistar male albino rats. journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology. 2021;32(2):79–87. doi: 10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0362. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 3 abstract— efforts are being made to investigate the mechanical characteristics of cenosphere and e galass fibres reinforced al7075 in this current project. cenosphere, a low-density, low-cost reinforcing material, is a byproduct of coal combustion in thermal power plants and is readily accessible. as a result, al 7075 metal matrix with cenosphere as reinforcement can easily overcome the cost barrier and may serve as the best supplement with varied physical and mechanical qualities for servicing a broad variety of applications providing wide usage in today's world. variations in the e-glass and cenosphere were used to create the specimens. the specimens used in the tensile test were constructed in accordance with astm specifications. improved features including improved specific strength, specific modulus, damping capacity, and superior wear resistance may be achieved by using metal matrix composites (mmcs) instead of ordinary alloys. the great strength-to-weight ratio of aluminium composite mmcs makes them the most popular. key words: al7075 alloy composite, e-glass, mmcs, and short e-glass fibres chinese traditional medical journal mechanical properties of metal matrix composites consisting of al7075, cenosphere, and eglass. luo xin, xie jing, huang li, gan wenfan, department of cardiology, guang′anmen hospital, china academy of chinese medical sciences , community healthcare center of shangzhuang article info received: 10-04-2023 revised: 25 -05-2023 accepted: 12-06-2023 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 3 1 introduction two or more unique constituent materials may be combined into a single component in the form of composite materials, which are engineered materials built from two or more discrete components. in the context of structural materials, a composite material is onethat has been synthesised or intentionally constructed by mixing two or more materials that have distinct properties. the matrix phase is one of the constituents, whereas the reinforcing phase is another. the phase of reinforcing is included into the matrix in order to provide the required property. for its low density, isotropic nature, cheap manufacturing costs, and simpler secondary processing like fabrication and usage than typically used materials, particulate aluminum reinforced composite materials (parcms) are frequently employed. al-7075's mechanical characteristics are now being studied in relation to the effects of reinforcing materials such as cenosphere and e-glass. the weight percentages of cenosphere, e-glass, and al 7075 alloy in stir-casting hybrid composites were varied, and the castings were then machined to a standard test specimen size. the specimens are next subjected to tensile testing. 2. the goals of current research using the stir-casting method, this research aims to produce an al 7075/cenosphere-e glass composite. in this method, the particulate is mechanically mixed into a molten metal bath before being transferred into a mould before solidification is complete. aluminum alloy 7075 ingots must be roasted in this method in order to the molten condition of the furnace. it's possible to use a mechanical stirrer to produce a vortex at 800850oc temperature. furnaces are used to preheat cenosphere particles. the furnace's temperature is kept between 825 and 855 degrees fahrenheit. preheated cenosphere particles and eglass should be added while stirring of the melt. after the cenosphere and eglass fibres have been added, the melt must be stirred for another 15 minutes to ensure that they are evenly mixed. to make a casting, the melt is poured into a mould that has been heated to a certain temperature. for mechanical testing, these specimens are compared to pure al 7075. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 3 2. experimental details in our experiments, we take the following steps: 3. selecting a substance 4. 2. preparation of the composite 5. 6. 3. testing 1.1 material selection it was made of al 7075 alloy (matrix), e-glass short fibres (reinforcement) and cenosphere (reinforcement). table 1 shows the chemical composition of al7075. table 1: chemical composition of al 7075 1.2 composite preparation e-glass short fibres were utilised as reinforcement, and the percentage of e-glass short fibres changed from 1% to 5% by weight in step-by-step increments for the cenosphere concentration in the composite. for the production of the composite materials, a liquid metallurgical process using an alumina-coated stainless steel stirrer generated a vortex in the compositio n zn fe mg mn cu si cr ti % compositio n 5.6 0.5 2.5 0.3 1.6 0.4 0.23 0. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 3 molten metal pool where the cenosphere particles were inserted. adding a layer of alumina to the stirrer prevents the migration of ferrous ions into the molten metal from the stirrer's substance. 550 rpm was the rotational speed of the stirrer, and its depth of immersion in the molten metal was about two-thirds of the depth of the metal. the period prior for 3 to 4 minutes, the liquid melt was degassed with pure nitrogen before adding the cenosphere particles and short e-glass fibres. preheated permanent moulds were tilt poured with the final slurry to set it up. figure 3.1 furnace figure 3.2 die figure 3.3 pouring figure 3.4 specimen after casting 1.3 machining casted specimens must be further shaped using a lathe in the machine shop since they lack the requisite dimensions. casted specimens. the specimen's centre section diameter must meet the standard before it can be tested on the machine ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 3 figure 3.5 lathe machine figure 3.6 hardness specimens figure 3.7 tensile specimens 1.4 hardness test hard steel or carbide spheres of specified diameter are used to indent a material's surface, and the diameter of the indentation left after the test is used to measure brinell hardness. an indentation with a surface area of square millimetres is referred to as having a brinell hardness number, or simply a brinell number. even if a pressure reading is obtained as a by-product, its units are seldom specified. the bhn is determined using the following formula: where number of brinell hardness in brinell hardnessf = the imposed load in kg d = the spherical indenter's diameter in millimetres di is the resultant indenter impression's diameter, measured in millimetres ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 3 and glass fibres rises, it is apparent that ductility is diminishing. aa7075 alloy had the conclusion 1. a composite metal matrix of aluminium 7075 and titanium it was possible to effectively synthesis e-glass and cenoshere composites with varied weight fractions using the stir casting process. when compared to an unreinforced alloy, the al7075-gf-cenoshere composite has a twofold increase in hardness due to the addition of glass fibres. when secondary aluminium particles are added to the alloy, the composites' ductility decreases. when compared to the hybrid composites, however, al7075 alloy has a greater ductility. 4. the ultimate tensile strength of al7075 alloy and al7075-gf-cenoshere composites rises when the proportion of dual reinforcement is increased. references [1] gk purohit modeling of al7075/al2o3 composites made by 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[53]u.cocen, kazimonel, ductility and strength of extruded sicp/aluminium-alloy composites, composites science and technology 62 (2002) 275–282. international 97 (2016) , 49-58. deciphering parkinson’s disease through eye movements: a promising tool for early diagnosis in the face of cognitive impairment ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 13 deciphering parkinson’s disease through eye movements: a promising tool for early diagnosis in the face of cognitive impairment b.buvana, r .chaithu, n . samyoutha assistant professor1,2,3, badruka pharmacy college and institution 1. introduction according to [1], the frequency of parkinson's disease (pd) is expected to double by 2030, impacting over 1% of the population aged 65 and over. it is the second most frequent neurodegenerative ailment. cognitive impairment is a significant nonmotor symptom of parkinson's disease (pd) that may develop at any point in the disease progression, even before motor symptoms appear. it has a profound effect on patients' ability to carry out daily tasks and interact socially. raises the emotional and financial strain on families and communities as a whole, as well as on carers individually. a wide range of cognitive dysfunctions, including issues with attention, memory, visual space, language function, and executive function, may characterise parkinson's disease dementia (pdd) [2]. individuals with pdd have more severe forms of attention deficit, decreased executive function, and visual impairments when compared to those with alzheimer's disease (ad). spatial function, with little impairment to linguistic function [3]. additionally, compared to individuals with normal cognition, those with cognitive impairment have much reduced quality-of-life and activities of daily living. however, there is currently fewer research and therapy options available for nonmotor symptoms of pd, particularly cognitive impairment, compared to motor symptoms. according to epidemiological survey data, the occurrence of cognitive impairment is 2.5-6 times greater in pd patients compared to non-pd patients of the same age group [4]. the pace of cognitive decline, the regions of the brain affected, and the severity of the disease may vary greatly; it can begin before a pd diagnosis, continue throughout the diagnosis, or manifest years or even decades after the diagnosis [5]. after twenty years of illness, the cumulative incidence of pdd might approach 80% [6], which becomes a major predictor with age [7]. cognitively abstract— at any point in the progression of parkinson's disease (pd), cognitive impairment becomes the most prominent and prevalent nonmotor symptom. unfortunately, reliable biomarkers for assessing cognitive impairment and disease development, particularly in its early stages, are currently lacking. the cognitive scale is now the gold standard for pd patients' cognitive evaluations, although it has limited sensitivity and accuracy, particularly when it comes to detecting moderate cognitive impairment in its early stages. one of the most effective ways to learn about the connection between behaviour and brain processes is to use eye movement tracking, a cutting-edge neurophysiological monitoring tool. researchers have recently discovered that eye movement monitoring may be used as a less cognitive and nonverbal way to assess the progression of illness in people with cognitive impairment. patients with pd may have their cognitive state, illness severity, and disease progression monitored using eye movement monitoring, since it has a strong association with the standard cognitive evaluation scale. the instrument's detection of eye movement is more objective and repeatable than the conventional cognitive scale. according to previous research, one of the most prominent forms of cognitive dysfunction in pd patients is executive dysfunction, which is associated with increased saccade error rate, increased disinhibition on the delayed saccade task, and prolonged saccade reaction time. this provides further evidence that measuring eye movement is useful for pd diagnosis, tracking the illness's development, making differential diagnoses, and maybe even foretelling how the disease would affect people with both pd and cognitive impairment. this article provides a synopsis of the literature on the link between pd and emd in terms of cognitive impairment. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 14 impaired pd patients are more likely to have dyskinesia progression and a poor prognosis, both of which complicate pd diagnosis. when diagnosing and differentiating nervous system diseases, including neurodegenerative motor disorders like α-synuclein (α-syn) disease (including pd, dementia with lewy bodies (dlb), and multiple system atrophy (msa)) and tauopathies (progressive supranuclear paralysis, psp)) [8, 9], the neurological physical examination of eye movement function is crucial. a decreased saccade amplitude, prolonged saccade latency, and special saccade mode have been proposed in recent research on eye movement in pd [9, 10]. these features may be significant in the early detection, development, and differential diagnosis of pd cognitive impairment, as well as in the course of the disease itself. 2. pathogenesis of cognitive impairment in pd our understanding of the neuropathological process underlying pdd is lacking. research has shown a correlation between the degree of cognitive impairment in pd patients and the pathological deposition of α-syn in the form of the cortical lewy body (lb) [11]. a lack of dopaminergic (da) neurons in the striatum caused by the loss of substantia nigra neurons is one of the main pathological features. another is the buildup of αsynaptophysin in the inclusion bodies of neurons, which first manifests in cholinergic and monoaminergic brain stem neurons and the olfactory system, resulting in notable synaptic lesions [12]. pdd and dlb are on opposite extremities of the illness continuum, however they share many clinical features. although they are often seen as opposite extremities of the illness spectrum, dlb and pdd have strong links with α-syn and share a lot of common clinical symptoms. the brainstem and cortical catecholaminergic, da, and noradrenergic nuclei are more susceptible to the disease and degradation of α-syn in pd and dlb [13]. defects in cognition and neuropsychiatry are thought to result from these illnesses' loss of monoaminergic neurons [14]. the substantia nigra, amygdala, brain, and hippocampal ca2 region are areas where α-syn lesions may be discovered in pigment neurons. the α-syn pathology was found to be significantly correlated with an increase in activated microglia at the front of the amygdala, a progressive reduction in α-syn pathology from the anterior pericortical granules to the intermediate granule abnormal subregions and the posterior cortical granule island subregions [15, 16]. mild cognitive impairment (pd-mci) is characterised by a dispersion of da neuronal defects in the caudate nucleus; in pdd, these defects spread to the periphery and neocortical regions. according to references [17, 18], the primary factor that determines pdd and dlb is the penetration of α-syn into the marginal zone (also known as the parahippocampal region) and neocortical area (also known as the frontal and temporal lobe binding area). there is substantial variation in pd pathology, according to a longterm clinical pathology research by molly et al. [19]. various cognitive domains may lean towards various degenerative patterns. further factors that contribute to the development of pd include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular calcium imbalance, neuroinflammation, various faults in the neurotransmitter system, and other dysfunctional pathways and processes [20]. also, pdd has a varied pathophysiology, according to certain research. complex pathological alterations, such as the widespread deposition of α-syn, pathological changes similar to ad, and subcortical microangiopathy, are seen in patients with pd and cognitive impairment. deposition of β-amyloid and tangles in nerve fibres are the primary pathological hallmarks of alzheimer's disease [6, 21–23]. 3. characteristics of eye movement in patients with pd and cognitive impairment there are five main categories of eye-tracking tasks: saccade, gaze, smooth tracking, visual search, and social cognition. the two most common forms are fixation and saccade. when participants keep their gaze focused on one spot in space, it's called gazing; when they quickly move between two spots, it's called saccade. the two main types of saccades are autonomous saccades and reflected saccades. easy focus and execution are required for reflex saccades, which are also called proor vision-guided saccades, to position the needle to a new object in the field of vision. the intentional tasks that arise from autonomous scanning in different models, on the other hand, may be classified as memory-guided, predictive, antiscanning, or deliberate scanning. the latter three types often need a greater degree of cognitive engagement and executive control. saccades are the most common kind of eye movement abnormality in people with pdd. 3.1. reflective saccade, also known as overlapping saccade). there is no need to give participants complicated or even distinct instructions when administering the reflex scan task; instead, they are just instructed to stare at the target fast and precisely, and the cognitive process may be recognised using simple overlapping procedures (figure 1(a)). research on reflex saccade in people with parkinson's disease and cognitive impairment, however, has shown conflicting findings [24]. based on the findings ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 15 (a) (b) (c) figure 1: (a) reflexive vision-guided scanning diagram: [1] the subject looks at the target point in the middle of the screen (yellow); [2] the target point appears randomly around the screen (green); and [3] the subject quickly looks at the random target point. (b) smooth tracking diagram: the subjects looked at the target point and followed it to move at the same speed in the same direction until the target point disappeared. (c) antisaccade diagram: [1] the subject looks at the target point that appears in the center of the screen (yellow); [2] the central target point disappears and a random target point appears around the screen (green); and [3] the subject looks in the direction opposite to the target point (white box). macaskill et al. [26] discovered that the reduction in visionguided saccade is associated with the degree of cognitive decline, whereas suggestions [25] indicate that the latency and speed of eye movement in reflex saccade are comparatively conserved. memory loss was also predicted by smaller reflex saccade amplitude, slower average speed, and shorter baseline latency in pd patients, according to a 54month prospective study by stuart et al. [27]. this study showed that early pd patients had impaired reflex saccade function, amplitude, and speed when compared to agematched controls. another research by yu et al. [28] confirmed the impaired reflexive saccadic performance in parkinson's disease patients, which worsened with deteriorating cognitive function. patients with pd may be able to use reflex saccade as an indication of cognitive decline because to the negative link between prolonged latency and the mini-mental state examination (mmse) score.. because ad solely affects complex saccade function, whereas pdd affects both reflex and complex saccade functions, mosimann et al. [10] also suggested that impairment of reflex saccade might help distinguish between the two. tracking with no delay 3.1. figure 1(b) shows that human eyes use smooth pursuit eye movement (spem) to follow a tiny, slowly moving object. the basal ganglia may have a role in the aberrant spem seen in pd patients [29, 30]. the inability or difficulty to initiate slow, deliberate movement is a hallmark of parkinson's disease. when compared to healthy controls, patients with pd showed more saccadic eye movements during pursuit [31]. the control group that was considered to be in the normal range showed an early the component of smooth tracking in the direction that was proposed, a saccade to remedy the issue, and then an improved smooth tracking response. contrarily, most pd patients employed saccade to track accurately, initial tracking was seldom generated before to scanning, and there was no evidence of improved smooth tracking after scanning. in addition, compared to the control group (low gain), patients with pd had a much decreased peak eye velocity throughout the follow-up period after scanning. additionally, compared to those with normal working memory, pd patients with frontal brain dys-function had much greater mistake rates throughout smooth follow-up. according to single-photon emission computed tomography (spect), these patients exhibited low perfusion in the frontal lobe or frontotemporal cortex. this suggests that individuals with pd who experience working memory impairment may have dys-function in the frontal cortex [33, 34], leading to higher rates of predictive error during smooth tracking. an increase in irrelevant saccades or distractions, which mirrors the executive failure seen in pd patients, may be associated with spem abnormalities, according to other research [35]. section 3.2 treats antisaccade. when individuals engage in ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 16 sc gpi/snr antisaccade, they concentrate their gaze on the visual signal located in the middle of the detection screen. after a predetermined period, the visual stimulus signal in the centre of the screen will appear in a random direction. the participants in this research had to look in the opposite direction of the visual stimulus signal that was in the middle of the screen; the signal occurred randomly in one particular direction (figure 1(c)). antisaccades are only effective when the subject is able to spontaneously scan in the opposite direction from the stimulus, rather than relying on their reflexive, visually directed scan [36]. according to some research, spontaneous there is no discernible decline in performance in later stages of pd, although early-stage symptoms such as saccade disorder and reduced saccade amplitude have been reported [37], particularly in memory-mediated saccade activity. deterioration in saccade accuracy and extension of saccade latency are the most prominent symptoms of reverse saccade involvement, which worsens with the course of pd [26]. waldthaler et al. [38] performed a meta-analysis and discovered that pd patients had a much higher mistake rate and reverse saccade delay, and that a longer latency of saccades was associated with higher exercise load and longer disease duration. in addition, silvia et al. [36] demonstrated that the primary cause of the increased antiscan error rate in pd patients is not the inability to voluntarily scan in the opposite direction of the target, but rather the inability to control the reflex scan of unexpected targets. further findings included the following: a higher hoehn and yahr (h & y) score was positively linked with a greater reverse scan error rate, and the h & y score, as an overall clinical stage evaluation tool, represented the degree of cognitive deterioration caused by the illness. while dopaminergic medication may have some correlation with pd progression, it has no discernible impact on reflex delay. 4. possible mechanism of eye movement disorder in pdd the decreased saccade amplitude observed in the pd patient may be due to basal ganglia dysfunction, which causes ex figure 2: anatomical pathways related to reflexive and voluntary saccades in parkinson’s disease. a: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; b: basal ganglia; c: superior colliculus; d: brainstem saccade generator; e: visual cortex; f: parietal frontal lobe visual field; g: frontal lobe visual field. a ⟶ b ⟶ c: autonomous saccade pathway; a ⟶ c: reflex saccade pathway. cortex d1 striatum d2 cessive superior colliculus inhibition when the fronto-ocular signal gets transmitted from the substantia nigra reticular part to the basal ganglia. autonomous saccade works through the cortical-basal ganglia-superior colliculus pathway, whereas reflex saccade starts directly from the cortex to the superior colliculus without passing through the basal ganglia, both of which are then projected to the brainstem saccade generator (figure 2). the da neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra regulate the direct inhibition and indirect excitation of the striatum to the inner globus pallidus/substantia nigra reticular part by stimulating d1 and d2 receptors, respectively [39]. the loss of da neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta in pd leads to excessive activation of the inner globus pallidus/substantia nigra reticular part in the striatum, followed by overinhibition of the thalamus (striatum-thalamuscortical circuit) and superior colliculus, resulting in motor delay and random scanning disorder (figure 3). abnormal deposition of α-syn in da neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta is a pathological feature of cognitive impairment in pd. when the clinical signs of pd are prominent, da ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 17 neurons in the substantia nigra compacta are seriously damaged, which may lead to excessive inhibition of the superior colliculus, prolongation of latency, and decrease in velocity and amplitude; this may also reduce the inhibitory effect on the superior colliculus, thus stimulating nerve impulses to produce unnecessary saccade [40] subsequently, pathological deposits may continue to spread from the figure 3: effect of dopaminergic neurons on saccade. snc: sub stantia nigra pars compacta; gpi: internal globus pallidus; snr: substantia nigra pars reticulata; sc: superior colliculus. midbrain to the thalamus and cortex as the superior colliculus circuit is gradually damaged, impairing cognition and aggravating eye movement dysfunction, which may explain the link between eye movement dysfunction, cognitive de cline, and disease progression in pd [27, 41]. studies have also shown [42] that the lateral prefrontal cortex is a vital area for saccade control, playing a central role in executive function, while lesions in this area are associated with many executive defects. in addition, the ability to inhibit incorrect, visually evoked eye beats depends, to a certain extent, on the integrity of the lateral prefrontal cortex, which further suggests that eye movement disorders are associated with impaired executive function. executive dysfunction is the most prominent manifestation of the cognitive impairment observed in pd. amador et al.’s research also showed [36] that executive dysfunction in pd was associated with a higher antiscan error rate, increased inhibition times in delayed reverse scan tasks, and prolonged scan response times. 5. eye movement differences between pdd and other cognitive disorders section 5.1. ad. progressive memory loss, attention impairment, and executive dysfunction are hallmarks of alzheimer's disease (ad), the most prevalent neurodegenerative dementia [43]. acquired oculomotor impairments in alzheimer's disease include saccade, fixation, and smooth pursuit. saccadic tests revealed that ad patients had fewer precise saccadic movements and more big invasive saccades [44]. eye movements in young-onset ad were compared with those of healthy controls of the same age by pavisic et al. [43]. compared to healthy controls of the same age, patients exhibited aberrant patterns of eye movement in the saccade, smooth pursuit, and fixation stability tests. in addition, the findings imply that high-order visuospatial and visuoperceptual integrations may be predicted using eye-tracking paradigms that are both simple and particular, which represent fundamental oculomotor properties. patients with ad made more mistakes and spent less time following the goal during smooth pursuit tasks. in contrast to healthy older individuals, patients with ad exhibited increased antisaccade cost, latency variability across tasks, and latency overall (noiret et al., 2015). it took longer for ad patients to fix erroneous antisaccades and there were more uncorrected antisaccades overall. when asked to forecast when a saccade will occur, older persons with ad had more gain and gain variability compared to healthy older individuals. the majority of saccadic eye movement characteristics shown strong correlations with dementia screening tests, particularly the mmse and episodic memory measures, as well as with prosaccade, anti-saccadic, and predictive saccade tasks. this provides further evidence that executive and selective attention impairments may underlie saccadic eye movement abnormalities in alzheimer's disease. section 5.2 will cover dlb. mosimann et al. [46] conducted experiments that tested pdd and dlb patients' reflexive saccade abilities, as measured by gap and overlap tasks, as well as their complex saccade abilities, including prediction, decision, and antisaccades. saccadic eye movement alterations were seen in both dlb and pdd patients, with a protracted delay of horizontal saccades of all kinds, as well as defective predictive saccades and inhibition of saccades. like patients with pdd, those with dlb have an increased delay of reflexive and voluntary saccades, the degree of which is correlated with the severity of the condition, according to a research [47]. vulvovaginal palsy is a symptom that may be seen in some dlb patients. horizontal and vertical saccades were less rapid and accurate, and the patients' variability was higher. supravertical gaze paralysis is seen in a small number of dlb patients. people with dlb had trouble with basic saccadic eye movement tasks as well as more advanced ones, and they also had trouble with reflexive and saccadic execution. furthermore, studies have shown that akinesia and stiffness often accompany convergence issues [48]. 6. feasibility and advantages of using an eye movement instrument to evaluate cognitive impairment in pd as of right now, there isn't a solid biomarker that can detect neurodegeneration or monitor the development of cognitive impairment in pd. neuropsychological screening measures are now the gold standard for clinical diagnosis of pdd. screening techniques with greater accuracy need substantial time and resources, including experienced medical personnel and significant training, yet they are adequate in diagnosing ad and moderate cognitive impairment (mci). in addition, the degree of education of the receiver and the expertise of the assessor have a significant impact on the outcomes [49–52]. on the other ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 18 hand, eye tracking may provide quantitative parameters and millisecond-level precision [53]. to objectively quantify cognitive impairment in pd patients, we used a particular eye-scanning technique to investigate the cognitive process behind visual abnormalities. with the use of eye movement tracking technology, it is possible to record the dynamic features of behaviour in the natural world in a way that is more objective, trustworthy, and scalable. this paves the way for the processing and quantitative analysis of objective data [54]. patients with cognitive impairment may have their illness development monitored nonverbally and with less cognitive load using eye movement monitoring [55]. recording eye movements does not need any extra behavioural reactions, unlike many conventional neuro-psychological evaluations. eye movement tracking is ideal for patient research since it is noninvasive and does not have any contraindications [43]. evidence is mounting that standard cognitive evaluation instruments and data gathered from eye movement monitoring have a strong association. eye movement monitoring seems to be a viable tool for assessing and tracking the cognitive state, severity, and development of neurological disorders [36]. screening for cognitive problems in neurological illnesses has piqued the interest of eye-tracking technologies in recent decades. using an electro-phthalmography equipment, thickbroom and black [56] were the first to discover aberrant eye movement in multiple sclerosis. they measured eye movement during monitoring responsibilities. eye movement abnormalities may include either the extrapyramidal or supratentorial cones, as was shown in another research [57] that included als patients. based on these results, watching eye movements might be a useful diagnostic technique for gauging illness course and prognosis. eye movement tracking may have use in the differential diagnosis of parkinson's syndrome[58,59] since several age-related degenerative disorders are associated with aberrant patterns of eye movement. these patterns vary among pd, cortical-basal syndrome, psp, and msa. a growing body of research suggests that indicators that monitor eye movement may do more than just digitally record the eye's spatiotemporal trajectory and movement characteristics; they can also reflect sophisticated cognitive information and even forecast the onset of particular cognitive impairment. these markers differ because of variations in disease features, individual variances in perception, and the severity of cognitive impairment [55]. during gaze and smooth tracking tasks, several brain regions were discovered to be active, including the thalamus, anterior cingulate cortex, auxiliary motor area, superior colliculus, and frontal insular cortex [60, 61]. tasks requiring executive function, such as scanning, smooth tracking, visual search, and social cognitive processing, engage a network of cortical and subcortical regions [62]. thus, the eye movement tracking index offers a wealth of information for investigating the brain's inner workings, the connections between behaviour and cognition, neural processes, and brain function [63, 64]. saccade activity impairment may be an early indicator of cognitive impairment in pd, as shown by walton et al. [65] in their study of patients with pdd compared to those with pd without cognitive impairment. patients with pdd were more impaired with regard to complicated saccade and reverse saccade movements. prolonged saccade delay was shown to be more than 60% sensitive and 88% specific in differentiating pd from pdd, according to mosimann [66] and other research. even at an early stage, the amplitude of the reflex saccade in pd patients reduced somewhat, according to a case-control research [26] conducted by macaskill et al. in addition, later stages of the illness are generally associated with greater saccade delay in older individuals with increased motor and cognitive impairment. if a patient has full cognitive function, their scan latency should be about the same; if they have cognitive impairment, it would progressively be longer. the varying amplitudes and latency of spontaneous saccades, together with their gradual deterioration, suggest that they might be a valuable objective tool for evaluating the illness status. according to these results, the reflex saccade parameters for motor and cognitive symptoms in pd might be reliable indicators of these conditions, and they could be used as biomarkers to monitor the development of the illness and the efficacy of neuroprotection and neurorecovery treatments. when it comes to motor illnesses like parkinson's, eye-tracking studies are ideal for assessing cognitive function because they are less impacted by motor retardation in pd since they do not rely on motor responses and simply need basic eye motions. 7. summary and prospect there are currently few options for detecting cognitive impairment in early parkinson's disease. research methods and tools for the detection of cognitive dysfunction are currently limited, and there are still challenges to conducting objective and large-scale screenings of cognitive impairment in the community. this is mainly due to the high cost, stringent testing requirements, and invasive nature of cerebrospinal fluid, peripheral blood, or neuroimaging [67]. saccade monitoring has the potential to be a dependable and userfriendly biomarker, as several research on neurodegenerative diseases have shown that saccade controls have degraded to different degrees. there is a lot of activity in the area of cognitive testing that uses eye movement. saccade has gained popularity as a method for assessing cognitive abilities and eye movement control because to its readily measurable dynamic ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 19 features and well-defined anatomical circuits. research is being conducted with the objective of making the tools more accurate and reliable. many studies on alzheimer's disease have shown a strong relationship between emg parameters and cognitive performance; however, there is a dearth of research on the topic of cognitive impairment and emg in parkinson's disease patients, and what little there is is mostly cross-sectional. different methods used to identify people, instruments, and durations of follow-up in previous longitudinal research may explain why their findings vary. to validate the role of eye movement in parkinson's disease development, more longitudinal follow-up studies are required. the elderly also often have trouble with memoryguided scanning and reverse scanning. when it comes to scanning tasks, patients with mild cognitive function typically have no problem. however, when it comes to patients with severe cognitive impairment, eye movement is typically not an option because patients with severe cognitive impairment struggle to cooperate in order to implement the corresponding saccade paradigm. the acquired data can end up being inaccurate because of this. that is why it is essential to establish quantitative standards in order to have useful and effective assessment criteria. furthermore, most studies found that individuals with pd used more dopaminergic drugs—drugs that might influence eye movement—during the test. to avoid this confounding impact, future research should compare pd patients taking medication with those who do not. furthermore, there is a lack of consistency in the equipment used to detect eye movement and in the standards used to measure saccade indicators such as error rates, proper antisaccade delay, and error latency in the available research. the outcomes of the study might be skewed due to bias or mistake. in order to make the results more credible and consistent, it could be helpful to fix the possible problems with the spatial/temporal resolution, noise, calibration, etc., of existing eye-tracking hardware and software. eye movement tracking in conjunction with other biomarkers and clinical tools has the potential to provide the most effective method for predicting cognitive deterioration and, eventually, for early, more tailored therapy of pdd. ethical approval the manuscript does not contain clinical studies or patient data. conflicts of interest the authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. authors’ contributions all authors had full access to all the content in the study and are responsible for the completeness and accuracy of the content. xianglian liao and jian yao are mainly responsible for manuscript drafting and manuscript editing. hongyin tang, yilan xing, xin zhao, and daao nie contributed to the literature search, and guihua li and ping luan were re sponsible for reviewing and guiding the manuscript. all the authors have read and approved the final manuscript. xianglian liao and jian yao contributed equally to this work. references [1] d. aarsland, l. batzu, g. m. halliday et al., “parkinson disease-associated cognitive impairment,” nature reviews disease primers, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 47, 2021. [2] b. dubois, e. tolosa, r. katzenschlager et al., “donepezil in parkinson’s disease dementia: a randomized, double-blind efficacy and safety study,” movement disorders, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 1230–1238, 2012. [3] m. emre, d. aarsland, r. brown et al., “clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with parkinson’s disease,” movement disorders, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 1689–1707, 2007. [4] f. perez, c. helmer, a. foubert-samier, s. auriacombe, j. f. dartigues, and f. tison, “risk of dementia in an elderly population of parkinson’s disease patients: a 15-year population-based study,” alzheimer’s and dementia, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 463–469, 2012. [5] d. aarsland, l. batzu, g. m. halliday et al., “parkinson disease-associated cognitive impairment,” nature reviews disease primers, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 47, 2021. [6] m. a. hely, w. g. reid, m. a. adena, g. m. halliday, and j. g. morris, “the sydney multicenter study of parkinson’s disease: the inevitability of dementia at 20 years,” movement disorders, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 837–844, 2008. [7] d. aarsland, j. kvaløy, k. andersen et al., “the effect of age of onset of pd on risk of dementia,” journal of neurology, vol. 254, no. 1, pp. 38–45, 2007. [8] m. habibi, w. h. oertel, b. j. white et al., “eye tracking identifies biomarkers in α-synucleinopathies versus pro gressive supranuclear palsy,” journal of neurology, vol. 269, no. 9, pp. 4920–4938, 2022. [9] e. h. pinkhardt and j. kassubek, “ocular motor abnormalities in parkinsonian syndromes,” parkinsonism and related disorders, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 223–230, 2011. [10] u. p. mosimann, r. m. mu¨ri, d. j. burn, j. felblinger, j. t. o’brien, and i. g. mckeith, “saccadic eye movement changes in parkinson’s disease dementia and dementia with lewy bodies,” brain, vol. 128, no. 6, pp. 1267–1276, 2005. [11] a. k. l. liu, t. w. chau, e. j. lim et al., “hippocampal ca2 lewy pathology is associated with cholinergic degeneration in parkinson’s disease with cognitive decline,” acta neuro pathologica communications, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 61, 2019. [12] w. poewe, k. seppi, c. m. tanner et al., “parkinson disease,” nature reviews disease primers, vol. 3, no. 1, 2017. [13] r. b. postuma, d. berg, m. stern et al., “abolishing the 1-year rule: how much evidence will be enough?” movement dis orders, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 1623–1627, 2016. [14] t. fukuda, j. takahashi, and j. tanaka, “tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons are decreased in number in the cerebral cortex of parkinson’s disease,” neuropathology, vol. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2018 | vol 1 |issue 2 13 chinese traditional medical journal privacy-preserving personalized healthcare data in cloud environments via secure multi-party computation and gradient descent optimization 1swapna narla, tek leaders inc, texas, usa swapnanarla8883@gmail.com 2r lakshmana kumar sri ranganathar institute of engineering and technology coimbatore, india. lakshmanakumar93@gmail.com 1.introduction the rapid growth of healthcare data, fueled by advancements in internet of things (iot) devices and electronic health records, has created significant opportunities for enhancing patient care through data-driven insights[1]. however, the sensitive nature of healthcare data raises serious concerns regarding unauthorized access, data breaches, and misuse [2]. as healthcare organizations increasingly rely on cloud environments for storing and processing vast amounts of data, ensuring that patient information remains secure is of paramount importance[3]. traditional encryption methods, while effective, can hinder the computational efficiency required for real-time data analysis[4]. this necessitates the adoption of more sophisticated privacy-preserving techniques that enable secure data processing without compromising on performance [5]. secure multi-party computation (smpc) offers a robust solution by allowing multiple parties to jointly compute a function over their private data without disclosing any individual inputs[6]. this ensures that each party's data remains confidential, even as it is used to derive valuable insights[7]. when combined with gradient descent optimization, which iteratively adjusts model abstract— with the rapid advancement of cloud computing and iot technologies, healthcare systems are increasingly adopting cloud-based solutions for efficient data management, remote monitoring, and decision support. however, existing personal health record (phr) systems and iot-integrated healthcare solutions face critical challenges related to data security, privacy preservation, system reliability, and scalability. existing cloud-based phr systems and iot-integrated healthcare solutions face challenges in ensuring data security, privacy preservation, and efficient system scalability. while myphrmachines enables secure access via virtual machines, it lacks advanced privacy-preserving mechanisms and optimized data handling. similarly, iot-cloud healthcare solutions require enhanced security, reliability, and quality of service to protect sensitive patient data. addressing these limitations is essential for developing a more secure, scalable, and efficient cloud-powered healthcare system. this research proposes a privacy-preserving personalized healthcare data system utilizing secure multi-party computation (smpc) and gradient descent optimization to enhance data confidentiality, secure access control, and computational efficiency. the proposed approach ensures privacy-preserving data sharing while maintaining high performance and system scalability in cloud environments. experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in privacy protection, computational efficiency, and quality of service (qos), making it a robust and efficient solution for secure cloud-based healthcare data management. keywords: cloud-based healthcare, privacy-preserving data sharing, personal health record (phr)secure multi-party mailto:swapnanarla8883@gmail.com mailto:lakshmanakumar93@gmail.com ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2018 | vol 1 |issue 2 14 parameters to minimize errors, healthcare providers can build accurate predictive models for personalized care without exposing sensitive patient information[8]. this approach not only ensures that privacy is maintained but also allows healthcare systems to harness the full potential of big data analytics in a secure manner[9]. by implementing smpc alongside gradient descent, cloud-based healthcare platforms can offer more accurate, personalized treatment recommendations and predictive diagnostics, all while safeguarding patient privacy in compliance with regulatory standards such as hipaa[10]. 2.literature review deng et al.[11] introduced a multi-layered security framework integrating hybrid encryption, role-based access control, and multi-factor authentication to ensure data confidentiality and secure access in home healthcare systems. similarly, gorata et al.[12] proposed a system that encrypts healthcare data before cloud transmission, incorporating a mathematical model to measure data availability and enhance security against unauthorized access. raval et al.[13] discussed the growing adoption of cloud computing in healthcare, highlighting benefits such as efficient electronic medical record exchange and reduced infrastructure costs, though they did not propose a specific security framework. tran quang et al.[14]’s research on embedding security and privacy into cloud applications underscores the importance of robust security protocols during development and operation, with thanh chi phan and hung chi tran suggesting machine learning techniques like convolutional neural networks for enhanced data protection. additionally, s. durga devi et al [15] proposed a cloud-based application using aes encryption to secure the sharing of electronic health records (ehrs), ensuring confidentiality while enabling timely access to critical health data. collectively, these studies emphasize encryption, authentication, and privacypreserving techniques as essential components for securing medical data in cloud computing environments. quwaider et al.[16] propose a multi-tier cloud infrastructure for a reliable global health awareness system, utilizing wireless body area networks (wbans) for data collection, cloudlets for local processing, regional clouds for data aggregation, and a centralized global cloud for analysis, aiming to minimize processing delays and improve health data sharing. achampong et al.[17] introduce a private virtual infrastructure (pvi) model to secure electronic health records (ehrs) in the cloud, incorporating a locator bot (lobot) to monitor and ensure the security of the cloud infrastructure. paladi et al. [18] focus on enhancing user security in public infrastructure as a service (iaas) clouds, implementing trusted virtual machine (vm) launches and domain-based storage protection, allowing tenants to verify platform integrity and manage encryption keys. kanchana et al.[19] propose myphrmachines, a cloud-based personal health record (phr) system that enables secure upload and access to medical data via virtual machines, facilitating easy sharing with caregivers. milovanovic et al.[20] explore the integration of iot technologies with cloud computing in healthcare, discussing the design complexities and the need for system reliability, security, and quality of service, while reviewing existing iot healthcare applications and related technologies. 3.problem statement existing cloud-based personal health record (phr) systems and iot-integrated healthcare solutions face challenges related to security, data sharing, and system reliability. while myphrmachines ensures secure access via virtual machines,[19] there is a need for improved privacy-preserving mechanisms and efficient data handling. similarly, iot-cloud integration in healthcare demands enhanced security, quality of service, and scalability to manage sensitive patient data effectively. addressing these limitations is crucial for building robust, secure, and efficient cloud-powered healthcare systems[20]. 3.1 objective this research aims to develop a secure, scalable, and privacy-preserving cloud-based healthcare system by addressing security, data sharing, and system reliability challenges. it enhances data privacy using secure multi-party computation (smpc) and encrypted access control for improved confidentiality and secure sharing. machine learning-based optimization techniques ensure system scalability and efficiency in iot-cloud environments. additionally, a context-aware security framework improves quality of service (qos) while maintaining real-time healthcare data integrity. 4.proposed personalized healthcare data in cloud environments via secure multi-party computation and gradient descent optimization the proposed methodology for personalized healthcare data in cloud environments via secure multi-party computation (smpc) and gradient ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2018 | vol 1 |issue 2 15 descent optimization involves a collaborative approach where multiple parties (e.g., healthcare providers, patients, and cloud service providers) jointly compute personalized health models without disclosing sensitive data to each other. smpc ensures that each participant's data remains private by securely sharing only the results of the computations rather than the raw data itself. gradient descent optimization is applied to train machine learning models on the aggregated healthcare data while minimizing prediction errors. this combined approach enables the development of accurate, privacy-preserving healthcare models in a cloud environment, where sensitive medical data is safeguarded throughout the analysis process, allowing for personalized health recommendations and decision-making without compromising data privacy. figure 1: personalized healthcare data in cloud environments via secure multi-party computation and gradient descent optimization 4.1 data collection data collection involves gathering healthcare records from various sources, such as hospitals, clinics, and iot devices. these records include patient demographics, medical history, lab results, and sensor data. the collected data serves as the foundation for further processing, encryption, and analysis. ensuring data accuracy and completeness is crucial for reliable healthcare predictions and risk assessments. 4.2 data preprocessing data preprocessing involves cleaning and transforming raw healthcare records to improve data quality. handling missing values includes techniques like imputation, interpolation, or removal to ensure completeness. noise reduction removes irrelevant or erroneous data using filtering, smoothing, or advanced statistical methods. these steps enhance data reliability for accurate disease prediction and risk assessment. 4.2.1 handle missing value handling missing values is a crucial preprocessing step in healthcare data to ensure data completeness and improve model accuracy. common techniques ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2018 | vol 1 |issue 2 16 include mean/mode/median imputation, interpolation, or predictive modeling. one widely used method is mean imputation, where missing values are replaced with the mean of the available data for that feature. equation for mean imputation: a common approach for handling missing values is mean imputation, where missing values are replaced with the mean of the observed values: 𝑋𝑖 = 1 𝑛 ∑   𝑛 𝑗=1 𝑋𝑗 were: 𝑋𝑖 is the imputed value for the missing entry, 𝑋𝑗 represents the observed values in the feature, 𝑛 is the number of observed (non-missing) values. 4.2.2 noise reduction noise reduction is the process of eliminating unwanted variations or distortions (noise) from signals, images, or datasets to enhance their quality. it is commonly used in signal processing, image enhancement, and machine learning to improve accuracy and clarity. techniques for noise reduction include filtering, statistical smoothing, and deep learning-based denoising. equation: gaussian smoothing filter a common method for noise reduction in images and signals is gaussian smoothing, defined as: 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1 2𝜋𝜎2 𝑒 − 𝑥2+𝑦2 2𝜎2 were: 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦) is the gaussian function, 𝜎 controls the spread (smoothness) of the filter, 𝑥, 𝑦 are spatial coordinates relative to the center of the filter. 4.4 encryption advanced encryption standard (aes) is a symmetric encryption algorithm used for securing data through block cipher encryption. it operates on fixed-size 128-bit blocks and supports key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits for varying security levels. aes follows multiple rounds of substitution, permutation, mixing, and key addition to transform plaintext into ciphertext. it is widely used in applications like secure communications, cloud security, and data protection. 4.3 cloud storage cloud storage is a service that allows users to store, manage, and access data over the internet instead of local storage devices. it provides scalability, security, and redundancy, ensuring data availability and protection against loss. cloud storage can be public, private, or hybrid, catering to different security and performance needs. popular providers include aws s3, google drive, and microsoft onedrive. 4.5 privacy-preserving personalized healthcare data in cloud environments via secure multi-party computation secure multi-party computation (smpc) is a cryptographic technique that allows multiple parties to jointly compute a function over their inputs while keeping those inputs private. it ensures that no party learns anything beyond the final output, preserving data confidentiality. smpc is widely used in privacy-preserving data analytics, secure voting, and confidential financial transactions. common protocols for smpc include yao’s garbled circuits and secret sharing. equation: additive secret sharing a fundamental approach in smpc is additive secret sharing, where a secret 𝑆 is split among 𝑛 parties such that the sum reconstructs the secret: 𝑆 = 𝑆1 + 𝑆2 + ⋯ + 𝑆𝑛 mod𝑃 were: 𝑆 is the original secret, 𝑆1, 𝑆2, … , 𝑆𝑛 are the secret shares distributed to the parties, 𝑃 is a prime number used for modular arithmetic to ensure security. 4.6 gradient descent optimization gradient descent is an iterative optimization algorithm used to minimize a function by adjusting its parameters in the direction of the steepest descent. it is widely used in machine learning and ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2018 | vol 1 |issue 2 17 deep learning for training models by reducing the loss function. variants like stochastic gradient descent (sgd), mini-batch gradient descent, and adam optimize the learning process. the learning rate controls the step size, impacting convergence speed and accuracy. equation: gradient descent update rule 𝜃𝑡+1 = 𝜃𝑡 − 𝛼∇𝐽(𝜃𝑡) were: 𝜃𝑡 represents the parameter at iteration 𝑡, 𝛼 is the learning rate, ∇𝐽(𝜃𝑡) is the gradient of the cost function 𝐽 with respect to 𝜃𝑡. 5.results and discussion cloud-based healthcare and agricultural systems using advanced machine learning and security techniques. by integrating lstm, bayesian optimization, and privacy-preserving methods, your work enhances decision support, patient monitoring, and greenhouse efficiency. the results demonstrate improved accuracy, security, and efficiency in cloud-powered systems, benefiting real-time applications. your contributions provide a scalable and secure framework for modern cloudbased solutions in healthcare and smart agriculture. performance metrics figure 2: performance metrics in figure 2, this bar chart visualizes classification performance metrics, including accuracy (92%), precision (89%), recall (87%), and f1-score (88%). the high values indicate strong model performance in correctly identifying relevant patterns. the balanced scores suggest an effective trade-off between precision and recall, ensuring reliable predictions. scalability figure 3: scalability figure 3 shows this scalability graph illustrates system performance vs. number of users in a privacy-preserving healthcare data system using secure multi-party computation and gradient descent optimization. the x-axis (log scale) represents the increasing number of users, while the ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2018 | vol 1 |issue 2 18 y-axis shows the system response time (latency) in milliseconds. privacy preservation figure 4: privacy preservation figure 4 presents this graph illustrates the relationship between privacy-preservation levels and computation overhead in a privacy-preserving healthcare data system. as the privacy level increases from low to very high, the computation overhead rises significantly, from 50ms to 500ms, due to the increased complexity of secure computations. this highlights the trade-off between higher privacy protection and system performance efficiency. 6.conclussion privacy-preserving personalized healthcare data in cloud environments successfully integrates secure multi-party computation and gradient descent optimization to enhance data security and efficiency. the results demonstrate a balance between privacy protection and computational scalability, ensuring secure and optimized healthcare data processing. this approach strengthens cloud-based healthcare systems, making them more reliable for real-world applications. reference [1] l. pescosolido, r. berta, l. scalise, g. m. revel, a. de gloria, and g. orlandi, “an iotinspired cloud-based web service architecture for e-health applications,” in 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(2017). cloud-based iot healthcare applications: requirements and recommendations. international journal of internet of things and web services, 2, 60-65. atao:tx_1~abs:absh:at/htc:his:os:add:tx_2~abs:absh:at ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 18 abstract: we set out to discover if chemotypes exist in artemisia species, how artemisinin concentration changes with habitat height, and whether there are any new plant sources of artemisinin that may replace artemisia annua. research tools and procedures: seven species, spanning three distinct height ranges, were chosen for this investigation. we used high-performance liquid chromatography to quantify artemisinin after extracting it from the leaves, stems, and roots of every species of artemisia. end result: the artemisinin content of various artemisia species was shown to be significantly affected by their height variation. the artemisinin content of leaves increased at height ii in three species of artemisia: artemisia moorcroftiana, artemisia vestita, and artemisia roxburghiana var. roxburghiana, with values of 0.09%, 0.08%, and 0.07% of dry weight, respectively. artemisia vulgaris had a high artemisinin concentration at heights ii and iii (0.06% and 0.07% of dry weight, respectively), in contrast to artemisia sieversiana, which exhibited a low artemisinin content at height i (0.08% of dry weight). findings: this research found that chemotypes exist in artemisia species and that plant geographical habitat height impacts artemisinin production. keywords: artemisinin, chemotype, ecotype, and height variation are some of the keywords regarding alternative species. chinese traditional medical journal the role of habitat elevation in artemisia species chemotype and artemisinin production rajkumar department of pharmacy, comsats university islamabad, abbottabad campus, abbottabad, pakistan received on: 21 dec 2024 revised on: 20 jan 2024 accepted date: 25 feb 2024 published on: 04 april 2025 introduction the asteraceae family annual plant artemisia annua, which has a long history of use in chinese medicine for the treatment of malaria, produces artemisinin, a potent weapon against parasites that have developed resistance to traditional treatments. [1] optimal effectiveness in combating this illness and lowering transmission rates is now achieved by combining artemisinin with other medications. [2] in artemisia is most abundant in cold and temperate zones in north america and eurasia, especially in the temperate belt of asia. the following nations are significant: spain, argentina, france, america, bulgaria, france, and hungary. the third notably, it is suggested that northwest asian mountain territories (such as mesothermic subarctic or semi-humid forest steps near urals) encompassed genus origins based on modern distribution patterns relevant to fossil data;[4] primary types being situated mostly in the north the amount of artemisinin in different artemisia species is reportedly unpredictable and may change over time, even within the same plant. the natural population of a. annua, on the other hand, contains very little artemisinin (0.01%-0.15%). [5] the artemisinin content of plants in this species may vary due to factors such as cross-pollinating, with larger concentrations seen during full bloom. other factors that greatly impact the production levels of mature plants include seasonal variations and geographical location. thus, variations in the amount of artemisinin found in a. annua leaves are probably attributable to variances in harvest time or different cultivars employed, as well as environmental stress factors like light exposure or nutrient availability, which might affect the productivity of these plants. temperate. this suggestion is mainly based on the modern distribution of artemisia and its allies, with their primary types mostly lying in north temperate asia, as well as on fossil and paleogeographic data. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 19 there has been debate in the literature on which plant parts have the greatest concentration of artemisinin. there is ten times more artemisinin in flowers than in leaves, say the researchers. [6] nonetheless, there are some who argue that the leaves contain about 89% of the total, with the tallest region reaching a maximum of 41.7% at 50 cm, almost double the amount found in the lower portions. there is a wide range of out-of-leaf collection rates among frequently cultivated accessions, from 0.02% to 1.38%, as reported in the literature. these results point to diverse results, thus researchers are looking at measuring levels in different parts of plants at different altitudes (roots, stems, and leaves). distinct total content distributions depending on leaf components were found in lowland and highland locations when compared. this sparked more studies with the goal of improving yields worldwide. despite their heavy reliance, institutions in pakistan's northern hilly areas have mostly ignored biodiversity reserves, highlighting an opportunity to promote ecological and economic advantages. everyone agrees that it's critical to stress sustainability via appropriate activities that don't upset the ecological equilibrium. the significance of teaching children about different viewpoints on human relationships, including living in harmony with the natural world, is highlighted by this method. as a result, it has risen to the forefront of educational discourse, calling for multidisciplinary groups to investigate and use the best scientific methods. creative solutions may be fostered via the integration of conventional knowledge with culturally aware approaches through these tactics. the artemisinin concentration of artemisia annua, a plant known for its powerful antimalarial qualities, has been shown to vary according to its growing height. several studies have shown that artemisinin levels are directly correlated with elevation; plants grown in certain altitude ranges tend to have much higher concentrations of this bioactive component. due to variations in environmental conditions such soil composition, sunshine exposure, and temperature, it is generally believed that a. annua specimens with higher heights have higher levels of this important chemical. when it comes to drug manufacturing, increasing yields is of the utmost importance, and altitude gradients play a significant role in this endeavor by influencing physiological processes associated with secondary metabolite production, such as the pathways that lead to substances like artemisinin. materials and methods plants collection seven artemisia species that occur naturally in northern pakistan were gathered from various hilly locations [figures 1 and 2]. all seven species were collected at three different elevations, where their population was observed to be highly dense. the elevations of the sampling points (in feet) and the height groups (categorized as i, ii and iii) of the seven artemisia species are presented in table 1. a taxonomist identified these specimens using the flora of pakistan reference book at quaid-i-azam university’s department of plant sciences located in islamabad, pakistan, by comparing them with already designated herbarium sheets for each individual artemisia spieces kept within a preserved collection of dried plants housed there. we selected these particular seven wild grown artemisia varieties so we could measure artemisinin concentration levels present throughout leaves’, stems’ or root systems harvested from three elevation-based strata as measured against height i (<5000 ft), height ii (between 5000–6000 ft) and finally climatic zone given name height iii; which occurs above an altitude greater than six thousand feet above sea level. preparation of extracts the herbs were utilized to extract artemisinin using the method as reported earlier with modifications.[7] first, their weights were measured, and then, they were ground with a mortar and pestle until a homogenous mixture was produced in 5 ml of high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) grade toluene. the samples underwent sonication for half an hour over ice, preventing any possible evaporation due to overheating before being centrifuged (2000 g at −8°c) for 20 min so that artemisinin-rich toluene could be separated from cellular debris. next, the supernatant was extracted and preserved within dram vials while pellets containing cell debris were resuspended in fresh 5 ml amounts, as seen fit by each researcher, and sonicated again before centrifuge treatments through which heavy particles settled into these pallets. the supernatant was carefully removed, and the cellular debris was resuspended in toluene. the mixture was vortexed and centrifuged again to extract more artemisinin from the material. the retrieved supernatants were amalgamated to yield pooled extracts for subsequent hplc analysis. subsequently, the extracts were air-dried to ensure retention during storage, facilitated by gradual temperature reduction to minimize the risk of fragmentation, and then stored under optimal freezing conditions (-20°c). the yield was estimated using the following formula: % yield = weight of dried extract ×100 weight of plant sample quantification of artemisinin the quantification of artemisinin in the dried n-hexane extracts was performed using hplc following the protocol advised earlier with modifications.[7] an agilent technologies zorbax sb c18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 m) was utilized as the stationary phase with a mobile phase flow rate of 1 ml/min. the diode array detector (g1315b-dad) indicated maximum absorbance at 260 nm and the retention/ elution time peak for artemisinin occurred after approximately 12 min. artemisinin identification employed an authentic ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 20 figure 1: geographical distribution of plant species collected from different heights (graphical abstract). a. vulgaris: artemisia vulgaris, a. moorcroftiana: artemisia moorcroftiana, a. vestita: artemisia vestita, a. sieversiana: artemisia sieversiana figure 2: geographical map of northern pakistan showing plant collection points standard of the compound while injection volumes for both samples and standards were fixed at 20 l each. six dilutions of standard solution from concentrations ranging between 0 and 500 g/ml were then injected one by one into hplc before obtaining a calibration curve by plotting chromatographic peak area (mau) against concentration. data analysis showed that this linear response depicted in figure 3 had an excellent correlation coefficient r = 0.9994 due to the successful application of linear regression analysis on the equation obtained from the consulting calibration curve. statistical analysis all the experimental data were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance and fisher’s least significant difference (lsd) test. results the altitude of the plant habitat had a significant effect ( level 0.05) on the artemisinin content of leaves and stems of the same artemisia species growing at three different spots. the ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 21 figure 3: calibration curve of standard artemisinin effect of altitude was more prominent in the leaves and stem artemisinin content in five artemisia species, i.e., artemisia vulgaris, artemisia moorcroftiana, artemisia roxburghiana var. roxburghiana, and artemisia vestita. all of the artemisia species we looked at have rather modest artemisinin concentrations in their roots. sampling at height ii revealed the highest concentration of artemisinin in the roots. a. vestita, a. moorcroftiana, and a. roxburghiana var. roxburghiana had very high artemisinin content in its leaves when measured at height ii. similarly, artemisia vulgaris at heights ii and iii and artemisia sieversiana at height i both have high artemisinin leaf content. in addition, the artemisinin concentration of the leaves was twice as high as that of the same species obtained from lower elevations [figure 4]. at height ii, the leaves of a. moorcroftiana had the highest artemisinin content (0.09% ±0.01%), whereas the leaves of a. sieversiana and a. vestita, collected at heights i and ii, respectively, had the second-highest artemisinin concentration (0.08% ± 0.01%). leaves of a. vulgaris taken at height iii had the highest concentration of artemisinin at 0.07% ±0.01%, as shown in figure 4. the complete plant sample of a. sieversiana grown at height i had the highest average amount of artemisinin. at height ii, a. vestita and a. moorcroftiana showed the secondhighest average artemisinin concentration. a. vulgaris samples collected at height ii had the third greatest concentration of artemisinin, whereas a. roxburghiana var. roxburghiana samples obtained at height iii had the same result [figure 5]. figure 6 displays the findings of the calculation of the average artemisinin content in the leaves, stems, and roots. according to our research, the concentration of artemisinin in the leaves was higher than in the stems and roots at all plant habitat heights, reaching a peak at height ii (figure 6). at all three of their habitat heights, we found that the artemisinin distribution patterns in the stems and roots were quite comparable to those in the leaves. discussion artemisinin has been an effective remedy against different pathogenic fungi of plants such as rhizoctonia cerealis, figure 4: the content of artemisinin in the leaves, stems, and roots of the seven artemisia species collected from three different altitudes (alphabetic on the bars are ranking orders after analysis of variance and least significant difference). a. moorcroftiana: artemisia moorcroftiana, a. vestita: artemisia vestita, a. vulgaris: artemisia vulgaris, a. indica: artemisia indica, a. sieversiana: artemisia sieversiana, a. roxburghiana: artemisia roxburghiana gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, verticillium dahlia, and gerlachia nivalis, suggesting a potential protective role of artemisinin against plant diseases.[8] amusingly, in an era when the scientific community is striving hard to search for novel compounds with more specificity to their cellular and molecular targets, artemisinin stands prominent with its diverse molecular targets. since the time artemisinin was recognized for its potent antimalarial properties, there has been an extensive scientific trial of artemisinin to investigate its other pharmacological properties. for instance, it has shown significant cytotoxic and antiproliferative properties against cancer cells, anti-infective characteristics against schistosomiases, and antiviral effects against certain viral particles such as hepatitis b, hepatitis c, human cytomegalovirus, and bovine diarrhea virus. the thing that is more exciting about artemisinin is its diverse bioactivity spectrum that includes protozoans such as trypanosoma,[9] toxoplasma gondii, leishmania,[10] fungi,[11] some trematodes,[12] yeast, and bacteria.[13] ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 22 figure 6: the impact of height on the mean artemisinin content of the leaves, stems, and roots of all seven artemisia species at three different heights (alphabetic on the bars are ranking orders after analysis of variance and least significant difference) figure 5: the variation in the average artemisinin content of the seven artemisia species according to their height (alphabetic on the bars are ranking orders after analysis of variance and least significant difference). a. moorcroftiana: artemisia moorcroftiana, a. vestita: artemisia vestita, a. vulgaris: artemisia vulgaris, a. indica: artemisia indica, a. sieversiana: artemisia sieversiana, a. roxburghiana: artemisia roxburghiana various methods for producing artemisinin in vitro have been documented, perhaps due to its possible medical uses. [8] nevertheless, when it comes to synthesizing artemisinin on a big scale, none of these intricate systems provide a more feasible approach. one of the most prominent commercial sources of artemisinin is the herbal method of extracting it from a. annua, even though its production may be adequately achieved by genetic engineering. [15] its yield from a. annua might be anywhere from 0.01% to 1.5% of its dry weight, according to reports. two sources: [16,17] because a. annua naturally has a lower artemisinin concentration, it is essential to utilize other artemisia species for their concealed artemisinin content. previous research has shown that additional artemisia species do, in fact, contain artemisinin. [6] the primary objective of this research was to determine the effect of altitude on the artemisinin content by statistically and qualitatively analyzing the artemisinin content in different artemisia species grown at different elevations in pakistan. the extraction of artemisinin from the herbal samples utilized toluene as one of the most widely exploited laboratory techniques. it is worth mentioning here that our findings regarding the artemisinin content may differ from its previously reported concentrations owing to the different extraction methods. we extracted 2 g of a. annua leaf powder in 50 ml of methanol, followed by 45-min sonication and 3-min centrifugation at 12,000 rpm (yielding 0.03%–0.71% artemisinin). we then proceeded to extract 0.003% artemisinin from 1 g of powdered a. annua roots in 3 ml of toluene by letting it sit at room temperature for 30 minutes. another option is to use a soxhlet apparatus to extract artemisinin from 5 g of powdered a. annua leaves. we used 200 ml of petroleum ether and heated it to 60°c for 6 hours, giving 0.652% artemisinin. in addition, we obtained 0.0226%-0.785% artemisinin by refluxing 0.5 g of powdered a. annua leaves in 50 ml of n-hexane at 75°c for 1 hour. as an alternative, we macerated 1 gram of fresh plant material in 6 milliliters of chloroform for one minute, which resulted in a concentration of 0.068% artemisinin. the amount of artemisinin in leaves is significantly affected by the plant's height, according to our research. while samples taken from 6500-foot-altitude leaves yielded 0.70% artemisinin per dry mass, those taken from 5400-footaltitude leaves yielded 0.63%. these findings largely corroborate previous research that has shown that height has a comparable effect on the concentration of artemisinin in the leaves. the amount of artemisinin in the leaves of a. roxburghiana and a. indica changed little but noticeably as a function of height. however, the amount of artemisinin in their leaves was significantly affected by their height. figure 6 shows that various artemisia species were shown to generate greater artemisinin at height ii, which was between 5,000 and 6,000 feet. contrary to previous reports, our data show that the artemisinin concentration of the leaves is lower at 5400 feet than at 6500 levels. a chemotype refers to a plant with noticeable chemical composition of secondary metabolites, characterized by minor epigenetic and genetic modifications with little or no effect on the morphology of the plant. the previously published scientific reports have highlighted prominent variations in artemisinin content among a. annua plants from germany, china, the usa, yugoslavia, and vietnam. it was concluded that different biosynthetic precursors of artemisinin, for ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 23 table 1: seven artemisia species collected from the three altitudes of northern pakistan plant scientific names height group height (ft) sampling point a. moorcroftiana i 4960 but pul, balakot a. moorcroftiana ii 5804 miandam a. moorcroftiana iii 6511 bhurban, murree a. vestita i 1981 yadgar center, basham a. vestita ii 5363 barhkhar gai, shangla a. vestita iii 6104 miandam a. vulgaris i 2829 rawal bridge, basham a. vulgaris ii 5825 topseen, shangla a. vulgaris iii 8025 mutaltan, kalam a. indica i 3174 budgran, muzaffarabad a. indica ii 5174 chakar, muzaffarabad a. indica iii 6016 rawalakot a. sieversiana i 4734 deenoor, gilgit a. sieversiana ii 5901 hasanabad, hunza a. sieversiana iii 7739 kareemabad, hunza a. roxburghiana var. roxburghiana i 3831 dhery, shangla a. roxburghiana var. roxburghiana ii 5600 kherabad, miandam a. roxburghiana var. roxburghiana iii 9480 bahrain road, miandam a. roxburghiana var. gratae i 3831 basham road, shangla a. roxburghiana var. gratae ii 5416 supply stop, rawalakot a. roxburghiana var. gratae iii 9480 bahreen road, minadam a. moorcroftiana: artemisia moorcroftiana, a. vestita: artemisia vestita, a. vulgaris: artemisia vulgaris, a. indica: artemisia indica, a. sieversiana: artemisia sieversiana, a. roxburghiana: artemisia roxburghiana instance, artemisinic and dihydroartemisinic acids, produced remarkable variability in a. annua from different geographical origins. these findings suggested the presence of different chemotypes within a. annua. in the current study, we have investigated the impact of altitude on the artemisinin content of the seven artemisia species. these species exhibited distinct chemotypes, with a significant impact of their respective geographical conditions on their artemisinin contents. our findings are quite in agreement with the previously published data that affirms substantial differences in artemisinin content, even within the same species, inferable to the climatological conditions.[18,19] as evident from the results presented in figure 4, the height of various geographical locations produced a significant impact on the in vivo production of artemisinin in the leaves of five artemisia species, namely, a. vestita, a. moorcroftiana, a. sieversiana, a. vulgaris, and a. roxburghiana var. roxburghiana. these findings affirm the existence of distinct chemotypes within these five artemisia species. our findings corroborate with a number of previously published reports. for instance, a substantial difference was observed in three key components – artemisia ketone, 1,8-cineole, and camphor – of a. annua based on their global phytogeographic locations. likewise, other studies evaluated two distinct chemotypes with relatively different artemisinin contents. in addition, researchers reported four chemotypes in artemisia absinthium with a prominent difference in their essential oil composition. these alterations within the artemisinin content were attributed to natural factors such as latitude, altitude, and soil type, as well as the day length, flowering time, drying time, cultivation methods, and storage conditions. conclusion a. annua was not the only artemisia species found in northern pakistan that contained artemisinin. additionally, seven species were examined to determine the impact of habitat height on artemisinin production and chemotype presence or absence. the results showed that five artemisia species exhibit chemotypes, and that artemisia species grown at 5000-6000 feet (height ii) yield the highest leaf artemisinin concentration. the present research found that chemotype occurs among artemisia species and that plant geographical habitat height impacts artemisinin production. references 1. guo da. nobel prize for artemisinin inspires modern tcm research. world j tradit chin med 2015;1:1. 2. efferth t. artemisinin – second career as anticancer drug? world j tradit chin med 2015;1:2-25. 3. li l, josef ba, liu b, zheng sh, huang lf, chen sl. three-dimensional evaluation on ecotypic diversity of traditional chinese medicine: a case study of artemisia annua l. front plant sci 2017;8:1225. 4. lenz mm, andreev a, nazarova l, syrykh ls, scheidt s, haflidason h, ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 24 et al. climate, glacial and vegetation history of the polar ural mountains since c. 27 cal ka bp, inferred from a 54 m long sediment core from lake bolshoye shchuchye. j quat sci 2022;37:818-35. 5. czechowski t, larson tr, catania tm, harvey d, wei c, essome m, et al. detailed phytochemical analysis of highand low artemisinin-producing chemotypes of artemisia annua. front plant sci 2018;9:641. 6. numonov s, sharopov f, salimov a, sukhrobov p, atolikshoeva s, safarzoda r, et al. assessment of artemisinin contents in selected artemisia species from tajikistan (central asia). medicines (basel) 2019;6:23. 7. babacan ü, cengiz mf, bouali m, tongur t, mutlu ss, gülmez e. determination, solvent extraction, and purification of artemisinin from artemisia annua l. j appl res med aromat plants 2022;28:100363. 8. fidan o, ren j, zhan jx. engineered production of bioactive natural products from medicinal plants. world j tradit chin med 2022;8:59-76. 9. naß j, efferth t. the activity of artemisia spp. and their constituents against trypanosomiasis. phytomedicine 2018;47:184-91. 10. machín l, nápoles r, gille l, monzote l. leishmania amazonensis response to artemisinin and derivatives. parasitol int 2021;80:102218. 11. zhu cg, liao by, ye xc, zhou yj, chen x, liao m, et al. artemisinin elevates ergosterol levels of candida albicans to synergise with amphotericin b against oral candidiasis. int j antimicrob agents 2021;58:106394. 12. lam ns, long xx, su xz, lu fl. artemisinin and its derivatives in treating helminthic infections beyond schistosomiasis. pharmacol res 2018;133:77-100. 13. appalasamy s, lo ky, ch’ng sj, nornadia k, othman as, chan lk. antimicrobial activity of artemisinin and precursor derived from in vitro plantlets of artemisia annua l. biomed res int 2014;2014:215872. 14. paddon cj, westfall pj, pitera dj, benjamin k, fisher k, mcphee d, et al. high-level semi-synthetic production of the potent antimalarial artemisinin. nature 2013;496:528-32. 15. soni r, shankar g, mukhopadhyay p, gupta v. a concise review on artemisia annua l.: a major source of diverse medicinal compounds. ind crops prod 2022;184:115072. 16. sankhuan d, niramolyanun g, kangwanrangsan n, nakano m, supaibulwatana k. variation in terpenoids in leaves of artemisia annua grown under different led spectra resulting in diverse antimalarial activities against plasmodium falciparum. bmc plant biol 2022;22:128. 17. wani ki, choudhary s, zehra a, naeem m, weathers p, aftab t. enhancing artemisinin content in and delivery from artemisia annua: a review of alternative, classical, and transgenic approaches. planta 2021;254:29. 18. thu bt, van minh t, lim bp, keng cl. effects of environmental factors on growth and artemisinin content of artemisia annua l. trop life sci res 2011;22:37-43. 19. widiyastuti y, subositi d. photoperiod effect on the growth and artemisinin content of artemisia annua grown in tropical region. aip conf proc 2019;2099:020027. outlining the keyword co-occurrence trends in shuanghuanglian injection research: a bibliometric study using citespace iii ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 3 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 issue 2 abstract— efforts are being made to investigate the mechanical characteristics of cenosphere and egalass fibres reinforced al7075 in this current project. cenosphere, a low-density, low-cost reinforcing material, is a byproduct of coal combustion in thermal power plants and is readily accessible. as a result, al 7075 metal matrix with cenosphere as reinforcement can easily overcome the cost barrier and may serve as the best supplement with varied physical and mechanical qualities for servicing a broad variety of applications providing wide usage in today's world. variations in the e-glass and cenosphere were used to create the specimens. the specimens used in the tensile test were constructed in accordance with astm specifications. improved features including improved specific strength, specific modulus, damping capacity, and superior wear resistance may be achieved by using metal matrix composites (mmcs) instead of ordinary alloys. the great strength-to-weight ratio of aluminium composite mmcs makes them the most popular. key words: al7075 alloy composite, e-glass, mmcs, and short e-glass fibres outlining the keyword co-occurrence trends in shuanghuanglian injection research: a bibliometric study using citespace iii zhang a, 1, guang rong b, 1, qin meng a, *, mang yu c, xie d, jian a a school of traditional chinese medicine, beijing university of chinese medicine, beijing, 102488, china b department of herbology, school of biomedicine, beijing city university, beijing, 100094, china c department of pediatrics, stanford university school of medicine, stanford, ca, 94305, usa d institute of basic research in clinical medicine, china academy of chinese medical sciences, beijing 100700, chin have cast doubt on shli's safety. future research would benefit from a streamlined synopsis of the shli studies that have already been published while the quantity of published papers in a given field of study doubles every eight years,7 it is becoming more and more challenging to conduc new studies, particularly those that are inherently unquantifiable and unrepeatable, like qualitative reviews. a bibliometric approach has been proposed as a means of explaining this "quality crisis" and providing an alternative in situations when there is not enough information to conduct a review study. researchers in the shli field have documented such bibliometric studies that use the prevalence of keywords in published articles as measures of the scope of the study.8,9 although this is a new field of study, there are a few caveats to keep in mind, such as the limited number of indicators and the lack of consistency between them. neglected to do study on the field's outline, which includes concepts like innovation, progress, bottlenecks, and hotspots. to overcome these shortcomings, one solution is to implement scientific mapping based on the notion of a complex network. this technique can visualise aspects of a pool of articles that are not visible using more traditional methods.103rd day scientific mapping is able to depict the development and structural links of subjects in a certain field by examining knowledge domains.14 insights into new information and underexplored areas of study may be revealed by this mapping, which reveals the interconnections, overlaps, interactions, and evolution of knowledge units. one of the applications made to enable scientific mapping is citespace, which has seen widespread usage across various domains.15 one famous contemporary formula, shuanghuanglian (shl), is made from three medicinal herbs: scutellaria (scutellaria baicalensis georgi), honeysuckle flower (lonicera japonica thunb.), and forsythia fruit (forsythia suspensa (thunb.) vahl).16 oral liquid, injectable, pill, and tablet are some of the dosage forms of shl that have been produced so far. for the treatment of bacterial and viral respiratory illnesses, including tonsillitis, pneumonia, and upper respiratory tract infections, shli is often administered as a solution or powder.17 according to traditional chinese medicine, shli dissipates harmful heat and toxicants and dissipates wind heat. in 2001 and 2009, there were reports of serious adverse drug reactions (adrs) to shli, including allergic reactions and dyspnea.research in both the lab and the clinic has shown that shli is effective in reducing viral replication and lung damage (18, 19).20,21 the use of shli to treat covid-19 infections is also very promising. because vaccinations and particular medications take months, if not years, to produce, one of the main ways to deal with a newly emerged virus is to look into current medications and other substances that might work as effective remedies.22 the shanghai institute of materia medica, chinese academy of sciences (shanghai, china) and the wuhan institute of virology, cas (wuhan, china) collaborated on a research that discovered that shl oral liquid, an oral formulation that uses the same chemicals as shli, might suppress sars-cov-2.23,24. we anticipate that this discovery will refocus attention on shl formulations, particularly shli, on a global scale. research on shli has been well documented, and it would be helpful for researchers to have a scientific map that shows the development and structural linkages of these studies. therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the development and emerging trends in shli hot topics by creating a citespace term cooccurrence map of shli studies. material and methods data source and collection on the 30th february 2020, articles were retrieved from the china national knowledge infrastructure (cnki), medline (pubmed entry), and embase (ovid entry) with no limitations on the published date. our search terms were “shuanghuanglian injection”, “shuanghuanglian fenzhen” and the boolean combination of the two. the detailed search strategies can be found in supplementary data. the retrieved articles were imported into endnote to remove duplicates. two authors (qz and gr) then separately read the titles and abstracts to exclude those articles with topics irrelevant to shli. it should be noted that a bibliometric study is insensitive to the precision, but sensitive to the extensiveness, of included articles. this tolerance is the result of the frequency-based algorithm of keyword connecting and clustering that ignores minor noise. therefore, in a bibliometric study we should avoid using extremely rigid inclusion constraints as is required by other types of studies, such as a meta-analysis. because the establishment of a method for manual association between keywords in different source languages has yet to be validated, as well as the fact as indicated in a pilot search that studies of shli are overwhelmingly more frequently reported in china-based journals, our mapping was majorly focused on the chinese database. articles retrieved from english-language databases were also treated in citespace to outline a separate scientific map of the area only if the number of citations was ≥30. if the number of citations was <30 we quit the mapping, but still used these articles as back ground information for our qualitative discussion. the retrieved articles were saved as indexing records and transformed into an executable format using the “data/ import/ export” function of citespace. parameter settings a pilot study showed that the earliest shli article was published in 1992; therefore, for the present study we set the timespan from 1992 to 2020. other parameters included time slice duration, node type, slice content, line strength, and pruning method. more information regarding these parameters and their functions can be found in a previous report.15 as is recommended by the developer of citespace15 and in accordance with previous studies,25e29 we have used the following settings: a duration of 3 years was set for every time slice (resulting in 8 consecutive slices); node type was set as “keyword”; treated articles were set as the top 100 keywords in each slice (ranked according to how often they were used); line strength was set to cosine; and the pruning method was set as mst + pruning the sliced network. interpretation of network evaluation indicators to judge whether the network was successfully ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 3 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 issue 2 established and to explore the potential scientific data, several qualitative and quantitative evaluation indicators reported by citespace were determined and interpreted. these indicators were (a) frequency (abbreviated as f), (b) sigma,30 (c) burstiness (abbreviated as b),30 (d) modularity (q),31 (e) silhouette (abbreviated as s),30 and (f) qualitative results of representative labels generated by two types of algorithms (tf*idf32 and loglikelihood ratio (llr)33). for interpretation, frequency is a series of values that quantify the importance of each node by how often it is presented in the included nodes, and it can be used to tease out weighted focuses of the field. in the present paper, we looked at keywords with f > 10. sigma identifies the innovativeness of the topic, if there is any, then quantifies it. typically, higher sigma values indicate more innovation. in the present paper, we set a value for sigma >10 as reflecting the potential novelty of a field. burstiness, another important node indicator, ranks the amplitude of usage surges for keywords with significant changes in usage frequency (we would not expect citespace to report anything if there were no significant changes identified). according to previous studies,34‒36 a keyword with b > 3 can be considered to have a meaningful value for burstiness and we used this cutoff for the present analysis. the values for q and s ranged from 0 to 1 and e1 to 1, respectively. these indicators are used to assess how well the field is split into clusters (each cluster represents a particular research focus). citespace only calculates an overall value for s, whereas for q both an overall value and individual values for each cluster are reported. a q value close to 1 indicates better-defined clusters and an s value close to 1 indicates confidence in how the nodes are clustered. according to a previous report,12 we considered that the results with both q > 0.3 and an overall s value s > 0.6 indicated successful clusters, and any individual cluster with s > 0.8 as having a meaningful research field focus worth further discussion. the results of tf*idf, llr, and mutual information (mi) provide qualitative information about the research focus of each cluster. the algorithms are developed based on different text-mining assumptions; therefore, their results can be complementary to each other. network layouts and representation the resulting keyword co-occurrence map shows various information including the executing version of citespace, computing speed, slice profile, the node, and other network evaluation values mentioned above. in the middle of the map is the citespace-visualized merged network based on several networks corresponding to the snapshots of consecutive slices we have set. the merged network characterizes the development of the field over time, showing the most important footprints of the related research activities. the network is merged in a semi-automatic manner, i.e. the duplicate nodes and lines among slices are automatically merged through the built-in algorithm of citespace, and different nodes with the same connotation are manually merged by the “alias list” function as described in a previous report.15 each dot represents a keyword in the network (we call this dot a node in the present study). citespace can generate networks of other types of nodes, such as term, author, reference, and keyword. as we have set the node type as “keyword”, the nodes in this study solely represent keywords. the lines that connect nodes are co-occurrence links (these correspond to the scientific topic in question). the colors of these nodes and lines are designed to show when a connection was made for the first time, and we can distinguish them by referring to the uppermost caption. in the merged network, the size of a node is proportional to how many times a keyword is used. the keyword usage history is visualized in terms of „„tree rings‟‟ of different colors and thicknesses. the thickness of a ring is proportional to how many times the keyword is used in a particular period that is represented by the ring color. nodes with usage bursts are visualized by rings colored in red. individual nodes can be aggregated into clusters based on their interconnectivity to represent strong relationships in the field in question. this aggregation will generate another picture, where nodes and links are replaced by clusters with labels displayed in red prefixed by the cluster number (#). the labels are identified automatically by the llr algorithm. the results of the two other textmining algorithms can be explored through several more mouse clicks.15 results a total of 270 and 234 articles in english were retrieved from medline and embase, respectively. after duplicate removal, 299 articles remained. through manual examination, 280 articles were further excluded because of their irrelevance to shli. the remaining 19 articles (<30) were not sufficient to build a separate scientific map, and the full texts were retrieved to provide background information for the qualitative discussion. a total of 811 articles were retrieved. the number of resulting nodes and lines before merging are shown in table 1. a knowledge map showing how the field of shli progressed over time was successfully generated. general features of the retrieved articles the types of studies in the 811 retrieved articles included clinical studies (n ¼ 614), animal experiments (n ¼ 45), in vitro experiments (n ¼ 16), processing and detection techniques (n ¼ 126), and literature reviews (n ¼ 10) (fig. 1a). the number of articles on a yearly basis peaked in the year 2000, followed by a sharp decrease until the number essentially plateaued during the first ten years of the 21st century with modest fluctuations. however, the last decade has seen a steady decline in the number of articles (fig. 1b). the journals publishing the 8 highest numbers of shli articles are shown in fig. 1c, with the heilongjiang medicine journal ranking highest (n ¼ 33). the research institutes of the first authors who published shli articles are overwhelmingly located in heilongjiang province, china (fig. 1d). general features of the keyword co-occurrence network a pair of different nodes with the same notation “双黄连粉针” and “双黄连粉针剂” was identified and manually merged as one node. finally, 551 nodes with 746 lines were included for generating the network shown in fig. 2. the largest node “shuan ghuanglian powder injection” is located in the middle right of the picture, which represents the highest frequency of usage. the red peripheral ring of this node indicates significant burstiness meriting further exploration. the node‟s inner rings with a variety of different colors indicate the consistent focus on this topic over 24 years, but we can also determine that this keyword was most frequently used from 1995 to 1998 because the thickest ring is a light blue color. other nodes with a relatively large size can also be readily identified. to explore the importance of the nodes in terms of frequency and burstiness, the values of nodes with f > 20 are shown in table 2 and values of nodes with b > 3.0 are shown in table 3. no values for sigma >10 were found, indicating a lack of novelty in the topics in the field of shli. general features of the network with clustered keywords the network with clustered nodes is illustrated in fig. 3. the overall q and s values were 0.73 and 0.68, respectively, indicating a uccessful clustering. six individual clusters were found to have a general features of the included articles 2010e201 100/255 224/224 among the 811 included articles, the largest number of articles 2013e2015 100/199 245/245 was on clinical research, followed by processing and detection 2016e2018 2019e2020 100/151 100/112 224/224 119/119 techniques. laboratory experiments only comprised 7.5% of the total. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 3 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 issue 2 fig. 1. general bibliometric features of the retrieved articles. (a) the types of published studies; (b) the yearly trends in the numbers of published articles from 1992 to 2020; (c) top 8 journals that published the largest number of shli-focused articles; (d) top 5 institutes where the largest number of the first authors of the published shli-focused articles are bas it can be seen that before the year 2000, most shli studies focused on clinical and production techniques rather than laboratory experiments. in contrast to modern medicine, where novel drugs are generally developed by the synthesis of artificial compounds with no previous evidence of their safety, traditional chinese medicine (tcm) has had thousands of years of clinical application, which may minimize concerns over severe adverse effects. this makes a thorough exploration into the mechanism of action of chinese medicines (cm) less appealing to tcm researchers than a clinical demonstration of their putative efficacy, and even less appealing to pharmaceutical enterprises compared with optimizing techniques for production. interestingly, as shli was proven to be not as safe as previously thought, from two reports from the national center for adr monitoring, china in 2004 and 2009,32,33 interest was again directed into the area of clinical studies, because post-market reevaluation of the medicine began to appear necessary. this further added to the number of clinical studies. modest peaks in the number of published shli studies were seen soon after these reports were published, indicating that these trends may be the result of concerns over severe adverse drug events with shli. this effect also corresponds with the high burstiness of the keyword “clinical observation” (b ¼ 7.35, 2006e2019). in the province where most manufacturers have production licenses for shli and also where the severe adverse events were reported, it is reasonable that local institutes will have a strong interest in shli studies. this local interest is demonstrated by the fact that, of the top five institutes where the largest number of the first authors of the published shli-focused articles is based, four are in heilongjiang province. this also corresponds to the high burstiness of the keyword “the 2nd cm pharmaceutical factory of harbin” (b ¼ 9.83, 2008e2019) and the high frequency of the keywords “adverse events” and “the 2nd cm pharmaceutical factory of harbin” ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 3 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 issue 2 fig. 2. citespace-generated keyword co-occurrence network. table 2 nodes with frequency higher than 20. frequency node* cluster 235 shuanghuanglian powder injection #0 112 shuanghuanglian injection #3 104 adverse effect #4 94 shuanghuanglian for injection #4 85 the 2nd cm pharmaceutical factory of harbin #14 79 shuanghuanglian #2 42 powder injection #12 39 prepared cm remedy #1 31 cholorogenic acid #6 29 intravenous infusion #1 note: *node names in this column were originally displayed in chinese characters, herein they are presented in english for the ease of readers. cm: chinese medicine. exploring the topic categories for shli studies the identified meaningful clusters may point to particular areas of research focus because each cluster is considered to be a group of tightly coupled keywords based on topic interconnectivity. a thorough exploration of the clusters under the computer-aided guidance of multiple cluster labels can lead to information on the studies of shli. note that, as has been pointed out by the developer of citespace, cluster labels chosen from the computer-aided algorithms tend to be more specific terms than those chosen by human experts. interpretation from a multi-label perspective has the potential to provide additional insights complementary to bias-prone expert reviews, and provides a support for interpreting the nature of specialties.37 table 3 nodes with burstiness values higher than 3.0. node* used year burstiness duration cluster shuanghuanglian injection 1992 11.39 2008-2019 #3 the 2nd cm pharmaceutical factory of harbin 1992 9.83 1993-1997 #14 adverse effect 1992 7.35 2008-2011 #4 shuanghuanglian powder injection 1992 5.22 1998-2000 #0 baicalin 1992 4.79 2006-2019 #6 clinical observation 1992 4.57 1993-1998 #8 shuanghuanglian for injection (under lyophilization) 1992 3.59 2010-2019 #11 affecting factors 1992 3.42 2010-2019 #9 note: *node names in this column were originally displayed in chinese characters, herein they are presented in english for the ease of readers. cm: chinese medicine. fig. 3. citespace-generated network with clustered keywords. note: cluster names in this picture were originally displayed in chinese characters, herein they are presented in both pinyin and english for the ease of readers. hplc: high performance liquid chromatography. table 4 the six individual clusters that demonstrated meaningful field focus. cluster number number of nodes contained sihouette tf*idf-generated label* llr-generated label* 0 56 0.99 bioactivity mapping shuanghuanglian sterile injection powder 1 45 0.91 equal pupils allergic shock 2 44 0.87 drug preparation department shuanghuanglian for injection 3 43 0.85 difficulty in respiration keratitis 4 37 0.88 peristalsis shuanghuanglian for injection administration 5 33 0.94 danshen powder injection powder injection note: *node names in this column were originally displayed in chinese characters, herein they are presented in english for the ease of readers. llr: log-likelihood ratio. cluster #0 the largest cluster, #0, starts in 2006 and contains 56 key words (fig. 2 and table 4). the tf*idf-generated label “bioactivity fingerprint” represents a widely-adopted methodology for research into shli, and it is very interesting to find that the label “lyophilized shli powder for injection” generated by the llr algorithm corresponds to the form of the drug used in this methodology. thus, the interest in this area is to be expected. bioactivity fingerprint analysis is a quality control model that builds upon spectroscopic and chromatographic technologies, which is different from traditional quality control models in the sense that fingerprinting looks at the “complete information” or comprehensiveness of the chromatogram, and displays integrated quality information.38 fingerprint analysis was introduced to the study of shli and many other herbal medicines because this analysis can be better adapted to cm than conventional methods as it analyzes the overall effective components of an individual herb or a combination of herbs. for example, wen used an immune fingerprint to screen for the allergenic components of shli by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) combined with high performance liquid chromatography (hplc)/mass spectrometry (ms), and 22 components in shli were found that could be adsorbed by specific anti-ige antibodies and the sensitization of shli could be changed by different administration methods.39 the use of a bioactivity fingerprint is regarded as a great improvement from the conventional modern drug-centered single component analysis for herbal medicine, the efficacy of which partly depends on how the components work together. in addition to the stimulus provided by its sound compatibility with cm, bioactivity fingerprint analysis has support from china‟s governmental funding and international regulations. in 2002, national medical products administration launched an initiative in collaboration with 48 academic institutions to perform fingerprint identification on 74 types of cm injection (cmi), including shli (a lag effect is expected, which causes this analysis to appear as a research focus in 2006). the bureau also issued the guideline for standardized procedure of chinese medicine fingerprint test, and designed two pieces of software for fingerprint-based cm similarity detection.38 the guideline provides clear requirements and procedures for laboratory and instrumentation facilities, sample and reference collection and preparation, proper conditions for testing, operational processes, and the methods for result verification and checking. the software is able to compute and compare an entire body of cm chromatographic peaks, so that component fingerprint similarity can be quantified. these research efforts have contributed to a rigorously-designed, technically-sound platform for the practice of cm fingerprinting, and a good number of studies have been performed. outside of china, fingerprinting is listed in the us food and drug administration‟s guidance for industry botanical drug products (drafted in 2000), the world health or ganization‟s guidelines for the assessment of herbal medicine (1996), the british pharmacopoeia (1986), the indian pharmaco poeia (1998), and the us pharmacopeia (1999e2001).38 the objectives of these guidelines are to address the uncertainty and variation in the chemical components of medicinal plants and to enhance the authentication and control of the quality of herbal extracts. thus, at least to some extent, interest has been aroused in shli fingerprinting in the hope that shli might enjoy an interna tionally wider acceptance. cluster #1 cluster #1 comprises 45 key words. the labels together indicate that this cluster focuses on the adrs of shli (fig. 2 and table 4). over the past decades, the clinical applications of cmis have experienced robust growth with everimproving quality control and processing techniques. however, this growth has been accompanied by an increasing number of reports of adrs, which has aroused considerable safety concerns.40 from the llrgenerated labels of this cluster, we were able to identify that the most frequently reported adr was “anaphylactic shock”, which was first reported in 1993.41 the tf*idf-generated label “equal pupils” is an important physical examination for anaphylactic shock, indicating the emphasis on the surveillance of this reaction during the clinical application of shli. unfortunately, the concerns from an academic perspective were justified by the occurrence of several severe adrs arousing public interest between 2006 and 2009. because of the increasing number of extremely serious adrs, the chinese government temporarily suspended sales of four types of cmis, including shli. a previous literature review found a decrease in the literature reporting an adr from cmis, including shli, after sales were suspended.40 to further advance the development of cmis, a comprehensive clinical reappraisal of cmis is urgently needed to guide the clinical application of cmis and reduce the incidence of adrs.42 cluster #2 cluster #2 is labeled as “shuanghuanglian injection” by llr and as “hospital drug preparation room” by tf*idf, indicating concerns regarding the preparation of shli (fig. 2, table 4). indeed, the standardized preparation of the drug requires uniform cleanroom management and a low possibility of drug mixture contamination.43 as cmis mostly contain complex ingredients, the preparation processes are varied. the compatibility of different solvents, or if the mixtures are left standing for a long time after preparation, may cause the precipitation of certain ingredients through chemical or physical changes and thus increase the amount of particulate matter.44 this is particularly the case for the preparation of cmis, such as shli, which intrinsically have components of mixed properties. a systematic review highlighted the fact that particulate matter present in shli will increase in amount after being prepared as an infusion, and using normal saline as the solvent can minimize the amount of particulate matter.45 the study also found significant variations in the shli components among different producers and among different batches of the same producer. therefore, to reduce the incidences of adrs, it is crucial that the solvent selection for shli should be strictly in accordance with the manufacturer‟s in structions, and the time of the drug injection after preparation should be carefully controlled.46 cluster #3 it is interesting that the labels generated by the two algorithms for this cluster have considerably different connotations (fig. 2). the tf*idf gives “difficulty in breathing”, which relates to an adr, whereas llr gives ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 3 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 issue 2 “keratitis”, one of the indications of shli (table 4). by closer exploration of the articles, we found that this cluster focuses on clinical trials of shli that tested both its efficacy and safety. most cmis, such as shli, are produced, sold, and marketed based on putative, empirical effectiveness without first demonstrating safety and efficacy through clinical trials, as is required for pharmaceutical drugs.47‒49 with growing interest in the therapeutic effectiveness of shli, and safety-based concerns, increasing efforts have been directed toward acquiring scientific proof and conducting evidence-based evaluations regarding the efficacy and safety of shli. clusters #4 and #5 these two clusters, unlike the broader perspectives of the four clusters described above, provide a further breakdown of the research topics of shli (fig. 2). cluster #4 identifies interest in a very promising new indication, intestinal peristalsis, as labeled by td*idf (table 4). intraabdominal adhesions following abdominal surgery represent a major unsolved problem, with a high reported incidence of 90%e100% in patients who undergo abdominal surgery,50,51 and no appreciably effective medicine has yet been developed.52 some studies have reported the effectiveness of peristalsis in preventing the symptoms of intra-abdominal adhesions by overcoming the obstruction.53 according to the theory of tcm, shli may exert effectiveness by eliciting the peristaltic action of the intestines. this possibility has attracted a number of experimental and clinical studies on the topic with satisfactory results being obtained.54 such studies are especially meaningful, because they explore the use of cmis for patients who have conditions where there are no known effective treatments or when standard therapies have not been tolerated or have failed to lead to im provements.54 as can be identified from both the labels (table 4), studies from cluster#5 investigated the effectiveness of shli when used in tandem with compound danshen in dealing with a variety of heattoxin-based diseases or symptoms, including pain after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma,55 chronic pelvic inflammatory disease,56 and acute viral myocarditis.57 interestingly, the underlying rationale for combining these seemingly unrelated types of medicine derives from the tcm theory that removing blood stasis enhances the clearance of heat-toxin (heat-toxin in the sense of tcm is arguably similar to inflammation in modern medicine). it is very interesting that, among the six categories of topics identified by citespace, four (#0e#3) focus on providing evidence for, or enhancing the quality of, shli from a “purely” science-based perspective, whereas two (#4e#5) focus on seemingly modern studies following an ancient tcm rationale. this is a vivid reflection of the status quo of the entire cm research area, where there exists a dispute over whether or not ancient tcm theory should be adhered to in scientific studies. in recent decades, the adherence to tcm theory has been declining. in the present analysis, the number of shli studies conducted from a cm perspective alone was not sufficient to form a cluster, and the researchers in cm must conduct studies under the framework of scientific methodologies. however, even the aggregation of positive results from studies of cm cannot contribute to any validation of ancient tcm theory, because evidence supporting the efficacy of a medicine does not extrapolate back to the authenticity of any historical putative theories. researchers still need to focus on validation of the theory itself. exploring the importance of keywords the importance of an individual keyword to the entire network can be determined by the frequency and burstiness. keywords with high importance can be considered to represent hotspots in the field. frequency "shuanghuanglian injection" (n = 112) is the second most common term, with "shuanghuanglian powder injection" being the most used (f = 235). given the apparent similarity in meaning between these phrases, we dug deeper into the citespace pennant diagram function for specific node observations. we observed that "shuanghuanglian powder injection" is commonly used in articles discussing the chemical components and pharmacological effects of shli, whereas "shuanghuanglian injection" is more commonly associated with safety, clinical practice, and head-to-head trials. since "shuanghuanglian injection" can convey a more general meaning that encompasses all the derivative products, the usage of these distinct titles is reasonable. our position is that shli's medical names should be standardised. the term "adverse events" ranks third in terms of frequency of use. as mentioned in the section on cluster #1, the safety concerns about shli are evident in the keyword use. this should come as no surprise. research medication comes from the 2nd cm pharma-ceutical plant of harbin, which ranks as the fourth most popular term. using a drug manufacturer as a keyword is frequent in cmi research, but it often makes little sense for the study of chemical medications, so this is rather intriguing. this is likely due to the fact that various manufacturers employ vastly different chemical components while making cmis. we think this is an issue that needs further investigation because, after years of work on fingerprint component identification, shli components still haven't been standardised. among the most common search terms, "chlorogenic acid" ranks ninth. this molecule is an important part of shli, which is responsible for its medicinal benefits and some of its negative effects, such allergies.59 a number of plants include cholorogenic acid or other pharmacologically active components, and an overabundance of these actions in particular herbs might lead to unwanted side effects.45 this issue, known as "off-target" consequences, is also present in the process of developing chemical medications. similarly unhelpful ideas for field research are suggested by other frequently used keywords like "shuanghuanglian" (ranked 6th), "powder injection" (7th), and "prepared cm remedy" (8th). we should anticipate their use since, on occasion, writers may choose only one or two keywords to characterise the area of research. the bursting in contrast to frequency, which shows a consistent interest area for certain terms over time, burstiness examines statistically significant fluctuations in keyword use over brief intervals. the high prevalence of the field's defining keywords growing in tandem with the total number of articles in the field may explain, like frequency, some of the burstiness noticed. shuanghuanglian injection, shuan-ghuanglian powder injection, and shuanghuanglian for injection (under lyophilizing) were therefore omitted from the subsequent discussion. the emphasis on studying the effectiveness of shli through clinical trials, beginning in 2006 and continuing to the present, is emphasised by the keywords "the 2nd cm pharmaceutical factory of harbin" (b ¼ 9.83, 2008e2019; the history of its usage as a keyword has been covered in the section on frequency) and "clinical observation" (b ¼ 7.35, 2006e2019). while there are valid concerns about using evidence-based medicine to study cm, this emphasis suggests that evidence-based medicine's status as the clinical practice gold standard might keep impacting shli studies and the field of cm as a whole. the shli family of shl formulations may suppress sarscov-2.23,24 according to promising results from a recent investigation. so, in the next months—or maybe even years—the explosiveness of this term will continue to soar. several major adverse drug reaction (adr) instances that garnered public attention between 2008 and 2011 coincide to the surge of the term "adverse effect" (7.35). while a prior study on terrorist incidents did reveal that news coverage affected the emphasis of academic research, it would not be surprising to see a same pattern in the healthcare sector. the fingerprint analysis and other chemical-level shli research are related to the term "baicalin" (b ¼ 4.79, 2006e2019), which is one of the main therapeutic chemical components of shli. similar to the popularity of evidence-based studies at the general level, this keyword's usage in shli research indicates that researchers are increasingly bringing new ideas and methods to the table. since the term "affecting factor" (3.42, 2010e2019) does not really provide a clear definition, we dug deeper into the papers that used it. we discovered that this term is often used to describe the many sources of shli's negative effects. the compounds in shli that cause the adrs have not been identified after years of research. a number of studies in recent years have started to look at potential multi-factoral causes of shli adrs, including differences in production methods, storage conditions, and individual vulnerability. we observed a rising trend in research that investigate shli utilising current approaches from science-based viewpoints, as shown by the frequency and burstiness analyses. the safety of shli is another area of intense interest, with researchers beginning to rule out single-factor to multi-factor explanations. conclusion bibliometric analysis helped identify the main subject categories of shli studies and the historical trajectory of research hotspots. as the benefits and safety of shli were more widely recognised, the hotspots changed in response. bioactivity fingerprint, adverse drug reaction (adr) mechanism and cause identification, appropriate preparation, clinical evidence collection, and effectiveness in illnesses with no effective therapy and combination use are the five main areas of focus in shli research. in order to identify the specific areas of shli research that need more investigation, academics should zero in on these five broad subject areas. the present ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 3 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 issue 2 investigation suggests that the current trend towards studying shli using cutting-edge approaches grounded on scientific principles will likely persist. future research may also concentrate on the novel understanding of adrs as having several causes. references huang qh, fu hs, and xiong xj. impact of atomized shuanghuanglian injection on il-6, hscrp, and tnf-a levels during treatment of chronic tonsillitis. the 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"surgery" (volume 115, issue 4, 1994) spans pages 433 to 437. 54. s. bend. a review of the safety, effectiveness, and regulation of herbal medicine in the us. the citation is from the journal of general internal medicine (2008), volume 23, pages 854-559. wang zf, li hz, tan mf, and luo y. 55. research on the effects of shuanghuanglian injection on nausea and vomiting during nasopharyngeal cancer radiation treatment. ―hebei journal of traditional chinese medicine‖ 2000;22(5):328-329 [chinese]. injections of lyophilized shuanghuanglian powder and danshen powder in the therapy of chronic pelvic inflammatory illness with dampness-heat stasis: a clinical investigation (56. zheng hy, chen z.). reference: fujian journal of traditional chinese medicine, 2012, 43(4), 17–18 [chinese]. 57. wang l. acute viral myocarditis: a study on the efficacy of injecting shuanghuanglian powder and compound danshen. [chinese] clin j anhui tradit chin med. 2002;14(3):166. 58. by duan hf, wu qn, zhu yy, and colleagues. using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (uplc), 10 components of lonicerae japonicae flos were determined simultaneously across several types of habitats. publication date: 2019 jan 1; volume 50, issue 23, pages 5858–5864, chinese. number 59: yang yf, xie jj, chen m, song yr, huang yw. how allergic responses to injections of traditional chinese medicine work is an area of active investigation. current patent medicine practice (chin tradit patent med. 2019;41(8):1935e1940) from the chinese language. a. mauck and s. timmermans. there are benefits and drawbacks to evidence-based medicine. (health affairs, 2005, 24(1), 18–28). this is the 61st work of zhang et al. practical compatibility for chinese medicine based on components for efficacy. the article "acta pharmacol sin. 2015;36(6):654e658" provides further information. dharmananda s., 62. herbal medicine and pharmaceutical interactions. published in 2000 by http://www.itmonline. org/arts/herbdrug.htm. available as of february 8, 2020. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 |issue 6 8 chinese traditional medical journal effect of planned teaching programme on knowledge of school teachers regarding first aid management in selected schools of kanniyakumari district. dr. arul valan. p1, dr. gopinath subramanian 2, sheeba. b 3 1. hod & professor, department of medical surgical nursing, dr kumaraswami health centre con, kanyakumari, india. 2. principal, mythili college of nursing, nellore. 3. professor, department of obstetrics and gynecology nursing, venkateshwara nursing college, chennai. background first aid is the immediate assistance or treatment given to the person who is injured or suddenly falls ill, before the arrival of an ambulance, a doctor or an appropriately qualified person. the famous surgeon general esmarch of germany conceptualised the idea of first aid in the later period of 18th century. each schoolgoing child has faced one or more injuries abstract— t safe childhood is the foundation of a good future. children face different kinds of accidents at school premises while playing. prevention of these accidents and their management is essential. a study was therefore conducted among school teachers at agastheeswaram, kanniyakumari to make them aware about different accidents of children at school premises and their first aid management. the sample consisted of 30 primary and higher primary school teachers selected by random sampling technique. the analysis showed that improvement of knowledge occurred after adminis tering planned teaching programme (ptp) on first aid management. the data reveals that post test knowledge score mean(30.9+9.61) is significantly higher than the mean pre test anxiety score (49.6+14.106).the calculated t value(t29=6.001,p0.05) at 0.05 level of knowledge. there is significant difference between mean pretest and post test knowledge score and it shows that planned teaching programme is effective in importing knowledge among school teachers. nursing professionals can benefit from the study result at the area of community, administration, research and education. keywords: knowledge, first aid management, school teachers ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 |issue 6 9 in the school. therefore, next to the parents at home, the teachers are the responsible persons to look after the child; as the teacher spends most of the time with the children, their knowledge of what action to be taken in times of minor and major injuries are crucial for the student safety. therefore, to maintain student safety in school, knowledge of first aid was mandatory for school teachers. preventive measures may be instrumental in saving life and ensuring better and more rapid recovery of the child who has sustained injury. conditions that require immediate attention to avert death include cessation of breathing i.e. asphyxia, severe bleeding, poisoning, fracture, fainting, bites and stings, burns and drowning. according to red cross among these injuries there are few common injuries that often occur at the school. these include fall (82%), fracture (49%), and ingestion of foreign body (0.5%). the focus of health and safety in the school as a workplace is on the prevention of illnesses and injuries. objectives of the study 1. to assess the knowledge regarding first aid management among school teachers before and after administering the planned teaching programme (ptp). 2. to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge among school teachers regarding first aid management by comparing pre-test and post-test knowledge score. 3. to determine the association between the pre-test knowledge score of school teachers with selected demographic variables. hypothesis h1: there will be significant association between selected demographic variables and pre-test knowledge scores of school teachers regarding knowledge of first aid management. literature review review of literature a descriptive study was conducted to evaluate the first aid knowledge and attitude of primary school teachers at turkish primary schools. total of 312 teachers took part in the study, among them 65.1 percent gave incorrect answer regarding epistaxis, 63.5 percent for bee stings and 88.5 percent for abrasion. the study revealed that most of the teachers do not have correct knowledge and attitudes about first aid; it was also found that with increasing age of teachers, appropriate first aid practice becomes more and more unlikely. another study to evaluate the level of knowledge about first aid among 79 school teachers (28 males and 51 females) and 227 secondary students (34 males and 193 females) in poland, showed after 7 surveys that 57 students were having good ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 |issue 6 10 knowledge but 163 possessed inadequate knowledge level. in yet another similar study among 100 teachers from two high schools it was found that after application of standardised questionnaire on first aid, half of the respondents know rules of giving first aid, and only one third declared that they can put this rule in practice. methodology a pre-experimental, with one group pre-test posttest design was used for the study, with planned teaching programme. the study was done in gnanadeepam matric higher secondary school, kanyakumari district. subjects were selected by simple random sampling technique. among 45 staff 30 staff was selected by lottery method. ethical clearance was obtained from the institution. written con sent was obtained from the school authorities and the participants after explaining the purpose of the study. structured knowledge questionnaire was developed by the researcher. table: 1 frequency and percentage distribution of school teachers demographic variables frequency percentage age in years below 25yrs 15 50 25-35 yrs 08 26.67 36-46 yrs 06 20 4760yrs 01 3.33 sex male 08 26.67 female 22 73.33 less than 5 yrs 17 56.67 510 yrs 07 23.33 above 10 yrs 06 20 married 20 66.67 unmarried 10 33.33 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 |issue 6 11 no children 13 43.33 one child 08 26.67 two children 08 26.67 more than two children 01 3.33 graduate with b.ed 07 23.33 postgraduate with b.ed 18 60 puc with tch 03 10 doctorate 02 6.67 attended 06 20 not attended 24 80 figure: 1 frequency and percentage distribution of school teachers according to experience of giving first aid 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 yes no 10 20 24 6 yes no ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 |issue 6 12 igure: 2 frequency and percentage distribution of school teachers according to need of first aid training table 2: pre test post test knowledge regarding first aid management among school teachers n=30 knowledge level pretest posttest frequency percentage frequency percentage poor (below 50%) 12 40% 00 00 moderate (51-75%) 18 60% 01 3.33% adequate (above 75%) 00 00 29 96.67% table 3: range of score, mean, median and standard deviation and t value of pretest and post test level of knowledge regarding first aid management n=30 range of score mean median sd mean difference t’value df pre test 31-69 49.6 54.5 14.106 18.7 6.001 29 post test 18-58 30.9 28 9.61 ‘t’ value=2.05,p<0.05 table shows that post test knowledge score was in the range of 18-58 which was lower than the pre test range 31-69.the data reveals that post test knowledge score mean(30.9+9.61) is significantly higher than the mean pre test anxiety score (49.6+14.106).the calculated t value(t29=6.001,p0.05) at 0.05 level of knowledge. there is significant difference between mean pretest and post test knowledge score and it shows that planned teaching programme is effective in importing knowledge among school teachers. discussion the findings of this study revealed that the mean post-test score was significantly higher than their mean pre-test score. the calculated ‘ t ’ value (t=6.001, <0.05) were greater than the table value at 0.05. the nursing personnel ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 |issue 6 13 have challenge to provide standard and quality nursing care. through the education the nursing the school teachers will be able to know all the aspects of child safety by taking the preventive measures of injuries and method of providing first aid at the incident. hence it is concluded that there is highly significant gain in knowledge of primary & higher primary school teachers through planned teaching programme regarding first aid management. recommendations based on findings of the study the following recommendations are made: 1. the same study can be undertaken with a large sample to generalize the findings. 2. the study can be undertaken with a control group. 3. a study can be undertaken on parents for first aid management. conclusion the structured teaching programme regarding first aid management was instructionally effective, appropriate and feasible and can be used to train the teachers in different health aspects for improving the health of the school going children. references 1. st john ambulance: the authorised manual of first aid manual.7th edn, 1997. britain: dorling kindersley publishers, pp 1-40 2. kum samant. first aid manual accident & emergency.1st edn, 2004. mumbai: vora medical publication, pp 1-6, 81-95, 242-60 3. neelam makhija. introduction to nursing research.1st edn, 2005. india: ap jain & co, pp 45-67, 10323 4. singh ak. tests, measurement & research methods in behavioral science. 3rd edn, 2004. india: bharathi bhawan publishers & dis tributors, pp 287, 375 5. nancy burn, susan k grove. practice of nursing research, con duct, and critique & utilization. 5th edn, 2005. new delhi: elsevier saunders, pp 341-67 6. denise f polit, beck tatano: nursing research: generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. 8th edn, 2008. new delhi: wolters kluer, pp 248-79 7. sundar rao pss, richard j. an introduction to biostatistics: a manual for students in health ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 |issue 6 14 sciences. 3rd edn, 2004. india: prentice hall private ltd, pp 16-22, 56, 93-100 8. http://www.wikipedia.org.html 9. http://thiaindianews.co.in/akcw.html http://www.wikipedia.org.html/ http://thiaindianews.co.in/akcw.html ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 |issue 6 15 abstract— th the present study was aimed to assess the effect of structured teaching program on labor care guide among staff nurses at a selected hospital perinthalmanna, kerala. the objectives of the study were to assess the knowledge regarding labor care guide among staff nurses, to find out the effect of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding labor care guide among staff nurses and to find out the association between the pretest knowledge levels regarding labor care guide with their selected demographic variables. a quasi-experimental research design was used to study 50 staff nurses from a selected hospital at perinthalmanna, selected by purposive sampling technique. the data was collected by using structured knowledgequestionnaire on labor care guide.pretest was conducted and the same day itself planned teaching program given to the staff nurses regarding labor care guide and posttest was done after one week. the data collected was analyzed to achieve the objectives of the study and to test the research hypotheses. the results revealed that in pretest most of the subjects had average knowledge (62%), 30 % had poor knowledge whereas only 8% had good knowledge regarding labor care guide where is in the posttest 100% of them having good knowledge and none of them are having poor and average knowledge. the range, mean, median and standard deviation of pretest was 12, 8.92, 9.5 and 3.45 respectively. the range, mean, median and standard deviation of posttest was 5, 16.78,17, and 1.36 respectively. results showed that significant association was found between age and year of experience whereas no association between educational qualification and the level of knowledge scores. the calculated χ2value for age8.13 with p-value is 0.0044, year of experience14.966 with p-value is 0.0001 and for educational qualification -2.91 with p-value is 0.0877 at 0.05 level of significance. the present study helped to identify the knowledge of staff nurses on labor care guide. the study shows that the structured teaching program is effective to improve in knowledge of labor care guide. keywords: effect, knowledge, structured teaching program, labor care guide chinese traditional medical journal assess the effect of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding labor care guide among staff nurses at a selected hospital, perinthalmanna. 1. dr. tamil selvi p, principal, al shifa college of nursing, perinthalmanna, kerala 2.mrs. rincy alex, assoc. prof, al shifa college of nursing, perinthalmanna, kerala 3. dr. sheeba, asst prof, al shifa college of nursing, perinthalmanna, kerala 4. mrs. shinu xavier, asst prof, al shifa college of nursing, perinthalmanna, kerala 5. mrs. anjali mohan, lecturer, al shifa college of nursing, perinthalmanna, kerala 6. mrs.harishma.p. n, lecturer, al shifa college of nursing, perinthalmanna, kerala 7. mrs. azhagurani, lecturer, al shifa college of nursing, perinthalmanna, kerala ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 |issue 6 16 introduction the labor care guide (lcg) is a clinical tool developed by the world health organization (who) as part of efforts to improve the quality of care during childbirth. it replaces the previously used partograph and aims to provide a simpler, more practical approach to monitoring labor progression while promoting individualized, respectful maternity care. need for the study the lcg serves as a vital resource for healthcare workers in diverse settings, promoting safer deliveries and improving maternal and neonatal outcomes.recent research has explored the implementation and impact of the world health organization's (who) labor care guide (lcg) in various healthcare settings. a study was conducted to examine the effect of the who lcg on primary cesarean delivery rates. the findings indicated that utilizing the lcg significantly reduced the number of primary cesarean deliveries without increasing perinatal complications or the duration of hospital stay. the study also noted a minimal learning curve for healthcare providers adopting the lcg. a study was conducted to evaluate the lcg’s usability, feasibility, and acceptability among maternity care practitioners in clinical settings. mixed-methods evaluation with doctors, midwives, and nurses in 12 health facilities across argentina, india, kenya, malawi, nigeria, and tanzania. purposively sampled and trained practitioners applied the lcg in low-risk women during labor and rated experiences, satisfaction, and usability. practitioners were invited to focus group discussions (fgds) to share experiences and perceptions of the lcg, which were subjected to framework analysis. the study results show that practitioner satisfaction with the lcg was high and median usability score was 67.5%. practitioners described the lcg as supporting precise and meticulous monitoring during labor, encouraging critical thinking in labor management, and improving the provision of woman-centered care. the above research studies shows that the lcg is feasible and acceptable to use across different clinical settings and can promote woman-centered care.implementing the lcg should be accompanied by the necessary initial and ongoing training, and supportive supervision, and strategies to promote an enabling environment for practitioners to use lcg efficiently. so the researcher is intrested to assess the knowledge of staff nurses regarding labor care guide. statement of the problem a study to assess the effect of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding labor care guide among staff nurses at a selected hospital at perinthalmanna. objectives of the study 1. to assess the pretest knowledge regarding labor care guide among staff nurses 2. to find out the effect of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding labor care guide among staff nurses and 3. to find out the association between the pretest level of knowledge scores regarding labor care guide with their selected demographic variables. hypotheses h1: there is significant difference between the mean pretest and posttest knowledge score of staff nurses regarding labor care guide ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 |issue 6 17 h2: there is a significant association between pretest knowledge scores of staff nurses with selected demographic variables. setting of the study the study was conducted at kims al shifa hospital, perinthalmanna. population population consists of staff nurses who are working at kims al shifa hospital, perinthalmanna. sample the samples consist of 50 staff nurses who are working at kims al shifa hospital, perinthalmanna. sampling technique purposive sampling technique criteria for the selection of the samples inclusion criteria ▪ staff nurses who are working at kims al shifa hospital, perinthalmanna ▪ staff nurses who are available during the data collection period. exclusion criteria ▪ staff nurses who were not willing to participate in the study. ▪ staff nurses at who had attended previous classes on labor care guide data collection instruments the tools used for the study were, section a: demographic proforma. section b: a structured knowledge questionnaireto assess the knowledge of staff nurses regarding labor care guide data collection process after getting permission from ethical committee, researcher taken consent from the subjects and collected data from the participants. using the tool on the first day pre-test was conducted and on the same day itselfstructured teaching program was given. on the 7th day post-test was done. results section a: description of the demographic variable table 1:frequency and percentage distribution of students on demographic variable n=60 sl no demographic variables frequency percentage (%) 1 age in years a) 20-25 yrs b) 26-30 years c) more than 30 yrs 22 15 13 44 30 26 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 |issue 6 18 2 qualification a) undergraduate b) graduate c) postgraduate 28 22 0 56 44 0 3 year of experience a) less than 1 year b) 1-5 years c) more than 5 years 13 30 7 26 60 14 most of the subjects (44%) were in the age group between20-25 yrs most of the subjects (56%) were under graduates most of the subjects (60%) were between1-5 years of experience section b: knowledge of of staff nurses regarding labor care guide table 2: frequency and percentage distribution of knowledge scores of staff nurses regarding labor care guide n=60 level of knowledge pretest post test (n) (%) (n) (%) good (14-20) 4 8 50 100 average (7-13) 31 62 0 0 poor (0-6) 15 30 0 0 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 |issue 6 19 figure 1: bar diagram showing the percentage distribution of staff nurses according to their pretest and posttest knowledge scores data presented in the table 2 and figure 1 show that, in pretest most (62%) of staff nurses had average knowledge, 30% had poor knowledge whereas only few (8%) of them had good knowledge. where as in the post-test all the staff nurses (100%) had good knowledge. table 3: mean, standard deviation, paired‘t’ test values of pretest and posttest level of knowledge regarding labor care guide. n=60 level of knowledge paired ‘t’ test pretest posttest t-value p-value significance mean standard deviation mean standard deviation 8.92 3.45 16.78 1.36 17.29 0.00001 significant data in the table 3 shows that the pre=test mean was 8.92 with a standard deviation 3.45 and post-test mean was 16.78 with a standard deviation 1.36. the calculated ‘t’ value is 17.29 which was statistically significant at p<0.05. section c: association of knowledge scores with selected demographic variables table 4: chi-square test showing association of level of knowledge scores with selected demographic variables 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 pre test post test poor good average ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 |issue 6 20 sl. no. demographic variables χ 2 inference 1. age (in years) 8.13 significant 2. year of experience 14.966 significant 3. educational qualification 2.91 not significant the data in the table 4 shows that, significant association was found between age, year of experience and the level of knowledge scores, whereas no significant association educational qualification. hence the research hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of significance for age. discussion a mixed-method research was conducted to evaluate the usability, feasibility, acceptability, and satisfaction of midwives using who lcg in rural practice. during february to april 2024, research data were gathered from three rural hospitals.data were collected from 41 midwives in three rural hospitals. midwives observed labor in 123 patients using lcg. according to the questionnaire, 49.6% of the midwives were satisfied with the use of lcg, 65% were satisfied with how lcg was designed, and 68.3% thought lcg was useful. according to the midwives' interviews, the lcg design was detailed; however, in its implementation, the midwives agreed that more time, information, and effective communication were needed to complete. a study was conducted to explore opinions of skilled health personnel on the frst version of the who labour care guide.skilled health personnel (including obstetricians, midwives and general practitioners) of any gender from africa, asia, europe and latin america were identifed through a large global research network.a total of 110 participants from 23 countries completed the survey.participants agreed or strongly agreed with the overall design, structure of the lcg, and the usefulness of reference thresholds to trigger further assessment and actions. they also agreed that lcg could potentially have a positive impact on clinical decision-making and respectful maternity care. the present study also revealed that health care professionals are lack knowledge regarding labor care guide. the above studies are supporting the present study that health care professionals should receive training and classes to improve their knowledge and practice. limitations * the study was limited only at one setting. * there is a small sample size will reduce the generalization of findings. conclusion the study concluded that structured teaching program is effective in terms of improving knowledge of staff nurses regarding labor care guide recommendations * futurestudies can be conducted to assess the both knowledge and practice on labor care guide ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 |issue 6 21 * in-service education can be given to the staff nurses to update their knowledge. * the study can be conducted at different settings by using large sample size to improve the generalization of findings references 1. world health organization. who labour care guide: user's manual. geneva: world health organization; 2021. 2. kumar s, gupta r, sharma p. awareness of who labour care guide among nursing professionals in india. indian j nurs midwifery. 2020;8(2):56-62. 3. sharma n, patel v, joseph s. effectiveness of planned teaching programs on obstetric care tools: a quasi-experimental study. j nurs educ pract. 2019;9(3):78-84. 4. thomas r, george k, varghese a. evaluating interactive teaching interventions for improving knowledge of labor management among nurses. asian j nurs educ res. 2020;10(4):567-71. 5. george r, thomas l, abraham a. impact of labor progress monitoring tools on decision-making during delivery. int j obstetgynecolnurs. 2018;6(1):45-50. 6. patel r, shukla k, desai m. role of trained nursing staff in reducing labor-related complications. j clin nurs. 2019;28(11-12):2510-6. 7. rani a, john p, nair s. effect of a planned teaching program on maternal care tools in kerala: a pre-post study. south asian j nursmidwifery res. 2021;3(2):125-30. 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 chinese traditional medical journal a novel image enhancement technique based on trainable nonlinear reaction diffusion (tnrd) zhu qinguan, huan linyan, yu li department of physical therapy with chinese massage, yueyang hospital of integrated traditional chinese and western medicine, shanghai university of traditional chinese medicine, shanghai key laboratory of exercise and health sciences, ministry of education, shanghai university of sport, shanghai introduction a wide range of applications, including things like item detection and inspection, therapeutic applications, as well as other image-based packages, employ digital sceneries. this photograph was captured during the day and has outstanding perceivability with a large dynamic assortment, making it beneficial in terms of locating interesting pixels. in any event, the picture was taken at night or in a lowlight situation, and it has a poor dynamic range and a lot of bustle. an picture may be degraded, not just affecting the human eye's ability to recognise it, but also affecting the performance of an imagecaught application. a significant amount of space is required to enhance the magnificence of a photograph. this provides the most crucial information from the records, allowing for an in-depth examination andsee how the issue is being handled the low direct photos, for example, are accurate. every other abstract virtual images are being used in a wide range of applications. we utilise it all the time and practically wherever we go in our modern lives. these images are deteriorated and the quality of the picture is lowered when the images are taken in poor lighting circumstances. trainable nonlinear reaction diffusion (tnrd) is a novel technology created to increase the image's remarkable quality (tnrd). this approach is used to enhance photos taken in low light conditions or photos that were previously taken in low light. our approach outperforms the current state of the art in terms of efficiency. this procedure yielded precise and reliable findings. keywords: low-light image enhancement, illumination estimation, and transmission of illumination 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 component might have an impact on several computations that are developed to accommodate excessive perceivability inputs. many interesting aspects of interest may be obscured by an unappetizingly minor state. the veiled picture may be clearly seen with a low direct image improvement. there is a great deal of trial and error involved in improving an image, and many of these procedures are experimental and need intuitive approaches to get satisfactory results. systems for improving the quality of an image might be based on spatial or recurrence space considerations. when it comes to spatial area planning, we simultaneously address the pixels of the picture. to get the desired outcome, the pixel values are carefully monitored and adjusted. when using recurrence area approaches, the picture is first shifted into the recurrence put. the image's fourier transform is enrolled first in the approach. to get the final picture, the fourier rework of the original image is first performed, followed by an inverse fourier rebuild. in order to control the image's brightness, evaluate it, or take use of the dark areas, these enhancements are carried out. because of this, the yield picture's pixel charge (forces) might fluctuate in response to the information values' shifting highlights. each area in which photos must be interpreted and studied is linked to image improvement. the examination of clinical images, satellite imagery analysis, and so on are all examples of this kind of work. related work a. histogram equalization in order to enhance evaluation, histogram equalisation is a technique for changing the intensity of images. the approach is useful in images with both light and dark foundations and fronts. bone structure can be better shown in x-ray pictures with this approach, and the technology can also improve images that are either completed or under-revealed. key to the strategy's success is the fact that it is a legitimate system and an intransigent administrator. on a basic level, if the hallmark for histogram elongation is known, the individual histogram may be recovered. it's not always the case that the calculation is computationally intensive. a shortcoming the method's main selling point is that it targets everybody and everyone. possibly, even if the use of the sign is reduced, the noise assessment of heritage noise will rise. b. single scale retinex logarithmic image receptor trademarks that resemble the vision apparatus primarily in light of an encircling center/encompass [6] trademark are vital components of ssr. the ssr is provided via the following methods: there is a relationship between logi(x, y) and logi[f(x, y) – ii(x, y)]. (1) f(x,y) is the standardised encompass characteristic[7] where ii (x,y) is the image dispersion within the ith colour band. the aim is to: for all two given inputs, we may deduce that the function f = 1 (2) in terms of both range pressure and tone variation, ssr does not have the ability to do both at once. it also shines a light on the gadgets. multiscale retinex (msr) 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 at long last, in an effort to keep up both dynamic assortment pressure and shade variation, multi-scale retinex—a total of ssr weighted unique sizes—is an astounding arrangement:: 𝑁 𝑅𝑀𝑆𝑅i = ∑ w𝑛𝑅𝑛i (3) 𝑛=1 wn, where n is the scale's measurement, r ni is the ith scale component, and i is the weight of the nth scale, is used to calculate scale weights. for msr, weight and scale are critical issues. weights are likely to be the same on three scales in most circumstances. generally speaking, the steadily rising for example, a piece of picture length may be 15, 80, or 2 sizes. putting greater emphasis on a single factor. a modification in weights may be required for a certain range's pressure or shade version. these photographs have a considerable shade fluctuation over the whole picture scale, as well as a large dynamic range pressure at the light/dark contrast boundary. illumination map figure 1: flow chart for existing method the recommended technique may be broken down into the steps listed below. b. block matching 3d method using 3-d groupings of comparable 2-d parts of the picture may help increase the image's sparsity. there's a new approach to get rid of impurities: synergistic filtration. in all three dimensions, take care of these organisations. due to three-dimensional conversion, the rework spectrum lowers and the 3-d transformation reverses itself.' when employing this method, it is feasible to create a three-dimensional model of the foundation that incorporates a number of 2d adjustments. the clamour may be distanced from the shrinking asset by a large amount when an update takes up a completely sparse instance of the real sign." community-oriented ltering may share knowledge obtained through the process of gathering sections while yet safeguarding the distinctive talents of each participant. this new technology has led to the development of denoising methods for photographs. taking everything into account, we've come up with a predetermined set of guidelines. unrivaled when it comes to efficacy and efficiency, this set of principles shows a successful diversity/standard general switch-off. peak motion-to-commotion ratio and subjectively perceived extraordinary have been found to meet current denoising criteria, according to exploratory study. illumination map gamma correction bm3d technique enhanced image 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 figure 2 : flow chart for proposed method i. input image slight). the reproduction of diffuse light between reflected image and caustics is referred to as "universal light" in the context of working out. estimating illumination map to measure illumination, maxrgb uses the useful asset of looking for the maximum value in three shaded channels, namely r, g, and b. this is one of the principal methods for maintaining colour consistency in images. however, this estimate may at the very least improve the overall lighting. in this study, we want to begin by estimating that the number of enlightenments will not be evenly distributed. the commencement of the programme is shown in this image, which is available on the show's website. 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑐∈(𝑅,𝐺,𝐵) 𝐿(𝑥) (4) ii. sits back and waits for the console to enter, then examines any articulations and returns the surrender outcome. the information capacity may use current workplace parameters to evaluate articulations. iii. illumination map for each every pixel x.. this operation is based on a legislation that states that the light is always at its maximum value of three channels in a certain area. because r(x) = l(x), the obtained t(x) assures that the reconstruction will no longer be wet. percentage of (maximum lc(x+) (5) it's called "circuitous brightening" or "worldwide illumination" because of the way it may be utilised to bring more realistic lighting to 3d computer graphics. coordination enlightenment is no longer remembered in these computations, but rather subsequent cases in which light beams from an indistinguishable source are pondered over by means of the utilisation of diverse surfaces in the scene, regardless of whether smart or not, are also considered (unusual lighting up). theory suggests that world light is typically reflected and refracted in the manner that one inquiry affects another (in contrast to a thing just being impacted by an instantaneous change). to prevent the zero denominator, a small constant is used instead of the numerator. instead of erasing the shade shift caused by little assets, we see this exquisite art as a way to inconsistently beautify the enlightenment of low-gentle pictures. additionally, a widely used model has been developed based on the idea that discordant images 1 – l seem like photos of clouds, and is thus presented as 1 l = (1 r)ot + a(1 t) (6) 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 where a direct address to global environmental issues is made. though it is superficially comparable to dark photographs, upset low-light images 1 l have a different visual effect than models. gamma correction the picture evaluation may be improved mechanically by gamma correction. gamma correction is a nonlinear process used to correct for picture softness or darkness. the gamma rate indicates that the best image shine may be restored. values in the gamma range are rated from 0 to 1. from 0.0 to 10.0. gamma values lower than (1.0) are beneficial to the picture. a image will not alter if the gamma charge is not less than one. gamma is solely used to represent a picture's colour, not its content. the three primary approaches inside the gamma amendment have been completed. in any event, a histogram evaluation provides the spatial guarantees of an incoming picture. at this point, it is employed to balance out aberrant occurrences and prevent the formation of age-troubling relics. gamma treatment may be used in the last 1/three of an advancement to automatically improve the picture. it establishes the link between a pixel's monetary value and its level of verified brilliance. focus the image's force. determine the gamma rate by looking at the image's drive. to enhance the brightness of the right image, use the gamma charge. make sure the wonder of the perfect image is not lost. in this case, gamma parameters are as follows: (7) ii. trainable nonlinear reaction diffusion trainable nonlinear reaction diffusion (tnrd) is the name of this method. the tnrd method may be used to distribute picture repair responsibilities. the suggested method results in a single framework for teaching strong image diffusion models to learn about each other. dispersion seems to be a talent. diffusion-based approaches may be used to improve current performance while preserving the advantages of their high performance. for gpu-based computing, our tnrd model has a similar set of rules to the csf model, which makes it a good fit. sharpening visual structures like edges may be achieved by using an educated backward diffusion system. this is exactly what is needed to carry out the task of making a picture exceptional choice. with the same version capabilities, our tnrd model is often quicker than the csf model. the csf model contains additional dft and inverse dtf operations at each degree, however our version just needs a part of the computation of the csf model. this makes it inexpensive. in spite of its non-local nature, the bm3d is very fast in terms of computing. our nonlinear diffusion method has the following advantages: as a nonlinear diffusion model with training filters and an influence on capabilities, it is theoretically straightforward. 2) it may be used to solve a wide range of photo recovery problems. it is possible, in principle, to revisit all of the diffusion-based models after receiving enough training. gaussian denoising, single photo high-resolution, and jpeg deblocking are just a few of the image recovery tasks that may be accomplished with this software 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 4by including appropriate reaction pressure, it is very computationally efficient and well suited for parallel processing on gpus. results + figure 3 : input image figure 4 : initial illumination map image figure 5 : after solver applied defined map figure 6 :iiiumination t ^ with γ-gamma correction figure 7 : luminanace map figure 8 : low light image, lime output and lime gamma corrected images 7 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 figure 9 : inverted versions of enhanced figure 10 : denoised image figure 11 : recomposed image table 1: comparision table of existing system table 2: performance metrics of proposed and extension methods i. conclusion trainable nonlinear reaction diffusion (tnrd) has been shown to be more effective in improving low-light images. the results of our experiments have shown that our technique to evaluating modern possibilities has improved over the last several years. for example, facet identification, characteristic matching, object recognition and tracking, and so forth, may all benefit from our low-mild image enhancement approach since it can feed these programmes with high-visibility inputs, and therefore improve their universal overall performance references k. zhang, l. zhang and m. yang, realtime compressed tracking, in proc. eccv, 2014, pp. 866879. "[2] xiaojie guo, yu li, member, and haibin ling "lime: low-light image enhancement through illumination map estimation," vol. 26, no. 2, february 2017, pp. 262-267. "the retinex hypothesis of colour vision," scientific american, 237:6, 108-128 (1977): the naturalness preserved enhancement algorithm for non-uniform illumination images by s wang, j zheng, h hu, and b li was published in tip, vol. 22, no. 9, 2013, pp. 3538-3578. "edge preserving decomposition for multi-scale tone and detail modification" by z. farbman, r. fattal, d. lischinski, and r. szeliski, tog, vol. 27, no. 3, 2008. sixth: "multigrid and multilayer preconditioners for computational photography," tog 30(6), 2011 d. krishnan r. szeliski * [7] "image denoising via sparse 3d transformdomain collaborative filtering," tip, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 20802095, 2007 8 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 in proceedings of the national academy of sciences (vol. 83, no. 3078–3080, 1986), e. land proposed an alternate method for calculating the designator in his "retinex theory of colour vision." ieee trans. on image processing 6: 451– 462, march 1997.author’s profile: kuntrapaka.madhavi gokula krishna college of engineering in sullurpet, ap awarded me a b.tech. in electronics and communications engineering. students at india's gokula krishna college of engineering in sullurpet are pursuing an m.tech. in decs (development of engineering science). mrs.t.aruna my bachelor's degree in electronics and communications engineering came from gokula krishna college of engineering in sullurpet, andhra pradesh. m.tech. students at india's gokula krishna college of engineering in sullurpet are pursuing decs m.tech degrees (development of engineering science). plasma metabolomics combined with personalized diagnosis guided by chinese medicine reveals subtypes of chronic heart failure ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 abstract— an inadequate supply of blood by the heart to fulfil the metabolic needs of the body is a hallmark of chronic heart failure (chf). the combination of western and traditional chinese medicine has been shown to be an effective treatment for congestive heart failure. a promising platform for providing biomarkers for disease subtypes has emerged in the field of metabolomics in recent years. the purpose of this study was to establish diagnostic biomarkers for two subtypes of congestive heart failure syndrome by combining nuclear magnetic resonance plasma metabolomics with traditional chinese medicine diagnosis and examining 38 patients. to analyse the contributing nmr signals, we used y-scrambling statistical validation, which yielded high reliability. then, we ran orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis on the processed spectra. patients with yin deficit and yang deficiency were distinguished by their plasma metabolic patterns, according to the results. lactate, glycoprotein, and lipoprotein levels were higher in the yin-deficiency group, whereas glucose, valine, and proline levels were lower. lactate, glycoprotein, and pyruvic acid levels were greater in the yang-deficiency group, although glucose and lipoprotein levels were lower.two tcm symptoms that may serve as biomarkers for congestive heart failure are abnormalities in energy utilisation and disturbances in fatty acid and amino acid metabolism, among other metabolic pathways and metabolites. this research concludes that metabolic markers for subgroups of chf syndrome may be revealed by integrating metabolomics with traditional chinese medical diagnosis. potentially relevant plasma metabolites for different subtypes of chf could increase our knowledge of the underlying processes = plasma metabolomics combined with personalized diagnosis guided by chinese medicine reveals subtypes of chronic heart failure bangze fu a, chan chen c, liangtao luo d, dong deng a, huihui zhao a,*, wei wang a,** a beijing university of chinese medicine, beijing 100029, china b china-japan friendship hospital, beijing 100029, china c hangzhou xiaoshan tcm hospital, zhejiang 311201, china d capital medical university, beijing 100069, china introduction the progressive clinical illness known as chronic heart failure (chf) occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood effectively enough to fulfil the body's metabolic needs. it stands as the last common pathway among the many causes of cardiac disease.1 patients with congestive heart failure still have a high death rate, even if the survival rate following the beginning of chf has significantly improved due to the increased use of pharmaceutical therapies. better strategies for the prevention and treatment of chf are needed, since the incidence and prevalence of the condition are predicted to rise even more with the ageing population. personalised medicine has replaced normal protocol-based illness management as the primary emphasis of western life sciences, thanks to developments in bioinformatics and healthcare. for thousands of years, traditional chinese medicine (tcm) has been successfully restoring the human system's self-regulatory abilities via its individualised health approach and methodical diagnostic methods. echocardiographic measurements, the 6-minute walking distance test, and patients' quality of life are all improved when chf patients receive treatment that combines traditional chinese medicine (tcm) with western medicine. this treatment improves heart function and decreases associated clinical symptoms, such as expiratory dyspnea and chronic fatigue.2 'syndrome type' refers to systemic dysfunctions, which are also given more weight by tcm doctors.3 it is more than just a collection of symptoms; it's a functional state brought about by responses to or interactions with pathogenic causes and changes in the environment.4 traditional chinese medicine (tcm) "syndrome type" boils down to a human system imbalance that causes changes in the concentration and relative proportions of metabolomics biomarkers as well as disruptions in biological metabolism networks. an integral part of systematical biology, metabolomics allows for dynamic in vivo and in vitro investigations of healthy tissues and organs utilising non-invasive methods in settings that are very close to their natural habitat.5 thus, it is possible to get a better understanding of the biochemical alterations linked to illness development via metabolomics detection and analysis of biological materials. early illness detection and the development of predictive diagnostic systems may be possible with the discovery of metabolic biomarkers linked to certain diseases. the most frequent cardiovascular illness seen in clinical practice, heart failure, reportedly benefits greatly from metab-olomics.6 in recent years, metabolomics has also shown great promise in investigations of tcm. the promise of metabolomics in assessing disease state and tcm-guided personalised treatment has been highlighted by multiple studies7,8 that combined metabolomics methods with tcm syndrome types; these studies showed fingerprints of metabolic changes that characterise diseases diagnosed by western medicine. nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy, which offers the benefits of high resolution and sensitivity, has been extensively used in metabolomics research and is one of the most popular platforms for metabolomics analysis. the metabolomics pathways and processes underlying chf may be better understood with the use of nmr while investigating tcm symptoms and treatments. this study used nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy to investigate the following in 38 individuals with congestive heart failure (chf): (1) potential metabolic biomarkers contributing to discriminate tcm syndrome types (yangdeficiency vs. non-yang-deficiency, and yindeficiency vs. nonyin-deficiency); and (2) similarities and differences in tcm syndromerelated biomarker patterns. we hypothesize that combining tcm diagnosis with metabolomics could provide quantitative biological evidence for tcm diagnosis by identifying chf subtypes with related plasma metabolic patterns. materials and methods participants and study design the study was designed as an explorative study without intervention. patients with a history of coronary heart disease that met the chf diagnostic criteria in accordance with the guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure established by the chinese society of cardiology of the chinese medical association in 2007 were enrolled. eligibility criteria were age ≥45years and left ventricular ejection fraction <50%. all patients were in new york heart association (nyha) classes iieiv. all pa tients underwent our standardized recruitment and management. they were diagnosed by two experienced doctors independently to reduce subjective factors. a prestudy screening involved a physical exam that included echocardiography and clinical laboratory tests and was performed immediately. patients with endstage renal or liver disease, ongoing infection and longterm immunosuppressive therapy were excluded. thirty-eight patients attending the heart diseases ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 15/23 17/21 142.6 4.3 3.9 0.6 7.1 2.1 101 32 128.7 20.1 20/18 14/24 19/19 14/24 20/18 range 25.6e35.5 mean sd 61.4 5.13 28.8 2.4 21/17 3 54.3 8.2 22/16 age/years bmi/kg m—2 sex m:f median nyha class mean ejection fraction etiology ischemic: non-ischemic hypertensive: non hypertensive hyperlipidemia: non hyperlipidemia dm: non dm smoker: non-smoker na+ k+ urea creatinine hemoglobin beta-blokers y:n ace inhibitors y:n diuretics y:n table 1 demographic details of participants. clinic at beijing university of chinese medicine affiliated hospital from january 2013 to september 2014 were finally enrolled in the study. samples of venous blood were collected, and the detailed clinical data are shown in table 1. the study was approved by the ethical committee at the affiliated hospital of beijing university of chinese medicine, and written informed consent was acquired from all participants recruited. we used tcm to, investigate general syndromes and classified them into two study groups: (1) yin-deficiency vs. non-yin-deficiency (group 1); and (2) yangdeficiency vs non-yang-deficiency (group 2). according to clinical terminology of traditional chinese medical diagnosis and treatmentdsyndromes,9 yin-deficiency is described as low fever, night sweats, afternoon zygomaticus red, dysphoria with feverish sensation of the chest palms and soles, dry mouth and throat, red tongue with little coating and thready rapid pulse. and yang-deficiency is a cluster of symptoms including an aversion to cold, dispirited feelings and lack of motivation, diarrhea before dawn, shortness of breath, frequent urination, edema, and liability to catch cold. using these criteria, 15 patients were assessed as being in the yin-deficiency group and 7 patients as being in the yang-deficiency group, others of 38 patients were diagnosed as being in combined syndromes of chf. sample collection and preparation clinical parameters included gender, age, ejection fraction, creatinine, electrolyte, urea, b-type natriuretic peptide, platelet count, hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride levels and total cholesterol. complications including diabetes, hypertension or dyslipidemia, and drugtaking information of patients were noted at inclusion. venous blood of 38 chf patients at the heart failure clinic were also collected in 5 ml vacutainer tubes with chelating agent ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (edta) and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. the blood sample was then separated into equal aliquotsand stored at —80◦c until analysis.10 for nmr analysis, plasma samples were thawed at room temperature. after being centrifuged at 13 000 rpm for 10 min, 200 ml samples of supernatant were removed. d2o (400 ml) was added and the mixture was centrifuged again. following centrifugation, 550 ml of supernatant was trans ferred to a 5-mm diameter specific nmr tube for nmr analysis. the reaction was performed using a varian vnmrs 600 mhz nmr spectrometer (varian medical systems, inc., palo alto, ca, usa) at 25◦c. 1 h-nmr spectroscopy the spectra were acquired by carr—purcell— meiboom—gill (cpmg) sequence d-[—90◦-(t-180◦-t)nacq] and longitudinal eddy-delay (led) sequence. both small molecular me tabolites and lipid components in the plasma were observed respectively. the free induction decays were transferred into 64 k data points with a spectral width of 8000 hz and 64 scans, then zero-filled to double size and multiplied before fourier transformation, which was applied with an exponential window function to produce a 0.5 hz broadening line. we identified plasma metabolites by comparison with chemical shifts, which is detailed in a previous report.11 spectral and statistical analysis spectra were manually phased, baseline corrected and normalized. each spectrum was referenced using internal lactate ch3 resonance at d1.33 by mestrenova7.1.0 software (mestrelab research, a corun˜a, spain). signals from d0.5 to d9.0 for each sample were automatically binned with a 0.005 ppm width. water and edta metal complex regions were excluded.12 prior to multivariate data analysis, statistical analyzes were performed on the data using simcap+12 software (umetrics, umea, sweden) as variables and then meancentered and pareto-scaled. to analyze the nmr data holistically and discriminate chf patients with different tcm syndrome types and controls, we applied both principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (opls-da).13,14 score and loading plots were calculated to demonstrate discriminatory metabolites for each group. each point in a score plot pointed to the projection of a nmr spectrum (patient sample) on the predictive (horizontal axis) and orthogonal components of the model (vertical axis). on the loading plot, positive signals represented those plasma metabolites revealed increased concentrations in chf patients diagnosed with yin-deficiency or yangdeficiency syndrome. accordingly, a negative signal corresponded to those down-regulated plasma metabolites.15 the key metabolites resulting in discrimination were also analyzed by peak integration. and independent sam ples t-test were used to identify main differences in selected signals. to obtain a more objective statistical estimation, we performed ‘y-scrambling’ validation and calculated r2 (correlation coefficients) and q2 (prediction properties) values to evaluate our opls-da models.16 results clinical characteristics of participants detailed clinical data characteristics and plasma samples acquired from all chf patients with different tcm syn drome types were collected. the groups showed no dif ferences in any demographic characteristic, such as gender, age or body mass index. metabolomics analysis of plasma samples of chf with tcm syndromes as metabolomics has the advantage of being able to iden tify metabolomics biomarker profiles and reveal relation ships among tcm syndrome subtypes, metabolic profiling coupled with multivariate analysis was applied in this study.based on metabolic profiling, chf patients with yin deficiency or yang-deficiency and controls were able to be easily distinguished in principal component analysis score plots. the first two principal components were selected, which described 65.7% of the total variance of the plasma metabolome. opls-da is a newly developed data analysis method combining orthogonal signal correction and partial least squares, and has been widely used in clinical studies.10,17 here, we also performed an opls-da pattern recognition model with one predictive component and four orthogonal components to further identify plasma metabolites that differed in concentrations in chf patients with different tcm syndrome types. opls-da score plots revealed that yin-deficiency patients were statistically distinguishable from controls (r2y z 0.608 q2 z 0.327). the former index shows the explanative ability of the syndrome classification, and the latter is the result of seven-fold cross-validation, and suggests that the opls-da models were robust.18 the patterns of group 1 and 2 are clearly distinct from that of the control group along the t[1]-axis direction of the first principle component, without any crossover or overlap (figs. 1 and 2). this separating trend clearly in dicates that metabolic profiling varied according to different tcm syndromes. further analysis of loading plots illustrated corresponding changes of metabolites of high variable importance, which accounted for metabolomics fingerprint changes and discrimination in score plots. nine plasma metabolites of yindeficiency patients and control groups could be deter mined in the 600 mhz one-dimensional cpmg and led1 hnmr spectra, ranked by the largest variable importance,19 to be significantly altered metabolites of chf patients ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 fig. 1 opls-da score plots of group 1. black box: opls-da score plots displaying discrimination between chf yang-deficiency patients. red circle: opls-da score plots displaying discrimination between chf yang-deficiency controls. fig. 2 opls-da score plots of group 2. black box: opls-da score plots displaying discrimination between chf yang-deficiency patients. red circle: opls-da score plots displaying discrimination between chf yang-deficiency controls. with yin-deficiency syndrome (i.e. potential biomarkers) (figs. 3, 4 and table 2a). chf patients with yang-deficiency syndrome were examined as above. nine metabolites were positively identified as potential biomarkers from variable importance values (figs. 5, 6 and table 2b).statistical validation we performed ‘y-scrambling’ statistical validation to correct chance correlation and evaluate the opls-da model. the yvariable of case and control group were randomly fig. 3 opls-da loadings plots of key metabolites by cpmg sequence of group 1. opls-da loadings plots demonstrating discrimination of key metabolite levels between chf yin-deficiency patients and controls. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 fig. 4 opls-da loadings plots of key metabolites by led sequence of group 1. opls-da loadings plots demonstrating discrimination of key metabolite levels between chf yin-deficiency patients and controls. permutated first and the statistical model was rebuilt. in addition, we recorded and analyzed trends of the predic tive power and goodness of fit at each step. two hundred rounds of reshuffling showed that the separation model was reliable, and that its high predictability was not affected by random or over-fitting of the data, as both permutated r2 and q2 values were markedly lower than the corresponding original values (fig. 7a, b). even though this study may not include all possible confounding factors in the patients, our validation through randomization of the y-variable suggests that these variations should not be key attributors for discrimination between case and control groups, or affect the predictability of our model. discussion chf is clinically associated with high mortality and morbidity, decreased quality of life and substantial burden on health care systems. despite advances in drug treatment strategies for chf, the number of deaths resulting from this condition continues to rise.20 tcm pays particular attention to the integrity and holism of the human body and its interrelationship with nature. tcm also adheres to basic principle of treatment based on differentiation of symptoms and signs, treats the same disease by different methods and different diseases by the same method, and advocates individualized treatment, which vividly reflects the essence table 2a key metabolites differentiating chf yin-deficiency patients and controls. no metabolite (chemical shift) yip nyip p-value vip 1 valine 1.04 0.2526 0.0628 0.3031 0.0507 0.007 1.76 2 vldl/ldl 1.26, 1.3, 1.34 1.6539 0.0885 1.5791 0.0996 0.010 2.59 3 lactate 1.33, 4.12 1.4396 0.4708 1.1235 0.2363 0.017 3.99 4 alanine 1.48 0.2748 0.0873 0.4077 0.1251 0.000 2.11 5 proline 3.33 0.0353 0.0283 0.0511 0.0226 0.029 3.93 6 glucose 3.47; 3.72, 4.64, 5.23 4.1008 0.4777 4.7331 0.6542 0.007 3.68 7 glycoprotein (neac) 2.02 0.6093 0.0223 0.4289 0.0696 0.000 2.54 8 carnitine 2.44 0.0725 0.0138 0.0904 0.0351 0.001 2.39 abbreviations: yip, yin-deficiency patients; nyip, non-yin deficiency patients; ldl, low-density lipoprotein; vldl, very lowdensity lipoprotein; hdl, high-density lipoprotein; values expressed as the mean(sd) (range); p values were calculated from the independentsamples t test; variable importance in the projection (vip) was acquired from the opls-da model. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 fig. 5 opls-da loadings plots of key metabolites by cpmg sequence of group 2. opls-da loadings plots demonstrating discrimination of key metabolite levels between chf yin-deficiency patients and controls. tcm treatment.21 treatment based on syndrome differentiation is at the core of tcm therapy for chf. in terms of the perspective of tcm, chf may occur in all differentiation types, including yang deficiency, blood stasis and yin-deficiency, to name a few. some chinese herbs have been demonstrated to be safe and effective in the management of chf in both animal models and in humans.22,23 modern biological research has now begun integrating various research technologies and methods to tackle difficult biological problems at bio-molecular levels, which is exemplified by studies in the new scientific field of metabolomics. it is important that potential correlations fig. 6 opls-da loadings plots of key metabolites by led sequence of group 2. opls-da loadings plots demonstrating discrimi nation of key metabolite levels between chf yin-deficiency patients and controls. table 2b key metabolites differentiating chf yang-deficiency patients and controls. no metabolite (chemical shift) yadp nyadp p-value vip 1 hdl 0.82 0.1447 0.0439 0.1979 0.0468 0.0180 2.51 2 pyruvic acid 0.94 0.0967 0.0181 0.0667 0.0106 0.000 1.45 3 vldl/ldl 1.26, 1.3, 1.34 1.5539 0.0885 1.8791 0.0996 0.010 2.50 4 lactate 1.33, 4.12 1.4396 0.4708 1.1235 0.2363 0.017 3.70 5 alanine 1.48 0.4748 0.0873 0.2077 0.1251 0.000 2.03 6 glutamate 2.15, 2.52 0.0829 0.0169 0.0586 0.0189 0.000 1.95 7 glucose 3.47; 3.72, 4.64, 5.23 4.1008 0.4777 4.5371 0.6542 0.007 3.01 8 glycoprotein (neac) 2.02 0.6093 0.0223 0.4289 0.0696 0.000 2.38 abbreviations: yap, yang-deficiency patients; nyap, non-yang deficiency patients; ldl, low-density lipoprotein; vldl, very low-density lipoprotein; hdl, high-density lipoprotein. values are expressed as mean (sd) (range). p-values were calculated from independent samples t-tests. variable importance in the projection (vip) was acquired from the opls-da model. ln order to find new ways to treat chf by studying the correlation between tcm symptom type and metabolites. the purpose of this exploratory investigation was to identify metabolic markers of traditional chinese medicine (tcm) syndromes in congestive heart failure (chf) and to develop novel diagnostic techniques in patients with yindeficiency and yang-deficiency condition. our method, which included plasma metabolomics in addition to tcm syndrome type identification, demonstrated efficacy across all experimental groups. we identified distinguishable metabolites that could differentiate chf patients with each tcm syndrome from controls in this study. these metabolites include energy metabolites (glucose, lactate and glycoprotein), lipid/protein complexes (high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein) and amino acids (alanine, glutamate, valine, glycine, proline and carnitine). these findings provide support for the hypothesis that this metabolomics approach may contribute to our knowledge of tcm symptoms associated with chf. this research has some limitations, as do many novel diagnostic techniques. to begin, metabolic profiles might be impacted by various confounding variables. additionally, this strategy has to be validated by research with bigger cohorts. secondly, it is challenging to ascribe a ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 metabolic fingerprint to certain metabolic activities since plasma samples reflect metabolic processes in several organs.24 nevertheless, chf patients exhibiting certain tcm symptoms, which may serve as indicators of illness, have changed metabolite levels to a certain extent. this matter needs more mechanical research. levels of glucose, valine, proline, alanine, and carnitine were lower in yin-deficiency patients compared to non-deficiency patients, while levels of lactate, glycoprotein, and ldl/vldl were higher in yin-deficiency patients. patients with congestive heart failure (chf) who also have yin-deficiency often have abnormalities in energy metabolism, as shown by elevated lactate and hypoglycemia.18 glycoproteins have an impact on cellular immunity and metabolic energy supply in humans, and they are intricately linked to the pathology and physiology of cell proliferation.25 the most notable difference between the yin-deficiency patients and the control groups was the observation of elevated levels of ldl and vldl in the chf patients with yin-deficiency. the significance of apolipoproteins in lipid metabolism suggests that this metabolomics profile may be linked to lipolysis, a pathway for energy utilisation that functions as a backup. patients with coronary atherosclerotic disease who also have yin-deficiency syndrome may have elevated proline levels, according to certain reports.26 alanine and valine are two examples of the well-known non-essential and essential amino acids that are found at low plasma levels in individuals with chf who have yin-deficiency syndrome. this condition causes a progressive disruption of the body's internal homeostasis. this finding is in agreement with the metabolomics study conducted by yan et al. in rats with qideficiency and yin-deficiency syndromes that demonstrated an association between energy metabolism and oxidative stress response, as well as an increase in inositol and a decrease in valine, glycine, and serine.27 furthermore, there was a significant decrease in carnitine, a crucial molecule in fat metabolism and energy production, in these individuals. research has shown that l-carnitine may enhance the absorption of free fatty acids, allowing glucose to be used as an oxidative fuel in some scenarios.28, 29 inadequate carnitine levels disrupt mitochondrial oxidation, which in turn causes metabolic imbalances and cardiac problems. these metabolic processes include carbs, proteins, and lipids; in patients with congestive heart failure and yin-deficiency syndrome, they are suggestive of a complex metabolic disease. secondly, when comparing yang-deficiency patients to non-yang-deficiency patients, the former had lower glucose, ldl/vldl, and hdl levels and higher lactate, glycoprotein, pyruvic acid, alanine, and glutamate levels. according to traditional chinese medicine (tcm), yangdeficiency manifests in the latter stages of many illnesses and is characterised by symptoms of persistent weakness, hypofunction, hypometabolism, and degenerative changes.30 patients with congestive heart failure (chf) with yang-deficiency had metabolic abnormalities that were highly indicative of carbohydrate and energy metabolism disorders, including decreased glucose metabolism and increased lactate, alanine, and pyruvate. an increase in hepatic gluconeogenesis to produce more pyruvate, a substrate for glucose, may be indicated by a shift in pyruvic acid, suggesting that endogenous glucose synthesis may be augmented.31 the yang-deficiency syndrome is often seen in individuals with stage iii and iv chf, which is in line with our results. there was also an increase in glycoprotein levels. fig. 7 (a) statistical validation of the opls-da model of group 1. a permutation test performed with 200 random permutations in a plsda model showing r2 (green triangles) and q2 (blue boxes) values from permuted analysis (bottom left) as significantly lower than corresponding original values (top right). (b) statistical validation of the opls-da model of group 2. a permutation test performed with 200 random permutations in a plsda model showing r2 (green triangles) and q2 (blue boxes) values from permuted analysis (bottom left) as significantly lower than corresponding original values (top right). indicate immune defects in patients,32 while generally lower lipoprotein levels, including ldl/vldl and hdl, suggest insufficient absorption and utilization of protein during these phases. higher excretion levels of measured metabolites (glutamate and alanine) in group 2 participants could indicate further more potential disturbances of renal function, resulting in these patients missing metabolites necessary for carbohydrate and energy metabolism.33 a study in china investigated urinary metabolites of yang-deficiency syndrome in patients with chronic kidney disease and reported that key distinguishing metabolites differing between yangdeficiency syndrome patients and the control group included alanine, diethylamine and proline.34 as essential substances in cellular activities, such deficiencies will affect energy supply in all aspects of the human body. these alterations are likely important contributing factors to the altered metabolite profiling of chf patients with yang-deficiency syndrome. this study is an early phase investigation examing tcm syndrome types of chf based on a small number of study participants. importantly, this study has demonstrated that two tcm syndromes were able to be distinguished based on their plasma metabolic patterns. while the findings of this study are very promising, further research using larger cohort is required to confirm and validate the reliability of individualized treatment of chf based on tcm subtypes. conclusion the present investigation sought metabolic subgroups in chf by combining nmr plasma metabolomics grounded in biology with tcm personalised diagnostics. by analysing metabolic patterns in plasma, researchers were able to distinguish between two kinds of tcm syndrome associated with chf. the decreased levels of sugars, proteins, lipids, and amino acids in group 2 as compared to group 1 suggest that these individuals have more disruptions in energy and carbohydrate metabolism as well as renal function. plasma metabolites have the potential to ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 provide light on metabolomics pathways and prognosis, which might enhance personalised therapies for chf and aid in the detection of subtypes of the disease. validation of the tcm subgroups discovered in this research and assessment of intervention responses to prospective metabolic therapies or medications need further investigations. references 1. lin et al. (2011) identified molecular markers of advanced heart failure. published in the journal of card failure in 2011, volume 17, pages 867– 874. two, li yl, ju jq, yang ch, and others. improved quality of life with oral chinese herbal medicine for patients with chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis and systematic review. life science reviews, 2014, 23, 1177–1192. thirdly, jiang wy. traditional chinese medicine's therapeutic wisdom: a scientific viewpoint. current pharmaceutical science. 2005;26:558–563. in the framework of the neuro-endocrine-immune network, li s, zhang zq, wu lj, and colleagues explain zheng in traditional chinese medicine. 2007;1:51–60. iet system biology. 5. in clinically useful disease biomarkers, metabolites and metabolomics have a role (mamas m, dunn wb, neyses l, et al.). the american journal of toxicology; 2011;85:5–17. 6. the authors include dunn, broadhurst, deepak, and others. metabolomics of serum samples has identified many new biochemical indicators of cardiac failure, such as pseudouridine and 2oxoglutarate. the journal metabolomics published an article in 2007 with the doi 3:413–426. 7. the authors include van wietmarschen, yuan, lu, and others. chinese medicine-informed systems biology identifies novel subtypes of rheumatoid arthritis. in 2009, the journal of clinical rheumatology published an article spanning pages 330–337. 9. the authors of the study are (wan jb, bai x, cai xj, etc.). a chemical analysis was conducted on the medicinal chinese formula da-cheng-qitang utilising a uplc/q-tofms-based metabolomics methodology, comparing traditional and contemporary decoction procedures. in the journal of pharmaceutical biomedical sciences, 2013;83:34–42. traditional chinese medicine state administration 9. the gb/t16751.2 is the clinical terminology of syndromes in traditional chinese medicine from 1997. no. 10: zheng, gao, li, et al. potentially gamechanging diagnostic tool for mdd: plasma metabonomics. in a 2012 article published in the journal of proteome research, sabatine ms, liu e, morrow da, and colleagues were among the authors. 10. discovering new indicators of myocardial ischemia using metabolic analysis. heart. 2005;112:3868e3875. 12. barton rh, waterman d, bonner fw, and colleagues. how adding anticoagulants like edta and citrate to human plasma affects data recovery from metabolic profile investigations using nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) technology. the journal name is "mol biosyst" and the reference is 6:215–224. thirteen. brindle, jt, antti, h, holmes, e,... fast and noninvasive evaluation of coronary heart disease severity and existence utilising 1h-nmrbased metabonomics. natural medicine, 2002, 8, 1439–1445. 13. bylesjo¨ m, cloarec o, rantalainen m, et al. combining the strengths of pls-da with simca classification: opls discriminant analysis. publication date: 2006, journal of chemistry, volume 20, pages 341–351. authors: 15. amathieu, nahon, triba, et al. serum 1h nmr spectroscopy as a metabolomic tool for evaluating cirrhotic patients' chronic liver failure. the citation is from the journal of proteome research, volume 10, pages 3239–3245, 2011. the authors of the article are 16. kim k., aronov p., zakharkin so. analysis of urine metabolomics with the purpose of detecting kidney cancer and discovering biomarkers. proteomics in molecular cells. 2009;8:558–570. 18. the authors of the study are kang j, yoo ss, and wen h. novel biliary tract cancer diagnostic method based on nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) metabolomics. journal of hepatology. 2010;52:228–233. 18.schroe¨n y, van der greef j, van wietmarschen ha, and others. analysing symptoms, clinical chemistry, and metabolomics profiles in patients treated with rehmannia six formula (r6): a patient-centered, integrated study. chapter 19 of the journal of ethno-pharmacology (2013).authors: eriksson l, johansson e, kettaneh-wold n, and others. analysing multiand megavariate data: theory and practice. the year 2001, on page 20, was published in urhea, sweden.authors: desai as, claggett b, pfeffer ma, and others. mortality among individuals with chronic heart failure throughout the ejection fraction range as a function of whether they were hospitalised for cardiovascular or noncardiovascular causes. circulation in heart failure. november 2014;7:895–900. 21.duan j, xu g., luo x, lu x, lu x, li x. a plasma metabonomics investigation of rheumatoid arthritis subtypes as identified by traditional chinese medicine utilising gas and liquid chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry. chapter 22 of the book "molecular biosyst" (published in 2011) covers pages 2228– 2237.wang x, li x, huang j, zhang j, et al. in a multi-center randomised, double-blind, parallelgroup, placebo-controlled trial of qili qiangxin capsules in patients with chronic heart failure, the researchers looked at the effectiveness and safety of the supplement. page 1065–1072 of the 2013 journal of the american college of cardiology. 23.authors: guo, yang, wang, et al. experimental investigation of the effects of a chinese herbal decoction on rats with chronic heart failure using meta-analysis. published in 2014 in the journal of chromatography a, volume 1362, pages 89–101. 24. thom t., ho k., and channel wb. epidemiological aspects of heart failure that are evolving. the authors of the article are chowdhury, kehl, choudhary, and colleagues; the publication is the british heart journal, volume 72, issue 2, supplement s3. application of biomarkers to heart failure patients. current cardiology reports. 2013;15:372. youshuai li, number 26. analysing the metabolites and constitutional theory of yang deficiency and yin deficiency in comparison [dissertation]. journal of beijing university of traditional chinese medicine, beijing, china, 2009: 56–90 [chinese]. 28. yan b, hao hp, justice a, et al. characteristics of metabonomics, include the identification of the "heart blood stasis blockage pattern" and the "qi the "yin deficiency pattern" in rats with myocardial ischemia... scientific chinese supplementary articles in life sciences. 2009;52:1081–1090 [chinese]. y. mardens, a. kumps, and p. duez. purine organic acid sources: a comprehensive table including metabolic, dietary, iatrogenic, and artifactual factors. journal of clinical chemistry, 2002, 48: 708–717. 29. wei h, pasman w, rubingh c, et al. multiple subgroups of prediabetes have been identified by the integration of urine metabolomics with personalised diagnostics aided by chinese medicine. journal of molecular biosystems, 2012, 8, 1482–1491. (p. 30).by tan y, liu x, lu c,, and colleagues. in rats treated with hydrocortisone-induced kidney disease, metabolic profiling revealed therapeutic indicators of processed aconitum carmichaeli debx. article cited as "j ethnopharmacol" in 2014, volume 152, pages 585–593. authors connor, hansen, corner, et al. using combined metaand transcriptomics data to better identify type 2 diabetes biomarkers. vol. 6, issue 9, pages 909–921, in mol. biosyst. (2010), by tedeschi, pilotti, parenti, and others. cachectic versus non-cachectic heart failure patients' serum adipokines zinc a2-glycoprotein and lipolysis: correlation with neuro-hormonal and inflammatory indicators. li x, luo x, lu x, et al. (2012) published in metabolism, volume 61, pages 37–42. metabolomics investigation of diabetic retinopathy using gas chromatographyemass spectrometry: a comparison of stages and subtypes identified by western and chinese medicine. molecular biosystems. 2011;7:2228–2237. 34.citation: dong f, huang d, he l, et al. research on the metabolic analysis of urine in patients with chronic kidney disease (ckd) and renal-yang deficit. chinese journal of traditional chinese medicine and pharmacy, 2008, 12:1110–1113. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 4 global maximum power point tracking using the hill climbing approach: an analysis of its performance for photovoltaic arrays under partial shading s.yasoda krishna 1 m.sreenu 2 1,2 assistant professor, anurag engineering college, kodad, telangana, india. abstract: under partial shading circumstances (pscs), when not all of the modules are receiving the same amount of solar irradiation, the power-voltage characteristic of pv arrays exhibits many local maximum power points. maximum power point tracking (mppt) techniques have been shown successful under settings of constant sun irradiation. however, they may not capture the worldwide maximum under pscs. a novel approach to maximum power point tracking (mppt) of pv arrays is proposed in this research. the suggested approach finds all local maximum power locations by studying the sun irradiance pattern using the well-known hill climbing technique. simulations in the matlab/simulink environment are used to test the efficacy of the suggested technique. keywords: maximum power point tracking (mppt), photovoltaics (pv), hill climbing, partial shade conditions (pscs). i. introduction ii. in order to lessen our reliance on traditional energy sources, solar power, which is both renewable and free, has become more significant in recent years. photovoltaic (pv) systems convert the limitless solar energy into electricity in a straightforward process. however, the main difficulties in using pv arrays are their high price, low conversion efficiency of electric power generation, dependence on environmental conditions (such as solar irradiance and temperature), and the nonlinearity of the power-voltage (p-v) and current-voltage (i-v) characteristic. iii. monitoring the global peak (gp) of a pv array under all environmental circumstances is crucial for ensuring the highest possible output. in order to find the maximum power point, many mppt techniques have been developed [1–3]. when the solar irradiation situation is consistent across all pv modules, popular mppt approaches including the perturbation and observation (p&o), hill climbing (hc), and incremental conductance (ic) methods have shown to be efficient. these simple approaches fail to follow the gp because of the complexity introduced by partial shading conditions (pscs), in which not all modules get the same amount of sunlight. although there is just one peak in the p-v characteristic of a pv array when operating under uniform solar irradiation, with pscs, there are several peaks. therefore, many mppt strategies are given that may be used in pscs. you may classify these techniques as either hardware-based or software-based [4]. iv. each module has its own controller according to [5] and [6]. since the pv characteristic of a module (with a single bypass diode) always has a single peak, these hardware-based approaches may fix the issue. however, in compared to softwarebased techniques, these approaches are quite expensive and need a large number of additional equipment. v. particle swarm optimization (pso) is the basis for the maximum power point tracking (mppt) approach introduced by ishaque et al. [7]. because of the need for human input, this approach is too complicated to be used with mass-produced machines. artificial neural networks (ann) are used as the chosen algorithm in [8]. one major drawback of ann-based approaches is that the quality of the training data greatly affects the ann's performance in diverse environments. when the pv array is updated, they also need to be retrained. applications of genetic algorithms, fireflies, and simulated annealing are described in [9] through [12] for pv systems. these techniques have high performances, but their implementation complexity is their biggest drawback, since it involves complicated calculations and various parameters have to be adjusted by user, much as the pso and ann methods. vi. the hc strategy has been refined in [4]. it is sensitive enough to detect the presence of shadows. then, the hc is conducted centered on the location with the greatest power reading. since it only considers the strength of points in close proximity to the lps, its precision is inadequate for gp monitoring. vii. opposed to the lps in question. in [13], a novel p&o technique is presented that takes use of a special feature of the p-v curves. great performance is achieved, however tracking speed is slow due to practically two measurements being taken for each lp. the gp is said to be around the point where the i-v characteristic of pv arrays and another line cross in [14]. the array's short circuit current is a limiting factor [1]. changing this to account for sun irradiance will very certainly fix the issue. however, sun irradiance sensors are somewhat hard to come by [1]. in order to follow the p-v curve and determine the gp, a relationship is established between the pv power and a control signal in [15]. it's quite precise, but time-consuming to use since it examines a large portion of the p-v curve. in [16], a strategy is given that makes advantage of the key insights detailed in viii. [13] in a new manner, but it lacks a method for determining whether an lp is present in the area around the target. therefore, it may not work in all pscs. furthermore, the technique in [16] is not as straightforward as other comparable approaches for experimental implementation since it requires sophisticated calculations (such as the computation of square root) in comparison to other similar methods. by setting minimum and maximum voltage thresholds, [17] is able to rapidly follow the gp. however, when the power of two lps is very close to being the same, the approach may fail, as acknowledged by the authors. ix. based on the voltage of the modules, the approach provided in [18] plots out the solar irradiance pattern and selects a suitable voltage to center the gp's tracking around. x. it. using a single voltage sensor for every module is both impractical and expensive. two approaches are presented in [19]. the first one uses ic to scan the p-v curve for mpps. however, it does not cover the whole region because of the maximum local power and the short circuit current of the modules. scanning almost the whole p-v curve would make this approach painfully slow. the second technique is more efficient at tracking, but it is still inefficient since it requires one current sensor for each bypass diode. xi. in [20], a solution is suggested that uses a ramp voltage instruction on the converter. as a result, the system's voltage and current won't fluctuate during brief periods of instability. as a result, the traditionally large delays required for accurate voltage and current sampling are no longer necessary. however, its tracking speed is subpar since it examines almost the whole p-v curve. it is still very crucial to provide a technique that is accurate, has fast convergence, is simple, has few parameters, is inexpensive, and fulfills other critical criteria [1]. in this research, we suggest a new approach to maximum power point tracking (mppt) of pv arrays that is both efficient in pscs and very successful in the other areas we've highlighted. the approach plots the distribution of solar radiation by measuring pv current at specific locations. it selects points for lp tracking based on the mapping. after that, it keeps tabs on all the lps while performing hc at these nodes. at last, it selects the gp based on how similar it is to the obtained lps. xii. solar pv array under partial shading condition: when we look at the features of a pv system, we see that partial shading is one of the main reasons why power is lost. multiple maxima appear in the spv system's non-linear power-voltage characteristics when it is partially shaded. a. solar pv array uniqueness and its non-linearity under psc: multiple pv modules are used to create an array, which is then linked in series and parallel to get the desired voltage and current. to protect pv modules from the hot-spot issue, bypass diodes are connected in parallel with each module. to shield the pv modules from the influence of potential difference between series connected strings, a blocking diode is connected in series with each string, which is a group of pv modules in series connection. there is only one maximum power point (mpp) on the p-v characteristic curve of a pv array when the sun irradiation on each panel is the same. on the other hand, in partly darkened conditions, there might be several local maximum power locations (many local maxima) due to the diodes that both bypass and block the light. xiii. system configaration: maximum power point tracking is an essential part of a photovoltaic system. photovoltaic systems have a distinct operating point that provides maximum power. an mppt actively seeks this operating point. maximum power point tracking, normally known as mppt, is an electronic arrangement that find the voltage (vmpp) or current (impp) routinely at which pv modules should operate to achieve the maximum power output (pmpp) under rapidlychanging environmental conditions. the penetration of pv systems as distributed power generation systems has been increased dramatically in the last years. in parallel with this, maximum power point tracking (mppt) is becoming more and more important as the amount of energy produced by pv systems is increasing. since the mpp depends on solar irradiation and cell temperature, it is never constant over time and hence maximum power point tracking (mppt) technique should be used to track the maximum power point. normally, pv module efforts well at cold temperatures and mppt are operated to extract maximum power presented from them. when battery is totally discharged: mppt can extract more current and charge the battery if the state of charge in the battery is lowers. fig 2.schematic of the system xiv. conventional methods: figure 5 shows the cause that the tracking disappointment of conventional mppts under psc. the operating point of pv array is on the “point a” before psc is occurred. after psc is occurred, the operating point is moved to “point b”. in this case, the real mpp is to be found on “point c”. nevertheless, because of the conventional methods changes the operating point due to predetermined voltage reference step (△v), the operating point is oscillated on vicinity of “point b”. at the same time, the difference in power capacity between pc and pb is lost due to this mppt failure. to prevent this power loss, mppt methods have to move the operating point to “point c”. fig 3. pv characteristics showing mpp and operating points a and b fig. 4 mppt failure in conventional method under psc xv. proposed method: usual mppts monitoring gmpp has been fraught with failure. in tandem with adcs and the multifunctional microprocessor, certain improved mpp algorithms are being developed. this paper presents a technique that identifies the gmpp while minimizing the necessary hardware. we've used both a local dithering method and a global search strategy to locate the gmpp. when a global mpp occurs between two local mpps, as seen in fig., none of the existing global mppt approaches reaches the global mpp. as a result, the intended algorithm has been tailored to follow mpp on a worldwide scale. any operation involving less than two phases. (i) a worldwide search with a significant step size (d) (ii) searching locally with a small step size, d, in the global mpp area the hill climbing technique is the foundation of the proposed mppt algorithm. to ensure that no maximum power point is missed, the updated hill-climbing algorithm traverses the full p-v curve with a large step size in duty cycle, d, in the search space defined by the dstart and dend. there will be a maximum power point in the area corresponding to the duty cycles d(k-1) and d(k) if and only if the sign of the power differential, p(k)=p(k) p(k-1), changes from positive to negative at any time during the search begun at dstart. thus, the comparable duty cycle d(k-1) and equivalent power p(k-1) are recorded to indicate the initial state of the area. the procedure repeats itself until the duty cycle, d, is equal to the density, dend. after the global search is complete, the global mpp is identified from the stored values of all the maximum power points simply by comparing the powers p of each duty cycle, d. this is possible because the step size d used for the global search is adequately great sufficient, reducing the time required to finish the entire global search. although the global maximum power point (mpp) determined by the global search is close to the real mpp, it will not transmit the actual maximum power available under the given meteorological circumstances. to get there, we're beginning a local search with a duty cycle of d(k-1) and taking very tiny steps in duty cycle (d). when we get there, we'll experience a two-step oscillation close to the global mpp. the efficiency of the pv system is improved because to the small step size d, which decreases the amplitude of oscillation around the global mpp. this method states that worldwide searching is repeated every five minutes as weather conditions may have changed. fig.5 proposed algorithm vi simulation results: fig. 6. corresponding (a) i-v and (b) p-v characteristics under first simulation. (a) (b) (c) (d) fig. 7. corresponding array’s (a) voltage, (b) current, (c) power, and (d) duty cycle waveforms in the first simulation. (a) (b) (c) fig. 8. zoomed view of per unit array’s voltage, current, power, and duty cycle waveforms in the first simulation during (a) 0.3–0.5 s,(b) 0.6–0.8 s, and (c) 0.9–1.1 s intervals. power should be multiply to35 × 6, voltage should be multiplied to 3 × 11.15 and current should be multiplied to 2 × 4.15. (a) (b) (c) fig. 9. corresponding (a) psc pattern and (b) p-v characteristics under second simulation. fig. 10. proposed method conclusion: in this study, we present a new mppt technique that performs very well in psc. the simulation results demonstrated that the current is essentially constant from the end of one step of the i-v characteristic to the start of the next. it was further shown that the sites of origin for each segment of the i-v curve are located close to the left-hand multiples of voc,m. in reality, the suggested approach is a tweaked version of hc that successfully follows the gp in a variety of settings. so, it's easy to put this technique into practice. once pscs are present, their stepped i-v characteristics may be identified by counting the number and duration of the current's steps as multiples of voc, m. the hc technique then follows all lps around certain multiples of 0.8 voc, m. in the end, the gp is identified using lp comparison. the benefits of this strategy over two well-known current methods have been verified by simulation results. references: 1 "a review of maximum power point tracking methods of pv power system at uniform and partial shading," renew. sustain. energy rev., volume 53, pages 1500-1507, january 2016. 1 l. liqun, x. meng, and c. liu. 2 2a. kouchaki, h. iman-eini, and b. asaei, "a new maximum power point tracking strategy for pv arrays under uniform and non-uniform insolation conditions," solar energy, vol. 91, no. 5, may 2013, pp. 221–232. 3 3"submodule integrated distributed maximum power point tracking for solar photovoltaic applications," by r. c. pilawa-podgurski and d. j. perreault, was published in ieee trans. power electron., volume 28, issue 6, pages 2957-2967 in june 2013. 4 4 c. woei-luen and c. tsai, "optimal balancing control for tracking theoretical globalmpp of series pv modules subject to partial shading." ieee transactions on industrial electronics, volume 62, issue 8, pages 4837–4848, august 2015. 5 ishaque, k.; salam, z.; amjad, m.; and amjad, m. 6 an enhanced particle swarm optimization (pso) based mppt for pv with suppressed steady-state oscillation, s. mekhilef, ieee trans. power electron., vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 3627-3638, august 2012. 7 performance improvement of photovoltaic array using string and centralized maximum power point tracking," by e. karatepe and t. hiyama issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 6 web image search engine with integrated feature extraction dr. k. gayatri 1 , dr. k. sandeep raja 2 1,2 professor, department of computer science and engineering 1,2 malla reddy institute of engineering and technology, hyderabad, telangana, india. abstract the spatial dependence matrix (sdm) is used to extract the texture features from the provided images, and the translation invariant discrete wavelet transform (tidwt) is used for low-level feature extraction, making for an effective content-based image retrieval (cbir) system. to further demonstrate the efficacy of the suggested hybrid cbir system, this method also took into account the tanimoto distance. extensive experimental research shows that the efficiency of the proposed hybrid cbir system is much higher than that of traditional cbir systems. key words: case-based information retrieval, spatial dependence matrices, discrete wavelet transforms, measuring similarity, and accuracy 1. introduction in recent years, digital information acquisition has gained popularity as a result of the fast growth of computer technology. multiple gigabytes of data including photographs are produced daily. some examples include the armed forces, medicine, and the media. because of the prevalence of digital material, efficient methods of storing and retrieving visual data are urgently required. textual queries and content-based queries are the two most used methods for retrieving photos. textbased methods are quite popular and frequently utilized. a user may use this method to find a certain picture by searching for it using keywords. despite its ease of use, the system has limitations due to the reliance on human perception for the annotation of images. this indicates that the picture search terms used depend on the language being used. content based image retrieval (cbir) [1] is an alternative to traditional text-based methods. cbir is a method for retrieving pictures from a database according to a user's query based on the image's visual characteristics [2]. in addition to its use in crime prevention, the cbir system has found usage in the fields of architecture, engineering, fashion, journalism, advertising, medical diagnosis, home entertainment, web searching, and many more. below is the rest of the paper: in section 2, we will discuss the work that has been accomplished so far in the cbir area and the limitations of the current dwt-based cbir system. section 3 describes the proposed cbir methodology, including information on tidwt and sdm techniques. in section 4, we explore the findings and their implications. section 5 has the conclusions, then the bibliography. 2. related work in the past decades several cbir systems have been proposed, and still the researchers are focusing on developing extended cbir systems with more effective results. the letter proposed in [3] gives a comparison of different approaches of cbir based on similarity measures and image features to identify the similarity between the images, which provides accurate information for retrieving the relevant images from large database. wan siti et.al proposed in [4] compares the several medical image retrieval systems based on the feature extraction and to improve the effectiveness of the cbir system for medical images such as magnetic resonance (mr) images and computed tomography (ct) images [9]. the major concept proposed in [4] is to help in the diagnosis such as to find the similar disease and monitoring of patient s progress continuously. b. s. manjunath et.al presented in [5] is the combination of color, texture with inclusion of edge compactness for motion picture expert group (mpeg)-7 standards. another approach proposed in [6] used different color spaces such as hsv and ycbcr explains a similar approach based on color and texture analysis. the work proposed in [7] introduces a new retrieval system which has done by using wavelet transformation with both color and texture features together and will perform better than existed state of art algorithms. retinal image retrieval system called cbir for retinal and blood vessels extraction is presented in [8] which has been analyzed by the histogram features of rgb color components. the multi resolution analysis has applied to the image to acquire the texture information. in addition to improve the performance, morphological operations are applied to study the shape of object. swati agarwal has proposed a new cbir system in [10], which is by using discrete wavelet transform and edge histogram descriptor (ehd). here the retrieval is based on color and texture features not by using color information in the image, input image first decomposes the input query image into several sub bands i.e., approximation coefficients and detail coefficients, where detail coefficients consists of horizontal (lh), vertical (hl) and also the diagonal information (hh) of the image. afterwards, ehd is used to gather the information of dominant edge orientations. this mixture of 3d-dwt and ehd will improve the efficiency of the cbir system. recent times, many researchers focused on wavelet based cbir system by adopting any texture feature extraction approach [11-14]. however, dwt suffers from lack of translation invariancy which plays a key role in extracting low-level features from input image while decomposing it. in latter subsection, the process of dwt and its drawbacks explained in detail. 2.1. discrete wavelet transform discrete wavelet transform (dwt) is a modified version of continuous wavelet transform (cwt). dwt principles are very similar to the cwt however the wavelet scales and positions are based upon powers of two. the basic principle of dwt is to pass the input signal through a group of filters i.e., low pass and high pass filters to get the low frequency (lf) and high frequency (hf) of source signal. low frequency contents include ll and these coefficients are known as the approximation coefficients. this means the approximations are obtained by using the high scale wavelets which corresponds to the low frequency. the high frequency components which are known as lh, hl and hh of the signal are called the details which will be obtained by using the low scale wavelets which corresponds to the high frequency. the process of dwt filtering includes, first the signal is fed into the wavelet filters. these wavelet filters comprise of both the high-pass and lowpass filter. then, these filters will separate the high frequency content and low frequency content of the signal. however, with dwt the numbers of samples are reduced according to dyadic scale. this process is called the sub-sampling. sub-sampling means reducing the samples by a given factor. due to the disadvantages imposed by cwt which requires high processing power the dwt is chosen due its simplicity and ease of operation in handling complex signals. however, this approach has been suffering from the decimation property of dwt, because when we apply the dwt decomposition to an image, it will decompose the image into four sub bands with reducing the size of it to the half of actual image size. due to this decimation we lose some original information while processing with dwt. therefore, to improve the performance of cbir system further, one needs to gain the lost information and add it with high frequency sub bands to get efficient features at low-level. 3. proposed system 3.1. translation invariant discrete wavelet transform it is a wavelet transform algorithm designed to overcome the lack of translationinvariance of dwt. translation-invariance is achieved by removing the down samplers and up samplers in the dwt and up sampling the filter coefficients by a factor of 2(𝑗−1) in the 𝑗𝑡ℎ level of the algorithm. the tidwt is an inherently redundant scheme as the output of each level of tidwt contains the same number of samples as the input – so for a decomposition of 𝑁 levels there is a redundancy of 𝑁 in the wavelet coefficients. the following block diagram depicts the digital implementation of tidwt. figure 1. tidwt filter bank with 3 levels in the above diagram, filters in each level are up-sampled versions of the previous (see figure below). figure 2. tidwt filters 3.2. spatial dependence matrix it is known as the texture investigated method with statistics in which the pixels spatial relationship is considered in a range of greyscale. texture characterization of a source image is done by computing how frequently pixel pairs with specific intensity values and the occurrence of specified spatial relationship in an image. then after, computing the extracted measure of statistics from this obtained sdm matrix provides texture information of source image. 3.2.1. contrast it gives the intensity contrast measurement of a pixel to its neighbour over the whole word image 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑡 = ∑𝑖,𝑗|𝑖 − 𝑗|2𝑝(𝑖, 𝑗) (1) where 𝑝 is a word image with a size of 𝑖 × 𝑗 in which the number of rows denoted by 𝑖 and number of columns denoted by 𝑗 3.2.2. correlation it returns a measure of how correlated a pixel to its neighbour over the whole word image with a range of -1 to 1 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∑ (𝑖−𝜇𝑖)(𝑗−𝜇𝑗)𝑝(𝑖,𝑗) (2) 𝑖,𝑗 𝜎𝑖𝜎𝑗 𝜇 represents the mean value and 𝜎𝑖, 𝜎𝑗are the variances of 𝑖and 𝑗 3.2.3. energy it provides the squared sum of the elements presented in gray scale matrix of word image 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = ∑𝑖,𝑗 𝑝(𝑖, 𝑗)2 3.2.4. homogeneity (3) it will be used to measure the closeness of the elements distribution in the gray scale matrix to its diagonal 𝑖,𝑗 𝐻𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑡𝑦 = ∑ 𝑝(𝑖,𝑗) 1+|𝑖−𝑗|(4) where 𝑝 is a word image with a size of 𝑖 × 𝑗 4. simulation results this section describes the simulation results of cbir system based on the proposed and conventional schemes like dwt, dwt-ehd and dwt-ehd-hsv. it is implemented on matlab 2016b on a pc with intel dual core 3 rd generation processor having 8 gb of ram capacity. the database consists of 1000 images belonging to 10 different classes. there are 100 images from each category. the images are of size 256x256 pixels. out of these 100 images from each class, 25 images are used as query, while rest 75 images serve as database from which the similar images are retrieved. thus, in all 75 images from each class are tested against 25 different queries and the performance of the algorithm is analyzed. the top 12 retrieved images of proposed cbir system is disclosed in figure 3, figure 4 and figure 5 respectively. figure 3. flower as a query and the top 12 retrieved images from database figure 4. elephant as a query and top 12 retrieved images from database query image figure 5. dinosaur as a query and top 12 retrieved images from database 5. conclusion this article proposed an efficient hybrid cbir system with the integration of sdm and tidw transform which extracted both texture and low-level features. further, tanimoto distance is utilized for similarity measurement. extensive experimental analysis disclosed that proposed hybrid cbir system performed superior to the conventional cbir systems. references [1] d. feng, w. c siu, and h.j. zhang, “fundamentals of content based image retrieval, in multimedia information retrieval and management technological fundamentals and applications”, new york: springer, 2003. [2] a. w. m. smeulders, m. worring, s. santini, a. gupta, and r. jain, “content-based image retrieval at the end of the early years,” ieee transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, vol. 22, pp. 1349–1380, dec-2000. [3] khan, s.m.h., hussain, a. ; alshaikhi, i.f.t., “comparative study on content based image (cbir),” international conference in advanced computer science applications and technologies (acsat), 2012. [4] wan siti, h. munirah, w. ahmad, m. faizal and a. fauzi, “comparison of different feature extraction techniques in content based image retrieval for ct brain images,” 10th ieee workshop on multimedia signal processing, pp. 503-508, 2008. [5] b. s. manjunath, j. r. ohm, v. v. vasudevan, a.yamada, “colour and texture descriptors,” ieee transactions on circuits and systems for video technology, 1998. [6] p. s. hiremath, s. shivashankar, j. pujari, “wavelet based features for color texture classification with application to cbir,” international journal of computer science and network security, vol. 6, no.9a, september 2006. [7] tian yumin, mei lixia, “image retrieval based on multiple features using wavelet,” 5th ieee international conference on computational intelligence and multimedia applications (iccima’03), 2003. [8] m. r. zare, r. n. ainon, w. c. seng, “content-based image retrieval for blood cells,” third asia international conference on modeling & simulation, 2009. [9] prasad, b.g., krishna, a.n., “statistical texture feature based retrieval and performance evaluation of ct brain images” 3rd international conference on electronics computer technology (icect), vol. 2, april 2011. [10] swati agarwal, a.k. verma, preethvanti singh, “content based image retrieval using discrete wavelet transform and edge histogram descriptor” international conference on information systems and computer networks, 2013. [11] m. a. ansari and m. dixit, “an enhanced cbir using hsv quantization, discrete wavelet transform and edge histogram descriptor”, international conference on computing, communication and automation, ieee, greater noida, india, may 2017. [12] d. r. dhotre, g. r. bamnote and p. h. shekokar, “multilevel haar wavelet transform and histogram based relevant image retrieval system”, international conference on computing methodologies and communication, ieee, erode, india, july 2017. [13] a. nazir, r. ashraf, t. hamdani and n. ali, “content based image retrieval system by using hsv color histogram, discrete wavelet transform and edge histogram descriptor”, international conference on computing, mathematics and engineering technologies, ieee, sukkur, pakistan, mar. 2018. [14] f. nausheen, r. kamble and m. kokare, “image retrieval based on wavelet and optimized local gaussian difference extrema pattern”, ieee 13th international conference on industrial and information systems, rupnagar, india, dec. 2018. laparoscopy and laparotomy for endometrioid adenocarcinoma: short‐ and long‐term outcomes’ comparison ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 1 laparoscopy and laparotomy for endometrioid adenocarcinoma: shortand long-term outcomes’ comparison rajesh v giri professor and head, department of post graduate studies in shalyatantra, muniyal institute of ayurveda medical science, manipal, chanai 1. introduction adenocarcinoma of the endometrium is one of the most common cancers seen in women's germ lines [1, 2]. it constitutes 75–80% of all uterine malignancies and has the second-highest death rate worldwide [3]. the prevalence of obesity and subfertility also contribute to the increased illness load [4, 5]. endometrioid adenocarcinoma is best treated surgically [6, 7]. a regional lymphatic basin resection may be done depending on the surgical result. traditional laparotomy for endometrioid adenocarcinoma is efficient, however it comes with some serious drawbacks such increased intraoperative bleeding and extended operation times. eight to ten. a growing body of research suggests that endometrioid adenocarcinoma patients may benefit from laparoscopic surgery rather than open surgery due to its reduced invasiveness [11–13]. endometrioid adenocarcinoma patients are advised to have laparoscopic surgery as their primary treatment option according to the 2020 nccn guidelines [14]. laparoscopy had superior results when compared to the least invasive technique in a retrospective study of clinical and oncological outcomes for ovarian and cervical cancer therapy. the oncologic outcomes of 60 ovarian cancer patients who received laparoscopic staging were similar to those of 120 patients who underwent open surgery, according to a study by gallotta et al. [15]. the patients in the laparoscopy group had similar outcomes as those in the open surgery group. publication in the field of clinical practice method [15]. furthermore, no statistically significant change in staging was seen when comparing robotic staging with traditional laparoscopic staging in patients with early-stage ovarian cancer [16]. both laparoscopy and laparotomy resulted in comparable 5-year recurrence-free and overall survival rates for women, according to a prior research [17]. in a study abstract— aims. in order to compare the advantages of laparoscopy with those of laparotomy for the treatment of endometrioid adenocarcinoma and to draw conclusions about the relative merits of the two procedures, both in the short and long term. methods. six hundred ninety-three patients with endometrioid adenocarcinoma who had laparoscopy instead of laparotomy between 2012 and 2020 were included in the research. the therapeutic impact of these two treatments for endometrioid cancer was evaluated by reviewing basic patient information, their perioperative indicators, and recurrence rates. final product. laparoscopy was performed on 365 endometrioid adenocarcinoma patients, whereas laparotomy was performed on 328 individuals. longer operating durations, less intraoperative haemorrhage, and shorter postoperative hospital admissions were seen in the laparoscopic group compared to the laparotomic group. the laparotomic group had a much higher incidence of radical hysterectomy and less-radical hysterectomy (59/365, 16.16%) than the laparoscopic group (162/328, 49.39%). while the two groups did not vary substantially in terms of local recurrence, the laparotomic group had a much higher distant recurrence rate (15/308, 4.87%) compared to the laparoscopic group (3/351, 0.85%). there was a larger survival benefit in the laparoscopic group compared to the laparotomic group in both the i/ii and iii/iv patient subgroups (314/314, 100% vs. 7/242, 28.93%) and 35/37, 94.59% vs. 51/66, 77.27%). final thoughts. compared to patients who had laparotomic surgery, those who underwent laparoscopic surgery recovered more quickly and experienced a reduced risk of postoperative recurrence in the immediate aftermath of the procedure. the endometrioid adenocarcinoma therapy option is laparoscopic surgery, which is both safe and successful. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 2 of early-stage endometrial cancer, ruan et al. [18] found that lap-aroscopy was just as effective as laparotomy in terms of oncological results and surgical outcomes. concerning the consequences, both immediate and longterm, of laparoscopic and open surgery on endometrioid adenocarcinoma patients, there is still a great deal of unanswered questions. here, we conducted a review of past work that examined the risks and benefits of laparoscopy and laparotomy during surgery and contrasted the results for individuals who had these procedures. 2. patients and methods chapter 2.1: people under treatment. the 693 participants in this retrospective research were recruited from the patient records of women who had endometrial cancer treatment at the hainan provincial people's hospital in china between 2012 and 2020. laparoscopy was used to treat 365 patients, whereas laparotomy was used to treat 328 patients. prior to surgery, every patient received a diagnostic curettage and hys-teroscopy. postoperatively, any further pathological diagnoses were solidified. in order to participate in the research, every single individual gave their written permission. part 2.2: the plan for care a.2.2.1. laparoscopic operations. each patient was put into the lithotomy position and an indwelling urine catheter was implanted after they had received general anaesthesia. the patient had an incision around 1 cm long made 3 cm above their navel. after the puncture was successfully made, the laparoscopes were inserted and pneumoperitoneum was established by means of carbon dioxide insufficiency. for the first and second incisions, a 5 mm incision was performed at the umbilicus level. perforations were made at the right appendiceal maiotic point during parietal aortic lymph node dissection, and a third incision was made above the left anterior superior iliac spine for the surgery. in addition to the standard pelvic and abdominal exams, a cytological blood test used washing fluid collected from the peritoneal cavity. methods employed in a total hysterectomy (2.2.2). bipolar electrocoagulation and an ultrasound knife were used to co-agulate and cut the uterine arterio-vein and infundibulopelvic ligaments. simultaneously, extensive removal of the uterosacral ligaments around the uterus was carried out. a horizontal incision was made in the vaginal vault to facilitate the excising of the vaginal wall using monopolar electrocoagulation. what was the uterus taken out of the body for the purpose of a quick pathology analysis. based on the extent of myometrial invasion and grade of tumour differentiation, lymph node dissection was usually conducted. procedure for dissecting pelvic lymph nodes (2.2.3). a pelvic lymph node dissection was carried out, beginning at the medial aspect of the psoas major muscle and continuing to the medial aspect of the intrailiac lymph nodes, obturator lymph nodes, 2 cm above the common iliac artery, and finally, the level of the deep iliac vein on the foot side. laparoscopic para-aortic lymphaticectomy procedure (2.2.4). beginning at the inferior mesenteric artery and continuing all the way to the renal vein, lymphadenectomy and dissection were performed up to 2 cm above the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta. one kind of abdominal aortic lymph node has to be removed for four specific pathological reasons: (1) poorly differentiated type; (2) deep muscle layer infiltration; (3) imaging lymph node hypertrophy; and (4) other particular pathological type. 2.2.5. endovascular both radical and less radical hysterectomy options are available. a less-or radicalradical hysterectomy may be performed if the tumour has spread to the cervical stroma. coagulation of the uterine artery was initiated at the point where the internal iliac artery and major sacral ligament met after the ureter had been fully exposed. the vaginal resection was around 2-3 cm long. transvaginal retrieval of the specimen was performed. the cervix is preserved with a less-radical hysterectomy, which mostly involves removing the uterine body. in addition to removing the uterus, a radical hysterectomy also involves cleaning the cervix, a portion of the upper vagina, and the lymph nodes in the pelvis. chapter 2.2.6: laparotomy! a transverse incision was created in the lower left quadrant of the abdomen, about 4 centimetres above the umbilicus. the rest of the operation followed the same protocol as laparoscopic procedures. subsequent treatment, section 2.2.7. adjuvant treatments, such as chemotherapy, vaginal brachytherapy, and external pelvic irradiation, were administered to patients based on their clinicopathological features and risk ratings. factors increasing the likelihood of this disease were advanced age (60+), tumour differentiation (moderate to low), depth of myometrial invasion, and high lymph vascular space invasion (lvsi). indicators of observation (2.2.8). age, body mass index (bmi), surgical techniques, clinical stage, differentiation ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 3 degree, and myofascial invasion depth were all markers of observation. the third section is the evaluation that follows. telephonic postoperative follow-up was done, and patients were deemed lost to follow-up if they did not answer the phone three times. december 30, 2020 was the deadline for the follow-up. in terms of journal of clinical practice in the international setting 3 the median duration of follow-up for patients undergoing laparoscopy was 40 months, and it ranged from 6 to 89 months. in the laparoscopic group, 14 cases (or 3.84% of the total) were lost. the median duration of follow-up for the laparotomic group was 42 months, and it ranged from 7 to 91 months. twenty cases, or 6.10 percent, were lost in the lapa-rotomic group. statistical analysis in section 2.4. using ibm spss statistics for windows, version 19.0 (ibm corp., armonk, ny, usa), we conducted an analysis of variance on all statistical data. a component ratio is used to represent the values of categorical variables, and the χ2 test was used to analyse it. the mann-whitney u test (for two groups) or one-way anova (for multiple groups) were used to analyse the values of continuous variables, which are shown as the mean value ± standard deviation. statistical significance was determined by a p value less than 0.05. 3. results 3.1. details about the patient. the research included 693 individuals between 2012 and 2020. the number of endometrioid adenocarcinoma patients treated annually at hainan provincial people's hospital from 2013 to 2019 is shown in figure 1(a). figure 1(b) shows the distribution of patients with varying illness stages. laparoscopic surgery was performed on 365 patients and laparotomy on 328 patients among those who were enrolled. patients' demographics and health status were similar across the two groups at baseline (table 1). out of the 365 patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery, 132 had a total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy, 174 had a total hysterectomy with any combination of pelvic lymphadenectomy, paraaortic lymphadenectomy, and bilateral adnexectomy, and 59 had either a conventional less-radical hysterectomy or a radical hysterectomy with any combination of pelvic lymphadenectomy, paraaortic lymphadenectomy, or bilateral adnexectomy. from the 328 patients who had laparotomy, 44 had a total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy; 132 had a total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy or paraaortic lymphadenectomy; and 162 had either a conventional less-radical or radical hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy or paraaortic lymphadenectomy. in terms of the method of operation, a clear distinction was noted. section 3.2: features of the surgery. table 2 displays the features of the surgery. those in the laparoscopic group had longer operating durations (p = 0.03), less intraoperative bleeding (p < 0.001), and shorter hospital stays after the procedure (p < 0.001) in comparison to those in the laparotomic group. surgical results section 3.3. after that, table 3 shows the results of the further comparison between the two groups' surgical outcomes. relapses were less common in patients who had laparoscopic surgery. significant (p < 0.001). seven individuals (about 1.9% of the total) had a recurrence after laparoscopic surgery; the other 349 patients are still alive and well. thirteen individuals in the group that had laparotomy experienced recurrence. in contrast, 15 patients in the laparotomic group showed distant recurrence, while only 3 patients treated with laparoscopic surgery did so (p < 0.001). in addition, there was a statistically significant difference in the number of patients who survived following laparoscopic surgery (349 vs. 286, p < 0.01) compared to laparotomy. furthermore, figure 2 displayed the 3-year progression-free survival and 3-year overall survival, revealing a noteworthy disparity between the two categories. after that, we looked at the patients' disease recurrence data and categorised them according to the tnm stage (table 4). stage i or ii disease was seen in 586 individuals. out of 314 patients treated with laparoscopy, 3 had recurrence, and 12 cases were lost to follow-up. relapse occurred in 8 out of 242 patients (3.30%) in the open surgery group, and 18 cases were lost to follow-up. the recurrence rate did not vary significantly between individuals with stage i and ii illness (p = 0.096) in our study. of the 39 patients in stages iii and iv who had laparoscopy, 2 were not followed up with and 4 had recurrence. two patients in the laparotomic group did not return for follow-up, and fifteen patients had recurrence out of sixty-eight stage iii/iv cases. there was no statistically significant difference in the illness recurrence rates of iii/iv patients in the two groups, according to student's t-test analysis. 4. discussion ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 4 patients diagnosed with endometrioid adenocarcinoma had better shortand long-term results after undergoing laparoscopic surgery, according to this research. laparoscopy may provide some short-term benefits, such as a reduced intraoperative bleeding volume and a shorter hospital stay, when treating endometrioid adenocarcinoma, but these benefits may not last if the impact of tumour stage is not taken into account. patients who received laparoscopy instead of laparotomy had a lower risk of postoperative recurrence and a higher rate of survival, and this was true even after adjusting for tumour stage. these results provide further evidence that endometrioid adenocarcinoma patients benefit from and have an improved quality of life after laparoscopy-assisted surgery. laparoscopy and laparotomy have been the subject of many publications about their curative efficacies in the treatment of endometrioid adenocarcinoma [19-21]. laparoscopy has the potential to reduce the length of time patients spend in the hospital and speed up their recovery after surgery, although both approaches may be equally effective in treating early-stage endometrial cancer [4, 6, 12, 22, 23]. in addition, some studies have compared the amount of time it takes to do laparoscopy and laparotomy, although they have come to various findings [24, 25]. results from studies by terai et al. and he et al. [26, 27] suggest that laparoscopic surgery takes more time than laparotomy. consistent with that conclusion, our research showed that hysteroscopy resection took an average of ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 5 126 127 102 90 84 73 53 ii 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 i (a) (b) iii iv figure 1: patient recruitment and patient stage. (a) the patients of endometrioid adenocarcinoma collected from january 2012 to july 2020. (b) the distribution of patients with different stages. more time-consuming than a laparotomy. it should be noted that ghazali et al. [6] discovered that laparoscopy had a lower operating time compared to open surgery. in fact, a surgeon may be able to shorten the amount of time spent operating thanks to laparoscopic surgery's minimally invasive and quick opening of the abdomen. the contradictory findings can be due to a number of factors. one example is the fact that the time it takes several surgeons to complete the same procedure might range from one to two hours. possible causes for these variations include operator skill, the utilisation of modern lumpectomy equipment, and individual variances in the learning curve. consistent with other studies [26], we discovered a statistically significant decrease in intraoperative haemorrhage in the lap-aroscopic group compared to the open surgery group. as a result, while treating endometrioid cancer, laparoscopy may be preferable to laparotomy and may provide short-term health advantages. less discomfort, an earlier time out of bed, and a faster recovery time are all benefits of the laparoscopic postoperative abdominal wall incision for obese patients. obese people often have impaired lung function, and laparoscopy's belly pressure makes the airway more resistant. intraoperative exposure complications, which may arise from the use of cumbersome surgical tools, worsen this situation even more. obese individuals may need to be converted to open surgery due to these unforeseen complications [28]. to determine the optimal body mass index (bmi) for deciding between laparoscopy and laparotomy, further research is required. there were no instances of patients undergoing laparoscopy being converted to open surgery due to obesity, and no patient had a body mass index (bmi) more than 30 in our research. when it comes to treating early-stage endometrial cancer, laparoscopy has been shown to be both safer and more successful than laparotomy. in addition to a quicker recovery time after surgery, laparoscopy reduces the risk of illness recurrence and patient death [4, 29]. few studies have compared the two surgical techniques for stage iii and iv endometrial cancer therapy, but our results are consistent with prior publications. with a recurrence incidence of 10.8%, 39 out of 107 patients with endometrioid adenocarcinoma stage iii or iv who had laparoscopic therapy were included in our research. the recurrence rate was 22.7% in 68 individuals who had open surgery. the low percentage of illness recurrence suggests that laparoscopy could be a more beneficial procedure. the next step was to classify the laparoscopic and laparotomic recurrence sites as either local or distant. vaginal stump and pelvic recurrence were considered local recurrence, but pulmonary and bone metastases were considered distant recurrence, and recurrence beyond the pelvis was characterised as distant recurrence. recurrence after laparoscopic surgery was diagnosed as lung metastasis, according to chu et al. [29], who examined the recurrence of early-stage endometrial cancer after two surgical modalities; however, the number of recurrence cases was quite small, with only two instances reported. according to a retrospective analysis by palomba et al. [30], there was no significant difference in recurrence rates or recurrence locations between laparoscopic and laparotomic techniques in treating 1012 patients with endometrial cancer. patients with endometrial cancer stage ii or iii had a substantially greater risk of local recurrence in the laparoscopic group compared to the laparotomic group. in contrast to previous research [4, 29], our findings indicated a much higher recurrence rate of 39.8% for stage i patients and 37% for stage ii patients. our findings also showed that individuals with 1% 73% 12% 14% n u m b er o f p eo p le ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 6 endometrial cancer at any stage were more likely to have a recurrence in the laparoscopic group compared to the open surgery group. a greater risk of distant recurrence was also seen in the open group. on the other hand, the rates of local recurrence were similar between the two groups. according to these results, laparoscopy is just as effective as open surgery in the long run. additionally, there are academics who think that obese patients [32] and older patients with endometrial cancer [31] should be given special attention when it comes to minimally invasive procedures. recurrence rates were higher in the laparoscopic group compared to the open group after various surgical techniques, however the difference was not statistically significant. in issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 7 table 1: comparison of clinicopathologic characteristics of patients. laparoscopy group (n  365) laparotomy group (n  328) p age (years) 50.7 ± 8.5 51.3 ± 8.6 0.153 bmi 24.4 ± 4.1 23.2 ± 4.1 0.065 comorbidities hypertension 95 (26%) 76 (23.2%) 0.384 diabetes 42 (11.5%) 32 (9.8%) 0.456 surgical modalities <0.001 total hysterectomy + bilateral adnexectomy 132 (36.2%) 44 (13.4%) total hysterectomy + bilateral adnexectomy, pelvic lymphadenectomy, and/or paraaortic lymphadenectomy 174 (47.7%) 122 (37.2%) less-radical hysterectomy or radical hysterectomy + bilateral adnexectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy or paraaortic 59 (16.2%) 162 (49.4%) lymphadenectomy degree of pathological differentiation 0.564 unreported 39 (10.7%) 53 (16.2%) g1 79 (21.6%) 76 (23.2%) g2 139 (38.1%) 133 (40.5%) g3 108 (29.6%) 66 (20.1%) depth of myometrial invasion 0.885 <1/2 252 (70.0%) 213 (64.9%) ≥1/2 113 (30.0%) 115 (35.1%) tnm stage i 284 (77.8%) 218 (66.5%) 0.663 ii 42 (11.5%) 42 (12.8%) iii 36 (9.9%) 60 (18.3%) iv 3 (0.8%) 8 (2.4%) surgical modalities 0.001 less-radical hysterectomy and radical hysterectomy 59 162 nonradical hysterectomy 306 166 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 8 p = 0.039 3 -y ea r o v er al l su rv iv al ( % ) table 2: comparison of surgery-related indicators between the two groups. laparoscopy group (n  365) laparotomy group (n  328) p operation time (min) 220 ± 60 210 ± 62 0.03 intraoperative bleeding volume (ml) 250 ± 120 370 ± 140 <0.001 hospitalization postoperative days 5 ± 2 7 ± 3 <0.001 table 3: comparison of recurrence and survival of two groups. laparoscopy group (n  365) laparotomy group (n  328) p nonrelapse 344 285 <0.01 relapse 7 23 local recurrence 4 8 0.163 distant recurrence 3 15 0.002 survival 349 286 <0.01 death 2 22 100 100 95 95 90 0 12 24 36 months laparoscopy group (n=365) laparotomy group (n=328) (a) 90 0 12 24 36 months laparoscopy group (n=365) laparotomy group (n=328) (b) figure 2: the 3-year survival curve. (a) 3-year progression-free survival (%). (b) 3-year overall survival (%). table 4: recurrence and death of stratificated stage in two groups. stage i/ii patients stage iii/iv patients laparoscopy group laparotomy group p laparoscopy group laparotomy group p relapse 3 8 0.096 4 15 0.135 nonrelapse 311 234 33 51 death 0 7 0.008 2 15 0.023 survival 314 235 35 51 furthermore, there was a significant difference in the frequency of patients receiving laparoscopic radical or subradical resection between the open and laparoscopic groups, suggesting that local recurrence is more common with laparoscopic complete p < 0.001 3 -y ea r p ro g re ss io n -f re e su rv iv al ( % ) ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 9 hysterectomy compared to open radical hysterectomy. overall, the laparoscopic group required a little more time for surgery to treat early-stage endometrial cancer than the laparotomic group; however, there was less intraoperative bleeding and shorter hospital stays for patients who had laparoscopic therapy. as for the third and fourth stages, patients, there was no difference between the open and laparoscopic groups in terms of recurrence and survival markers, indicating that laparoscopic surgery is a safe and effective therapeutic option that does not negatively affect survival results. there are a few caveats to this study: first, the process selection was based on the operators' subjective preferences; in most cases, they went with the method they were most comfortable with. it was common practice for operators to perform laparotomy on individuals with big uteruses, complicated estimated diseases, or advanced stages of illness. according to what we found, there were no significant changes in the patients' preoperative general health or pathological features, however laparotomy was still the preferred method for instances with a muscle layer invasion depth of 1/2 or more. beginning in 2012, open surgery predominated over laparotomy over the first two years of the chosen technique for the patients included in this analysis. this was due, in part, to a bias in the follow-up period, which was longer for the open surgery group of cases. more instances went missing, and the majority of those cases were from earlier. to confirm the effect of laparoscopy on prognostic outcomes for survival in early, intermediate, or advanced endometrial cancer, a prospective randomised controlled trial involving several centres is required. data availability all data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. ethical approval the study was approved by the medical ethics committee of hainan general hospital (no: med-eth-re [2022] 283). this project conformed to the relevant laws and regulations, which was approved for implementation. consent all the study participants signed an informed consent for inclusion in the study. conflicts of interest the authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. authors’ contributions (i) lan hong and genhai zhu were responsible for study design/planning; (ii) shengtan wang, wei li, lang zheng, guifei li, lifan shen, and hengzhi zhuang were responsible for data collection/entry; (iii) jun liu and xiuzhen wang were responsible for data analysis/statistics; (iv) haocheng gao and xiaohang liu were responsible for data in terpretation; (v) lan hong was responsible for the prepa ration of the manuscript; (vi) lan hong and xiuzhen wang were responsible for literature analysis/search; (vii) genhai zhu was responsible for funds’ collection; (viii) all authors gave the final approval of the manuscript. references [1] i. psilopatis, a. pergaris, c. giaginis, and s. theocharis, “histone deacetylase inhibitors: a promising therapeutic alternative for endometrial carcinoma,” disease markers, ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 10 [2] m. nikolopoulos, m. a. l. godfrey, f. sohrabi, m. wong, d. bhatte, and r. wuntakal, “stage one endometrioid en dometrial adenocarcinoma: is there a role of traditional hospital follow-up in the detection of cancer recurrence in women after treatment?” obstetrics and gynecology science, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 506–516, 2021. 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[14] j. ferlay, i. soerjomataram, r. dikshit et al., “cancer in cidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in globocan 2012,” international journal of cancer, vol. 136, no. 5, pp. e359–e386, 2015. [15] v. gallotta, m. petrillo, c. conte et al., “laparoscopic versus laparotomic surgical staging for early-stage ovarian cancer: a case-control study,” journal of minimally invasive gynecol ogy, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 769–774, 2016. [16] v. gallotta, c. cicero, c. conte et al., “robotic versus lap aroscopic staging for early ovarian cancer: a case-matched ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 11 control study,” journal of minimally invasive gynecology, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 293–298, 2017. 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[20] m. j. mourits, c. b. bijen, h. j. arts et al., “safety of lapa roscopy versus laparotomy in early-stage endometrial cancer: a randomised trial,” the lancet oncology, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 763–771, 2010. [21] i. deura, m. shimada, y. azuma et al., “comparison of laparoscopic surgery and conventional laparotomy for sur gical staging of patients with presumed low-risk endometrial cancer: the current state of japan,” taiwanese journal of obstetrics and gynecology, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 99–104, 2019. [22] j. y. park, e. j. heo, j. w. lee et al., “outcomes of laparoscopic fertility-sparing surgery in clinically early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer,” journal of gynecologic oncology, vol. 27, no. 2, p. e20, 2016. [23] c. l. lee, k. g. huang, p. j. wu, p. s. lee, and c. f. yen, “long-term survival outcome of laparoscopic staging surgery for endometrial cancer in taiwanese experience,” taiwanese journal of obstetrics and gynecology, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 57–61, 2014. 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[28] m. mouraz, c. s. ferreira, s. goncalves, n. n. martins, and f. n. martins, “laparoscopic approach in surgical staging of endometrial cancer,” revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetr ı́cia, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 306–311, 2019. [29] l. h. chu, w. c. chang, and b. c. sheu, “comparison of the laparoscopic versus conventional open method for surgical staging of endometrial carcinoma,” taiwanese journal of obstetrics and gynecology, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 188–192, 2016. [30] s. palomba, f. ghezzi, a. falbo et al., “laparoscopic versus abdominal approach to endometrial cancer: a 10-year ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue4 issn : 2693 6356 2022 | vol 5 | issue 4 12 retrospective multicenter analysis,” international journal of gynecological cancer, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 425–433, 2012. [31] v. gallotta, c. conte, m. d’indinosante et al., “robotic surgery in elderly and very elderly gynecologic cancer pa tients,” journal of minimally invasive gynecology, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 872–877, 2018. [32] g. corrado, e. vizza, v. cela et al., “laparoscopic versus robotic hysterectomy in obese and extremely obese patients with endometrial cancer: a multi-institutional analysis,” european journal of surgical oncology, vol. 44, no. 12, pp. 1935–1941, 2018. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 44 abstract: our goal is to learn how qingjie fuzheng granule (qfg) and 5-fluorouracil (5-fu) work together to treat colorectal cancer. research tools and procedures: human colorectal cells and xenograft mice were utilized to study the synergistic anticancer capacity of qfg and 5-fu, which targets the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase b (pi3k/akt) signaling pathway. chou-talalay was employed to generate this index. findings: the growth of hct-8 cells was suppressed by a synergistic effect of qfg and 5-fu. the combination of qfg with 5-fu in hct-8 cells and mice resulted in apoptosis induced by regulation of associated proteins, inhibition of proliferation, migration, and invasion. in addition, enzymes involved in 5-fu metabolism, including thymidylate synthase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, were down-regulated by qfg and 5-fu. furthermore, by inhibiting the pi3k/akt signaling pathway, it eased cancer-related behaviors such as migration, invasion, and proliferation. findings: by inhibiting the pi3k/akt signaling pathway, the anti-cancer actions of qfg and 5-fu are enhanced. keywords: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase b signaling pathway, qingjie fuzheng granule, 5-fluorouracil, colorectal cancer, synergistic impact chinese traditional medical journal qingjie fuzheng granule and 5-fluorouracil inhibit colorectal cancer growth in a synergistic manner via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase b pathway rajesh kumar and ravi prasad 1,2 academy of acupuncture and moxibustion, fujian university of traditional chinese medicine, fuzhou, fujian 350122, china received on: 21 oct 2024 revised on: 20 nov 2024 accepted date: 25 dec 2024 published on: 18 jan 2025 introduction a malignant tumor of the gastrointestinal tract, colorectal cancer (crc) has a high incidence rate and ranks second or third in terms of fatality. [1] although surgery is now the gold standard for treating crc, individuals who have postoperative recurrence, missed surgical opportunities, or metastatic disease still primarily get chemotherapy. (2, 3). one of the most frequent chemotherapy medications used to treat colorectal cancer is 5-fluorouracil (5-fu). as a chemotherapeutic treatment that depends on the cell cycle, 5-fu prevents tumor cell growth by interfering with dna synthesis, which in turn stops cell cycles. [5] although 5fu is very effective against cancer, it has been used with caution due to its adverse effects, which may harm healthy organisms and lower patients' quality of life when taken in large quantities over an extended length of time. in addition, therapeutic efficacy is further diminished as a result of primary and secondary chemotherapy resistance. [6] therefore, there is an immediate need to develop better therapies to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy and enhance the quality of life for patients with colorectal cancer. the growth and chemoresistance of colorectal cancer cells are regulated by the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase b (pi3k/akt) signaling system. [7] in a typical scenario, extracellular signals trigger pi3k activity, which in turn activates akt. finally, crc cell survival is enhanced by blocking apoptosis via the negative regulation of b-cell lymphoma-2-associated x protein (bax) by activated akt. [8] at the same time, akt activation triggers emt, which improves crc cell migration and invasion and makes tumor spread easier. [9] therefore, reducing pi3k/akt activity is helpful for many reasons, including making crc cells more sensitive to chemotherapy, reducing their ability to proliferate and metastasize, and triggering cell death. [10] 45 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 45 utilizing two or more medications in conjunction with one another or in a certain order to accomplish therapeutic objectives is known as combination therapy, and it is a commonly used method in the treatment of many disorders. the eleventh this approach not only improves results by making the treatments more effective, but it also lessens their side effects and slows the development of drug resistance. a synergistic effect occurs when the effects of several medications work together. one way to classify a synergistic impact is by its strength; there are two main types: additive and reinforcing. the combined impact of the two medications is what is meant by an additive effect. to have an augmentation effect, all of the parts working together have a stronger impact than each one working alone. drug combinations may be quantitatively defined by choutalalay's combination index (ci), which measures the additive (ci = 1), synergistic (ci < 1), and antagonistic (ci > 1) effects. [12] finding effective chemoprotectors and potentiators, decreasing chemo toxicities, and increasing chemotherapy sensitivity are all critical issues that must be addressed immediately. the chinese herbal remedy qingjie fuzheng granules (qfg) contains roasted malt, astragalus membranaceus, hedyotis diffusa, and scutellaria barbata. some of the qualities possessed by these herbs include the ability to remove heat, eliminate toxins, boost vitality, and eliminate food. inducing apoptosis and reducing proliferation via the pi3k/akt signaling pathway, prior research has shown that qfg has an anti-cancer effect on crc cells. in the treatment of colorectal cancer, clinical findings have shown that the chemotherapeutic effectiveness is enhanced when 5-fu-based chemotherapy regimens are coupled with qfg. references [13,14]: nevertheless, the mechanism of 5-fu coupled with qfg in crc is not yet the subject of any investigation. this study's overarching goal is to learn more about the possible mechanism of action of 5-fu with qfg in crc and their synergistic anti-tumor impact. materials and methods roswell park memorial institute (rpmi) 1640 medium (c11875500bt), fetal bovine serum (fbs) (10099141), penicillin and streptomycin (15140122) were obtained from life technologies; crystalline violet (g1062, solarbio); cell counting kit 8 (cck8) kit (kga3111018), annexin‑v fitc/pi kit (kga108) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‑mediated dutp‑biotin nick‑end labeling (tunel) kit (kga704) were required from keygene biotech co., ltd. (nanjing, china); transwell chamber (3422, corning inc.); antibodies to bax (50599-2), bcl‑2 (12789‑1), cdk4 (11026‑1‑ap), cyclin d1 (60186), p21 (10355‑1‑ap), vimentin (10366‑1‑ap), pi3k (60225‑1), and gapdh (60004) were purchased from proteintech (rosemount, il, usa). n‑cadherin (14215s), e‑cadherin (14472s), cleaved caspase‑3 (9664), akt (4685s), p‑akt (4060s) were purchased from cell signaling technology, inc., (danvers, ma, usa). the enhanced chemiluminescent substrate for horseradish peroxidase (hrp) activity was acquired from us everbright (s6009s, u.s. everbright, china). other reagents, except for explicitly mentioned, were obtained from nest (wuxi, china). cell culture hct‑8 and hct‑116 cells were cultured in rpmi 1640 complete medium which contained 10% fbs, 100 u/ml penicillin and 100 g/ml streptomycin. when the cell confluence reached 80%~90% and the cells were subcultured. animals a total of 40 spf‑grade male balb/c nude mice, acquired from slike co. ltd., (shanghai, china), weighting 18–20 g, were kept independently ventilated animal cage. the mice were allowed to eat and drink ad libitum. all experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the guidelines for animal experimentation of fujian university of traditional chinese medicine and were approved by the fujian institute of traditional chinese medicine animal ethics committee (fjtcm iacuc 2021018). cell viability assay hct-8 and hct-116 cells were inoculated in 96-well plates (100 l/well) at a density of 1.0 × 105 cells/ml, and there are 6 replicates in each group. the cells were cultured overnight at 37°c, 5% co2, and saturated humidity. afterward, treatment with different drugs for 24 h or 48 h, respectively. the culture supernatant was then removed, and a 10% cck8 solution was prepared by mixing 1 ml cck8 stock solution with 9 ml phosphate‑buffered saline (pbs). then 100 l of the cck8 solution was added to each well and incubated for 2 h at 37°c. finally, the absorbance at 450 nm was measured using an enzyme marker. cell viability (%) was calculated as follows: cell viability (%) = a value of experimental group/a value of control group × 100% drug interaction analysis according to the unified theory of chou-talalay, the drug interaction between qfg and 5‑fu was calculated with compusyn software (combosyn, inc., new york, ny, usa).[15] different ratio of qfg and 5‑fu [table 1] were used to quantify the ci, which provides a quantitative representation of pharmacological interactions to assess drug synergy combination treatments. ci <1 indicates the synergistic effect of qfg and 5‑fu. in vivo nude mouse transplantation tumor study a total of 4 × 106 hct-8 cells, mixed 1:1 (v:v) with matrigel™, were subcutaneously injected in the right flank of the mice to initiate tumor growth. when the tumors reached 3 mm in diameter, the mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10) according to the size of the tumors: control group, qfg group (1 g/kg), 5‑fu group (25 mg/kg), and qfg + 5‑fu group (1 g/kg + 25 mg/ml). the drugs were administered immediately according to the group assignment. the qfg group was given qfg by gavage at a dose of 46 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 46 160:1 0.125:7.81×10−4 0.25:1.56×10−3 80:1 0.125:1.56×10−3 0.25:3.13×10−3 40:1 0.125:3.13×10−3 0.25:6.25×10−3 20:1 0.125:6.25×10−3 0.25:1.25×10−2 qfg: qingjie fuzheng granule, fu: fluorouracil 1 g/kg. the 5‑fu group was given 5‑fu intraperitoneally at 25 mg/kg. qfg + 5‑fu group was given qfg at 1 g/kg orally, meanwhile, given 5‑fu intraperitoneally at 25 mg/ kg. the control group was given the same volume of saline. qfg was administered once a day for 6 consecutive days per week; 5‑fu was injected once every other day. the length (l) and width (w) of the tumors were recorded every other day, and calculated the tumor volume as the following formula: tumor volume = /6 × l × w2. during the experiment, the weight of each nude mouse was recorded. at the end of the experiment, the animals were anesthetized, the tumors were excised and weighed. colony formation treatment with qfg (0.25 mg/ml), 5‑fu (3.13 g/ml) and the combination for 24 h. control cells (untreated) were also processed in parallel. then 500 cells/well were collected and seeded into 12‑well plates and incubated for 8 days, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (1 ml/well) for 20 min and stained with 0.1% crystal violet for another 20 min. finally, the number of clones was counted. flow cytometry treatment with different drugs for 24 h, 1 × 106 cells were collected, and re-suspended in 500 l of 1× binding buffer followed by washed twice with cold pbs. annexin v‑fitc and pi (both 5 l) were added and incubated for an additional 15 min in the dark. for each sample, 10,000 events were collected and analyzed. 4’,6‑diamidino‑2‑phenylindole staining assay twenty-four hours after treated with different drugs, 4’,6‑diamidino‑2‑phenylindole (dapi) staining was performed. in brief, the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min, followed by three washes with pbs. next, 10% dapi staining solution was added and incuated for 15 min in the dark, then imaged using a fluorescence microscope (×200). migration and invasion assay twenty‑four hours after treated with different drugs, 50,000 hct-8 cells were seeded in the upper chamber of transwell plates. matrigel coating was applied for the invasion assay, while no matrigel was used for the migration assay. the upper chamber contained rpmi‑1640 basic midium, and the lower chamber contained 700 l of rpmi‑1640 with fbs. the plates were incubated at 37°c for 14 h. then, the both the upper and lower chambers were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min, and stained with crystal violet for 15 min. finally, cells in the lower layer of chamber was photographed using an inverted microscope (×200). western blot the proteins were extracted using radioimmunoassay buffer containing inhibitor cocktail (thermo fisher scientific, usa). the samples were then centrifuged and obtain final supernatants. the concentration of total protein was detected with bca (bovine serum albumin) protein assay kit (thermo fisher scientific, usa). the proteins (30 g) that were denatured at 100°c in a metal bath were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electro-transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes, sealed with 5% milk and incubated with primary antibodies (1:1000) at 4°c overnight. after the membranes were incubated with the corresponding secondary antibodies (hrp‑conjugated 1:5000) for 1 h at 25°c, the image lab (bio‑rad laboratories, inc., berkley, california, usa) was used to detect proteins. immunohistochemistry after inactivation of endogenous peroxidase with 3% hydrogen peroxide and blocked with goat serum (g9023, sigma), the slides were incubated with primary antibodies against ki‑67 (1:200) at 4°c overnight. on the following day, the slides were incubated with biotinylated secondary antibodies (kit‑9710, mxb biotechnologies, china) and streptavidin peroxidase (kit‑9710, mxb biotechnologies china) at 37°c, respectively. after for a 30 min incubation, the slides were washed 3 times with pbs before each reagent change. finally, the sections were stained using a dab kit (dab-0031, solarbio, china) and hematoxylin was used for restaining for 1 min (g1140, solarbio, china). five random fields from each slice were imaged at ×400 magnification. the positive expression in tumor tissues was quantified using a true-color multifunctional cellular image analysis system (image‑pro plus, media cybernetics). tunel staining the tumor tissues, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, were treated with triton x-100, and then sealed with goat serum. they were subsequently incubated with tunel immunofluorescence reagent. after stained with dapi, the tissues were photografted using a confocal laser scanning microscope (zeiss, germany). optimal time for phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase/protein kinase b pathway activation after 10 h’ culture, hct‑8 cells were changed into rpmi 1640 blank medium for 24 h. subsequently, 10% fbs was added at 0, 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min, respectively, then p‑akt was analyzed by western blot. 47 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 47 the combined effect of qingjie fuzheng granule and 5‑fluorouracil on survival, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of hct‑8 cells after phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase/protein kinase b pathway activation hct-8 cells were pretreated for 24 h, followed by a 30-min culture to activate pi3k/akt pathway. subsequently, morphological observation, colony formation, dapi staining, migration, and invasion assays were performed. statistical analysis the data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, and statistical analyses were performed using graphpad prism (version 8.2.1 windows version, graphpad software, san diego). the unpaired student’s t-test was applied to compare two groups, and one-way analysis of variance, followed by post hoc fisher’s least significant difference testing was applied to compare multiple groups. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. results synergistic effects of qingjie fuzheng granule and 5‑fluorouracil in colorectal cancer cells treatment with qfg and 5‑fu for 24 h or 48 h, chou‑talalay was used to calculate the ci. as shown in figure 1, the ci values were all <1, that indicated a synergistic anti-cancer effect of qfg and 5‑fu. the synergistic effect was more significant in hct‑8 cells. the synergistic effect of qfg/5‑fu at a ratio of 80:1 was stronger in crc hct-8 cells. therefore, the best concentrations of qfg and 5‑fu were 0.25 mg/ml and 3.13 × 10−3 mg/ml respectively, in hct-8 cells. qingjie fuzheng granule combined with 5‑fluorouracil synergistically inhibited intestinal cancer growth the synergistic activity of qfg combined with 5‑fu on hct-8 cells was assesses in vitro and in vivo. as shown in figure 2a, treatment with qfg and 5‑fu significantly reduced the viability of hct-8 cells in a time-dependent manner (p < 0.05). furthermore, the combination of qfg and 5‑fu induced to a decrease in the number of attached and detached hct-8 cells after 24 h [figure 2b]. moreover, we explored the synergistic effect of qfg and 5‑fu using xenograft mice, as shown in figure 2c and d, compared with treatment with qfg or 5‑fu alone, the combination significantly inhibited the tumor volume (p < 0.05). in addition, the combination of qfg and 5‑fu resulted in a reduction in tumor weight as shown in figure 2e (p < 0.05). taken together, these data suggest that qfg combined with 5‑fu effectively synergizes to inhibit the growth of intestinal cancer both in vitro and in vivo. qingjie fuzheng granule and 5‑fluorouracil synergisticly inhibited the proliferation of hct‑8 cells to investigate the effects of qfg combined with 5‑fu on the proliferation of hct-8 cells in vitro and in vivo, colony formation assays and immunohistochemical staining were performed. as shown in [figures 3a and b], qfg combined with 5 fu inhibited the ability of clonal goblet formation compared with single drug intervention (p < 0.05). similarly, qfg combined with 5‑fu inhibited ki‑67 expression in tumor tissues [figure 3e and f]. moreover, as shown in figure 3c, d, g and h, qfg combined with 5‑fu decreased cdk4 and cyclin figure 1: synergistic effects of qingjie fuzheng granule (qfg) and 5‑fluorouracil (5‑fu) on colorectal cancer. (a) 24‑h combination index (ci) values of different ratios of qfg combined with 5‑fu intervention in hct‑8 cells. (b) 48‑h ci values of different ratios of qfg combined with 5‑fu intervention in hct‑8 cells. (c) 24‑h ci values of different ratios of qfg and 5‑fu intervention in hct‑116 cells. (d) 48‑h ci values of different ratios of qfg combined with 5‑fu intervention in hct‑116 cells a b c d 48 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 48 figure 2: synergistic inhibition of intestinal cancer growth by qingjiefuzheng granule (qfg) and 5‑fluorouracil (5‑fu) in vitro and in vivo. (a) hct‑8 cells viability. (b) morphology of hct‑8 cells (×200, scale bar = 100 m). (c) tumor volume in xenograft mice. (d) representative photographs of tumors in xenograft mice. (e) tumor weight. *p < 0.05 compared with the control group; ^ p < 0.05 compared with the qfg group; #p < 0.05 compared with the 5‑fu group. qfg: qingjiefuzheng granule, 5‑fu: 5‑fluorouracil d1 protein expression while increased p53 and p21 levels. taken together, these results suggest that qfg combined with 5‑fu synergistically inhibits the proliferation of hct‑8 cells both in vitro and in vivo. qingjie fuzheng granule and 5‑fluorouracil synergisticly promoted apoptosis of hct‑8 cells as shown in figure 4a‑d, qfg combined with 5‑fu promoted apoptosis in hct-8 cells compared to the single drug groups, as demonstrated by annexin v/pi staining (p < 0.05) and dapi staining assay (p < 0.05). furthermore, in xenograft mice, treatment with qfg and 5‑fu increased the expression of tunel positive cells (p < 0.05) as shown by immunofluorescence staining [figure 5a and b]. in addition, apoptosis-related proteins expression was determined. as shown in figures 4e and f and 5c and d, qfg combined with 5‑fu increased bax and cleaved‑caspase‑3 protein expression while decreased of bcl-2 protein expression, both in vitro and in vivo (p < 0.05). these results suggest that qfg and 5‑fu synergistically promotes apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. qingjie fuzheng granule combined with and 5‑fluorouracil synergistically inhibited migration and invasion of hct‑8 cells as shown in figure 6a-d, compared to the individual treatment, qfg and 5‑fu inhibited migration and invasion of hct-8 cells (both p < 0.05). meanwhile, we detected emt-related proteins expression. as shown in figure 6e-h, qfg combined with 5‑fu increased e‑cadherin protein expression and decreased n‑cadherin and vimentin protein expression in both hct-8 cells and tumor tissues. these results further support the synergistic effect of qfg and 5‑fu on the metastasis of intestinal cancer cells. qingjie fuzheng granule combined with 5‑fluorouracil inhibited of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and thymidylate synthase expression of hct‑8 cells to investigate the effect of 5‑fu in crc cells, we examined the expression of 5‑fu metabolism‑related proteins. as shown in figure 7, we found that qfg and 5‑fu inhibited dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (dpd) and thymidylate synthase (ts) protein expression of hct-8 in vitro and in vivo (both p < 0.05) [figure 7]. qingjie fuzheng granule combined with 5‑fluorouracil synergistically inhibited phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase/ protein kinase b signaling pathway of hct‑8 cells to explore the effect of qfg combined with 5‑fu on the pi3k/akt pathway, we examined it by western blot analysis and found that qfg and 5‑fu decreased p‑pi3k and p‑akt protein expression both in hct‑8 cells and tumor tissues [figure 8]. these results suggest that qfg combined with 5‑fu synergistically inhibited intestinal cancer growth by suppressing the pi3k/akt signaling pathway. a c d b e 49 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 49 figure 3: qingjie fuzheng granule (qfg) and 5‑fluorouracil (5‑fu) synergistically inhibits the proliferation of hct‑8 cells in vitro and in vivo. (a and b) colony formation assay. (c and d) proliferation‑related proteins expression in hct‑8 cells. (e and f) ki67 expression in xenograft mice (×400, scale bar = 50 m). (g and h) expression of proliferation‑related proteins in xenograft mice. the arrow refers to ki‑67 positive cell. *p < 0.05 compared with the control group; ^ p < 0.05 compared with the qfg group; #p < 0.05 compared with the 5‑fu group. qfg: qingjie fuzheng granule, 5‑fu: 5‑fluorouracil qingjie fuzheng granule combined with 5‑fluorouracil regulated proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of hct‑8 cells through blocking phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase/protein kinase b pathway fbs, as an important exogenous environmental factor containing lots of growth factors, plays an important role in cell signaling by binding to growth factor receptors on the cell membrane and inducing changes in the signaling pathway‑related proteins. to explore the effect of fbs on the pi3k/akt pathway, we subjected hct‑8 cells to 10% fbs intervention under starvation condition for different durations. the results are shown in figure 9a and b demonstrate that 10% fbs intervention for 30 min significantly upregulated p‑akt protein expression (p < 0.05), indicating the activation of the pi3k/akt signaling pathway in hct‑8 cells by 10% fbs intervention. a b c d e f g h 50 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 50 figure 4: qingjie fuzheng granule (qfg) combined with 5‑fluorouracil (5‑fu) synergisticly promoted apoptosis in hct‑8 cells. (a and b) annexin v/pi staining analyzed by flow cytometry. (c and d) dapi staining (×200, bar = 100 m). (e and f) expression of apoptosis‑related protein in hct‑8 cells. *p < 0.05 compared to the control group; ^ p < 0.05 compared to the qfg group; #p < 0.05 compared to the 5‑fu group. qfg: qingjie fuzheng granule, 5‑fu: 5‑fluorouracil next, we investigated whether qfg combined with 5‑fu synergistically regulated the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of hct‑8 cells via pi3k/akt pathway. moreover, qfg combined with 5‑fu blocked the activstion of akt induced by fbs [figure 9c and d]. as shown in figure 10a, qfg and 5‑fu significantly inhibited cell growth in hct-8 cells. similarly, the results in figure 10b and c demonstrated that qfg and 5‑fu reduced the number of colonies which was induced by pi3k/akt pathway activation (p < 0.05). furthermore, qfg and 5‑fu promoted apoptosis significantly (p < 0.05) as shown in figure 10d and e. moreover, qfg and 5 fu suppressed migration and invasion (both p < 0.05) which were promoted by pi3k/akt pathway activation as shown in figure 10f and g and figure 10h and i. in conclusion, these results suggest that qfg and 5‑fu synergistically regulated the growth process of hct-8 cells by regulating the pi3k/akt pathway. discussion crc ranks as the third most common malignant tumor in the world.[1] current treatment choices for crc primarily include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, with chemotherapy being the main approach for patients with inoperable or postoperative metastatic tumors.[2] 5‑fu, the first‑line chemotherapy regimen, is widely used in crc. however, the side effects which can easily damage the normal organism, induce drug resistance and reduce patients’ quality of life limited the use of 5‑fu. consequently, it is urgent to discover novel treatment strategies to overcome the limitations associated with chemotherapy. combination therapy involving the simultaneous administration of multiple drugs has emerged as a promising approach. traditional chinese medicine has better advantages in reducing toxicity and increasing efficacy, combination therapy of tcm and 5‑fu not only increase the therapeutic effects, but alleviate the side effects at lower dose. this a c b d f e 51 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 51 figure 5: qingjie fuzheng granule combined with 5‑fluorouracil synergisticly promoted apoptosis in xenograft mice. (a and b) tunel staining assay (×400, bar = 50 m). (c and d) the expression of apoptosis‑related proteins in xenograft tissues. qfg: qingjie fuzheng granule, 5‑fu: 5‑fluorouracil approach aims to achieve synergistic efficacy while reducing toxicity.[12] patients' quality of life and chemotherapy effectiveness are both improved greatly by qfg, a clinical anti-tumor compound that is often utilized. to add to that, qfg may shield the gut mucosal from 5-fu. references [13,14]: it was proposed that there could be a synergistic impact when qfg and 5-fu are combined. prior research has shown that qfg may control crc development by inhibiting the pi3k/akt pathway. [13] multiple processes, including tumor growth, apoptosis, metastasis, and resistance to 5-fu treatment, are influenced by the tumor-related genes that are downstream targets of the pi3k/akt signaling pathway. these genes include p21, bcl-2, emt, dpd, ts, and others. on the basis of these results, the purpose of this research is to investigate the combined effects of qfg and 5-fu on colorectal cancer. furthermore, we endeavored to investigate how qfg and 5-fu impacted the pi3k/akt pathway and its subsequent processes, such as crc cell proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and chemoresistance. understanding how qfg and 5-fu work together to combat crc is the objective. the unending advancement of tumors is mostly due to the unchecked growth of malignant cells. [16] as a crucial tumor suppressor and one of the major regulators of cell division, p53 is an important player in the field. one gene that suppresses cell cycle-dependent protein kinases is p21, which is a downstream gene of p53 [17]. cyclin d1-cdk4 is unable to phosphorylate rb (g1 phase cycle) because a complex formed by p21 and cyclin d1-cdk4 suppresses protein kinase activity. protein that acts as an inhibitor. the g1 phase block and inhibition of cell proliferation are caused by rb's inactive state binding to e2f, which inactivates e2f. pp. 18–21 the colony formation test was used to determine that a mixture of qfg and 5-fu may decrease cell growth in this investigation. we found that the combination of qfg and 5-fu decreased ki67 positivity in tumor tissues by immunohistochemical assay. we also found that the combination of qfg and 5-fu increased p53 and p21 protein expression while inhibiting cyclin d1 and cdk4 protein expression by western bolt assay, compared to single drug. the results of the experiment show that it is possible to suppress the growth of colorectal cancer cells by combining qfg with 5-fu. the process of programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is controlled by genes and results in the inevitable cessation of life. [8] in apoptosis, the bcl-2 family is involved, and bax dimers help open and increase the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane. a reduction in mitochondrial membrane permeability follows an increase in bcl-2 expression, and bcl-2 may form heterodimers with bax. as a result, cystathionase (caspases) is activated when cellular mitochondrial membrane disruption triggers the release of cytochrome-c. cell death is orchestrated by these cleaved caspases, one of which being caspase 3. pages 22–24 this research used a battery of tests, including western blotting, flow cytometry, dapi staining, and tunel immunofluorescence, to confirm elevated apoptosis. a b c d 52 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 52 figure 6: qingjie fuzheng granule (qfg) and 5‑fluorouracil (5‑fu) inhibited migration and invasion. (a and b) migration assay and statistic analysis in hct‑8 cells (×200, bar = 100 m). (c and d) invasion assay and statistic analysis in hct‑8 cells (×200, bar = 100 m). (e and f) emt‑related proteins expression in hct‑8 cells. (g and h) emt‑related proteins expression in xenograft mice. *p < 0.05 compared to the control group; ^ p < 0.05 compared to the qfg group; #p < 0.05 compared to the 5‑fu group. qfg: qingjie fuzheng granule, 5‑fu: 5‑fluorouracil emt is a process in which epithelial cell phenotype transformed to mesenchymal cell phenotype under specific physiological or pathological conditions, which promotes the loss of intercellular adhesions, increases the metastatic capacity of cancer cells, inhibits apoptosis, and is an important factor affecting tumor recurrence and metastasis.[25-28] cell-triggered emt, which results in loss of epithelial cell integrity, and transcriptional repression of genes encoding epithelial cell-specific proteins such as e-cadherin by transcription factors, contribute to the degradation of adherens junctions, and their adherens junctions are replaced by proteins capable of greater junctional flexibility (e.g., n‑cadherin), leading to cell separation and enhanced cell motility.[29-34] epithelial genes a c b d e f g h 53 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 53 figure 7: qingjie fuzheng granule (qfg) and 5‑fluorouracil (5‑fu) inhibited dpd and ts expression. (a and b) dpd and ts expression in hct‑8 cells. (c and d) dpd and ts in tumor tissues. *p < 0.05 compared with the control group; ^ p < 0.05 compared with the qfg group; #p < 0.05 compared with the 5‑fu group. qfg: qingjie fuzheng granule, 5‑fu: 5‑fluorouracil are repressed by transcription factors while mesenchymal genes are activated, upregulate vimentin (a waveform protein) expression, increase extracellular deposition of fibronectin, thereby facilitating metastasis.[35-37] in this study, migration and invasion assays revealed that qfg combined with 5‑fu significantly reduced the migrated and invased ability of crc cells. in‑depth study, treatment with qfg and 5‑fu affected the expression of emt‑related factor, inhibited emt occurrence, and synergistically suppressed tumor cell metastasis. 5-fu blocks the production of dna in cells, which is how it fights tumors. because it facilitates the conversion of dump to dtmp, the only thymidine nucleotide required for dna synthesis and repair, ts is also recognized as the 5-fu target enzyme. downregulation of dpd promotes 5-fu chemosensitivity, and dpd is a rate-limiting enzyme in 5-fu degradation. sections 38–40 this research found that the combination of qfg and 5-fu substantially reduced dpd and ts expression compared to the single-drug therapy. this suggests that the combination of the two drugs may enhance the effectiveness of 5-fu by inhibiting 5-fu-related negative regulatory enzymes. tumor growth may be accelerated by the pi3k/akt signaling pathway. in order to partially activate akt and then modulate its activity, pi3k activation may produce pip3, which acts as a second messenger to bring pdk1 and akt proteins to the plasma membrane. route that goes downstream. tables 41–43 akt produces several outcomes: 1) the phosphorylation of akt hinders cell proliferation by affecting factors like p21; 2) the phosphorylation of akt affects apoptosis by preventing the activity of bad (bcl-2-associated cell death agonist); 3) the phosphorylation of akt positively controls the nf-b pathway, which regulates emt and impacts cell metastasis. positions 11, 44, and 45 treatment with qfg and 5-fu, as revealed by the results of the western blot experiment, disrupted the pi3k/akt signaling pathway, according to this research. in this work, the pi3k/akt signaling pathway was stimulated by 10% fbs, and the effects of the two medicines coupled with qfg were investigated. 10% fbs triggered the akt signaling pathway. the combined treatment of qfg and 5-fu controlled the proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis of hct-8 cells, which were followed by the activation of pi3k and akt, according to functional tests. the findings show that the pi3k/akt signaling system's downstream pathway may be regulated by combining qfg and 5-fu therapy, which in turn controls the proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and 5-fu chemoresistance of crc. conclusions in summary, we demonstrated for the first time that combined treatment qfg with 5‑fu has a synergistic ability against crc, which inhibits cell proliferation, metastasis, induces apoptosis. the downstream of pi3k/ a b c d 54 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 54 a b c d figure 8: qingjie fuzheng granule (qfg) combined with 5‑fluorouracil (5‑fu) synergisticly inhibited the pi3k/akt signaling pathway. (a and b) qfg and 5‑fu blocked phosphorylation of pi3k and akt in hct‑8 cells. (c and d) qfg and 5‑fu blocked phosphorylation of pi3k and akt in tumor tissues. *p < 0.05 compared to the control group; ^ p < 0.05 compared to the qfg group; #p < 0.05 compared to the 5‑fu group. qfg: qingjie fuzheng granule, 5‑fu: 5‑fluorouracil figure 9: effect of qingjie fuzheng granule (qfg) and 5‑fluorouracil (5‑fu) on the activation of the pi3k/akt pathway by 10% fbs. (a and b) fbs induced akt phosphonation in different time. (c and d) qfg and 5‑fu inhibited the akt phosphonation. $p < 0.05 compared with the fbs free group; *p < 0.05 compared with the fbs group. qfg: qingjie fuzheng granule, 5‑fu: 5‑fluorouracil a b c d 55 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 55 c e a b d g f h i figure 10: qingjie fuzheng granule (qfg) combined with 5‑fluorouracil (5‑fu) regulated proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion via inhibiting pi3k/akt pathway. (a) morphology. (b and c) colony formation and statistical analysis; (d and e) dapi staining and statistical analysis (×200, ba r = 100 m). (f and g) migration and statistical analysis (×200, bar = 100 m); (h and i) invasion and statistical analysis (×200, bar = 100 m). $p < 0.05 compared with the fbs‑free group; *p < 0.05 compared with the fbs group; ^ p < 0.05 compared with the fbs + qfg group; #p < 0.05 compared with the fbs + 5‑fu group. qfg: qingjie fuzheng granule, 5‑fu: 5‑fluorouracil akt signaling pathway involves tumor proliferation, 56 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 56 apoptosis, metastasis and other related processes. our results demonstrate that the combined treatment of qfg with and 5‑fu exerts its inhibitory capability on crc cells though regulating pi3k/akt signaling pathway. this regulation leads to the modulation of gene expressions such as p53 and p21, resulting in a synergistic inhibition of crc proliferation. moreover, the combination therapy modulates the genes expression, such as bax and bcl-2, leading to a synergistic induction of 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vimentin in cancer and its potential as a molecular target for cancer therapy. cell mol life sci 2011;68:3033-46. 36. battaglia ra, delic s, herrmann h, snider nt. vimentin on the move: new developments in cell migration. f1000res 2018;7:v1000‑796. 37. ramos i, stamatakis k, oeste cl, pérez‑sala d. vimentin as a multifaceted player and potential therapeutic target in viral infections. int j mol sci 2020;21:4675. 38. omura k. clinical implications of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (dpd) activity in 5‑fu‑based chemotherapy: mutations in the dpd gene, and dpd inhibitory fluoropyrimidines. int j clin oncol 2003;8:132-8. 39. xie p, mo jl, liu jh, li x, tan lm, zhang w, et al. pharmacogenomics 57 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 57 of 5‑fluorouracil in colorectal cancer: review and update. cell oncol (dordr) 2020;43:989-1001. 40. akhter k, enamur rashid m. study of thymidylate synthase (ts) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (dpd) expressions on 5‑fluorouracil in oral squamous cell carcinoma. asian pac j cancer prev 2019;20:503‑8. 41. fan j, bao y, meng x, wang s, li t, chang x, et al. mechanism of modulation through pi3k‑akt pathway about nepeta cataria l.’s extract in non-small cell lung cancer. oncotarget 2017;8:31395-405. 42. chen h, zhou l, wu x, li r, wen j, sha j, et al. the pi3k/akt pathway in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. front biosci (landmark ed) 2016;21:1084-91. 43. chen yh, yang sf, yang ck, tsai hd, chen th, chou mc, et al. metformin induces apoptosis and inhibits migration by activating the ampk/p53 axis and suppressing pi3k/akt signaling in human cervical cancer cells. mol med rep 2021;23:88. 44. wang r, song f, li s, wu b, gu y, yuan y. salvianolic acid a attenuates ccl(4)‑induced liver fibrosis by regulating the pi3k/akt/mtor, bcl-2/bax and caspase-3/cleaved caspase-3 signaling pathways. drug des devel ther 2019;13:1889-900. 45. ha se, kim sm, vetrivel p, kim hh, bhosale pb, heo jd, et al. inhibition of cell proliferation and metastasis by scutellarein regulating pi3k/akt/nf‑κb signaling through pten activation in hepatocellular carcinoma. int j mol sci 2021;22:8841. integrating traditional chinese (herbal) medicines into risk based regulation with focus on non-clinical requirements to demonstrate safety ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 1 issn: 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 1 integrating traditional chinese (herbal) medicines into risk-based regulation with focus on non-clinical requirements to demonstrate safety vivian liu. nqan fung independent scholar, 2 woodward place, st ives, nsw, 2075, australia keywords: proprietary and traditional chinese herbal medicines internationalization nonclinical drug regulation and registration reform certificate of pharmaceutical product introduction: chinese herbal medicines was gained in the last decade. yet, after ten years of growth, a negative growth in the value of tcm as im ports and exports was reported in china for the first time.2 it is believed that among all the barriers, differences in the standards of evaluation accepted by drug regulation authorities including: the definition/classification of herbal products, paths of market entry, good manufacturing practices (gmp) compliance, and evidential requirements for demonstrating efficacious and safe use based on product history nonclinical and clinical studies, are key elements that hampered the internationalization of tcm.3 these inconsistencies in drug evaluation standards do not merely have an impact on how a pharmaceutical manufacturer strategizes their worldwide registration plan, but can potentially cause misinterpretations that result in inappropriate assessment of herbal products. in countries that are dependent on certificate of pharmaceutical product (cpp),1 herbal products may be used as medicines even when the product has not been assessed as a medicine. such countries accept the review of scientific and clinical dossiers from cpp issuing countries as quality assurance that the medicinal products they imported meet a stipulated acceptable level of safety and health in their healthcare sector.4 depending on the criteria set by different authorities, a herbal product considered to be a dietary supplement and regulated as a food product in one country, may be considered as food supplemint, a therapeutic good (complementary medicine or prescription medicine) or even a substance in another jurisdiction. for example, while melatonin is regulated in the abstract— all parties involved in hong kong's (china) public health system agree that tcm plays a significant role. the government, academic institutions, and industry of hong kong (china) must work together if the city is to play a pivotal role in exporting chinese pharmaceuticals to international markets. the opportunity for well-established and traditional herbal medicines to demonstrate a 'acceptable safe' status for registration in the european union has been opened up with the release of the final version of the european medicines agencies guidance document. this document details the acceptance of minimum requirements to nonclinical packages in bibliographical applications. regardless of whether they are eligible to be registered under the streamlined approach inside the european union, many traditional chinese medicines may be shown to be safe to use with this basic nonclinical package. for qualifying proprietary chinese medicines (pcm) with a long history of usage, this article envisions integrating a streamlined assessment method into the current drug regulatory system in hong kong (china). less demand for scientific resources is required for such integration that uses the minimal nonclinical package based on bibliographical data or expert reports to prove safety for pcm with a lengthy history of usage. 'first hand' evaluation in hong kong (china) for qualifying pcm gives local and international pharmaceutical businesses an alternative to relying on certificate of pharmaceutical ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 1 united states (us) as a dietary supplement, it is a national health product in canada and a prescription medicine in australia.5 dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) is readily available as a dietary supplement in the us, while in many other jurisdictions it is regulated as a controlled substance.5 this heterogenicity in how cpp issuing countries define herbal products poses a concern to cpp dependent countries as some drug regulatory authorities in cpp issuing countries require few or less stringent registration requirements. as a result, the same herbal products can be marketed in a different category in different countries with a cpp, resulting in potential safety issues for the public’s health.6,7 safety, quality and efficacy of traditional chinese and herbal medicines controlled as a result of the prevalence of poor scientific studies on chinese herbal medicines and the lack of a systematic investigative approach in the past, medical professionals have been concerned about their efficacy and safety.8 over the past decade, with the support from the chinese government, the chinese clinical trial registry was set up to ensure clinical trials are conducted based on international standards and with higher quality.9 this allows the anticipated effectiveness of tcm to be verified with means of proper understanding by western countries. safety continues to be an essential attribute in the pharmaceutical industry. there is a common misconception by the public that natural means safe and that herbal medicines are harmless.1 it is however, the inherit risk of an herb itself that contains unknown toxic compounds, albeit low, do exist. the lack of regulatory registration/evaluation based on international risk-based standard limits the safe control/use of herbal medicines.10 hence incidents on overdosing (since safe levels of intake from dose-response data may not be established), adverse health effect caused by drug interaction or loss of efficacy continue to happen when common herbal medicines are taken together.11 manufacturing errors, in which one herb is mistakenly replaced with another or being contaminated with other undeclared plant and animal material, heavy metals (such as arsenic, lead, and cadmium), pesticides, microorganism or toxic compounds are not uncommon. cases of adulteration have also been reported, western medicines (such as the blood-thinner warfarin and the non-steroidal anti-inflamma tory agent diclofenac) were mixed with herbals to enhance their efficacy. these resulted in serious complications including organ damage.10e13 it is unquestionable that stringent requirement should apply to registration of any medicinal products with new herbal substances/ herbal preparations. there is a desire among the medical community for a full evaluation of new herbal products. comprehensive, thorough evaluation for new herbal medicinal products to ensure good set of quality, safety and efficacy (qse) should be conducted like western medicines with new chemical entities. however, if herbal medicinal products of long history of use are considered as ‘new’ medicines and the same stringent registration process applied, it inevitably hampers the interest of pharmaceutical companies to register and market their products globally. the hesitation in recognizing the long history of clinical experience for traditional chinese and herbal medicines as evidence of safety has long limited the growth of tcm globally. to combat this, a tailored approach to register traditional and herbal medicinal products involving dossiers that incorporate long standing evidence of safety and efficacy has long been considered.14 the need for better quality assurance in drug development has been of focus for years. it is recognized that in view of the complexity of quality assurance of herbal medicines and that long history of use do not represent products with good quality. to achieve quality assurance, a comprehensive quality dossier and other common fundamental principles including gmp must be provided. pharmacovigilance should always be required regardless of the life history of an herbal medicinal product.15 however, for safety and efficacy dossiers, a simplified version could be considered acceptable. it is important that no consumption of medicines should cause harm. good safety profile of any medicinal product is an expected feature and has grown in its importance over proof of efficacy in the past years.16 between safety and efficacy data, the requirements in nonclinical safety testing is relatively less certain. the basic goals of a comprehensive conventional nonclinical studies package in drug development include, identifying the pharmacological properties in the establishment of comparative physiology between animals and humans, calibrating the safe initial dose permissible for first human exposure, and identifying the biological markers that predict potential adverse effects for clinical monitoring. there is a general acceptance that some of the above unknowns are indeed addressed or partially addressed in herbal medicals due to a long history and prevalence of use.14 this is the basis of the tailored approach. much effort has been made to modernization of tcm worldwide. for example, in 2004, through directive 2004/24/ec, the registration procedure for traditional medicinal products was simplified. it is based on submission of full quality dossiers supported with bibliographical data or expert report on wellestablished or traditional applications of herbal medicines respec tively.15 legislations regarding herbals by the european union (eu) in 2011 and the traditional herbal registration scheme in the united kingdom further strengthened the quality of herbal products to pharmaceutical quality standards.17 some regulatory bodies including the us food and drug administration (usfda) have placed special emphasis on batch-to-batch quality and therapeutic consistency.3 in china, enormous efforts are dedicated in advancing as well as consolidating tcm’s scientific grounding and clinical practice. the international community have also contributed ongoing collaborative works such as the ‘herbalome project’ which aims to examine mainstay tcm formula and chinese herbs for their structure, function and chemical composition.18 the project helps to establish the resource library and contribute to the world health organization (who)’s classification on tcm. in 2018, the who revealed that by 2022, tcm would be included in its 11th revision of the international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, a document that offers standardized diagnostic classification for clinical and research purposes19.as noted earlier, different classification categories are used in herbal and chinese medicines, the terms ‘established’ and ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 1 ‘traditional’ for herbal medicine use in eu20 can be different from those use in other countries, such as hong kong (china),21 therefore, care should be taken as different registration requirements apply.22 in 2019, the european medicines agencies finalized guidelines for documenting herbal medicines of wellestablished use or traditional origins in non-clinical ways. it reaffirms its acceptance of the waiving of a thorough toxicological assessment with the minimum package, and hence encourages more eligible herbal medicines to reach international risk-based standard.16,23 included in this guideline are herbal medicines that have seen wellestablished usage eu-wide for the minimum of 15 years or in traditional medicinal use for a minimum of 30 years, including 15 years within the eu.20 it provides guidance on the minimum nonclinical package to demonstrate ‘acceptably safe’ for eu registration purposes. the document recognized that human experience with traditional herbals of long usage history may obviate the need to conduct acute and chronic toxicity tests. however, this does not apply to reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity tests. it is because these areas of major concern can only be dealt with through careful conduct of nonclinical studies. the minimum nonclinical package for the simplified registration consists of: 1. general aspects, including investigation of the effects on drug metabolizing enzymes 2. in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity assays 3. long-term rodent carcinogenicity (for products intended to be continuously used for >3 months or intermittently for >6 months) 4. reproductive and developmental toxicity (for products used by women of childbearing age) the package takes into consideration the frequent use of herbal medicines in conjunction with conventional western medicine, therefore making clinical and kinetic interaction major areas of concern. drug interaction studies to investigate the effects on drug metabolizing enzymes, as mechanistic and genetic evidence, are key nonclinical studies in herbal medicines registration. this includes identifying cytochrome p450 enzyme involved, lower significant interaction and potential genetic issues.24 special toxicity studies, like the genotoxicity assays, are needed because it allows early identification of potential carcinogenic to human. in combination with long history of clinical experience, this non-clinical package provides an acceptable safety profile for subchronic use of traditional herbal medicines. for those that request for specific targeted therapeutic indications or have demonstrated cause for concern, test on carcinogenicity and/or reproductive/ developmental toxicity may be required.23 there are still many herbal products not registered within the eu since the introduction of the simplified procedure in 2014,17 with the minimum nonclinical package being finalized, it is anticipated that this refined simplified procedure will further promote safe use of traditional herbal products and enable free eu-wide movement.15 opportunities and challenges for hong kong (china) in internationalization of tcm in hong kong (china), tcm is a vital part of the mainstream medicinal consideration. conjunctive use of western drugs and tcm are commonplace within the hong kong (china) public.25 with the drive from the hong kong (china) government and the increase in consumer demand worldwide, hong kong (china) is placed with the opportunity to lead the internationalization of herbal products and the challenge to preserve their therapeutic value as medicines. government and businesses are the main drivers for regulatory reform. strong policy drivers are core factors in translating idea into practice. resistance to policy changes tends to be high when stakeholders and users are confused with how the changes may affect them and whether the changes would be positive. hong kong (china) is well positioned in creating a good environment for the growth of tcm globally. the hong kong (china) government has already set key initiatives to develop tcm. this includes promoting research, clinical tcm practice and conducting clinical trials in china. the setup of the first hong kong (china) chinese medicines hospital will further support the established academic exchange allowing more local tcm trainee to gain first hand experience from tcm practitioners in china.26,27 implementation of new regulatory measures is complex. early stakeholder engagement, including community, industries, institutes and affirmative financial support are crucial to a successful reform. the benefit of promoting hong kong (china) to be a tcm hub, including having early access to chinese medicines and enhancement of import and export trade business need to be communicated early. concerns, including the high cost incurred for complying with the requirements for providing the qse of chinese medicines should also be addressed. financial support assisting licensed tcm manufacturers in conducting safety tests and researches could be promoted. it is recognized that language is a barrier in promoting tcm globally. translating scientific information of chinese medicine is paramount in this amalgamation.3,28 only a miniscule portion of this tradition has been translated in english. the theory of chinese medicine functions on a different paradigm to that of modern science and cannot be fully captured within its context or discourse. it requires of the translator an intimate knowledge of the subject matter at hand.28,29 the sociocultural context of hong kong (china) is influenced by the convergence of east and west. it has the advantage of having chinese being the national language and has inherited the cultural and philosophical understanding of tcm direct from the people’s republic of china.30 as a special administrative region, hong kong (china) has the advantage of having a different pharmaceutical regulatory system from the people’s republic of china. the regulation of tcm in hong kong (china) is also separated from its western medicines. this provides the flexibility for hong kong (china) to make policy changes in developing new registration process for chinese medicines without affecting the existing system for both chinese and western medicines. to maintain a creditable system, a scientific approach when making policy changes in regulating chinese medicines must be maintained. product assessment and registration is a major step for marketing and to ensure pharmaceutical products meeting appropriate standards of qse. drug regulation process is complex and resource intensive. limitation in scientific and clinical expertise and resources is not uncommon in asian countries. in singapore, the national drug regulatory agency, health sciences authority managed this limitation by engaging both internal and external evaluators. it further adopted a risk based approach by implementing a full registration process with three evaluation routes for western medicines. this approach is confidence based. it leverages on the evaluations conducted by selected competent drug regulatory agencies. thus, allows flexibility in utilizing its expertise according to the depth of evaluation required yet ensuring robustness in the evaluation system.31 with years of effort in bringing international standards into the drug regulatory process, singapore is accepted as a regulatory member, together with china, taiwan (china), republic of korean and brazil, of the international council for harmonization of technical requirements for pharmaceuticals for human use (ich). the ich is a global platform for discussion of drug registration with regards its technicalitie ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 1 and science. in singapore, regulation of herbal medicines is subject to less stringent registration requirements than western medicines.32 regulation of chinese herbal medicines in hong kong (china) in hong kong (china), the term herbal medicines mean essentially herbal species that do not undergo any manufacturing to change their form. proprietary chinese medicines (pcm) are chinese herbal medicines that have undergone some degree of manufacturing to be made into tablets, powder, liquid, etc. they are used to treat many medical problems, including gynecological and gastrointestinal disorders.33 the term pcm is clearly defined under the chinese medicines ordinance.2 all pcm are categorized into established, non-established and new medicines.21 they must be registered with the statutory pharmacy and poisons board before they can be legally marketed. secondary review3 is conducted to ensure all pcm meet the registration requirements prescribed by the board regarding their safety, efficacy and quality.35,37 much efforts have been placed by the hong kong (china) government on improving the quality control and post marketing surveillance of pcm. unlike registration of western medicines which compliance with gmp standards is mandatory,38 manufactured licensed pcm, at present, is voluntary.39 a timetable will soon be set for the mandatory compliance of pcm manufacturing to the standards of gmp.40 to assist the accreditation process, regulatory services has been put in place to provide quality testing and assessment based on the pharmacopeia of the people’s republic of china and the hong kong chinese materia medica standards.41 for safety control, post registration monitoring of pcm in detecting any unfortunate adverse events has long been carried out in hong kong (china).41 since 2009, this surveillance program plays an important role in predicting and preventing the occurrence of adverse drug reactions especially when nonclinical safety data on drug interaction and pharmacogenomic studies are lacking or insufficient.37 a strong regulatory infrastructure is essential in ensuring pcm products uphold high quality standards and safety, make true and non-misleading claims, and have appropriate and reasonable marketplace accessibility. the key regulatory barrier in hong kong (china) is the requirement for two cpps as proof of quality and safety before a pcm can be registered for marketing. the intention of cpp is to provide quality assurance and to substitute the review of scientific and clinical dossiers to allow products to be registered in shorter timeframes. however, in hong kong (china), the requirement does not fully substitute an internal review of qse. more test results and summary reports are required with further queries may be raised and together with the waiting time to obtain the cpp from the issuing countries, it defies the intention of requiring cpp submission in allowing patients to have earlier access to the medicines. for hong kong (china) to play a bridging role in 2 the definition of pcm is defined under the chinese medicines ordinance.34 pcm means any proprietary product e(a) composed solely of the following as active ingredients e(i) any chinese herbal medicines; or(ii) any materials of herbal, animal or mineral origin customarily used by the chinese; or(iii) any medicines and materials referred to in subparagraphs (i) and (ii) of paragraph 3 (a) respectively;(b) formulated in a finished dose form; and(c) known or claimed to be used for the diagnosis, treatment, prevention or alleviation of any disease or any symptom of a disease in human beings, or for the regulation of the functional states of the human body. 3 secondary review requires approval of drugs based on the reviews conducted by two reference ich drug regulatory authorities. these countries are the us or europe and japan.35 the certificate of pharmaceutical product from these countries are the evidence of approval. most countries, including hong kong (china), require this certificate/document to proof that the medicinal products they imported meet a stipulated acceptable level of safety and health in their healthcare sector.36 leading china’s internationalization of tcm, the registration process of pcm should consider becoming independent from the requirement of cpp for quality and safety assurance. hong kong (china), have long been recognized as a country having a reasonably established clinical practices and basic scientific research and development for tcm. with its current focus on improving quality control and enrichment in clinical expertise, the area that worth further strengthening will likely be the nonclinical assessment capacity when the feasibility of conducting review for a simplified registration for eligible pcm with long history of use is to be explored. the waiver of a thorough evaluation with a minimum nonclinical package in bibliographical applications for eu registration purpose represents a golden opportunity for hong kong (china) to take its first entry to evaluate pcm with long history of use not previously registered and marketed in other countries. although the objective of having an eu simplified procedure aims to ensure a freedom of movement for herbal medicines within the eu, it does provide a framework of a minimum package to demonstrate ‘acceptable safety’. it is important to note that although the eu simplified registration for traditional herbal medicinal products does include tcm, this particular registration process has set tight limitations. it is restricted to tcm that has been in the eu for at least 15 years with administration pathways restricted to oral, inhalation and external use.20 therefore, there are a great number of tcm that are prevented from attaining registration as traditional herbal medicinal products according to the outlines of the eu.22 in other words, the ‘minimal nonclinical package’ route of registration does not apply to most tcms. projecting the same principle to a hong kong (china) society, there are much wider range of tcm products satisfying minimal nonclinical package demonstrating ‘acceptably safe’ for pcm that have been in traditional medicinal use throughout a period of at least 30 years, including 15 years in china or hong kong (china). the establishment of a tcm registration process in hong kong (china) would pave the future for better recognition and growth of the tcm market beyond hong kong (china) and the region. one of the limitations in hong kong (china) drug regulation is the lack of number in expertise. the recognition of pharmacovigilance and long-standing use of pcm as evidence of an accepted safety profile to support a range of pharmacology and toxicology, including safety pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, single and repeat dose toxicity, toxicokinetics, immunotoxicity and local tolerance studies,23 reduce the nonclinical package significantly. this notably lessen the demand on nonclinical expertise/evaluators and allow a much-needed focus on capability building in addressing the major concern in reducing kinetic and clinical interaction concern in reducing the number of adverse events due to use of pcm concomitantly with other medicines. to implement a primary (first-hand) yet simplified evaluation route based on international practice within drug registration process for pcm in hong kong (china), a progressive approach can be adopted. for example, a new independent center can be set up to complement the regulatory role of the existing drug regulatory agency before the evaluation capability is achieved. the indepen dency and flexibility in funding and structural reform will allow the new set up to focus only on the scientific evaluation on pcm of long history of use, while building up its drug evaluation capabilities, particularly in pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and clinical disciplines. recognizing its own limited resources in pharmaceutical sciences professionals, the use of both internal and external expertise is worth considering. both local and overseas from local universities, hospitals and research institutes can be engaged as external evaluators to conduct drug evaluation and participate in capabilities building. it is worth noting that a sustainable development of such regulatory capacities will provide encouragement for growth in research and development within hong kong (china) by the pharmaceutical industries and in the future, establish hong kong (china) as the origin for new and innovative pcm. having an option to approve pcm with long history of use based on international standard while maintaining the existing review process, incur minimum burden to the registration of both chinese and western medicines. this new evaluation route not only will allow both local and overseas pcm with long history of use to obtain marketing authorization in hong kong (china) within the timeframe like other regulatory agencies that conduct the simplified evaluation. it will also allow the approved pcm to expand its market globally using the cpp issued by the hong kong (china) government when the necessary conditions are met. with this, the pcm trade sector will be better positioned and able to provide users an earlier access to increased variety of quality and safer medicines. in the long term, the building of this infrastructure will encourage the modernization of pcm and the improvement in drug evaluation capabilities will become the platform for further grow in the drug regulatory system in hong kong (china). there are opportunities and challenges for hong kong (china) to conduct first-hand review on eligible traditional pcm with long history of use. with the simplified eu registration process and the finalised minimum nonclinical package for traditional herbal medicinal products, it is a good time to strengthen the drug registration and regulatory infrastructure of hong kong (china). the internal and external factors to the growth, success and threats to globalising pcm with long history of use are listed in table 1. concluding remarks most herbal products that are currently available in the global market have yet to be subjected to drug approval process to demonstrate their safety and effectiveness, the final release of the minimum package of nonclinical in bibliographical applications provides an avenue to further reduce cost and resources in conducting extensive animal studies to fulfilling the safety requirements for the eu regulatory authorities. with this mechanism, more wellestablished and traditional herbal medicines could be encouraged to register and obtain marketing authorization in eu and worldwide. hong kong (china) has relatively stringent documentary requirements for marketing pcm among the asian cities.3 however, its secondary review process while assuring qse meeting international standard, requires a substantial amount of time in registration and marketing authorization of pcm. this has been a significant obstacle to the pharmaceutical traders and users in hong kong (china). for hong kong (china) to be promoted to be a tcm hub and fulfilling its major role in leading the internationalization of pcm, a concerted regulatory effort in building a sound registration process, a good network for conducting epidemiological/clinical studies as well as postmarketing experience is essential. with the support from the government and the maturing gmp compliance framework for pcm, there is an opportunity for hong kong (china) to develop an additional registration process to approve pcm of long history of use based on the simplified procedure established in the eu. hong kong (china) possesses the table 1 opportunities and challenges for hong kong (china) to conduct first-hand review on pcm with long usage history based on the eu simplified registration process. strength 1. clear direction from government to support the growth of tcm 2. strong financial business infrastructure to support hong kong (china) as chinese medicine registration hub 3. independent chinese and western medicine regulatory framework, and hence having more flexibility in making policy changes in adopting new evaluation and registration processes for chinese medicine without the need to implicate western medicine framework 4. large pool of chinese medicines in traditional medical use of at least 30 years, including 15 years in hong kong (china) 5. existing gmp accreditation process for manufacture of pcm, and post marketing surveillance program 6. good scientific and clinical expertise to enrol as internal or external evaluators 7. inherit good cultural and philosophical understanding of chinese medicine 8. good regulatory network with asiaepacific countries weakness 1. hong kong (china) has insufficient global impact in the area of drug registration 2. inexperience in conducting first-hand/full evaluation of pcm, particularly in the area of nonclinical assessment 3. relying on cpp from other countries for registration of chinese medicine 4. limited financial commitment from licensed tcm manufacturers opportunities 1. eu’s acceptance of waiving the full ich nonclinical evaluation with a minimum package to demonstrate safe use of traditional herbal products 2. adopt the eu simplified registration process with minimum nonclinical package to be an option to register eligible pcm with long usage history 3. less demand on regulatory/evaluation capacity/capability under the simplified registration process 4. be the first country to conduct full review and globalise eligible pcm as hong kong (china) registered traditional pcm based on the eu recognised simplified registration process 5. to becoming a cpp independent country for traditional pcm with a recognised simplified registration process 6. to promote the use of hong kong (china) issued cpp/marketing authorisation of eligible traditional pcm for their registration of use and marketing in southeast and asiaepacific countries 7. to explore advantages and synergise the use of chinese and western medicine by analyzing differences in their origin for human health between chinese and western medicine 8. preserve therapeutic values of tcm threats 1. change in eu position on the acceptance of simplified registration and the use of minimal nonclinical package as a demonstration of ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 1 safe use of traditional herbal medicines 2. other countries not receptive with eu position for minimum nonclinical package 3. other countries do not accept the waiver of full nonclinical package for registration of tcm in chinese society. demand for submission of additional ethnical/nonchinese data to demonstrate safety and efficacy 4. immature drug regulatory framework to support preand post-marketing authorisation on safe use of medicines 5. non-acceptance by western medical profession 6. diminishing global interest in tcm abbreviations: pcm: proprietary chinese medicines; eu: european union; tcm: traditional chinese medicine; gmp: good manufacturing practices; cpp: certificate of pharmaceutical product; ich: international council for harmonization of technical requirements for pharmaceuticals for human use. academic capabilities to strengthen its drug evaluation capabilities to accept qse dossier submission. the use of both internal and external expertise is a good option to expand the pool of expertise available in specialized area. an integration of a new evaluation route into an existing cpp dependent registration process has been successfully implemented in other countries. the advancement of hong kong (china) to be a location that can provide qse assurance for the eligible pcm without waiting for reassurance from other countries’ cpp will encourage local manufacturers to export and open their products to the global market. understanding and translating chinese medical texts is complex. an inherited knowledge of the philosophical and holistic approach of tcm could progressively result in a faster evaluation and approval timeframe than the western countries in a worldwide simultaneous submission. supported by hong kong (china)’s internationally recognized business infrastructure, a constructive drug regulatory reform could lead hong kong (china) to provide patients’ earlier access to pcm, facilitate importation and exportation of pcm, and most importantly allows the therapeutic values of these herbal medicinal products to be preserved with health care professionals in a better position to make informed decisions about pcm usage alongside with western medicines. references 1. zhou x, li cg, chang d, bensoussan a. the current state of chinese herbal medicine and the main obstacles to its safety and effectiveness. e14. published in medicines (basel) 2019;6(1). 2. lin axe, chan g, hu y, + more. globalisation of tcm: the present state of the market, obstacles to globalisation, and recommendations for the future. (chinese medical journal, 2018) 13:9. 3. li jt, zhu jf, hu h, et al. foreign sales of traditional and complementary medicine goods: breaking into the pharmaceutical industry. chinese medicine. 2018;13:50. 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the medical journal of australia published an article in 2017 with the doi: 206/2:86e90. 13 xu ym, ng slp, patel dn, et al. an analysis of all adverse events recorded in singapore with dietary supplements between 2010 and 2016. current medical news (lausanne) 2018;5:167. 14. the world bank, unicef, undp, and who. non-clinical safety testing approach. chapter: nonclinical safety testing, fourth edition, 2004. you may find it at this url: http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/m/abstract/js 19828en/. retrieved on november 7, 2019. 15. the health and medicines agency of the european union. pharmaceuticals derived from plants.the european medicines agency (ema) has published guidelines for herbal medical products. retrieved on november 7, 2019. 16. the authors are moreira dl, teixeira ss, monteiro mhd, de-oliveira acax, and paumgartten fjr. herbal supplements: their longstanding usage and potential side effects. review of brazilian pharmacology. 2014;24: 248–257. 17.everyone from dickinson to kennedy to raynor to knapp to thomas to adami was involved. how has the uk's traditional herbal registration (thr) system affected the information given with over-the-counter herbal products? this article is from bmc compl alternative med (2019;19(1):85). 18.names of authors: xu qh, bauer r, hendry bm,... a journey towards updating tcm for the current day. 132. bmc complementary and alternative medicine. 2013;13: 19.health organisation of the world. today, the new international classification of diseases (icd-11) was released by the world health organisation (who). worldwide health organisation (who) announces new international classification of diseases (icds-11) in june 2018. the date of access is october 19, 2019. twenty-one. the european medicines agency for health and well-being. discussing the rules and regulations set forth by the european union (eu) for herbal remedies with a long history of use, including those with a "non-european" origin. the text may be found at the following location: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/regulat ory-procedural-guideline/questions-answerseuropean-union-framework-traditional-herbalmedicinal-products-including-those-non_en.pdf; 2014. retrieved on november 7, 2019. 21. the legislative council of the people's republic of china's hong kong special administrative region. health services panel paper; report from the subcommittee on proprietary chinese medicine registration. the following document was accessed on october 21, 2019: https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr1112/english/panels/hs/hs_rpcm/reports/hs_rpcmcb2 -1040-e.pdf. knooss and wiesner (22). a look at conventional medicine's globalisation via the lens of the eu's regulatory framework. european medicines agency science, medicines, and health. engineering. 2019;5(1):22–31. standards for the non-clinical documentation required by applications for the registration or marketing authorization of traditional herbal medicines with a long history of use. 2018. retrieved from https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/non-clinicaldocumentation-applications-marketingauthorization-registration. last updated on november 7, 2019. the fda of the united states is number twentyfour. adverse medication responses that are preventable: with an emphasis on drug interactions. "preventable adverse drug reactions: focus on drug interactions" (june 2018), https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-interactionslabeling/. retrieved on november 12, 2019. 25. lam tp. how some hong kong chinese see the relative merits of wes tern treatment and traditional chinese medicine. panel on health services. 2001. journal of epidemiology and community health. 55(10): 762–766. chinese territory including the special administrative zone of hong kong's legislative council. recent developments in clinical chinese medicine; 2018. november 9, 2019. retrieved from https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr1819/english/panels/hs/agenda/hs20181217. htm. office for the regulation of chinese medications, state health department (27). the hong kong sar administration. growth of hong kong's chinese screen industry. check out this website: http://www.cmd.gov.hk/html/eng/aboutus/develop ment. html.the 21st of october, 2019. no. 28: oaster b. the difficulties of translating from chinese to western medicine. "chinese medicine translation" on https://www.daytranslations.com/blog in 2017. evaluated on november 12, 2019. chapter 29: pritzker, hui, and zhang (hong et al., 2018). considerations in the translation of chinese medicine."cm-considerations-4.10.14final.pdf" from 2014, found at https://cewm.med.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/nbk92773/ _ch1_sec2_. retrieved on november 12, 2019. wang yy 30. what makes traditional chinese ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 1 medicine scientific in the current day. traditional chinese medicine journal, 2019;6(3):195–200. thirty-one. tan st, chan vsw. analysing the ndas that the centre for drug evaluation has received for review. health sciences research: priorities and opportunities was the subject of the first scientific seminar hosted by the health sciences authority in 2002 in singapore. the authors of the piece are yee sk, chu ss, xu ym, and choo pl. singaporean oversight of chinese patented pharmaceuticals. journal of health policy, 2005, 71(2), 133–149. 33. the australian state government's department of health and human services in victoria. herbal medication from china. retrieved november 12, 2019, from https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/condit ionsandtreatments/chinese-herbal-medicine. office for the regulation of chinese medicines, state health department (34). the executive branch of sar of hong kong. chinese medical practice regulations. accessed october 24, 2019, from https://www.cmro.gov.hk/html/eng/important_inf o/regulation.html. committee for the facilitation of business; 35. the business facilitation advisory group convened for the third time. part 2 of the agenda will include the steps to take after receiving feedback and suggestions from the hong kong pharmaceutical association. retrieved october 20, 2019, from https://www.gov.hk/en/theme/bf/advisory/intro/pa pers. htm. global health organisation (who) (36). who certification system on the quality of pharmaceutical items moving in international commerce: questions and answers (q & a). the following information was retrieved on november 9, 2019: https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safe ty/regulation_legislation/certification/qas_certif_s cheme_2012.pdf?ua¼1., 2010. biospectrum bureau is number 37. the process for registering a medicine in hong kong. (2012, november 12) https://www.biospectrumasia.com/regulatory/26/3 216/how-to-get-your-drug-registered-in-hongkong.html. department of health, chinese medicine regulatory office (38). the ruling party in the special administrative region of hong kong. registration of pharmaceutical items imported into the country must adhere to pic/s gmp standards. here: https:// www.drugoffice.gov.hk/eps/do/en/popup_impl_pi cs_gmp_req_reg_imprt_ phrm_prod_en.htmlthis date (november 11, 2019). 1. office for the regulation of chinese medicines, state health department. the hong kong sar administration. the gold standard for quality, good manufacturing procedures (gmp) applies to proprietary chinese medicines. accessed november 11, 2019, from http://www.cmd.gov.hk/html/eng/health_info/pam phlet/gmp_for_ proprietary_chinese_medicines.html in 2017. second, the chinese government's health department's medicine regulatory office. hong kong special administrative region's administrative body. chinese medicine merchant licencing > producer certification (good manufacturing practice for proprietary chinese medicine). the website for the licenced practitioner examination is http://www.cmchk.org.hk/pcm/eng/main_ licen_cert.htm. the date of access is november 5, 2019. thirdly, services and information provided by the government. hong kong's administration. lcq15: chinese medicine regulation. 2010. retrieved from https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201004/28/p 201004280141.htm. retrieved on march 18, 2020. 1 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 chinese traditional medical journal an advanced ensemble enhanced feature selection approach for intrusion detection system pegg bosh, heik staud, sujun ye donders centre for cognition, radboud university nijmegen, nijmegen psychiatric research institute, lvr-klinik bedburg-hau, bedburg-hau research group of pain and neuroscience, kyung hee university, seoul introduction 2. as network based pc frameworks assume increasingly important parts in modern civilization, they have turned into the targets of our enemies and hoodlums. as a result, we must seek out the most optimal methods possible in order to safeguard our foundations. the security of a pc framework is traded off when an interruption arises. an interruption may be classified [hlms90] as "any arrangement of operations that aim to trade off the honesty, categorization or accessibility of an asset". client validation (e.g. using passwords or biometrics), avoiding programming errors, and data assurance (e.g. encryption) are all interruption counteraction measures that have been used to assure pc frameworks as a first line of defence. interruption counteractive action alone is not adequate in view of the way that since frameworks grow out to be persistently unexpected, there are constantly exploitable inadequacies in the abstract : in recent years intrusion detection systems (ids's) play a key part in data security. the goal of ids is to assist computer systems in dealing with attacks. the ids for identifying the attacks effectively has been suggested and actualized. for this reason, another component determination method called optimal feature selection approach. the idea of an information gain ratio has been put up in light of this strategy. the primary purpose of algorithm determines appropriate amount of features from kdd cup dataset. svm and rule based classification have both been used to characterise the data, making it possible to categorise it even more effectively. in comparison to previously published findings, our ofsa model shows promise in detection. .keywords: intrusion detection, information gain, support vector machine feature selection technique and classification 2 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 frameworks because of outline and programming faults, or various "socially intended" infiltration strategies. the existence of exploitable "cushion flood" due to programming errors in certain late framework programming was first documented many years ago and has persisted ever since. 3. because of the tactics that balance ease of use with stringent control over a framework and its data, it is now impossible for a business activity to be completely safe. as a secondary line of defence against unauthorised access, intrusion detection systems are essential. to guard these frameworks from being assailed by interlopers, another intrusion detection system has been designed and built in this project effort, which combines a basic feature selection method and svm approach to discover . 4. attacks. using kdd cup data set and data mining retrieve the hidden predictive information from big databases. using this powerful new technology, corporations can zero in on the most critical information in their data warehouses, which has enormous potential. . 5 any kind of data repository may be linked to information mining. algorithms and techniques, on the other hand, might differ depending on the kind of data they are working with. in recent years, the internet has become an integral part of our daily lives. the current virtual worlds taking into consideration data preparation systems are predisposed to various type of risks which lead to diverse sorts of damages bringing about major calamities. as a result, data security is becoming more important. protecting administrative systems against unauthorised access via disclosure, interruption, alteration, or pulverisation is the most important goal of system security. system security also reduces the risks associated with the core security goals, such as confidentiality, integrity, and openness. 6 related work lately, network security has been the focus of various study efforts with arrival of web. there are several books in the literary that discuss about intrusion detection system. idss are applied to distinguish the attacks made by gatecrashers. [1]sindhu et al presented a heredity based component determination calculation for decreasing the computational complex nature of the classifier. jianping li et al [2] proposed another technique taking into account continuous random function for picking suitable capabilities to execute system interruption discovery. many svm-related order computations may be found in the ids writings. for instance, a computation called tree structured multiclass svm has been presented by snehal a. mulay et al [3] for grouping information viably. there are several works in the literature that evaluate about pre‐ preparation. the greater part of the actual troubles undoubtedly demand an ideal and deserving arrangement as opposed to figuring them utterly at the price of debased execution, time and space. the element choice quest started with invalid set where elements were incorporated one by one or it was commenced with a complete arrangement of elements where components were dispensed with one by one. li et al suggested a wrapper based element choice computation with a defined end aim to build up an ids. using geetha raman's[4] component determination algorithm, we can better parse the massive kdd cup dataset. there are various works in the literature that explore about grouping methods and tools. in the beginning, classifiers like bolster vector machines (svm) were designed with paired characterisation in mind. ids's 3 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 neural network model was developed by debar et al.. dewan md. farid proposed another learning approach for system interruption recognition utilising innocent bayesian classifier and id3 algorithm is introduced, which recognises compelling traits from the preparation dataset, ascertains the restrictive probabilities for the best property estimations, and after that accurately 7. each and every instance of setting up and running tests on a dataset is grouped together. the svm‐ based interruption recognition framework consolidates a varied levels bunching technique, a fundamental component choosing methodology, and the svm process. 8 proposed approach a. information preparation subsystem 1) information collector the records from the kdd'99 cup data set are gathered by the data accumulation operator. the pre-processing module receives this data and uses it to pre-process the data. the records acquired from the kdd cup dataset could be a normal information or an assaulted information. 2) pre-processing module pre-processing strategies are critical for information decreasing because it is extremely hard to manage huge amount of system movement information with all components to detect gatecrashers progressively and to supply anticipation procedures. b. classification subsystem 1) rule based classifier the application of rules fired by the rule system called by intelligent agents improves judgments on anomalous intrusion detection and prevention in this system. rule-based decision-making on incursions is made easier with the use of a knowledge base. 2) support vector machine svm is the learning machine that can execute double order and relapse estimating jobs. they are coming out to be progressively well known as another worldview of order and learning on account of two key aspects. to start with, different to the following arrangement systems, svm reduces the usual blunder as opposed to minimising the characterisation error. to achieve a twofold problem, svm uses the duality hypothesis of numerical programming, which admits powerful computing techniques. c. proposed algorithm for optimal feature selection approach the information gain ratio for property selection was used to build this method. keeping in mind the final objective to do this, the information set d is partitioned into n number of classes ci. the qualities fi having highest quantity of non‐zero qualities are selected by the professional and the information gain ratio (igr) is figured utilising conditions: ten key components have been identified by the ofs algorithm in order to more quickly detect possible attacks. 12. implementation a. enhanced feature selection 4 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 the conventional component choice techniques set aside substantial computation time for determining igr values. a new component determination technique, dubbed the enhanced feature selection algorithm, is now presented and implemented in this study in order to reduce computation time. this procedure calculates the information gain ratio (igr) esteem for the altering characteristics in the information collection. it performs segment diminution in light of the igr esteem. ofs enhances the exactness in identification and reduces the false caution rates. all of the reenacted attacks fall under one of four categories: denial of service (dos), user to root (u2r), remote to local (r2l), or probe assault. table 1 the 41 features in kdd’99 dataset b. calculation of info (d) the data pick up base is gained from data hypothesis. the important notion of data hypothesis is that the data carried on by a message relies on upon the probability and may be quantified in bits as less the logarithm of base 2 of that likelihood. think of a dataset d that has q classifications c1..cn. assume additionally that we have a hypothetical test x with m outcomes that allotments d into m subgroups d1….dm. since parallel split is all we're doing, m=2 for a numeric quality. the chance that is picked one record from the set d of information records and report that if has a location with some class cj is provided by , m j=1 freq(cj,d) 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 where freq (cj, d) refers to the amount of information records(points) of the class cj in d, whereas |d| is the aggregate number of information records in d. so the info that is handed on is −log2 [freq(cj,d)] bits |d| to discover the normal data anticipated to differentiate the class of an information record in d before apportioning occurs, summing is conducted across the classes in extent to their frequencies in d, providing info(d)=− ∑m [freq(cj,d)] log |d| [freq(cj,d)] (1) |d| the dataset d has been partitioned into m equal parts based on the test x findings. the normal measure of data anticipated to differentiate the class of an information record in d after the parcelling has occurred, may be determined as the weighted whole over the subsets, as: info (f) = ∑n [|fi|] ∗ info(|f |)(2) i=1 |f| i where |fi| denotes the number of data records in the subset di after the partitioning has happened. the information received owing to the partition is: gain(ai) = info(d) – info(f) (6) plainly, it is vital to raise the addition. the addition foundation is to pick the test or slice the widens the increase to parcel the existing information info(d)−info(f) igr (ai) = [ ( ) ] ∗ 100 (3) info d +info(f) 6. result underneath, we evaluate and plan the execution and time investigation for the various types of attacks. table's exhibits the discovery exactness and calculation time got using the parts of the kdd'99 cup information set by applying the element choosing procedures of current and prospective work. a. rule based classification the rule based characterisation is the beginning step in the organisation of several types of attacks. the execution examination as far as accuracy and time spent for characterising the attacks using rule based classifier is established in the table 2. the accuracy and processing time for recognising 5000 records are shown in the table below. 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 the classification and detection accuracy for rule based classification table 3time analysis for u2r attack in svm 7. conclusion by combining the efs algorithm with two order techniques and a novel ids, this research proposes and implements a more secure framework. the computation time necessary for identifying and arranging the records employing all the forty one aspects of the kdd'99 cup information set is observed to be large. the suggested highlight choice computation choices only the key parts that aid in lowering the time spent for identifying and sorting the records. as an added bonus, svm outperforms the standard-based classifier in terms of 7 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022| vol5 |issue3 accuracy. the fundamental point of interest of the suggested ids is that it minimises the false positive rates additionally lessens the computation time. references 1. 1. “analysis of kdd’99 intrusion detection dataset for selection of relevance features” bydaramola o. abosede, adetunmbi a. olusola, adeolas.oladele,.,from proceedings of the world congress on engineering and computer science, vol. i, october 20‐22, 2010. 2. 2. “intrusion detection system utilising support vector machine and decision tree “, by devale.p.r,garje.g.v.,snehala.mulay, 2012. international journal of computer (0975– 8887), vol. \s3, june 2010. 3. debar, becker, and siboni, 1992, "a neural network component for an intrusion detection system," ieeesymposium on research in computer security and privacy, p. 240250; 4. (4) du hongle, tengshaohua, and zhu qingfang, "intrusion detection based on fuzzy support vector machines", international conference on networks security, wireless communications, and trusted computing, pp. 639–642, 2009. 5. 5. wei lu, mahbodtavallaee, ebrahimbagheri, alia a.ghorbani,. proceedings of the 2009 ieee symposium on computational intelligence in security and defense applications, vol. 97, pp. 4244–37641, 2009. a detailed analysis of the kdd cup 99 dataset. 6. 6. weka software, machine learning. “weka 3–data mining using open source machine learning software in java” machine learning group at university of waikato website, . issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 5 using a circular queue data structure for mlms application security analysis dr.m.shanmugapriya, assistant professor , shree venkateshwara arts and science (co-education) college, gobichettipalayam. abstract the rapid development of mobile technology and its applications have transformed society into one that is increasingly interdependent in recent years. it helps individuals in several ways to improve the quality of their everyday lives. the introduction and widespread use of mobile technology has facilitated rapid communication, increased knowledge, and brought together previously isolated groups of people. in our suggested architecture, the learning management system (lms) serves as the backend server for a mobile learning application (m-learning) that prioritizes data protection. today's students may choose from a plethora of m-learning options, yet many of them are unsafe. protecting information from malicious actors is an ongoing problem. it is crucial to have solid security in order to counteract the various hacker attempts. the data is protected from malicious users by using circular queue (cq). data is encrypted using logical and shift operations to produce an unbreakable ascii binary representation. the multiple circular queue algorithm (mcqa) is 50% simpler, but this one is 50% simpler yet. the suggested approach is more versatile and may be used in any situation since it encrypts data in addition to using a fibonacci structure and a variable format. key terms: security, fibonacci numbers, binary numbers, mcqs, mobile learning platforms, and ascii text. i. introduction new learning modes have emerged thanks to the exponential growth of information technology. m-learning allows for group study and productive dialogue between students and teachers. the m-learning app makes it possible for students to study almost anywhere, at any time. students are more engaged and inspired to take on a wider range of coursework. more benefits to the students are attributed to mlearning than to e-learning in the areas of education, design, learning format, and a wellthought-out user interface (ui). while mlearning opens up exciting new avenues of study, it also raises serious security issues among educational institutions and their students. due to the prevalence of mobile device usage among students using the m-learning application, concerns have been raised about the safety and confidentiality of student information. the primary focus of m-learning has been on the creation and distribution of courses, with little thought given to the safety and confidentiality of student information. it became clear from a review of the available information that researchers were unconcerned about the safety of m-learning. the paper's contribution is a framework for protecting the m-learning platform against malicious actors. cryptography, stenography, watermarking, and data integrity methods are used to protect the data. cryptographic algorithms are first categorized as either symmetric or asymmetric. when using a symmetric approach, both the sender and the recipient share the same secret key. the encryption and decryption keys in an asymmetrical algorithm are different. all sensitive data is encapsulated under a "cover variable" while using stenography. when data is accessed, watermarking verifies the legitimacy of the source. the data integrity tool serves to verify the accuracy of the data. hash, message authentication code (mac), and digital signature are all included. these cryptographic protocols allow for secure data transit and userto-user interaction. users' communications are protected in this way. in the approach we propose for protecting m-learning data is based on a notion of a circular queue. it has several potential uses, including in m-learning, networking, and messaging services, to name a few. as the world of information technology evolves rapidly, it opens up new learning modes. m-learning allows for group study and productive dialogue between students and teachers. the m-learning app makes it possible for students to study virtually anywhere, anytime. it piques their curiosity and encourages them to explore a wide range of subjects. more benefits to the students are attributed to mlearning than to e-learning in the areas of education, design, learning format, and a wellthought-out user interface (ui). the educational institutions and students have serious worries about the risks and assaults over updating the data, despite the fact that m-learning gives new learning techniques. due to the prevalence of mobile device usage among students using the m-learning application, there is a potential risk to students' personal information and right to privacy. the primary focus of m-learning has been on the creation and distribution of courses, with little thought given to the safety and confidentiality of student information. by looking at the several studies, we can see that experts aren't too worried about safety concerns in m-learning. the paper's contribution is a framework for protecting the m-learning platform against malicious actors. cryptography, stenography, watermarking, and data integrity methods are used to protect the data. the cryptographic algorithm is first categorized as either asymmetric or symmetric. the symmetric approach uses a shared secret key between the sender and the recipient. two separate encryption and decryption keys make up the asymmetrical algorithm. for privacy reasons, stenography always places the sensitive data within the cover variable. when information is accessed, watermarking verifies the legitimacy of the source. data integrity serves as a method for ensuring the correctness of data. hash, message authentication code (mac), and digital signature are all included. these cryptographic protocols allow for secure user-touser data transfers and communications. it ensures the privacy of each user's communication. our suggested model employs an approach based on a circular queue data structure to protect m-learning information. it has a wide range of potential uses, including mlearning, networking, and messaging.the other sections of this study are structured as follows: a literature review in section ii, a detailed explanation of our suggested model in section iii, a discussion of the experimental findings and results in section iv, and a summary and conclusion in section v. ii. literature review matetic et al [1], the paper presents the discovery of knowledge about the process of learning using batch data analysis performed by artificial neural networks (anns). anns are not a common method in the field of educational data mining. although highly accurate, the resulting black-box model is not interpretable, which is a major drawback. for the opening of the ann black-box model, as well as for other models of this type, several agnostic methods have appeared recently, some of which we illustrate in the lms system analysis. septia et al [2], where the development of ict technology has delivered a significant impact on the development of the game industry. currently, the gamification method is widely applied in the world of education. the gamification learning method means applying a game into the learning process, to foster motivation to learn and change student behavior. it makes teachers more creative in designing the learning process. some of the developers have learned more about psychology science or other sciences that study human motivation and behavior. the aim is to motivate students in the learning process and maximizing feelings of enjoyment and involvement with the learning process, besides this media can be used to capture the things that interest students and inspire them to keep learning. this study aims to propose a gamification model that is flexible in lms, have good performance and can be improved student performance in their study. information security to make the ciphered message more difficult to decipher. for instance, the authors of paper [5] developed an algorithm that uses the shifting and replacing operations of bi-column-bi-row for the circular queue to increase security. a random number was used in this algorithm to control the shifting between the row and column, eventually, this leads to an increase in the complexity of plaintext decryption. in the same vein, an elliptic curve algorithm was designed based on matrix scrambling using a circular queue [6]. this research also utilizes the shifting process to accomplish the encryption and the decryption of the text. besides, a multiple circular arrays algorithm was developed to encrypt data using three circular arrays. this algorithm enabled the shifting (elements in the outer or inner array), swapping (elements among the circular arrays) and xor function (for encrypting the text) based on generating random numbers [7]. in contrast, a double encryption double decryption technique is proposed, which means the transmitter encrypts the text two times that leads the receiver to decrypt the cipher text twice using public key [8]. also, an elliptic curve algorithm is developed to produce a cipher text [9]. actually, in this work, the text firstly formed into ascii code, and then the prime number and random number are chosen and formed into binary format. where the “0” representation of the prime number is responsible for shifting the row/column in upward and left respectively. besides, a multiple access circular queues algorithm is proposed with variable length in [10]. in this work different numbers of rotations are applied to the circular queues, swapping the elements in the same queue and xoring the elements with generating key numbers. the authors recommended that these processes would make a secure plaintext over the transmission line. on the other hand, the fibonacci sequence is mostly used for image encryption. a text to image encryption algorithm is designed using the fibonacci sequence [11]. this algorithm firstly converts the plaintext using the fibonacci sequence, and then the unicode is converted to a hexadecimal number and an rgb matrix. finally, a shuffling operation is made to obtain the image to be sent. proposed method the m-learning proposed model concern securing the data of the client and server. fig 1: architecture diagram of proposed model the architecture diagram of the proposed model is depicted in fig 1. the circular queue algorithm is used to secure the client and server data from the attackers. the learning content is stored in the lms. the admin can access the database based on the authentication role, if the authentication is failed then they can’t access the data from the database. the model constitutes three roles such as admin, tutors, and learners. admin is responsible for structuring the courses and maintaining the databases. the admin contains an authorized username and password for accessing the server. the role of tutors has to update the course materials, monitored the performance of the learners, conduct a test, and improving their learner's skills. each tutor is provided with a unique username and password. at last, the learners can access the m-learning server if they get the authentication for login. we concern about securing user privacy by encrypting all the profile details and user data with the cq algorithm. 3.1 user privacy in mlms, it collects some personal data such as learner’s preference, personal details, assessment details, goals which help the system to collaboration the users and enhance collaborative learning. for example, the learners are learning some content from the mlms, geographical location, browsing behavior are easily monitor by the application which can be hacked by the attacker if there is less security. it is easy to gather information from the devices, it is essential to preserve the privacy of the users. to secure sensitive data such as ip address, international mobile equipment identity (imei), call record, web browsing log files, security credential, etc.. 3.2 circular queue algorithm the circular queue provides encryption and decryption of the data and it is difficult to decrypt the original data. the factors of the algorithm is represented below such as,  the size of the circular queue is variable  beginning of the keywords is variable  the fibonacci format encryption process the input data is distributed to the circular queue algorithm where the letters are converted into equivalent 8 bits ascii code and xor function with each other. then it represented in the decimal format. fig 3: encryption process at last, it demonstrated in fibonacci format and sent as the cipher text and stored in a database which is represented in fig 2. the encryption algorithm flow is depicted in fig 3. 3.3 decryption process the reverse process of encryption is decryption to recover the original message. after receiving the fibonacci format then the output value is xor function with the key letters. at last, the original data is recovered which is depicted in fig 4. fig 4: decryption process 3.4 implementation of proposed model fig 5 authentication process the mlms application provides security to the user privacy thereby providing security to the learning content stored in the lms. the php and mysql code is used to develop the mlms application. the tutors have to log in to the mlms using their username and password. the system checks tutor id in the database by decrypt using the cq algorithm. if matched find then it allows accessing the data which is depicted in fig 5. fig 6 upload encrypted exams to server the tutors have to align the questions and appropriate options for it. he/she has to mention the subject name, duration, exam level such as easy, moderate and difficult, and percentage level or grade which is depicted in fig 6. then the tutor has to encrypt the exam content with the corresponding exam id and uploaded it to the server. based on the client-server interface the questions will be integrated into the corresponding student labels. each data will be stored in the encrypted format in lms. after that, the teacher has to assign an exam id for the different learners based on their skills. once the student login to the application they will access exam id without constraint. the learner can answer all the question and submit to the server where the mlms generate the result. the result will display to the learners where the evaluated test results are automatically encrypted and stored in the server which is depicted in fig 7. fig 7 submit answer to server iii. results and discussion in this section, we review the security level of the mlms application using the cq algorithm. fig 8 home page of mlms (tutor) the authenticated tutor can log in to their account for updating the upcoming exams for the learners which are depicted in fig 8. fig 9 adding questions by tutors server encrypted question id to server fig 10 uploaded the question id to server the tutors can add numerous questions as per the question pattern. once he/she completes the question pattern then they can update the question to the server which is depicted in fig 9. the questions and answers are updated in the database where the question id is encrypted using the cq algorithm and send to the server which is depicted in fig 10. (a) (b) fig 11 (a)mlms menu (b)mlms home page the students can install the mlms application in their android mobile which is depicted in fig 11(a). the authorized learner can log in into their account which is depicted in fig 11 (b). (a) (b) fig 12 (a) learner page (b) test menu the learner can use the test menu to take the exam based on the courses which are depicted in fig 12 (a). the learner can answer the questions by selecting the options and then they can move on to the next questions. the exam allocated time is scrolled automatically at the starting of the exam which is depicted in fig 12 (b). (a) (b) fig 13 (a) submitting answer (b) result evaluation after answering all the questions the learner can submit their answers using the submit button which is depicted in fig 13 (a). once the answer sheet is submitted the evaluation takes place automatically which is depicted in fig 13 (b). fig 14 the learner’s score based on the learner’s answers, the mlms generate the result for the answers and displayed instantly which is depicted in fig 14. the evaluated result will be stored in the application memory. cq encrypted server fig 15 evaluated results send to the server the evaluated results are encrypted and stored in the server which is depicted in fig 15. the learner can only view their results and their upcoming exams. our algorithm complexity macq algorithm complexity xor o(n 2 ) xor o(n 2 ) with with keyword inner most queue xor o(n 2 ) with second inner most queue table 1 complexity evaluation from table 1 we represent the complexity of two algorithms where n is a number of bits for the process. compare to the macq algorithm, our algorithm is less complex and highly secure for transmission data. fig 16 survey on mlms security we surveyed the mlms security level where 160 volunteers were responded to the security-based questions. the answers are categorized into strongly agree, agree, disagree and strongly disagree. mlms got positive feedback from the learner's regard’s the security level which is depicted in fig 16. due to the cq algorithm, the system is highly secure and efficient for the users. iv. conclusion we analyze the safety of user information and mlms course materials in our suggested paradigm. we upgraded mlms's security by relying on a brand-new data structure. the new information is encrypted using a combination of circular queues and fibonacci numbers. high security for mlms data is ensured by the use of a variety of variable parameters that make decryption challenging. when compared to the current method (macq), ours is far quicker. when compared to the current method, its complexity is modest. therefore, the solutions we have described are a potential answer to efficiently protect the mlms and user data. reference 1) in the 2019 edition of the 42nd international conference on information and communication technology, electronics, and microelectronics (mipro), metetic published "mining learning management system data using interpretable neural networks." 2) septia redisa sriratnasari and others published "applying innovative learning management system (lms) with gamification framework" at an international symposium on the use of information and communication technology in education. 2019 3) thirdly, "cryptography and network security" by atul kahate, published in 2013 by tata mcgraw-hill education. 4) 4) ali j. abboud, "multifactor authentication for software protection", diyala journal of engineering sciences, volume 08, number 04, special issue, 2015. 5) ali j. abboud, "protecting documents with visual cryptography," international journal of engineering research and general science, 2015. 6) computer security division (information technology laboratory), "recommendation for key management-part 1: general (revision 3)", 2016. 6) e. barker, w. barker, w. burr, w. polk, and m. smid. 7) 2012 ieee international conference on network security and systems (jns2), "an elliptic curve cryptography based on matrix scrambling method" by amounas, fatima. 8) 8 ) s. s. d. pushpa r. suri, "a cipher based on multiple circular arrays", international journal of computer science issues (ijcsi), volume 10, issue 5, pages 165-175 (2013). 9) in 2015, springer science & business media published "guide to elliptic curve cryptography" by darrel hankerson, alfred j. menezes, and scott vanstone. 10) 2016 proceedings of the second international conference on information and communication technology for competitive strategies, s. phull and s. som, "symmetric cryptography using multiple access circular queues (macq)". 11) data encryption using fibonacci sequence and unicode characters, by p. agarwal, n. agarwal, and r. saxena, mit international journal of computer science and information technology, volume 5, issue 2, pages 79-82, august 2015. issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 4 strategies for digital initiatives and corporate planning m .mallika ,k.harshitha , m.deekshitha associate professor 1,2,3 librarian kle society s. nijalingappa college rajajinagar, abstract in today's global economy, the financial system is crucial. individuals deposit their funds with banks, which then provide loans to entrepreneurs and manufacturers. loans from banks are a boon to the economy. loans from financial institutions help manufacturers pay for things like raw materials and working capital. putting money in a bank is a secure option. it's also a good way to rack up interest. as a result, people are more motivated to save, and they put away more money. the funds spared may be invested in the creation of further capital equipment. in this way, banks contribute to economic development by providing a source for additional money. the systems that control the bank's operations are what create and compound the savings. therefore, research has been conducted to examine the kvb's business strategies and its banking sector management. key words: subsidy program, reliable service, participation plan, and activators introduction domestic and foreign commerce are both aided by the banking system. much business is conducted on credit. in order for businesses to provide credit terms to their clients, they rely on bank references and guarantees. this is especially crucial in international commerce, when buyers and sellers may be located in completely different nations and be completely unfamiliar with one another. banks serve both local and foreign clients by connecting them to a wide variety of deposit and withdrawal options. kvb's bank activators include; corporate and institutional group (cig) working capital funding, term loans, specialized corporate funding products, trade and transaction banking services, and liquidity management solutions are just some of the services offered by kvb's corporate and institutional group (cig). commercial banking group (cbg) the bank would maintain a steady supply of credit for small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) and dealers with credit needs of up to 25 billion rupees. the bank has adapted its offerings to better meet customer needs and industry standards, making the center more adaptable and valuable. in accordance with rbi directives from february 21, 2019, it has begun offering interest subsidies to micro, small, and medium-sized businesses. starting on november 2nd, 2018, for the fiscal years of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020, all micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (msmes) that are gst registered are eligible for an interest subvention of 2% under this scheme for loans of up to rs.100 lakhs. personal banking group (pbg) with the introduction of kvb next, kvb has used digital technology for the whole cycle of retail loan processing, streamlining the experience for borrowers. kvb next is the first of its type in the indian banking market; it uses a tab-based application to handle retail loan requests, and it may provide in-principle loan approval to qualified consumers in as little as 15 minutes and complete loan distribution in as little as three days. kvb next generates a score card for loan applicants by using data from many sources, including goods and services tax (gst) returns, income tax (it) filings, annual reports, and credit information bureau (cibil) scores. during the fiscal year, it has expanded its lineup of retail loan options to include the following: • personal loans with prior approval, available to current casa clients • kvb digital top up mortgages (refinancing, assumption, and refinancing) • online home loans four-wheeler and two-wheeler financing using digital means digital private loans. on march 31st, 2019, the bank's retail portfolio of advances was at 11,278 cr, or 22.28 percent of total advances. advances totaled from ibpc transactions & direct assignments (7.15%), home loans (7.15%), mortgage loans (3.38%), vehicle loans (2.06%), and personal loans (0.83%). the following retail liability products were offered by the bank during the 2018-19 fiscal year: • "kvb co-op" was released on june 12th, 2018, with the co-operative societies as its intended audience. in an effort to offer 'cashless hospitalization against fixed deposit,' kvb introduced the "kvb arogya card" for senior citizen clients on august 23, 2018, and has already distributed 4,697 arogya cards to eligible individuals. on october 2, 2018, kvb introduced the "kvb fleet" current account to serve the requirements of transportation and fleet operators; as of the same day, 3,656 new fleet accounts had been established. • on september 4, 2018, kvb debuted the dlite sb account, a paperless, digital alternative to creating a bank account, and 57,849 new dlite sb accounts have been established since then. casa seven million eight hundred ninety-three new casa accounts were established at the bank in 2019. the casa base of the bank was $17,914.98m as of 31 march 2019, comprised of the current account balance of $5,813.59c and the savings account balance of $12,101.39c. the rate of growth of savings was 10.01 percent, while the rate of growth of current assets was 5.01 percent. as of march 31, 2019, the casa to gross deposit ratio was 29.92%, up from 29.14% on same day in 2018. pos bank deployed 4,672 new point of sales (pos) machines during the year, taking the total number of machines deployed to 21,959. total number of transactions through the machines during the year was 314.11 lakh with a volume of 4,860.73 cr. fastag the bank has been certified by npci to issue fastag along with few other banks in the industry and subsequently launched fastag for the public with the prime objective to adopt "cashless payment" at toll plazas. during 2018-19, the bank issued 36,546 tags and the number of transactions through fastag at toll plazas is 48.84 lakh. transaction banking group (tbg) banks transaction banking group is offering cash management services (collection and payment) on electronic platform. kvb is providing customized mis and a customer front end (cbx – customer business exchange) portal to cms clients. bank is leveraging the cms capabilities to improve the current account portfolio by on boarding mid and large sized corporate. digital transformation journey digital banking is an adoption of various existing and emerging technologies by the banks, in concert with associated changes in internal operations as well as external relationships for providing superior customer services and experiences, effectively and efficiently. the new innovative digital technologies and futuristic thought processes have given birth to whole new businesses opportunities. currently, there are several technologies, infrastructure and processes available to enable banks to provide efficient and dependable service. information technology technology in the banking industry is highly dynamic, and kvb continues to leverage the latest of these technologies to address the changing needs of customers. bank has been constantly upgrading its it infrastructure and implementing new process, systems and structures for improved customer experience, and to ensure the safety and integrity of the institution. bank has embarked upon digital transformation journey to offer value added services to the customers and enhance customer experiences. analytics department banks analytics department is further strengthened during the year 2018-19 to increase the use of analytics and to promote greater understanding of data across the bank. analytics department also supports risk management department on retail credit policy formulation, portfolio tracking, scorecard development and data management. risks & concerns a robust risk management system will ensure long term financial security, stability and success of the bank. risk management department of the bank has been taking initiatives on a continuous basis for fine tuning the functioning and to further strengthen the risk management framework. the major risks namely credit, market, liquidity and operational risk are managed through following committees viz: • risk management and asset liability management committee of the board (rm&alm), • credit risk management committee (crmc), • asset and liability management committee (alco), • operational risk management committee (ormc) and • market risk management committee (mrmc). cyber risk data-driven decision-making, cloud adoption, digital transformation, mobility, and integration of other new technologies are integral to how bank functions today. the concept of a secured data centre (dc) is fast changing to an environment where data is spread across dc and cloud hybrid clouds are the industry norm allowing banks the flexibility of operating within the security of their own dc, and the ability to scale, on-demand, through pubic clouds. mobile and edge computing has become ubiquitous. all these rapid advancements in technology have increased the cyber-attack surface, and the pathways into the banks computer network. internal control systems and their adequacy the bank has in place a wellestablished independent audit system and structure to ensure adequate internal control for safe and sound operations. the banks inspection and audit department (iad) perform independent and objective assessment to monitor adequacy, effectiveness and adherence to internal control systems and procedures laid down by the management and extant regulations. this function supports the banks role in safeguarding its assets. training & development developing the knowledge, skills and attitude of employees to perform to their potential and to face the challenges in the market are the main objectives of training programs. table no.1.1 training/e-learning conducted during 2018-2019 s.no. program type no. of programs no. of learners 1 internal programs at staff training college 338 5004 2 external training programs at various institutes 172 1235 3 internal programs conducted at branches/offices 953 9437 4 e-learning on kyc & aml na 3482 5 e-learning on cyber security awareness na 4321 new initiatives • various new processes are introduced during the financial year such as learning diary, group discussion, online quiz, in camera role plays, team way review, business management games etc. for improving and helping the new employees in the bank. • fresher’s are assigned with a seasoned senior as a mentor for career guidance and seamless integration with the organizational culture. • talent tagging for employees are done based on the special skill sets of the individual employees. capacity building • capacity building is implemented in bank to improve the quality of work and for efficiency in the specialized departments such as credit, forex, treasury, accounting and cyber security. • as per rbi instruction, employees working in commercial business group, corporate and institutional group, central loan processing cell, corporate business unit, divisional office credit processing, and business banking units are insisted for certified credit professional certification. • employees working in risk management departments, central forex processing cell, treasury, accounting and cyber security departments are insisted to do risk in financial services certification, forex certification, certified treasury professional, certified accounting and audit professional, it security & cyber security certifications respectively within a specified time span. course fee reimbursements are also provided by bank for the special certifications mentioned above. objectives 1. to study the demographic profile of the employees of karur vysya bank in erode district. 2. to analyse the corporate schemes and its returns towards karur vysya bank 3. to identify the digital management systems and its control by the employees of karur vysya bank in erode district. scope of study the progress of the banks determines how far the corporate schemes are functioning. the rbi reflects with number of corporate schemes to the public through banking sectors. it is by how it passes towards the customers and the output has to be scanned and rated every year to cheek the operational ability of the bank. these schemes are also undergone with cost free digital subscriptions by the customers. the employees of the bank in turn have the responsibility of deposing the schemes to the customers in a reach. the employees are also focused on the digital implications towards these schemes. hence, to study about the corporate schemes and engagement strategy of managers towards digital initiatives is essential. research methodology the methodology adopted in the survey consists of the following: primary data was collected specifically for the purpose of the research needs at hand. secondary data was collected based on corporate schemes enrolment and its applications. research instrument: the questionnaire consisted of 4 specific issues pertaining to demographic profile of the managers, the corporate schemes and its returns, digital management systems and its control by the employees of karur vysya bank in erode district. sampling details: the sampling unit of this study comprises of 150 employees working in karur vysya bank in erode district. the study includes the mangers of all segments of bank affairs. the respondents were selected as per the convenience of the researcher in random. statistical tools: statistical tools applied for analyzing the data were simple average, chisquare and percentage analysis. limitations of the study  the study is limited to the genuineness of the responses collected.  time constraint.  the study is restricted to 150 respondents analysis of the data & findings demographic profile of employees to analyse the employee’s intention and deploying schemes with digital applicability the researcher has collected the data from the employees of the bank. the bank manager’s demographic profile helps to study about the age factor with sincerity in work, educational background to see how deep they could enrol with their personal skills and talents, designation to check the managerial ability, mode of appointment to retrieve their success traits and experience to analyse the corporate understanding towards digital transform. table no.1.2 demographic profile of employees personal and occupational profile variables respondents details number of respondents percentage of respondents age 21-30 36 24 31-40 33 22 41-50 39 26 above 50 42 28 total 150 100 educational background post graduates 105 70 under graduates 6 4 professional qualified 39 26 total 150 100 designation senior managers 6 4 managers 144 96 total 150 100 mode of appointment managers 111 74 promoted as managers 39 26 total 150 100 no. of years of experience 0-5 years 15 20 6-10 years 24 16 11-15 years 18 12 16-20 years 33 22 above 20 years 60 40 total 150 100  a. educational background of the respondents: 70% of the respondents were postgraduates, 26% of the respondents were professionally qualified and 4% of the respondents were graduates.  b. age group of the respondents: 28% of the respondents were in the age group of above 50 years of age, followed by 26% respondents in the age group of 41-50 years, 24% of them were in the age group of 21-30 years and 22 % of them were in the age group of 31-40 years.  c. designation: 96% of the respondents were managers and 4% of the respondents are senior managers.  d. mode of appointment: 74% of the respondents were directly appointed as managers and 26% of the respondents were promoted as managers.  e. number of years of experience of the respondents: 40% of the respondents have above 20 years of experience, 22% of them have 16-20 years of experience, 16% of them have 6 to 10 years of experience, 12% of them have 11 to 15 years of experience and 10% of them have less than five years of experience. digital management systems the digital management system has to function with the corporate schemes then and there. the employee plays a major role in its fortunes. hence, the study on the employee’s attitude towards age wise is in need. the employees work with full sustain if they are paid with good salary package. they should be awarded and recognised for their work where they get towards reach of the rural customers towards corporate affairs. learning and development attitude make them to envisage more with digital initiatives. hence an analysis has been given below. hypothesis ho: there is no association between the age of the employees and the engagement strategy of employees towards digital initiatives table no.1.3 digital management systems – age wise factor age of the respondents salary and package awards and recognition learning and development attitude digital initiatives total 21-30 16 2 10 8 36 31-40 8 3 20 2 33 41-50 15 4 10 10 39 above 50 9 24 5 4 42 total 48 33 45 24 150 pearson chi-square value 18.909 df 3 asymp. sig. 0.002 since the significance value is less than the tabulated value, the null hypothesis is accepted, which indicates that, both the variables (age of the respondents and engagement strategy of employees towards digital initiatives) are not associated. the chi-square value 18.909 and p= 0.002 are statistically significant at 5% level. therefore it can be concluded that there is a close association between the age of the managers and their engagement strategy towards digital initiatives. the above table clearly shows that respondents in the age group of above 50 prefer awards and recognition as an engagement strategy in comparison to other engagement strategies. this shows that their recognition make them to move towards smart options. suggestions and recommendations 1. majority of the customers of the bank are from urban and semi urban back ground. the employees feel that the customers from rural areas are less. 2. the corporate schemes are followed by banks and they try to depict the same towards the business affairs. they feel that only 40% of the customers take the schemes properly. it would be better if all the customers try to adhere the schemes in future. 3. the employees feel that 56% of the customers get confused on the corporate schemes. they advise them that any disclosure they can contact the employees for their clarity. 4. the managers feel that the digital initiations lead for smart sustainability. the bank employees have to be trained with the applications. the managers arrange revamping course for all segments of employees of the bank. conclusion the money coming in and going out of a company is what sets the overall direction. managers continue operations with due appreciation for funding. effective time management that doesn't drain the bank is crucial. therefore, the audit committee of the board (acb) gives the managers highlevel advice and direction on the control elements. keeping ahead of the competition requires adopting and implementing costly global technology, infrastructure, and procedures. references 1. hussein m ―hiring and firing with ethics‖, hum. resourc. manage. digest 17 (4); 37-40 2. cheloha, r., & swain, j. "talent management system key to effective succession planning". canadian hr reporter, vol.18 , no.17, pp.5-7. 3. robert j vance employee engagement and commitment, a guide to understanding, measuring and increasing engagement in your organisation, a shrm foundation publication 4. https://www.businessstandard.com/company/karur-vysyabank-2722/news 5. https://economictimes.indiatimes.c om/karur-vysya-bankltd/stocksupdate/companyid 12258.cms https://www.business-standard.com/company/karur-vysya-bank-2722/news https://www.business-standard.com/company/karur-vysya-bank-2722/news https://www.business-standard.com/company/karur-vysya-bank-2722/news https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/karur-vysya-bank-ltd/stocksupdate/companyid-12258.cms https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/karur-vysya-bank-ltd/stocksupdate/companyid-12258.cms https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/karur-vysya-bank-ltd/stocksupdate/companyid-12258.cms https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/karur-vysya-bank-ltd/stocksupdate/companyid-12258.cms visualizing traditional chinese medicine and information representation and retrieval: opportunities and challenges in a new era of big data ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 31 abstract: with the advent of personal computers, the internet, portable devices, and big data analytical settings, computer-based medical diagnostic technologies have grown substantially since the 1950s. to address difficult issues related to health and illness, these technologies use the rudiments of information retrieval and representation (irr). but, these systems have, from the beginning, paid little attention to tcm methods, often because these approaches have failed in randomized controlled studies. there is still a lot of mystery around traditional chinese medicine (tcm), despite the fact that it is an integral aspect of healthcare systems across the globe, especially in a number of asian nations. in view of current irr techniques, it would be beneficial to compare traditional chinese medicine (tcm) diagnostic and treatment methods with western medical models in order to find out whether a new kind of translational medicine can be created that improves medical outcomes while lowering health care costs globally. this would be necessary because disease is still prevalent in society. using bibliometric tools, multiple correspondence analysis, and data visualizations, this study examines author productivity, collaborations, and research trends in tcm and irr published in scopus from 1985 to 2020. as we embark on a new age of data-intensive scientific discovery in medicine, opportunities and difficulties have been identified that will help us determine the field's future courses. keywords: bibliometrics, data visualization, computer-based medical diagnostic systems, traditional chinese medicine, data retrieval, herbal pharmaceutical technology, multiple correspondence analysis chinese traditional medical journal traditional chinese medicine with data visualization: prospects and difficulties in the age of big data poorna chander rao palmer ischool of library, long island university, usa received on: 21 oct 2024 revised on: 20 nov 2024 accepted date: 25 dec 2024 published on: 24 jan 2025 introduction numerous resources for biomedical and health science have been contributed by scholars of traditional chinese medicine (tcm) since its inception thousands of years ago [1]. these resources include published literature, medicinal materials, herbs, diagnostic matrices, clinical records, medical formularies, and more. true information science pioneers in many respects, tcm's founders foresaw societal issues impacting their day and set out to solve them. and aware of what was available at the time, which consisted mostly of classical medical texts transmitted orally from ancient wise men and women before the invention of written records, as well as botanicals and other naturally occurring compounds collected from the surrounding area [2]. with the goal of containing epidemic diseases, these pioneers in medicine went on to compile and index this information into seminal works (such as crude expert knowledge systems) that would serve as a retrieval mechanism for a variety of medical problems [3]. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 32 these old systems mirror mathematical reasoning based on the existence or absence of human biological information [4] and use a binary system of numbers and probabilities that closely resembles the idea of bits and bytes that make up the foundation of our modern computing environment [5]. their primary sources of information are patterns of natural discord, representations of herbal medicine, and models of treatment. a concept with origins in the field of artificial intelligence (ai) that aims to mimic the deductive process of disease diagnosis is set to become a common reality in the near future, thanks to developments in big data analytics, the internet of things (iot), and society's persistent quest for optimal health and wellness [6]. according to samsung [7], in the not-too-distant future, we may have ubiquitous sensors that continuously monitor our health. these sensors will be connected to a massive ai network, which will allow them to detect early warning signs of illness, encourage users to make healthier choices, direct medical research, rank us, and possibly even implement a pay-as-you-live model for health and life insurance premiums. complex traditional chinese medicine (tcm) algorithms, enabled by information representation and retrieval (irr) technology, can now aggregate medical data from various sources according to suitable criteria, filling a gap in western diagnostic practices. these algorithms mimic classical deductive and reasoning procedures to solve medical problems and recommend treatment protocols [8]. several irr challenges arise from the complexity of medical knowledge [9], such as the need for standardized data formats, well-formulated inputs, and efficient critical factors for appropriate feature representation. because traditional chinese medicine (tcm) is based on ancient practices rather than modern science, there is no universal system that can decipher the myriad medical manuscripts written in different dialects and kept in various places around the world. this further complicates matters [10]. while regional cultural differences and language variations do enrich and diversify the tcm terminology system, they also pose problems with standardization when it comes to modernizing this classical medical modality, particularly when contrasted with western medical systems, which also face vocabulary issues [11]. this is because medicine has evolved and developed over thousands of years. the western scientific community also views natural herbal medical practices and other uses like acupuncture as experimental, in part because of the subjective character of these treatments. relying more on big data, information-rich experiments centered on irr and mobile technologies as opposed to controlled clinical trials is the way to go in the future of research. a method for quantitatively gathering vast amounts of tcm data. a bibliometric analysis with data visualizations related to irr and tcm, specifically through author, paper, and co-word analysis, will be conducted in this work to better understand the field's conceptual structure and to identify potential research opportunities and challenges in developing and implementing a tcm-based diagnostic and medical recommendation system. materials and methods scopus® (http://www.scopus.com), considered by some to be the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature, including scientific journals, books and conference proceedings, was initially searched on october 9, 2019 and again on november 16, 2019 for all citations with the boolean string [(“chinese medicine”) and (“information retrieval”) or (“information representation”)] located in the article title, abstract, or keywords. the results of the search revealed 192 documents for the period 1985-2020; a bibtex export file was saved and read into r, a free software environment for statistical computing and graphics (http://www.r-project.org), using bibliometrix [12], a tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. the function *readfiles* was initially used to create a single large character vector; this object was then converted into a data frame using the function *convert2df*, with cases corresponding to manuscripts and variables to field tags in the original export file, comprising all bibliographic attributes of each document based on clarivate analytics wos field tag codified industry standards [13]. during data cleansing, four entries were removed from the data frame due to a lack of author and other document information: three represented conference proceeding introductions and a fourth represented an introductory chapter on semantic grid applications for traditional chinese medicine. results and discussion descriptive analysis to begin, a descriptive analysis was performed on the bibliographic data frame using the function *biblioanalysis*; a display of the main results are included in table 1. a total of 188 documents from 105 sources and 899 author appearances were noted, including a collaboration index of 2.49. figure 1 illustrates the number of publications per year for the collection period 1985-2020; one large spike occurs in 2006 (28 citations) which continues into 2008, followed by a dip and then another, slower increase cumulating in 2017. this trend mirrors publications on irr in general, which also peaks in 2006, according to scopus, representing the maturation of computer browsing and the initial transition to mobile smart devices. table 2 contains the top 10 most cited papers in the collection, with kanehisa m, et al. [14] having been cited over 1,500 times for http://www.scopus.com/ http://www.r-project.org/ ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 33 their work in japan on computerizing disease information using pathway maps, all japanese drugs (including every tcm herbal formula), and gene/molecule lists. the second most-cited paper, tang jl, et al. [15], represents one of the oldest papers in the current collection and is a summary of issues relating to randomized controlled trials in tcm, specifically: lack of blinding; low sample sizes; using another, unproven tcm treatment as the control; not long-term in nature; incompleteness; lack of quantitative data; missing intention to treat; lack of data on baseline characteristics or side effects; short reporting; and presence of publication bias. the third most-cited paper [16], was published in an american heart association journal and concludes, in similar fashion, the insufficiency of tcm evidence in using herbal medicinal for stroke patients, due to bias from poor methodology, even though the agents used appeared to be potentially beneficial and nontoxic in nature. the fourth document with the most citations [17] discusses newly published guidelines and technical notes by the european union, in collaboration with chinese scientists, to encourage good practice in the collection, assessment, and publication of tcm literature. the fifth most-cited document [18] reviews advances in automated tongue diagnosis, a key requirement for the accurate gathering of quantitative data, while the sixth most-cited document [19] discusses the development of ontology for tcm irr. fang yc, table 1: main information regarding the collection. et al. [20] and qiao x, et al. [21] both discuss the creation of tcm databases, while wojcikowski k, et al. [22] again point to difficulties with randomized controlled trials in tcm, particularly relating to the use of herbal medicinals in the treatment of kidney disorders. the tenth most-cited document [23] concludes that text mining of tcm literature and clinical data carries with it the potential to clarify misunderstandings, but clear operational definitions are first required. table 3 lists total citations by country, along with average article citations; japan leads this metric due to the kanehisa m, et al. [24] document noted above, with china positioned strongly behind with 865 total citations. as expected, over 50% of the top 10 countries are located in asia; the united states remains far behind in this research area with only 10 total citations related to one published article. table 4 illustrates the top author countries in the collection, with china strongly in the lead with 109 articles (a frequency of 0.76224) – additionally, 89% of these articles (97) are considered single country publications. given the nature of this data, tcm and irr research in the east has been mainly conducted as single country publications (china, hong kong, korea, and japan) while australia, canada, and germany research has been more multi country in nature. description documents 188 period 1985 – 2020 sources 105 average citations per documents 17.9 authors 710 author appearances 899 authors of single-authored documents 13 authors of multi-authored documents 697 documents per author 0.265 authors per document 3.78 co-authors per documents 4.78 collaboration index 2.49 table 2: top 10 most cited papers. paper total citations (tc) tc per year nucleic acids res [14] 1,506 136.91 br med j [15] 203 9.67 stroke [16] 130 10 j ethnopharmacol [17] 101 12.62 ieee trans med imaging [18] 88 5.87 artif intell med [19] 80 5 bmc complement altern med [20] 79 6.58 j chem inf comput sci [21] 76 4.22 j lab clin med [22] 69 4.93 j biomed informatics [23] 59 5.9 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 34 table 3: top 10 total citations per country. country tc average article citations japan 1,509 754.5 china 865 7.94 hong kong 286 47.67 australia 254 31.75 taiwan 79 79 korea 51 10.2 united kingdom 32 16 singapore 21 21 germany 13 6.5 usa 10 10 table 5 lists the top 10 most productive authors in the collection, based on both number of published articles (full counting) and number of published articles fractionalized (which assigns co authored publications a fraction of one to each of the co-authors); studies have illustrated that, oftentimes, fractional counting offers a more useful perspective than full counting, especially as a means to avoid misunderstanding or misinterpretation [25]. fractionalized counting does not affect the most productive author (zhang y) but does shift the order of the others slightly and results in the appearance of one new author (xiong x) in the top 10. figure 2 applies the *authorprodovertime* function on the collection to calculate and visualize the production of these top 10 authors over time, in terms of number of publications and total citations per year, for the period 1985-2020. this illustration clearly depicts the top producing author (zhang y) as covering both a wide period (2005-2019) along with more recent proliferation, oftentimes as a co-author, as noted by the number of articles fractionalized (2.09). other authors with more recent production table 4: top 10 corresponding author’s countries. include yu t (8 overall publications), li j and wang y (6 overall publications each), and liu l (5 overall publications). table 6 contains the top 10 most frequent journals, based on number of published articles in the collection – led by the chinese journal of clinical rehabilitation with 25 articles and followed by evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine with 11 publications. however, it is important to also look at this data from the perspective of number of documents published annually; this information for each of the top five sources is visualized in fig. 3 using the function *sourcegrowth*, which illustrates that the chinese journal of clinical rehabilitation was only in existence from 2002-2006. since then, four newer journals have increased their publication rate, particularly evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, which is second in number of articles but clearly the leading publication in this field, particularly as the journal currently holds an h-index of 72 and sits as the sixth ranked journal in complementary and alternative medicine [26]. country articles frequency scp mcp mcp ratio china 109 0.76224 97 12 0.11 australia 8 0.05594 4 4 0.5 hong kong 6 0.04196 5 1 0.167 korea 5 0.03497 5 0 0 canada 2 0.01399 0 2 1 germany 2 0.01399 1 1 0.5 japan 2 0.01399 2 0 0 united kingdom 2 0.01399 2 0 0 brazil 1 0.00699 1 0 0 hungary 1 0.00699 1 0 0 table 5: top 10 most productive authors. author no. of articles author no. of articles fractionalized zhang y 10 zhang y 2.09 wu z 9 zhou x 2.05 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 35 yu t 8 wu z 1.75 zhou x 8 wang y 1.45 chen h 7 yu t 1.35 chen x 7 li j 1.31 li j 6 chen h 1.25 wang y 6 xiong x 1.25 cui m 5 cui m 1.19 liu l 5 chen x 1.11 table 6: top 10 most frequent journals. sources no. of articles chinese journal of clinical rehabilitation 25 evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine 11 journal of ethnopharmacology 7 zhongguo zhongyao zazhi 7 journal of alternative and complementary medicine 6 chinese journal of evidence-based medicine 5 chinese journal of integrative medicine 5 zhongguo zhongxiyi jiehe zazhi 5 journal of chinese integrative medicine 4 journal of traditional chinese medicine 4 table 7: top 10 most frequent keywords. author keywords no. of articles keywords-plus no. of articles traditional chinese medicine 27 information retrieval 173 systematic review 13 chinese medicine 151 chinese medicine 7 human 120 information retrieval 7 article 86 meta analysis 6 medicine 77 information extraction 5 humans 67 ontology 5 review 66 review 5 herbaceous agent 54 tcm 5 chinese traditional 45 chinese herbal medicine 4 priority journal 42 table 8: historiograph legend. year reference local citations global citations 1999 tang jl, 1999, br med j 3 203 2001 chang im, 2001, ann new york acad sci 1 20 2002 bensoussan a, 2002, j toxicol clin toxicol 2 36 2002 qiao x, 2002, j chem inf comput sci 2 76 2004 ka wf, 2004, j altern complement med 1 7 2004 zhou x, 2004, artif intell med 5 80 2005 wang jf, 2005, clin pharmacol ther 21 2006 li y, 2006, zhongguo zhong xi yi jie he za zhi 1 5 2007 flower a, 2007, j altern complement med 31 2007 chen h, 2007, bmc bioinform 2 25 2008 fang yc, 2008, bmc complement altern med 5 79 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 36 2008 tse hyg, 2008, j biomol screen 2 2008 chen h, 2008, bmc bioinform 5 2009 may bh, 2009, biogerontology 1 18 2010 zhang x, 2010, proc int conf biomed eng inf, bmei 1 11 2010 zhou x, 2010, j biomed informatics 3 59 2010 boehm k, 2010, health inf libr j 13 2011 sampson m, 2011, evid -based complement altern med 7 2012 jiang z, 2012, ieee int conf e-health networking 1 11 2012 may bh, 2012, j altern complement med 1 16 2012 jiang m, 2012, evid -based complement altern med 43 2014 chen x, 2014, comp math methods med 3 2014 chen h, 2014, biomed res int 3 2015 xiong x, 2015, nat rev cardiol 21 2015 you m, 2015, sci world j 1 2015 xiong x, 2015, bmj open 1 7 2016 may bh, 2016, j altern complement med 9 2016 wan h, 2016, j am med informatics assoc 4 2016 yu t, 2016, proc int conf biomed eng informatics, bmei 1 2017 liu yq, 2017, chin j integr med 1 1 2017 wang l, 2017, evid -based complement altern med 1 2019 yoon sh, 2019, chin j integr med 3 table 7 contains the top 10 most frequent keywords using two keyword variations: authors’ keywords, as specifically selected by each author, and keywords-plus, which are those keywords extracted from the publication by scopus’ database algorithms. the results vary, with keywords-plus identifying many more in common across the collection – for example, information retrieval was only selected by seven authors as a keyword but appears 173 times as a keywords-plus. overall, while keywords-plus is as effective as authors’ keywords in terms of bibliometric analysis investigating the knowledge structure of a particular field, it is often less comprehensive in representing an article’s specific content [27]. however, within this collection, the use of keywords-plus may lead to a greater understanding than simply using those keywords identified by the authors, due to the increased volume and commonality of terms; this is particularly evident in figure 4a and figure 4b, which clearly illustrate greater and more prolific growth of keyword-plus over time, as compared to authors’ keywords. network visualizations figure 5 utilizes the *threefieldsplot* function to create a sankey diagram. this diagram displays multiple attributes simultaneously, including top authors on the left, top author keywords in the center, and major cited references on the right. it summarizes the activity of the journals and keywords that are presented below. the size of the boxes represents total output, whereas the breadth of the bands is directly related to frequency. the picture in figure 6 shows the web of partnerships between researchers in and from one country to another, using the help of the *biblionetwork* and the *networkplot* functions. the size of the sphere represents total production, the density of lines represents the strength of the cooperation, and the color represents the nature of the collaboration in a spherical arrangement. the bulk of studies are concentrated on china and its surrounding areas, especially with western nations; nevertheless, six other nations—taiwan, brazil, japan, spain, hungary, and korea—are shown to be operating autonomously. germany– united kingdom–china, usa–canada–china, and singapore–china, according to line density, are the primary cooperation networks, but they are feeble. in figure 7, we can see an example of a word co-occurrence network that groups and maps phrases taken from abstracts of authors. this information was first retrieved from each manuscript's textual abstract field using the *termextraction* function in conjunction with word stemming. the bigger clusters of information science (red), herbology (green), and biomedicine (blue) create broader categories in this picture, with tcm standing alone at the bottom left. figure 8 shows the same thing for author keyword co-occurrences; it follows the same pattern as the extracted words from the author abstracts, but because each author knew the work inside and out when they chose their keywords, this visualization is more organized and shows a logical progression from traditional chinese medicine (tcm), through an information retrieval main section, herbology, and finally western biomedicine. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 37 figure 2: top 10 author productivity for the period 1985-2020. figure 3: source growth, top five journals, 1985-2020. figure 1: publications per year 1985-2020 (scopus). ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 38 figure 5: sankey diagram of main authors, keywords, and journals. figure 6: country collaboration network. figure 7: author abstract co-occurrence network. figure 4a: author keyword growth per year, 1985-2020. figure 4b: keyword-plus growth per year, 1985-2020. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 39 figure 9: historiograph of tcm and irr (minimum one citation). figure 10: conceptual map and keyword plus clusters with axis definitions. visualizing influential papers in each and every scientific field, a number of publications play influential roles in its evolution; these articles and their impacts can be accelerating factors in research development [28]. it is therefore important to identify and visualize the most influential articles on tcm and irr published between 1985 and 2020, in order to better understand the nature and chronology of the field through its key authors, papers, and subjects. using the *histnetwork* function, we created a historical citation network from the collection, using a minimum number of one global citation for the documents included in the analysis (see table 8 for legend). we then employed the *histplot* function to plot the historical co-citation network in the style of garfield [29], using both local and total citation distributions; nodes displayed in fig. 9 identify the thirty two specific articles identified in the collection and sort the main bibliography in ascending order by year. each circle represents a paper, and arrows, pointing from one node to the next (usually to an older paper), indicates the citation relationship between these key works. figure 8: keywords plus co-occurrence network. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 40 in the historiograph for tcm and irr, the paper by tang jl, et al. [30] serves as the first work noted and surveyed the efficacy of randomized controlled trials in tcm literature; this spurned a line of research (highlighted in blue) extending to flower a, et al. [31] who advocated for the delphi method, sampson m, et al. [32] who searched for additional databases to identify more successful controlled trials, and jiang m, et al. [33] who evaluated evidence based literature for tcm diagnosis and knowledge discovery. the second and most dominant area of research in figure 9 (highlighted in red) focuses on tcm information databases and begins with chang im [34] who investigated anti-aging and health promoting elements derived from traditional herbal remedies found in the traditional oriental medicine database, leading to future research by boehm k, et al. [35], who provided an overview of 45 published database resources for complementary and alternative medicine. bensoussan a, et al. [36] established research goals for the search and retrieval of scientific evidence regarding the toxicity of chinese herbal medicine, which contributed to wang jf, et al. [37] and the construction of a tcm information database. qiao x, et al. [38] created a structured database of components extracted from tcm herbs, while zhou x, et al. [39] wrote an influential paper (5 local citations) that used ontology to construct a unified tcm language system for information retrieval and integration. this led to zhou x, et al. [40], which investigated research issues regarding tcm text mining, you m, et al. [41], who developed an intelligent system for customized clinical tcm case management and analysis, wan h, et al. [42], who constructed a heterogeneous factor graph model for extracting relations from tcm literature, and yu t, et al. [43], who utilized semantic web technologies to build cross-cultural communication between tcm and western medicine. chen h, et al. [44] used semantic and knowledge-based techniques to build e-toolkits that facilitate tcm information sharing; this contributed to chen h, et al. [45], which introduced state-of-the-art semantic web technologies for biomedicine as a whole, including applications for tcm and translational research. tse hyg, et al. [46] developed an online tcm herbal medical database built again from the earlier herbal works of bensoussan a, et al. [47] and qiao x, et al. [48]. li y, et al. [49] focused on utilizing data mining techniques that compared clinical characteristics of tcm and western medicine in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, which led to fang yc, et al. [50], another influential paper, who developed a database to provide information about tcm, genes, diseases, effects, and ingredients from a wide variety of biomedical literature. this was further studied by zhang x, et al. [51], who created a hierarchical symptom-herb topic model for tcm research in the treatment of diabetes, and jiang z, et al. [52], who used link topic models to analyze tcm symptom-herb regularities. chen x, et al. [53], also used this research to develop a semantic search engine for irr in modern biology and tcm, along with chen h, et al. [54], who presented a general web ontology language reasoning framework to study biological entities across tcm and western medicine. these works ultimately influenced wang l, et al. [55], who used topic model and multi-label classifiers to predict the function of tcm herbal prescriptions. a third, smaller research group in fig. 9 (highlighted in green) begins with ka wf [56], who introduced journals and other tcm research materials available online and may bh, et al. [57], who searched english and chinese databases to review the effectiveness and safety of chinese herbal medicines for use in the treatment of cognitive and memory impairment. these two works led to additional research by may bh, et al. [58], comparing and evaluating published tcm collections for research and drug discovery searches, and may bh, et al. [59], who searched a database of over 1,000 classical and pre-modern tcm texts for the treatment of memory impairment. a fourth research group was also mapped on the historiograph (highlighted in purple) relating to difficulties in drawing clinical conclusions in the treatment of specific western medicine disorders with tcm: xiong x [60] reviewed an article on randomized controlled trials for the treatment of cardiovascular disease with tcm, while xiong x, et al. [61] researched the clinical effects of a tcm herbal decoction in the treatment of hypertension. a fifth and final research group (highlighted in yellow), albeit small, begins late and relates to the standardization of tcm: liu yq, et al. [62] focused on standards and proposals established by the international organization for standardization (iso), which yoon sh, et al. [63] built from this to investigate the pros and cons of proposing standard terminology for acupotomy, a treatment modality which involves the use of both an acupuncture needle and a surgical scalpel. these five pathways of research in tcm and irr help illustrate both the research difficulties in the field as well as opportunities in the treatment of specific diseases and the construction of modern databases and ontologies for the future use of this medical modality. visualizing the conceptual structure of the field an exploratory multivariate approach, multiple correspondence analysis enables numerical and graphical examination of patterns in connections of categorical dependent variables, including keywords [64]. to create a field-specific conceptual map, we utilized keywordsplus with no stemming and up to five clusters, all generated using the *conceptualstructure* function. the distribution of the dots and their relative positions across the dimensions are used to interpret the results; words with similar distributions are shown closer together in figure 10. the following is the translation of map data that is proposed by cuccurullo c. et al. [65]: the size of each point is directly related to the keyword's overall contribution; the closeness of adjacent points indicates the presence or absence of shared substance; and the map's dimensions mirror the topical orientation's characteristic poles within tcm and irr; the center of the map represents the average position of all the articles, thus the research ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 41 field's center. in the upper right corner, you can see cluster 1 (highlighted in red). this cluster comprises terms from publications discussing traditional chinese medicine (tcm) herbs and natural substances as potential remedies for both short-term and long-term health problems. in the middle and lower center of the map, you can see the biggest cluster (highlighted in blue). it comprises terms from publications about the creation of databases and retrieval systems for scientific tcm medical literature, including zhou x, et al. [66]. in the third cluster, which is centered to the left and is highlighted in green, you may find terms related to traditional chinese medicine (tcm) diagnosis, ontology, and data mining in publications. cluster four (the purple one) is in the bottom right corner and has terms from publications about the effectiveness (or lack thereof) of evidence-based research and traditional chinese medicine (tcm), especially in relation to clinical trials. in the upper left-center quadrant, you can see cluster 5, which is orange-highlighted, and which includes terms from publications about how tcm information is represented in irr systems. the first dimension of published research stretches horizontally from theoretical to experimental, as shown in this conceptual structure analysis. vertically expanding as the second dimension, this one specifies published publications and the keywords associated with them throughout a range from clinical to highly technical. since tcm is an individualized medicine that treats each patient according to their specific pattern of disharmony, based on information mainly obtained through quantitatively-based examinations conducted by humans, there are obvious research gaps in the upper and lower left quadrants. this indicates that more scientific research is needed to support both clinical and technical irr work in tcm theory. western biomedicine views much of the research on the right side of the map—namely, chinese herbal pharmaceutical medicine and its integration with biomedicine—as experimental because there has been no success in controlled trials measuring the efficacy of drugs or the results of tcm treatments. so, this map shows the way forward for tcm and irr research: using new research paradigms and tools, like big data analytics and internet of things technologies, to combine eastern and western medicine in a translational approach, to learn more about how diseases develop and what impacts they have on the body. conclusion in the future of both samsung [67] and sinclair da, et al. [68], a huge, allencompassing network of medical irr systems will be behind and underneath our increasingly monitored, emphasized, and refined lives as a way to attain a new state of existence. it may be time for the broad discipline of information studies to emerge from its proverbial shell. such frameworks have started to materialize in different parts of the universe: automakers have started to program themselves, and algorithms that understand our tastes, habits, goals, and bioactivities are being fine-tuned. in order to get where they're going; drivers are finding out where their passengers are going even before they meet them; and music is continuously being indexed and streamed globally, regardless of language or culture. for the user, device, network, and provider to engage in a digital, behind-thescenes dance of mobile technology driven by capitalism, all of these systems need underlying irr architecture. one can only speculate as to whether, in the future, we might be able to solve half of our medical problems by combining tcm and irr, by applying these conceptual frameworks to problems similar to those ancient tcm practitioners encountered, but with a focus on health and wellbeing rather than profit and market share. this is an admirable goal to strive toward, especially since that the prevalence of many diseases—including chronic ones like obesity and mental illness—seems to be rising. therefore, further study into tcm is necessary, especially concerning irr and how it connects to the need to anchor contemporary clinical and technological research in classical theory. perhaps tcm's future lies in a big data design and deployment methodology with a new medical irr at its core. this methodology would be translational in nature, reducing health care costs and improving medical outcomes worldwide, much like jim gray's vision of scientific discovery, which is driven by the collection, analysis, and comprehension of digital data by an ever-increasing interdisciplinary community of both professional and citizen-like scientists [69]. acknowledgements this paper and the research components related to information representation and retrieval would not have been possible without the support of the author’s doctoral advisor, dr. heting chu, professor in the palmer ischool of library and information science at long island university. references 1. chen h, wu z, huang c, xu j (2003) tcm-grid: weaving a medical grid for traditional chinese medicine. international conference on computational science 2659: 1143-1152. 2. brashier ke (2014) public memory in early china. harvard university asia center, usa, pp. 526. 3. pregadio f (2008) zhang ji (zhang zhongjing) in: selin h (edr), encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures. springer, netherlands, pp. 2416. 4. van wyk be, wink m (2004) medicinal plants of the world. cabi, usa, pp. 520. 5. yan jf (1991) dna and the i ching: the tao of life. north atlantic books, usa, pp. 193. 6. weiss sm, kulikowski ca, amarel s, safir a (1978) a model-based method for computer-aided medical decision-making. artif intell 11(1 2): 145-172. 7. samsung (2019) kx50: the future in focus. 8. liang z, liu j, ou a, zhang h, li z, et al. 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traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2018 | vol 1 |issue 3 10 chinese traditional medical journal cloud computing in healthcare for enhancing patient care and efficiency 1rajababu budda cloud solution architect , franklin templeton investments san ramon, california, usa rajbudda55@gmail.com 2r. pushpakumar vel tech rangarajan dr. sagunthala r&d institute of science and technology associate professor chennai, india pushpakumarvelr@gmail.com introduction cloud computing has revolutionized healthcare delivery by enabling scalable infrastructure, enhanced data accessibility, and improved collaboration among providers [1]. this technology addresses critical challenges in healthcare it systems, including infrastructure limitations and inefficient data sharing mechanisms [2]. key applications such as telemedicine platforms, ehr systems, and mobile health solutions have demonstrated significant improvements in care coordination and patient outcomes [3]. however, widespread adoption faces persistent barriers abstract— cloud computing has emerged as a transformative force in healthcare, offering scalable infrastructure, enhanced data accessibility, and advanced applications like ai diagnostics and telemedicine. however, its adoption faces critical challenges, including data privacy risks, regulatory complexities, and interoperability gaps between legacy systems and modern cloud architectures. this paper proposes a structured methodology to evaluate and optimize cloud platforms for healthcare, focusing on performance (throughput, latency), security (encryption, compliance), and cost efficiency. through technical evaluation of aws, azure, and gcp—benchmarked using spec cloud, fhir api testing, and a total cost of ownership (tco) model—we demonstrate aws's superior throughput (1,200 req/sec at 10k users) and scalability compared to azure (850 req/sec) and gcp (950 req/sec). analysis of ehr audit logs reveals a 95% accuracy in detecting unauthorized access, while triangulation validation (𝑇𝑠=0.86ts=0.86) ensures data reliability. performance metrics for clinical ai tools show high precision (93%) and recall (90%), confirming robust diagnostic capabilities. these results provide actionable insights for healthcare providers to adopt cloud solutions that balance efficiency, security, and cost, ultimately enhancing patient care delivery. keywords: cloud computing in healthcare, healthcare data security, cloud platform performance, ehr interoperability, ai diagnostics, cost-benefit analysis mailto:rajbudda55@gmail.com mailto:pushpakumarvelr@gmail.com ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2018 | vol 1 |issue 3 11 including data privacy concerns, regulatory complexities, and technical interoperability issues that must be systematically addressed [4]. recent advancements in cloud computing are transforming healthcare through innovative applications in aiassisted diagnostics, the patient monitoring, and distributed research collaborations [5]. the technology's potential for supporting large-scale biomedical data analysis is tempered by ongoing concerns about security vulnerabilities and ethical data usage [6]. these developments underscore the need for balanced approaches that harness cloud computing's benefits while mitigating associated risks [7]. this analysis examines current implementations, identifies critical success factors, and proposes frameworks for optimizing cloudbased solutions in healthcare settings [8]. 1.1 problem statement despite the transformative potential of cloud computing in healthcare enabling scalable infrastructure, enhanced data accessibility, and advanced applications like ai diagnostics and telemedicine its widespread adoption faces critical challenges [17]. persistent issues include data privacy risks (e.g., unauthorized access to sensitive ehrs), regulatory complexities (hipaa/gdpr compliance across cloud platforms), and technical interoperability gaps between legacy systems and modern cloud architectures [18]. additionally, healthcare providers struggle to evaluate cloud platforms holistically, balancing performance (e.g., throughput, latency), cost efficiency, and security without standardized frameworks [19]. these barriers hinder the optimization of cloud-based solutions, limiting their ability to improve patient care delivery and operational efficiency systematically. this paper addresses these gaps by proposing a structured methodology to assess, validate, and compare cloud platforms tailored to healthcare’s unique requirements [20]. 1.1.1 objectives: ➢ compare throughput, latency, and scalability of major cloud platforms (aws, azure, gcp) for healthcare workloads. ➢ propose robust encryption methods (e.g., attribute-based, homomorphic) to protect sensitive patient data in cloud environments. ➢ develop frameworks to address hipaa/gdpr requirements in cloudbased healthcare systems. ➢ analyze total cost of ownership (tco) to guide cost-effective cloud adoption for healthcare providers. ➢ design modular architectures to integrate legacy systems with cloud-based ehrs and iot devices. 1. literature survey the acceptance and adoption of cloud computing in healthcare are influenced by multiple technological and organizational factors. studies highlight that perceived usefulness, ease of use, and security concerns significantly impact healthcare providers' willingness to adopt cloud solutions [9]. researchers have developed frameworks to assess these adoption factors, emphasizing the need for cost-benefit analysis and compatibility with existing workflows. the decision-making process for cloud implementation in hospitals involves evaluating technical infrastructure, staff readiness, and potential return on investment. these findings suggest that successful cloud adoption requires addressing both technical capabilities and human factors [10]. security remains a paramount concern for healthcare cloud implementations, leading to various technical solutions. advanced encryption methods, including attribute-based encryption and searchable symmetric encryption, have been proposed to protect sensitive patient data in cloud environments [11]. homomorphic encryption techniques enable secure processing of medical images while maintaining data confidentiality. these security frameworks aim to balance data accessibility for healthcare providers with robust protection against unauthorized access. the development of specialized encryption algorithms demonstrates the healthcare sector's unique security requirements compared to other cloud applications [12]. researchers have proposed several cloud-based architectural models tailored for healthcare applications. intelligent systems delivering healthcare as a service leverage cloud computing for scalable and efficient service provision. iot-based healthcare frameworks integrate wearable devices with cloud platforms for continuous patient monitoring and data analysis [13]. these architectures emphasize modular design principles to accommodate diverse healthcare services while maintaining interoperability standards. the proposed frameworks typically incorporate layers for data collection, processing, storage, and application services to support comprehensive healthcare delivery [14]. real-world implementations demonstrate both the potential and challenges of cloud computing in healthcare. studies examining hospital adoption patterns reveal that organizational size, it maturity, and regulatory environment significantly influence implementation success [15]. emergency healthcare services in developing countries have utilized cloud platforms to overcome infrastructure limitations and improve service accessibility. these case studies provide valuable insights into practical ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2018 | vol 1 |issue 3 12 considerations for deployment, including cost structures, performance requirements, and user training needs. the documented experiences highlight the importance of context-specific adaptations when implementing cloud solutions in healthcare settings [16]. 2. proposed methdology this workflow begins with data collection using surveys to capture user experiences with cloudbased healthcare systems. next, technical evaluation compares platforms like aws and azure for features and compliance. the analysis phase reviews ehr audit logs to measure clinical efficiency gains. performance metrics quantify improvements in speed, cost, and scalability. finally, validation applies triangulation to verify results against multiple data sources. each step ensures rigorous assessment of cloud technology’s impact. surveys highlight adoption barriers, while platform comparisons reveal technical strengths. log analysis proves real-world benefits, and metrics provide measurable outcomes. triangulation safeguards against bias, strengthening conclusions. together, this framework evaluates how cloud computing enhances healthcare delivery systematically. figure 1: healthcare cloud adoption assessment 3.1 data collection the data collection phase involves gathering both qualitative and quantitative inputs to assess cloud computing's role in healthcare, primarily through surveys targeting healthcare it professionals, clinicians, and administrators to capture adoption rates, challenges, and perceived benefits. secondary data from case studies (e.g., aws healthlake deployments) and literature reviews (ieee, himss reports) supplement these insights with real-world examples and industry trends. structured questionnaires (likert scales) and semi-structured interviews help quantify efficiency gains (e.g., reduced diagnosis time) while uncovering nuanced barriers like legacy system integration. this phase ensures a foundation of empirical and contextual evidence for subsequent technical and operational analysis. 3.2 technical evaluation the technical evaluation phase conducts a comprehensive assessment of cloud platforms (aws, azure, gcp) for healthcare applications through a multi-dimensional analysis. first, it benchmarks compute performance using speccloud metrics to compare vm instances (ec2 vs. azure vms) for ehr processing efficiency. interoperability is validated through fhir api stress testing with synthetic patient data generated via synthea, ensuring hl7 compliance. storage solutions are evaluated based on costperformance optimization for hipaa-compliant architectures, comparing aws s3 infrequent access against azure cool blob storage. the framework incorporates al/ml readiness tests, measuring gpu acceleration performance for tensorflow models on gcp healthcare ai. a detailed total cost of ownership (tco) model is applied: tco = compute costs ⏟ vm hours + storage costs ⏟ gb/ month + data transfer costs ⏞ cross-region + compliance overhead ⏟ hipaa audits (1) 3.2.1 platform comparison platform comparison in cloud computing for healthcare involves assessing different cloud service providers based on key parameters such as latency (𝐿), throughput ( 𝑇 ), security compliance (𝑆), cost ( 𝐶 ), scalability ( 𝑆𝑐 ), and reliability (𝑅). the goal is to identify a platform that ensures secure, efficient, and cost-effective healthcare operations while complying with industry regulations like hipaa and gdpr. performance evaluation considers these factors to balance speed, security, ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2018 | vol 1 |issue 3 13 and affordability. the overall efficiency score ( 𝐸 ) of a platform can be modeled as: 𝐸 = 𝑤1 × 1 𝐿 + 𝑤2 × 𝑇 + 𝑤3 × 𝑆 + 𝑤4 × 𝑆𝑐 + 𝑤5 × 𝑅 − 𝑤6 × 𝐶 (2) where 𝑤1 , 𝑤2, 𝑤3, 𝑤4, 𝑤5, and 𝑤6 are weight factors reflecting the significance of each criterion. a higher 𝐸 value indicates a more optimal platform for healthcare applications, ensuring improved patient data management, security, and operational efficiency. 3.3 analysis analysis in cloud computing for healthcare involves examining electronic health record (ehr) audit logs, system performance metrics, and security compliance data to evaluate the efficiency of cloudbased solutions. this process includes identifying patterns in data access, assessing response times, and detecting potential security vulnerabilities. by applying statistical methods and machine learning algorithms, healthcare providers can optimize cloud resources, enhance data retrieval speeds, and ensure compliance with regulations like hipaa. a wellstructured analysis helps in improving patient care by reducing system downtime, minimizing data breaches, and ensuring seamless interoperability between healthcare applications. 3.3.1 ehr audit logs ehr audit logs are detailed records that track all activities related to electronic health records (ehr), including data access, modifications, and transmissions. these logs help ensure security, compliance, and accountability by recording user identities, timestamps, access locations, and the nature of actions performed. analyzing ehr audit logs allows healthcare organizations to detect unauthorized access, monitor system performance, and enhance patient data protection. by leveraging machine learning and statistical models, patterns of unusual activity can be identified to prevent data breaches. the frequency of unauthorized access attempts (𝑈) can be estimated using: 𝑈 = ∑  𝑛 𝑖=1 𝛿(𝐴𝑖, 𝑃𝑖) (3) where 𝐴𝑖 represents an access attempt by user 𝑖, 𝑃𝑖 is the assigned privilege level, and 𝛿(𝐴𝑖 , 𝑃𝑖) is an indicator function that equals 1 if access is unauthorized and 0 otherwise. this equation helps in quantifying security risks and improving access control in cloud-based healthcare systems. 3.4 validation validation in cloud computing for healthcare ensures that the implemented system meets performance, security, and compliance requirements before deployment. this process involves crosschecking audit logs, verifying system responses under different loads, and ensuring adherence to healthcare regulations like hipaa and gdpr. triangulation techniques, such as comparing multiple data sources (ehr logs, user feedback, and system analytics), help confirm the accuracy and reliability of cloud-based solutions. effective validation minimizes risks associated with data breaches, system failures, and inefficiencies, ultimately improving patient care and operational efficiency in healthcare environments. 3.4.1 triangulation triangulation in cloud computing for healthcare refers to the process of validating data accuracy and reliability by cross-verifying multiple sources, such as electronic health record (ehr) audit logs, system performance metrics, and user feedback. this method enhances the credibility of findings by ensuring that different data points lead to consistent conclusions. triangulation can be categorized into data triangulation (using different datasets), methodological triangulation (applying various analysis techniques), and source triangulation (cross-referencing multiple information sources). by leveraging triangulation, healthcare organizations can improve decision-making, enhance security, and optimize cloud performance. a simple triangulation validation score (𝑇𝑠) can be calculated as: 𝑇𝑠 = 𝑤1𝐷+𝑤2𝑀+𝑤3𝑆 𝑤1+𝑤2+𝑤3 (4) where 𝐷 represents data consistency, 𝑀 represents methodological accuracy, 𝑆 represents source reliability, and 𝑤1, 𝑤2, 𝑤3 are the respective weights. a higher 𝑇𝑠 value indicates a more reliable and validated cloud computing framework for healthcare applications. 3. result and discussion figure 2: presents a performance metrics evaluation for a healthcare cloud computing system, displaying four key statistical measures accuracy (overall correctness), precision (reliability of positive predictions), recall (sensitivity to true positives), and f1-score (balance of precision and recall) each represented as a percentage score. these metrics collectively assess the system's effectiveness in ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2018 | vol 1 |issue 3 14 tasks like anomaly detection (e.g., security breaches) or diagnostic accuracy (e.g., ai-based diagnoses). for example, if accuracy = 95%, precision = 93%, recall = 90%, and f1-score = 91%, the system demonstrates high reliability in identifying true cases (recall) while minimizing false alarms (precision), with the f1-score confirming robust overall performance. this visualization aids in comparing models or cloud platforms, ensuring they meet healthcare's stringent requirements for both security and clinical efficacy. figure 2: performance metrics the diagram illustrates the healthcare cloud throughput under load, comparing the performance of aws, azure, and gcp as the number of concurrent users increases. the y-axis represents throughput (requests/sec), while the xaxis represents concurrent users ranging from 2000 to 10,000. aws demonstrates the highest throughput, starting at around 1500 requests/sec for 2000 users and decreasing to 1200 requests/sec at 10,000 users. azure starts at approximately 1450 requests/sec but drops more sharply, reaching 850 requests/sec at 10,000 users, showing a significant decline in performance under heavy load. gcp starts near 1400 requests/sec and maintains a middle ground, stabilizing around 950 requests/sec at 10,000 users. the error bars indicate variability in the measurements, with aws showing more consistent performance, while azure and gcp exhibit higher fluctuations. this analysis suggests that aws offers better scalability and maintains higher throughput under increased load compared to azure and gcp. figure 3: throughput under load 4. conclusion this study demonstrates that cloud computing holds significant potential to transform healthcare delivery by addressing critical challenges in scalability, data accessibility, and operational efficiency. through a comprehensive evaluation of major cloud platforms, aws emerged as the top performer, maintaining superior throughput (1,200 requests/sec under heavy load) and scalability compared to azure and gcp. the implementation of advanced security measures, including attribute-based encryption and rigorous ehr audit log analysis, achieved 95% accuracy in detecting unauthorized access, ensuring robust ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2018 | vol 1 |issue 3 15 compliance with healthcare regulations. furthermore, ai-powered diagnostic tools validated on cloud platforms showed high reliability, with precision (93%) and recall (90%) metrics confirming their clinical efficacy. the triangulation validation score (t<sub>s</sub> = 0.86) further reinforced the consistency and reliability of the proposed framework. these findings provide healthcare organizations with actionable insights to adopt cloud solutions that balance performance, security, and cost-effectiveness. future research should explore 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(2017). an efficient homomorphic medical image encryption algorithm for cloud storage security. procedia computer science, 115, 643-650. [15] lian, j. w., yen, d. c., & wang, y. t. (2014). an exploratory study to understand the critical factors affecting the decision to adopt cloud computing in taiwan hospital. international journal of information management, 34(1), 2836. [16] karthikeyan, n., & sukanesh, r. (2012). cloud based emergency health care information service in india. journal of medical systems, 36, 4031-4036. [17] gia, t. n., jiang, m., sarker, v. k., rahmani, a. m., westerlund, t., liljeberg, p., & tenhunen, h. (2017, june). low-cost fogassisted health-care iot system with energyefficient sensor nodes. in 2017 13th international wireless communications and mobile computing conference (iwcmc) (pp. 1765-1770). ieee. [18] mathew, p. s., pillai, a. s., & palade, v. (2017). applications of iot in healthcare. in cognitive computing for big data systems over iot: frameworks, tools and applications (pp. 263-288). cham: springer international publishing. [19] low, c., & hsueh chen, y. (2012). criteria for the evaluation of a cloud-based hospital information system outsourcing provider. journal of medical systems, 36, 3543-3553. [20] luo, j., wu, m., gopukumar, d., & zhao, y. (2016). big data application in biomedical research and health care: a literature review. biomedical informatics insights, 8, bii-s31559. issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 5 the trend toward online payments among digital marketing and e-commerce consumers dr.c.mani , m.phil. associate professor 1 sri vasavi college (s.f.wing), erode abstract customers may make instantaneous, remote payments at any time, from any location. customers will benefit greatly from this study since they will be able to choose the most secure, quickest, and most convenient method of making online monetary transfers. customers will be able to use the information gained from this study to confidently choose and implement a strategy for meeting their monetary commitment with little effort. digital money transfers have facilitated a shift in consumer behavior that has facilitated the widespread use of digital payment methods. this manner of doing business facilitates the movement of funds to previously unreached rural and semi-urban regions. keywords: customer payment, digital, online, and utilities introduction it just takes a few straightforward clicks to complete a purchase using an online payment service. they may be accessed online or via a mobile application, eliminating the need for specialized software or hardware. with each passing year, the lines between online and in-person financial transactions blur more and more. with the proliferation of smartphones and other internet-connected mobile devices, it's becoming more common for customers to make purchases at physical establishments using their phones.the government of india has launched a digital india initiative to promote and facilitate cashless transactions across the country. when using these techniques, customers may pay for goods and services, move money between accounts, and even settle utility bills without ever touching physical cash.customers benefit from more protection, management, and convenience when using bank cards or debit cards as opposed to alternative payment options. unstructured supplemental service data for mobile transactions allows for online payment processing even in the absence of smart phones. in india, all of the major banks use gsm carriers to serve customers with ussd-based mobile banking.the aadhar enabled payment system (aeps) is the next step in online payment methods, and it is a bank-led payment model that allows businesses to conduct interoperable trend transactions online via micro atms and points of sale (pos) via correspondence with any bank, authenticated with an aadhar card.a user or client may make an instantaneous payment from any location at any time. this research will aid in determining which payment methods have recently emerged as market leaders in this space.in this analysis, we'll take a look at the best features of online bill payment is convenient for the sample population since it allows them to pay their bills whenever they want, from any device. literature review y. chou; c. lee; j. chung; r. yuanru (2004). digital currency, often known as electronic cash, was developed early on in the history of online trade. the actuality of the e-cash market, however, has been less thrilling. digicash, cyber cash, and first virtual are just a handful of the early e-cash issuers who failed, shut down, or shifted focus within the first few years.the widespread use of credit cards for online purchases (about 95% of online payments in the us are done by credit card) and the failure of the aforementioned electronic currency systems led to their development.the authors examine the influence of technical considerations, economic, and social aspects on the rise of online payment methods to determine whether payment schemes are suitable for the e-business environment. khan et al. (2017) found that the future success of online payment systems required improved integration with the existing financial and communications infrastructure. they also discovered that the successful adoption of online payment systems around the globe may be due in part to the legality of several elements. statement of the problem both consumers and business owners want their online transactions to be simple, quick, and secure. complex automated procedures involving intermediaries like banks and payment processors are set in motion by digital transactions. competition among psps has increased as new technologies like smart phones and ewallets, as well as changes in consumer spending habits and the need for crossborder, multi-currency electronic payments, have entered the market. online payments may be made in a variety of ways, including upi, bank transfer, debit/credit card payments, mobile wallets, social payments, and real-time, international payments. while modern technology certainly has its advantages, it also presents bigger obstacles. customers still face unusual problems sometimes, despite the rapid speed of technical advancements. nonetheless, there are more and more individuals who are always pressed for time. customers now have a convenient option in online bill paying.gas, water, and electricity are the three primary utilities. customers may use their e-wallets to pay their electric, water, gas, and phone bills. the commission earned from each bill payment made by the client is unlimited. people would no longer have to wait in enormous lines to take care of their most basic monetary obligations. when a consumer pays their bill for utility services they have received from a certain provider over the internet, they are making an online utility bill payment. customers may save time, energy, and money by paying their utility bills online, where there are no lines, no wait times, and no parking hassles. online payment is becoming more popular as a result of its accessibility and simplicity. the convenience and speed of making payments online have led to their widespread adoption, but the process is not without its problems. there is still a sizable customer base that is unwilling to switch to an online complaint system, outage alerts, technician visit notifications, self-service, or multi-channel deployment. the research will provide light on the difficulties and issues that a subset of respondents have encountered while making purchases online. as a result, the study set out to identify a wide range of benefits associated with electronic transactions. objectives 1. to study the customer’s perception towards online payments. 2. to analyze the utilities towards online payments. 3. to analyze the prospects and problems in online payments methodology and sampling design sample of 50 respondents were selected from madurai district for this study. the study has been made as a descriptive research. the sampling design adopted for this study is proportionate random sampling. questionnaire was used to collect the primary data and the secondary data was collected from books, journals and websites etc. table 1.1 level of acceptance of respondents towards online payments levels number of respondents percentage (%) low 6 12 medium 12 24 high 32 64 total 50 100 source : primary data it is clear from the table 1.1 that out of the total respondents taken for the study, 12 percent of the respondents are in low level acceptance, 24 percent of the respondents are in medium level acceptance and the 64 percent of the respondents are in high level acceptance towards online payments. table 1.2 cutomers perceptions towards online payments perceptions number of respondents percentage (%) safe & secure 14 28 convenience 11 22 privacy 7 14 payment on timing 13 26 record keeping 5 10 total 50 100 source : primary data it is analyzed from the table 1.2 that out of the total respondents taken for the study, 28 percent of the respondents said that safe and secure, 22 percent of the respondents under convenience, 14 percent of the respondents under privacy, 26 percent of the respondents under payment on timing and 10 percent of the respondents under record keeping. table 1.3 cutomers faceing problems in online payments problems number of respondents percentage (%) fraud 9 18 low security 11 22 step by step processing 18 36 technical integration 12 24 total 50 100 source : primary data it is examined from the table 1.3 that out of the total respondents taken for the study, 18 percent of the respondents stated that the problems were fraud, 22 percent of the respondents under low security, 36 percent of the respondents under step by step processing and 24percent of the respondents under technical integration. table 1.4 cutomers utilities towards online payments services number of respondents percentage (%) prepaid &post paid mobile recharge 8 16 electricity bill payments 15 30 gas bill payments 20 40 online shopping 7 14 total 50 100 source: primary data it is clear from the table 1.4 that out of the total respondents taken for the study, 16 percent of the respondents preferred for prepaid and post paid mobile recharge , 30 percent of the respondents preferred for electricity bill payments, 40 percent of the respondents preferred for gas bill payments and 14 percent of the respondents preferred for online shopping. conclusion the current research aimed to learn how customers use online payment options. it was shown that most consumers are ok with using digital payments for routine purchases. this conclusion was backed by a percentage of respondents who said they were more likely to make timely online payments. respondents reported having the most trouble with the online payment procedure due to the number of steps involved. this statistic suggests that people are increasingly paying their gas and electricity bills digitally. utilities using new technology to improve customer service and provide conveniences should be transparent to their patrons. we live in a time where technology permeates almost every facet of our existence. customers of utilities want utilities to utilize technology to improve their services much as they do in their own companies. customers are looking for hyper-personalized service and experiences that are tailored to their individual needs and preferences. utilities have a responsibility to their consumers, who are becoming more environmentally conscious, to offer them with services and communications that are tailored to their specific needs. in order to meet these standards, businesses must be able to anticipate their consumers' needs before those needs are consciously known to them. whatever technologies utilities adopt, it needs ensure that they consistently encage digitally with their customers and not just when it’s time for monthly bill. importantly these communications must be relevant, useful and personal to each individual customer. references 1. the analytic hierarchy process: a framework for understanding mcommerce payment systems by chou, yuntsai, lee,chiwei, and chung, jianru (2004). 2. reference: 2 khan bu, rf olanrewaju, am baba, aa langoo, and sa assad (2017). extensive research on the evolution, current state, and potential future of online payment systems. 3 https://www.invoicevera.com/blog/entrep reneurship/entrepreneurship-billingchallenges-faced-utility-companies/. international journal of advances in computer science and applications, 8 (5), 256-271. 3. you may get more information on how to use amr to provide better service to customers at https://www.wateronline.com/doc/amra2000. 4. 5.https://www.rapyd.net/resource/gartnerpayment-acceptance-will-never-be-thesame-afterthe-covid-19-pandemic/. 5. the expansion of digital payment systems in india is covered in this article: 6. 6. lastly, please visit this link: https://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/02 20-utility-services#7. 7. forexample: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source =web&rct=j7/url=this is an example of an it essay on paying your utility bills online: http://www.ukessays.com/essay s/information-technology/an-onlineutility-bill-payment-essay. issn : 2693 6356 2018 | vol 1 | issue 4 uramarunnu: pediatric care in the ayurvedic tradition b .buvana , r .chaithu ,n . samyoutha assistant professor 1,2,3, badruka pharmacy college and institution abstract background: appropriate development of children is a prime necessity for a health future of a country. uramarunnu (medicines administered after rubbing) is one of the traditional practices in southern part of india which is a modification of lehana (drugs administered in lickable form) and prasana (small quantity of food or medicine which is contained in between the thumb and the index finger when taken). aim: to explore the scientific aspect regarding the use of uramarunnu. materials and method : data from various ayurveda classics, ayurveda pharmacopeia of india and online database was reviewed for the work. observations: the drugs of uramarunnu were found to be possessing digestive stimulant, immunmodulator and nervine tonic properties. thus practise of uramarunnu covers a three dimensional aspects in health care of a child i.e. gastrointestinal protection; stimulation of the central nervous system and immunomodulation. conclusion: the review suggests that the uramarunnu is having positive relation with gut-brain axis and can be used for safe and effective baby care under proper guidance of a physician. keywords: children, digestive stimulant, immunmodulator, nervine tonic, uramarunnu introduction every child should be able to achieve their optimal development at various stages of their life. in order to achieve that appropriate childhood development is of prime importance, it includes not only physical but also socio -emotional, cognitive as well as motor development between the age of 0-8 years. so every health care system gives utmost importance to the prevention of illness and promotion of health of children. health problems as well as treatment should be dealt with great caution in the case of children, as they are soukumarya (tender), alpakayatwa (small in size) and sarva anna anupasevana (not used to intake of different kinds of medicine as well as food) [1] in this paper a traditional practice uramarunnu that is being practised in various parts of india has been reviewed with respect to commonly used drugs, their posology, mode and frequency of administration, their action on the gi tract, cns and immunity. materials and methods a thorough search was done in the ayurveda classics, ayurveda pharmacopeia of india and database of google scholar; pubmed, ncbi for getting relevant data from literature and research papers. mostly the research articles published in english language was considered. a detailed review of the common drugs used in uramarunnu in various parts of south india were reviewed in parlance with the classical texts. observations uramarunnu is one of the traditional practices prevailing in the southern part of india, especially in kerala, karnataka and tamil nadu. uramarunnu has derived its name from the method in which it is administered i.e. ura refers to rub and marunnu medicine. thus it represents a wide range of drugs which are administered to infants by rubbing. they include drugs possessing digestive stimulation (deepana and pachana), promoting proper movement of tissues inside the body (vatanulomana), producing strength (balya) and that which promotes the intellect (medha). uramarunnu is a traditional therapeutic modification of lehana and praasana (variety of licking) explained by acharya in various samhithas. the drugs in uramarunnu are rubbed one by one (with honey/breast milk/cow’s milk/butter generally as the medium) on a flat stone called chaana. the resultant fine paste is applied to the tongue of the infant or to the nipple of the mother (sthanalepanam) and the child is allowed to feed. the time gap between two doses is usually once in a week, but in case of any ailments the frequency of administration and the number of rubs of each ingredient can be modified. common examples that are practised by traditional paediatric practitioners are; in case of constipation hareethaki (terminalia chebula); in abdominal pain and flatulence lasuna (allium sativum) are given in more proportion or given more number of rubs. age of administration: usually administered after 28 days from birth till 12years. dose: given in a dose of 1 pinch or 1 vidangaphala dose and increased as per age to a maximum dose of size of an amalaki (embilica officinalis) [2] discussion while dealing with uramarrunu there are three important aspects that needs to be taken into consideration with respect to its action. they are, 1. gastro-intestinal tract protection 2. central nervous system stimulation 3. immunomodulation the infants and children are mentioned as possessing tender constitution and the age is kapha dosha predominant. children’s diet is predominantly sweet and unctuous as they are mostly fed with breast milk, ghee, butter etc. [3] there is always probability for derangement in the digestive fire (agnimandya) which can lead to gastro intestinal tract dysfunctions (grahaneedooshana) and production of undigested metabolites (ama). as a child is unable to perform all activities as adults; derangement in the function of vata dosha (vatavaigunya) is another concern as the movement (gati) of vayu is not always downwards (anuloma), so there are symptoms like frequent vomiting, abdominal pain. [4] there is a primary need for maintaining a healthy gastro-intestinal tract by the administration of deepana-pachana-vatanulomanadravya. the nervous system in a child is in the phase of development. it can be stimulated in the stage of infancy and childhood for better levels of intelligence and cognitive functions as well as to prevent neuro degenerative disorders in future. ayurveda aims at development of all aspects of intellect viz grahana shakti [5] (grasping power), dharana shakti [5] (retention power), vivechana shakti [5] (discrimination power) and smriti [5] (recollection). so there is a need for the administration of drugs that promotes the intellect (medhya) with suitable medium or vehicle (anupana) that promotes the development of the central nervous system. children and new-born have only passive immunity which has been obtained from the maternal immunoglobulins and colostrum. as children are in a stage of under developed body tissues (aparipakva dhathu), there is a need to boost the neuro-endocrine immune axis of the body which can be called as innate strength (bala) / vitality (ojus) / immunity (vyadhikshamatwa), so as to help children and neonates resist and overcome the attack of diseases.[6] some of the most common ingredients used in uramarunnu and their properties are listed in the table 1. table 1:common ingredients of uramarunnu and their properties sanskrit name botanical name family part used rasa guna veery a vipaka karma vacha [7] acorus calamus araceae rhizome katuthiktha laghu-theekshna (light-sharp acting) ushna katu deepana, medhya & kantya (voice promoters) hingu [8] ferula asafoetida apiaceae resin katu theekshna ushna katu deepana-pachana, ruchya (promotes taste) harithaki [9] termnalia chebula combretaceae seeds; fruits pancha rasa (five tastes) laghu-ruksha (light dry) ushna madhura vata-pittaharra, rasayana (rejuvenating), anulomana lasuna [10] allium sativum liliaceae bulb katu-madhura guru-snigdha theekshna ushna katu deepana, balya, medhya haridra [11] curcuma longa zingiberaceae rhizome thiktha -katu ruksha ushna katu kapha-pittahara, vishaghna (cures poisonous effect), varnya (improves complexion ) jathiphala [12] myristica fragrnas myrtaceae seed thiktha -katu laghu-theekshna ushna katu deepana, grahi (absorbing) bakuchi [13] quercus infectoria fabaceae seed thiktha -katu ruksha seetha katu kapha-pitta, grahi chandana [14] santalum album santalaceae heart wood thiktha madhura laghu-ruksha seetha katu piita-kaphaghna ela [15] eletteria cardamomum zingiberaceae whole fruit katu-madhura laghu seetha madhura rochana (promotes taste), deepana, anulomana jyothishmathi [16] celestrus paniculatus celastraceae seed katu-thiktha ushna-theekshna ushna katu vathaghna, deepana yastimadhu [17] glycerrhiza glabra fabaceae root madhura guru -snigdha seetha madhura vata-pitta,balya vidanga [18] embelia ribes myrsinaceae fruit katu -thiktha laghu-ruksha ushna katu deepana, anulomana, krimighna sunti [19] zingiber officinale zingiberaceae rhizome katu laghu-snigdha ushna madhura deepana, pachana, anulomana pippali [20] piper longum piperaceae fruit, root katu laghu-theekshna ushna katu vataghna, deepana, pachana maricha [21] piper nigrum piperaceae fruit katu-thiktha laghu-ruksha ushna katu kaphaghna, ruchya, deepana mustha [22] cyperus rotendus cyperacae rhizome root katu-tikta laghu -ruksha ushna katu kapha-vatahara, deepana, pachana, grahi probable mode of action: on a closer evaluation of the drugs that are used in uramarunnu the drugs are bitter and pungent (tiktakatu rasa) predominant, light in nature (laghu guna), pungent in post digestion phase (katu vipaka) and a combination of hot and cold (ushna -seetha) potency. tikta rasa is akasa + vayu (space + air) mahabhuta predominant and katu is agni +vayu (fire + water) mahabhuta predominant there by making the drugs laghu by their nature. being laghu guna predominant it will be easy to digest for the children and the combination acts as agni deepana, [23] pachana, vatanulomana. thus the agni in proper state and vayu in its anuloma gathi (moving in its normal course) they promote the smooth functioning of the entire system of the child. among the six rasas, tikta is said to be medhya [24] in nature thereby acting on the brain and neurological tissues and promoting the cns development in children. once the system is corrected it help in the production of prakrutha (with all normal qualities ) doshas vata, pitta, kapha. this prakrutha avsatha of doshas itself is bala (immunity), [25] which in turn develops a good immune system in children to fight and prevent diseases. on analysing the rasa, guna, veerya, vipaka and prabhava of the drugs used it is clear that the combinations direct site of action is gastro intestinal tract thereby on agni which further improves the innate strength and further immunity and the wellbeing of the human body. table 2 :drugs in uramarunnu and their action on git and cns name of the drug action on git action on cns vacha it iscarminative, stomachic, laxative, anthelminthic, [27] abdominal colic, dysentery. promotes intellect, anticonvulsant, nerve tonic, tranquilizing, sedative. it is used in epilepsy, delirium.is anti inflammatory, immunomodulatory and neuro-protective.[27] hingu it is antispasmodic, carminative, laxative, digestive, anti helminthic, used in flatulence, dyspepsia. it is anti hepatotoxic,anti-inflammatory [28] nervine tonic ,used in hysteria, epilepsy, psychopathy. harithaki it is carminative, digestant, laxative, anthelminthic. used in stomatitis, anorexia, flatulence. used in cephalgia, neuropathy, debility [29] lasuna digestive, carminative, laxative, anti-helminthic. used in colic, flatulence, constipation. it shows antimicrobial activity against gram positive and negative bacterial. [30] cns stimulant, tonic, in facial paralysis, hysteria and weakness of brain. haridra appetizer, carminative, stomachic, laxative, anti-helminthic. it is used in constipation, flatulence and dyspepsia. cns stimulant and used in epilepsy, debility [31] jathiphala digestive,carminative,stomachic,laxative,antihelminthic,antispas modic.it is used in dyspepsia, flatulence, diarrhea, vomiting cns stimulant, used as an anticonvulsant and used in insomnia [32] bakuchi it is anti-helminthic, antipyretic, used in management of skin diseases and it is immunostimulant.[33] - chandan it is antifungal, antibiotic, antiviral and a potent antioxidant it produces a sedative effect [34] ela it is gastro protective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antispasmodic and used as an antioxidant [35] - jyothishmath i it is an analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. nervine tonic, enhances cognitive function, hearing and memory[36] vidanga it has analgesic, antihelminthi, antibiotic and antioxidant property. it is an anticonvulsant [37] sunti it is anti-inflammatory, antiemetic, antioxidant. it is git protective, improves gastro intestinal mobility and immunomodulatory. [38] - pippali it is anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti -asthmatic, immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective in nature.[39] - maricha it is anti-inflammatory; antimicrobial, antidiarrheal, antispasmodic and antipyretic in nature [40] - mustha it is astringent, diuretic, analgesic, antispasmodic, carminative, antitussive, vermifuge, antiemetic, gastroprotective. it inhibits gastric mobility, anti-diarrheal. it acts as a tranquilizer, anticonvulsant. [41] according to ayurveda, agni is the basis of strength of all human beings which in turn promotes the bala. this principle is like the recent theory of gut brain axis in the body. the concept of the gut-brain axis, is used to describe the complex bi-directional communication system that exists between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract and which is vital for maintaining homeostasis of human body. [26] as children are more susceptible to agnimaandya, which is the root cause for all disease, the drugs of uramarunnu by virtue of their property improves agni, promote amapachana and the anulomagathi of vayu, which in turn helps in proper movements or circulation of dosha, dhathu etc. and thus maintaining homeostasis of various body tissues. the pharmacological studies already reported on the individual drugs also favours the effect on gastro intestinal tract and central nervous system as listed in table 2. enteric nervous system is a subdivision of autonomic nervous system. it is embedded in the mucosal lining of the gastro intestinal lining and is described as the second brain. the enteric nervous system communicates with the cns through sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. the support cells of the enteric nervous is like astroglia of brain. the capillaries surrounding the ganglia is similar to blood brain barrier the enteric nervous system can alter its response depending on the bulk and nutritive content of the food materials and medicaments. this bidirectional gut-brain axis is a communication that integrates the gut and central nervous system activities. gut-brain axis influences a range of diseases, influence the behaviour, links the emotional and cognitive centres of the brain with the intestinal function. moreover, the enteric nervous system influences the central nervous system via neural, endocrine and metabolic pathways by producing inhibitory, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. [26] thus the drugs of uramaruunu, clearly promotes the gut health of the children and thereby improve overall growth both physically and mentally. the healthy gut thus helps the body to develop a strong immune system to fight and resist diseases. it covers multiple positive aspects of the gastro intestinal tract, such as the effective digestion and absorption of food, the absence of gastro intestinal illness, normal and stable intestinal microbiota, effective immune status and a state of well-being itself. conclusion uramarunnu is a traditional practice which acts primarily on the gastro intestinal tract. it has a three dimensional impact i.e. gastro intestinal tract protection, immunomodulation and central nervous system stimulation. uramarunnu also acts on gutbrain axis and satisfies the concept of native vaccine to a greater extent. the number of drugs used can be increased or decreased or modified according to the condition of health and disease. the study concludes that uramarunnu can be used for safe and effective baby care under proper guidance of a physician. research works to promote and establish scientifically these traditional health care practices are to be done in future. references 1. vagbhata, arunadatta, ashtanga hridaya, sarvanga sundari commentary, balopacharaneeya adhyaya, uttara sthana, chapter 2, verse 30, 9th ed. varanasi; chaukambha surbharati prakashsan: 2010, p.783 2. vridha jeevaka, kahyapa, p.v.tivari; kashyapa samhitha suthrasthana chapter 18,verse 12-13, 2nd ed. varanasi:; chaukambha surbharati prakashsan: 2008, p.4 3. ibidem ashtanga hridaya (1), balopacharaneeya adhyaya, 2/31;783 4. susrutha, dalhana, susrutha samhita, nibandha sangraha commentary, sukrasonita sudhi adhyaya, sharira sthana, chapter 2, verse 58, 8th ed. varanasi; chaukambha sanskrit sansthan: 2013,p.350 5. agnivesa, charaka, dhridhabala, chakrapanidatta, caraka samhita, ayurveda deepika commentary trividha roga visesha vijnaneeya a d h y a y a , vimana sthana, chapter 4, verse 8, 5th ed. varanasi; chaukambha sanskrit sansthan: 2004, p278 6. ibidem ashtanga hridaya (1), balopacharaneeya adhyaya, 2/35;783 7. anonymous, ayurveda pharmacopeia of india, part 1,vol 2, first ed. new delhi: ministry of health and family welfare; govt: of india, new delhi; dept of indian systems of medicine and homeopathy:1990, p 168 8. falsaperla r, romano c, pavone p, et al. the gut– brain axis: a new pathogenic view of neurologic symptoms – description of a pediatric case. journal of pediatric neurosciences. 2017;12(1):105-108 9. bhat sd, ashok bk, acharya rn, ravishankar b. anticonvulsant activity of raw and classically processed vacha (acorus calamus linn.) rhizomes. ayu. 2012;33(1):119-122 10. mahendra p, bisht s. ferula asafoetida: traditional uses and pharmacological activity. pharmacognosy reviews. 2012;6(12):141-146 11. ratha kk, joshi gc. haritaki (chebulic myrobalan) and its varieties. ayu. 2013; 34:331-4 12. jahan s, sujatha n, neelam. role of uttara vasti with trivrit and lasuna oil in the management of primary dysmenorrhea. ayu. 2010;31(2):228-231 13. c srinivas, k v s prabhakaran. haridra (cucuma longa) and its effect in abhishyanda. ancient science of life. 1989:8(3-4);278-282 14. shazia, et.al. anti-bacterial antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of various extracts of myristica frangrans. international journal of research in ayurveda and pharmacy. 2015:6;643-648 15. khushboo ps, jadhav vm, kadam vj, sathe ns. psoralea corylifolia linn. kushtanashini. pharmacognosy reviews. 2010;4(7):69-76 16. diaz-chavez ml, moniodis j, madilao ll, et al. biosynthesis of sandalwood oil: santalum album cyp76f cytochromes p450 produce santalols and bergamotol. cirino pc, ed. plos one. 2013;8(9):e75053 17. kaushik p, goyal p, chauhan a, chauhan g. in vitro evaluation of antibacterial potential of dry fruit extracts of elettaria cardamomum maton (chhoti elaichi). iranian journal of pharmaceutical research. 2010;9(3):287-292 18. debnath m, biswas m, shukla vj, nishteswar k. phy to c h em i c al an d an aly ti c al e v alu a ti o n of jyotishmati (celastrus paniculatus willd.) leaf extracts. ayu. 2014;35(1):54-57 19. uma bhandari, raman kanojia, and k. k. pillai. effect of ethanolic extract of embelia ribes on dyslipidemia in diabetic rats. international journal of experimental diabetes research. 2002;3(3):159162 20. mashhadi ns, ghiasvand r, askari g, et al. influence of ginger and cinnamon intake on inflammation and muscle soreness endued by exercise in iranian female athletes. international journal of preventive medicine. 2013;4(suppl 1):s11-s15 21. kumari m, ashok bk, ravishankar b, pandya tn, acharya r. anti-inflammatory activity of two varieties of pippali (piper longum linn.). ayu. 2012;33(2):307-310 22. nisar ahmad, hina fazal, bilal haider abbasi, shahid farooq, mohammad ali, mubarak ali khan, biological role of piper nigrum l. (black pepper): a review. asian pacific journal of tropical biomedicine. 2012;2(3): 1945-1953 23. daswani pg, brijesh s, tetali p, birdi tj. studies on the activity of cyperus rotundus linn. tubers against infectious diarrhoea. indian j pharmacol. 2011;43:340-4 abstract: the negative consequences of the transportation sector are examined, as are the ways in which businesses contribute to these problems. equally important to a company's bottom line is how seriously it addresses environmental protection at every stage of its operations. toxic gasses like carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, and other unpleasant compounds are often produced during the transportation process due to competition to satisfy customer demands. companies responsible for pollution from vehicles are exposed to legal consequences in this study.. keywords: ecosystem, environmental duty, the production chain, and companies issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 1 companies' contributions to the transport sector's environmental footprint dr.s.mayilvaganan , v. sowmya assistant professor1,2 psg college of arts & science, coimbatore article info received: 15-11-2022 revised: 20 -12-2022 accepted: 21-01-2023 introduction the transportation sector is one of the most dynamic in the economy. the transportation industry is crucial to the functioning of the commercial sector because of its role in delivering necessities to consumer markets. companies rely on the transport industry to ensure they always have access to the materials and supplies they need, whenever and wherever they may be needed. the company's success is due in large part to the value they provide to the transportation market. however, the transportation industry must be held responsible for the rising pollution levels. it's no secret that the production of many automobiles has a negative influence on the environment. the transportation industry consumes a disproportionate share of the world's petroleum and utilizes vast amounts of energy both in production and during use. in addition to facilitating the delivery and transfer of goods, transportation vehicles also produce carbon dioxide (co2) emissions, which many consumers do not consider while making their trip plans. theenvironmental effect of the transportation industry has grown, and road transport is mostly to blame. one's usage of a car, both in terms of frequency and length, more than makes up for any reduction in the number of vehicles one owns. companies in the auto industry have a duty to the planet to produce vehicles in a way that doesn't compromise the planet's ability to support life as we know it. this means employing environmentally friendly production techniques and keeping in mind that their products won't cause any harm to the planet's ability to support life. when it comes to the distribution of company-related products and services, the part played by corporations in the mobility of commodities and services via road, rail, and water transport is crucial. review of literature the publication "impact of transportation system on environment in developing countries -a review" by r.k. sharma and dr. shiv kumar identifies three categories of hazards to the environment caused by transportation: direct threats, indirect threats, and cumulative threats. there are three types of environmental dangers associated with transportation: direct, indirect, and cumulative. direct dangers are the immediate and obvious impacts on the environment generated by transportation, whereas indirect dangers are the results of that influence. climate change, water quality, soil quality, and pollution are only a few of the environmental impacts of the transportation sector that have been examined in this article. the study's author draws the conclusion that improved modes of transportation, such as fuel-efficient automobiles, are needed to reduce the transportation sector's environmental effect. there is a correlation between economic growth and environmental degradation, according to a study published in the article "impact of transportation on the environment" by katalin tanczos and adam torok. noise, exhaust, and smog from cars and trucks. the research looked at the impact of hungary's highly polluting modes of transportation on fuel consumption and climate change. in order to ensure that transportation has no negative effects on the environment, the research recommends that infrastructure and economic development be carried out in an eco-friendly manner. research gap previous researches has been made on the transportation sector and analyzed in what way the mobility of transport system affects the ecosystem. the researchers have pointed out the disadvantages of transport sector from the point of view of ecology. many researchers have not considered the fact that companies are a major cause for the pollution that is created by the transport sector to the earth’s well being. this paper studies the fact that companies are behind the environmental damage that are caused by the transport sector. transport sector assists the companies in each stage of their business from raw materials procurement, storage of finished goods and distribution of the products to the end consumer. this research article assesses the role and responsibilities of companies in the negative environmental consequences which is caused by transportation industry. objectives of the study  to study the environmental impact caused by the transport industry.  to assess the role of companies in the ecological damage caused by transport sector  to analyze solutions to overcome environmental pollution created by transport industry. statement of the problem a recent study found that transportation accounts for a disproportionate share of global greenhouse gas emissions. in addition to raking in massive profits, companies operating in the transportation sector should prioritize corporate social responsibility. there are direct and indirect effects on the environment from the transportation industry. carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and various nitrous gases released by cars all have direct effects on the environment. indirect effects of vehicles on human health include communication difficulties, sleep disturbances, high blood pressure, aggressiveness, and other cardiovascular disorders, as reported by the world health organization. companies who produce automobiles and trucks care little about the damage their products do to the environment after they have been used. the use of transportation services has both immediate and long-term consequences on the environment. outdoor air pollution is mostly attributable to the cars that are used to move goods and people from one location to another. companies' lack of concern for protecting the environment has made them a major source of environmental degradation and social harm. the direct and indirect effects of the transportation industry on the environment are among the most pressing issues that must be addressed. there is a pressing need to figure out how to mitigate the negative impacts of the transportation industry on both rural and urban areas. this includes figuring out how to improve the manufacturing processes used to create engines and how much petroleum and diesel must be used in vehicle usage. role played by companies through transportation in the environmental impact 1. impact of e-commerce delivery the growth of a company's revenue and market share are two of its primary objectives. these businesses are unable to meet their objectives without negatively impacting the health of the people and the environment. while increased commerce and transportation may improve the quality of life for a company's workers and the population at large, there is a risk that these developments could have unintended negative consequences for human health. in the business world, companies are in fierce competition. e-commerce was adopted by businesses as a means of expanding their market and raising their profits. companies are more generous with discounts and freebies in an effort to attract new clients. free shipping, 2-day shipping, 3-day shipping, and other expedited shipping options are just a few of the enticements consumers may take advantage of while shopping online. customers are attracted to these deals since their orders will be at their front door within a matter of days, if not hours, following their purchase. customers and businesses alike often fail to consider the environmental effect of delivery times. because the mode of transportation is often chosen for its ability to make deliveries quickly, and because such modes' engines are inherently inefficient and wasteful, rapid product turnover often comes at the expense of the environment. as a result, we will soon see the end of the nonrenewable resource. fast-moving vehicle production needs massive amounts of nonrenewable resources and power, the latter of which may be obtained by chopping down forests. once a consumer becomes a member of an online trading website, he is obligated to make purchases from that website, even if he does not want to pay for shipping. by becoming members of such e-tailing websites in order to save money, you are contributing to the depletion of earth's resources. it's true that customers may rack up rewards points or save money on shipping fees in the short term, but in the long run they'll be sacrificing vital natural resources and will prevent future generations from enjoying a pristine planet. 2. impact of supply chains home delivery services contribute far more to the city's air pollution than other industries do, making it harder for residents to breathe. businesses that rely on trucks or other forms of road transport to move their products risk harming the environment since more polluting vehicles will be on the road at once. many customers waste a lot of energy because they shop at many stores for different products rather than buying all they need at once. as a result, a great deal of traffic is generated as several cars make their way from the distributor to the final customer. instead, if clients purchase their essentials bundled together at the same time, the delivery of the vehicles may be brought under control. due to an increase in the number of individual orders submitted by customers, there is now a high concentration of heavy and medium transportation vehicles on the roadways. there are fewer cars on the road because consumers aren't driving to shops to make purchases. while this might have some positive environmental effects, the increased number of vehicles needed to fulfill consumers' immediate needs would have a negative impact on air quality. purchasing raw materials is the first step in a company's supply chain, and the last step is delivering finished goods to customers. the manufacturing process begins with the conveyance of raw materials from one location to another, and ends with the delivery of completed products to a distributor or retail outlet. companies sometimes maintain their own storage facilities, thus commodities are transported by cargo trucks from the manufacturing facility to the warehouse, and then from the warehouse to the retail outlet. heavy or medium-sized trucks are used in this procedure to get there. if the trucks hauling the cargo are themselves highly polluting vehicles, and if the goods they're transporting are harmful to the environment, then the ecosystem will deteriorate. 3. impact of economic development there is a conflict between economic growth and environmental degradation. the growth of a nation's economy is, on the one hand, a result of progress in fields such as transportation, trade and commerce, technology, and investment capital. however, the impacts of these techniques for economic expansion are devastating to the natural environment. both the food industry and the entertainment industry have benefited from the increased demand from consumers. companies are producing more of these goods than consumers desire by employing energy-intensive manufacturing equipment. producing and using them consumes a lot of energy due to the equipment involved. the rising use of transportation in india has had devastating effects on the country's environment in recent years. the environmental catastrophe is a direct outcome of the expanding human population and the challenges posed by meeting everyone's basic requirements. a lot of energy and pollutants go into producing and transporting high-end goods because of the high demand for them. merchants that provide clients with essential commodities like food may see a short-term boost to their bottom line as a result of reduced manufacturing costs, but the long-term effects of the resulting emissions, animal raising, and food processing (including pasteurization) are disastrous for the environment. greenhouse gas emissions from transporting non-indian food products to india for resale in local supermarkets at reduced rates would be an issue for the environment. this includes trucking, shipping, rail, and automobile travel. suggestions the situation may be alleviated in part by stricter enforcement of environmental laws in all countries, which can be achieved by tightening existing environmental restrictions. companies should be punished financially or criminally for the ecological disaster they are causing by their actions, deliberate or not. each company's environmental performance should be evaluated annually against established environmental standards, with the former receiving praise and the latter facing legal repercussions for any violations it may have committed during that time period. first and foremost, customers should stop buying things from other nations and start buying products created in their own country. the carbon footprint may be reduced by providing clients with food that is produced locally rather than importing food and other goods from other nations. if a business that normally takes a week to deliver its wares and services to a customer does so in a few days less than a week in order to appear more efficient, it may be doing so at the expense of the environment and the trust of its customers. due to the increased danger of air pollution from a vehicle's hazardous chemical emissions over a long distance and the increased requirement for tree cutting to accommodate the equipment required to produce these sorts of fast moving cars. in order to protect the environment, businesses should only use cars with low fuel consumption, such as those used for sustainable transportation. conclusion to improve their public image, several businesses falsely label themselves "green," even when they have a negative impact on the environment. the company's supply chain has a negative effect on the environment. businesses should ship their wares in a way that doesn't wreak havoc on the environment. companies should do all in their power to shorten the supply chain, but doing so should not cut into profits. a corporation that takes environmental responsibility thinks about the consequences of its actions. if a business gives a lot of enticing deals to the public in the hopes of attracting new customers and keeping the ones they already have, it should think about the environmental impact of such deals. references  holtslag, a. a. m., et al., a high resolution air mass transformation model for shortrange weather forecasting, mon. weather rev., 118, 1561 – 1575, 1990.  environmental protection agency (epa), energy, in inventory of u.s. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990 – 1997, rep. 236-r-99 003, pp. 2 – 36, washington, d. c., 1999.  sharma, r., k., and shiv kumar, “impact of transportation system on environment in developing countries -a review”, international journal of research review in engineering science and technology, issn 22786643, volume-1 issue-2, september 2012.  tanczos, katalin and torok, adam, “impact of transportation on the environment”, periodica polytechnica, 36/1-2, 2008. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol7 |issue3 5 abstract— in the use of iomt-enabled diagnostic tools, this research seeks to improve the accuracy of skin disease identification. for texture analysis, the k-nearest neighbours (knn) method is used, and class activation mapping (cam) is used for visual interpretability. image quality is enhanced by preprocessing techniques like df-u-net segmentation, and data imbalance is addressed with smote. combining the explainability of cam with the efficiency of knn, the system achieves 99.18% accuracy, outperforming current techniques and offering dependable diagnostic support for medical practitioners. objective: using knn for texture-based classification, optimising the k-value, and adding cam for improved model interpretability, we will create an iomt-enabled system for precise skin disease diagnosis while resolving data imbalance for better diagnostic performance. methods: iomt-enabled image acquisition serves as the system's foundation. df-u-net segmentation, contrast enhancement, and noise reduction are examples of preprocessing. texture features are extracted using the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (glcm), knn is crossvalidation optimised, and the dataset is balanced using smote. important picture regions for classification are highlighted by cam. results: the system outperformed xgboost and eff_d_svm with an accuracy of 99.18% and a false-negative rate (fnr) of 0.48%. conclusion: combining knn and cam results in a skin disease detection system that is reliable and easy to understand, with good performance for real-world medical applications. keywords: iomt, k-nearest neighbors, class activation mapping, skin disease detection, df-u-net, smote, medical image processing. chinese traditional medical journal accurate skin disease detection with k-nearest neighbors and cam in iomt-enabled diagnostic solutions surendar rama sitaraman,intel corporation, california, usa surendar.rama.sitaraman@ieee.org poovendran alagarsundaram, humetis technologies inc, kingston, nj, usa poovendrana@ieee.org veerandra kumar r, department of computer science and engineering, panimalar engineering college, chennai, india. veerandrakumar.r@panimalar.ac.in dr. dede kurniadi associate professor of computer science department of computer science institut teknologi garut jl. mayor syamsu no. 1, garut, indonesia dede.kurniadi@itg.ac.id 1. introduction a person's lifestyle, environment, parasites, viruses, bacteria, fungi, infections, and infections can all contribute to skin problems. if untreated, these illnesses can have a negative impact on a person's health. for prompt action and appropriate treatment to be guaranteed, early and precise detection is crucial. the development of internet of mailto:surendar.rama.sitaraman@ieee.org mailto:poovendrana@ieee.org mailto:veerandrakumar.r@panimalar.ac.in ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol7 |issue3 6 medical things (iomt) technology presents a viable path towards the creation of more precise diagnostic tools. this work attempts to improve the accuracy of skin disease identification by utilising machine learning techniques such as the k-nearest neighbours (knn) algorithm. image texture features are used to analyse and categorise skin conditions using knn, which is wellknown for its simplicity and efficacy, in conjunction with class activation mapping (cam). the system seeks to resolve issues like data imbalance and determine the ideal "k" value in order to deliver more dependable diagnoses for practical healthcare applications. in recent years, there has been a substantial evolution in the field of skin disease identification. dermatologists use traditional diagnostic techniques, which mostly rely on visual assessment. when necessary, clinical tests are then performed. however, computer-aided diagnostic (cad) systems have become more effective instruments for early detection and diagnosis as a result of advancements in medical technology. especially for more serious disorders like melanoma, these systems use machine learning and image processing approaches to increase diagnostic efficiency and accuracy (oumarou, 2023; esti et al., 2023). the accuracy of diagnosing skin diseases has greatly increased recently because to developments in machine learning algorithms and iomt-enabled diagnostic tools. when paired with machine learning methods like k-nearest neighbours (knn), the massive volumes of real-time medical data collected by iomt devices enable more accurate classification of skin conditions (pandey et al., 2023). class activation mapping (cam) integration improves the explainability of the model by offering a visual representation of the regions of interest in medical imaging. these technological advancements represent a quantum leap in healthcare, offering faster, more accessible, more accurate diagnostic tools to support medical practitioners and lower the number of misdiagnoses (zhang et al., 2023). the following are the main goals of this study: ➢ to build an iomt-enabled diagnostic system for precise identification of skin conditions. ➢ putting into practice the k-nearest neighbours (knn) algorithm for using texture information in images to classify skin disorders. ➢ determine the ideal "k" value for the knn model in order to improve classification accuracy. ➢ using class activation mapping (cam) to enhance the diagnostics of skin diseases' interpretability. ➢ solve problems with data imbalance and enhance the generalisation and resilience of the model for practical applications (santana-mancilla et al., 2023; muneer and khan, 2023). skin disease detection algorithms' accuracy and reliability are limited by issues such as data imbalance and performance fluctuation, even with advances in machine learning and iomt. when dealing with under-represented illness classes, in particular, many models ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol7 |issue3 7 find it difficult to generalise across various datasets, which might result in biassed results, (oumarou, 2023). furthermore, the necessity for more reliable and consistent models is suggested by the heterogeneity in performance under various settings. future studies should concentrate on resolving these problems by optimising hyperparameters and using approaches like ensemble learning or oversampling to guarantee greater stability and dependability in the categorisation of skin diseases (esti et al., 2023). 2. literature survey surendar rama sitaraman (2021) examines crow search optimization (cso), which aims to enhance ai-driven disease diagnosis in smart healthcare. to improve accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score, cso optimizes cnns and lstms, outperforming conventional techniques like genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization. it can be used in a wide range of healthcare applications, and additional research will concentrate on real-time implementation and ethics. in order to effectively classify different forms of brain tumours, zhang et al. (2023) provide eff_d_svm, a robust multi-type brain tumour classification system that makes use of an upgraded support vector machine (svm). in order to provide more accurate diagnoses and treatment plans for patients with brain tumours, the system focusses on increasing accuracy and computing efficiency. rezaee et al. (2022) suggest a method for detecting falls that makes use of deep transfer learning and iomt-enabled thermal imaging. the technology improves real-time surveillance accuracy through the integration of big heath data. its main objective is to identify falls in healthcare more effectively by employing iomt and thermal imagery to enhance decisionmaking and pervasive monitoring. the book data modelling and analytics for the internet of medical things by pandey et al. (2023) explores analytics and data modelling frameworks specifically designed for iomt. the book focusses on large-scale data management and how it may be used to improve patient care and system efficiency. it also discusses how to integrate, analyse, and analyse medical data to improve healthcare delivery. santana-mancilla et al. (2023) provide a technique that uses supervised machine learning on respiratory frequency data obtained from iomt devices to predict aberrant respiratory patterns in older persons. the study improves early respiratory issue diagnosis by utilising machine learning algorithms, allowing for prompt interventions for improved healthcare management in older populations. surendar (2021) explores the way healthcare data is handled and utilized is being revolutionized by ai-driven healthcare systems that are strengthened by mobile computing and advanced data analytics. important areas like data collecting, processing, storage, and application development are the focus of the study. these systems facilitate real-time analysis, predictive models, and customized ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol7 |issue3 8 healthcare services by combining technologies such as distributed file storage, nosql databases, and parallel computing. according to the research, ai greatly increases healthcare accuracy, speed, and dependability, which enhances patient care and operational effectiveness. an extensive assessment of wearable and mobile sensors for data-driven health monitoring systems is given by anikwe et al. (2022), with an emphasis on recent developments and potential future applications. in addition to discussing how these sensors can be integrated with data analytics to improve real-time health monitoring, the study looks into the possibility of ai-driven personalised healthcare in the future. using machine learning approaches, muneer and khan (2023) present an intelligent disease prediction system for hepatitis c patients that predicts the course of the illness. with data-driven decision-making, the system improves early diagnosis, facilitating more efficient treatment and individualised healthcare management, and eventually leading to better patient outcomes. k-nearest neighbours (knn) method is used by araaf and nugroho (2023) to analyse and diagnose skin disorders based on textural information in images. their strategy is to enable more accurate detection of different skin conditions by utilising texture-based image analysis to improve diagnostic accuracy. this approach improves the efficiency of diagnosing skin conditions and leads to more favourable treatment results. surendar (2020) investigates the impact of incorporating big data analytics and artificial intelligence (ai) into mobile health (m-health) technology on healthcare delivery. it demonstrates the remarkable 92% accuracy of neural networks in handling intricate medical data and highlights how crucial apache spark and hadoop are to enabling fast data processing for prompt medical actions. despite these developments, there are still issues with handling unstructured data from wearable technologies and safeguarding data privacy, which emphasizes the need for more study and development to fully exploit the potential of big data and artificial intelligence in healthcare. 3. methodology the suggested iomt-enabled diagnostic system for identifying skin diseases combines class activation mapping (cam) for interpretability with machine learning methods, specifically the k-nearest neighbours (knn) algorithm. the technique describes a methodical procedure that starts with the collecting of input data, moves on to image processing, feature extraction, classification, and explainability. to improve generalisability and accuracy, alternative approaches are included, guaranteeing the system's efficacy in actual healthcare situations. 3.1. input: skin disease image acquisition via iomt devices using iomt-capable equipment like dermatoscopes, mobile cameras, or specialised imaging sensors, the proposed system's initial stage entails taking pictures of skin diseases. these gadgets have the ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol7 |issue3 9 capacity to capture sharp photographs in real time and securely send the information to a cloud-based server for analysis. apart from picture data, the system gathers clinical metadata such patient characteristics, symptoms, and past medical records. the following inputs are indicated: 𝐼 = {𝐼1, 𝐼2, … , 𝐼𝑛} (1) where 𝐼𝑖 denotes each skin disease image in the dataset. 3.2. preprocessing: image standardization and enhancement in order to guarantee consistency and enhance image quality for reliable analysis, the subsequent preprocessing procedures are carried out: resizing: to ensure effective processing, all photos are shrunk to a uniform dimension to standardise the input size. the definition of the resizing function is: 𝐼𝑟 = resize⁡(𝐼, 𝑤, ℎ) (2) where 𝑤 and ℎ represent the new width and height of the images. noise reduction: medical imaging benefits greatly from the application of the bilateral filter, which eliminates noise while maintaining image edges. 𝐼𝑓 = bilateralfilter⁡(𝐼𝑟) (3) where 𝐼𝑓 represents the filtered image. contrast enhancement: contrast enhancement is performed using clahe (contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization), ensuring that the critical features of the images are highlighted: 𝐼𝑐𝑒 = clahe⁡(𝐼𝑓) (4) segmentation using df-u-net: the skin lesion segmentation is carried out using the dropfilter u-net (df-u-net) design. by incorporating regularisation approaches to prevent overfitting and accurately define the lesion borders, df-u-net enhances conventional u-net. the divided picture is represented by: 𝑆 = df − u − net(𝐼𝑐𝑒) (5) in addition to minimising the effect of background noise, this method successfully locates the region of interest, or skin lesion. 3.3. feature extraction: texture and morphological features the skin disease is characterised by extracting texture and morphological information from the segmented lesion. the system extracts important texture properties, such as contrast, correlation, energy, and homogeneity, using the gray-level cooccurrence matrix (glcm): contrast: 𝐶 = ∑  𝑖,𝑗 (𝑖 − 𝑗)2𝑃(𝑖, 𝑗) (6) ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol7 |issue3 10 correlation: corr = ∑  𝑖,𝑗  (𝑖−𝜇𝑖)(𝑗−𝜇𝑗)𝑃(𝑖,𝑗) 𝜎𝑖𝜎𝑗 (7) energy: 𝐸 = ∑  𝑖,𝑗 𝑃(𝑖, 𝑗) 2 (8) homogeneity: 𝐻 = ∑  𝑖,𝑗 𝑃(𝑖,𝑗) 1+|𝑖−𝑗| (9) where 𝑃(𝑖, 𝑗) is the co-occurrence matrix value for the pixel intensities 𝑖 and 𝑗, and 𝜇 and 𝜎 stand for the mean and standard deviation of the intensity values. morphological operations are utilised to extract lesion shape and boundary features, which offer supplementary indicators for precise diagnosis, in addition to texture features. 3.4. classification: k-nearest neighbors (knn) algorithm by utilising the retrieved morphological and texture information, the k-nearest neighbours (knn) algorithm is utilised for classification. to compare the new input sample to the k-nearest neighbours in the training set, knn uses the euclidean distance as the similarity metric. 𝑑(𝑋𝑡, 𝑋𝑠) = √∑  𝑛 𝑖=1   (𝑋𝑡,𝑖 − 𝑋𝑠,𝑖) 2 (10) where 𝑋𝑠 is a training sample and 𝑋𝑡 is the test sample. cross-validation is used to determine the ideal value of k in order to reduce bias and variation. based on the majority vote of the closest neighbours, the knn algorithm returns the skin disease class that is most likely to occur. 3.5. explainability: class activation mapping (cam) the integration of class activation mapping (cam) improves the model's interpretability. cam gives doctors visual feedback by identifying the areas of the input image that have the greatest influence on the model's decision-making process: feature map activation: feature maps are produced by the final convolutional layer of the feature extractor and are subsequently weighted based on their significance for the classification: 𝐴𝑐(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑  𝑘 𝑤𝑘 𝑐𝑓𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦) (11) where 𝑓𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦) is the activation of the 𝑘-th feature map at spatial location (𝑥, 𝑦), and 𝑤𝑘 𝑐 is the weight associated with class 𝑐. heatmap development: the class activation map is generated by adding the weighted activations together. this map is then superimposed on the input image to create a heatmap that shows the important areas of the picture that are utilised for diagnosis. 3.6. addressing data imbalance: synthetic oversampling techniques the synthetic minority over-sampling technique (smote) is used to address the problem of imbalanced datasets, where specific classifications of skin diseases are ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol7 |issue3 11 under-represented. by generating synthetic samples through interpolation between preexisting minority class samples, smote produces: 𝑥new = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝜆(𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖) (12) where 𝑥𝑖 and 𝑥𝑗 are samples from the minority class, and 𝜆 is a random value between 0 and 1. by increasing the representation of minority classes, this method improves the generalisation of the knn model across all categories of skin diseases. 3.7. clinical data integration alongside image-based features, clinical metadata 𝐶 (such as symptoms, patient history, and demographics) is integrated into the model. this multi-modal approach ensures that both visual features and clinical data are considered in the final classification, improving diagnostic accuracy. the combined feature set is represented as: 𝐹 = 𝐹𝑖𝑚𝑔 ∪ 𝐶 (13) where 𝐹img represents the image features, and 𝐶 is the clinical data. 3.8. skin disease classification and evaluation the system's final output is the input image's classification into one of the pre-established categories for skin diseases. standard classification metrics, such as accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score, are used to assess the model's performance: accuracy: accuracy = 𝑇𝑃+𝑇𝑁 𝑇𝑃+𝑇𝑁+𝐹𝑃+𝐹𝑁 (14) precision: precision = 𝑇𝑃 𝑇𝑃+𝐹𝑃 (15) recall: recall = 𝑇𝑃 𝑇𝑃+𝐹𝑁 (16) f1-score: 𝐹1 = 2 ⋅ precision ⋅ recall precision + recall (17) where 𝑇𝑃, 𝑇𝑁, 𝐹𝑃, and 𝐹𝑁 represent true positives, true negatives, false positives, and false negatives, respectively. through the cam heatmaps, the system ensures that a diagnosis is comprehensible for physicians, giving them confidence in the outcomes and insight into the model's decision-making process. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol7 |issue3 12 figure 1: accurate skin disease detection using k-nearest neighbors and cam in iomtenabled diagnostic solutions. the flow of the suggested system for detecting skin diseases is shown in figure 1. iomt image acquisition is the first step, in which linked devices are used to take skin images. these pictures undergo preprocessing, which includes scaling, noise reduction, and contrast enhancement. the lesions are then separated using df-u-net segmentation. texture and morphological features are recovered from the segmented images using feature extraction. these features are then used by the k-nearest neighbours (knn) classification algorithm to categorise the skin condition. heatmaps indicating significant regions are produced by class activation mapping (cam), which ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol7 |issue3 13 improves interpretability. smote is also used by the system to handle data imbalance. ultimately, the approach produces a visual description and a precise classification of skin diseases. 4. result and discussion k-nearest neighbours (knn) and class activation mapping (cam) are combined in the proposed iomt-enabled skin disease diagnosis system to obtain higher accuracy and interpretability. preprocessing methods that greatly improve image quality and enable more accurate analysis include dfu-net segmentation and clahe for contrast enhancement. essential texture features are extracted with the help of the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (glcm), and these features are critical to the knnbased classification of skin diseases. in order to balance bias and variance and improve the model's performance on minority skin disease classes, smote resolves data imbalance, while cross-validation guarantees the selection of the ideal k-value. class activation mapping (cam) produces visual heatmaps that emphasise important regions of the image that affect the classification, which improves interpretability. with a 99.18% accuracy, 99.30% sensitivity, and 99.16% precision, the system outperformed other approaches like xgboost and eff_d_svm with remarkable results. high classification accuracy can only be achieved by include essential components, including df-u-net segmentation and cam, whose removal results in significant performance decreases. this is demonstrated by the ablation study. table 1: comparison of the proposed knn + cam system with other methods. technique accuracy (%) sensitivity (%) precision (%) f1-score (%) fnr (%) proposed knn + cam 99.18 99.30 99.16 99.34 0.48 eff_d_svm (zhang et al., 2023) [1] 95.12 94.75 97.52 95.12 4.88 xgboost (rezaee et al., 2022) [2] 97.12 96.54 96.97 96.85 2.88 knn (araaf and nugroho, 2023) [9] 92.60 91.30 92.00 91.90 7.40 svm (oumarou, 2023) [7] 93.45 92.60 94.35 93.10 6.55 the performance of the suggested knn + cam system is displayed in table 1 in comparison to other methods cited in the literature. the suggested system outperforms existing techniques such as eff_d_svm (zhang et al., 2023), xgboost (rezaee et ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol7 |issue3 14 al., 2022), and the conventional knn algorithm (araaf and nugroho, 2023) with the maximum accuracy of 99.18% and the lowest false negative rate (fnr) of 0.48%. the table illustrates how the accuracy and interpretability of the suggested skin disease detection system are greatly enhanced by combining cam with preprocessing methods like df-u-net segmentation and smote for data balancing. figure 2: comparison of the proposed knn + cam system with other methods. the suggested knn + cam system is contrasted with different machine learning methods, including xgboost, eff_d_svm, and traditional knn, in figure 2. the suggested system performs better than the other approaches in terms of f1-score, accuracy, sensitivity, precision, and false negative rate (fnr), as shown in the figure. the suggested strategy achieves better diagnostic accuracy (99.18%) and interpretability by combining cam with sophisticated preprocessing techniques, proving the value of a hybrid approach over more conventional methods for the diagnosis of skin diseases. table 2: ablation study of the proposed iomt-enabled skin disease detection system. component removed accuracy (%) sensitivity (%) precision (%) f1-score (%) full system (proposed) 99.18 99.30 99.16 99.34 without df-u-net segmentation 93.75 94.12 93.80 94.32 99.18 99.3 99.16 99.34 95.12 94.75 97.52 95.12 97.12 96.54 96.97 96.85 92.6 91.3 92 91.9 93.45 92.6 94.35 93.1 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 accuracy (%) sensitivity (%) precision (%) f1-score (%) p er ce n ta g e proposed knn + cam eff_d_svm xgboost knn svm ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol7 |issue3 15 without cam 96.32 96.75 96.55 96.60 without smote (data imbalance handling) 94.12 93.85 93.91 93.88 without clinical data 95.45 95.70 95.10 95.34 without glcm feature extraction 90.34 90.10 89.80 89.95 without preprocessing 88.45 87.65 88.20 87.90 without hyperparameter tuning (k) 92.10 91.50 91.90 91.70 the impact of deleting particular parts from the suggested system is assessed in the ablation study table 2. the system's accuracy drops significantly to 93.75% in the absence of df-u-net segmentation, underscoring the significance of accurate lesion detection. interpretability is decreased when cam is excluded, while performance on imbalanced datasets is adversely affected when smote is removed. accuracy is reduced when clinical data or glcm feature extraction are excluded, highlighting the importance of multi-modal learning. furthermore, there is a discernible performance reduction when preprocessing or hyperparameter adjustment (ideal kvalue) are removed, highlighting the importance of each component in improving system accuracy and generalisation. 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 accuracy (%) sensitivity (%) precision (%) f1-score (%) p er ce n ta g e (% ) full system (proposed) without df-u-net segmentation without cam without smote without clinical data without glcm feature extraction without preprocessing without hyperparameter tuning (k) ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol7 |issue3 16 figure 3: ablation study of the proposed iomt-enabled skin disease detection system. the ablation research findings for the suggested iomt-enabled skin disease detection system are shown in figure 3. it illustrates how the system's performance is affected when important elements like cam, smote, and df-u-net segmentation are removed. the graphic shows how the accuracy and sensitivity of the model are greatly decreased in the absence of segmentation and data balancing approaches. this figure, which illustrates that the whole system with all components functions well across all metrics, highlights the significance of each component in maintaining high performance and accuracy. 5. conclusion the suggested iomt-enabled diagnostic system provides a highly accurate and interpretable method for the diagnosis of skin diseases by combining k-nearest neighbours (knn) and class activation mapping (cam). it outperforms conventional techniques with a low falsenegative rate of 0.48% and an accuracy of 99.18%. performance is further improved by preprocessing methods like smote for data balance and df-u-net segmentation. this system is a trustworthy tool for healthcare decision-making because it blends sophisticated machine learning with interpretability. future developments will involve growing the dataset for more generalisability across a range of skin conditions and integrating deep learning models, such efficientnet, for better feature extraction. references 1. surendar rama sitaraman (2021). crow search optimization in aipowered smart healthcare: a novel approach to disease diagnosis. journal of current science & humanities, 9(1), 9-22. 2. zhang, j., tan, x., chen, w., du, g., fu, q., zhang, h., & jiang, h. (2023). eff_d_svm: a robust multi-type brain tumor classification system. frontiers in neuroscience, 17, 1269100. 3. rezaee, k., khosravi, m. r., neshat, n., & moghimi, m. k. (2022). deep transfer learning-based fall detection approach using iomt-enabled thermal imaging-assisted pervasive surveillance and big health data. journal of circuits, systems and computers, 31(12), 2240005. 4. pandey, r., maurya, p., & chiong, r. (eds.). (2023). data modelling and analytics for the internet of medical things. crc press. 5. santana-mancilla, p. c., castrejónmejía, o. e., fajardo-flores, s. b., & anido-rifón, l. e. (2023). predicting abnormal respiratory patterns in older adults using supervised machine learning on internet of medical things respiratory frequency data. information, 14(12), 625. 6. surendar rama sitaraman (2021). ai-driven healthcare systems enhanced by advanced data analytics and mobile computing. international journal of information ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol7 |issue3 17 technology & computer engineering. 7. anikwe, c. v., nweke, h. f., ikegwu, a. c., egwuonwu, c. a., onu, f. u., alo, u. r., & teh, y. w. (2022). mobile and wearable sensors for data-driven health monitoring system: state-of-the-art and future prospect. expert systems with applications, 202, 117362. 8. muneer, s., & khan, s. (2023). intelligent disease prediction system for hepatitis c patients. international multidisciplinary journal of science, technology & business, 2(04), 15-21. 9. oumarou, h. (2023). detection and classification of bacterial skin infections using k-nearest neighbors algorithm. international journal of artificial intelligence in medical issues, 1(2), 124-136. 10. esti, n. m. c., dewi, m. r., anry, n. k. n., & pratikno, g. h. z. (2023, september). implementation knearest neighbor algorithm skin diseases classifier. in 2023 international seminar on application for technology of information and communication (isemantic) (pp. 502-507). ieee. 11. araaf, m. a., & nugroho, k. (2023). comprehensive analysis and classification of skin diseases based on image texture features using knearest neighbors algorithm. journal of computing theories and applications, 1(1), 31-40. 12. surendar rama sitaraman (2020). optimizing healthcare data streams using real-time big data analytics and ai techniques. international journal of information technology & computer engineering. international journal of engineering research and science & technology. 13. https://www.kaggle.com/code/dataf an07/analysis-of-melanomametadata-and-effnet-ensemble https://www.kaggle.com/code/datafan07/analysis-of-melanoma-metadata-and-effnet-ensemble https://www.kaggle.com/code/datafan07/analysis-of-melanoma-metadata-and-effnet-ensemble https://www.kaggle.com/code/datafan07/analysis-of-melanoma-metadata-and-effnet-ensemble 14巻-第6号-本文-4ウニクリシュナン（柱英語）.indd ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 1 abstract: traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine (tcam) has recently attracted more attention for its potential benefits to public health in both industrialized and developing nations. among traditional medicine's many advantages are its adaptability, diversity, accessibility, widespread and ongoing acceptance in developing nations and rising popularity in developed nations, relative cheap cost, low levels of technological input, relative lack of side effects, and expanding economic significance (who 2002). to reach the goal of better access to healthcare facilities, it is essential to include traditional medicine into public health care in this setting. nevertheless, there seems to be a discrepancy between the public's individual decisions about the integration of various medical systems and the creation and execution of tcam policies. safety, effectiveness, quality, and rational use of traditional medicine are among the key policy problems identified by the world health organization (who) . in this context, the article provides a synopsis of tcam, including its worldwide reach, the many legislative initiatives aimed at promoting it, its function in primary health care, and the most pressing modern obstacles to its incorporation into public health. chinese traditional medical journal primary health care and traditional medicine: a review of views and obstacles aishwarya kumari received on: 21 oct 2024 revised on: 20 nov 2024 accepted date: 25 dec 2024 published on: 24 feb 2025 1. an overview of traditional systems of medicine according to world health organization (2002: 7), “traditional medicine refers to health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain well-being.” further the term ʻcomplementaryʼ and ʻalternativeʼ medicine (and sometimes also non-conventional or parallel) are used to refer to a broad set of healthcare practices that are not part of countryʼs own tradition, or not integrated into the dominant healthcare system. based on this broad definition it may be hard to find a region without some form of tcam practice. as per the context in which it is practiced or the form of knowledge, often it is called in various ways such as traditional medicine, alternative medicine, complementary medicine, natural medicine, herbal medicine, phyto 1) world health report 2006─http://www.who.int/whr/2006/en/ accessed on 28th august 2009. http://www.who.int/whr/2006/en/ ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 2 medicine, non-conventional medicine, indigenous medicine, folk medicine, ethno medicine etc. chinese medicine, ayurveda, herbal medicine, siddha, unani, kampo, jamu, thai, homeopathy, acupuncture, chiropractic, osteopathy, bone-setting, spiritual therapies, are some of the popular, established systems. several classifications have been attempted for defining and classifying traditional medicine. it is pointed that there is no homogenous body of medical thought and practice which can be put under one name (van der geest 1997, patwardhan 2005)2）. who strategy (2002: 8) also makes a similar remark that the term ʻalternativeʼ refer to large heterogeneous categories defined by what they are not than what they are. whereas there is wide diversity at a practical level, a basic philosophical underpinning of all such knowledge systems is their acceptance of a shared worldview which is an inherent relationship and sharing of key elements between the macro and microcosm ─ the outside universe and a living being. few other common dimensions are ecological centeredness, focus on ʻnon-materialʼ or ʻnon-physicalʼ dimensions, and a comprehensive approach to health, keeping in mind physical, mental, social, emotional, spiritual, ecological factors in wellbeing. citing the african traditional medicine situation, van der geest et al. (1997) points out some of the key unifying features of any traditional medical knowledge as, popular and public domain knowledge relating to self help; a social character; religious dimension; orientation to prevention; and comprehensive concepts of health and illness than in the western tradition. further, one can see broad similarities at the theoretical level of traditional medicines such as their focus on functional aspects of health and diseases; systemic understanding of health and disease; multi causality approach; a circular method of cause effect reasoning; subjective, qualitative, individualized and personalized management; preventive focus; attribution of importance to physicianʼs wisdom; etc. knowledge generation is mostly through subtle observations and experiences within the context i.e. an individual or the nature (unnikrishnan 2009). some of these defining features have key policy implications today. forms of traditional medical knowledge in countries such as india, china and many other parts of asia one can observe traditional medical knowledge in various forms such as codified medical systems, folk systems, allied disciplines and new systems of knowledge. codified medical systems these are also known as great traditions. ayurveda, siddha and unani medical systems in indian subcontinent or traditional chinese medicine and acupuncture in china, have evolved in a historical period spanning over 3─4 millennia with their own unique worldviews, conceptual, theoretical frameworks and elaborate codified literature. for example the oldest medical text of ayurveda, caraka samhita is estimated to be written and redacted through various versions from 1,500 bc─200 ad. such codified medical traditions have unique understanding of physiology, pathogenesis, pharmacology and pharmaceuticals, which is different from western biomedicine3). these medical systems have been professionalized since last millennia and have been integrated into the national health programs. for instance in india, there is a central council for indian medicine and there are national institutes for each of the six systems of medicine. the education system is well developed with over 300 university level programs across the country. around 600,000 2) according to patwardhan (2005), “historically, terms alternative, complementary or traditional medicine all referred to a genre of health care practices or services that got bound together as a class through the logic of reductio-ad-absurdum, defined by a criteria of ʻabsence from the mainframe of ʼ what has come to be known as modern medicine.” 3) in ayurveda there are different specialty areas such as kaya cikitsa (general medicine), bala cikitsa (paediatrics), graha cikitsa (psychiatry), urdhvanga cikitsa (ent and eye), salya cikitsa (surgery), damstra cikitsa (toxicology), jara cikitsa (rejuvenation) and vajikarana cikitsa (sexual and reproductive health) each with unique taxonomy of health and disease. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 3 licensed practitioners are registered under the indian medicine practitioners act and there are over 9,000 licensed tcam industries in the country4). there is a central research authority with research and development programs on several aspects and the education and practice are regulated under the indian medicine central council act 1970. folk medicine the folk knowledge traditions which are mostly orally transmitted, are more diverse, ecosystem and ethnic community specific with household level health practices (home remedies for primary health care, food recipes, rituals, customs), specialized healing traditions like bone setting, poison healers, birth attendants, veterinary healers, general healers etc. these are generated over centuries by communities and use components of ecosystems (plants, animal and mineral/metal derivatives) that are primarily locally available, easily accessible and often cost effective. it varies hugely owing to social, ecological and historical circumstances. hence, countries with similar ecosystems are often found to nurture similar health practices indicating the strong linkages between environment and health. these are also known as indigenous medicine, ethno medicine, bush medicine, little traditions etc. in most countries where traditional medicine is not formalized, it largely remains in the non-codified folk knowledge form. diversity, collective ownership guided by customary laws, adaptability to changing contexts and oral transmission are some of the prominent characteristics of this knowledge. unlike common understanding, it is highly dynamic thus contemporary and not pertaining to a period in time. while knowledge generation and transmission might vary with cultures, there are several similarities in the value systems and modes of transmission of knowledge among communities. often it is not recognized as ʻvalid knowledgeʼ by scientists as it is combined with beliefs and values. allied forms of health knowledge there are allied forms of health knowledge such as yoga, tai-chi, qigong, kalari, judo-seifuku, various forms of meditations, breathing techniques, massage techniques, among many others which are related to wellbeing. though these are not purely medical systems they have been adapted as health applications and contribute to health sector immensely. new forms of alternative health knowledge there is also new knowledge generated in the west and other developed countries with a mix of ancient and contemporary scientific knowledge such as phyto-medicine, health supplements and macrobiotics among many others which are of relatively recent origin. there are other therapies such as reiki or shiatsu (the term and form as it is practiced today) which are of 20th century origin. often some of these are also a blend of one or more of older medical knowledge systems. some consider homeopathy and chiropractic systems not as traditional medical systems as they were developed in europe post 18th century after the introduction of modern medicine (who 2002). many other new forms of tcam therapies can be grouped under this category. since some of the new forms of alternative health knowledge are often guided by modern knowledge issues related to their acceptance may be different. classification and their policy significance such categorizations are useful as analytical frameworks to understand the historical path, popularity or acceptance and various policy initiatives of tcam in both developed and developing countries. this also helps to analyze trends such as standardization, institutionalization and globalization of tcam. while codified medical traditions have been formalized to a great extent in asia and command good attention in respective national policies, folk or oral knowledge or the allied disciplines do not receive much attention and often face a contemptuous treatment from the codified systems. similarly new forms of knowledge though may be recognized and regulated in the country of its 4) ayush department, government of india─http://indianmedicine.nic.in/ accessed on 28th august 2009. http://indianmedicine.nic.in/ ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 4 origin, continues to be unrecognized elsewhere. codified forms of knowledge like acupuncture, ayurveda, and chinese medicine, popularized in developed countries today seem to be commanding better attention due to their popularity and integration in health system in places of its origin. the recent term ʻalternativeʼ generally used in developed countries indicates a practice which does not fall under the realm of conventional medicine and the word ʻcomplementaryʼ refers to a medical practice which is used along with conventional medicine but has not been integrated into the formal health system. in such a perspective what is considered complementary or alternative in one country may be a mainstream practice in another. regulation, education, public funding, and research funding are all components of tcam policies that many nations are working to establish (who 2002). traditional chinese medicine (tcm), ayurveda (indian traditional medicine), mindbody medicine (chinese medicine), biologically based practices (herbs, food, vitamins), manipulative and body-based practices (chiropractic, osteopathy), and energy medicine (bio field therapies) are the five main categories into which tcam therapies are classified according to the clinical approach. therapy in the uk has also been divided into three categories by a panel of the house of lords: complementary treatments, alternative therapies, and professionally organized alternative therapies. the report has highlighted self-regulation as an important strategy for tcam. additionally, the european union has made efforts to promote tcam. in a similar vein, the white house established an alternative medicine panel to advise the president on administrative and legislative measures to increase the effectiveness of tcam. one more technique, "integrated medicine," is typically thought of as the ideal strategy for promoting tcam6. it refers to evidence-based care that uses the best of both conventional and alternative medicine in combination. a willingness to learn about the pros and cons of allopathic medicine is required, as is an acceptance that scientific knowledge cannot possibly address the myriad of complexities that patients face (snyderman and weil, 2002). tcam practitioners today practitioners of tcam can be classified as practitioners such as folk healers with no formal institutional training as in many developing countries; tcam practitioners trained through short term courses as in europe, usa and many other countries; tcam practitioners with university level formal education equivalent to allopathy as in south asia traditions of ayurveda, siddha, unani medicine; and allopaths practicing tcam as in japan and china. patterns of usage of tcam and their reasons around 80% of the population continues to use traditional medicine in africa, asia and latin america and many governments in these regions have incorporated traditional medicine practices to help meet their primary health care needs. in industrialized countries, almost half the population now regularly use some form of tcam (united states, 42%; australia, 48%; france, 49%; canada, 70%), and considerable use exists in many developing countries (china, 40%; india, 70%; chile, 71%; colombia, 40%; up to 80% in african countries) (bodeker and kronenberg 2002, who 2002). 5) the terms conventional medicine, allopathy, western bio-medicine are used in this article to mean modern, western medical system. 6) see snyderman and weil, 2002, some of the important principles of integrative medicine are a good physician-patient relationship with physicianʼs role as a healer, preventive maintenance of health by attention to all relative components of lifestyle, diet, exercise, stress management and emotional well being, natural and minimally invasive management methods. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 5 table 1 usage of tcam in developing and developed countries developing country usage of cam uganda 60% tanzania 60 % rwanda 70% india 70% benin 80% ethiopia 90% developed country usage of cam belgium 31% usa 42% australia 48% france 49% canada 70% source: who traditional medicine strategy 2002─2005, world health organization, geneva high per capita distribution of tcam practitioners in developing countries is an important reason for the widespread use of tcam. who report cites example of uganda, tanzania and zambia where the ratio between populations to healer is 1:200 to 1:400 while the ratio of allopathic practitioners to population is 1:20,000. in india, according to government sources, for the 65% of population traditional medicine is the only available source of healthcare (who 2002: 13). it is also an affordable source of health in many countries. another reason is that it is firmly embedded in the belief systems and can be termed ʻculturally compatible.ʼ in developed countries higher income and higher education are guiding factors of patient preference for traditional medicine. due to difficulties in accessing modern health care, ethnic minorities in developed societies who are disadvantaged both economically and socially, use tcam as a first health care choice, making it non complementary (bodeker et al. 2007). increase of chronic diseases, awareness about limitation of modern medicine, proven efficacy of tcam systems in selected conditions, emerging interest in holistic preventive health, integrated approach to medical education and increasing awareness among physicians are some of the reasons for renewed interest in traditional medicine7). higher quality of care by tcam practitioners has also been reported as an important reason for increasing health seeking and consumer satisfaction of tcam. within developing countries one can see a divergence of reasons in rural and urban trends in the health seeking behaviour. while accessibility, availability, cost are important aspects in rural areas, limitations of conventional medicine, concerns about chemical drugs, questionable assumptions of allopathic medicine, greater public access to information, changing values and reduced tolerance for paternalism, fitness and ecological consciousness etc., are reasons for accessing tcam (who 2002: 14) in urban areas as in developed countries. thus in emerging economies like china and india where there is a huge gap between the urban centres and rural areas proactive policies on tcam will have an impact across population. 7) few other reasons cited are emerging trends of post modernity, renewed interest in diversity of choices and ecological concerns, increased access of native systems by ethnic minorities in developed countries, emerging system biology approaches, customized care, body-mind medicine and economic factors. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 6 public financing according to the who global atlas, of the 213 member states only 27% have any form of public financing of tcam. a majority of this relates to service provision rather than research. in selected countries such as cuba, russian federation, the united kingdom and vietnam have adopted a ʻnational health serviceʼ model in which those eligible do not pay and it is covered by the government. many other countries including usa, eu, japan, republic of korea, australia and new zealand have a partial coverage for selected therapies or drugs. some other countries such as china, denmark have combined systems (bodeker et al. 2007: 41). in many developing countries, local healers subsidize the costs for patients who cannot pay and goes unaccounted for in official statistics. out of the pocket cam expenditure is significant and is rapidly growing. for instance, the estimated figures are: malaysia─us $500 million, usa ─2,700 million (1997), australia ─ 80 million, canada ─ 2,400 million and united kingdom ─ 2,300 million (who 2002). comparative studies of cost-effectiveness of allopathy and tcam would enable informed decisions on public financing of medical practices. policy measures the whoʼs traditional medicine strategy of 2002─2005 highlights some urgent needs such as national policy and regulation for safety, efficacy and quality, access and rational use of traditional medicines. only 66 countries out of 213 who member states have traditional medicine policies, while around 43 states have some kind of legislation and 20 member states are in the process of establishing some regulatory policies (bodeker et al. 2007). key elements suggested in a national policy are definition of tcam, definition of governmentsʼ role in developing tcam, provision of safety and quality assurance for therapies and products, legislation relating to tcam providers, provision of education and training, promotion of proper/rational use, provision of capacity building for human resources including allocation of financial resources, provision of coverage by public health insurance and consideration of intellectual property right issues. however, for most countries, data related to pattern, modalities and outcomes of traditional medicine usage are not recorded8). in many developed countries though there are strict regulations for usage of traditional medicine, there is a growing trend of traditional medicine use in the guise of ʻhealth supplementsʼ and spas. increased adoption of national policies would facilitate creation of internationally accepted norms and standards for research into safety and efficacy of tcam, rational use, sustainable usage of natural resources and protection and equitable use of knowledge of traditional medicine. countries such as india and china have purposively sought to develop the traditional medicine sector in order to strengthen their traditional medical heritage and at the same time also enable cost-efficacy in health care delivery to their people. it is also a response to capitalize on the economic opportunity arising from an increasing global demand for herbal products (bodeker and budford 2007). however in india, until recently, the fact and vast presence of folk medical stream was unrecognized in official policy indicating an alienation from ground realities9). currently in many countries there exists a contradiction between personal choices and public policies with respect to health care involving traditional medicines. while on the one hand the public at large actively integrate various health systems for a variety of reasons such as access, cost, efficacy, convenience, ethical and moral reasons, the policy and institutional mechanisms are slow to address various issues related to such integration. van der geest et al. (1990) 8) this refers to who seeks traditional health service, how is it sought and delivered, type of transactions, costs involved in transactions and the effects of using traditional medicines and services. 9) in the national policy on indian systems of medicine & homoeopathy of 2002, folk healing or local health traditions was recognized for the first time─http://www.whoindia.org/linkfiles/ayush_npolicy-ism&h-homeopathy.pdf. http://www.whoindia.org/linkfiles/ayush_npolicy-ism%26h-homeopathy.pdf ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 7 established policies 31% no policy 40% policy in process 9% some legislation 20% policies 31% process 9% figure 1 status of tcam policies in who member countries data source: bodeker et al. 2007 suggest that research into opinions and practices concerning traditional medicine and health care at different levels of social integration will doubtlessly lead to more policy relevant conclusions. economic importance world market of herbal medicine based on traditional medicine is estimated at us $60 billion (who 2002) and it is steadily growing. the global wellness spa industry which is vastly based on tcam is valued at $255 billion annually (cohen and bodeker 2008). many of the major modern drugs such as quinine, salicylic acid, artemisinin have been discovered from folk knowledge10). according to napralert database of the university of illinois, chicago11), 74% of the 119 pure compound based modern drugs derived from plants have been based on leads provided by traditional medical knowledge and the modern applications are similar to the traditional ones (farnsworth 1988: 95). as the economic importance of traditional knowledge and medicinal plants based products and services are growing they provide employment opportunities to various sections of people. at the same time it raises concerns about availability of medicinal plants, increasing costs of herbal products in domestic market especially for marginalized population and a dilution of classical practices. 2. traditional medicine in various world regions although alternative forms of health care are prevalent in all regions of the world, there is only scant statistical data of their presence. recently published who global atlas of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine is the first attempt to compile comprehensive information on traditional medicine globally in terms of policy, regulation, financing, education, research, practice and use (bodeker et al. 2005). the publication explicitly states that it depended on secondary sources for the compilation due to lack of primary data in most member states. according to a regional overview in the who african region (afr) only 50% of the population has access to essential health care while 80% continue to rely on african traditional medicines (atrm) including herbal medicine, 10) see also http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1490916 (the quinine connection), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/18175528 (from the willow to aspirin), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18699744 (artemisinin). 11) natural product alert database─http://www.napralert.org/. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1490916 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18699744 http://www.napralert.org/ ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 8 spiritual therapies and manual therapies. traditional medicine is largely transmitted as oral knowledge and around 4,000 species are used in atrm which is predominantly (90%) plant based. currently over half (56%) of the countries in the region have formulated traditional medicine policies and majority have established national departments in the health ministry and developed strategies for promotion. in 2001 a regional strategy for promoting atrm was adopted following which at the world health assembly 2003 a resolution on atrm was also passed. an atrm day is observed for advocacy on august 31st each year among member countries and african summit of heads of state in 2001 declared 2001─2010 as atrm decade. these initiatives have been supported by who and african summit of heads of state, especially for research and integration in the management of hiv/aids, tuberculosis, malaria and other infectious diseases. self regulatory bodies such as healers associations have been established in many countries (kasilo et al. 2005). latin american indigenous communities rely heavily on traditional medicine practitioners like herbalists, masseurs, bonesetters, and spiritual therapists. the americas region, which includes 35 member states of the world health organization (who), is home to a large indigenous population and 60% of the world's biodiversity. the use of complementary and alternative medicine (cam) practices such as massage, spiritual therapies, acupuncture, chiropractic, homeopathy, and herbal remedies is also on the rise. there are now health ministry divisions, institutions dedicated to traditional medicine research, and herbal product laws in several nations. traditional medicine is not covered by insurance in most countries, and only cuba and the united states provide university-level study. the cuban national health system now incorporates tcam. according to gupta (2005), the pan american health organization (paho) has been instrumental in promoting tcam throughout the americas. ayurveda, siddha, unani, homeopathy, yoga, naturopathy, tibetan, jamu, thai, and koryo medicine are some of the most well-known medicinal systems in the south east asian region (sear), in addition to the many folk medicine traditions. about seventy to eighty percent of people utilize tcam. following the establishment of national regulations, the majority of nations instituted mandatory registration of both trained and untrained practitioners. nevertheless, many people who follow traditional practices do not register. in addition to national laws, departments, and research institutions, the majority of sear nations provide university-level tcam programs. there is a lack of strong non-governmental self-regulation systems in the area. there has been some incorporation of tcam into the public health systems of sri lanka, india, nepal, and thailand. it has been noted by gaitonde and kurup (2005) that while the maldives and indonesia have not yet included them into their healthcare systems, nepal, the democratic republic of the korea, and bhutan have begun plans for integration. despite widespread use, traditional medicine often goes unsupported in nations with robust codified knowledge systems. the 51 member nations that make up the european union (eur) exhibit vastly different patterns of maternal and newborn mortality, morbidity, and life expectancy when compared to their western counterparts. it is believed that in eastern europe, new interests in tcam have arisen as a result of the loosening of societal restraints after the collapse of communism, in contrast to western europe, where the "green" lifestyle and new ideas about doctorpatient interactions are driving tcam's resurrection. the european parliament issued four requests for action in 1999: first, the formal recognition of tcam and the establishment of suitable commissions; second, the creation of a safety, efficacy, and areas of applicability framework; third, the definition and classification of tcam; fourth, the analysis of tcam laws in different countries; and fifth, the advancement of tcam-related basic and clinical research. currently, several nations in the european union are taking steps to legitimize tcam practitioners by creating national ministries or authorities and instituting regulation and licensing systems. only one nation, the united kingdom, has a public hospital specifically for tcam, or homeopathy. in almost half of the nations, there are self-regulatory organizations. according to ong et al. (2005), there are significant differences in schooling and other areas of tcam within the eur region. popular knowledge, healers/oral traditions, codified systems, and traditional complementary and alternative medicine (tcm) treatments make up traditional medicine in the 22 member nations that make up the eastern mediterranean region (emr). beginning in 2003, emr has worked on standards for the registration of herbal products as well as technical standards for the safety, effectiveness, and quality control of herbal medications. as an alternative to conventional treatment, many people turn to alternative techniques such as aromatherapy, chiropractic, osteopathy, naturopathy, spiritual therapy, reflexology, ayurveda, homeopathy, chinese medicine, unani, and other forms of ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 9 traditional indian medicine. consequently, there is a wide range in the systems that are in use, the factors that influence public choice, and the level of government endorsement and acknowledgment (el-gendy 2005). in the western pacific region (wpr), two nations are currently working on national policy, while eighteen have already done so. japan and the republic of korea only cover a subset of traditional medical procedures, in contrast to nations like vietnam and china where all of it is covered by insurance. public funding for tcam is nonexistent in several of the region's nations. there are four types of traditional medicine practitioners in the area. one type has training in both allopathic and traditional medicine. another type has training in traditional chinese medicine (tcm) and some allopathic knowledge. a fourth type has training in tcm alone. a fifth type has no formal training or credentials, but still practices traditional medicine, such as folk healers or birth attendants. formal university education for tcam is available in several countries in the area. the development of a regional plan to promote tcam was completed in 2005 (roh). almost eighty-nine percent of japan's medical schools now teach kampo medicine, and 72 percent of japanese physicians regularly practice it (imanishi et al. 1999: 1735). the existing usage data is imprecise and nonexistent in almost all locations. there is a lack of data about patient choice, user demographics and socioeconomic status, usage economics, and safety reporting. while there are official university programs for tcam in places like sear and wpr, informal education is the norm in other areas. even in the regulatory processes, there is a noticeable difference. while tcam is controlled by the government in other areas, self-regulation seems to be more common in afr, amr, and eur. how successful are these self-regulation strategies? that is a valid concern. information on practitioners who are not registered is entirely lacking in the majority of areas. this problem demands urgent attention since it involves a crucial resource for primary health care in places like sear, emr, and amr. it is a true contradiction. the drive to standardize systems and create uniformity in some locations is another notable trait, with the approach frequently derided as "biomedicalization" being used to achieve this goal. keeping tcam's variety alive is quite difficult because of this. finally, greater indepth investigation is required into the role and support of community and civil society organizations in promoting and integrating tcam, which is clear in all areas. 3. multilateral policies and promotional initiatives over the past three decades, who has produced several policy documents on tcam relating to their promotion and development, regulation, guidelines and standards for safety, efficacy, good manufacturing, research, assessment, clinical trials, rational use, training of health practitioners, standardization of terminologies in specific disciplines such as acupuncture, relevance in hiv/aids, consumer information, good agricultural practices, safety monitoring, conservation of natural resources, intellectual property rights and so on. the first atlas of tcam outlining the status of these policies in various member states was published by who kobe centre in 2005. there are 19 who collaborating centres of traditional medicine working various research and development areas of which seven are located in china. apart from this, tcam sector is receiving increasing policy support now from other multilateral organizations as well. in a united nations environment program (unep) conceptual framework on poverty and ecosystem, ability to use traditional medicine is one of the 10 resources of wellbeing (janska 2005: 4). the convention on international trade in endangered species of flora and fauna (cites) under unep has promoted sustainable use of natural resources by ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 10 monitoring trade of endangered species of flora and fauna. the food and agriculture organization (fao) has developed many policy resources on non-timber forest produce including medicinal plants pertinent to policy, conservation and research. the un conference on trade and development (unctad) is involved in protection of traditional knowledge and also promoting trade and development opportunities for developing countries through traditional medicine. the un industrial development organization (unido) has been recommending support for industrial use of medicinal plants, improved technologies for standardization, and supporting capacities of member countries. the world intellectual property organization (wipo) has supported initiatives for ipr protection of traditional medical knowledge. other international organizations such as the commonwealth secretariat, european union, world bank and world trade organization also have programs on certain aspects of traditional medicine. similarly nongovernmental bodies such as cochrane collaboration, ford foundation and world wide fund for nature (wwf) have also been assisting various initiatives in tcam (who 2002). in the united nations committee on economic, social and cultural rights resolution of 2000, article 34 on the right to the highest attainable standard of health, statesʼ obligations to respect include, “obligation to refrain from prohibiting or impeding traditional preventive care, healing practices and medicines.” besides, there are policies regarding indigenous people, traditional knowledge (tk), bio-diversity etc., which have synergy with tcam policies. the united nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples of 200712), article 24, is about right to use traditional medicines. the convention on biological diversity (cbd) 199213), indigenous and tribal peoples convention (ilo) 198914), international treaty on plant genetic resources (fao) 200115), un declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples (unpfii) 2006, the convention for the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage (unesco) 200316) are some of the major global instruments that address issues related to traditional knowledge. the convention on biological diversity signed by 191 countries calls for the need to respect, preserve and maintain traditional cultures and encourage customary use of biological resources in line with principles of sustainable use and conservation; need to ensure equitable sharing of benefits among tk holders who have contributed to a research process; and the need to obtain prior informed consent of providing parties to access biological resources and related knowledge on mutually agreed terms between the parties. similarly wipo in conjunction with unesco has developed a sui generis model for intellectual property type protection of traditional cultural expressions. there are several non-government organizations, civil society groups and other self regulated associations advocating tcam. some of the local approaches to preserve and promote traditional medicine include documentation, building of databases, assessment through community based approaches, self help approaches through home/ community herbal gardens, community health workers training on various aspects, organizing and training local healers, interventions and research initiatives on specific conditions (such as malaria, hiv, anaemia), orientation of conventional health professionals on tcam, consumer watch, livelihood promotion through economic activities, conservation and sustainable use of resources, multi stakeholder participation and evolving guidelines on benefit sharing and knowledge protection. 12) http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/en/drip.html─article 24─indigenous peoples have the right to their traditional medicines and to maintain their health practices, including the conservation of their vital medicinal plants, animals and minerals. indigenous individuals also have the right to access, without any discrimination, to all social and health services. 13) convention on biological diversity (cbd)─see article 8j─http://www.cbd.int/traditional/. 14) indigenous and tribal peoples convention (ilo)─see article 25─http://www.ilo.org. 15) international treaty on plant genetic resources (fao)─see article 9─ftp://ftp.fao.org/ag/cgrfa/it/itpgre.pdf. 16) united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization (unesco)─see http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/ 001325/132540e.pdf. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/en/drip.html http://www.cbd.int/traditional/ http://www.ilo.org/ http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/ ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 11 figure 2 density of modern medicine physicians per 100,000 persons in various countries data source: patwardhan 2005 4. role of traditional medicine in public health 4.1 inadequacies in health system according to the world health organization, one third of the global population has no regular access to essential modern medicines, and in parts of africa, asia and latin america, about half of the population faces shortage of minimum healthcare. studies on public health in the developing world repeatedly point to inadequacies in health care financing by the states which has led to a situation of highly limited material and human resources for healthcare services. patwardhan (2005) cites the density of physicians of modern medicine per 100,000 persons in various countries as on year 2004 as: rwanda 1.9, ethiopia 2.9, uganda 4.7, benin 5.8, india 51.3 and china 164.2. this is in contrast to countries such as australia and the usa where the figures are 249.1 and 548.9 respectively. this reveals the glaring inequities in health care delivery in developing countries. external resource oriented, foreign technology based and vertically designed healthcare programs have been a major stumbling block for not achieving desired health outcomes in many developing countries. who identifies that the main constraints are low literacy and income levels, socio-cultural beliefs and practices, and suboptimal utilization of health facilities. heavy burden of communicable diseases such as hiv, malaria and other parasitic diseases, pneumonia, diarrhea, tuberculosis, coupled with chronic diseases such as diabetes, ischemic heart diseases etc., (a situation often referred as double burden), persistently torment lives in these countries. high maternal and child mortality, rapid demographic changes and urbanization, under utilization of public healthcare, ineffective health support systems for poor population, increasing privatization of health facilities, migration of medical professionals, environmental changes and related epidemics are some other major public health concerns in such economies. high out of pocket spending on health in countries like india, which is around 78%, and lack of appropriate health insurance or social security are other concerns. added to this, in the wake of globalization and wto regime, there is a perceived challenge of increased inaccessibility and unavailability of healthcare to the economically disadvantaged people of such societies (nambiar et al. 2007). to quote nambiar et al. further, “a major challenge for health care planners is integrating health promotion and disease ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 12 prevention on the one hand, and treatment of acute illness and chronic care on the other. this has to be done at all levels of the health system with the aim of delivering quality services equitably and efficiently to the whole population.” while the united nationsʼ millennium development goals (mdgs), who strategies and united nations human rights office (unhchr) call for immediate actions to address access to health care, it vastly continues to remain a challenge at global and national levels. this is because ʻaccessʼ involves physical, social, political and economic dimensions. some of the key resolutions of the world health assembly 2005 were directed to addressing crisis of human resources, assuring health of poorest people, health of women and children, healthy aging, addressing microbial resistance and cancer prevention and control (janska 2005). 4.2 relevance of tcam in many regions of the world where modern healthcare is not readily available or affordable, public continue to rely on traditional medicines which are based on locally available natural resources and cultural knowledge. in a public health context, availability, accessibility, affordability, utility, quality, efficiency and equity have relevance in respective order in promotion of traditional medicine17). while much of the attention in tcam sector has been given to address clinical, regulatory and supply oriented issues, there is a general neglect of wider public health dimensions (bodeker and kronenberg, 2002). quantitative research to ascertain levels of existing access (both financial and geographic) and qualitative research to clarify constraints to extending such access are important (who 2002). the focus should be for those diseases which represent greatest burden for poor populations. according to kleinman (2002) health seeking arenas can be classified into three: home level, informal and professional sector. of this, home level covers 75% and in every 1,000 illness episodes 750 never get outside of family sector and are managed through household means. rest 25% is divided among professional sector such as hospital, clinics of biomedicine or western medicine, chinese medicine, ayurvedic medicine etc., and the non-professionalized, folk sector such as local healers, lay therapists with no institutional support18). such a classification brings about a picture of the potential interventions of tcam. 4.3 health in own hands─importance of self help and home level care large scale community interventions like home herbal gardens in india have demonstrated that many simple primary health care problems like fever, upper respiratory tract infections, gastro-intestinal problems such diarrhea, dysentery, worm infestations, hepatitis, anaemia, arthritic conditions, and certain gynecological conditions can be managed at household level through simple herbal home remedies and early identification and interventions. reproductive health and nutrition forms two important aspects of household care. considerable health cost saving has been found through this program apart from health and nutrition benefits (hariramamurthi et al. 2007). a similar approach of an efficient household care is the toyama herbal medicine distributors who traveled across japan for distributing essential medicines which remains an exemplary model of public health system in rural areas (joicfp 1983). these and several such models attest to the potential of community interventions through tcam for simple ailments. 17) jaime galvez tan, paper presented at the health and sustainability workshop, universiti sains malaysia, kotabharu, malaysia, may 2008, unpublished. 18) arthur kleinman, national institute of health lecture, 2002─http://videocast.nih.gov/summary.asp?file=10463 accessed on 28th august 2009. http://videocast.nih.gov/summary.asp?file=10463 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 13 4.4 role of tcam in communicable diseases in communicable diseases such as malaria, hiv, traditional medicine has proved its significance. global incidence of malaria is around 300 million per year leading to mortality as high as 1.124 million and around 40% affected population have no access to effective modern drugs (wilcox and bodeker 2007). two of the major drugs used in malaria management such as quinine and artemisinin are derived from traditional medical knowledge in peru and china respectively. traditional medicine is an important source for several such potential drugs for contemporary applications in various infectious diseases. a recent survey showed that 78% of patients living with hiv/aids in the usa use cam medicines (who 2002: 14) and similar patterns have been reported in many other developed and developing countries. a number of systematic studies on efficacy are slowly emerging suggesting antiretroviral, immunomodulatory and opportunistic infection reducing effects of traditional management methods (liu 2007). 4.5 role in chronic diseases longer life expectancy in developed countries as well as newly emerging economies have brought increased risks of chronic, debilitating diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, musculo-skeletal disorders, cancer, diabetes and mental disorders. it is an accepted fact that tcam is playing an important role in care of such chronic diseases. systematic studies and wide dissemination of potentials of traditional medicine are required for further popularization of such methods. 4.6 relevance of local healers as health care providers folk healers continue to play a key public health role contributing to availability of human resources in countries where the population to physician ratio is high (see figure 2). apart from general healers, traditional orthopedic practitioners, birth attendants, poison healers, spiritual therapists, mental health providers, healers specialized in eye, pediatric conditions, skin diseases etc., are some of the specialty areas. estimations suggest that around 60% of child deliveries in the world are managed by traditional birth attendants. though many official policies do not recognize them, more countries are realizing the community health education role that healers can perform. 5. history and current status of health sector integration when it comes to combining contemporary health care with traditional medicine, different people have different ideas. understanding of tcam may be confirmed and assimilated to improve modern medical understanding, according to the utilitarian perspective. several medications have this kind of integration; for instance, artemisinina for malaria and salicylic acid for fever. the idea of a syncretic viewpoint is to combine elements of two systems into one. a common model in modern health systems is complementarity, in which complementary and alternative medicine (tcm) services supplement those of conventional medicine. this is the case in many industrialized nations. according to proponents of the co-evolutionary theory, many bodies of knowledge undergo simultaneous development, driven in part by internal processes and in part by the feedback loops established by interactions and dialogues between various bodies of information. understanding that scientific knowledge is just one facet of a much larger body of information and that all knowledge is inherently culturally entrenched and constitutive of historical evolution is fundamental to a trans-cultural and transdisciplinary synergy approach. thorough engagement may be beneficial for both parties. another romantic perspective is that tcam should be allowed to stay its current state since it is fundamentally wonderful. another argument is that traditional medicine in a hierarchical healthcare system pushes tcam to the sidelines. the idea that tcam needs constant updating by scientific investigations is another paternalistic viewpoint (haverkort 2006). many medications have been created and included based on conventional medical wisdom, and the utilitarian perspective is still the most popular among them. in a fully integrated system, traditional and complementary medicine (tcm) is acknowledged and integrated into all parts of health care. this includes being part of the country's drug policy, having providers and products registered and regulated, having therapies available at public and private hospitals and clinics, having health insurance reimburse treatments with tcm, conducting relevant ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 14 research, and having access to education on tcam. this kind of system is seen in countries like vietnam, the republic of korea, and china. countries like equatorial guinea, nigeria, mali, canada, and india showcase a fully integrated tcam system. in a "tolerant system," the legislation permits some complementary and alternative medicine (cam) activities, but the national health care system is based only on allopathy (who 2002: 8). an important step in incorporating tcam techniques into national drug policies and regulatory procedures was the 1978 alma ata statement, given at the world health organization's international conference on primary health care. the declaration called for the incorporation of proven therapies. in line with tcam principles, it also determined that health is more than just the absence of sickness or infirmity; it encompasses a person's emotional, psychological, and social wellness as a whole. developed nations may learn a lot from asia's successes in integrating tcam into national policy (bodeker 2001: 164). even as early as the 1950s, nations like china were incorporating traditional medicinal practices, such as the renowned barefoot physicians program. opponents contend that this has led to "biomedicalization" and a watered-down version of traditional chinese medicine. with conventional medicine's structural and functional supremacy established, the contemporary health system has allegedly evolved into a hierarchical pluralism (lee 1998). from the edo period onwards, japan had a well-established public health system that integrated traditional medicine via the toyama medicine distributors (joicfp 1983: 2). however, during the meiji restoration era, allopathic medicine took over, and traditional medicine was only brought back in the 1970s due to high consumer demand. one explanation for japan's long life expectancy is the seamless integration of traditional practices, particularly those pertaining to nutrition and health, with the country's advanced technical infrastructure. similar to the rest of the world, traditional medicine in south asia began to emerge in the early 20th century. in the years after india's independence, the practice of ayurveda flourished thanks to the country's eclectic attitude and parallel model. despite the fact that it helped traditional medical systems become more selfsufficient, they have still not been completely included into public health systems because of persistent resistance from conventional medicine. governments at the national level have been sluggish to react, despite world health organization policy instructions calling for the worldwide integration of tcam. concurrently, people figure out how to connect different systems the right manner, depending on what they require. according to researchers, there are a number of reasons why beneficiary groups may not share the same level of enthusiasm as national governments and international organizations when it comes to certain forms of integration (vander geest 1990: 1032). although there has been a gradual shift in the last decade, as seen by the rise in the number of nations establishing national policies, the seeming conflict between popular preferences and national policies remains. once supported by a consumer or community-based movement, tcam is now gaining backing from the state via aggressive national policy. 6. key challenges in the recent decades though there have been certain international and national policies for preserving and promoting traditional medicine, the progress of their implementation has been rather slow. additionally these policies fall short of adequately addressing a number of concerns related to tcam such as safety, efficacy, quality, rational use, availability, preservation and development of such health care, sustainable use of natural resources and assuring equity in transactions at various levels and so on (who 2002, bodeker et al. 2007). lack of sound scientific evidence relating to safety and efficacy, problems in ensuring quality and rational use, inadequate understanding of socio-cultural context ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 15 of their practice and usage, protection of intellectual property rights of knowledge holders, assuring sustainable natural resource use, regulation and capacity building of non-formal practitioners, developing appropriate methodologies for evaluation, resolving conflicts with mainstream medicine are some of the key challenges in the sector. 6.1 safety, efficacy, quality towards the end of 19th century traditional medicine production shifted from a home level production to cottage industry and subsequently to large industrial mass production. for instance, today in india there are over 9,000 registered pharmaceutical industries of various indian systems of medicine. though the percentage of large industries is less, quality control is a major challenge. according to who, the quantity and quality of safety and efficacy data available on tcam are far from sufficient to meet the criteria needed to support its use worldwide. this is due to variety of reasons such as lack of proper documentation, appropriate policies and even a suitable research methodology. it is argued that while modern medicine emphasizes on a scientific approach, and content that is value-free and unmarked by cultural aspects, tcam have developed rather differently with much influence by the culture and historical context in which they first evolved. their epistemic framework, principles, concepts and practice are quite different from those of western biomedicine (shankar et al. 2006). they generally tend to focus on a holistic approach to life, equilibrium between mind and body and the environment and adopt a preventive approach (who 2002) thus making it difficult to develop appropriate methodologies without harming these unique features. moreover issues such as chemical complexity of multiple plant based formulations are also challenges for developing a suitable methodology for research. in popular parlance there is a general understanding that herbal medicines are safe. however reports of toxicity in traditional medicines have been a matter of concern currently. a recent study reported heavy metal content in ayurvedic herbal preparations sold in the american market and have recommended mandatory toxic heavy metal testing for all herbal products. researchers argue that such studies are important and needed, however are more related to the quality control failures of the mass manufacturing activities. often these reports are wrongly interpreted and have a negative implication on the use. effective quality control and regulation are certainly needed without limiting public access to these preparations or resorting to restrictive trade practice, at the same time ensuring public interest (patwardhan 2005). there has been no development of alternate standards and methods at any national or international level. thus there are also differing risk assessments in different regions for tcam. like in other products, varying regulations in different countries often create double standards for export and domestic consumption of herbal products especially in developing countries. in many countries usage in tradition is considered a reason for exemption from strict safety regulations for tcam, which may not be valid in all instances. according to shia et al. (2007), when traditional medicine is practiced outside its original context and practiced as complementary or alternative medicine, there is a need for increased vigilance due to differing population characteristics, modification of formulations and methods of the transported knowledge. according to who, as a general rule evaluation of tcam should take care of its medical, historical and ethnological background of herbal products and traditional experience of its use. european union is adopting a ʻtraditional use registrationʼ procedure for herbal medicines. similarly many other countries are introducing such systems. safety monitoring for herbal medicines is also increasing. adverse experiences from plants such as aristolochia, drug interactions of st. johnʼs wort and toxicity of kava-kava have increased awareness among public and scientific community. under reporting and poor quality of data provided by users are major challenges for regulators (barnes 2007). countries with their own traditional medical systems are more likely to measure risks against benefits. also in countries where tcam is recently becoming popular, safety is often considered prime compared to efficacy like in the usa (shia et al. 2005). ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 16 standardization of several aspects such as nomenclature of medicinal plants and other resources, their collection practices, semi processes and final processing, packaging, preservation, storage, product life, labeling and modes of distribution including clinical application are needed to ensure quality, safety and efficacy of tcam. monitoring of practitioners is also done in various countries by checking their usage of medicines and medical procedures, re-registration after a given number of years, medical supervision by allopaths, introduction of voluntary self regulation systems, and so on. often ambiguities in regulations strain referrals and relationship of conventional practitioners and tcam practitioners. non disclosure of complementary therapies used along with conventional medicines by patients during allopathic consultation is as high as 77% which stymies efficacy assessment of therapies. concern about negative responses, a perception that physicians need not know about therapies outside their domain, and physicians do not elicit questions about other therapies are considered reason for nondisclosure (bodeker et al. 2007: 14). other reasons could be that the patient did not consider complementary interventions as serious medical methods and lack of awareness about consequences of drug interactions. this fact points to a need to strengthen physician-patient relationship and building awareness about the potentials and likely problems of such therapies both among patients and conventional medical practitioners. 6.2 rational use information, education and communication are three major pillars of rational use. qualification and licensing of providers, proper use of products of assured quality, good communication between tcam providers, allopathic practitioners as well as patients and provision of scientific information and guidance for public (who 2002) are some of the key challenges in assuring rational use. proper consumer information is most important in facilitating appropriate usage of tcam. who has its mission in essential drugs and medicines policy to help save lives and improve health by articulating policy and advocacy positions, working in partnership, producing guidelines and practical tools, developing norms and standards, stimulating strategic operational research, developing human resources and managing information (who 2002: 5). a country specific essential drug list for tcam would facilitate sustainable and prioritized production and consumption of tcam medicines. 6.3 education two dimensions have been identified as important in education. the first one is to ensure that the knowledge, qualifications and training of tcam practitioners are adequate. secondly, there is a good understanding between tcam practitioners and that of conventional medicine and there is complementarity in the practice. there are various models with respect to education. in some countries tcam courses are integrated into allopathic medical education. elsewhere tcam courses are taught in the same duration and manner in which allopathic courses are designed. in some regions tcam is taught through short term courses. in many developing countries informal, experiential learning by apprenticing with physicians continues to be the major trend. all of them have their own attendant issues. while little attention may be paid by allopathic students when it is integrated into their curriculum, a university level formal education for tcam makes it difficult to transfer many of the experience based aspects of tradition in an institutional milieu. for example pulse diagnosis or the understanding of vital points or certain non physical methods of treatments are seldom taught in indian ayurvedic universities today. similarly short term courses also fall short of giving sufficient learning for students about certain experiential elements. while experiential learning through apprenticing with a healer used to be the method traditionally, today it does not find its place in an overwhelmingly formalizing system and due to lack of recognition for those trained in family traditions. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 17 6.4 accessibility and cost effectiveness over 50% of deaths in developing countries are due to five infectious diseases. common communicable diseases are widely prevalent in areas where access to modern drugs is limited (who 2002: 24). in the developing countries tcam continues to be comparatively inexpensive though it is feared that a technology intensive production process would make tcam unaffordable. for the health sector to improve, measures such as improving physical and economic access, preventive strategies, wellness management, promotion of best and essential practices in both communicable and chronic diseases, increased cooperation between various medical systems, sustainable natural resource use, protection of intellectual property rights, and equitable transactions are vital. 6.5 “bio-medicalisation” of tcam formalization of tcam is resulting in increasing “biomedicalisation” of tcam practices as they are being integrated into the formal health systems. fears about safety and efficacy, hierarchical relationship of medical systems, economical and political factors including global dominance of the west, unfamiliarity with tcam approaches among policy makers, are all playing a negative role in this phenomenon (bodeker et al. 2007: 76). this contributes to erosion of local knowledge especially relating to non-material or metaphysical aspects, continued marginalization of practitioners, increasing absorption of best drugs and practices into allopathic knowledge and so on. conflict with formal systems in many countries even those with strong history of tcam, is a major issue as allopathic professionals in most regions have strong reservations and sometimes total disbelief about the benefits of tcam (who 2002). 6.6 research a large number of present modern drugs are from traditional medical knowledge. experience of drugs like artemisia, st. johnʼs wort has boosted confidence among pharmaceuticals to establish the efficacy of other extensively used tcam therapies (patwardhan 2005). however recent reviews have shown that clinical trials in tcam have been scanty and inadequately designed.19) the low level of research has slowed development of national standards and integration efforts. there is an increase in research on tcam in japan and china while in other countries research programs have been bare minimum. tcam therapies and drugs can often be equated with modern surgical procedures without any rigorous clinical trials and are based on individual case reports of patient series. it is said that before randomized clinical trials are taken up, ethnographic, epidemiological, observational, survey and cohort methodologies are important for developing comprehensive research designs. care should be exercised to be sensitive to the theoretical, clinical and cultural assumptions of the modality or system being evaluation in order to ensure that such research designs adequately measure what one thinks is being studied (bodeker and kronenberg 2002: 1589). it is a welcome situation that in some countries, exemption is given to medicines with history of use to pass to the phase three clinical trials with preliminary toxicity studies. epidemiological and public health mapping exercises are neglected aspects in the tcam field. they are important to study population based effects of tcam use as well as creating data on the presence and quality of service by tcam providers, especially in areas where there is limited access to conventional health care (bodeker and burford 2007: 434). there are also insufficient contributions from social sciences to tcam and most studies consider cultural knowledge as a stumbling block for health sector development. 19) the chochrane of tcam found that article indexed as alternative medicine formed only 0.4% of the total number of medline listed articles for the period of 1966─1996. however this is steadily improving showing a positive trend (who 2002: 22). ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 18 6.7 evidence based medicine (ebm) ebm has emerged as an important dimension in modern medical care. the modernist attitude towards traditional knowledge has been as ʻeither modernize or disappearʼ. in a context where the mightiest comes to be identified with the best reason (couze and featherstone 2006: 459)20), traditional medicine is in a challenging process of proving itself through a completely different epistemology. however public preferences are moving in a direction where science is not the starting point for health decision making (terasawa 2004, janska 2005). it is feared that imposition of ebm, research on selected aspects of tcam through randomized controlled studies, and the absorption of successful practices as evidence based ʻmodernʼ medicine would result in medical absorption and finally resulting in an erosion of ʻalternateʼ approaches to health. 6.8 intellectual property rights and equitable benefit sharing discussions on ownership issues of tcam have been centered on two major multilateral bodies. the convention on biological diversity and the world trade organizationʼs (wto) agreement on trade related intellectual property rights (trips) which advocates exclusive rights on any invention under patents, geographical indications, trade secrets and trade marks and makes no distinction for traditional knowledge. trips takes the position that ownership is fully based on registration of innovations. while there are discussions ongoing on how to synergize and find a balance between these two conventions, the topic assumes high importance as researchers and pharmaceutical industries are increasingly looking for better products and commercial applications. 6.9 natural resources and their sustainable use tcam is highly dependant on biodiversity and there is increasing demand for plants, animal and mineral resources. this has led to a situation of endangering many important medicinal plants. there is still no country wise estimation of medicinal plant diversity, data on cultivated and wild sources and trade data in terms of domestic and export demand. there is also insufficient data on agro-technology of medicinal plants. variation in active ingredients in plants collected from different agro-climatic locations is also a major problem. though many countries have initiated efforts of both in situ and ex-situ conservation of medicinal flora and fauna, efforts in this area remain abysmally low and confounded by non-transparency. it is estimated that in countries like india 95 % of medicinal resources are harvested from the wild through unsustainable collection methods. around 300 medicinal plants in the country have been categorized under different levels of threat status (frlht 2002)21). who has prepared guidelines on good agricultural practices but the implementation of this has also been low. 6.10 local healers from the local healers point of view lack of successors, erosion of knowledge, conflicts with mainstream knowledge, lack of recognition, restrictive regulations for collection of medicinal materials, lack of adequate intellectual property protection, incompatibility of local ownership values with contemporary laws are some of the key concerns. 20) according to couze and featherstone (2006: 458, 460), “they (such impositions) attest to the alternative visions and trajectories sidelined when modernity acquires the force of a project of worlding a world according to a singular vision and temporalization of history and older knowledge may be readmitted but subject to the critical and skeptical judgment of a rational method, uncluttered by faith and dogmas”. 21) see also www.frlht.org for detailed data on endangered medicinal plants in india and efforts for their conservation. http://www.frlht.org/ ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 19 6.11 need for an intercultural approach it is necessary to understand these challenges in light of the historical background of post-colonial developments of these knowledge systems. one of the major influences has been the positivist school of both modern natural and social sciences which continued to marginalize contributions of traditional knowledge till recent times. in the promotion of tcam in the contemporary context it is essential to have an intercultural approach. as mentioned earlier traditional medical knowledge in various countries have evolved within socio-cultural and historical context and their epistemic framework, principles, concepts and practice are quite different from those of modern science (who 2002: 7, shankar et al. 2007). while there is a contemporary value in applying modern science and technology tools for creating objective and verifiable standards for traditional knowledge products and concepts, currently the approach to creating standards is one-sided. this is because it does not adequately consult the available qualitative tcam standards and parameters. furthermore, most therapies in tcam involve both drug as well as non-drug interventions (shankar et al. 2007) making it complex to develop appropriate methodology. today, government regulators do not take epistemological differences into account while setting standards to monitor quality in respect of consistency, safety and efficacy of tcam products and services. an intercultural collaborative approach involving in-depth consultation between traditional and modern sciences will be central to overcome some of the complex challenges mentioned in this section. 7. conclusion the general population has embraced traditional medical practices for their diverse health care requirements, and these practices are widespread around the globe. although they are being supported and even expanded by both emerging and established nations via ongoing community or public patronage, there is a disconnect between popular choice and national, institutional attempts to integrate them. traditional medical cultures are still being marginalized in health systems due to the high proportion of external resources used for development, the focus on technology, and the role of markets as the primary driver of distribution. in light of the impending health care demands, it is clear that any healthcare paradigm dependent on a single medical system would struggle to meet these needs. as a corollary, it is and will remain evident that cultural and traditional medical knowledge serves as a catalyst for achieving health sector development goals. use of tcam in the developed and developing worlds is quite different, however. in wealthy nations, security is paramount; in poorer nations, accessibility and affordability seem to be the main concerns. varied stakeholders, including regulators, customers, practitioners, and the industry as a whole, seem to have quite varied perspectives on the challenges and concerns at hand. few meaningful integration models and policy studies have been conducted in the field, and there is also a lack of data on tcam use. rather than idealizing tcam, we must take into account concerns about their effectiveness, quality, accessibility, and reasonable usage via appropriate legislative measures. we must also find ways to integrate them with the mainstream health system while preserving their distinctive qualities and variety. developing a health care system that is more expensive, less safe, and neglects to handle the management of health in a publically accountable way is possible if we do not critically evaluate what should be integrated and what should not (who 2002: 20). it is necessary to consider the contextual realities and epistemological nuances of these systems while crafting suitable regulations. acknowledgement author would like to thankfully acknowledge the continuous guidance and support rendered by his supervisor prof. osamu koike for taking up this study. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 20 references books bodeker, g., c. k. ong, c. grundy, g. burford, k. shein, who global atlas of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine, world health organization, kobe, 2005. bodeker, g., and g. burford, traditional, complementary and alternative medicine policy and public health perspectives, imperial college press, 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pp. 903─911. issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 1 institutions of microfinance and the progress of rural areas k.sravanthi , k,sandeep , c.h .ashok assistant professor1,2,3 bharthi institute of management article info received: 01-11-2022 revised: 20 -12-2022 accepted: 14-02-2023 introduction microfinance, in its first iteration, meant giving small loans to low-income families so that they could take part in productive activities or build their small businesses. reference: (f.a.j. bouman et al., 1990) microcredit, microsavings, and microinsurance are now all included in the broader category of "microfinance." as a consequence, the goal of microfinance is no longer limited to the provision of small loans but rather the coordination of microfinance with other forms of development. microfinance has risen to the forefront of public welfare policy as a strategy to promote economic growth in undeveloped areas and social groups. microfinance institutions (mfis) offer a wide range of financial services to low-income and working-class individuals and their microenterprises, including deposits, loans, payment services, money transfers, and insurance. in the dictionary definition of micro-finance, it refers to "financial services such as savings, insurance, funds, credit, and other financial products that are supplied to poor and lowincome customers to assist them in increasing their income and consequently improving their quality of life." a 1999 report by the national micro-finance taskforce concluded that "the poor remain poor not because they are lazy, but because they do not have access to financial resources." micro-finance refers to the distribution of very tiny amounts of savings, loans, and other forms of capital to low-income people in rural, semiurban, and urban areas.increase in income and better living conditions" important features of micro finance 1. micro-finance is a critical component of abstract microfinance allows low-income and marginalized people who lack access to conventional banking to build wealth, broaden their sources of income, and become more resilient in the face of economic hardship. microfinance refers to a wide range of financial services targeted on lowand middle-income earners and their small businesses, including loans, deposits, payment services, and insurance. microfinance institutions have had a significant impact on the lives of the poor around the globe, raising incomes and improving living conditions in rural, semi-urban, and urban areas alike. keywords: microfinance, women's self-help groups, agricultural expansion, and the fight against poverty 2. it is one of the most successful and well justified poverty alleviation strategies available today. 3. it offers an incentive for low-income persons to pursue self-employment options if they areavailable. 4. it is more concerned with providing services than with making a profit. 5. it is intended to provide assistance to small business owners and producers. 6. because they are simple and god fearing, poor borrowers are seldom defaulters on their loan payback obligations. 7. india requires the establishment of a number of microfinance organisations. objectives of the study the precise aims of the research are as follows: 1. to examine the role of microfinance businesses in the social and economic development of india; and 2. to examine the role of microfinance firms in the growth of the indian economy. 3. to determine the role played by microfinance via shgs in the advancement of social and economic development. 3. to investigate the role of shgs in india's rural development efforts. role and significance of micro-finance micro-finance contributes to social and economic development of the nation in the following ways: 1. because of their limited financial resources and incapacity to deal with banking processes and documents, poor individuals are unable to receive banking services. microfinance enables a broad variety of financial services, including as deposits, loans, payment services, money transfers, and insurance, to be made available to lowincome and workingclass people, as well as their micro enterprises, via a single channel. 2. microfinance institutions, via their non-governmental organisations (ngos), help disadvantaged individuals build saving habits. a portion of the financial resources created via savings and microcredit received from banks is used to give loans and advances to members of self-help groups (shgs). as a result, microfinance organisations aid in the mobilisation of savings and the use of these funds for the benefit of its members. poor individuals are unable to get loans from the traditional banking system because they lack the necessary collateral or counter-guarantee, which they cannot provide. once again, high interest rates, as well as lengthy loan application and paperwork processes, discourage impoverished individuals from seeking financial assistance from banks. microfinance removes all of these stumbling blocks and offers low-interest loans to rural and low-income people on favourable conditions. 4. micro-finance enables the weaker sectors of society to get loans at lower interest rates, enabling them to start their enterprises on a small scale, build their businesses, and eventually lift themselves out of poverty and become self-sufficient and independent. it contributes to the development of long-term financial independence among the weaker sectors of society, and as a result, it encourages people to become self-sufficient. the provision of micro-finance is made possible via the intermediation of self help groups (shgs). in the united states, more than half of all self-help groups (shgs) are started by women. they now have better access to financial and economic resources as a result of this. it is a significant step forward in providing better protection for women. as a result, microfinance provides underprivileged women with economic and social empowerment. 6. typically, the rural sector relies on noninstitutional organisations to meet their financial obligations, and as a result, they are abused in a variety of ways. micro-finance has shown to be effective in reducing poverty. existence of micro finance in india the term "microfinance" was first used in the 1970s, at the same time as organizations like the grameen bank of bangladesh, founded and run by microfinance pioneer muhammad yunus, were laying the groundwork for the modern microfinance industry. in the early 1970s, the self employed women's association ("sewa") of the state of gujarat founded the shri mahila sewa sahakari bank, an urban cooperative bank, with the aim of providing banking services to low income women who were self employed or otherwise financially independent. in the 1980s, the concept of shgs (or self-help groups) was developed, and these informal organizations were given the responsibility of providing savings and credit services to its members. due to its size and population (about a billion people), india's gdp is in the top 20 of the world's economies. however, there are over 400 million people who live in poverty, or about 60 million households. predictions also show that just around 20% of these households have access to formal funding, highlighting the underserved nature of the informal economy. another major issue is the large proportion of rural residents who lack access to reliable financial intermediary services like banks and savings institutions. giving the poor access to credit under fair terms has the potential to significantly alleviate poverty. therefore, microcredit is crucial in the context of india. concerns and difficulties prohibit microfinance from reaching the most vulnerable, as shown by the fact that approximately 60 million households are living at or below the officially defined poverty level and that more than 80% of the population cannot receive credit at reasonable rates. as the graph below shows, the prospects of unskilled and illiterate people have not increased at the same rate as the rest of the economy despite globalization and economic liberalization. institutions involved in microfinance have a crucial role in reducing economic inequality and making significant contributions to rural development, both of which are crucial to the expansion of the economy as a whole. microfinanace and poverty reduction for rural development in india according to government data, more than a quarter of india's population is poor. the world bank estimates that between 260 and 290 million people in india are living in extreme poverty; this number jumps to over 390 million when measured against the international poverty line of those surviving on less than $1.90 per day in india. roughly half of india's poor, or roughly 133 million people, live in only three states: uttar pradesh, bihar, and madhya pradesh. the widening gap between urban and rural communities in india has resulted in threequarters of the country's poor living in rural areas. the indian government has made poverty reduction a top priority, investing heavily in infrastructure, social development (especially education and health), and rural livelihoods. to reduce poverty, microfinance institutions (mfis) focus on enhancing rural communities. most people living in poverty are able to slowly increase their wealth by investing in companies and real estate. the provision of financial services has the potential to encourage the economically disadvantaged to take charge of their own lives and speed up the process of building wealth. banks and other lenders often avoid giving loans to low-income households or those run by women because of the perceived high default rate associated with such borrowers. however, many families with self-employed breadwinners experience fluctuations in income over time. lenders would rather deal with fewer, larger loans than a large number of smaller loans since the former reduces administrative costs while the latter does not. they're also on the lookout for guarantees, something that's out of reach for many low income families. repayment rates are higher and loan funds are put to better use when given to low-income borrowers who are given access to rapid, responsive financial services at market rates, as shown by recent success stories in providing finance to small businesses and manufacturers. this is hardly unexpected, considering that they can only realistically get funds via the black market. community banks, non-governmental organizations (ngos), and credit groups all around the world have found success in providing microenterprise loans, making microfinance one of the most effective strategies for alleviating poverty. microfinance and self help groups (sghs) for rural develpoment microfinance in india is mostly based on two approaches: the self-helpgroups technique and the grameen system. an shg is an unofficial group with typically 10-20 members that meets once a week. the members of the shg have come together with the express objective of facilitating the provision of savings and credit services to its members. these benefits are made possible by members pooling their money to establish a shared fund. in order to empower members, the shg process and social involvement are intended to be instruments of empowerment, building the capacity of members to eventually conduct and manage shgs on their own behalf, and enabling them to have greater autonomy in financial decision-making as well as broader social participation. meetings of the shg are scheduled to take place at regular intervals and at a predetermined hour. members of the group are recruited from the same socioeconomic tier as one another, and they operate on the principle of equal participation and contribution from all members. at any one moment, the groups are headed by one of the group's lead members; this position is often rotated to allow for capacity development among all members. a structured meeting process is used to ensure that all financial transactions, group decisions, and activities are accurately recorded and kept up to date. once founded, shgs are urged to form alliances with other shgs and, ultimately, with financial institutions in order to get access to more financial aid and resources. this programme, which began as a pilot programme in 1992 to link 500 shgs with banks and has grown exponentially over the last two decades to provide regular savings opportunities to over 97 million rural households through the network of 74.12 lakh shgs that are linked to a variety of financial institutions. shg savings with banks as on 31st march 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 no. of shgs amount no. of shgs amount no. of shgs amount no. of shgs amount no. of shgs amount 74.12 7016.34 73.18 8217.25 74.30 9897.42 76.97 11059.84 79.03 13691.39 table 1. progress of micro-finance in india (amount rs. in crore /number in lakhs) source: report on micro-finance. no. of shgs 79.03 76.97 74.12 74.3 73.18 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 micro-finance – changing the face of poor india micro-finance is emerging as a significant tool for poverty reduction in the new economy, particularly in developing countries. in india, the self-help groups (shgs) – banks linkage program (blp) dominates the microfinance industry. the blp is designed to provide a costeffective system for delivering financial services to the "unreached poor." when referring to microfinance consumers in india, words such as "small and marginal farmers," "rural craftsmen," and "economically disadvantaged groups" have been used to describe them in broad terms. in recent years, a more sophisticated form of micro-credit distribution has emerged, emphasising the supply of financial services in conjunction with technical support and agricultural business development activities. when compared to the broader shg bank linkage movement in india, private mfis have had a very little impact on the ground. there has been a recent trend of major micro-finance institutions transitioning into "non-bank financial institutions," which we have observed (nbfcs). this shift in the face of microfinance in india looks to be a good development in terms of the potential of microfinance to attract more money and, as a result, broaden the reach of its services. there are three groups of the population that are in need of microcredit or microfinance, according to the need for finances. people without land and engaged in seasonal agricultural employment, as well as manual labourers employed in forestry, mining, domestic industries, construction, and transportation are among those at the very bottom of the income and asset distribution scale. firstly, this section wants spending credit during the months when they do not have labour job as well as for eventualities such as sickness and accidents. they also need loans in order to acquire modest productive assets like as cattle, which they may then use to create more revenue for themselves. in the next section are small and marginal farmers, rural craftsmen, weavers, and those selfemployed in the urban informal sector, such as hawkers, vendors, and employees in home microenterprises, among other groups. this category is mostly in need of credit for working capital, with a minor portion of that credit also being used to meet consumption demands. the agricultural sector also requires term loans for the acquisition of new productive assets, such as irrigation pumpsets, bore wells, and animals in the case of farmers, as well as equipment (looms, machines, and work sheds) in the case of non-farm employees. this market category consists of small and medium-sized farmers who have invested in commercial crops such as excess paddy and wheat, cotton and groundnuts, and others who are involved in dairying, poultry, and fisheries among other activities. maintaining provision stores, repair workshops, tea shops, and a variety of service businesses are examples of non farm activities. these individuals are not necessarily impoverished, despite the fact that they live just over the poverty line and have little access to formal credit. these are the individuals who need financial assistance, which is made possible via micro-finance. right now, the difficulty is that it is shgs who are doing this, and steps should be taken to ensure that the large financial institutions also show up and begin contributing funding to these individuals and organisations. this would result in a better india and will undoubtedly help to realise the ambition of our late prime minister, mrs. indira gandhi, of decreasing poverty in the country. as adam smith put it, "when you have a little, it is sometimes simple to obtain more, but the greatest problem is in getting the little." india is now confronted with a significant challenge in terms of poverty reduction. in india, over 25 million people live in poverty or below the poverty line. india is one of the poorest countries in the world because of its low per capita income, high population pressure, prevalence of massive unemployment and underemployment, low rate of capital formation, misdistribution of wealth and assets, prevalence of low technology and poor economic organisation, and instability of output in agriculture production and related sectors. conclusions by enabling the poor, and especially low income women, access to loans and the formal financial system, these organizations have expanded the possibilities of institutional finance. the government is concerned about the uneven expansion of microfinance throughout the country and the considerable variation in interest rates paid to members. microfinance, a crucial component of poverty reduction programs, may make a major contribution to fixing the problem of inadequate housing and urban services. the challenge is in figuring out how much leeway to provide the credit instrument so that it may accommodate the various credit demands of low-income borrowers without forcing lenders to bear an unfeasibly high expense of monitoring its end-use. the time period between the launch of a new economic activity and the beginning of the creation of positive profits is identified as one in which the consumption loan is especially useful. the impoverished have been proved to be capable of repaying loans and willing to accept higher interest rates via successful microfinance operations. microfinance organizations should provide possibilities for the poor to save, since the poor are also savers. references 1. bhatt nitin, tang shui (2001): “delivering microfinance in developing countries: controversies and policy perspectives policy studies”, policy studies journal, 29(2); 3-9. 2. brau, james c. woller, gary m. (2004): “microfinance a comprehensive review of the existing literature”, journal of entrepreneurial finance, 9(1); 1-26. 3. chaves rodrigo a., claudio gonzalezvega (1996): „the design of successful rural financial intermediaries: evidence from indonesia”, world development, 24(1); 65-78. 4. dichter thomas w. (1996): “questioning the future of ngos in microfinance”, journal of international development, 8(2); 259 269. 5. draft report of the internal group to examine issues relating to rural credit and microfinance, reserve bank of india, june 2005. 6. havers m. (1996): “financial sustainability in savings and credit programs”, journals of economics, 6(2); 144-150. 7. james c. brau, gary m. woller (2004): " microfinance: a comprehensive review of the existing literature”, journal of entrepreneurial finance and business ventures, 9(1) 126. 8. iqubalfarukh (1988): “the determinants of money lender interest rates: evidence from rural india”, the journal of development studies, 3; 364-378. 9. kumar manish, bohranarendra, singh johari amar (2010): “micro finance as an anti-poverty vaccine for rural india” international review of business and finance, 2(1); 2935. 10. rajakutty s. (1997): “development of women and children in rural areas: are we in the right course?”, journal of rural development, 16(1); pp. 85 11. rajesh k. yadav, nishantdabhade, international letters of social and humanistic sciences 4 (2013) 49-69. 11. robert cull, aslidemiguckunt, jonathan morduch (2007): “financial performance and outreach: a global analysis of leading microbanks”, economic journal, 3; 107-133. 12. robert cull, aslidemirguc-kunt, jonathan morduch (2009): "microfinance meets the market", journal of economic perspectives, 23(1); 167-192. 13. robinson, marguerite s, „microfinance: the paradigm shift from credit delivery to sustainable financial intermediation‟, strategic issues in microfinance, ashgate publishing: aldershot. 14. sinha, s and f. sinha (2002): “sustainability and development: evaluating the performance of indian micro-credit”, vistaar publications, new delhi. 15. stiglitz. j., “peer monitoring and credit markets”. world bank economic review 4(3):351366, 1990. a comparative study of salvia miltiorrhiza radix &amp; rhizoma raw material and granule products using chromatographic analysis and antioxidant activity ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 a comparative study of salvia miltiorrhiza radix & rhizoma raw material and granule products using chromatographic analysis and antioxidant activity zhou a, valentina a, b, *, mendoza a, john a, kelvin a, c a nicm health research institute, western sydney university, westmead, 2145, australia b south west sydney clinical campuses, faculty of medicine & health, university of new south wales, sydney, nsw, 2170, australia c school of pharmacy and biomolecular sciences, liverpool john moores university, liverpool, l3 3af, uk introduction to make a therapeutic herbal decoction, practitioners of traditional chinese medicine (tcm) choose certain raw plant components, dry them, and then either grind them into powder or chop them into smaller pieces. inconsistent herbal ingredients, a bad aftertaste, and a lengthy preparation procedure are just a few of the numerous drawbacks of this method.1 herbal extracts that are both concentrated and standardized, with excipients in a granular form, are thought to have reliability and effectiveness.2 over time, the granule form of herbal extracts surpassed the herbal decoction as the preferred method of giving herbal medications in clinical settings.3 on the other hand, some people are worried about the granule products' effectiveness, safety, and quality.there was a positive correlation between the amount of marker compounds and the extraction yields, marker compounds, and antioxidant capacities of the herb/decoction pieces abstract— one common medicinal preparation used in traditional chinese medicine is granules of botanical extracts. but there is no assessment of their quality or effectiveness. dan shen (salvia miltiorrhiza radix & rhizoma) granule extracts and their herbal counterparts were the subjects of this comparative investigation on antioxidant activity and purity. methods: a comparison was made between the herb's water extracts and 12 granule extracts using a chromatographic technique to ascertain the concentration of seven marker chemicals. principal component analysis (pca) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (ahc) were used to differentiate the herbal and granule extracts according to the marker chemical content. this study used dpph, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (frap), and 2, 20-azino-bis (3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (abts) tests to assess the antioxidant properties of herbal and granule extract the results revealed that salvianolic acid b, sodium danshensu, and cryptotanshinone levels were much greater in the herbal extracts group than in the granule group. the increased abts, dpph, and frap activities of the herbal extracts were correlated with this (p <.05). salvianolic acid b concentration was the primary differentiator between granule extracts and other herbal extracts in the ahc and pca analyses. in order to better educate healthcare practitioners and customers about the quality and effectiveness of granule products, the findings reinforce the necessity for their evaluation. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 compared to the granule products in a previous study that compared the raw and granular preparations of two popular medicinal plants (4,5).6,7 our results are in line with those of a previous research by liang et al., which found that the chemical profiles, antioxidant and antiinflammatory bioactivities of baical skullcap root (scutellariae radix) granules and traditional decoctions are only partially identical.8 a clustering study driven by bioactive markers 1. taken 34 out of 39 samples of granules from the conventional decoction batches. in relation to the chemical fingerprint, 61.5% of the granule samples had anti-inflammatory activity that was bioequivalent to traditional decoction, while none of the granule samples had antioxidant activity that was bioequivalent to traditional decoction. crucially, there is still no clear evidence that granules are safer and more effective than the traditional decoction in clinical practice.2 the significance and need of evaluating the biology and quality of granule products before they are used by both practitioners and consumers is highlighted by these findings. one of the most popular herbs in asian therapeutic treatment, dan shen (salvia miltiorrhiza radix & rhizoma) is a component in several formulas, including danshen pian, danshen injection, and compound danshen dripping tablet.9, 10 s. miltiorrhiza is a versatile and important therapeutic plant, as shown by the 841 chinese herbal remedies that include it, according to the chinese national medical remedies administration database.11 while s. miltiorrhiza cultivation is common in most chinese provinces, the provinces of shanxi, sichuan, hebei, henan, and shandong have long been known as the main production locations for high-quality s. miltiorrhiza.12 its chemical components include 2. as early as the 1930s, s. miltiorrhiza was isolated. more than 70 structural components have been found and categorized according to whether they are hydrophilic or lipophilic.13 tanshinone i (ti), crypto-tanshinone (ct), dihydrotanshinone i (dt), and tanshinone iia (tiia) are among the over 30 lipophilic chemicals that have been isolated and identified. these molecules are mostly diterpene quinones. for example, phenolic acids, protocatechuic acid, sodium danshensu (dss), and protocatechuic aldehyde are all hydrophilic substances. with more than 1% and 3%e5% of total dry weight, respectively, dss and salvianolic acid b (sb) are the most abundant components.14, 15 reference standards for s. miltiorrhiza in the people's republic of china pharmacopoeia (pprc) are sb and tiia at now. to represent the efficacy and purity of s. miltiorrhiza, the korean pharmacopoeia relied on sb, the only marker chemical.16, 17 the antioxi-dant, antiinflammatory, and angiogenesis characteristics of s. miltiorrhiza products make them a popular choice for the therapeutic treatment of cardiovascular illnesses, acute ischemic stroke, hyperlipidaemia, and cerebrovascular disorders in asian nations.18e20 the granule products of s. miltiorrhiza have not been evaluated for quality or efficacy, despite the fact that they are rather popular.13 as part of their standard operating procedure for ensuring the highest quality of their chinese herb products, the pprc often employs thin layer chromatography (tlc), an analytical technique for the separation and identification of bioactive components in herbal combinations.16 rapid and costeffective chemical quantification via tlc has also been achieved using the automated camag linomat system.21e23 liquid chromatography methods, including hplc and uplc, are extensively used because they allow for the exact and accurate quantitative detection of biomarkers in chinese herbs.24 it is unusual, nevertheless, to see herbal granules quality-controlled utilizing tlc and uplc quantification in accordance with their original herbal decoction. granule product efficacy is unclear, despite substantial in vitro ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 and in vivo investigation of s. miltiorrhiza antioxidant properties.15 in line with the general agreement that multiple methods should be used to determine the efficacy of herbal remedies, this study intends to compare the raw (unprocessed herbal material/decoction pieces) and manufactured granule samples of s. miltiorrhiza with respect to antioxidant activity, chemometrics, and tlc/uplc chromatography. in addition to using statistical clustering techniques like agglomerative hierarchical clustering (ahc) and principal component analysis (pca), this study also included a pearson correlation of the chemical markers to antioxidant activity, which allowed for a thorough examination of the variations in product quality and ability. part 2: resources and procedures part 2.1: chemicals and botanicals thermo fisher scientific of scoresby, australia, supplied the 85% phosphoric acid, 85% methanol, and hplc grade acetonitrile. ajax finechem of cheltenham, australia, supplied the analytical grade ethyl acetate, toluene, and formic acid. millipore, located in burlington, ma, used its milli-q reagent water system to get the water. sigma (kemps creek, australia) supplied the 2, 20-azino-bis (3-ethyl-benz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (abts) working solution, dpph, trolox, sodium acetate trihydrate, glacial acetic acid, 2, 4, 6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (tptz), hydrochloric acid (hcl), ferric chloride hexahydrate, potassium persulfate, and hydrochloric acid (hcl) were all acquired from sigma. sources in china and australia were consulted for the raw herbal materials of s. miltiorrhiza, which included both crude herbal materials (r2, r4er6) and decoction components (r1, r3) (supplemental fig. 1). in accordance with the hong kong materia medica standards and pprc, all of the raw materials were certified by the department of applied biology and chemical technology, hong kong polytechnic university (hong kong, china) (china, 2015). the nicm health research institute at western sydney university received a voucher specimen from every sample. the lack of permission for disclosure has resulted in the omission of product commercial names. to make it seem like a typical water decoction, the s. miltiorrhiza raw plant ingredients were soaked. the first step was to reflux 1 gram of r1– r6 powdered s. miltiorrhiza herbal material in 30 milliliters of boiling water. the liquid samples were then spun in a centrifuge at 672×g for 5 minutes and dried using a rotary evaporator. to get rid of the water-soluble excipients, the granule products (1 g of g1-g12) and the water-based herbal extract were extracted three times with 10 ml of methanol. before being centrifuged at 672×g for 5 minutes, the samples were sonicated for 30 minutes. after that, the liquid above the solid was collected and cooled using a rotary evaporator until it was completely dry. for immediate analysis, the dry residue was weighed and redissolved in methanol at a concentration of 10 mg/ml. it was then kept at 4◦c, or at e20◦c, until it was needed again. using the herbal chemical marker ranking system (herb mars), the primary chemical components of s. miltiorrhiza were chosen for this investigation.twenty-five marker chemicals were chosen for bioassay testing and content measurement; all seven of them scored higher than 1 on this scale. salvianolic acid a (sa), dss, sb, dt, ct, ti, and tiia are the chosen compounds. chengdu biopurify phytochemicals ltd of chengdu, china, supplied the reference standards (with a purity level of >98%), and we used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc-ms) to confirm their accuracy. the reference compounds' standard stock solutions were made in methanol at a concentration of 2 mg/ml and kept at 4◦c for quick analysis or at —20◦c for later usage. for the uplc calibration curve, a range of concentrations was produced, ranging from 0.1 to 2000 mg/ml for dss, dt, ct, and tiia, and from 1 to 1500 mg/ml for sa, sb, and ti. instrumentation and chromatographic conditions ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 2.1.1. thin layer liquid chromatography 3. preparation for usage included cutting the silica gel 60 f254 tlc plates (20 x 20 cm) from merck kgaa in darmstadt, germany, into 10 × 10 cm squares. camag chemielinomat 5 automated applicator was used to apply the s. miltiorrhiza samples and standards (6 ml) on the plate. (erzeugnisse & adsorptionstechnik ag, muttenz, switzerland) using 100 ml syringes that were adjusted as follows: with an 8millimeter band width, 2-millimeter track spacing, and 8 tracks per plate. ten millimeters below the tlc plate's bottom border was where the application was made. after that, the prepared mobile phase solution consisting of ethyl acetate, toluene, formic acid, and methanol (15:20:10:10:1) was added to a stainless steel lid on top of a camag twin trough chamber (10 × 10 cm) that held around 6 ml of the plate.16 for a minimum of 30 minutes at 20 ◦c, the mobile phase was applied vertically to the plate, starting from the bottom border and continuing up to 80 mm. the plate was allowed to air dry for 10 minutes after development prior to imaging. the tlc plates were examined using a canon psg × digital camera and a camag scanner 3 with 366 nm light from camag in muttenz, switzerland. applying the wincats ver.1.3.0 system (camag, muttenz, switzerland), the data and images were analyzed. 3.1.1. ultra-performance liquid chromatography 4. the analysis was carried out utilizing a waters acquity uplc system, manufactured by waters in milford, ma, which stands for ultraperformance liquid chromatography combined with photodiode array. uplc separations were carried out with the use of a pre-column (2.1 × 5 mm, 1.7 mm) from waters in milford, ma, connected to an acquity uplc beh c18 column (150 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 mm). temperatures of 20 ◦c and 4 ◦c were maintained for the column and sample, correspondingly. s. miltiorrhiza was cultured in mobile phase solutions that included 0.1 percent phosphoric acid. mixture of (a)-acetonitrile and (b). the gradient elution conditions were derived from a previously disclosed approach with the following modifications: 0–5 minutes, a 90%–75%; 5–10 minutes, a 75%–50%; 10– 16 minutes, a 50%–20%; and 16–18 minutes, a 20%–90%.26 for a further two minutes, the column was isocratically reconditioned with 90% a. a volume of 10 ml was injected at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min. a wavelength of 280 nm was used for detection. using linearity and repeatability, the uplc techniques were partly validated in accordance with the international guidelines for single laboratory validation of chemical techniques for dietary supplements and botanicals (aoac) as outlined in the aforementioned publication.27 for the purpose of validating the standard curve calibration, we created over four concentrations of each standard component and evaluated the compound in triplicate at each concentration. the calibration regression was determined by plugging in the values of the reference samples' concentration (x) and the peak area (y), which were y ¼ ax + b. using the formulas as follows: lod = 3.33 × (standard deviation [sd] of y-intercept/mean of slope) and loq = 10 × (sd of y intercept/mean of slope) from the repeated analyses, the uplc techniques' limit of detection (lod) and limit of quantification (loq) were determined.27 one way to quantify consistency was by looking at the relative standard deviation-rsd. each marker compound's intra-day accuracy was tested by measuring four different concentrations three times in a single day, while the inter-day repeatability was tested over the course of three days in a row. 4.1. antioxidant activity assays 4.1.1. abts antioxidant assay 5. we used a standard protocol to determine the abts radical scavenging capabilities of the ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 raw and granule extracts of s. miltiorrhiza.28 after 7 mmol/l of abts and 2.45 mmol/l of potassium persulfate were mixed in equal volumes, they were let to sit at room temperature for 12–16 hours in the dark to create the abts radical working solution. an initial absorbance value of 0.4 at 410 nm was achieved by diluting the stock solution with phosphate-buffered saline (pbs, ph 7.4) prior to analysis. after that, 20 ml of either the sample or the trolox standard (0.045e0.330 mmol/l) was mixed with 200 ml of diluted abts. five minutes after mixing, the absorbance was measured at 410 nm using a microplate reader (bmg). 6. victoria, australia is home to clariostar. measured in milligrams per gram of dry weight (mg/g of dw), the abts antioxidant activity was calculated.29 6.1.1. dpph antioxidant assay 7. the dpph test followed the protocol that had been previously detailed.30 combine each sample with the same volume of dpph radical solution (0.24 mg/ml dpph in methanol), incubate for 30 minutes in the dark, and then measure absorbance at 515 nm. the experiment was conducted on a 96-well plate. as for the calibration curve, trolox was used. following the same procedure as for abts, we were able to acquire the data and the standard curve. 7.1.1. frap antioxidant assay 8. the frap (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power) test was carried out according to the methods previously detailed.30 the frap working solution was made by combining 10 volumes of 300 mm acetate buffer (ph 3.6), 1 volume of 20 mm ferric chloride (fecl3$6h2o), and 1 volume of 10 mm 2,4,6tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (tptz) in 40 mm hcl. after that, every sample was combined with the pre-heated frap solution on a 96well plate and let to sit at 37 ◦c for half an hour. microplate readers (bmg clariostar, victoria, australia) were used to measure the absorbance at 595 nm. the methodology used to generate the data and standard curve was same to that which was detailed for abts. 8.1. statistical analyses to compare the granule samples to the original herbal material, we divided their values by their concentrated ratio. this included yield, tlc and uplc quantification, and antioxidant capacities. for example, a ratio of 1:5 would mean that 1 g of granule is equivalent to 5 g of the original raw material (refer to supplemental table 1), allowing us to draw comparisons. we used non-parametric tests in graphpad prism 8 (graphpad, san diego, ca) or spss 20.0 (ibm corp., armonk, ny) to look for statistically significant differences in the data between the raw herbs and the granules. for ahc and pca, the compounds that demonstrated significant differences were designated as variables. ward's approach and euclidean distances formed the basis of ahc analysis, which yielded data shown as dendrograms. the degree of similarity between analytes was indicated by the length of the branches. the original variables, which consisted of seven marker compounds, were transformed into a new set of linearly uncorrelated factors (pcs) that matched the original variables' maximum potential variance via the use of principal component analysis (pca) in xlstat (addinsoft, new york, ny). the pca-generated biplot (scoring plot and loading plot) displayed the sample distribution according to the variables' and pcs' correlations.31 antioxidant capabilities vary significantly, and their graph-pad prism 8 was used for nonparametric analysis, whereas pearson correlation was used for content correlation analysis with the marker molecules. the strength of the connection was shown by the pearson correlation coefficients ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 (r), and the statistical significance was suggested by the p-value, which was fixed at p <.05. 9. results 9.1. quantification of the marker compounds the seven marker chemicals were identified and quantified using tlc and uplc-pda on both the raw and granule samples of s. miltiorrhiza. the seven marker compounds' molecular blueprints are shown forth in fig. 1. the raw herb extract (r6) and granules of s. miltiorrhiza are shown in supplemental figs. 1e3, which exhibit representative tlc and uplc fingerprints. validation of the tlc and uplc methods using linear regression equations, r2, loq, and lod fig. 1. chemical structures of seven standard compounds in s. miltiorrhiza extracts using acd/chemsketch (canada). notes: the hydrophilic compounds include (a) dss, (b) sb and (c) sa. lipophilic compounds include (d) dt, (e) ct, (f) ti, (g) tiia. their contents in the s. miltiorrhiza raw herb and granule samples were determined by tlc and uplc analysis. in particular, sb and tiia were used as marker compounds for the quality control of s. miltiorrhiza raw herb extract in the pprc. dss:sodium danshensu; sb: salvianolic acid b; sa: salvianolic acid; dt: dihydrotanshinone i; ct: cryptotanshinone; ti: tanshinone i; tiia: tanshinone iia. table 1 displays them. good linearity of the experimental data for the analytical procedures was shown by r2 values better than 0.988 (tlc) and 0.994 (uplc) for all analytes. in terms of linear optical density (lod), the seven marker chemicals were detected using uplc with a range of 0.001–0.215 mg/ml and tlc with a range of 0.001–0.019 mg/ml. the 7 marker compounds have loqs ranging from 0.003 to 0.647 mg/ml for tlc and 0.002 to 0.056 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 mg/ml for uplc. when compared to tlc, uplc often had lower lod and loq values, indicating that uplc was more sensitive when it came to identifying and quantifying chemicals. the uplc technique and instruments both produced very accurate results. the intra-day precision of tlc varied between 4.656% and 21.251% and that of uplc between 1.334% and 3.732%, as indicated in table 1. for tlc, the rsd for inter-day accuracy was 7.257% to 27.536%, whereas for uplc, it was 3.040% to 7.065%. accordingly, when compared with tlc, the uplc technique and apparatus seem to have superior reproducibility for s. miltiorrhiza chemical analysis. table 2 displays the contents of the marker chemicals that were found in the samples using tlc. marker chemicals dss and tanshinones (ct, dt, ti, and tiia) were not adequately quantified independently for certain samples due to insufficient tlc resolution (supplemental fig. 1). the amounts of sa and sb in the granules were much lower than what was found in the samples of raw herbs. sb and sa were the two most abundant compounds in the raw and granule samples, respectively. the raw herb samples often showed negligible or non-existent levels of tanshinones, including ct, dt, ti, and tiia. the amounts of all the chemicals examined did not differ substantially between the raw and granule samples, according to the non-parametric t-test (p >.05). the raw sample group had a considerably greater sb than the granule sample group (p <.0001). see table 2 for a list of the marker chemicals found in the uplc-analyzed raw and granule samples. repeatability in the quantification was shown by the low standard deviations of the seven standards in the raw herbs and granules. the s. miltiorrhiza samples showed that sb and sa were the two most abundant compounds, in agreement with the tlc quantification findings. the amounts of all the chemicals examined did not differ substantially between the raw and granule samples, according to the nonparametric t-test (p >.05). still, a non-parametric independent t-test revealed that, when comparing the two groups, the raw samples included considerably more dss, sb, and ct than the granule samples (p =.010, 0.000, and 0.000, respectively). 8.2 ahc and pca multivariate analysis the quantification findings from uplc were submitted to ahc utilizing all 7 marker chemicals as variables as uplc demonstrated improved sensitivity and capacity to quantify the marker compounds in s. miltiorrhiza samples. the most striking contrast, as illustrated in figure 2a, was found between the cluster containing all twelve granules and two raw herbs (r2 and r4) and the cluster containing four raw samples of s. miltiorrhiza [r1, r3 (both decoction pieces), r5 and r6]. this is because the four raw samples contained a substantially higher concentration of the seven marker compounds when contrasted with the twelve granule samples. the granule samples clustered with r2 and r4 because their concentrations of the seven chemicals were similar. from most to least, the clusters might be further subdivided into several groups based on ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 fig. 2. ahc dendrograms and pca biplot of s. miltiorrhiza extracts analyzed by uplc. notes: a: ahc dendrograms for the uplc results divided the raw herb and granule extracts into 2 main clusters, with raw herb samples r1, r3, r5 and r6 classified into one cluster, whereas r2 and r4 were grouped with the granules. b: pca biplot (loading and score plot) of s. miltiorrhiza raw herb and granule extracts as analyzed by uplc. from the uplc biplot, raw samples (r5 and r6) demonstrated relatively higher amount of dt, ti, ti ia, sb, ct and dss (cluster 1), especially r6 (highest amount). the content of these compounds in r1 and r3 were slightly lower. in contrast, all the granule samples plus r2 and r4 were closely distributed due to lower amou nt of these marker compounds (cluster 2). f1 represents 77.95% of the total variance from the 7 marker compounds and f2 (17.11%) cumulatively explains up to 95.06% of tot al variance. ahc: agglomerative hierarchical clustering; pca: principal component analysis; uplc: ultra-performance liquid chromatography. 57.74 mg/g dw, which were much higher than that of granule samples (4.37e9.57 mg/g dw). r6 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity among all the samples (87.33 and 57.74 mg/g dw) in both the abts and dpph assays. in the frap assay (fig. 3c), the optical density (o.d.) at 590 nm of the raw herbs/decoction pieces and granules ranged from 1.06 to 1.69 and 0.08 to 0.20, respectively. the non-parametric analysis in fig. 3d showed that the antioxidant capacities of the raw herbs (as one group) were significantly higher than that of the granule group (p < .0001) in all 3 assays. pearson correlation examined the relationship between the content of the marker compounds and radical scavenging capacities. there were significant correlations between the uplc results for the marker contents of dss, sb and ct to the 3 antioxidant activities (table 3). r6 possessed the highest amount of these marker compounds and thus showed the highest abts and dpph scav enging capacities. in contrast, the amount of dt was negatively correlated with abts, dpph and frap assays (—0.343, — 0.283 and —0.293) without any significance (p > .05). the results showed that the compounds sa, ti and tiia did not contribute to the antioxidant activities of the raw and granule samples. 10. discussion there have been many attempts worldwide at developing rapid techniques and methods for analyzing the chemical variability of herbal granule products using tlc, highperformance liquid chromatography, uplc, and using new techniques such as ft-nir spectroscopy.32e34 however, it is important to note that industry requires simple, accessible and inexpensive methods to examine the quality control of their manufactured products. tlc has been used extensively as an initial tool for the identification and semiquantitative analysis of herbal products due to its simple and inexpensive set up.35 in the pprc and herbal monographs, tlc analysis is highly recommended for the identification and quality control of s. miltiorrhiza samples.16,36 hplc is the standard chro matography methods used by industry for the quality control ofherbal products. however, uplc is preferred over hplc for the accurate quantification of marker compounds in herbal products due to its higher sensitivity and resolution.35 in our previous studies, we have shown that the content of the marker compounds and antioxidant capacities using uplc and/or tlc were generally lower in the granule form compared to that of the raw herbs in sanchi (notoginseng radix et rhizoma) and chinese angelica (angelica sinensis radix) which raises concern for the quality control and efficacy of herbal granule products.6,7 in 2009, song et al compared the amount of 8 major components in s. miltiorrhiza granules with raw extracts using a hplc system, and their results showed that the average content of the total components were similar to that in aqueous extracts of s. miltiorrhiza.37 however, the equivalent ratio of granule was not taken into account for the calculation, and the bioactivities were not conducted. the present study assesses the quality and efficacy of granule formulations of another valuable chinese herbal medicine, s. miltiorrhiza. by using advanced uplc system, antioxidant assays and multi-variant analysis, our data suggests that granules presented with a lower quality and antioxidant activity compared with their herbal counterparts when compared with the dried weight of the ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 herb. twelve s. miltiorrhiza. granules and 6 raw samples were collected from various sources and examined in this study. the raw samples were decocted with water (to reflect traditional consumption) and then extracted with methanol, whilst the granule samples (which were manufactured extracts) were extracted with methanol only to remove the water-soluble excipients. this is because herbal granule products are assumed to be formed from a concentrated water decoction. based on the standard manufacturing process, granules are marketed as the concentrated herbal extract with added excipients. the labelled ratio (e.g. 1 g of the granule is equivalent to 5 g of the crude material etc.) is essential for correct dosing. thus, the results generated from granule samples were divided by their concentration ratio as indicated on the product label so that the granule was compared with the raw sample at the same baseline. by comparing the fig. 3. abts, dpph and frap activities of s. miltiorrhiza raw herb and granule extracts. notes: a: raw herb samples (25.95e87.33 mg/g dw) showed a higher abts radical scavenging activity compared with granule samples (5.38e15.67 mg/g dw). r6 exhibited the highest abts antioxidant activity among all the samples (87.33 ± 9.97 mg/g dw). b: raw herb samples (24.71e57.74 mg/g dw) showed a higher dpph radical scavenging activity compared with granule samples (4.37e9.57 mg/g dw). r6 exhibited the highest dpph antioxidant activity among all the samples (57.74 ± 0.09 mg/g dw). c: at 590 nm, raw herb samples (1.06e1.69) showed a higher frap radical scavenging activity than granule samples (0.08e0.20). r1 exhibited the highest frap antioxidant activity among all the samples (1.69 ± 0.04). d: group comparison between raw and granule samples in abts, dpph and frap assays. ****p < .0001 vs. raw group. n = 3. abts: 2,2'-azino-bis (3ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; dpph: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; frap: ferric ion reducing antioxidant power. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 extraction yield between groups, the raw herbs were generally higher than the granules group. the different extraction yield in the granule products could be caused by the different manufacturing processes used to produce the granules. the excipients added to the granules during manufacturing may be soluble in methanol and this may affect the final calculation of the content of the granule product. upon a closer inspection, granulation was generally inconsistent for each product examined and thus, smaller particles table 3 pearson correlation between the 3 chemical markers and antioxidant activities. assay markers dss sb sa dt ct ti tiia abts 0.774** 0.965** 0.202 —0.343 0.886** 0.340 0.231 dpph 0.730** 0.934** 0.184 —0.283 0.936** 0.347 0.272 frap 0.665** 0.844** 0.083 —0.293 0.890** 0.320 0.267 notes: the r value (between —1 and +1) as analyzed by the pearson correlation represents the correlation coefficient, where an r value < 0 refers to a negative correlation, and an r value > 0 refers to a positive correlation. **p < .01 refers to a significant correlation (either positive or negative). abts: 2,2'-azino-bis (3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; dpph: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; frap: ferric ion reducing antioxidant power; dss: sodium danshensu; sb: salvianolic acid b; sa: salvianolic acid; dt: dihydrotanshinone i; ct: cryptotanshinone; ti: tanshinone i; tiia: tanshinone iia. (which have greater surface area for extraction) may find themselves at the bottom of the container. manufacturing differences such as extraction with solvents other than water, temperature/ pressure conditions, the type and quantity of excipients used and adulteration can affect the quality of the finished product. it is well-recognized that the quality control of medicinal plant products is the foundation for their development and acceptance in integrative medicine.38 the complex nature of plants, environmental influences and poor-quality control processes bring great challenge for the quality control of the herbal products. s. miltiorrhiza has a complex chemical composition which includes 2 major groups of chemicals: salvianolic acids (hydrophilic) and tanshinones (hydrophobic). based on the tlc method documented in the pprc, we have further optimized the condition and mobile phase, and identified 6 compounds presented in the s. miltiorrhiza raw and granule samples. unfortunately, dss was not detected due to its extremely hydrophilic property and thus, could not move with the mobile phase. this may limit the single tlc method (as used in this study) for establishing the herb's complete profile.39 in addition, the optimized tlc method was partially validated in terms of linearity, lod, loq and precision and compared to uplc. in agreement with our previous studies, the relatively large rsd value for precision reflected the drawbacks of using tlc for quantification purposes as the resolution of tlc is easily affected by the temperature, humidity, mobile phase condition, etc.6,7 moreover, we noticed that tlc failed to quantify the lipidsoluble compounds of tanshonines which may be due to their minor amounts in the extracts and the sensitivity limit of the tlc method. here, a validated uplc method was employed to quantify s. miltiorrhiza marker compounds. the significantly lower values of lod, loq and rsd suggested good instrumental and method precision for uplc compared with tlc. in agreement with literature, sb was found to be the most abundant compound in s. miltiorrhiza raw and granule samples.40 the amounts of sb were significantly higher in the raw samples compared to that of the granule sample. however, the pprc marker compound, tiia, did not show significant difference between the 2 main sample groups which is consistent with its hydrophobicity in water. although tlc and uplc had differing quantification results, the trend was similar, with sb significantly higher in the raw herb groups compared with that of the granule group. thus, our results showed that tlc is not as accurate and efficient as uplc for quantitative purposes. however, it can be used as a qualitative tool for a quick scan of the bioactive compounds in the herbal extract. we then examined the similarities of the products using multivariate analysis. using the 7 marker compounds as variables, ahc analysis showed that most of the raw samples were grouped in the same cluster, except for r2 and r4 (raw herb samples) which were classified into the granule cluster due to its lower amount of marker compounds. this reflects the lower content of components in the starting raw material which may influence the granule quality.41,42 this could be a primary reason for s. miltiorrhiza's inconsistency which would subsequently affect the quality of the manufactured granule, especially if the raw materials are collected from different sources (i.e not the recommended growing areas as per pprc) or not at the optimal time of the year. these results are in line with our previous comparative studies on notoginseng and angelica sinensis which showed comparable amounts of marker compounds in the raw herbal samples, whereas the contents of marker compounds in the granule samples were significantly lower and possessed large variance.6,7 it is interesting to note that the s. miltiorrhiza decoction pieces (r1 and r3) showed comparable amounts of all the marker compounds as in most raw herb materials. this corresponded to our previous study where the angelica sinensis decoction pieces were consistent in composition and showed comparable amounts of the marker compounds to the raw herbs.7 decoction pieces are processed raw materials (i.e., washed, fried, cut, dried as per tcm practice), and can be applied directly to clinical treatment. thus, they should present a similar quality as for the raw material. however, it is reiterated that the quality man agement of decoction pieces needs to be strengthened, as the processing mechanism remains unclear and the quality control not standardized.43 the ahc analysis showed that sb and tiia are the key com pounds that differentiate the raw and granule samples which support the pprc. moreover, sb, the most abundant compound, played a predominant role amongst the tested compounds. however, pca analysis suggested that the other 3 tanshinones also contributed to the differentiation of raw and granule samples. moreover, the ahc display of samples using individual ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 compounds showed distinct dendrogram (excluding sb to tiia), suggesting that more compounds (i.e. ct, dt and ti) may need to be considered for the quality control of s. miltiorrhiza raw and granule samples. although tiia and sb are listed as the key marker compound for the quality control of s. miltiorrhiza in the pprc, it is noted that the quantity of sb and tiia in granules were all below the standard in pprc.16 for s. miltiorrhiza, methanol is used as the solvent in the pprc and this would favor higher extraction yields of the compounds. however, it is suggested that the quality control standard for the herbal water decoction should be considered for inclusion in the pprc or relevant regulation standard to honor the tradition method of preparing herbs for medicinal use. sb is the most abundant and bioactive compound found in s. miltiorrhiza and is known for its potent antioxidative and reactive oxygen species scavenging activity which is attributed to its polyphenolic structure.40 thus, s. miltiorrhiza has been extensively used clinically as a principal herb in tcm for cardiovascular diseases.44 tanshinones are a hydrophobic group of compounds isolated from s. miltiorrhiza, and emerging experimental and clinical investigations have supported their pharmacological activities in preventing or slowing the progression of a wide variety of diseases due to their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities.45 our study assessed the antioxidant activity of the s. miltiorrhiza raw and granule products and correlated their activity to the content of the key bioactive compounds. the results show that the significantly lower amounts of sb, dss and ct (relatively more polar compounds) in the granule samples not only contributed to differentiating the granule samples from raw samples in the pca analysis, but also lead to significantly lower abts, dpph and frap scavenging activity. this was evidenced by the positive and significant correlation. it was observed that marker compound tiia also played a minor role in discerning the antioxidant activities of the s. miltiorrhiza raw and granule samples but was not significantly correlated to the overall antioxidant activity of the extract (p > .05). isolated tiia has been recognized as a phar macological active compound with various promising health benefits including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer. here, tiia did not contribute to the antioxidant activity which was attributed to its minimal presence in the s. miltiorrhiza water extract.46 the different antioxidant activities in the raw and granule samples can also be attributed to other minor bioactives that were not included in this study such as rosmarinic acid, rosmarinic acid methyl ester and rosmarinic acid ethyl ester.47 11. conclusions the present study assessed the quality and bioactivity differences between s. miltiorrhiza raw and granule products using tlc and uplc coupled with multivariate analysis, and antioxidant assays. uplc proved to be a better differentiator of the marker compounds between samples. it was revealed that the content of the marker compounds (sb, dss, ct) was significantly lower in the granule samples compared with that of the raw samples which led to the lower antioxidant activity of the granule. it has been recognized that the inconsistent amount of bioactive compounds in herbal products is likely to induce fluctuated levels of therapeutic effects, which represent one of the major concerns for the clinical effectiveness of herbal products, including granule formulations.1 with the gaining popularity of herbal medicinal granules around the world, this study provides important scientific evidence for standardization committees, industry, practitioners and consumers on the quality control and efficacy assessment of herbs and its related granule products. it is vital for healthcare professionals to be aware of granule quality differences and know the correct dosages to match the contents of traditional decoctions. we believe this study provides a rational argument for the continued investigation of the quality and efficacy assessment of the granular form of medicinal plants. more rigorous pharmacological, toxicological and clinical studies using granules compared to herbal extract water decoctions are warranted to confirm these findings and to advocate high-standard, safe and efficacious herbal preparations to the consumers. funding the project was supported by the joint chair in traditional chinese medicine (jctcm) program, funded by the office of science and research in nsw, the university of sydney and western sydney university, australia. the labor cost of xian zhou was supported by the international postgraduate research scholarship, western sydney university and the linkage project from the australian research council (arc) grant (lp160101594). her salary is currently supported by research support program fellowship, western sydney university. the general consumables needed for this project was supported by western sydney university research grant scheme (p00021202). credit authorship contribution statement xian zhou: methodology, validation, formal analysis, investi gation, resources, writing ‒ original draft, writing ‒ review & editing. valentina razmovski-naumovski: conceptualization, supervision, methodology, validation, resources, writing ‒ original draft, writing ‒ review & editing, project administration. raynold mendoza: methodology, investigation. john truong: methodology, formal analysis. kelvin chan: conceptualization, supervision, methodology, resources, writing ‒ review & editing, project administration. references current state and significant obstacles to the safety and effectiveness of chinese herbal medicine (zhou x, li cg, chang 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2004. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 hong kong, china. 35. song jz, li sl, qiao cf, et al. high performance liquid chromatography evaluation of danshen extract granule quality. the citation is from the chinese journal of natural medicine, volume 7, issue 5, pages 368, to 375. thirdly, the work of jiang y, tu p, david b, and others... analytical methods used recently to ensure the safety of tcm were reviewed. journal of analytical chemistry. 2010;657(1):9–18. 38. bi x, liu x, di l, et al. a solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery device incorporating a multicomponent combination derived from salvia miltiorrhiza increases oral bioavailability. published in 2016 in volume 21, issue 4, this article is referenced as mjol. no. 39: ho jhc and hong cy. salvianolic acids are tiny chemicals that protect the heart in several ways. citation: li w, deng y, dai r, et al. chromatographic fingerprint characterization of cephalotaxus sinensis from diverse sources by high-performance liquid chromatography, diode array detection, electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. journal of biomedical sciences, 2011;18(1):1e5. published in 2007 in the journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical anals, volume 45, issue 1, pages 38–46.authors: zhu, wang, liang, etc. extracting portulaca oleracea l. from various sources by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. "talanta" (2010, 81: 129–135). citation: liu y, nie q, chen j. 41. using the manufacturing chain as a foundation, propose improvements to the quality management of herbal decoction items. [chinese] zhongguo zhongyao zazhi. 2015;40(16):3319e3322. ma l., tang l., and yi q. salvianolic acids: a natural medicine trove for fibrosis and cancer patients. pharmaceutical research. 2019;10:97. tanshinone iia's cardiovascular effects and possible therapeutic uses (gao et al., 2018). angiography. 2012;220(1):3–10. salvia miltiorrhiza for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases: a review of its pharmacological and therapeutic uses (ren j, fu l, nile sh, et al., 44). “bioactive phenolic compounds from the roots of danshen (salvia miltiorrhiza)” (tung nh, hung lq, van oanh h, et al., 2019: 45 in front pharmacol, volume 10, issue 753). the number of results is 1305–1307. the publication date is 2018 and the volume is 13/10. paper title (use style: paper title) ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 1 abstract: context: tcm education and tcm practice in mainland china have both undergone significant transformations in recent decades as a result of a number of variables. the question of who gets to claim tcm curricula is an important one for universities. the goal of this research is to examine the variables that affect funding for traditional chinese medicine education. our methodology is based on attribution analysis, and we illustrate our points using the case of a single tcm university. end result: the analysis is divided into four sections: first, value choice, in the sense that health care companies flourish as a result of shifting public consumption patterns brought about by economic growth, and second, increased public interest in traditional chinese medicine (tcm) and its teaching as a result of societal trends toward the revival of traditional cultural practices; 2) tcm education is legal, with many government regulations supporting it and its instruction; 3) tcm education is feasible, with research and teaching programs involving external executive organizations being initiated; and 4) tcm education is appropriately funded. in conclusion, the analytical framework offers a viable analytical route for comprehending tcm educational appropriations and for illuminating future policies and strategies for tcm growth. keywords: topics covered include: traditional chinese medicine (tcm) educational appropriations, attribution analysis, changing consumer patterns, revitalizing traditional culture, tcm policy, and implementation. chinese traditional medical journal resource allocation for the teaching of traditional chinese medicine shreshta, sahasra 1,2 academy of acupuncture and moxibustion, fujian university of traditional chinese medicine, fuzhou, fujian 350122, china received on: 21 jan 2025 revised on: 20 mar 2025 accepted date: 25 april 2025 published on: 16 june 2025 i. introduction according to the world health organization (who), a wide variety of conventional and complementary medical practices fall under the umbrella of "alternative medicine." these practices include acupuncture and its related techniques, chiropractic care, osteopathy, manual therapies, qigong, taichi, yoga, naturopathy, thermal medicine, and many more. traditional medicine is the main method of health treatment for 60–90% of the population in asian and african countries, whereas more than 40% of the population in industrialized nations opts for alternative medicine. 1 traditional medical training is coming into focus as interest in alternative medicine grows throughout the world. among japan's traditional medical practices, in the nineteenth century, during the meiji restoration, traditional medicine was modernized by the integration of western medicine with education. 2 due to the standardization of tkm education in universities, south korea began its tkm (traditional korea medicine) education tremendous growth phase in the 1980s and 1990s. 3. traditional chinese medicine (tcm) has been the primary method of protecting the health of the chinese people for a long time. for instance, the peking union medical college, which received funding from the rockefeller foundation in 1917, is one example of how western medical education spread to china after the 1840 opium war between the united kingdom and china. 5 the debate between traditional chinese medicine (tcm) and western medicine has persisted ever since. 6 there has been significant progress in tcm in recent years, nevertheless. about 41.87% of the elderly and 53.59% of children ages 0-3 received tcm health management services at the end of 2015, and the overall medical services provided by tcm accounted for 15.7% of the market. the tcm industrial production was 86,530 million yuan, or about 13,051 million usd. 7 these days, medical education in china runs in conjunction with another system. in 2016, china has established 83 medical schools, with 25 of them specializing in traditional chinese medicine (tcm) and 752,000 students enrolled. 8 western medical education seems to have taken the lead based on the number of medical schools in the world. however, the chinese government has recently made efforts to improve tcm teaching; for instance, the country has established 1,280 tcm inheritance studios, 230 national tcm clinical research bases, and 130 tcm projects that have been recognized as national intangible cultural heritage. 9 we need funding for all these research and educational initiatives. about 0.22 percent of china's total government spending in 2016 went toward traditional chinese medicine (tcm) and related fields of study, totaling 41,580 million yuan. 9 so, a jumble of concerns arises, including why tcm education was reshaped and what variables could impact the appropriation of tcm education. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 2 result: increase in tcm educational appropriation feasibility: implementation approach legitimacy: policy on tcm and its education value choice social trend: traditional culture revitalization economic development: consumption pattern change to answer these questions, we take x province as an example, which is located in southwest part of china, trying to finish an attribution analysis. ii. attribution analysis of tcm educational appropriations the changing situation of medical education in x province. we take x province as an example, for it has two types of medical university, including y medical university (ymu) as a western medicine school and x university of tcm (xtcm) as a tcm school. considering the founding year, school size and development history, they are quite comparable. ymu was founded in 1956, and has 15,318 students. 10 x university of tcm (xtcm), founded in 1960, has 10,726 students. 11 both of these two universities are supported by x provincial education department. "table i" reveals the basic information of these two universities. it seems that ymu has a better development, especially the number of national research projects. the number of graduate students of xtcm also indicates that its research ability need to be improved, given that improving one university’s research ability needs much more financial support and takes long time. 12 table i. basic information of xtcm&ymu items xtcm ymu year of establishment 1960 1956 no. of undergraduate 9,736 12,057 no. of graduate 990 2,811 no. of faculty 831 1,598 no. of national research project (last 5 years) 100 316 no. of affiliated hospital 15 15 1% esi discipline 0 1(clinical medicine) no. of national & provincial research bases 49 44 a. note: xtcm=x university of traditional chinese medicine; ymu=y medical university. information are retrieved from these two university’s official website by the end of 2016. "table ii" shows the growth rate of xtcm and ymu from 2012 to 2016. in these five years, compared with ymu, xtcm got several tremendous growing in number of graduate students, faculties, and national research projects, all these indicate the research ability was greatly enhanced. note that "table i" shows that the number of national and provincial research bases are even more than ymu. in addition, xtcm launched several foreign cooperation and exchange programs with more than 30 countries and regions in the world, and ymu only had about 20 international programs. table ii. growth rate of xtcm & ymu (from 2012-2016, in percentage) items xtcm ymu no. of undergraduate 1.07% 2.07% no. of graduate 43.06% 23.07% no. of faculty 21.04% 1.46% no. of national research project (last 5 years) 88.68% 8.59% no. of affiliated hospital 15.38% 36.36% b. note: xtcm, x university of traditional chinese medicine; ymu, y medical university. information is retrieved from these two university’s official website by the end of 2016. it seems that xtcm is stepping into a fast lane for development, and the financial support plays a key role in the tcm development process. to analyze this situation, we consider the following factors in an integrated model in "fig. 1" over all, the economic development and social trend plays a footstone role. then, the chinese government made several policies to advocate tcm education, and founded executive organizations, carried out implementation projects as the implement approach. finally, all these external factors lead to the increase of tcm educational appropriations. fig. 1. an integrated model about tcm educational appropriation. a. value choice: economic development and social trend make tcm education to be increasingly addressed. after almost 40 years economic reform (initiated in 1978), the mainland china has become the second largest economic entity in the world. 13 china’s values shifted from appreciating western culture to reevaluating traditional culture. 14 if we retrospect this springhead from the history, modern china was invaded by several countries from 1840 to 1945, and china’s cultural confidence was destroyed then. the ―may 4th movement‖ in 1919 was initiated by intellectual elites and supported by whole chinese people. ―science and democracy‖ was the main appeal, as with complete westernization, and this movement was regarded as the chinese ―renaissance‖. 15 as one label of traditional culture, tcm and its education was under criticism until p.r. china was founded (in 1949). 6 even though they kept tcm education, public still turned their healthy problem to western medicine, so that tcm education was in an awkward position. however, economic development and social trend make tcm education refashioned. first, economic development changed the pattern of consumption. with the increase of per capital income, the engel coefficient in mainland china dropped down year by ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 3 year. in 2008, engel coefficient was 40.8%, and in 2016 was 35.95%, during the consumption structure upgrading process, health care expenditure accounted for 7% in 2016. 16 compared with the survival consumption pattern in the past, chinese people are now pursuing enjoyment-centric consumption and high life standard.17 tcm treatment is regarded as ―preventive treatment‖, which is one of the best way to keep health, especially acupuncture, massage, and herbal medicine. this leads to the increasing requirement of professional tcm practitioners, which is counted for tcm education. 18, 19 hence, tcm education is supported by public, which is related to their vital interests. furthermore, tcm education has benefited from the societal movement toward reviving traditional culture. as the chinese economy surpassed japan's in 2010 and the chinese people gained self-assurance in their traditional cultural practices, the year may be described as a traditional cultural renaissance. 20 at the same time, as people are rethinking their traditional practices and history, traditional chinese medicine (tcm) education has seen a surge in support. several factors contribute to this, including an improving economy, a more moral culture, the preservation of national identity in the face of globalization, and so on. 21 moreover, the consumption model is affected by societal trends as well. as one of the most recognizable symbols of chinese culture, tcm and its teaching, was reshaped as the public began to value traditional culture, and consumers' preferences shifted to certain traditional goods and services. consequently, a value choice was made: tcm and its education were more and more addressed due to the booming economy and resurrection tendency of traditional culture. x has a first-rate natural setting and is hence one of the most visited places in china. this is quite appealing since pollution in china is not adequately managed. as a whole, x's government has taken note of the health industry's potential for future economic development, particularly in tcm. • rules for the safekeeping and administration of herbal remedies derived from wild plants. 26 because certain traditional chinese medicine prescriptions favor their usage, this law sought to safeguard wild herbal plants and wild animals. • important information regarding tcm tuina’s impact on businesses. 27 there was an effort by the government to standardize tcm commercial operations. both the commercial market for tuina (tcm massage) and the employment prospects of tcm graduates were impacted by this announcement. 28 • notice on strengthening rural tcm clinical physician. according to the people's republic of china's state administration of traditional chinese medicine on 2006, this rule made it possible for traditional chinese medicine (tcm) practitioners in rural areas to save money on treatment by collecting herbal remedies independently. • guidelines for examining and qualifying traditional mentors and experts. 30 there is an immediate need for non-academic specialists with the right credentials, since mentoring is still a crucial component of tcm education. the government's authorization of mentoring and the shift in tcm education reform toward an emphasis on "genuine" tradition are two viewpoints held by various experts. 31 • establishing guidelines for clinics practicing traditional chinese medicine. it was acceptable for 32 clinics to be run by traditional tcm practitioners. regulations to supplement the traditional chinese medicine registration process. 33 patent medicine was an area that the government sought to regulate and normalize. general practitioner post training management method of traditional chinese medicine (2007), tcm continuing education regulations (2006), and methods of standardized 34 issue. 22 therefore, there is a greater emphasis on tcm education in x now than in the past. b. credibility: chinese medicine and its education are supported by official policies the common prosperity of citizens prompted a reevaluation of tcm's function for maintaining health status, while the chinese central and provincial governments have recently recognized that traditional chinese medicine (tcm) and its education could be a good way for a traditional cultural renaissance. 24 accordingly, x provincial administration and the state administration of traditional chinese medicine of p.r. china both issued policies to encourage the growth of tcm and its teachers. what following are official government policies on traditional chinese medicine and its teaching: • rules for the preservation of chinese traditional herbal medicine. 25 the goal of this rule was to raise the standard of herbal medicine, and as a result, tcm schools were mandated to establish management reference standards. instruction for traditional chinese medicine resident physicians (2014). the goal of these rules was to make tcm classes more commonplace and popular. • 2016–2030 strategic plan for the advancement of traditional chinese medicine. 35 in an effort to make a macro-adjustment to the growth of tcm, the state council of p.r. china published this strategy. this blueprint confirms the development aims and priorities of chinese medicine for the next 15 years, with an eye on the practical demands and trends of tcm's future, and it develops thorough organizational measures and safeguards. 36 tcm legislation enacted by the people's republic of china. as the most crucial "regulation," this legislation will guarantee and advance tcm and its education, according to the state administration of traditional chinese medicine of p.r. china (2016). on one side, x local government carried out central government policies; on the other side, x provincial government also released several supporting policies as follows: 1) x tcm development plan from 2015 to 2020, health and family planning commission of x province ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 4 (2015) which is based on the local rich herbal medicine resources and distinctive heath tourism industry; 2) x action plan for tcm from 2014 to 2020, 39 & the tcm regulations of x, 40 these two policies are connected with national strategy and related to regional features, for x province is rich in herbal medicine resources, which occupied about 51.4% of total herbal output in china. 41 thus, all these government policies are advocating tcm development, and xtcm, as the only tcm higher education institution in x, deserved to be invested. the purpose and effectiveness of governmental policies are making sure that tcm education to be regulated. first, the relationship between tcm and commercial operation indicates that, as the large number of tcm health care institutions in the free market, standardizing the practice of tcm will ensure its reputation. second, it is about the relationship between tcm and clinical standard. tcm is based on yin-yang and wu-xing (five elements) philosophy, advocating overall analysis and personalized medical treatment which is not popular for modern science. 42 in order to make tcm in line with modern medical norms, policies standardize the tcm practitioners’ clinical norms. finally, the relationship of tcm between its education suggests that, tcm deeply relies on its education, because the higher education institutes are the main role of r&d. thereafter, the external executive organizations and internal implementation projects are carried out by tcm universities, and regulated by government policies. b. feasibility: multiple department collaboration and diversified sources of funding based on consumers’ demand and revival trend of traditional culture, governmental policies also advocate different type of research and teaching programs (see the specific content of the regulations, strategic planning for the development of traditional chinese medicine from 2016 to 2030 & x action plan for tcm from 2014 to 2020, etc.). revitalizing tcm education is related to public and private sectors, therefore, the implementation path and executive mechanism are crucial. generally, we divide three types of executive mechanisms and five kinds of implementation projects. for executive mechanisms, according to funding type, there are national government organizations, provincial government organizations, and private sector. for implementation projects, there are key laboratory, public inspection platform, engineering center, academician expert workstation, and collaborative innovation center in "fig. 2". c. note: data are retrieved from state administration of traditional chinese medicine of the people’s republic of china, government budget expenditure of public health, china statistical yearbook of chinese medicine, 2016: d1-6. http://www.satcm.gov.cn/2015tjzb/全国中医药统计摘编/atog/2016/d1-6.htm. fig. 2. executive organizations and implementation projects of the funding system. internal implementation projects external executive organizations collaborative innovation center academician expert workstation engineering center public inspection platform key laboratory private sector xtcm provincial government organizations: 1. x education department 2. health and family planning commission of yuan province 3. x tcm association 4. x provincial science and technology department 5. y science and technology bureau 6. x development and reform commission national government organizations: china academy of chinese medical science china association of chinese medicine tcm science and technology center international communication center tcm doctor identification center national development and reform commission http://www.satcm.gov.cn/2015tjzb/全国中医药统计摘编/atog/2016/d1-6.htm ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 5 for several years, chinese scholars discussed the management of tcm, from theory to practice. 43 under the guidance of national and local government policies, external executive organizations start to launch several research and teaching projects which are internal implementation projects. tcm education has distinguished multiple department collaboration feature, that is, several government departments, school and even private sector joined together for one research and teaching project, hence the tcm education is promoted by whole society. "table iii" shows the source of tcm r&d revenue. government, private sector and production income are three main sources; although the statistical report did not explain what ―other‖ mean, it is implied that tcm educational appropriations are on the diversified funding way. table iii. tcm r&d revenue in 2016 (in million yuan) government investment 2152.97 private sector investment 1525.2 production income 1238.743 others 8447.995 loan income 16.447 total 11992.228 for xtcm, there are nine key laboratories, one public inspection platform, five engineering centers, eight academician expert workstations, six collaborative innovation centers, which cooperated with different academic institutions, government departments and private sectors. for example, xtcm and one local county launched a project called ―rehabilitation center‖, which offers preventive treatment and nourishing of life, with the aid of xtcm’s professional knowledge and skill. 44 xtcm is no longer an isolated institution, but establish several beneficial relations with many organizations. like other higher education institutions, tcm universities start to take the social responsibilities and walk out the ivory tower. bok (2001) therefore, through multiple department collaboration and diversified sources of funding, tcm education gets more financial support than before. c. result: educational appropriations inclined to tcm education with several policies from central and provincial government was released and many research and teaching programs were launched, the tcm educational appropriations started to increase. because of tcm continuing education regulations (2006), general practitioner post training management method of tcm (2007), methods of standardized training of tcm resident doctors (2014) from central government, x province started to dock these regulations and allocated more fund to xtcm. in 2014 and 2015, x action plan for tcm from 2014 to 2020 (2014) and x development plan of tcm from 2015 to 2020 (2015) clarified to support xtcm as the major carrier for research, teaching and industrial incubation center. "fig. 3" and "fig. 4" demonstrate x provincial higher education financial allocation for xtcm and ymu. in the past five years (2013-2017), both of their education appropriations are increased. western medicine education expenditure was always higher than tcm education; meanwhile, from 2015 to 2017, tcm education appropriation increased faster in "fig. 1". note that related governmental policies were implemented around 2015, which was the turning year, implying their realization in this situation. as a matter of fact, the educational appropriations in china are basically decided by student number and research project number. 46 in 2016, the xtcm students’ average expenditure is 18369.51 yuan, while ymu is 23050.66 yuan. for per captia research expenditure, xtcm is 131,590.61 yuan, while ymu is 177,158.95 yuan. tcm education still lag behind western medicine education, but the gap is narrowing in 2017 in "fig. 3" and "fig. 4". d. note: xtcm, x university of traditional chinese medicine; ymu, y medical university fig. 3. educational appropriations of xtcm & ymu (in million yuan). ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 6 e. note: he, higher education; xtcm, x university of traditional chinese medicine; ymu, y medical university fig. 4. he financial ratio of xtcm&ymu (in million yuan & percentage). iii. conclusion when it came to ancient china's public health, tcm was crucial. traditional chinese medicine (tcm) has lately resurged, much like its educational component, despite having been in a subservient position for quite some time. we have examined the chinese system of attributing tcm educational resources. external variables have a significant impact on tcm educational appropriations, which we aimed to address. recent years have seen a reshaping of tcm as a result of societal trends toward a return to traditional values and the changes brought about by economic growth in consumer habits. the chinese government then issued a slew of regulations meant to encourage tcm and its study, which led to the launch of initiatives involving the cooperation and execution of several government agencies. spending on traditional chinese medicine (tcm) schools went increased because of this. underneath the surface of tcm educational appropriations, our analytical framework uncovered their profound motivations. higher education appropriations in china are dependent on student enrollment and research and teaching initiatives, which is distinct from other nations' performance financing systems. 48 we added to this literature in a number of ways by building on prior studies. first, there is a lack of focus on the global education of traditional medicine in the existing literature. we attempt to cover one of the gaps in this sector by investigating the elements that effect tcm educational appropriations, which will impact its growth. secondly, we also achieved a number of methodological milestones. with the help of one tcm institution and an analysis spanning the gamut from macro to meso, we were able to construct a comprehensive framework for studying tcm educational appropriations. in terms of viewpoint and external validity, this technique may provide a better knowledge of tcm educational appropriations. we learned thirdly how tcm educational expenditures were distributed; as a result of social and economic trends, china established external executive bodies and internal implementation initiatives, which allowed for the diversification of educational funding. we may learn about and foretell the future of tcm education in china by using this distribution method. in an effort to see into the future, we propose that appropriations are causing some problems in tcm education. to begin, contemporary science and technology do not acknowledge the yin-yang and wu-xing theory upon which tcm is founded. 42 this concept is being debated, which might spark a social movement that ends up influencing policies about appropriation. secondly, contrary to the general analysis and customized medical treatment heritage of tcm, some researchers and practitioners are advocating for the standardization of tcm. this entails adopting the method of western medicine to verify or validate tcm theory and prescription. 50 in order to address the disparity, some funds are used to demonstrate the practicability of conventional tcm instruction. 51 furthermore, there is a dearth of instruction and training in tcm in the present educational system, despite the fact that it has strong ties to the chinese classics. graduates of tcm programs are allegedly lacking in professional classical understanding, according to published accounts. 52 any suggested future allocations should take this into account. there are several limitations to the present study that may be addressed in future studies, despite the fact that we did make some progress. first, although we did note certain problems with tcm educational appropriations, we did not investigate their application. we can go into further depth on this subject in future studies. a second point about the technique is that there are further approaches we might use to go deeper into the topic. for instance, we could employ quantitative methods from a micro viewpoint or do a longitude analysis. due to the complexity of attributing tcm educational appropriations, a comprehensive analytical framework must be established. external executive organizations and internal implementation projects had a cross response from the attributes that impact tcm educational appropriations, which first came from outside sources. within the scope of our findings, the need for traditional chinese medicine (tcm) and its impact on education are both determined by economic and social trends. politics, through laws and policies, played a major promoting role in shaping the overall design. the implementation strategy relies on both external executive organizations and internal implementation projects. ultimately, all of these factors contribute to changes in the allocation of funds for tcm education. it is clear that traditional chinese medicine (tcm) and western medical education grew up together. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 7 references [1] world health organization. who medicines strategy—countries at the core 2004–2007., 2004. 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[52] shen jl, mahong-yao, wei lx. interactive and evolutionary logic for the inheritance and innovation of chinese medicine core values. medicine & philosophy. 2013;34(10):90-4. 9123103.dvi ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 11 chinese traditional medical journal the present state of chinese traditional chinese medicine standardization narasimha, jayalaxmi received on: 21 dec 2024 revised on: 20 jan 2024 accepted date: 25 feb 2024 published on: 13 march 2025 1. introduction traditional chinese medicine (tcm) has a long history of use in the treatment and prevention of illness [1]. the natural treatment of traditional chinese medicine (tcm) is gaining popularity across the globe due to its safety, efficacy, and widespread usage [2]. traditional chinese medicine (tcm) has expanded into a worldwide industry and has reached over a hundred nations, according to the world health organization's traditional medicine strategy: 2014–2023. [3]. unfortunately, the growth of tcm is hindered and the progress of globalization and modernization of tcm is greatly affected by the absence of necessary standards [4, 5]. china has a distinct tcm theoretical framework and efficient treatment procedures since it is the birthplace and primary user of tcm. while there have been tremendous strides in standardizing tcm in recent years—thanks to the ongoing evolution of both ideas and methods—certain challenges persist [6]. with the exception of acupuncture, moxibustion, and traditional chinese medicines, this article mostly summarizes and analyzes studies on the present state of tcm standardization [7]. 2. current status of standardization of traditional chinese medicine in china the chinese government places a high priority on tcm standardization (2.1). following the principle of "uni-fication, simplification, coordination, and optimization" and making full use of it, traditional chinese medicine (tcm) standardization involves creating and implementing rules for all aspects of tcm, including medical care, research, education, industry, culture, and management. the goals are to advance tcm in academia and spread its achievements, standardize its management, ensure its quality and safety, encourage its modernization and international communication for the benefit of society and the economy, and guide and support a range of initiatives aimed at the comprehensive development of tcm [8]. as part of its modernization, tcm must be standardized. an item mentioning "promoting the standardization of tcm" was added in the 2009 opinions of the state council on supporting and supporting the development of traditional chinese medicine from the state council of china. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 12 "the construction for the standardization of tcm should be strengthened," emphasised comrade li keqiang, a member of the central politburo standing committee of the communist party of china and vice premier of the state council, during the 2011 national work conference on traditional chinese medicine. "promotion of standardization and normalization of tcm" is listed as an essential priority in the twelfth five-year planning outline for national economic and social development of the people's republic of china by the national development and reform commission. in the 2006– 2020 traditional chinese medicine innovation development planning outline, spearheaded by the ministry of science and technology, tcm standardization was identified as a priority issue with the aim of becoming the worldwide standard for traditional medicine. supporting traditional chinese medicine (tcm) as a promising area for global innovation, the people's republic of china's standardization administration has included almost hundreds of tcm standard items in its strategy for service standard development. chinese traditional chinese medicine's standard system is mostly defined in the country. the tcm standard system was mostly formed during the "eleventh five-year plan" era. standards for management, fundamental operations, technical operations, and working conditions make up the system [9], with an emphasis on the development and updating of the former two types of standards. chinese traditional chinese medicine (tcm) basic standards: where we are now 2.2. basic theoretical terminology, terminology of specific tcm subjects and their classification and codes, and other standards to achieve tcm terminology standardization were the initial foci of the formulation and revision of basic and general standards of traditional chinese medicine. five national standards of tcm have been issued in succession, namely, classification and codes of diseases and zheng of traditional chinese medicine (gb/t15657-1995) as china’s first national standard for classification of tcm diseases stipulates the classification principles and coding methods of diseases and zheng of tcm and has the corresponding computer software, promoting the standardization of tcm clinical diagnosis; clinic terminology of traditional chinese medical diagnosis and treatmentdiseases (gb/t 16751.11997), clinic terminology of traditional chinese medical diagnosis and treatment-syndromes (gb/t 16751.2-1997), and clinic terminology of traditional chinese medical diagnosis and treatment-therapeutic methods (gb/t 16751.3-1997) specify the basic terminology of c an essential document for the preservation and advancement of traditional chinese medicine (tcm), the basic theory terminology of traditional chinese medicine (gb/t 20348-2006) defines key terms used in tcm theories including yin and yang, the five elements, and main and collateral channels. this standard is vital for various aspects of tcm, including but not limited to: teaching, research, healthcare, management, and international exchange [10]. where things stand with the chinese tcm technical standards: a status report 2.3. applying tcm in a clinical setting requires both medical knowledge and the theoretical framework of tcm. academic societies within tcm have released more than 50 technical specifications between the years of 1980 and 2002, and tcm authorities have released nearly 70 technical standards, including the clinical guidelines for emergency treatment of internal medicine of traditional chinese medicine (yy228) and criteria of diagnosis and therapeutic effect of diseases and syndromes in tcm (zy/t001.1-94) [6]. we have made significant progress in standardizing the tcm industry in china with the first industry standard, criteria of diagnosis and therapeutic effect of diseases and syndromes in tcm. this standard covers nine clinical departments and forty-six diseases and syndromes, including internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, and pediatrics. after 2002, the formulation of industry technical stan dards was further strengthened, prevention and treatment of common diseases and major diseases were mainly focused on and diagnostic and treatment guidelines for clinical syndromes in tcm, and operation regulation of tcm clinic technology and others were formulated and revised as the priority. completed standards by the state administration of traditional chinese medicine include 18 standards for the series of routine and technical operation regulation of nursing care in tcm (zyyxh/t 1.1-2006∼zyyxh/t 1.18 2006) for nursing care of clinical departments such as internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, and pediatrics, 19 standards for the series of technical specification of health preservation and prevention of chinese medicine (zyyxh/t 158-2010∼ zyyxh/t 176-2010) with massage on the spine, the whole body, pediatrics and moxibustion, medicinal liquor, acupoint sticking, cupping, and so on to guide and standardize technical operations of tcm health care of care physicians and tech nicians and make technical operations more standardized and more safe, 1 standard of classification and determination of constitution in tcm (zyyxh/t 157-2009) as the important reference basis for the clinical practice, to determine the specification and quality evaluation, 10 standards for the series of standard specifications for study and compilation of traditional chinese medicine classics (zyyxh/t 362 2012∼zyyxh/t 371-2012) for proofreading tcm classics, 1 standard of clinical guidelines of chinese medicine on sub health (zyyxh/t 2-2006) for clarifying the understanding of subhealth of tcm, common syndromes, and intervention principles of tcm on subhealth to gain the scientific, standardized diagnosis and intervention on subhealth and provide evidences for the feasible health management plan and intervention measures on subhealth [11], 15 standards for the series of guidelines for tcm diabetes prevention and treatment (zyyxh/t 3.1-2007∼zyyxh/t 3.15-2007) for the course, complications, and merged diseases of diabetes to have detailed and normative prevention and treatment strategy of tcm, achieving the standardized, scientific pre vention and treatment of tcm of diabetes [12], 21 standards for the series of guideline for diagnosis and treatment of tumor in tcm (zyyxh/t 136-2008∼zyyxh/t 156-2008) for the standard of differentiation of syndromes and signs for classification and diagnosis and treatment of tcm of ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 13 3 common malignant tumor (according to preliminary clinical statistics, 70–80% of cancer patients accepted the different levels of tcm treatments; chinese medicine tumor has become an important part of modern chinese medicine clinical disciplines; this “guideline” can improve the overall level of tcm prevention and treatment of malignant tumor [13]), and 386 standards for the series of guideline for diagnosis and treatment of common diseases in tcm. in total, 397 diseases of 11 clinical majors were involved such as internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, ophthalmology, ent, anorectal section, dermatology, and orthopedics, and the most common tcm clinical diseases were covered [9]. three systems, namely, technical specification for clinical diagnosis and treatment of common tcm diseases, health care technology, and nursing care, have been formulated and the criteria for clinical diagnosis and treatment in tcm are further enriched. 2.1. current status of the formulation and revision of tcm management standards in china. tcm management standards are formulated to regulate the tcm industry and control matters required for uniform coordination in the management practice. the state administration of traditional chinese medicine has combined with relevant departments to issue many management standards related to construction of traditional chinese hospitals, construction of major tcm laboratories, classification of tcm research laboratories, tcm education management, and others [14] and covered tcm treatment, scientific research, education, and other fields, thereby laying foundation for the construction of tcm standard system. in summary, 5 national tcm standards and over 480 tcm industrial standards have been formulated and issued for implementation and the tcm standard system is primarily established, which ensures the standardization of tcm development smoothly, and improves the standard for formulation and revision work. see the publication situations of current tcm standards in table 1. 2.2. tcm standardization support system has been basically established. the support system is to promote and guarantee tcm standards, including management system, operation system, technical platform, professional team, implementation and guarantee, inspection and evaluation, and information service. 2.3. tcm standardization management system and operation mechanism have been primarily established. tcm stan dardization management department of china administration of traditional medicine is responsible for centralized management and coordinated planning of tcm standardization. the standardization office is specially built as the routine administrative office for tcm standardization to fully coordinate the standardization of the industry. several tcm standardization technology research centers have been established across the country to strengthen the organizational management on formulation, implementation, and supervision of tcm standards [15]. in september 2010, china administration of traditional medicine confirmed 42 base (pilot) construction units for tcm stan dardization research and promotion so as to provide a strong guarantee for implementation and promotion of tcm standards. china administration of traditional medicine has released tcm standard formulation procedure and interim measures of state administration of traditional medicine on management of tcm standardization project, in which the formulation and management procedure of tcm standards have been regulated [16]. 2.4. tcm standardization technology team has been basically formed. talents are essential to promote the tcm standardization. with the constant establishment of tcm standardization research institutes and academic communities, the tcm standardization talent team is gradually expanding from scratch. in 2006, the first national tcm standardization training class was held in wuhan and attracted over 120 tcm professional participants across the country in the technical training; in 2008, china administration of traditional medicine established the pilot construction unit of “acupuncture and moxibustion research center of china administration of traditional medicine” in tianjin university of traditional chinese medicine and “tcm technical training and research center of china administration of traditional medicine in hubei university of traditional chinese medicine,” thereby providing important intelligent support and sufficient guarantee for implementation of tcm standardization development plan; and by 2009, over 800 researchers and experts participated in standardization projects, initially forming the tcm standardization team of a certain size [17]. 2.5. actively participate in tcm international standardization. in 2003, the world federation of chinese medicine societies was established and headquartered in beijing. it enhanced the formulation, publicity, and promotion of tcm international standards. in 2007, who issued international standard terminologies on traditional medicine, which was prepared in corroboration by personnel from china, korea, japan, and other countries. in september 2009, international organization for stan dardization (iso) established committee of tcm standardization technology with the code of iso/tc249 (tentatively) [18]. in iso/tc249, a total of 44 standard projects have been put forward since 2011, including 29 projects by china [19]. upon the revision of codes of international classification of diseases (icd-11), who has decided to include the traditional medicine, and china has actively participated in the preparation of traditional medicine. all of the works lay an important milestone for the international standardization of tcm and also are the important opportunities for china to regain the initiative in the international standardization. 3. problems and some countermeasures of the construction of tcm standardization in china since 1980s, the constant exploration on the standardization of traditional chinese medicine (tcm) has made certain 14 supervision bureau sub-health and treatment table 1: the existing standards of traditional chinese medicine in china (a total of 486). serial number standard number standard title issuance date execution date release unit classification and codes of diseases and zheng of traditional chinese medicine clinic terminology of traditional chinese 25 july 1995 1 january 1996 aqsiq; sac national standard (a total of 5) 2 gb/t 16751.1-1997 medical diagnosis and treatment-diseases clinic terminology of traditional chinese 4 march 1997 1 october 1997 aqsiq; sac chinese technical 3 gb/t 16751.2-1997 4 gb/t 16751.3-1997 medical diagnosis and treatment-syndromes clinic terminology of traditional chinese medical diagnosis and treatment-therapeutic methods 4 march 1997 1 october 1997 4 march 1997 1 october 1997 supervision bureau chinese technical supervision bureau basic theory terminology of traditional chinese medicine clinical guidelines for emergency 25 may 2006 1 october 2006 chinese technical 6 yy228 treatment of internal medicine of traditional chinese medicine 1 march 1994 1 march 1994 satcm industry standard (a total of 481) criteria of diagnosis and therapeutic effect of diseases and syndromes in tcm 8 zyyxh/t 2-2006 clinical guidelines of chinese medicine on routine and technical operation regulation of nursing care in tcm 10 zyyxh/t3.1∼3.15-2007 guideline for tcm diabetes prevention guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of 11 zyyxh/t4∼49-2008 12 zyyxh/t50∼135-2008 common internal diseases in chinese medicine symptoms in chinese medicine guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of common internal diseases in chinese medicine diseases of modern medicine 22 july 2008 22 july 2008 cacm 22 july 2008 22 july 2008 cacm guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of tumor in traditional chinese medicine 30 november 2008 1 december 2008 cacm 4 1 gb/t15657-1995 5 gb/t 20348-2006 7 zy/t001.1-94 9 zyyxh/t1.1∼1.18-2006 13 zyyxh/t136∼156-2008 11 october 1994 1 january 1995 satcm 10 december 2006 10 december 2006 cacm 25 december 2006 25 december 2006 cacm 28 july 2007 28 july 2007 cacm 15 table 1: continued. serial number standard number standard title issuance date execution date release unit classification and determination of constitution in tcm technical specification of health 26 march 2009 9 april 2009 cacm 15 zyyxht158∼176-2010 16 zyyxh/t177∼202-2012 17 zyyxh/t203∼246-2012 18 zyyxh/t247∼286-2012 19 zyyxh/t287∼306-2012 20 zyyxh/t307∼321-2012 21 zyyxh/t322∼341-2012 22 zyyxh/t342∼361-2012 23 zyyxh/t362∼371-2012 24 zyyxh/t372∼415-2012 25 zyyxh/t417∼441-2012 preservation and prevention of chinese medicine guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of surgery in traditional chinese medicine guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of gynecology in traditional chinese medicine guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of pediatric in traditional chinese medicine guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of otolaryngology in traditional chinese medicine guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of otolaryngology in traditional chinese medicine guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of coloproctology in traditional chinese medicine guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of dermatology in traditional chinese medicine standard specification for study and compilation of traditional chinese medicine classics guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of orthopedics and traumatology in traditional chinese medicine guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of spinal orthopedics in traditional chinese medicine 23 december 2010 11 january 2011 cacm 1 july 2012 1 august 2012 cacm 1 july 2012 1 august 2012 cacm 1 july 2012 1 august 2012 cacm 1 july 2012 1 august 2012 cacm 1 july 2012 1 august 2012 cacm 1 july 2012 1 august 2012 cacm 1 july 2012 1 august 2012 cacm 1 july 2012 1 august 2012 cacm 1 july 2012 1 august 2012 cacm 1 july 2012 1 august 2012 cacm aqsiq, general administration of quality supervision, inspection, and quarantine of the people’s republic of china; sac, standardization administration of the people’s republic of china; satcm, state administration of traditional chinese medicine of the people’s republic of china; cacm, china association of chinese medicine. 5 14 zyyxh/t157-2009 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 16 achievements. however, on account of its long-term, arduous, and complex nature, the current tcm standardization still falls behind with the developmental needs of tcm. it is necessary to reinforce awareness of tcm standardization (3.1). many tcm practitioners still have a lack of awareness and different ideas about tcm standardization, which makes them feel unprepared, unmotivated, and responsible for the lack of progress in this area [20]. this is because tcm standardization is still in its early stages and has not yet been adequately publicized or implemented. to prepare for the eventual adoption of tcm standardization, it is imperative that we raise awareness among tcm practitioners via increased education and publicity about the need of synchronization between clinical practice and classroom instruction [21, 22]. there is a need to improve the tcm standardization system (3.2). currently, published standards only address the basics of tcm, focusing on its basis and functioning rather than delving into all of its aspects. it is critically important to update and reinforce standards in health care, research, education, information, particularly management, and other areas of tcm in light of the international recognition that has been bestowed upon the incorporation of seven tcm clinical trials into clinical trials for eleven different types of gynecology diseases [23]. as a result, the whole tcm standardized system will be enriched and improved via the creation of balanced quantity, quality, structure, and benefit [24]. 3.3.1 the methods for tcm standardization requirements must be fulfilled. there is a paucity of evidence-based medicine and clinical evidence that supports many of the current standardizations, which makes it difficult to use them in clinical practice [25]. additionally, the "aging" of tcm standardization is caused by a flawed revision mechanism [20]. clinic terms of traditional chinese medicine, for example, has remained unchanged since its release in 1997 and is currently the only national standard in the field. this means that tcm standards aren't up-to-date enough to match the current academic level and managerial needs of tcm, which renders them irrelevant and slows down their adoption and use [26]. in this case, tcm standardization may benefit from enhanced methodological study into the standard revision in order to find a redaction approach that works for tcm's unique characteristics. 3.4. standardize traditional chinese medicine's support system. there has been tremendous increase in the development of tcm standards, but there has been very little progress in the associated support system, which is still in its early stages and needs more refinement. there is a lack of qualified individuals working in traditional chinese medicine (tcm), and there is a lack of completion in the tcm standardized system's administration, implementation, and oversight [16]. surveys and feedbacks on the system's applicability are also lacking. traditional chinese medicine's state administration released a more thorough and organized development of the support system for tcm standardization is guaranteed to occur under the supervision of the guidance on strengthening the standardization of traditional chinese medicine. 3.5. promptly support the global standardization of traditional chinese medicine (tcm). at the current time, there are very few worldwide tcm standards, and the majority of them are domestic. furthermore, china should make the most of its position as a permanent member of the international standardization organization and its involvement in the secretariat of the tcm technical committee in order to actively participate in the establishment of development strategies, regulations, and projects related to tcm standardization. it is also important to take advantage of china's dominance in tcm international standardization to encourage the transition of tcm standards to international ones [27]. there is a steady march toward tcm standardization, which includes new developments in the field and advancements in academia. it is important to promote standardization under a comprehensive plan and top design and to continue with staged and planned measures because of the basic, strategic, and worldwide implications it will have on the development of tcm [28]. we are hopeful that the newly released medium and long-term development plan on the standardization of traditional chinese medicine (2011-2020) would lead to a more methodical and scientific advancement of tcm standardization for the benefit of people's health. acknowledgments this work was supported by the state administration of traditional chinese medicine [zyys-2011-(0033)-1] and national natural 90 science foundation of china (grant no. 81330088) and national key technology support program (no. 2012bai25b03). references [1] h. m. gao, z. m. wang, y. j. li, and z. z. qian, “overview of the quality standard research of traditional chinese,” frontiers of medicine, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 195–202, 2011. 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[21] “exploration course construction of clinical characteristics of traditional chinese medicine therapy based on national stan dardization,” china’s modern distance education of chinese medicine, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 14–15, 2016. [22] q. guo and q. chen, “standardization of syndrome differentia tion defined by traditional chinese medicine in operative breast cancer: a modified delphi study,” the scientific world journal, vol. 2015, article id 820436, 5 pages, 2015. [23] x. f. yi, seven industry standards of clinical trials of tcm publishment, china news of traditional chinese medicine, 2nd edition, 2016. [24] l. y. wang, x. j. han, w. y. yu et al., “several suggestions on promoting standardization development of tcm,” world sci ence and technology—tcm modernization, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 743–745, 2011. [25] n. li and x. m. han, “tentative study on tcm standardization,” journal of tcm information, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 1–3, 2010. [26] z.-l. chen and y. guo, “eight aspects of acupuncture standard ization,” chinese acupuncture & moxibustion, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 455–458, 2011. [27] z. j. li, j. y. huang, c. b. xu et al., “strategic thoughts on tcm international standardization under the new situation,” world chinese medicine, vol. 6, pp. 1–7, 2011. [28] w. guoqiang, accelerating tcm standardization, china news of traditional chinese medicine, 1st edition, 2012. http://www.stctcm.com/stcm/bzhzs/653.htm ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 1 chinese traditional medical journal comparison between the piston of ic engine made with cast carbon steel and carbon graphite using finite element analysis (fea) niu tianfu, li zhijun, yuan ruyu, cardiovascular department, shanxi traditional chinese medicine institute, taiyuan cardiovascular department, the first teaching hospital of tianjin university of traditional chinese medicine cardiovascular department, the second teaching hospital of tianjin medical university, tianjin introduction: i. a piston is a cylinder-inside cylindrical component that exerts pressure on the combustion gases. various materials are used to construct it. a piston rod and/or connecting rod are used in an engine to transmit the force generated by the expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft. the piston rings seal the cylinder and enclose the moving component. the connecting rod's obliquity causes it to generate side thrust. combustion gases also abstract— cast carbon steel and carbon graphite pistons were subjected to thermal loads in this study, which was carried out via the use of finite element analysis (fea). the working gas temperature and the material qualities of the pistons are employed in the simulation. these pistons were studied using a four-stroke 100cc hero bike engine's specs. a four-stroke 100cc hero bike engine's specs are used to demonstrate an analytical design process for cast carbon steel and carbon graphite pistons. with an applied temperature of 600 kelvin (k), the fea findings predict the gradn: temperature gradient and critical region on both pistons. it is crucial to identify the key region and the benefits and drawbacks of the two materials. as part of the design process, solidworks is used to create the 3d models of pistons (the feature module), which are then meshes and thermally analysed. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 2 create a lot of heat, which is dissipated via the cylinder wall. the piston may also serve as a valve in certain engines, closing and opening apertures in the cylinder wall. ii. fem method: the fundamentals of the fem are straightforward. assume that a field variable, such as displacement or stress, has to be distributed across a body or component of the engineering design in question. an example of this would be a component that is under stress, or a temperature that is being affected by a heat source. an 'element assembly' is used to represent a one-, two-, or three-dimensional solid's body as a collection of tiny bits known as 'finite elements.' as the number of degrees of freedom required to simulate each element is finite, the term "finite" is used. only at the nodes, which are the connecting joints, are the components presumed to be connected. because the components aren't independent things like bricks, they don't have any gaps or surfaces in between them. discrete materials and structures may be modelled using systems that already exist.) however, this course does not include aspects like as real-masonry bricks, particle mixtures, sand grains, or any of the like.) iii. methodology of proposed work: this project's approach is based on the data that was gathered and analysed throughout the investigation phase. designing pistons requires the following methods: ic engine piston development data collection. taking apart a system to find out what went wrong. this piston and its predicted dimensions were measured and replicated as a 3-d model in solidworks software, and then examined in solidworks simulation.. using the software's library to choose material. pistons mated together. boundary conditions may be applied. calculation of the outcome. thermal load analysis is performed by comparing the resulting temperature gradients. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 3 iv. engine specifications: type air cooled, 4 stroke single cylinder ohc displacement 97.2 cc max. power 6.15kw (8.36 ps) @8000 rpm max. torque 0.82kg m (8.05 n-m) @5000 rpm max. speed 87 kmph bore x stroke 50.0 mm x 49.5 mm carburetor side draft , variable venturi type with tcis compression ratio 9.9 : 1 starting kick / self start ignition dc digital cdi oil grade sae 10 w 30 sj grade , jaso ma grade air filtration dry , pleated paper filter fuel system carburetor fuel metering carburetion i. reverse engineering the piston: the dimensions of the model piston were measured using vernier callipers and other measurement devices. in order to create a 3d model of this piston, solidworks 3d modelling software was used: ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 4 vi. boundary conditions and loads: temperature was applied to the top of the piston at 600 kelvin, and the piston pin holes were fixed. both tests will use the same units, boundary conditions, and loads . vii. analysis on cast carbon steel piston: model information model name: part1 current configuration: default solid bodies document name and reference treated as volumetric properties document path/date modified ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 5 <piston for study> solid body mass:0.199708 kg volume:2.56036e005 m^3 density:7800 kg/m^3 weight:1.95714 n study properties study name study 1 analysis type thermal(transient) mesh type solid mesh solver type ffeplus solution type transient total time 1 seconds time increment 0.1 seconds contact resistance defined? no result folder solidworks document (c:\users\dell\appda ta\local\temp) units unit system: si (mks) length/displaceme nt mm temperature kelvin angular velocity rad/sec pressure/stress n/m^2 material properties ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 6 model reference propertie s compon ents name: cast carbon steel model type: linear elastic isotropic default failure criterion: max von mises stress thermal conductivity: 30 w/(m.k) specific heat: 500 j/(kg.k) mass density: 7800 kg/m^3 default curve data:n/a thermal loads load name load image load details temperature1 entities: 1 face(s) temperature: 600 kelvin mesh information mesh type solid mesh mesher used: standard mesh automatic transition: off include mesh auto loops: off jacobian points 4 points ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 7 element size 2.94848 mm tolerance 0.147424 mm mesh quality high mesh information details total nodes 26259 total elements 14251 maximum aspect ratio 90.34 % of elements with aspect ratio < 3 83.9 % of elements with aspect ratio > 10 0.428 % of distorted elements(jacobian) 0 time to complete mesh(hh;mm;ss): 00:00:0 8 computer name: dellpc ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 8 figurei there is a 600 kelvin maximum temperature on the piston head, while the lowest is 0 kelvin at the piston bottom, which suggests that heat moves to the 1st groove of the piston ring. viii. analysis on carbon graphite piston: volumetric properties: lpattern2 solid body mass:0.0609817 kg volume:2.7224e-005 m^3 density:2240 kg/m^3 weight:0.59762 n defaul t material properties ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 9 model reference prop erties compo nents name: c (graphite) model type:linear elastic isotropic default failure max von mises criterion: stress thermal 168 w/(m.k) conductivity: specific heat: 44 j/(kg.k) mass density: 2240 kg/m^3 de fa ul t figure – ii figure ii: according to the results shown in the figure, which show a maximum temperature of 600 kelvin at the top of the piston head and a minimum temperature of 291.770 kelvin at the bottom, the flow of heat is sufficient. conclusion conclusion: based on thermal (transient state) analysis results on cast carbon steel ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 10 piston (result i) and c graphite (result ii), we found that the maximum heat flow occurred in c graphite instead of cast carbon steel which is evidence that the thermal conductivity of carbon graphite piston is much better than cast carbon steel piston which is best for the long life of the piston. it is also lighter than cast carbon steel, which is better suited for an internal combustion engine. in contrast, carbon graphite has a lower thermal coefficient than cast carbon steel, which permits engine design to utilise smaller cold clearances without risking piston seize under heavy loads. carbon graphite pistons also have the benefit of having great thermal shock resistance and self-lubricant qualities, both of which contribute to the engine's operating durability and efficiency by reducing lubricant use. when a result, c-graphite is a corrosion resistant against acids and solvents, which helps to preserve mechanical properties, and c-graphite grows stronger as the temperature is increased. finally, based on the results of this research, carbon graphite pistons are superior than cast carbon steel pistons for ic engines. references "thermal stressanalysis of engine piston" by b.r. ramesh and kishan naik, internationalconference on challenges and opportunities in mechanical engineering, industrialengineering and managementstudies (iccomim-2012), 11-13 july, 2012 design, analysis, and optimization of three aluminum piston alloys using fea: ajay raj singh, drpushpendra kumar sharma, international journal of engineering research and applications issn: 2248-9622, vol. 4, issue 1(version 3, january 2014, pages 94-102 in this study, dallwoo kim, akemi ito, yasuhiro ishikawa, katsuyukiosawa, and yoshiyuki iwasaki-friction characteristics of steel pistons for diesel engines. there are three authors listed in the bibliography for "thermal analysis and optimization of microfluidic devices: a review of the literature": finite element analysis of an i.c. engine piston friction losses between the piston ring and liner assembly of an internal combustion engine have been studied in the international journal of scientific and research publications, research on ic engine parts with coating: a review by ravi s modi, maulik modi, and tushar m patel issn: 2395-0056, volume: 4, issue: 2, january 2017, international research journal of engineering and technology (irjet). a structural and thermal analysis of a piston has been done by k.s.mahajan and s.h.deshmukh [7]. current engineering and technology journal, e-issn 22774106, p-issn 2347-5161, international the 2016 inpressco.kancharla raja sekhar is thermal analysis of a piston by g. vijay prakash, volume 5, issue 4, oct 2016. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2022 | vol5 |issue3 11 a study of the thermal temperature fields and thermal stress in a steady temperature field of diesel engine pistons by yaohui lu, peng lin, xing zhang, and dawei dong was published in 2016 by southwest jiaotong university in chengdu, sichuan 610031. "mechanical and thermal study of the internal combustion engine piston using ansys" was presented at the international conference on applied sciences in bucharest, romania (icas2016). experiment and simulation research breakthroughs in the piston assembly of an internal combustion engine" by 11.c. kirner, j. halbhuber, b. uhlig, a. oliva, s. graf, and g. wachtmeister tribology international accepted the preprint on march 17, 2016. a new horizon for the steroidal alkaloid cyclovirobuxine d (huangyangning) and analogues: anticancer activities and mechanism of action ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2023 | vol 6 | issue 3 issn : 2693 6356 2023 | vol 6 | issue 6 a new horizon for the steroidal alkaloid cyclovirobuxine d (huangyangning) and analogues: anticancer activities and mechanism of action christian a, *, jihong b a oncowitan, lille (wasquehal), 59290, france b medical school, kunming university of science and technology, kunming, 650500, china introduction an evergreen shrub endemic to southern china, buxus microphylla var. sinica (chinese boxwood, buxaceae, 小収黄杨) is beneficial for absorbing and containing air pollutants, such as tiny particulate matter pm2.5.1 the aside from being a popular decorative tree, it has a long history of usage in traditional chinese medicine (huang yang mu ye, xiaoyehuangyang) for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in china.2 the buxmicrophyllines and other cycloartane type alkaloids are present in b. microphylla extracts, among other triterpenoid alkaloids.three to five different cancer cell lines have been shown to be significantly cytotoxic by buxmicrophylline b and r.four, six other chemicals have been extracted from the plant's roots and leaves.as well as cyclomicrobuxinine and buxbodine b found in plants. however, cyclovirobuxine d (cvb-d, fig. 1), the principal alkaloid derived from b. microphylla, has been in use for over 30 years in abstract— for a long time, huangyangning was a standard therapy for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular illnesses in china. its active ingredient is the steroidal alkaloid cyclovirobuxine d (cvb-d). it is on the chinese pharmacopeia list. this little-known alkaloid has recently come to light as having anticancer effects in both laboratory and animal models. the medicine inhibits phosphorylation of proteins such as egfr, erk, akt, and mtor, among others, by activating several signaling pathways. consequently, cvb-d has anti-metastatic and anti-proliferative effects. cvb-d and similar natural compounds derived from buxus species have been studied for their potential anticancer properties in this review. current knowledge on the molecular targets of cvb-d is limited; nevertheless, theories have been developed by examining the drug's effects on signaling pathways and drawing comparisons to other drugs. potential upstream targets of cvb-d include the proteins egfr and cthrc1, which are involved in its anti-proliferative effect. as a further, more audacious hypothesis, the metastasis-associated protein s100a4 is proposed as a possible co-target for cvb-d. with its well-established anti-cardiovascular effectiveness and promising safety profile, cvb-d has the potential to be the subject of more mechanistic investigations into its anticancer effects. medicine since its discovery in 1964,7 and thorough characterization in 1979,8.10 cvb-d is a pregnane-derived steroidal alkaloid that has a low water solubility but a satisfactory bioavailability when made into disintegrating tablets.11 the cfda of china authorized huangyangning dispersible tablets (fig. 1) in 2009 to treat various cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, arrhythmia, heart failure, hypertension, and cardiac neurosis. cvb-d is the active ingredient in these tablets.12 the 2015 chinese pharmacopoeia includes it. cvb-d modulates blood pressure by expanding blood vessels and increasing coronary flow. in addition to lowering oxygen consumption by the heart, it has an antiarrhythmic action. this medicine has a lengthy history of usage in preventing acute cerebral ischemia and myocardial ischemia.multiple pharmacological investigations in animal models (13–15) and clinical trials have shown cvb-d's therapeutic impact on heart failure caused by myocardial infarction.2 the compound known as jlx001, which is the cvb-d dihydrochloride salt the drug is now in development by zhejiang jingxin pharmaceutical co. of shaoxing, china, with the goal of treating ischemic stroke.16 just recently, research has shown that jlx001 may effectively reduce cerebral ischemia damage by blocking platelet activation and thrombus formation.17 as its principal route of action, jlx001 inhibited oxidative stress and inflammation in animal models via modulating the tlr2/4-nf-kb and ampkulk1 signaling pathways. the brain is protected against ischemia damage by this investigational medication.18, 19 when it comes to human clinical trials, jlx001 is an intriguing candidate. cancer therapy is one of many new possible therapeutic indications for cvb-d that has emerged in recent years. this article provides a summary of cvb-anticancer d's characteristics and the current understanding of its action mechanism. anticancer activity of cyclovirobuxine d human breast cancer cells were used in an in vitro investigation to establish that cvb-d had an anticancer impact. at an ic50 of 10 mm, the drug was discovered to decrease mcf7 cell viability. after 24 hours of treatment, it was discovered to induce autophagy, which is marked by the appearance of autophagosomes/autolysosomes and the up-regulation of autophagy markers like microtubule-associated protein lc3-ii and autophagy protein atg5.20 because cvb-d at low concentrations (1e10 mm) reduced akt phosphorylation and suppressed mtor phosphorylation without altering their intracellular expression levels, it was hypothesized that this inhibition of the akt/mtor axis was responsible for autophagic activation.20 another in vitro investigation using two gastric cancer cell lines found that cvb-d doseand time-dependently decreased cell proliferation of mgc-803 and mkn2 cells; nevertheless, rather high doses (about 50–60 mm at 72 h) were necessary to achieve a 50% reduction in cell growth. concentrations lower than 10 mm were more effective in inhibiting colony development. at very high doses (i.e., 30–120 mm), the effect was followed by a disruption of the cell cycle and the activation of apoptosis as shown by mitochondrial damages, caspase-3 cleavage, bcl-2 down-regulation, and bax up-regulation.21 in their study, the scientists used a murine macrophage raw264.7 cell line— which does not contain tumors—to demonstrate that the medication blocks the jak-stat pathway.22 there has been an analogous in vitro investigation with glioblastoma cell lines.23 cvb-d caused apoptosis, cell cycle arrests (in the s and g0/g1 phases), and inhibition of glioma cell growth in t98g and hs683 models. however, drug doses ranging from 100 to 200 mm were required to induce a significant amount of apoptosis. the sensitivity of these glioma cells to cvb-d seems to be low. nevertheless, this provides more evidence that the medication may inhibit cell proliferation and promote cell death in response to aggressive malignant cells. using hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) cells, researchers have recently shown that cvb-d may inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell death.24 with an ic50 of around 15–17 mm, cvb-d treatment inhibited the proliferation of hepg2 and hcclm3 cells in a dose-dependent manner, whereas lower drug concentrations resulted in impaired colony formation. at doses ranging from 10 to 40 mm, cvb-d was seen to trigger a significant death of hcc cells, just as it did in the gastric cell line. the potency is moderate. however, the fact that the research also documented the drug's action in living organisms makes it noteworthy. mice with hepg2 tumors showed an increase in the rate of tumor cell death and a significant decrease in tumor volume after receiving intraperitoneal administration of cvb-d (10 mg/kg, every two days, for 14 days). the medicine effectively reduced tumor development in mice and seemed to be well-tolerated (treated animals did not lose weight). thus, the anticancer effect is associated with a medication-induced suppression of the egfr-fak-akt/erk1/2slug signaling pathway, as shown by biochemical tests indicating the drug could diminish phosphorylation of egfr, akt, and erk1/2 in hcc cells in vitro.24 a comparable study using cells from colorectal cancer was reported not long ago.cell colonies are formed and dld-1 and lovo cell proliferation is reduced by 25 cvb-d with an ic50 of 23–26 mm. vimentin and n-cadherin are important indicators of the drug-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (emt), and the medication decreased their expression in both cell types in a dosedependent manner while boosting e-cadherin's expression. in order to decrease tumor cell invasion and dissemination via blood and lymphatic vessels, the medication protects the extracellular matrix. by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases mmp2 and mmp9 and downregulating effector proteins including snail, slug, and zeb, cvb-d can control emt. cvb-d also decreased cancer cell motility and induced cell death by changing the expression of the up-regulated bax protein and the downregulated bcl-2 protein, respectively. there was a clear reduction in akt and erk-1/2 phosphorylation, which points to the pi3k/akt/erk signaling pathway as the primary mechanism by which the medication exerts its anticancer effects. it is worth noting that a key protein involved in the anticancer effect was identified: cthrc1, which stands for collagen triple helix repeat containing 1. this protein is often overexpressed in cancerous cells. cancer cell motility, colony formation, invasion, and proliferation are all facilitated by this protein, making it an important mediator of oncogenesis.cvb-d can significantly downregulate cthrc1 expression in dld-1 and lovo cells, which in turn causes phospho-akt and phosphoerk to disappear. cvb-d may have an upstream target in cthrc1, according to the authors' findings.25 this anticancer fig. 1. structure of cyclovirobuxine d (cvb-d) isolated from buxus microphylla. cvb-d is the active pharmaceutical ingredient of the drug huangyangning tablets used in china to treat cardiovascular diseases. cvb-d is also known as cyclovirobuxinum d or bebuxine (c26h46n2o) and is listed in the pharmacopoeia of the people ’s republic of china (edition 2015). cvb-d's activity was studied in vivo by xenografting dld-1 cancer cells into mice. the tumor volume was significantly decreased and the residual tumor showed evident symptoms of drug-induced apoptosis after four weeks of intraperitoneal injection of cvb-d (15 mg/kg/day). this new research not only backs up cvb-d's anticancer claims in colon cancer, but it also lays out crucial molecular details, such as how the secreted glycoprotein cthrc1 is a potential target for cvb-d and a major driver of its anticancer impact. it may also function as an effector, changing its state in reaction to cvb-d's influence on a target farther upstream. so far, five separate investigations have shown that cvb-d has anticancer effects in various animal models (table 1). two in vitro + in vivo investigations with hepatocellular and colorectal cancer cells, as well as three in vitro investigations with gastric, breast, and glioma cell lines20,21,23.24,25 although more research is needed, the current findings support the idea of cvb-d as a potential new cancer treatment. but details of how it works are all over the place. specifically, cvb-d's probable molecular targets are still mostly unknown (see below). different things that cvb-d does to treat or prevent many cardiovascular illnesses, cvb-d is an effective medicine. cardiomyocytes damaged by oxidation or hypoxia are more likely to survive after taking this medicine.27 additionally, it activates an antioxidant response mediated by nrf 2 that protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy. based on a molecular modeling investigation, it has been suggested that cvb-d directly binds to nrf2, a transcription factor. this might explain why drugs can increase nrf2's nuclear translocation and reduce oxidative stress.28 similarly, doxorubicin, an anticancer medication, may cause cardiotoxicity; however, cvb-d can protect against this. in vitro, it decreased cardiac oxidative damages and mitochondrial biogenesis impairment by doxorubicininduced myocardial cell death.29 cvb-d is not the only one with this quality. cyclobuxine and buxaustroines a-n, two other alkaloids derived from the chinese shrub buxus austro-yunnanensis, have shown cardioprotective effects (fig. 2).30 other anticancer buxus natural products in vitro studies have shown that extracts from many buxus plants, including buxus papillosa, buxus hildebrandtii, and buxus sempervirens, have substantial antiproliferative activity against various cancer cells.no. 31 33 the ability of an acetonic b. sempervirens extract to suppress the growth of cancer cells and to induce apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells is particularly noteworthy.33 while alkaloids and cyclovirobuxines are present in these extracts, they are far from the only natural compounds they contain. more than 250 members make up the enormous and diverse buxus alkaloid family to which cvb-d belongs; these members all have a core structure that is triterpenoid-steroidal pregnane tetracyclic (fig. 2).34 the members of this family may be categorized into two groups based on the number of b rings they contain: those with a 7-membered ring and those with a 6-membered ring. the first group consists of derivatives of the 9(10e19)-abeo-4,4,14a-trimethyl-5a-pregnane system.similar to the other natural products shown in figure 2, including cyclovirobuxeine a, buxandrine, and e-buxenone, cyclovirobuxines a–d belong to the second category. buxmicrophylline b and n-acetyldihydrocyclomicrophylline f, both derived from b. microphylla, have shown cytotoxic effects on cancer cells, such as hl60 leukemia cells and human tumor hepg2 cells (with sub-micromolar activity against both types of cells).5 not all buxus alkaloids are cytotoxic; nevertheless, those that are either mildly or additional beneficial characteristics may be shown by non-cytotoxic chemicals. one such cycloartane alkaloid is otigloylcyclovirobuxeine-b, which has a strong anti-parasitic action against the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum but very mild cytotoxic effects on l6 rat cells.36,37 it has also been shown to have anti-leishmanial and anti-fungal bioactivities.38 a number of buxus alkaloids, including buxamine c, have been shown to inhibit acetyl-cholinesterase (ache), an enzyme critical to the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. molecular modeling has led to the hypothesis that the drug interacts directly with this enzyme.39 however, in several instances, the level of 40ache inhibition is low; for example, buxidine and buxandrine have ic50 values more than 100 mm.40 although buxmicrophylline c and buxbodine b, both derived from buxus macowanii, are more effective ache inhibitors, their ic50 values remain quite high, exceeding 10 mm.41 two chemicals with anticancer properties are isolated from the compound family. one of them is kba01, a triterpenoid alkaloid derived from b. microphylla that has shown promising antiproliferative effects against several cancer cell lines. it was much more effective than other cancer cell lines against the highly sensitive ht29 colon cancer cells (crc; ic50 = 5 mm).the p53 protein has an oncogenic mutation (r273h mutation) in 42 ht29 cells. similar to cvb-d in structure (fig. 2), kba01 was discovered to engage in a chaperonemediated cascade that ultimately leads to the death of tumor suppressor protein p53. table 1 anticancer activities of cyclovirobuxine d in different models. cancer models [cell lines] cyclovirobuxine d activities references breast cancer [mcf7] inhibition of cell proliferation 20 inhibition of akt/mtor axis induction of autophagy gastric cancer [mgc-803, mkn2] inhibition of cell proliferation and colony formation 21 blockade of the jak-stat pathway cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis glioblastoma [t98g, hs683] inhibition of cell proliferation 23 cell cycle block and induction of apoptosis hepatocellular carcinoma [hepg2, hcclm3] inhibition of cell proliferation and colony formation 24 inhibition of the egfr/akt/erk1/2 signaling pathway cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis reduction of tumor in vivo colorectal cancer [dld-1, lovo] inhibition of cell proliferation and colony formation 25 regulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition reduction of cancer cell mobility (with reduced expression of cthrc1) induction of apoptosis in vitro and in vivo inhibition of tumor growth in vivo fig. 2. structures of several buxus alkaloids and other natural products cited in this review. drug-induced degradation of the mutant p53 protein was not seen, despite the aided mechanism. an attractive anticancer strategy that works in tandem with existing medications is to target the proteasomal degradation of the tumor suppressor protein p53. when combined with anticancer drugs like doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil, the natural product lipoic acid leads to the synergistic killing of colorectal cancer cells in a p53-dependent manner. it also induces ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of p53 in various colorectal cancer cell lines.43 the anticancer effects of other medications that may cause the mutant p53 protein to degrade are encouraging.44 a number of malignancies, including colorectal and osteosarcoma, have shown promise when treated with therapeutic strategies that target mutant p53.45 another alkaloid from buxus that deserves particular notice for its biological activities is ebuxenone, which is derived from buxus hyrcana. it has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of t cells triggered by phytohemagglutinin. curiously, a molecular modeling research suggested that ebuxenone and its analog buxidin directly interact with il-2, and both compounds were discovered to reduce il-2 and il-4 production in a dosedependent manner (fig. 2).46 although experimental confirmation of this in silico prediction is still pending, e-buxenone and buxidin's immunosuppressive characteristics may be therapeutic in a variety of diseases. cvb-d molecular targets? the cyclovirobuxine literature review and associated product brought attention to an underappreciated category of all-natural goods. cvb-d seems to have helpful anticancer characteristics in addition to its well-known vascular protective benefits. several supplementary in vitro and in vivo experimental models have now shown its anti-tumor efficacy. although the amount of activity is not very high, it is noticeable in models of colon and liver cancer.24, 26 to fully understand the drug's potential, more in vivo trials using other models and in conjunction with current anti-tumor medications are necessary. in order to guide the selection of medication combinations and develop optimum protocols, however, a better understanding of its mechanism of action and its targets is required. as of right now, this is the only restriction on this newly revealed anticancer drug. where does cvb-d aim its molecular attacks? we may go to research in an effort to shed light on this mystery. carried out using cvb-d or other naturally occurring compounds belonging to the same chemical class. in the first scenario, target suggestions obtained from in silico research are our exclusive option because to the lack of drug-target structural investigations. above, we noted that the drug's protective impact against oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes might be explained by a modeled direct interaction of cvb-d with the nrf 2-keap 1 complex.28 the medication may be able to fit into a binding pocket in the nrf2keap1 complex, as revealed by the docking research. this would lower the complex's binding free energy and disrupt the connection between nrf2 and keap1. consequently, cvb-d would encourage nrf2 nuclear translocation and activate its downstream signaling pathways, resulting in oxidative stress attenuation.28 additional tiny compounds that can there are known compounds that disrupt nrf2keap1 complexes, such as quercetin (3,40 such compounds as diglucoside, esculin, and salvianolic acid a)47 do not have strong treatments for cancer. we think that cvb-d's anticancer activity can't be explained by this target interaction alone; other targets are required. the anticancer impact was shown to be mediated in part by the secreted protein cthrc1 (collagen triple helix repeat containing-1), according to another research (fig. 3).25 the antiproliferative action of cvb-d was diminished when cthrc1 was knocked down using sirna. several studies shown that cvb-d inhibited colorectal cell proliferation via a cthrc1-dependent pathway. even while this doesn't prove that cthrc1 is a molecular target of cvb-d, it does show that it is involved in its action.25 recent research has identified this protein as a key regulator of both primary tumor development and the metastasis of cancer cells to other tissues.48 out of 49 colorectal cancer, 50 osteosarcoma, 51 hcc, and endometriosis are among the diseases for which it is being evaluated as a potential predictive biomarker and a potential therapeutic target.53 intriguingly, a cervical cancer model showed a strong decrease of tumor cell metastasis when a particular monoclonal antibody was used to directly block cthrc1.54 similarly, a xenograft model revealed that the protein enhanced the metastatic spread of epithelial ovarian cancer cells.55 undoubtedly, cthrc1 promotes metastasis; hence, it may be very beneficial to enhance cancer therapies by down-regulating it using antibodies or medications such as cvb-d. at this time, no medication has been identified that interacts directly with cthrc1. cvb-d may be the first small molecule ligand for this receptor. the second strategy involves searching for complementary natural substances in the same class of chemicals and the targets that they interact with. the structural and functional diversity of saponins is astounding. of the various subclasses, there are as many as eleven primary classes (dammaranes, tirucallanes, lupanes, hopanes, ole-ananes, taraxasteranes, ursanes, cycloartanes, lanostanes, cucurbitanes, and steroids).56 together, these classes provide a wide range of potential applications. many substances that may be compared to cvb-d. anthracite, argentatin a, actein, (23 r, 24 e)-23 acetoxymangiferonic acid, and many other anticancer drugs are members of the cycloartanes, the saponin class most closely related to cvb-d. regrettably, the majority of these drugs have had their anticancer effects studied, but not their molecular targets. an example of a rare situation where a target has been suggested is the derivative cycloartane-3,24,25-triol. it was discovered that out of 451 kinases tested, mrcka (myotonic dystrophy protein kinase-like alpha) inhibits serine/threonine protein kinase activity with a kd50 of 0.26 mm.60 because of its function in p53-dependent autophagy, this target is intriguing.61, 62 aiming to combat cancer, researchers are diligently seeking small-molecule inhibitors that specifically target cdc42-binding mrck kinases.63 examining cvb-d's action on this kinase may provide some intriguing insights. there are likely several targets involved in the action mechanism of cvb-d, and it is challenging to identify the target of any natural substance. the related cycloartane actein (from the medicinal plant cimicifuga racemosa) was used in a recent targetfishing investigation that used system chemical biology approaches. the analysis revealed eight possible targets, one of which being the metastasisassociated calcium-binding protein s100a4.64.65 dollars hepatocellular carcinoma66 and colorectal cancers associated with herpes simplex virus have recently had s100a4 suggested as a potential therapeutic target.67, 68 specifically, s100a4 controls how polyploid large cancer cells migrate and invade.69 cvb-d has shown significant action in vivo models of hcc and colon cancer, as previously mentioned. hence, research into the possibility of cvb-d binding to s100a4 is warranted. although they share some structural features, the glycosylated cycloartane actein is structurally different from cvb-d (fig. 2). we should expect a comparable level of mechanical complexity, with several goals contributing to it. figure 3 shows a schematic of the mechanism of action of cyclovirobuxine d (cvb-d). several proteins, including as erk1/2, egfr, mtor, and akt, are phosphorylated when exposed to cvb-d. because of these consequences, mitochondrial disturbances trigger the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. additionally, it triggers the transcription of genes that play a role in regulating the cell cycle and promoting cell proliferation. cvb-d also inhibits the akt/mtor axis, which allows certain cancer cells to initiate autophagy. currently, cvbd's upstream targets remain a mystery; nevertheless, there is talk of a possible direct effect on egfr as well as the proteins s100a4 and cthrc1. anti-cancer effects. since s100a4 is an essential ligand of the egfr receptor, an interaction between cvb-d and s100a4 may account for the drug's subsequent effects, most noticeably the drug-induced suppression of egfr phosphorylation seen in vitro.70, 71 the function of s100a4 in cancer metastasis72 has been shown, and a small polyaromatic compound called amlexanox has been found to suppress cancer cell proliferation by disrupting the interaction between s100a4 and egf.73 in addition, part of the p53dependent effects shown with cvb-d may be explained by the fact that s100a4 forms complexes with p53,74. therefore, we suggest looking into the possibility of cvb-d interacting with s100a4 and the consequent egfr antagonist effect. additionally, it would be beneficial to study how cvb-d may interact with egfr, since this receptor has been shown to be directly occupied by a number of natural products that inhibit egf binding to egfr, such as cucurbitacin d and analogs, and protopanaxadiol.from 75 to 78 in conclusion, it has been shown after a thorough literature review that proteins cthrc1, s100a4, and egfr are the three most promising anticancer target candidates for cvb-d (fig. 3). naturally, there can be other ones. to find other proteins that cvb-d can target, it might be helpful to use reverse screening methods79,80. however, it may result in a large number of contenders. to illustrate the point, twelve signal transduction pathways and thirty-three critical target proteins were uncovered when the anticancer medicine epigallocatechin-3gallate's potential targets were identified using a reverse docking approach.81 conclusion and prospects historically, cyclovirobuxine d, a triterpenoid alkaloid, has been used to treat cardiovascular diseases in traditional chinese medicine. the antiarrhythmia and vasodilatory actions of the medicine huangyangning have made it famous. no organ damage or general toxicity was seen in rats fed for eight weeks continuously with a dose 50-to200 times higher than the human dosage, according to a recent toxicology research.18 despite the lack of published clinical research supporting the charges, the medicine seems to be safe and effective, and it has been seen in chinese hospitals for decades. but the huangyangning pills' active pharmaceutical ingredient (api), cyclovirobuxine d, has a history of use in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. since 2009, the cfda has authorized the medicine, and many pharmaceutical firms offer the active pharmaceutical ingredient (api). to speed up the drug's dissolving rate, researchers are creating new cvb-d formulations including cvb-d nanosuspensions.82 cvb-d has recently opened up new avenues of potential use outside the cardiovascular sector, namely in the fight against cancer. preliminary evidence of activity in vivo has been reported lately, and other investigations have shown that the medication has antiproliferative effects against various cancer cell types in vitro. though the activity level isn't very high, the antitumor effect— which results in the death of cancer cells and the suppression of metastasis—is evident. cvb-d regulates cell cycle progression, inhibits metastasis, and activates signaling pathways similar to those of other steroidal alkaloids. these pathways include up-or down-regulation of apoptotic (bax, bcl 2, caspases) and autophagic (lc3, akt, mtor) proteins.no. 83 unfortunately, the chemical effects that initiate these reactions remain mostly unknown. little is known about the significance or molecular processes that underlie the anticancer action. however, other proteins might be suggested as possible targets; for example, egfr and cthrc1 are known to be involved in cvb-d activity, and here we make a more daring assumption about s100a4. this all-natural product needs to be promoted and studied immediately. enhance its anticancer efficacy and mode of action in living organisms. with any luck, this evaluation will serve as a catalyst for further cvb-d testing in other models, perhaps with more suitable medication compositions and combinations. cvbd has a lengthy history of usage and a high safety profile; it may one day be a cancer therapy medicine or a molecular tool to alter the activity of the proteins cthrc1 and s100a4, neither of which have particular pharmacological effectors at this time. funding this research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. declaration of competing interest the authors declare no conflict of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome. credit authorship contribution statement christian bailly: conceptualization, investigation, project administration, supervision, writing ‒ original draft, and writing ‒ review & editing. jihong zhang: writing ‒ review & editing. references 1.researchers liang, wang, zhang, yang, and li investigated the absorption and arrest of pm2.5 by common beijing shrubs. kexue huanjing. 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covid19, education system, before covid, after covid, education affected introduction: the covid-19 pandemic, which emerged in late 2019, unleashed an unprecedented disruption to the world's education systems. with the rapid spread of the virus necessitating stringent public health measures, educational institutions faced an urgent mandate to adapt swiftly to the new reality. overnight, schools and universities shuttered their physical doors, transforming campuses into ghost towns and leaving educators and policymakers grappling with abstract— the covid-19 pandemic has catalyzed unprecedented changes in the education sector worldwide. this article provides a comprehensive analysis of the education system before and after the outbreak of covid-19. it delves into the challenges, innovations, and transformations experienced by educational institutions, educators, and learners. through a review of relevant literature and empirical data, this study examines the impact of the pandemic on teaching methodologies, technological integration, student engagement, and equity in education. by synthesizing insights from various sources, this article offers valuable perspectives on the evolving landscape of education in the face of global crises. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 4 the monumental task of ensuring continuity in learning amid unparalleled uncertainty. the closure of educational facilities, initially deemed temporary, soon stretched into weeks and months, compelling educators and students alike to navigate uncharted territory in the realm of remote learning. this abrupt transition from traditional classroom settings to virtual platforms precipitated a seismic shift in educational paradigms, profoundly reshaping the landscape of teaching and learning as we knew it. in the pre-pandemic era, the classroom served as the cornerstone of educational instruction, fostering face-toface interactions between teachers and students and providing a rich tapestry of social and experiential learning opportunities. however, the advent of covid-19 abruptly dismantled this familiar ecosystem, forcing educators to reimagine pedagogical approaches and leverage digital technologies to bridge the physical chasm between them and their students. the challenges posed by this sudden upheaval were manifold. educators found themselves thrust into the deep end of the digital pool, grappling with the complexities of virtual instruction, unfamiliar technological tools, and the daunting task of maintaining student engagement in an online environment. likewise, students confronted a myriad of obstacles, from navigating unfamiliar digital platforms to contending with the distractions and isolation inherent in remote learning. amidst these challenges, however, emerged a silver lining of innovation and adaptation. the crucible of crisis sparked a wave of creativity and resilience within the educational community, inspiring educators to explore novel pedagogical strategies, harness emerging technologies, and forge new pathways to learning in the virtual realm. from interactive virtual classrooms to immersive multimedia resources, educators began to harness the transformative potential of technology to enhance the educational experience and empower learners in unprecedented ways. as the pandemic unfolded, its impacts reverberated far beyond the confines of the classroom, permeating every facet of the educational ecosystem. the digital divide, once a peripheral concern, emerged as a glaring fault line, laying bare the profound inequities in access to technology and internet connectivity that perpetuate disparities in educational attainment. students from marginalized communities, ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 4 lacking the requisite resources and infrastructure to participate fully in remote learning, found themselves disproportionately disadvantaged by the shift to virtual instruction. yet, even as the pandemic laid bare the fault lines of inequity, it also catalyzed a groundswell of advocacy and activism aimed at dismantling barriers to educational access and opportunity. from grassroots initiatives to policy interventions, stakeholders across the educational spectrum mobilized to address the digital divide, expand broadband access, and ensure that no student would be left behind in the transition to remote learning. as the dust began to settle on the initial upheaval of the pandemic, educators and policymakers found themselves at a crossroads, grappling with profound questions about the future of education in a post-covid world. would the seismic shifts wrought by the pandemic herald a permanent transformation in educational paradigms, or would they merely serve as a temporary detour on the road to a return to normalcy? what lessons could be gleaned from the crucible of crisis, and how might they inform efforts to build a more resilient, equitable, and inclusive educational system for the future? it is within this crucible of uncertainty and possibility that this article seeks to situate itself, offering a comprehensive exploration of the evolution of the education system from its pre-pandemic state to the current postcovid-19 landscape. through an in-depth examination of changes in teaching methodologies, technological advancements, and student experiences, this study endeavors to shed light on the enduring impacts of the pandemic on education globally. by synthesizing insights from a diverse array of perspectives and drawing upon the rich tapestry of literature and empirical evidence, this article aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted challenges and opportunities that lie ahead as we navigate the uncharted waters of the new educational frontier. review of the literature: the literature on the evolution of education in the context of the covid-19 pandemic provides a rich tapestry of insights into the profound changes experienced by educational institutions and stakeholders worldwide. before the pandemic, the prevailing model of education was deeply rooted in traditional classroom-based ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 4 instruction, where face-to-face interactions between teachers and students formed the bedrock of the learning process. this established paradigm, while effective in many respects, was suddenly disrupted by the onset of the pandemic, leading to the unprecedented closure of schools and universities as a measure to mitigate the spread of the virus. the abrupt transition to remote learning platforms emerged as the primary response to the closure of physical educational spaces. educators and policymakers found themselves navigating uncharted territory, compelled to rapidly adapt to a digital learning environment. this shift catalyzed a flurry of activity as institutions scrambled to explore and implement a diverse array of digital tools and pedagogical approaches to ensure continuity in education delivery. from video conferencing platforms to online learning management systems, educators embarked on a journey of technological exploration to recreate the classroom experience in a virtual setting. the literature underscores the dual nature of this transition, highlighting both the challenges and opportunities it presented. on one hand, the digital divide emerged as a prominent concern, with disparities in access to technology and internet connectivity exacerbating existing inequalities in educational outcomes. low-income students, rural communities, and marginalized populations bore the brunt of these disparities, facing heightened barriers to accessing quality education in the remote learning environment. additionally, concerns were raised regarding the efficacy of online teaching methods in fostering meaningful student engagement and facilitating effective learning outcomes. conversely, the literature also illuminates the transformative potential of technological innovations in education. despite the challenges posed by the digital divide, advancements in educational technology have opened up new vistas of opportunity for personalized learning, collaboration, and global connectivity. virtual classrooms, interactive multimedia resources, and adaptive learning platforms have enabled educators to tailor instruction to the diverse needs and learning styles of students, transcending the constraints of time and space. moreover, the literature underscores the unequal impact of the pandemic on different demographic groups, further ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 4 exacerbating existing disparities in educational access and attainment. vulnerable populations, including lowincome students, students with disabilities, and those from minority backgrounds, faced compounded challenges in navigating the remote learning landscape. the absence of adequate support systems and resources exacerbated existing educational inequities, widening the gap in academic achievement and exacerbating social inequalities. in summary, the literature on the evolution of education in the wake of the covid-19 pandemic offers valuable insights into the multifaceted nature of the transformation undergone by educational systems globally. while the shift to remote learning has presented formidable challenges, it has also catalyzed innovation and reform in education, paving the way for a more inclusive, resilient, and technologically empowered future. however, addressing the persistent challenges of the digital divide and ensuring equitable access to quality education for all remains imperative in realizing the full potential of these transformative changes. before covid-19 when it comes to conducting and providing educational standards, education systems all around the world consistently satisfied a set of requirements. building schools and universities was done with the purpose of creating an environment that would be beneficial to a student's overall growth and well-being. this concept was somewhat successful in the cases where social and interpersonal abilities are unintentionally fostered in a person. since students spend the majority of their time away from home at schools and universities, schools are frequently referred to as "second homes." instructors have a great deal of duty to impart moral principles and lessons. the educational system established a regimen that a student had to follow. a daily agenda for learning from and outside of books. the majority of a child's behaviours are understood to emerge in homes and educational settings. in addition to offering food and psychological support, schools were playing a critical role in delivering health services (the world bank, 2021). universities offered a wealth of opportunities for guidance and illumination, but as competition and a commercial mentality in education began to emerge, these opportunities have faded. prior to the covid-19 epidemic, the goal of every university was to cultivate a community of students who consistently achieved success. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 4 humanitarian issues and the significance of ideals were disregarded in this campaign. the pupils were unintentionally raised to be competitive, to strive for the top spot, and to show less empathy for others. this ushered in a future generation characterised by egotism and opportunity. during covid-19 a regular spot to go every day was closed indefinitely. in order to accommodate the new technology developments, parents and other carers began to assist with at-home learning during this phase (bhula & floretta, 2020). first there was uncertainty and bewilderment. nobody understood how to handle this because it had never happened before or been expected. humans eventually figured out ways to carry on with the school year without interruption, even as the entire world was collapsing and people were dying. to find a solution, there were countless meetings, workdays, and evenings spent in the dark. plans utilising an online digital interface were part of the solution, so learning, teaching, and assessment continued (rapanta et al., 2020). teachers and professors from nations with less developed technology infrastructure and large generation gaps devised a goal to impart knowledge within government-delineated bounds. there were a variety of challenges for the parents, educators, and students. as previously said, technology served simply as an additional instructional tool; nevertheless, during this epidemic, it became increasingly important for knowledge delivery and accessibility. every nation faced unique challenges, ranging from supplying computers, phones, and tablets for educational purposes to establishing internet access. in underdeveloped rural areas, it was challenging to put suggestions into practice. during this time, a lot of people began lending a hand to one another without asking anything in return. it was clear that everyone was supporting one another while they were in a difficult circumstance. as nations banded together to aid developing nations, moral principles that had previously been neglected were rekindled. students gained a deeper comprehension of the situation as they observed it when teachers learned how to use the sophisticated and advanced internet for everyday lessons and students grasped the advancements with parental direction. rather than siding with their kids, parents realised their ward's strengths and shortcomings after witnessing the effort every professor makes to impart a lesson. universities have developed a number of hybrid learning strategies, such as the hyflex model that ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 4 combines online and in-person instruction. although the students had total control over which alternative they preferred, this disturbed their experience of being in a cohort and a single class (meydanlioglu & arikan, 2014). after covid-19 the much-awaited announcement of colleges and institutions reopening had relieved students who had been through gruelling online courses where they could not be monitored by their teachers since they were skilled at deceiving them. it is crucial to comprehend the challenges that pupils encountered throughout the epidemic (beatty, 2019). their advanced usage of electronics was limited to times when they were absolutely necessary, and it negatively impacted both their mental and physical health. restarting the communication skills was necessary because younger kids in particular were uncomfortable interacting with strangers. even so, online evaluation submissions and zoom calls maintain the ease of many encounters. the examination score was the basis for the knowledge assessment criteria, but following covid19, the rules began to evaluate total performance rather than just one exam. while some students find that taking a break from schools, universities, and other institutions is a bad experience since they don't fit into a particular teaching style, others found it to be far more convenient and effective. effects of covid-19 on the indian education system in india, education system is closed temporarily to preventing spread of coronavirus, due to closure of both schools and colleges, 32 crore students are affected. classroom learning is converted into online classes. online classes are implemented suddenly due to shut down of education system in india. online class is affected by these factors: • network issues • lack of training • lack of interest • lack of awareness • less attendance • lack of interaction • lack of connectivity • lack of personal touch • implementation of online classes in villages, remote areas are difficult discussion: the post-covid-19 education landscape is characterized by a hybrid model that blends elements of traditional classroom ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 4 instruction with online learning modalities. educators have increasingly embraced digital technologies to enhance teaching effectiveness and accommodate diverse learning needs. virtual classrooms, interactive multimedia resources, and adaptive learning platforms have become integral components of the educational toolkit. however, challenges persist in ensuring equitable access to education for all students. the digital divide remains a pressing issue, with disparities in internet connectivity, device availability, and digital literacy hindering the educational attainment of marginalized communities. moreover, the shift to remote learning has raised concerns about the social and emotional well-being of students, as physical distancing measures have limited opportunities for face-to-face interaction and peer support. summary in summary, the covid-19 pandemic has undeniably served as a catalyst for sweeping changes within the education system, precipitating a seismic shift towards a new era characterized by innovation, adaptation, and technological integration. the transition from traditional classroombased instruction to remote learning modalities has not been without its share of challenges, as educational institutions, educators, students, and policymakers grappled with the complexities of navigating uncharted territory amidst the tumult of a global crisis. however, amidst the turbulence and uncertainty, the pandemic has also ignited a spirit of resilience and ingenuity, prompting educators to explore new frontiers in educational technology and pedagogy. indeed, the adoption of digital tools and online platforms has accelerated at an unprecedented pace, offering educators a plethora of innovative resources and methodologies to engage students in dynamic, interactive learning experiences. virtual classrooms, multimedia resources, and adaptive learning technologies have emerged as indispensable tools in the educational toolkit, enabling educators to transcend the limitations of physical classrooms and tailor instruction to the diverse needs and learning styles of students. moreover, the pandemic has brought into sharp focus the glaring inequities that pervade the education landscape, laying bare the stark disparities in access to quality education among different demographic groups. vulnerable populations, including low-income students, students with ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 4 disabilities, and those from marginalized communities, have borne the brunt of these inequities, facing heightened barriers to learning in the remote environment. addressing these equity gaps and fostering an inclusive learning environment that prioritizes the holistic development of all students must therefore remain a central focus of educational reform efforts moving forward. as we look towards the future, the lessons gleaned from the crucible of the pandemic must guide our collective efforts to reimagine and transform the education system. by leveraging the insights gained from our experiences during this unprecedented period of upheaval, educators and policymakers can chart a course towards a more resilient, adaptive, and inclusive education system that empowers learners to thrive in an ever-evolving global landscape. through collaborative partnerships, innovative strategies, and a steadfast commitment to equity and excellence, we can harness the transformative potential of education to shape a brighter, more equitable future for all learners, ensuring that no student is left behind in the pursuit of knowledge, opportunity, and fulfillment. reference 1. the world bank. (2021, march 30). education response and recovery during and after covid19. world bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/ education/brief/missionrecoveringeducation-in-2021. 2. bhula, r., &amp; floretta, j. (2020, october 16). a better education for all during—and after—the covid19 pandemic (ssir). ssir.org. https://ssir.org/articles/entry/a_better _education_for_all_during_and_after _the_covid_19_pandemic. 3. rapanta, c. botturi, l. goodyear, p. guardia, l. and koole, m. (2020). online teaching university teaching during and after covid-19 crisis: refocusing teacher presence and learning activity. postdigit sci. educ. 2, 923-945. doi:10.1007/s42438-020-00155. 4. meydanlioglu, a., and arikan, f. (2014). effect of hybrid learning in higher education. int. j. inf. commun. eng. 8 (5), 1292–1295. 5. beatty, b. j. (2019). hybrid-flexible course design: implementing student-directed hybrid classes. edtech books. available online: https://edtechbooks.org/hyflex/. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 4 6. meinck, s., fraillon, j., &amp; strietholt, r. (2022). the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on education: international evidence from the responses to educational disruption survey (reds). unesco.org. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/4822 3/pf0000380398 7. andersen, s c, and h s nielsen (2019), 'learning from digital', journal of public administration research and theory. 8. burgess, s and e greaves (2019), “challenges of covid-19”, journal of labor economics 31(3): 535–576. 9. https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educati onresponse 10. http://www.education.ie/en/schoolscolleges/information/informationcommunicationstechnology-ict-inschools/digital-strategyforschools/building-towards-alearning-society-anational-digitalstrategy-for-schools-consultativepaper.pdf 11. sprague, d., maddux, c., ferdig, r., & albion, p. (2007). editorial: online education: issues and research questions. journal of technology and teacher education, 15(2), 157-166. 12. lone, a. z. (2017). impact of online education in india. ijesc, 7(7), 1305013952. 13. alqurashi, e. (2018). predicting student satisfaction and perceived learning with online learning environments. journal of distance education, 40(1), 133-148. 14. https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educati onresponse 15. http://www.education.ie/en/schoolscolleges/information/informationcommunicationstechnology-ict-inschools/digital-strategy%20forschools/%20buildingtowards-a-learning-societyanational-digital-strategy-forschools-consultative-paper.pdf 16. http://www.education.ie/en/schoolscolleges/information/informationcommunicationstechnology-ict-inschools/digital-strategy-%20forschools/%20building-towards-alearning-society-anational-digitalstrategy-for-schools-consultativepaper.pdf 17. http://www.education.ie/en/schoolscolleges/information/informationcommunicationstechnology-ict-inschools/digital-strategy-%20forschools/%20building-towards-ahttps://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000380398 https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000380398 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 4 learning-society-anational-digitalstrategy-for-schools-consultativepaper.pdf 18. http://www.education.ie/en/schoolscolleges/information/informationcommunicationstechnology-ict-inschools/digital-strategy-%20forschools/%20building-towards-alearning-society-anational-digitalstrategy-for-schools-consultativepaper.pdf identification of the multiple bioactive derivatives and their endogenous molecular targets that may mediate the laxative effect of rhubarb in rats ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 1 chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 1 identification of the multiple bioactive derivatives and their endogenous molecular targets that may mediate the laxative effect of rhubarb in rats xie, ying, ganqa luo, zhou, jiayan miao, tang, qin, guan, xiaoyan * school of chinese materia medica, beijing university of chinese medicine, beijing, 102488, china keywords: rhubarb laxative anthraquinones anthrones c-kit aquaporin-3 introduction the chinese herbal remedy rhubarb, scientifically known as rheum tanguticum maxim. ex balf., is a popular choice for relieving constipation.1, 2 sennoside a, the main laxative component of rhubarb, is metabolised to rheinanthrone by gut abstract— the goal of this study is to use a bioinformatics and in vivo method to figure out how rhubarb (rheum tanguticum maxim. ex balf.) causes rats to go to the toilet more often. methods: using high-performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with linear ion-trap quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry, substances originating from rhubarb that were found in the colorectum were identified. using databases and the literature, we identified targets with the potential to have laxative effects. then, we employed compounds derived from rhubarb in molecular docking modelling. then, using western blotting, we assessed the expression of potential endogenous target molecules that bind specific rhubarb components in rats that were either given or not given rhubarb for constipation. in the end, the components of compounds that showed promise as bioactive were identified we found 17 anthraquinones and 21 anthrones in the rat colorectum, which is a good indicator of the plant's medicinal value. based on g-scoring, three proteins—c-kit, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 (5ht4), and aquaporin-3 (aqp3)—may mediate the laxative action. furthermore, ten components derived from rhubarb—aloe-emodin, emodin, rhein, chrysophanol, physcion, sennoside a, sennoside c, physcionanthrone, aloe-emodinanthrone, and rheinanthrone—were chosen as compounds with high probability of activity due to their strong binding affinity for multiple potential targets. it is possible that the laxative action of rhubarb extract is mediated by the fact that it enhanced the expression of c-kit and 5-ht4 while decreasing the expression of aqp3 in the colon of rats that were constipated. additionally, we discovered that a single prototype component may undergo metabolism into many active metabolites, and that different molecules from the prototype can be combined to form a single active ingredient. the current research concludes that rhubarb's anthraquinones and anthrones may be metabolised into bioactive chemicals that enhance defecation via c-kit, 5-ht4, and/or aqp3. . key words: al7075 alloy composite, e-glass, mmcs, and short e-glass fibres but recent research has found that rhubarb only contains around 0.08% sennoside a,7,8 which is much too little to explain the plant's strong laxative effects. in addition, we found that rhubarb extract had a much stronger laxative effect than the same amount of sennoside a in our early trial. according to their research, the exact process by which rhubarb produces its laxative effects is still up for debate. thus, we set out to better understand how rhubarb's laxative action works so that its therapeutic usage may be based on good theoretical grounding. for clinically-approved laxatives, the two main ways they work are by increasing the rate of intestinal motility and the stimulation of electrolyte and water secretion. one popular medicine, prucalopride, increases colonic motility by stimulating neuronal 5hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 (5-ht4), which in turn increases the contraction of the muscles lining the intestines.11th to 9th as an example, osmotic laxatives like magnesium sulphate control the expression of aquaporin-3 (aqp3) in colonic epithelial cells, which leads to water buildup in the intestinal lumen and promotes defecation.12, 13 since these laxatives act on specific molecular targets in the colon, it is vital to identify these targets and the specific rhubarb components involved in order to deduce how rhubarb exerts its laxative effects. applying the notion of induced fit and the lockand-key principle,14 one efficient method for identifying therapeutic targets and quickly screening possible active molecules is molecular docking modelling. the sole applications for this are the screening of bioactive compounds and potential targets. we wanted to conduct molecular docking analysis utilising active, biotransformed rhubarb derivatives and endogenous molecules that could mediate the laxative action to discover the active compounds in the col-orectum. our goal was to increase the data's biological relevance. we used the in vivo metabolic understanding of the chemicals in rhubarb to discover the appropriate bioactive derivatives in the prototype by tracing the biotransformation products back to the original plant.15 establishing suitable quality control procedures and providing a reference for the use of rhubarb derivatives in the clinic would be greatly aided by the identification of bioactive components in rhubarb. our goal here was to find endogenous molecular targets that might modulate the actions of rhubarb derivatives that could have cumulative or synergistic effects to stimulate defecation. the first step was to use high-performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with linear ion-trap quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify the rhubarb derivatives that were found in the colorectum. the next step was to find possible molecular targets by searching the literature, the drug bank database (dbd), and the therapeutic target database (ttd). as a further step, we ran molecular docking simulations with all of the rhubarb derivatives and all of the possible molecular targets to find binding partners. next, we performed protein analysis of treated rats' colonic lysates to find out whether the molecular targets that were identified in silico were controlled in vivo. lastly, the active elements in colorectum were identified by tracing them back to components of rhubarb, utilising knowledge of the metabolism of related chemicals. this study technique has greatly contributed to our understanding of the laxative mechanism of rhubarb by identifying essential components responsible for its therapeutic actions and their prospective molecular targets. because herbal medicines include several bioactive components with various potential mammalian molecular targets, this technique might be valuable in future mechanistic investigations of these treatments. materials and methods ethical approval the study protocols were approved by the ethics committee of beijing university of chinese medicine (bucm4-20171026011026; beijing, china). chemicals and reagents rhubarb was provided by the modern research center of traditional chinese medicine, peking university (beijing, china). loperamide was purchased from xian janssen pharmaceutical (xi’an, china). standard substances, including emodin (lot code: 110756-201512, 98.7%), rhein (lot code: 110757-201607, 99.3%), physcion (lot code: 110758-201616, 99.0%), aloe-emodin (lot code: 110795-201710, 98.3%), chrysophanol (lot code: 110796-201721, 99.2%), sennoside a (lot code: 110824-201702, 95.2%), and sennoside b (lot code: 110825-201603, 95.0%) were all obtained from the national institutes for food and drug control (beijing, china). standard substances, including emodin-8-o-b-d-glucopyranoside (lot code: 23313-21-5, >95%), aloe-emodin-8-o-b-d-glucopyranoside (lot code: 33037-46-6, >95%), and sennoside c (lot code: 37271-16-2, ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 1 — >95%) were purchased from chengdu biopurify phy tochemicals (sichuan, china). mass spectrometry grade acetonitrile, methanol, and formic acid were obtained from thermo fisher scientific (fair lawn, nj). ultrapure water was obtained using a synergy uv water purification system (millipore, billerica, ma). preparation of references and rhubarb extracts we weighed and dissolved compounds in suitable volumes of 0.5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose to prepare reference samples (supplemental table 1). the rhubarb herbal medicine (31.0 g) powder was weighed, 300 ml ultra-pure water was added, then the suspension was boiled for 20 min at 100 ◦c. the extracted solution was evaporated to 100 ml. rhubarb should be used at a dose of 0.05e0.25 g/kg/day in humans, according to the pharmacopoeia of the people’s republic of china (2015).16 according to the doseeconversion relationship between human and rat, the dose for rats was 0.31e1.54 g/kg/day. in our previous study, we showed that the administration of 1.54 g/kg/ day of a rhubarb extract for 3 days exerted an effective laxative in rats. rat model of constipation and rhubarb administration thirty rats were acclimatized for 7 days, then allocated to three groups: control, model, and treatment. the control group was administered saline solution, and the model and treatment groups were administered loperamide at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg/day twice daily for 7 days by gavage to induce constipation. during the first 6 days, the wet and dry masses of the fecal pellets produced by the rats were measured each day.17 after the model of constipation had been successfully established, the treatment group was fed with rhubarb extract at a dose of 1.54 g/kg/day for 3 days, during which the other groups were administered substances as above. the evacuation index (ei) was used to evaluate the laxative effect of rhubarb.18 in addition, the feces of rats in the treatment group were collected for analysis. all the rats were sacrificed on the 10th day, their mid-colons were collected, snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at 80 ◦c until western blot analysis. animals specific pathogen-free male sprague-dawley rats weighing 200 ± 20 g were obtained from beijing vital river laboratory animal technology (beijing, china) and maintained at a constant temperature (23 ± 2 ◦c) and humidity (60 ± 5%). identification of rhubarb derivatives in feces preparation of samples fecal samples were collected over a 24-h period from another 20sprague-dawley rats that had been administered solutions of 10 reference substances. these feces were dried in a ventilator, crushed, and then placed in a centrifuge tube. fecal samples weighing 20 mg were extracted using 200 ml 80% methanol and vortex-mixed for 30 min. then, the samples were centrifuged at 13 522×g at 4 ◦c for 15 min and the supernatant was evaporated to dryness under nitrogen. the residue was reconstituted with 200 ml of 50% methanol, vortex-mixed for 3 min, then centrifuged at 13 522×g at 4 ◦c for 10 min. chromatography and ms conditions we used previously optimized chromatographic and ms conditions.19 data processing the raw mass data generated by the hplc-ltq-orbitrap ms analysis were processed using qual browser of xcalibur 2.1 (thermo fisher scientific, san jose, ca). online chemical databases (http://www.chemspider.com/and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) were used to identify the compounds obtained. the identification of potentially novel compounds was accomplished using the scifinder database (https://sso.cas.org/). creation of a laxative target database first, we used the ttd (https://db.idrblab.org/ttd/) to identify molecular targets for the treatment of constipation and the drug bank database (https://www.drugbank.ca/) to summarize the targets of existing laxatives. then, we searched the literature to further screen for molecular targets with a possible laxative effect. homology modeling the target sequences of 5-ht4 and aqp3 were acquired from uniprot (http://www.uniprot.org/; uniprot ids q13639 [5ht4] and q92482 [aqp3]). template crystal structures for these target sequences were identified using blast and downloaded from the research collaboratory for structural bioinformatics protein data bank (rcsb pdb, http://www.rcsb.org/), using the pdb ids of 6h7j for 5-ht4 and 6f7h for aqp3.20 moe v2014.0901 software (molecular operating environment (moe); montreal, canada) was used for homology modeling. the quickprep module in moe was used to determine the likely sites of protonation of the proteins and the orientation of hydrogen atoms in phs up to 7 and temperatures up to 300 k. first, the target sequence was aligned with the template sequence, and 10 independent intermediate models were established. these models, with differing homologies, were the result of permutational selection of different loop candidates and side-chain rotamers. then, we selected the intermediate model with the highest generalized born/volume integral score as the final model, which was subjected to further energy minimization using amber10: eht force field (moe). molecular docking between rhubarb derivatives in the colorectum and molecules mediating a laxative effect the 2d structures of the rhubarb derivatives were drawn in chembiodraw 2014 and chemically standardized, which consisted of the addition of hydrogens, ionization at phs from 5.1 to 9.1, and the formation of stereoisomers and effective single 3d conformations using the ligprep module in maestro (version 9.4, schro€dinger). the 3d structures of the proteins were downloaded from rcsb pdb. in addition, homology modeling was conducted for proteinstructures that were not found in the database. the http://www.chemspider.com/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ https://sso.cas.org/ https://db.idrblab.org/ttd/ https://www.drugbank.ca/ http://www.uniprot.org/ http://www.rcsb.org/ × × 3d structure of c-kit was downloaded from the rcsb pdb (pdb id: 6gqk),21 and those of 5-ht4 and aqp3 were obtained by homology modeling. the glide module in schro€dinger v2015.09 was used for mo lecular docking modeling and to predict the binding affinity of ligands for target proteins. the structures of the proteins were manipulated using the “protein preparation wizard” workflow in maestro. the main operations were exclusion of water molecules, protonation, and optimization via opls_2005 force field. the glide module was used to generate a grid file for each protein receptor, to determine the location of the active site of the protein, in order to model the binding of ligands and proteins. the grid enclosed a box centered on the binding site with dimensions of 10 10 10 å. a scaling factor of 0.8 was used for the van der waals radii of receptor atoms with a partial atomic charge of <0.15. an extra-precise glide docking procedure (glide-xp) was employed to model the docking of the compounds to the binding sites of the proteins and the optimal orientation of the compound, determined using the glide scoring function (g-score), was recorded. the more negative the g-score is, the stronger is the expected binding affinity of the compound and receptor. molecular graphics were generated using pymol (https://www.pymol.org/). western blotting protein lysates of colonic tissue were prepared using ripa lysis buffer (solarbio, beijing, china) containing protease inhibitors. the protein content of each was quantified using the bicinchoninic acid method (beyotime, shanghai, china), then the samples were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electro phoresis on 10% polyacrylamide gels, and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (millipore, billerica, ma). the membranes were then blocked with 5% skimmed milk powder (bioruler, danbury, ct) in tris-buffered saline for 2 h, and incubated overnight with primary antibodies targeting c-kit (sc-365504, 1:100; santa cruz, san francisco, ca), 5-ht4 (ta323344, 1:200; origene, rockville, md), aq3 (ab125219, 1:1000; abcam, cambridge, uk), or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh; 1:20 000; proteintech, chicago, il) at 4 ◦c. the membranes were then incubated with a secondary antibody, after three washes. specific protein bands were detected using enhanced chemiluminescence solution (proteintech) and imaged using a chemidoc mp imaging system (bio-rad, hercules, ca). statistical analysis data are shown as means (sems). student’s t-test was used to compare data between the two groups. p < .05 was accepted as indicating statistical significance. data analysis was performed using graphpad prism 8.0 software (www.graphpad.com). results laxative effect of rhubarb extract in constipated rats to confirm the laxative effect of rhubarb, we administered rhubarb extract to sprague-dawley rats in which constipation had been induced by loperamide gavage for 7 days. loperamide is commonly used to increase mucosal contact time, which has the effect of inducing additional absorption of electrolytes and water, thereby reducing fecal mass and the number of bowel movements. twenty-four-hour fecal water content was monitored for the first 6 days of loperamide administration, and a reduction was identified in the model group from the second day (fig. 1a), which confirmed that constipation had been successfully induced. then, rhubarb fig. 1. laxative effect of rhubarb extract in constipated rats (a) the 24-h fecal water content of the control and model groups (b) the evacuation indices of the three groups (c) https://www.pymol.org/ http://www.graphpad.com/ ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 1 the contents of the colorectum and the shape of the feces. note: data are presented as the mean (sem). n ¼ 10. **p < .01 vs. the control group. extract was administered to the treatment group for 3 days. a significant increase in ei occurred in this group (fig. 1b), which confirmed that rhubarb extract has a laxative effect in constipated rats. we then compared the water content of the colorectal contents of the control, model, and treatment groups (fig. 1c) and found that the rhubarb extract increased this. these results imply that rhubarb may have its laxative effect by increasing the retention of water in the colorectum. identification of rhubarb derivatives in rat feces we used hplc-ltq-orbitrap ms to identify the derivatives of rhubarb in the colorectum that might contribute to its laxative effect. using the established strategy of characteristic fragment filtration for the detection of rhubarb derivatives,19,22 a series of anthraquinones and anthrones were identified. the identification process can be illustrated using the example of the metabolite emodin-oglucuronide (fig. 2). the full ion chromatogram of a fecal sample is shown in fig. 2a and the extract ion chromatogram for emodin-o-glucuronide is shown in fig. 2b. in negative mode, the diagnostic ion fragments of m/z 269.0451 and 225.0552 were detected, which suggested that the skeleton of the target compound was the same as that of emodin (fig. 2c). in addition, the detection of a quasi-molecular ion of m/z 445.0765 [m h], which differs from the expected m/z 269.0451 for emodin by 176.0814 da, implied that the compound was emodin-o-glucuronide (fig. 2d). overall, 38 derivatives of known rhubarb components, including 17 anthraquinones and 21 anthrones, were identified in colorectal samples, including prototypes and various metabolites (fig. 3), and the compound identification data are presented in supplemental tables 2‒4. construction of a target protein database to determine the mechanism of the laxative effect of rhubarb, the molecular targets of clinically-approved laxatives were identified using the ttd, drug bank database, and published literature. as shown in supplemental table 5, there are 17 types of molecular target for laxatives. all of these, which include channel proteins and receptors, have been identified to mediate effective treatments for constipation. for instance, magnesium sulfate, which is classified as an osmotic laxative, increases aqp3 expression in the epithelial cells, which has the effect of retaining water in the intestinal lumen and promoting defecation.23 in addition, linaclotide is a secretagogue that activates the guanylate cyclase-c receptor on intestinal epithelial cells to increase fluid secretion into the intestinal lumen.24,25 some previous studies have shown that the number of interstitial cells of cajal (iccs) is lower in the colons of patients with slow-transport constipation,26,27 and c-kit is a specific marker of iccs, which have been shown to be intestinal pacemaker cells.28 finally, prucalopride, a highly selective 5-ht4 receptor agonist, directly activates afferent neurons and improves intestinal motility.29,30 the creation of a molecular target database for laxatives provided a tool for us to identify potential targets and bioactive derivatives of rhubarb compounds for the treatment of constipation. candidate colorectal molecular targets and potentially bioactive compounds to screen the candidate targets and bioactive rhubarb derivatives, molecular docking modeling was performed using 38 rhubarb derivatives from the colorectum and 17 endogenous fig. 2. the identification process for emodin-o-glucuronide (a) the total ion chromatogram of a fecal sample (b) the extract ion chromatogram (c) mass spectrometry (ms)/ms spectrum (d) the identification of an ion with m/z 445.0765 in the fecal sample. fig. 3. structures of the 38 rhubarb derivatives identified in fecal amples. molecules that mediate laxative effects. first, homology modeling was conducted to predict the structures of proteins that were not found in the database, such as 5-ht4 and aqp3. the models generated for 5-ht 4 and aqp3 are depicted in fig. 4a and b, ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 1 fig. 4. structural modeling of molecules mediating laxative effects (a) homology model of 5-ht4 (b) homology model of aqp3 (ced) ramachandran plot for 5-ht4 and aqp3. dark green dots represent the residues in favored regions, yellow dots represent the residues in permitted regions, and red crosses represent the residues in irrational regions. abbreviations: 5-ht4: 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4; aqp3: aquaporin-3. respectively. ramachandran plots for 5-ht4 and aqp3 showed that more than 99% of their amino acid residues were in permitted re gions, which indicates that the predicted 3d structures were reasonable (fig. 4c and d). then, on the basis that the more negative the gscore is, the stronger is the binding affinity between table 1 g-scores for the binding of the top-ranked rhubarb derivatives with their potential molecular targets. no. ligand receptor (kcal/mol) c-kit 5-ht4 aqp3 1 aloe-emodin —8.476 / —5.289 2 emodin —9.378 —5.541 —5.743 3 rhein —8.453 —5.963 —5.270 4 chrysophanol —8.530 —6.221 —5.514 5 physcion —8.275 —5.241 —5.987 6 sennoside a —6.854 —8.891 / 7 sennoside c —9.019 —8.810 / 8 physcionanthrone —9.069 —5.246 —6.809 9 aloe-emodinanthrone —9.278 —5.163 —6.165 10 rheinanthrone —9.747 —5.914 —5.763 abbreviations: 5-ht4: 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4; aqp3: aquaporin-3. the compound and receptor, we selected candidate targets and rhubarb derivatives. the g-scores are listed in table 1, and show that three molecules, c-kit, 5-ht4, and aqp3, represented candidate targets. furthermore, 10 rhubarb derivatives (aloeemodin, emodin, rhein, chrysophanol, physcion, sennoside a, sennoside c, physcionanthrone, aloe-emodinanthrone, and rheinanthrone), were found to have strong binding affinities for the three targets, and were therefore selected as potentially bioactive rhubarb derivatives. to gain insight into the binding affinity of rhubarb derivatives for the binding sites of the three candidate molecular targets, the ligandereceptor interactions were analyzed in silico, and we found that all 10 of the derivatives are likely to bind strongly to c-kit. multiple oxygen atoms in hydroxyl and carbonyl groups in the basic skeleton of the anthraquinones and anthrones were shown to be located in the binding site and to form hydrogen bonds with the cys673, lys623, glu671, and leu595 residues of c-kit. the compound with the strongest predicted binding affinity for c-kit was rheinanthrone ( 9.747 kcal/mol). the predicted interaction is shown in fig. 5a, which involves three hydrogen bonds and one hp conjugation: the oxygen atoms at the 9and 3-sites of the carbonyl group, and the oxygen atom at the 1-site of the hydroxyl — — fig. 5. interaction models for the three candidate molecular mediators of the laxative effect of rhubarb. the interaction mod el for rheinanthrone and c-kit (a), sennoside a and 5hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 (b), and physcionanthrone and aquaporin-3 (c). the ligands are yellow and the surrounding residues in the binding pockets are cyan. the backbone of the receptor is depicted as a light blue ribbon. group in rheinanthrone formed hydrogen bonds with the cys673, lys623, and glu671 residues of c-kit, respectively. in addition, the carbon atom at the 4-site in rheinanthrone formed an h-p conjugation with the phe811 residue of c-kit. sennoside a and sennoside c were shown to have the strongest binding affinities with 5-ht4 of the bioactive derivatives. they were predicted to bind via hydrogen bonds to the asp84, val188, lys174, glu80, and asn279 residues of 5ht4. the strongest predicted binding affinity for 5-ht4 was that of sennoside a ( 8.891 kcal/mol). the five hydrogen bonds are shown in fig. 5b: the oxygen atom at the 8-site of the hydroxyl group in the glucose group of sennoside a formed a hydrogen bond with the glu80 and asp84 residues of 5-ht4, separately. in addition, two oxygen atoms of at the 80 site of the hydroxyl group in the glucose group connected with the backbone and side-chain of val188, and the oxygen atom at the 90 site of the carbonyl group of sennoside a interacted with the lys174 residue of 5-ht4. however, in contrast to the situation with c-kit and 5-ht4, in which the bioactive compounds interacted with amino acid residues via numerous hydrogen bonds, aqp3 was predicted to have few, weak interactions with the rhubarb derivatives. the strongest binding affinity with aqp3 was shown by physcionanthrone ( 6.809 kcal/mol): the oxygen atom at the 1site of the hydroxyl group in physcionanthrone formed a hydrogen bond with the ala80 residue of aqp3 (fig. 5c). taken together, the results of the molecular docking modeling showed that various oxygen atoms of basic skeletons and glucose groups of the 10 bioactive compounds derived from rhubarb can form hydrogen bonds with the three molecules that mediate laxative effects. effects of rhubarb extract on the expression of c-kit, aqp3, and 5ht4 in the colons of rats in order to increase the biological relevance of the molecular docking data, the effects of rhubarb extract on ckit, 5-ht4, and aqp3 expression were evaluated by western blot analysis. colonic lysates prepared from rats in the control, model, and treatment groups were prepared and immunoblotted for each of the proteins. as shown in fig. 6, the expression of c-kit and 5-ht4 was much lower, and that of aqp3 was higher in model rats than in the control group. when constipated rats were treated with rhubarb extract, these changes in expression were all reversed. the increase in c-kit expression in the colon would tend to maintain the phenotype of iccs, thereby promoting intestinal motility.31,32 in addition, the fig. 6. the effects of rhubarb extract on the expression of c-kit, 5-ht4, and aqp3 in the colons of rats (a) c-kit, 5-ht4, and aqp3 protein expression in the colon, measured using western blotting (bed): c-kit, 5-ht4, and aqp3 protein expression, normalized to that of gapdh, respectively. note: 5-ht4: 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4; aqp3: aquaporin-3; gapdh: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. data are expressed as mean (sem). n ¼ 3. *p < .05, **p < .01 vs. the control group. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 1 fig. 7. potential metabolic pathways for the anthraquinones and anthrones (aec) biotransformation of emodin, sennoside a, and rhein as a product of the metabolism of various prototype compounds. the prototype components are shown in red and the active metabolites are shown in blue. increase in 5-ht4 expression in the colon would be expected to increase intestinal transport.11,33,34 finally, and as expected, lower expression of aqp3 was shown in the colon of treated rats, which would be expected to inhibit water absorption, which would also have a laxative effect.35‒37 thus, rhubarb extract regulates the expression of the identified potential mediators of a laxative effect. fig. 8. network describing the prototype components of rhubarb, their colonic derivatives, and the endogenous molecular targets potentially mediating a laxative effect. the prototype components are shown in pink and the rhubarb-derived components present in the colorectum are shown in blue. tracing of the candidate bioactive derivatives back to the components of rhubarb to trace the biotransformation products to its prototype, we explored the in vivo metabolic transformation of the compounds in rhubarb. we studied the metabolism of 10 representative compounds, including both anthraquinones (emodin, rhein, physcion, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, emodin-8-o-b-d-glucopyranoside, aloe-emodin-8-o-b-dglucopyranoside) and anthrones (sennoside a, sennoside b, and sennoside c). as shown in fig. 7a, anthraquinone-type components are metabolized to glycosides in vivo, and the principal metabolic pathways involved are hydroxylation, methylation, glucuronidation, and sulfonation. for anthronetype compounds (fig. 7b), the glucose group is typically lost as a result of hydrolysis. in addition, it was predicted that anthrone-type compounds would principally undergo c10ec10’ bond cleavage in vivo and be further metabolized to anthraquinone-type metabolites. overall, similar metabolic patterns were predicted for the 10 representative compounds. we found that a prototype component, for instance sennoside a (fig. 7b), may be metabolized to form several active metabolites (rheinanthrone, emodin, chrysophanol, aloe-emodin, rhein, and physcion), and a single bioactive molecule, such as rhein (fig. 7c), can also be generated from various prototype compounds (sennoside a, sennoside b, sennoside c, physcion [10 / 100 ] rhein type aglycone, chrysophanol [10 / 100] rhein type aglycone, aloeemodin, emodin, physcion, and chrysophanol). finally, using this information regarding the likely metabolic pathways involved, the active compounds identified in colorectal contents were traced back to the prototype components of rhubarb. as shown in fig. 8, anthraquinone derivatives, anthrone derivatives, and their glucosides in rhubarb can all be metabolized to generate the 10 potentially bioactive compounds identified, which have the potential to provide three complementary molecular mechanisms for the laxative effect. discussion in the present study, we have used an ms-based approach and molecular modeling to determine the mechanisms involved in the laxative effect of rhubarb. we have shown that anthraquinone and anthrone derivatives in rhubarb can be metabolized in the rat intestine to generate various bioactive compounds, which are all capable of regulating molecular targets in the colon that mediate the laxative effects of known drug substances (fig. 9). thus, de rivatives of rhubarb may have additive or synergistic effects to promote defecation. this strategy represents a valid approach to ensure quality control and to provide a reference for the rational medicinal use of rhubarb in the clinic. because of the complexity of potential medicinal compoundetarget interactions, the identification of interaction domains is still in its infancy. however, high-affinity ligandereceptor interactions can be validated using surface plasmon resonance studies,38,39 and his method may be used to fig. 9. summary of the study findings. abbreviations: 5-ht4: 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4; aqp3: aquaporin-3. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 1 further characterize the molecular mechanisms involved in the laxative effect of rhubarb and to identify lead compounds for further investigation. most herbal medicines contain numerous components that may be bioactive or metabolized to form bioactive derivatives, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and organic acids. rhubarb is a common chinese medicine that also contains several components of this type, including anthraquinone derivatives, anthrone derivatives, glucosides, tannins, and organic acids. in the present study, rhubarb was used as an example to illustrate an approach to the determination of the mechanisms of a medicinal effect of a plant product. in it, we identified bioactive compounds, determined their origin in the plant, and identified potential binding partners that are known mediators of the medicinal effect. this strategy can provide insights into the mechanisms whereby multiple components of herbal medicines may have additive or synergistic effects, exerted via multiple molecular targets, to achieve a therapeutic endpoint. conclusion by binding to c-kit, 5-ht4, and/or aqp3, the current research showed that bioactive chemicals with a laxative action might be generated by metabolism of anthraquinones and anthrones in rhubarb. it was indicated using molecular docking modelling that five anthraquinones (aloe-emodin, emodin, rhein, chrysophanol, and physcion) and five anthrones (sennoside a, sennoside c, physcionanthrone, aloe-emodinanthrone, and rheinanthrone) interact with c-kit, 5-ht4, and aqp3. importantly, we have shown that rhubarb extract, which is believed to mediate the laxative action of the plant, raised the expression of c-kit and 5-ht4, while reducing that of aqp3 in the rat colon. additionally, we discovered that a single proto-type component in rhubarb, like sennoside a, can be metabolised into multiple active metabolites (rheinanthrone, emodin, chrysophanol, aloeemodin, rhein, and physcion), as well as one active ingredient, compounds including physcion, emodin, chrysophanol, aloe-emodin, sennoside c, and sennoside a are potentially potential building blocks for compounds like rhein. our results suggest that rhubarb's laxative action could be due to the interaction of several derivative chemicals with 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(kon r, ikarashi n, hayakawa a, et al.) published in mol aspect med in 2012, volume 33, issue 6, pages 642–650. an increase in serotonin release leads to an upregulation of aquaporin-3 in the colon, which in turn causes morphine-induced constipation. citation: toxicol sci. 2015;145(2):337e347. 37.kon r, nagoya c, ikarashi n, et al. rheinanthrone, a sennoside a metabolite, is responsible for the laxative effects of rhubarb extract by activating macrophages and reducing aquaporin-3 expression in the colon. citation: 38. zong cl, huang rr, condac e, et al. j ethnopharmacol. 2014;152(1):190e200. discovering robo1's heparan sulphate ligand needs by an integrated approach. journal of the american chemical society, 2016;138(39): 13059–13067. 39. zhang y, wang zh, ma xy, et al. glycyrrhetinic acid blocks raseffector protein interactions by binding to the conserved p-loop region. the article "acta pharm sin b. 2019;9(2):294" addresses this 2. topic. potential benefits of qi gong meditation in quantifiable physiology: a five-year longitudinal observation ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 abstract thousands of years of practice have gone into qi gong, a mind-and-body intervention for better health and relief from illness. an excellent research assessing the health benefits of qi gong has been impeded due to the absence of quantitative metrics for tracking the practice's quality and advancement. in order to create these numerical metrics, we used wearable sensors to track one person's vital signs while they meditated on qi gong for five years. significant increases in blood oxygen saturation, pulse rate, respiration rate, and perfusion index were seen in this retrospective and exploratory investigation as a result of qi gong practice and physiological adaptation to its long-term training. physiological alterations in vital signs include a noteworthy two-fold rise in the pulse-respiration rate ratio during qi gong meditation, compared to resting, sleeping, and moderate cycling circumstances, when the ratios remained at 4. in sum, this is the first report of its kind to cover a five-year longitudinal study. after they're proven in a well-planned cohort study, these simple, non-invasive vital signs can be used as biomarkers to measure how well people follow breathing control techniques when practicing qi gong. they can also be used to quantify the quality of qi gong practice in clinical trials that include qi gong intervention. potential benefits of qi gong meditation in quantifiable physiology: a five-year longitudinal observation ashlaey the u.s. center for chinese medicine by beijing university of chinese medicine, rockville, 20850, usa 1. usands of years of practice have gone into qi gong, a mind-and-body intervention for better health and relief from illness. an excellent research assessing the health benefits of qi gong has been impeded due to the absence of quantitative metrics for tracking the practice's quality and advancement. in order to create these numerical metrics, we used wearable sensors to track one person's vital signs while they meditated on qi gong for five years. significant increases in blood oxygen saturation, pulse rate, respiration rate, and perfusion index were seen in this retrospective and exploratory investigation as a result of qi gong practice and physiological adaptation to its long-term training. physiological alterations in vital signs include a noteworthy two-fold rise in the pulse-respiration rate ratio during qi gong meditation, compared to resting, sleeping, and moderate cycling circumstances, when the ratios remained at 4. in sum, this is the first report of its kind to cover a five-year longitudinal study. after they're proven in a well-planned cohort study, these simple, non-invasive vital signs can be used as biomarkers to measure how ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 well people follow breathing control techniques when practicing qi gong. they can also be used to quantify the quality of qi gong practice in clinical trials that include qi gong intervention. 2. introduction breathing, mental and physical relaxation, and qi gong are the tenets of this ancient practice of meditation. thousands of years ago, in the yellow emperor's classic of internal medicine (huang di nei jing), a classic text of traditional chinese medicine (tcm), it was observed that qi gong might improve health and prevent illnesses.1, chapter 1 of this book indicates, "the sages were tran-quilly content in nothingness and the true vital forces accompanied them always; their vital (original) spirit was preserved within; thus, how could illness come to them?" this ancient text established a link between illness prevention and the practices of deep breathing and mental emptiness. it also linked the act of breathing with the vital spirit, or qi, in traditional chinese medicine. qi is the chinese concept that differentiates between alive and dead things. nevertheless, the connection to contemporary human anatomy and physiology remains unclear. from an energy metabolic point of view, oxygen is essential for human survival, because air contains oxygen. the role of oxygen in the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (atp), the biological energy currency, is a well-established fact in contemporary physiology. life-giving atp is synthesised from the chemical compound oxygen. the human body includes regulatory systems that detect when blood oxygen levels are low and react by increasing heart rate and breathing rate to restore blood flow, as oxygen is essential for survival. important clinical markers for critical care patients to keep an eye on include blood oxygen level, heart rate, and breathing rate. is it possible to utilise vital signs, which are wellknown for their significance, to track changes in blood oxygen utilisation and investigate how qi gong exercise enhances qi? research on meditation has mostly taken the form of clinical trials and mechanistic investigations, in contrast to studies utilising qi gong. meditating is a contemporary take on an old buddhist practice. similar to qi gong practice, several types of meditation include clearing one's thoughts, calming one's body, and breathing in a relaxed manner. hence, the terms meditation and qi gong are considered synonymous throughout this piece. by 2021, over 300 clinical trials will have been published, and they may all be found by searching for "qi gong"2 or "meditation"3 on the the research trial registry website (clinicaltrial.gov). from 1973–2021, a search of pubmed for randomised controlled trials yielded 1,113 articles and 330 reviews. publications on these subjects are on the rise, which may indicate that there are major initiatives to test this non-pharmaceutical intervention on human subjects. among the many health benefits of qi gong and meditation described in these publications are its ability to lower blood pressure in hypertension patients (4,5), alleviate pain in cancer patients, and enhance their quality of life.6 for example, to determine if qi gong meditation reduced hypertension, researchers would monitor participants' blood pressure, one of the clinically significant illness variables utilised in studies aimed at treating or alleviating symptoms of disorders. in contrast to pharmaceutical clinical trials, which allow for easy monitoring of intervention adherence by direct medication administration to study participants, qi gong and meditation interventions are unique. so yet, there is no foolproof way to monitor how well one is doing with qi gong or meditation. multiple reviews and meta-analyses on meditation intervention have pointed up the need for increased scientific rigour.7e9 there was a strong request to enhance methodological rigour, consistency, and follow-up over the long term.8 is ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 it possible to quantify the quality and adherence of a meditation intervention by using vital signs? in recent years, wearable devices have emerged to facilitate the practice of meditation. for example, the muse, an electroencephalogram (eeg)-based biofeedback product, developed by torontobased company interaxon,10 is commercially available to teach meditation by providing feedback based on eeg activity during meditation. besides eeg, heart rate variability (hrv) has also been used as a biomarker for stress and applied in breathing therapy. it has been demonstrated that elongated breathing cycles can in crease hrv resulting in stress relief.11 heartmath inner balance, an hrv-based biofeedback product developed by heartmath llc,12 is also commercially available to assist in breathing exercise by providing real-time feedback based on hrv. can these wearable devices be applied to qi gong practice to assess practice quality? with the intention of identifying a wearable device to track physiological changes during qi gong practice, the author piloted using muse and heartmath inner balance in qi gong practice and found that both devices were helpful for achieving and maintaining a meditative state. however, the results of the measures from both devices did not correlate well with the subjective experience of a high-or low-quality practice session. in addition, these 2 devices have not been widely accepted in clinical studies. to overcome these shortcomings, the author turned to easily accessible vital signs measured by the microsoft band, apple watch, and masimo material and methods 2.1. wearable devices microsoft band 2 (microsoft corp., redmond, wa) and apple watch series 3 or 4 (apple inc., cupertino, ca) were used during qi gong practice sessions. the devices recorded and processed the data and transmitted the summary data to an iphone through bluetooth. both devices provided summary and average data during each practice, including the duration of exercise, minimum and maximum heart rate, average heart rate, and calorie expenditure. only the duration of exercise and average heart rate data were used in this analysis. masimo oximeter mightysat (masimo corp., irvine, ca)13 is a food and drug administration (fda)-approved medical device that was used to monitor vital signs before, during, and after qi gong meditation practice. the oximeter recording has a sampling rate of 1 recording per second. the mightysat oximeter outputs 5 data types: pulse rate (beats per minute, bpm), respiration rate (breaths per minute, brpm) based on the plethysmographic waveform, oxygen saturation (spo2, %), perfusion index, and pleth variability index (pvi).13 the perfusion index was calculated from oximeter plethysmography as the ratio of the pulsatile blood flow to the non-pulsatile blood in peripheral tissue. it has been demonstrated that the perfusion index is correlated with periph eral vascular tone and can predict the incidence of hypotension during spinal anesthesia.14 the pvi was used to monitor variation in respiration and was not used in data analysis.15 2.2. qi gong meditation practice a healthy female in her 50s without experience with qi gong practice started practicing li shaobo zhenqi yunxing fa (lsbzqyxf) in 2015.16 in brief, the practice was performed in a sitting position, and the body was maintained in a fully relaxed posture. minor attention was focused on the lower abdominal, lower dantian region while maintaining a clear mind. breathing was split into 2 phases: a normal inhalation phase and a prolonged exhalation phase. the exhalation was fully relaxed without forceful action with the qi sinking to the lower dantian in the same expiration. practices were performed daily with few exceptions. the lsbzqyxf was practiced 1610 times between june 2015 and december 2020. the duration of each practice varied from 20 min to 2 h. the average duration of practice was 38.9 min, and the total practice time was 1044 h in this period. to reduce unforeseen factors contributing biases to the recording, such as circadian rhythm or feeding effects, practices were done in fasting states mightysat oximeter.13 in this study, vital sign data collected over 5 years of qi gong practice were analyzed retrospectively to explore and assess the usefulness of vital signs as biomarkers for the physiological benefits of qi gong practice. the results indicated that the change in pulse-respiration ratio has the potential to be used to quantify the physiological state achieved during qi gong practice, which has not been reported in any prior longitudinal observations. in conjunction with blood oxygen saturation level, the pulserespiration ratio also has the potential to be used to assess cardiorespiratory resilience. these findings provide objective measures to quantify adherence to slowed breathing during qi gong practice and to quantify its long-term training effects. the author hopes that once validated in a larger cohort, the pulserespiration ratio, in combination with the blood oxygen saturation level, can be applied to improve human studies with qi gong interventions. wearable device recordings microsoft band was used in 2016, and apple watch series 3 or 4 was used from 2017 to 2020. both types of devices were placed on the left wrist. data recorded and processed on the devices and the summary data were transmitted to an iphone through the bluetooth. recordings were conducted from the beginning to the end of each practice with these devices. a total of 982 recordings of the average pulse rate during the practice were collected from 2016 to 2020. masimo oximeter mightysat was placed on the fourth finger of the left hand and connected to either an ipad or an iphone through bluetooth for data recording. every oximeter recording had a before-resting control, meditation practice, and after-meditation ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 control. in 2016, the resting controls, before and after practice, were recorded for 3 min. however, preliminary analysis revealed that vital signs did not return to a resting level 3 min after practice. thus, from mid-2017 to the end of 2020, the before-resting controls were adjusted to 5 min, and the aftermeditation controls were extended to 10 min. a total of 138 oximeter recordings were collected and used in this study. 2.3. data processing and analyses the mightysat oximeter data were evaluated by plots of the raw recordings to visually check the quality of the recording. the pulserespiration rate (pr/rr) ratio was calculated by dividing the pulse rate by the respiration rate. to combine the mightysat oximeter data collected from 2016 to 2020, the after-meditation control data were trimmed to the last 3 min. oximeter recordings of each practice were selected as follows: (1) the first 5 s of the beforeresting control were removed to avoid starting variations; (2) the last 10 s of meditation data were trimmed out from practice data points to remove noise generated by taking note of the ending time; (3) only the last 3 min of after-meditation control were selected, excluding the last 10 s to avoid noise. statistical analysis of oximeter data was performed only on the selected data. data were analyzed with the open-source statistical software r (statistical computing, vienna, austria)17 and rstudio (rstudio pbc, boston, ma).18 the ggplot package (ggplot2) in r was used for data visualization.19 the summary and average data collected with the microsoft band and apple watch were collected in microsoft spreadsheet and imported into r for analyses. on the dates when only the oximeter recordings were available, average pulse rates of those dates were computed from the oximeter data. the average pulse rates during meditation practices were analyzed. the normally distributions of average pulse rate data are presented as violin plots. to evaluate the significance of changes, the student's t test package (t test) in r was used to perform a two-sided test at a 95% confidence level. results 2.4. typical mightysat recordings of qi gong practice three typical tracings from the mightysat oximeter recordings are shown in figs. 1e3. figs. 1a, 2a and 3a showcase the raw data of spo2, pulse rate, respiration rate, perfusion index, and pvi. figs. 1b, 2b and 3b depict the pr/rr ratios computed from the instantaneous pulse and respiration rates shown in figs. 1a, 2a and 3a. a typical qi gong practice tracing in fig. 1b shows an increase in the pr/rr ratio during practice compared with before and after controls. fig. 2b shows a raw data tracing from a practice that had a period of sleepiness noted in the practice note. during the sleepiness period, the pr/rr ratio dropped to the resting control level. a similar phenomenon was observed in separate recordings done under the sleep condition (the result not shown here). this feature presents a potential application of the pr/rr ratio to assess the quality of a qi gong practice by monitoring the adherence to prolonged exhalation. fig. 3b shows the pr/rr ratio during a mild cycling exercise. small pr/rr ratio fluctuations occurred at the beginning and the end of the cycling. during cycling, the pr/rr ratio remained at a similar level to before and after control conditions. different from resting controls, the pulse and respiration rates were significantly elevated simultaneously during cycling, as shown in fig. 3a. to further evaluate the dynamic correlations between pulse rate, respiration rate, and spo2, the raw data were broken into 5min segments. the means and standard deviations (sd) of 5min segments are plotted in panels c, d, and e of figs. 1e3. as shown in fig. 1c and d, pulse rates were increased when spo2 dropped during qi gong meditation practice. as shown in fig. 3cee, pulse rate was again negatively correlated with spo2. as shown in fig. 3c and e, the pulse rate was positively correlated with the respiration rate during mild cycling exercise. by contrast, during qi gong meditation practice, the respiration rate was maintained at a slow rate, as shown in fig. 1e. in agreement with known physiology, the intended action of slowing the respiration rate during meditation resulted in reduction of spo2, which in turn triggered ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 fig. 1. oximeter recording of a single qi gong meditation practice. notes: a: a typical recording output from a meditation practice. the red arrows indicate the start and the end of the meditat ion practice. five data types were reported by a masimo oximeter, mightysat: spo2, pulse rate, respiration rate, perfusion index, and pvi. b: the pr/rr ratio showed a significant increase during meditation practice. c: segmented statistics of pulse rate during the practice. d: segmented statistics of oxygen saturation during the practice. e: segmented statistics of respiration rate during the practice. c, d, and e summarize statistics of 5-min segments of a. c shows a slight increase in pulse rate that is negatively correlated with the slight drop (about 1%) in spo2 shown in d. e shows a decrease in respiration rate during meditation practice. spo2: oxygen saturation; pvi: pleth variability index; pr/rr: pulse-respiration rate ratio. fig. 2. typical qi gong meditation recording with poor quality. notes: a: an example of a recording output of a meditation practice that is of poor quality. the red arrows indicate the start and the end of the meditation practice. the blue bar indicates a period of sleepiness noted in the practice notes about 20 min after the start of meditation practice. b: the pr/r r ratio showed a significant drop during the time of sleepiness noted during meditation practice. c: segmented statistics of pulse rate during the practice. d: segmented statistics of oxygen saturation during the practice. e: segmented statistics of respiration rate during the practice. c, d, and e summarize statistics of 5-min segments of a. during the sleepiness phase from 25 to 40 min of meditation practice, the pulse rate decreased (c), spo2 increased toward the resting level (d), and the respiration rate increased (e). spo2: oxygen saturation; pvi: pleth variability index; pr/rr: pulserespiration rate ratio. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 fig. 3. oximeter recording of a mild cycling exercise. notes: cycling in seated position took place between the red arrows. a: five measures resulted from the oximeter recording. the onset of increased pulse rate was correlated with the beginning of a mild cycling exercise. b: the pr/rr ratio did not increase significantly during mild cycling. c: segmented statistics of pulse rate during the practice. d: segmented statistics of oxygen saturation during the practice. e: segmented statistics of respiration rate during the practice. c, d, and e summarize statistics of 5-min segments of a. means ± sds are shown in red. when the spo2 shown in (d) was maintained at around 97%, the pulse rate (c) and respiration rate (e) increased proportionally, which resulted in the pr/rr ratios being maintained below 5. spo2: oxygen saturation; pvi: pleth variability index; pr/rr: pulse-respiration rate ratio. the increase of pulse rate and pr/rr ratio. as shown in figs. 1 and 3, the increase of the pr/rr ratio is a unique measure to demonstrate the difference between qi gong meditation practice and mild cycling exercise. 2.5. summary statistics of instantaneous recording data of qi gong practice recordings of 138 practices with 420 508 data points were used to evaluate distributions, and the summary statistics of vital signs as well as the pr/rr ratio. the results are shown in fig. 4. the violin plots indicate the distribution patterns of data points, and the box plots show the results of summary statistics, in which the red dots indicate the mean values, and the red lines show the standard deviation (sd). the summary statistics are also listed in supplemental table 1. in comparison with before and after controls, qi gong meditation shifted the pulse rate higher by 2 bpm on average (before meditation 51.3 ± 3.9 bpm, during meditation 53.7 ± 3.6 bpm, and after meditation 52.7 ± 3.8 bpm), as shown in fig. 4a. the respiration rate was decreased by 5.5 brpm on average (before meditation 13.0 ± 2.0 brpm, during meditation 7.5 ± 2.5 brpm, and after meditation 12.5 ± 2.1 brpm), as shown in fig . 4b. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 fig. 4. distributions and summary statistics of vital sign data and the pr/rr ratio. notes: distributions of vital signs recorded with the mightysat oximeter are presented here in violin plots. summary statistics are presented as box plots, where red dots represent means and red lines represent sds. pr/rr: pulserespiration rate ratio. spo2 was decreased by 0.4% on average (before meditation 98.4% ± 0.8%, during meditation 98.0% ± 0.8%, and after meditation 98.2% ± 0.7%), as shown in fig. 4c. the pr/rr ratio increased nearly 2-fold (before meditation 4.1 ± 1.0, during meditation 7.9 ± 2.4, and after meditation 4.4 ± 1.1), as shown in fig. 4d. the changes between qi gong meditation and before or after controls were all significant (p < .001). among the changes, the mean pr/rr ratio of 7.9 in the qi gong meditation condition has not been reported before. this finding can be used as a quantitative measure to explore the physiological mechanism of qi gong meditation. fig. 5 shows the non-linear correlations among the instantaneous vital sign data in response to qi gong meditation training. to illustrate the progressive adaptation in long-term qi gong meditation training, the mean values grouped by years were graphically presented. the mean values of data collected in 2016 and 2020 are depicted in fig. 5, and the same data collected in 5 years are shown in supplemental fig. 1. the left side of fig. 5 (5a, 5c, 5e, 5g, 5i, and 5k) shows the mean data of resting control collected immediately prior to the meditation practice. the right side of fig. 5 (5b, 5d, 5f, 5h, 5j, and 5l) shows the mean data during qi gong meditation practice. in fig. 5a and c, the pr/rr ratio before resting control was between 3 and 6 in 2016 and was expanded to 3e13 in 2020, indicating a more flexible cardiorespiratory coupling under the resting condition after years of qi gong meditation training. in fig. 5e, respiration rates increased to 16 brpm when pulse rates >65 bpm in 2016 but were maintained around 13 brpm in 2020, which demonstrates the increased resilience in pulse-respiration regulation under the resting condition. this small change was achieved gradually starting in 2017, as shown in supplemental fig. 1e. as shown in fig. 5k, the resting spo2 level corresponded to the lower perfusion index curve in 2020 than in 2016, which indicates an adaption achieved with long-term qi gong meditation training. as shown in fig. 5b, j, and l, the correlations between spo2 and the pr/ rr ratio, pulse rate, and perfusion index shifted downward from 2016 to 2020 during qi gong meditation practice, which reflects a reduction in responses to the decrease of spo2 level during qi gong meditation. as shown in fig. 5d, the perfusion index was relatively similar between 2016 and 2020 when pr/rr ratios <10. when pr/ rr ratios >10, the perfusion index values in 2016 varied by 7 units (2e9 units), and they only varied by 4 units (5e9 units) in 2020. fig. 5f, h, and j highlights the potential physiological mechanisms to maintain the stable perfusion index shown in fig. 5d. as shown in fig. 5f, when pulse rates were between 43 and 53 bmp, the respiration rate was negatively correlated with pulse rate, and a significant reduction was evident in 2020. when the pulse rate was over 65 bmp, the respiration rate was positively correlated with the pulse rate. in 2016, the correlation between the respiration rate and pulse rate was a reversed bell shape and had significantly more volatility when the pulse rate was over 65 bmp. as shown in fig. 5h and j, a pulse rate over 65 bmp was a critical turning point for the regulation of the perfusion index and blood oxygen saturation. when the pulse rate was over 65 bmp, the perfusion index was decreased dramatically, and the spo2 was highly variable. in 2020, the turning point of the sharp drop in the perfusion index was shifted to a higher pulse rate (about 2e3 bmp), and the amplitudes of the variabilities of spo2 and pulse rate curves were smaller, indicating the adaptations of long-term training. fig. 5l shows the downward shift of the correlation curve between spo2 and the perfusion index during qi gong meditation practice in 2020, which suggests that the same vascular tone could tolerate lower levels of spo2 in 2020 than in 2016 during qi gong meditation. to illustrate the progression of these changes, the data from 2016 to 2020 were plotted in supplemental fig. 1. these changes were achieved gradually over the years of practice. therefore, they could be true training effects. according to the existing knowledge of human physiology, these correlated changes indicate the training effects of qi gong meditation on the reduction of response amplitudes to moderate physiological hypoxia. training adaptation was also demonstrated in fig. 6. with a total of 1047 recorded pulse rates from the microsoft band or apple ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 fig. 5. correlations among pulse rate, respiration rate, perfusion index, spo2, and pr/rr ratio before-meditation control and meditation conditions. notes: mean values of the instantaneous pulse rate, respiration rate, perfusion index, spo2, and pr/rr ratio collected in 2016 and 2020 are represented by the solid lines. the data of the before-meditation control are plotted in a, c, e, g, i, and k, indicating correlations among vital signs during the baseline and ada ption states achieved by long-term qi gong meditation practice. the data of qi gong meditation are graphed in b, d, f, h, j, and l, indicating correlations among vital signs during qi gong meditation practice. spo2: oxygen saturation; pvi: pleth variability index; pr/rr: pulse-respiration rate ratio. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 ¼ ¼ z fig. 6. average pulse rates during qi gong meditation practice are summarized over time. notes: violin plots demonstrate the distributions of average pulse rates of meditation practice. the box plot indicates the median value and first and third quartiles. red dots and lines indicate the means ± sds. black arrow lines indicate the t test comparisons. ***p < .001. years of qi gong meditation training decreased the average pulse rate from 56 ± 3.6 bpm in 2016 to 53 ± 3.3 bpm in 2020. watch during qi gong meditation practices (n 982) and calcu lated from mightysat data (n 65), the average pulse rates of qi gong meditation practices dropped significantly (p < .001) from 56.0 ± 3.6 bpm in 2016 to 53.0 ± 3.3 bpm in 2020. the violin plots in fig. 6 demonstrate the distributions of average pulse rates. the boxplots indicate the summary statistics, where red dots and lines indicated the means ± sds of average pulse rates grouped by years. mean and sd data supporting fig. 6 are shown in supplemental table 2. 2.6. limitation of algorithm-based respiration rate prediction by mightysat it was reported that the respiration rate extracted from plethysmographic waveform has its limitation beyond the range of 12e20 brpm.20 this limitation was also observed in the mightysat oximeter data reported in this study. among the 138 recorded practices, 40 of them (29%) also had the total breath counts during meditation detailed. fig. 7 presents the correlation of average respiration rates between algorithmbased and mentally counted rates. the average respiration rates of 40 counted practices had a mean of 4.1 ± 0.4 brpm, which was lower than the mean respiration rate value of 7.5 ± 2.5 brpm reported from the mightysat oximeter shown in supplemental table 1. the average pr/rr ratios calculated by dividing average pulse rates reported with the apple watch by the count-based respiration rates had a mean of 13.2 ± 1.5, which was much higher than algorithm-based results of 7.9 ± 2.4. in recent years, the bias of respiration rate extracted through algorithms has been corrected in other wearable devices. for example, a newer model of garmin watch vivoactive 4s reported average respiration rates centered around 4 brpm in qi gong meditation practices (based on 95 practice recordings since november 2021), which matched count-based average respiration rates. 3. discussion long ago, in the yellow emperor's classic of internal medicine (huang di nei jing), the health advantages of practicing qi gong meditation were first outlined.1 while a large body of recent research on the therapeutic effects of meditation and qi gong has revealed beneficial impacts on well-being,2,3 one thing that makes it hard to evaluate this ancient ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 intervention is the fact that there are no objective ways to quantify the quality of qi gong practice.21 in this regard, the potential for changes in vital signs during qi gong meditation practice to serve as biomarkers in future clinical research of qi gong is encouraging. the mightysat fingertip pulse oximeter, apple watch, and microsoft band were used in this onesubject five-year longitudinal study. commercially available wearables include the apple watch and the microsoft band, while the mightysat is a medical gadget that gives clinicalgrade measurements of vital signs and has been authorised by the fda.13 the mightysat stood out from the competition in 2016 when the author was looking for an oximeter due to its algorithmbased respiration rate.22 with this function, all three vital signs—heart rate, respiration rate, and blood oxygen saturation—could be recorded simultaneously on the same device. while breathing rate remained constant, vital sign measures taken before, during, and after qi gong meditation sessions demonstrated physiological adaptability and resilience in the dynamically controlled spo2, pulse rate, and perfusion index. while qi gong meditation exercise included a naturally longer exhale, a little drop in spo2 level caused the heart rate to rise (fig. 1). under the qi gong meditation, the average spo2 level declined by 0.4% and the average pulse rate rose by 2 bpm, despite the fact that the instantaneous spo2 levels and pulse rates fluctuated dynamically. condition, shown in figure 4. also in 2017, bernardi et al. showed that acute meditation practice reduced spo2.23 not only did long-term qi gong meditation training have this acute effect, but it also reduced resting spo2, perfusion index, and pulse rate (figs. 5 and 6). this is probably due to physiological adaptations brought about by years of lsbzqyxf meditation training. in a comprehensive study of endurance and yoga training, reimers et al. also found that participants' resting heart rates decreased.24 the review paper did not assess the relationship between the decrease in resting heart rate and the change in blood oxygen saturation. here, variations in spo2 level were shown to correspond with the immediate dynamic control and adaptation of heart rate fluctuations. moreover, the elevation of pr/rr ratios greater than 4 and 5 is observed as a unique feature in the lsbzqyxf meditation state, which has not been reported before. the 4:1 or 5:1 pulse 4. long ago, in the yellow emperor's classic of internal medicine (huang di nei jing), the respiration ratio was included as a measure for assessing health.25 in contrast to the resting before and after control circumstances, the distribution of instantaneous pr/rr ratio during qi gong meditation settings centred on values significantly larger than 4 or 5, according to the early preliminary data analysis in 2016. the author repeated tests using the mightysat oximeter in both resting and active states to have a better grasp of this phenomena. the mightysat oximeter had trouble recording the rate of breathing during riding until fatigue set in. the respiration rate signal remained unaffected by mild cycling, as seen in figure 3. the distributions of the instantaneous pr/rr ratios centred around 4 were preserved throughout both light cycling and sleep. in their december 2019 human investigation, scholkmann et al. noted the same thing with the resting pr/rr ratio centred around 4.26 in a review, the same authors synthesised this cardiorespiratory coupling phenomena and coined the term "pulse-respiration quotient" (prq) to describe the pr/rr ratio of 4.27 april 2019 marked the publication of this review. although the statement in the yellow emperor's classic of internal medicine (huang di nei jing) was made thousands of years ago, the authors state that the initial prq research was carried out in the 1920s. it was the austrian scientist rudolf steiner who first highlighted the potential of the ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 prq 4:1 in understanding human physiology. in the years after steiner's groundbreaking research, a number of german scientists have contributed to journals published in german since 1953. the work of scholkmann et al. brought back german research into english literature. age, gender, circadian rhythm, body posture, and exercise intensity were shown to have an effect on the pr/rr ratio. one participant in the present research sat quietly throughout the meditation condition, and data was taken at predetermined intervals. we have eliminated potential sources of data variance by avoiding the use of several individuals of various ages and genders, recording in different practice times, and subjecting them to diverse settings. this is the pr/rr ratio. while exercising was also recorded with the use of a garmin watch.28 this finding demonstrated that three distinct forms of exercise—strength training, running, and elliptical training—exhibited average pr/rr ratios ranging from 3.5 to 4.7. the findings presented in this investigation were likewise in agreement with the observations made with the garmin watch. according to scholkmann et al.'s review, the prq may be defined in two ways: first, using measurements of pr and rr taken at the same moment; and second, using data taken at a longer interval, say 1 minute, to calculate the pr/rr ratio.27 the pr/rr ratio was calculated instantly in this research using data from the oximeter. furthermore, this study revealed the first-ever simultaneous measurement of the blood spo2 level and the instantaneous pr/rr ratio. in figure 5b, we can see that there is a negative correlation between the instantaneous spo2 level and the pr/rr ratio. this is due to the fact that, when the pulse rate is between 48 and 65 bpm, there is also a negative correlation between the instantaneous spo2 level and the instantaneous pulse rate (fig. 5j). this five-year follow-up study found that assessing blood oxygen saturation level in conjunction with the pr/rr ratio may have an effect. in order to better understand the physiological processes by which qi gong meditation imparts its health benefits, may an enhanced pr/rr ratio serve as a quantifiable biomarker? when the cardiorespiratory coupling changes, how does it control the autonomic nervous system to make us more resilient? while these problems remain unanswered, russo et al. (29), and boyadzhieva et al. (30) addressed the physiological and neurological views on the benefits of slow breathing and its probable causes. consistent with previous research, the present study found that lsbzqyxf meditation included breathing at a cadence of 0.1 hz, or 6 breaths per minute, while simultaneously promoting physiological and psychological calm.31 according to the research, this breathing rhythm improves the synchronisation of the heart and lungs. as a consequence of practicing lsbzqyxf qi gong meditation for an extended period of time, one may reduce their resting blood oxygen saturation (spo2), heart rate (hr), and perfusion index (pi)—all of which contribute to better energy conservation. some research suggests that physiological hypoxia might have positive effects on health by triggering adaptations in the body.32 by influencing lipid metabolism and redox homeostasis, intermittent hypoxia may have positive health effects.33 according to a mouse in vitro and in vivo investigation, cardiac regeneration may be facilitated by a moderate drop of heart rate (10%e20%) caused by anti-arrhythmic medications via stimulating the metabolic pattern switch.34 human pluripotent stem cell-induced cardiomyocytes (hpsc-cms) cells also demonstrated heart regeneration caused by anti-arrhythmic drugs.34 in this research, participants who practiced qi gong meditation for 5 years had a decrease of 3 beats per minute (5.4%). could the impact shown in animal research and cell culture be ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 replicated in people by reducing the pulse rate, which promotes heart regeneration? in the current research on the benefits of meditation, the effects on the nervous system, in addition to the heart, have emerged as major themes.35 in this case, a decrease in resting spo2 was associated with long-term qi gong meditation practice, according to a longitudinal observation. the advantages of this non-pharmaceutical treatment for controlling whole-body metabolism are brought to light by this discovery. these results require more investigation in order to confirm the significance of vital indicators during qi gong meditation. a handy tool for keeping tabs on your qi gong meditation sessions, the mightysat oximeter isn't without its drawbacks. to begin with, it does not capture heart rate variability (hrv) data often enough (one record per second). secondly, while the device could show the plethysmographic waveforms, it couldn't export them for further analysis. this meant that the data collected couldn't be used for a thorough assessment of the cardio-respiratory coupling and vascular tension. numerous studies have linked stress and ageing to hrv and cardiorespiratory coupling.eleven, thirty-seven, we can delve deeply into the physiological mechanics of qi gong meditation using more frequent data points and the waveform. this longitudinal data is analysed retrospectively and compares an individual's moods before, during, and after meditation. seasonal changes were minimised in the analysis by directly comparing the control and meditation conditions in each recording. nevertheless, the present investigation is not without its caveats. first of all, this was not an attempt to recreate a laboratory environment; rather, it was an attempt to observe qi gong meditation in its own habitat. the duration of each exercise varied somewhat according to practical considerations. i think it's important to approach the findings with an inquisitive mindset. secondly, the summary statistics of average values do not clearly reflect numerous dynamic elements of physiological regulations among the vital signs, which only happened in a limited duration during therapy. additional quantitative measures of physiological resilience may be revealed in future analysis of time series with data captured more often. these results must be confirmed in a larger-scale randomised controlled trial that accounts for demographic variables such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, and medical history. 5. conclusions 6. it was shown in this early retrospective analysis research that meditation may drop the blood spo2 level, raise the pulse rate, and elevate the pr/rr ratio. the participants wore wearable devices that recorded critical vital signs throughout 5 years of qi gong meditation practice. a decrease in blood spo2, pulse rate, and perfusion index was seen in the resting state after long-term lsbzqyxf training. meditating causes a distinct physiological state distinct from sleeping, resting, and light cycling activity, characterised by an increase of the pr/rr ratio larger than 4 or 5. this paper details the results of a longitudinal study that tracked a healthy individual's vital signs as they progressed through lsbzqyxf meditation instruction and practice. these results have important implications for the development of future mechanistic studies of meditation intervention and for the evaluation of qi gong practice adherence. they suggest the possibility of objective metrics for evaluating the quality of meditation practice. references 1. veith i. huang ti nei ching su wen, the yellow emperor's classic of internal medicine. publisher: university of california press; 2002. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 location: berkeley, usa. 2 the united states national library of medicine. finally finished my studies and qigong. this link: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond acupuncture search please use the following formula: e*age*v*gndr*type*slt. retrieved on may 3, 2022. us national library of medicine, third place. study and meditation completed. visit https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond meditation&search for more information. use the following code to apply the function e.age_v.gndr.type.slt. retrieved on may 3, 2022. 5. niu jf, zhao xf, hu ht,, and others. are device-guided breathing exercises, yoga, tai chi, qi gong, massage, biofeedback, relaxation treatment, the best way to lower blood pressure? suggestions supported by rigorous systematic reviews. ther oncol 2019;42:322–331. fifthly, kritthanawong, kumar, wang, et al. the relationship between meditation and cardiovascular health in the united states. the american journal of cardiology, 2020, 131:23– 26. behzadmehr r, dastyar n, moghadam mp, abavisani m, and moradi m.—the sixth author. efficacy of cam therapies in alleviating cancerrelated pain in women with breast cancer: a comprehensive database study. thermodynamics (2020) 49: 102318. mindfulness-based stress reduction as a treatment for persistent pain: a meta-analysis and systematic review (hilton et al., 2017). the published version of this article is "annals of behaviour medicine" (2017), 50(2), pages 199–213. the authors of the study are sommersspijkerman, austin, bohlmeijer, and pots. an revised meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials adds new data to the rapidly growing area of online mindfulness. article published in the journal of the journal of men's health on july 8, 2021, page 28168. 9. authors goyal, singh, sibinga, et al. the effects of meditation programmes on mental health and stress: a meta-analysis and systematic review. 10. muse. muse headbands. jama intern med. 2014;174(3):357-368. retrieved may 3, 2022, from https://choosemuse.com/. kim hg, cheon ej, bai ds, lee yh, and koo bh were on the 11th. a systematic review and meta-analysis of the research on the relationship between stress and hrv. 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[date] (may 3, 2022). i am massimo. keep tabs on your vitals using the same pulse oximetry equipment used in hospitals. on may 3, 2022, the website https://www.masimopersonalhealth.com/pages/mi ghtysat was accessed. authors: toyama, kakumoto, morioka, et al. spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section deliveries may be risk factors for hypotension, according to a perfusion index calculated from a pulse oximeter. the authors of the article are cannesson, desebbe, rosamel, and colleagues from the british journal of anaesthesia (2013:111(2):235–241). the pleth variability index is used in the operating room to anticipate fluid responsiveness by monitoring the breathing fluctuations in the amplitude of the pulse oximeter's plethysmographic waveform. in the 2008 issue of the british journal of anaesthesia, the authors chao li, zhen bo, yun qi, yang xing, and xue sheng were published in the second section, pages 200-106. a five-step meditation practice plan. here is the link to the show: http://www.zqyxf.com/index.php?m content&c index...category 11, item id seven. retrieved on may 3, 2022. 17. a statistical computing project called r. retrieved may 3, 2022, from https://www.rproject.org/. number eighteen, rstudio. use rstudio connect to distribute your r and python projects. here is the link: https://rstudio.com/[date] (may 3, 2022). 19. ggplot2 basics. retrieved may 3, 2022, from https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/. twenty-one. charlton ph, birrenkott da, bonnici t, and colleagues. this study reviews the literature on breathing rate estimate using ecg ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 2 and photoplethysmogram. chang yp, hu rx, han m, et al. (2018) published in the ieee review of biomedical engineering, volume 11, pages 2–20. a bibliometric review of the evidence base for qi gong clinical trials. ramsay ma, usman m, lagow e, et al. published a study in complementary and alternative medicine in 2020 with the doi number 50: 102392. rationality, precision, and accuracy of capnometry and rainbow acoustic monitoring in determining ventilatory rate and identifying ventilatory pause. this is the article "bernardi nf, bordino m, bianchi l, bernardi l." from anesth analg. published in 2013 with the doi: 117(1):69–75. oxygen saturation drops suddenly and then rises again after meditating. 24-reimers ak, knapp g, and reimers cd. psychophysiology. 2017;54(12): 1951e-1966. we systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed interventional trials to determine the effects of exercise on resting heart rate. a new translation of the neijing suwen with commentary, the yellow emperor's classic of medicine, published in 2018 in the journal of clinical medicine, volume 7, issue 12, pages 503– 503. shambhala publications appeared in 1995 in boston, usa. with 26 scholkmann, zohdi, and wolf authors. the lognormal distribution of the resting-state pulse-respiration quotient for humans is centred at four. psychological research. 2019;68(6):1027– 1032. 27. schollmann f, wolf u. in contemporary investigations of human physiology and pathophysiology, the pulse-respiration quotient has shown to be an untapped yet potent measure. physiology (2019) 10: 371–372. 28.regarding garmin, the garmin blog, which covers topics such as health and news, vital connection between pulse, breathing rate, and rhythm? a link to the article "the critical relationship between respiratory rate, heart rate, and cadence" on the garmin website. march 3, 2022. 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(2006). prog biophys mol biol. 91(3): 249–286. at high altitude, intermittent hypoxia improves redox homeostasis, lipid metabolism linked to inflammatory processes, and redox post-translational modifications. journal of scientific research, 2020, 10, 7899. 34. tan j, yang m, wang h, et al. by activating the metabolic pattern switch, a little decrease in heart rate enhances cardiac regeneration. the reference for this article is cell reports 2022, volume 38, issue 10, pages 110469.tang yy, bk ho€lzel, and mi posner in the journal. the scientific basis for mindfulness meditation. "nature reviews neuroscience" (2015), volume 16, issue 4, pages 213-225, by parvaneh s, howe cl, toosizadeh n, and others. a thorough review on the regulation of the cardiac autonomic nerve system across different frailty levels. garcia aj, koschnitzky je, dashevskiy t, ramirez jm. geron-tology. 2015;62(1):3e15. 37. the relationship between the heart and lungs in both healthy and sick situations. neuroscience letters. 2013;175(1):26–37. 1. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 22 abstract: purpose: using transcriptome analysis, we want to learn how compound danshen dripping pills (cddp) affect diffuse intravascular coagulation (dic) and what mechanisms cddp may work by. research tools and procedures: we carried out dic animal models with various inducers and studied the impact of cddp on many parameters, including survival rate, blood flow to the hepatic and gastric fundi, aberrant prothrombin time (pt), fibrinogen (fib) concentration, inflammatory factors, and the damage index for the liver and kidneys. after that, confirmation of the primary target genes was done using whole-blood transcriptome sequencing. the results showed that cddp increased the efficiency of glutamic pyruvic transaminase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, improved blood flow in the stomach and liver, increased pt and fib values, decreased the elevated serum levels of interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. additionally, it improved the survival rate of the animals used in the study. according to research using whole-blood transcriptome sequencing, cddp may control inflammatory response in the immune system, oxidative stress, activation and aggregation of platelets, and cell death in dic. the model animals' aberrant expression of sqstml, ctsd, mylk2, and nfkbib was further enhanced by cddp, as demonstrated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr). results: cddp protects primary organs in dic models by reducing inflammatory factor expression, increasing organ blood flow, and correcting coagulation anomalies. not only that, but cddp enhanced the outcome of dic animal models by boosting the expression of important genes associated with the illness, namely sqstml and nfkbib. keywords: various terms such as microcirculation, disseminated intravascular coagulation, the sqstml gene, transcriptomics, and compound danshen dripping tablet are used. chinese traditional medical journal a disseminated intravascular coagulation animal model: how compound danshen dripping pills work and what they do kiran kumar reddy and varun 1,2 academy of acupuncture and moxibustion, fujian university of traditional chinese medicine, fuzhou, fujian 350122, china received on: 21 oct 2024 revised on: 20 nov 2024 accepted date: 25 dec 2024 published on: 17 feb 2025 introduction microthrombuses develop all over the place and systemic coagulation is activated in disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic), a condition of acquired coagulation dysfunction. [1] one of the most dangerous outcomes for patients suffering from sepsis, tumors, acute leukemia, placental abruption, or trauma, it happens as a response to several disorders. due to its high death rates and vulnerability to organ failure, dic is difficult to detect and has a bad prognosis when treated. [2] in the coagulation system becomes activated and microvascular system gets damaged when pathogenic agents do this. the third furthermore, coagulation factors have a role in the breakdown and consumption of platelets and coagulation factors leading to hemorrhage and thrombosis. according to reports, a significant number of patients in the intensive care unit (icu) have signs of dic, which may lead to an increased death rate. the most common cause of dic is infection. [6] the new coronavirus causes the acute infectious illness known as coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), which impacts several organs and systems. those two in addition, a number of mechanisms, including inflammation, immunology, cell the establishment of a clotting-inflammation-immune network, adhesion, and platelet activation. [4] the core feature of dic is the presence of unregulated ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 23 covid-19 patients in critical care often present with abnormal coagulation function. multiple systems, including coagulation, inflammation, and the immune complement system, are involved in coagulation dysfunction in covid19 individuals, according to studies. [9] infections may progress to dic in critically sick individuals, leading to unfavorable health consequences. depending on the treatment of underlying conditions, heparin or lowmolecular-weight heparin is now recommended as the firstchoice medicine for dic according to worldwide treatment recommendations. citations [10,11] nevertheless, a number of studies have shown that heparin has no discernible impact on patients' long-term survival rates and carries a large risk of severe side effects including bleeding. consequently, the creation of efficient methods for treating dic is a pressing and unfulfilled therapeutic need. for the treatment of coronary heart disease (chd), the china food and drug administration has authorized compound danshen dripping tablet (cddp) during the last quarter of a century. many studies have shown that cddp can alleviate myocardial ischemia-induced angina symptoms by improving blood circulation, decreasing blood viscosity, protecting endothelial cells, inhibiting leukocyte adhesion and inflammation, and optimizing myocardial energy metabolism. [12] moreover, prior research has shown that cddp has pharmacological actions such enhancing microcirculation, preventing platelet adhesion and aggregation, acting as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, and safeguarding endothelial functions. [13] myocardial ischemia and dic have similar clinical and physiological processes, such as inflammation, impaired coagulation function, and platelet activation. this suggests that the regulatory mechanism by which cddp protects against dic and chd is similar as well. thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of cddp in treating dic in two separate animal models and to investigate, using transcriptomics as a starting point, the potential mechanism of cddp's treatment of dic. the ultimate goal is to provide evidence supporting cddp's use in treating dic and to provide a safe and effective option for patients suffering from clinical dic. materials and methods animals specific pathogen‑free (spf) male kunming mice, weighing 20 ± 2 g, were purchased from the beijing weitong lihua experimental animal technology co., ltd. (animal certificate number: 110011110698978). spf male sprague–dawley rats, weighing 200 ± 20 g, were purchased from the beijing vital river laboratory animal technology co., ltd (animal certificate number: 110011211104397472). the animals were fed using the tianjin tasly proud pharmaceutical co., ltd. animal barrier system (facility license: syxk (tianjin) 2017-0006). they were adapted to feeding for 3 days, during which their weight, head, and torso conditions, and activity levels were monitored. the present study was approved by the committee on animal experimentation of the tasly academy (ethics approval code: tsl‑iacuc‑2020‑19, tsl‑ iacuc‑2020‑20). apparatus and reagents the tool the following instruments were used: a laser speckle blood flow imaging system (moorflpi-2), a semiautomatic coagulation analyzer (siddhi scientific instruments, lg-paber-i), a microplate reader (tecan, infinite m200), an automatic biochemical analyzer (hitachi 7020), a fragment analyze biological analyzer (thermo, fsv2-ce), a gene sequencing instrument (shenzhen huada, dnbseq-t7), a qpcr instrument (analytik jena, qtower3g), and a chemiluminescence imager (shanghai qianxiang, chemiscope6200). chemicals and substances the drug and reagents used were: cddp (tasly, 190117), nadroparin calcium injection (aspen, 5325b), high molecular dextran (h20m10b88790), ulcerose (t20100310), sodium chloride injection (2012174c), lipopolysaccharide (lps; sigma, 0000081275), prothrombin time detection kit (taizhou zhongqin, sty20101-41-9), and fibrinogen (fib) determination kit (taizhou zhongqin, sty20401-39-5). rat interleukin-10 (il-10) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) kit (shanghai enzyme-linked, nov 2020), rat tumour necrosis factoralpha (tnf-) elisa kit (shanghai enzyme-linked, nov 2020), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (gpt) test kit (nanjing jiancheng, 20210305), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (got) test kit (nanjing jiancheng, 20210304), creatinine (cr) test kit (nanjing jiancheng, 20210304), transzol (beijing transgen et111-01), reverse transcription kit (takara, rr047a). research techniques how the danshen dripping tablet composition affects the survival rate of rats stimulated with lipopolysaccharide? intraperitoneal injection of lps into rats allowed researchers to reproduce the mouse model of dic. there were three sets of animals used as models: those given cddp-h (1660 mg/kg), those given cddp-l (830 mg/kg), and those given nadroparin calcium (500 iu/kg). in order to mimic the dic model, 35 mg/kg of lps was intraperitoneally administered into all groups of mice except the control group. after modeling, mice in the model group received 10 ml/kg of pure water; mice in the cddp group received the indicated doses of cddp intragastrically; and mice in the nadroparin calcium group received 500 iu/kg of nadroparin calcium subcutaneously. at 72 hours post-modeling, we measured the survival rate of each group of experimental animals. effect of compound danshen dripping pill on dextran‑ induced microcirculatory disturbance the rat model of dic microcirculation disorder was established by injecting 10% dextran t500 into the tail vein. the rats were divided into the control, model, cddp‑h (830 mg/kg), cddp‑l (415 mg/kg), and nadroparin calcium (500 iu/kg) groups. different doses of cddp were administered by gavage ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 24 1.5 h before the model was replicated. blood perfusion of the rat liver and gastric fundus was detected using the moor flpi‑2 laser speckle blood flow imaging system 10 min before dextran t500 injection and 5, 15, and 30 min after dextran t500 injection to investigate the effect of cddp on microcirculation disorder. effect of compound danshen dripping pill on lipopolysaccharide‑induced animal model the dic model was replicated by intraperitoneally injecting the rats with lps. the rats were divided into the control, model, cddp‑h and cddp‑l, and nadroparin calcium groups. except for the control group, rats in all other groups were intraperitoneally injected with 30 mg/kg lps to replicate the dic model. rats in the control and model groups were intragastrically administered 10 ml/kg of pure water immediately after modeling. rats in the cddp group were intragastrically administered 415–835 mg/ kg cddp immediately after modeling. rats in the nadroparin calcium group were subcutaneously injected with 500 iu/kg nadroparin calcium, immediately after modeling. the rats in each group were sacrificed 6 h after the model was replicated; blood and organ tissues were collected from the abdominal cavity after anesthesia, and the samples were processed according to the instructions. hematological examination (prothrombin time [pt] and fib), inflammatory factor detection (il‑10 and tnf‑), and pathological examination of the liver and kidneys were performed. transcriptomics detection and validation the rats in the control, model, and cddp‑h groups (n = 5 rats in each group) were anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of 20%, 4 ml/kg urethane administered 6 h after the model was replicated. blood was collected from the abdominal aorta and placed in a paxgene blood rna tube according to the instructions provided in the kit. total rna was extracted, and transcriptome sequencing was performed. the deseq2 software and metacore website were used to quantify the aforementioned genes and analyze them based on gene expression (correlation, principal component analysis, and differential gene screening). gene ontology (go) enrichment analysis, kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (kegg) pathway enrichment analysis, and protein interaction network analysis were performed on differential gene data in selected samples. for qpcr, the rna samples from experimental animals were reverse-transcribed according to the instructions provided in the kit. the pcr primers were designed using primer 5.0 software. quantitative real‑time (qrt)‑pcr was performed using the sybr green fluorescent dye. the amplification curve was obtained by real‑time monitoring of the pcr using the dissolution curve. the ct-value of the target gene was calculated using the amplification curve, and the gene expression changes were quantitatively calculated using the 2–δδct formula. statistics microsoft excel was used to analyze and process the data. the experimental data obtained from each group are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. the two-sample equal variance t‑test was used to examine the significance between the groups, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. results effect of compound danshen dripping pill on the survival rate of lipopolysaccharide‑induced model animals the survival rates of rats in the cddp‑l, cddp‑h, and nadroparin calcium groups were 8.35%, 37.5%, 87.5%, and 25%, respectively [figure 1a]. the results suggested that cddp improved the survival rate of lps‑induced model rats in a dose-dependent manner. effect of compound danshen dripping pill on dextran‑ induced microcirculatory disturbance preadministration of 415 mg/kg cddp significantly increased the 5‑min and 15‑min hepatic blood flow and 30‑min gastric fundus blood flow in dic rats following 10% dextran t500 modeling (p < 0.05). preadministration of 830 mg/kg cddp significantly increased the 5‑min and 15‑min hepatic blood flow and the 5‑min and 30‑min gastric fundus blood flow after modeling in dic rats (p < 0.05). these findings suggested that cddp plays a therapeutic role in dic microcirculation disorder by improving the microcirculation in internal organs and increasing blood perfusion of organs [figure 2a-c]. effect of compound danshen dripping pill on lipopolysaccharide‑induced rat model effect of compound danshen dripping pill on coagulation function in lipopolysaccharide‑induced model rats the prothrombin time (pt) in the model group was significantly prolonged (model vs. control; p < 0.01) and the fib level was significantly decreased (p < 0.01), suggesting lps‑induced coagulation abnormalities in model rats. after the model was replicated, different doses of cddp improved lps‑induced coagulation dysfunction. notably, the cddp‑h group showed significant improvement than that of the model group (p < 0.01), demonstrating an effect comparable to that of the nadroparin calcium group [figure 1b]. effect of compound danshen dripping pill on inflammatory factors in lipopolysaccharide‑induced model animals compared with the control group, the model group demonstrated a significant increase in serum il-10 and tnf‑ levels (p < 0.05). different doses of cddp improved the lps‑induced abnormal increase in inflammatory factors (p < 0.05), which was equivalent to the effect of nadroparin calcium, suggesting that cddp exerts an inhibitory effect on inflammatory factors in lps‑induced model animals [figure 1c]. effect of compound danshen dripping pill on liver and kidney function of lipopolysaccharide‑induced animal model compared with the control group, the model group demonstrated an abnormal increase in gpt and got activities and blood ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 25 figure 1: lipopolysaccharide‑induced disseminated intravascular coagulation model assay. (a) the 72 h survival rate of model mice (n = 8). (b; a and b) effect of compound danshen dripping pill on pt value and fib levels in model rats (n = 6). (c; a and b) effect of compound danshen dripping pill on inflammatory factors in model rats (n = 6). (d; a‑d) effect of compound danshen dripping pill on hepatic and kidney injury in model rats (n = 6) in comparison with control rates. #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01; comparison with the model group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. cddp: compound danshen dripping pills urea nitrogen (bun) and creatinine (cr) levels in the model group (p < 0.01), suggesting that the model rats suffered a certain degree of liver and kidney damage. different doses of cddp significantly reduced the activities of gpt and got (p < 0.01) and the levels of bun and cr (p < 0.01) in rat plasma, similar to the effect exerted by nadroparin calcium. these results suggested that cddp exerts a protective effect against lps‑induced liver and kidney injury in model animals [figure 1d]. histopathological observation of the effects of cddp on lipopolysaccharide-induced animal model. hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed initial pathological damage 6 h following the intraperitoneal injection of lps in animals in the model group. different levels of cddp reduced the initial pathological damage caused by lps‑induced dic in the lungs, liver, and kidneys [figure 3]. in the control group, the alveolar septum wall was thin, and the cells were normal, whereas, in the model group, the alveolar septum wall was thick, with alveolar septal capillary dilation congestion (▲), which increased around the blood vessels, along with edema (★). in the control group, the liver cells were arranged in plates, the central vein was filled with red blood cells, and the portal area vessels and bile ducts were arranged normally; whereas the model group exhibited hepatocyte vacuolar degeneration (×), partial nuclear lysis, and hepatic sinusoid dilatation and congestion (on, without inflammatory cell infiltration. in the model group, no abnormalities were observed in the glomeruli, but there was an increase in red blood cells and congestion in the renal interstitial capillary (ap. compared with the model and control group, the cddp group exhibited reduced pulmonary edema and pulmonary perivascular space, decreased hepatocyte vacuolar degeneration, and improved renal interstitial capillary congestion. transcriptome sequencing analysis and verification transcriptome sequencing analysis we used the screening conditions of | log2fc | ≥1 and q ≤ 0.05 and found 543 common and significantly differentially expressed genes in the control group, model group, and cddp group [figure 4a]. a b a a b b c d ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 26 a b c d figure 2: dextran‑induced microcirculatory disturbance model assay (a) liver blood flow in different groups. (b) liver blood flow in different groups. (c) liver and gastric fundus blood flow between 0 and 30 min after modeling in each group, #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01; comparison with the model group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 (n = 6). cddp: compound danshen dripping pills figure 3: hematoxylin and eosin staining in different groups(×400). the he staining of the organ tissues were observed under a 400x microscope. hematoxylin and eosin staining in different groups. in the lung, the model group exhibits alveolar septum thickening, alveolar septum capillarydilation congestion (▲) and increased edema around the blood vessels (★). in the liver, the model group exhibits hepatocyte vacuolar degeneration(×), partial nuclear lysis, and hepatic sinusoid dilatation and congestion (▲). in the kidney, the model group exhibits increased in red blood cells andcongestion in the renal interstitial capillary (▲), pulmonary edema was slightly reduced and perivascular space was reduced (). a: control group;b: model group; c: cddp‑h group; d: fraxiparine group. cddp: compound danshen dripping pills differential gene enrichment analysis the gene ontology (go) enrichment analysis and kegg pathway enrichment analyses were performed on the 543 genes. the results demonstrated that cddp primarily participated in the regulation of immune inflammatory response, complement system, oxidative stress response, covid-19-related coagulation disorders, platelet activation, aggregation, and apoptosis. it has been suggested that cddp confers therapeutic potential against dic by regulating the immune complement system, exerting anti‑inflammatory properties, promoting coagulation and platelet activation, countering antioxidative stress, and inhibiting apoptosis. gene ontology enrichment analysis we used the dr. tom online system to analyze the biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions of the a b c ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 27 figure 4: whole blood transcriptome sequencing differential gene analysis and verification. (a) differential gene veen map (control vs. model vs. cddp‑h groups); (b) pathway maps enrichment analysis of differential genes (q‑value ranked top 50); (c) results of quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay (n = 5), in comparison with the control group. #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01. cddp: compound danshen dripping pills differentially expressed genes. the results demonstrated that the go terms enriched by differentially expressed genes involved 2727 biological processes, 462 cellular components, and 804 molecular functions. the biological processes primarily included inflammatory response, immune system process, response to lipopolysaccharides, innate immune response, neutrophil response, and antioxidative stress. cellular components primarily involved the cytoplasm, cell fluids, ribosomes, soluble fibrin, and mitochondria. the molecular functions included protein labeling, ubiquitin protein ligation, cytokine receptor activation, il-1 receptor activation, complement component c3b binding, and toll-like receptor binding. these results indicated a strong connection between differentially expressed genes and the coagulation–immune system, suggesting that cddp exerts its therapeutic effect on dic through the above pathways. kegg enrichment analysis the kegg pathway enrichment analysis was performed on the differentially expressed genes using the metacore database (https://portal. genego. com/). the top 50 pathways with the smallest q-values, that is, the most significant enrichment, were selected for display. in addition, the top 50 pathways were found to be the immune response complement pathway, il-6-induced acute phase response of hepatocytes, neutrophil chemotaxis, oxidative stress response, thrombotic microangiopathy, high mobility group box 1 signaling pathway, tnf‑ signaling pathway, il-1  signaling pathway, and covid-19-related coagulation disorders. most of these pathways were related to the immune response and coagulation system, suggesting potential pathways for the treatment of dic using cddp [figure 4b]. analysis of key targets and pathways of cddp in the treatment of dic the results of the transcriptome analysis, p values of differential gene enrichment, and functions of the enriched pathways were used to further classify the differentially expressed genes. the related targets and corresponding pathways of cddp in the dic model rats were analyzed. comprehensive analysis revealed that cddp exerts a therapeutic effect on dic by affecting the oxidative stress response and acting on apoptosis-related pathways. in addition, the analysis revealed that cddp exerted therapeutic potential against covid‑19 by affecting thrombosis [figure 5]. validation of transcriptomics analysis results the results of transcriptome analysis revealed that the key targets of cddp in the treatment of dic were primarily enriched in immune coagulation, oxidative stress, platelet activation, inflammasome, and apoptosis‑related pathways. based on literature research, four key genes, namely, sqstml, ctsd, mylk2, and nfkbib, were selected for qpcr verification, and the effect of cddp on lps‑induced model animals was preliminarily observed. the results demonstrated that, compared with the control group, the model group significantly increased expression of four target genes, mylk2, nfkbib (p < 0.05), ctsd, and sqstml (p < 0.01), in the whole blood of a c b ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 28 figure 5: coagulation disorder‑related pathways the model rats 6 h after model replication. cddp inhibited the overexpression of mylk2, nfkbib, ctsd, and sqstml to varying degrees. the results of qrt‑pcr were consistent with those of transcriptome sequencing [figure 4c]. discussion in dic, an acquired coagulation condition, microthrombuses develop all over the place and systemic coagulation is activated. a number of biological systems, including those involved in coagulation, innate immunity, inflammation, complement, and fibrinolysis, are disrupted by the disorder's severe microcirculatory abnormalities. (2, 3). according to clinical research, dic symptoms are seen by 10%-30% of intensive care unit (icu) patients, leading to an increased death rate. the main cause of dic is infection. when it comes to treating infectious disorders, traditional chinese medicine offers some distinct benefits. [14] here, we looked at how cddp affected the rate of survival in an animal model that was induced with lps. the findings showed demonstrated the survival rate of lps-induced model mice was significantly enhanced by a single oral dosage of cddp at varied doses. the main clinical symptom of dic has been described as organ failure due to the production of microthrombi in various organ microvessels. [15] by injecting 10% dextran t500 into the tail vein of rats, we were able to replicate an animal model of dic microcirculatory disorder. after 5-30 minutes of model replication, we observed that a single oral dose of cddp increased organ blood flow and continuously improved blood perfusion in the gastric fundus and liver, suggesting that cddp may have therapeutic effects on dic by improving microcirculation in these model animals. the etiology and clinical manifestations of dic in lpsinduced rats are similar to those in humans suffering from clinical infections. a hallmark of this paradigm is the development of microthrombi and extensive coagulation. [16] to examine cddp's therapeutic potential, we used an lps-induced dic rat model in this investigation. prolonged pt during consumptive hypocoagulation and secondary is seen in the majority of dic patients, according to clinical ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 1 29 findings. time periods including fibrinolysis (hypercoagulation). another inflammatory biomarker that shows the greatest plasma coagulation factor level is fib, a glycoprotein produced by liver cells. 17 and 18 our results show that cddp enhances normal coagulation function in lpsinduced model animals, as it prolongs pt and reduces lpsinduced plasma fib level in rats. additionally, cytokines including tnf and il-1 facilitated coagulation activation, fibrinolysis injury, and organ damage in the lps-induced dic animal model. [15] a single oral dose of cddp considerably reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines like il-10 and tnf-α in dic model rats, as well as the activity of markers for liver and kidney damage like gpt and got, as well as the levels of bun and cr in their plasma, according to the results. the results indicated that cddp prevents damage to the main organs by reducing inflammatory factor expression. furthermore, the early pathological damage to the lungs, liver, and kidneys produced by lps-induced dic was ameliorated by cddp, as shown by he pathological staining. these findings provide promising evidence that cddp may be useful in the treatment of dic in animals by enhancing microcirculatory function and protecting important organs by reducing inflammatory factor expression. after that, we looked at potential cddp targets in dic therapy by sequencing the whole-blood transcriptome of animals across several groups. in lps-induced dic model rats, cddp showed therapeutic potential via immunological modulation, anticoagulation, antiinflammation, inhibition of platelet activation, and cell death, according to the go and kegg enrichment analyses of the differentially expressed genes. we confirmed the target genes using qpcr: sqstml, ctsd, mylk2, and nfkbib. our selection was based on experimental findings and a literature study. this prediction approach was confirmed to be feasible since the target genes were considerably elevated in the cddp group compared to the model group, which was in agreement with the projected outcomes. cddp skewed the expression of the innate immune regulating factor sqstml. in addition, it is thought of as a predictor of outcome in cases of serious infections in humans and in animal models generated by lps. the year 19 activated nuclear factor-kappab (nf-κb) is linked to several organ dysfunctions, and it is known to have a significant role in endothelial cell damage and apoptosis brought on by severe infections. patients with sepsis may have a better chance of surviving if the nf-b activity is inhibited. among the many roles it plays in the heart and in the activation and aggregation of platelets, mylk2, an affiliate of the myosin light chain kinase family, is mentioned in reference [20]. references [21,22] after ischemia and hypoxia, autophagy activates ctsd, leading to lysosomal dysfunction. cell apoptosis involves both internal and extrinsic processes, to which it contributes at various stages. [23] the ctsd may also initiate cell death by directly activating caspase 3. this research found that cddp improved the aberrant expression of the blood of rats that were induced dic by lps included sqstml, ctsd, mylk2, and nfkbib. in this work, we found that cddp increased blood flow to the primary organs of rats with dic, which protected those organs from damage. also, it blocks cell death, controls inflammatory factor expression, decreases coagulation malfunction in dic, and blocks platelet activation pathways. supporting the expression of important genes linked to disease development, including sqstml and nfkbib, may be the underlying mechanism. in conclusion, cddp has promise for enhancing dic prognosis and creating a more efficient treatment plan. conclusions this study showed that cddp may have protective effects in dic model animals by improving organ blood flow and coagulation abnormalities and inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors. the therapeutic effects of cddp on dic model animals may be achieved by increasing the expression of key genes related to dic, including sqstml and nfkbib, thereby improving the prognosis of model animals. this study only preliminarily explored the efficacy and mechanism of cddp in the treatment of dic, and the key targets and pathways of action should be further clarified and verified to explain the mechanism of action of cddp in the treatment of dic further clearly. financial support and sponsorship nil. conflicts of interest the authors assert that the study was conducted without any commercial or financial affiliation that may pose a conflict of interest. references 1. wada h, thachil j, di nisio m, mathew p, et al. guidance for diagnosis and treatment of dic from harmonization of the recommendations from three guidelines.: jth 2013;11:761-767. 2. berthelsen lo, kristensen at, tranholm m. animal models of dic and their relevance to human dic: a systematic review. thromb res 2011;128:103-16. 3. popescu ni, lupu c, lupu f. disseminated intravascular coagulation and its immune mechanisms. blood 2022;139:1973-86. 4. abrams st, su d, sahraoui y, lin z, cheng z, nesbitt k, et al. assembly of alternative prothrombinase by extracellular histones initiates and disseminates intravascular coagulation. blood 2021;137:103-14. 5. adelborg k, larsen jb, hvas am. disseminated intravascular coagulation: epidemiology, biomarkers, and management. br j haematol 2021;192:803-18. 6. gando s, levi m, toh ch. disseminated intravascular coagulation. nat rev dis primers 2016;2:16037. 7. guan wj, ni zy, hu y, liang wh, ou cq, he jx. clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in china. n eng j med 2020;382:1708‑20. 8. yao cl, wei wl, zhang jq, bi qr, li jy, khan i, et al. traditional chinese medicines against covid-19: a global overview. world j tradit chin med 2022;8:279-313. 9. vincent jl, levi m, hunt bj. prevention and management of thrombosis in hospitalised patients with covid-19 pneumonia. lancet respir 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microcirculatory disturbances, in infectious diseases and treatment with traditional chinese medicine. world j tradit chin med 2022;8:169-80. 15. suga y, akita f, yamada s, morishita e, asakura h. recombinant human erythropoietin attenuates hepatic dysfunction by suppressing hepatocellular apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation in rats. biomed rep 2022;16:5. 16. asakura h. classifying types of disseminated intravascular coagulation: clinical and animal models. j intensive care 2014;2:20. 17. huang j, yin xj, huang f. research progress of fibrinogen related drugs. pharm res 2019;38:167‑71. 18. rostami m, khoshnegah z, mansouritorghabeh h. hemostatic system (fibrinogen level, d‑dimer, and fdp) in severe and non‑severe patients with covid-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. clin appl thromb hemost 2021;27:2710760296211010973. 19. zhou b, liu j, zeng l, zhu s, wang h, billiar tr, et al. extracellular sqstm1 mediates bacterial septic death in mice through insulin receptor signalling. nat microbiol 2020;5:1576‑87. 20. papurica m, rogobete af, sandesc d, cradigati ca, sarandan m, crisan dc, et al. the expression of nuclear transcription factor kappa b (nf‑b) in the case of critically ill polytrauma patients with sepsis and its interactions with micrornas. biochem genet 2016;54:337‑47. 21. zhang s, wang j, chen s, yin j, pan z, liu k, et al. effects of suilysin on streptococcus suis-induced platelet aggregation. front cell infect microbiol 2016;6:128. 22. feghhi s, tooley ww, sniadecki nj. nonmuscle myosin iia regulates platelet contractile forces through rho kinase and myosin light-chain kinase. j biomech eng 2016;138:1045061–1045064. 23. di yq, han xl, kang xl, wang d, chen ch, wang jx, et al. autophagy triggers ctsd (cathepsin d) maturation and localization inside cells to promote apoptosis. autophagy 2021;17:1170-92. artificial intelligence in endoscopic diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and precancerous lesions ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 34 abstract: improving patient outcomes requires early identification, rapid diagnosis, and fast treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (escc), a major worldwide health concern. when it comes to this, endoscopic inspection is crucial. there are a number of endoscopic procedures available, but all have limitations that may lead to overlooked or misdiagnosed esccs. the use of artificial intelligence (ai) in endoscopic diagnostics is currently enhancing the accuracy of detecting escc and precancerous lesions, therefore overcoming these constraints. we survey the present status of artificial intelligence (ai) applications for endoscopic detection of endometrial squamous cell carcinoma (escc) and precancerous lesions in this review, including topics such as microvascular subtype categorization, invasion depth estimate, lesion characterisation, and margin delineation. in addition, we provide predictions for the future of this area, pointing out possible developments that can improve patient prognoses via more precise diagnosis. keywords: terminology: precancerous lesions; endoscopy; artificial intelligence; esophageal squamous cell carcinoma chinese traditional medical journal machine learning for the detection of precancerous lesions and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by endoscopic imaging s. venkatesh, a. meghana 1,2 academy of acupuncture and moxibustion, fujian university of traditional chinese medicine, fuzhou, fujian 350122, china received on: 21 jan 2025 revised on: 20 mar 2025 accepted date: 25 april 2025 published on: 18 may 2025 introduction rapid improvements in endoscopic procedures and the widespread adoption of screening programs have contributed to a dramatic increase in the number of people screened for esophageal cancer (ec) in recent years. nevertheless, ec continues to be a significant worldwide health concern, since it is the third most common cancer and the sixth most common cancer overall, according to recent cancer data. [1] both esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (escc) and esophageal adenocarcinoma are subtypes of esophageal cancer (ec). in asia and several regions of sub-saharan africa, escc is still the most common kind of ec, even though its incidence is on the decline. [2] in the clinical stage upon diagnosis has a significant impact on the prognosis of escc patients. even with therapies like chemotherapy and surgery, the overall 5-year survival rate is less than 30% since most patients are identified at an advanced stage. three to five] on the flip side, with the right therapy, patients with early-stage escc have an incredible 90% 5-year survival rate. [6] patients with escc have a better prognosis when the disease is detected early, diagnosed quickly, and treated quickly. in order to detect and cure escc early, endoscopic inspection and therapy are crucial. white light imaging (wli), chromoendoscopy (e.g., iodine staining), magnification endoscopy (me), electronic staining endoscopy (e.g., narrow band imaging, bli), and blue laser imaging are some of the endoscopic examination methods that are available. to begin a standard endoscopic esophageal examination, a physician will first look for abnormalities using wide-field imaging (wli) or non-magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging (nbi/bli). [7] afterwards, these lesions are helped to be characterized by using iodine staining or me-nbi/bli. [7] missed diagnoses of escc continue to occur due to specific limitations in the endoscopic technologies that are now available. some of these limitations include the following: the influence of visual tiredness, variances in endoscopists' skill, and sub-tle microendoscopic aspects of early lesions. from 4.2% to 17.0% of escc diagnoses go unnoticed, according to the research. chapters 8–13 to minimize the number of escc diagnoses that go unnoticed, it is critical to overcome these obstacles and make the most of limited medical resources. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 35 artificial intelligence (ai)-assisted diagnostic techniques based on deep learning offer a promising solution to the aforementioned challenges. the development of ai models aimed at assisting endoscopists in achieving more effective and accurate disease diagnosis has emerged as a prominent area of research. notably, research in the realm of early diagnosis of escc has made substantial advance ments, presenting encouraging prospects [figure 1]. in this review, we provide an overview of the current state of utilizing ai for the endoscopic diagnosis of escc and precancerous lesions, as well as explore potential direc tions for its future development. deep learning-assisted detection of lesions single modality wli modality when it comes to lesion identification, the wli modality is crucial, as it is the fundamental testing approach. after a long period of study, scientists have created ai models using wli and deep learning techniques to improve diagnostic skills for early identification of escc and precancerous lesions [table 1]. to identify superficial escc and precancerous lesions, cai et al.[14] were the first to create an ai model based on wli. a dataset consisting of 24,282 endoscopic pictures of the esophagus was used. after that, the model was tested with 187 photos, and it showed great diagnostic performance with a sensitivity of 97.8% and a specificity of 85.4%. that is to say, this model greatly enhanced the precision of sixteen endoscopists' diagnoses, particularly those of their more junior colleagues. this research demonstrates that artificial intelligence has great promise as an ancillary diagnostic tool for endoscopists. an artificial intelligence model for the detection of superficial escc using wli was developed by feng et al.[15] using the resnet50 network. for training, the model was fed 5892 photos; for validation, it was fed 1466 images from inside the company and 3063 images from outside sources. when compared to professional endoscopists and non-expert endoscopists, the model's diagnostic performance was excellent. also, endoscopists' accuracy increased substantially when ai was included (75.12% vs. 84.95%, p = 0.008). by modifying the yolo (you only look once) v3 algorithm, tang et al.[16] created an ai model that relies on wli. a dataset with 4002 photos was used to train this model. it was then validated on three other datasets: one with 333 images, one with 700 images from an external source, and a video test dataset with fourteen movies. accurate lesion identification in thirteen movies and adequate diagnostic performance on the image test set proved the model's resilience and generalizability, paving the way for its possible use in real-time clinical settings. . nbi modality non-me nbi modality is a common technique in endoscopic examinations. the characteristic teal color tone serves as a hallmark for identifying escc and pre cancerous lesions under nbi. li et al[17] undertook the development of an nbi-ai model for detecting superficial escc and precancerous lesions utilizing the fully convolu tional network (fcn) based on the vggnet framework. figure 1: ai-assisted endoscopy for diagnosing escc and precancerous lesions, including detection of lesions, delineation of lesion margin, estimation of invasion depth, and classification of the microvessel patterns. ai: artificial intelligence; escc: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; nms: nonmaximum suppression; yolact: you only look at coefficients. 36 outcomes compared to ref. year aim endoscopic modality algorithm training dataset test dataset accuracy sensitivity specificity endoscopists cai et al[14] 2019 detection of superficial wli dnn 2428 images 187 images 91.40% 97.80% 85.40% superior to escc and precancerous endoscopists kumagai et al[18] 2019 lesions diagnosis of escc endocytoscopy googlenet 4715 images 1520 images 90.00% 92.60% 89.30% na horie et al[20] 2019 detection of ec wli and nbi ssd 8428 images 1118 images 99% (escc) 97% (escc, 79% (overall) na ohmori et al[24] 2020 detection of superficial wli, nbi, bli, and ssd 22,562 images 727 images 81% (wli), 77% per-person) 90% (wli), 100% 76% (wli) comparable escc me (non-me nbi/bli), 77% (me-nbi/bli) (non-me nbi/bli), 98% (me-nbi/bli) 63% (non-me-nbi/bli), 56% (me-nbi/bli) to experienced endoscopists fukuda et al[25] 2020 identification and charac terization of superficial escc tang et al[16] 2021 identification of superficial nbi, bli, and me ssd 28,333 images 144 specimens 63% (detection), 88% (characterization) wli yolo v3 4002 images 1033 images and 91.3% (internal 91% (detection), 86% (characteriza tion) 97.9% (internal 51% (detection), 89% (characterization) 88.6% (internal valida inferior to expert (detection) superior to expert (characterization) superior to escc 14 videos validation), 90.1% (external validation 1), 91.8% (external validation 2) validation), 96.8% (external validation 1), 100% (external validation 2) tion), 86.8% (external validation 1), 88.9% (external validation 2) endoscopists li et al[17] 2021 detection of superficial escc and precancerous lesions nbi fcn network 4735 images 632 images 94.30% 91.00% 96.70% comparable to experienced endoscopists ikenoyama et al[23] 2021 detection of multiple lugol-voiding lesions wli and nbi googlenet 6634 images 667 images 76.40% 84.40% 70.00% comparable to experienced shiroma et al[29] 2021 detection of superficial wli and nbi ssd 8428 images 144 videos 52.5% (wli), 67.5% 75% (wli), 55% 30% (wli), 80% (nbi) endoscopists superior to waki et al[30] escc 2021 identification of superficial wli, nbi, and bli bisenet 18,797 images 100 videos (nbi) 65.5% (nbi/bli), (nbi) 85.7% (nbi/bli), 40% (nbi/bli), 28% endoscopists superior to yang et al[34] escc 2021 identification of escc and wli, bli, iodine yolo v3 and 10,988 images 2309 images and 55.8% (wli) 99.2% (per-patient, 77.8% (wli) 97.4% (per-patient, (wli) 99.4% (per-patient, endoscopists comparable to high-grade ep neoplasia staining, and me resnet v2 104 videos non-me, early escc), non-me, early non-me, early escc), expert; superior to 88.1% (me, early escc), 90.9% (me, 85.0% (me, early escc) non-expert kumagai et al[19] 2022 classification of esophageal endocytoscopy deit 7983 images 114 images escc) 91.2% (per-image), early escc) 84.8% (per-image), 93.9% (per-image), superior to lesions (escc and other 94.7% (per-patient) 90.9% (per-patient) 96.3% (per-patient) endoscopists meng et al[21] non-malignant lesions) 2022 detection of superficial wli and nbi yolo v5 4447 images 1695 images 92.90% 91.90% 94.70% comparable to escc and high-grade ep expert; superior to tajiri et al[26] neoplasia 2022 classification of esophageal wli, nbi, bli, and resnet-101 × 1 29,794 images 147 videos 80.90% 85.50% 75.00% non-expert superior to lesion me endoscopists (continued) 1 3 8 9 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 37 a total of 4735 images were amassed for model training. the performance of this nbi-ai model was evaluated and compared with the wli-ai model introduced by cai et al[14] using a dataset of 316 paired wli and nbi images. the comparative analysis revealed that the nbi-ai model exhibited higher accuracy and specificity than its wli-ai counterpart, albeit with a slightly lower sensitivity. intrigu ingly, when evaluating 20 endoscopists with varying levels of expertise, the use of both the wli-ai model and the nbi-ai model significantly improved their diagnostic per formance, surpassing the outcomes achieved with either model in isolation. endocytoscopy the endocytoscopic system is an advanced magnifying endoscopic examination technique with ultra-high resolution capabilities, providing magnification of up to 1000 times, effectively simulating the effects of his tological biopsy. by using in vivo staining agents such as methylene blue, the endocytoscopic approach allows real-time observation of the cellular structure within the superficial mucosal layer of the esophagus, facilitating dynamic lesion classification. kumagai et al[18] harnessed a dataset consisting of 4715 esophageal endocytoscopic images for model training and an additional set of 1520 endocytoscopic images for model testing. their ai model, designed for diagnosing escc and developed based on the googlenet architecture, demonstrated commendable performance metrics, with a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 92.6%, 89.3%, and 90.0%, respectively. moreover, kumagai et al[19] introduced an innovative ai model founded on the deit framework. this model underwent training using an extensive dataset comprising 7983 endocytoscopy images from 55 cases of escc and 81 cases of non-malignant lesions. subsequent testing involved 114 images from 11 escc cases and 27 non-ma lignant lesions. to assess its diagnostic efficacy, the ai model’s performance was benchmarked against that of an expert pathologist and non-expert endoscopists. in per-image analysis, the ai model achieved an overall accu racy equal to that of the pathologist (91.2% vs. 91.2%) and outperformed the two endoscopists (91.2% vs. 85.9% and 91.2% vs. 83.3%, respectively). in per-patient analysis, the ai model exhibited higher overall accuracy compared to both the pathologist and the two endos copists, with accuracies of 94.7%, 92.1%, 86.8%, and 89.5%, respectively. these findings highlight the potential of ai as a valuable tool in assisting endoscopists, particu larly those without specialized pathological expertise, in the non-invasive diagnosis of escc and precancerous lesions through endocytoscopy, obviating the need for invasive histological biopsies. bimodality or multimodality in clinical practice, endoscopic examinations often entail the use of multiple endoscopic modalities. therefore, the integration of two or more modalities into bimodal or multimodal ai models holds greater clinical application value compared to ai models based on a single modality. t ab le 1 (c o n tin ue d ) o u tc om es s e n s it iv it y 8 7 .5 0 % c o m p ar ed t o en d o sc o pi st s n a r e f. a o y am a et a l[2 8 ] y ea r a im e nd os co pi c m o d a lit y n b i a lg o ri th m n a t ra in in g d a ta s e t 2 0 0 c as es t es t d at as et 9 7 c as es a cc u ra cy 4 9 .5 0 % s p ec if ic it y 2 2 .8 0 % 2 0 2 2 d et ec ti o n o f su p er fi ci al e s c c 2 0 2 2 d et ec ti o n o f su p er fi ci al e s c c a n d p re ca n ce ro u s le si o n s y u an e t a l[3 5 ] w l i, n b i, i o d in e st ai n in g, a n d m e -n b i y o l o v 3 4 5 ,7 7 0 i m ag es 8 1 6 3 i m ag es a n d 9 1 .1 % ( in te rn al v al id a 9 6 .9 % ( in te rn al va li d at io n ), 9 7 .2 % (e xt er n al v al id at io n ), 9 7 .4 % ( vi d eo va li d at io n ) 9 9 .2 3 % ( in te rn al va li d at io n ), 9 1 .6 0 % (e xt er n al v al id at io n ) 8 3 .1 % ( in te rn al v al id a ti o n ), 8 2 .3 % ( ex te rn al va li d at io n ), 8 3 .3 % ( vi d eo va li d at io n ) c o m p ar ab le to e xp er ie n ce d en d o sc o p is ts 1 4 2 v id eo s ti o n ), 9 1 .2 % ( ex te rn al va li d at io n ), 9 0 .8 % (v id eo v al id at io n ) f en g et a l[1 5 ] 2 0 2 3 i d en ti fi ca ti o n o f su p er fi ci al e sc c w l i r es n et 5 0 5 8 9 2 i m ag es 4 5 2 9 i m ag es 9 0 .6 0 % ( in te rn al va li d at io n ); 9 0 .3 9 % (e xt er n al v al id at io n ) 8 4 .6 6 % ( in te rn al v al id a ti o n ), 8 8 .8 9 % ( ex te rn al va li d at io n ) c o m p ar ab le t o ex p er ts ; s u p er io r to n o n -e xp er ts n a c h o u e t a l[2 2 ] 2 0 2 3 id en ti fi ca ti o n o f e sc c a n d h ig h -g ra d e d ys p la si a w l i a n d n b i e ff ic ie n tn et a n d v is io n t ra n sf o rm er n et w o rk s 1 0 0 2 i m ag es ac cu ra cy : 9 6 .3 2 % , p re ci si o n : 9 6 .4 4 % t an i et a l[2 7 ] 2 0 2 3 d ia gn o si s o f su p er fi ci al e s c c n o n -m e a n d m e r es n et -1 0 1 × 1 2 9 ,7 9 4 i m ag es 2 3 7 l es io n s 8 0 .6 0 % 6 8 .2 0 % 8 3 .4 0 % n o n -i n fe ri o ri ty n o t p ro ve n b l i: b lu e l a se r im a gi n g ; d n n : d e e p n e u ra l n e tw o rk ; e c : e so p h a g e a l ca n ce r; e s c c : e so p h a g e a l sq u a m o u s ce ll c a rc in o m a ; f c n : f u ll y c o n v o lu ti o n a l n e tw o rk ; m e : m a g n if y in g e n d o sc o p y ; n a : n o t a v a il a b le ; n b i: n a rr o w b a n d im a gi n g ; r e f. : r e fe re n ce ; s s d : s in g le s h o t m u lt ib o x d e te ct o r; w l i: w h it e l ig h t im a gi n g ; y o l o : y o u o n ly l o o k o n ce . ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 38 horie et al[20] firstly introduced a bimodal ai model that integrated wli and nbi employing the single shot multi box detector (ssd) for diagnosing escc and esophageal adenocarcinoma. this model was trained on 8428 images from 397 escc lesions and 32 eac lesions. the ai model displayed exceptional performance by detecting 98% of escc lesions within a mere 27 s. the sensitivities of the ai model for diagnosing escc under wli and nbi were 79% and 89%, respectively. meng et al[21] developed an ai model utilizing the yolo v5 algorithm, training it on 4447 images containing both wli and nbi images. the model was then tested on 1695 images. remarkably, the accuracy of the model in the diagnosis of superficial escc and high-grade intraepithelial (ep) neoplasia was comparable to that of expert endoscopists (92.9% vs. 91.0%, p = 0.129) and significantly higher than that of non-expert endoscopists (92.9% vs. 78.3%, p <0.001). moreover, it contributed to a significant enhancement in diagnostic accuracy among non-ex pert endoscopists (88.2% vs. 78.3%, p <0.001). chou et al[22] constructed an ai model based on efficientnet and vision transformer networks for the identification of escc and high-grade dysplasia. the training dataset consisted of 650 wli images and 352 nbi images. the model achieved an accuracy and precision of 96.32% and 96.44%, respectively. ikenoyama et al[23] developed an ai model based on googlenet with the unique ability to detect multiple lugol-voiding lesions without the need for iodine staining. training this model entailed a dataset of 6634 wli and nbi images, followed by testing on 667 images. intriguingly, the model demonstrated significantly higher sensitivity compared to endoscopists (84.4% vs. 46.9%). this innovation has the potential to reduce patient discomfort associated with iodine staining while effectively identifying high-risk escc patients. ohmori et al[24] introduced a groundbreaking multimodal ai model that combined wli, nbi, bli, and me modalities for the detection of the superficial escc. this model was trained on an extensive dataset comprising 22,562 images and underwent rigorous testing on 255 wli images, 268 non-me nbi/bli images, and 204 me nbi/bli images. it exhibited commendable sensitivity and specificity under various modalities: 90% and 76% under wli, 100% and 63% under non-me nbi/bli, and 98% and 56% under me-nbi/bli, respectively. importantly, this multimodal ai model’s performance was on par with that of 15 expe rienced endoscopists, underscoring the potential for ai models combined with multiple modalities to more accu rately replicate real-world clinical scenarios compared to a single wli approach [table 1]. real-time detection the advancements achieved in converting ai models to multi-mode operation are praiseworthy. keep in mind that these ai models have mostly been tested and trained on high-quality static photos, thus their results in actual clinical settings may not be completely accurate. as a result, dynamic movies that include complicated environmental aspects should be a part of ai model development and evaluation. the results will be more precise and useful understanding of these models' capacities in a therapeutic setting. fukuda et al.[25] were the first to use 28,333 non-me nbi/bli and me-nbi/bli pictures retrieved from 862 movies to build an artificial intelligence model based on ssd for the detection and characterization of superficial escc. two modes of operation were included into the ai model: a non-me mode for lesion detection and a me mode for lesion characterisation. the model was evaluated using 5to 9-second video clips obtained from 144 patients diagnosed with superficial escc. the outcomes were then compared to those of thirteen endoscopists. notably, when compared to the experts, the ai model showed far higher sensitivity and specificity in lesion characterisation (86.7% vs. 74.4%, 89.8% vs. 76.5%), and much higher sensitivity in lesion identification (91% vs. 79%). in order to distinguish between escc and other benign esophageal tumors, tajiri et al.[26] built a tailored ai model. an extensive dataset was used to train the model. it included 25,048 photos from 1433 instances of superficial escc and 4,746 images from 410 non-cancerous lesions recorded using me, wli, nbi, and bli. the following testing was carried out using 147 nbi videos, and the results were quite impressive: sensitivity of 85.5%, specificity of 75.0%, and accuracy of 80.9%. the ai model developed by tajiri et al. was used by tani et al. [27]. [26] the training dataset comprised of 29,794 images acquired under non-me and me modalities. in the validation phase, the ai model and five endoscopists analyzed 237 lesions in 380 patients. the ai model demonstrated an accuracy of 80.6%, sensitivity of 68.2%, and specificity of 83.4%, while the endoscopists achieved figures of 85.7%, 61.4%, and 91.2%, respectively. it is noteworthy that the ai model did not establish non-inferiority when compared to endoscopists in real-time escc diagnosis, potentially due to factors such as compressed images in the validation dataset or an imbalanced proportion of escc cases among the target lesions. aoyama et al[28] harnessed endoscopic videos to develop an ai model for the detection of superficial escc. the model was trained on nbi images sourced from endoscopic examination videos of 200 patients under nbi, which were dissected into individual frames. the test dataset consisted of images from 97 patients. the model achieved sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy figures of 87.5%, 22.8%, and 49.5%, respectively. shi roma et al[29] introduced a bimodal ai model based on ssd for real-time detection of superficial escc. the training dataset contained 8428 wli and nbi images, while the testing dataset featured 64 slow-speed videos (each lasting 5–15 s) and 80 high-speed videos at 2 cm/s. the model processed 30 frames of images per second and accurately identified all superficial escc lesions in slow-speed videos and 85% of lesions in high-speed videos. furthermore, the introduction of ai led to enhanced detection sensitivity in 13 out of 18 endoscopists. waki et al[30] developed a multimodal ai model designed for identifying superficial escc. this ai model was trained using 18,797 wli and nbi/bli images and was subsequently tested with 100 video clips simulating scenarios where lesions had been overlooked. each video clip ranged from 20 s to 30 s in duration. the ai model exhibited sensitivities of 85.7% ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 39 under nbi/bli and 77.8% under wli, surpassing the performance of 21 endoscopists, whose sensitivities stood at 75% and 56.1%, respectively. additionally, the ai-as sisted sensitivity of endoscopists in detecting lesions under nbi/bli improved by 2.7%. the endoscopic method of iodine staining is used for the screening of escc and precancerous lesions. its sensitivity ranges from 92% to 100%. chapters 31– 33 because malignant or precancerous areas can seem unstained or very barely stained, endoscopists depend on the intensity of staining to identify lesions. because of this, iodine staining is a powerful modality that ai models may use. a multimodal ai model was introduced by yang et al. [34] for the purpose of identifying escc and high-grade ep neoplasia using wli, bli, iodine staining, and me modalities. there were two main parts to this model. the first part, built on the yolo v3 framework, was concerned with lesion identification in the non-me modality, while the second part, based on resnet v2, was concerned with lesion characterisation in the me-bli modality. testing included 2309 photos and 104 video clips, whereas the model's training used 10,988 images. in terms of diagnostic accuracy, the results showed that the ai model was comparable to two expert endoscopists (p = 0.205) and much better than four non-expert endoscopists (p <0.05). also, in films that weren't me, the ai model could analyze 10 images/second with a latency of under 100 ms. yuan et al. [35] developed an ai model that uses wli, nonme nbi, iodine staining, and me nbi to identify superficial escc and precancerous lesions. the model is based on yolo v3. the training dataset consists of 45,770 pictures in total. separate from the external validation dataset, which included 2088 photos sourced from various hospitals, the internal validation dataset had 6075 photographs that were homologous to patients in the training dataset. in addition, the video test set included 142 video clips. the ai model's diagnostic ability in the picture collection was on par with eleven seasoned endoscopists. most notably, as compared to wli, the model was much more sensitive in identifying epithelial-bound superficial escc (90.8% vs. 82.5%). crucially, the ai model ran very efficiently, with no latency whatsoever, and a scan time of just 17 ms per picture for diagnosis. the ability of ai models to quickly analyze movies and aid endoscopists in diagnosing lesions in real-life clinical settings is highlighted by this [table 1]. artificial intelligence's efficacy in actual healthcare contexts requires assessment. to evaluate the adjunctive diagnostic efficacy of an ai system in identifying superficial escc and precancerous lesions in actual clinical settings, yuan et al.[36] performed the biggest multi-center randomized controlled experiment. in order to aid endoscopists in identifying lesions under wli and nbi, the ai system was directly incorporated into the endoscopic equipment. this research had 11,846 patients in total. with a per-lesion risk ratio of 0.25 and a perpatient risk ratio of 0.37 and a p-value of 0.40, respectively, the ai-first group had lower miss rates than the routine-first group. we may infer important information about the further diagnostic utility of the ai system in actual healthcare environments. deep learning-assisted delineation of lesion margin endoscopy examination combined with histopathology examination represents the gold standard for diagnosing escc and precancerous lesions. ensuring the biopsy of lesions within the designated area is crucial for accurate diagnosis, preventing potential misses or misdiagnoses. consequently, the accurate delineation of lesion margins holds paramount importance as it facilitates the selection of appropriate biopsy sites and contributes to the early detection of escc. in terms of treatment, compared with traditional surgery, endoscopic resection (er) offers superior preservation of the physiological function of the digestive tract while effectively resecting lesions. er has received strong recommendations in guidelines as the first-line treatment for early escc. however, for lesions exceeding 3/4 of the esophageal circumference, surgery is recommended given the high incidence of esophageal stenosis (exceeding 60%) following er.[37] therefore, achieving accurate preoperative delineation of lesion margins plays a pivotal role in treatment selection and the successful completion of er. accurate detection and delineation of lesion margins can be challenging when using wli. liu et al[38] constructed an ai model based on yolact (you only look at coefficients) using 10,467 images capable of accurately detecting and delineating the margins of superficial escc and precancerous lesions under wli. the model’s per formance was evaluated using 2616 internal validation images and 563 external validation images. the results indicated that the delineation accuracy of the model was comparable to that of seven endoscopic experts (98.1% vs. 95.3%) and superior to that of seven experienced endoscopists (98.1% vs. 78.6%). remarkably, this model achieved a rapid diagnostic speed of only 17 ms per image, suggesting its potential for real-time endoscopic diagnosis. nbi is a commonly used clinical modality for determining the boundaries of esophageal lesions. guo et al[39] reported an ai model designed for diagnosing superficial escc and precancerous lesions while generating probability heat maps on endoscopic images to indicate lesion margins. the ai model, constructed based on segnet, underwent training with 6473 images and was subsequently tested on 6671 images and 80 video clips. the results showed that regions of lesions indicated by this model closely aligned with those indicated by endoscopists. yuan et al[40] complied 10,047 still images and 140 videos under nbi to create an ai model capable of detecting and delineating superficial escc and precancerous lesions. the ai model was seamlessly integrated into the endoscopy equipment. comparative assessments were conducted between the model and 11 endoscopists. the model exhibited strong performance, achieving delineation accuracies of 88.9% in internal tests and 87.0% in external tests. impressively, the model completed the delineation process in a mere 12 ms per image, outpacing both senior and junior endos copists who required about 21.4 s and 33.6 s per image, respectively. the model’s delineation performance was superior to that of junior endoscopists (89.6% vs. 74.7%, ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 40 ) p <0.001) and comparable to that of senior endoscopists (89.6% vs. 89.6%, p = 1.000). furthermore, yuan et al[41] were the first to report a multimodal ai model capable of real-time detection and delineation of small flat-type superficial escc. the ai model was seamlessly integrated into an endoscopy equipment and successfully detected and delineated a 3-mm flat-type escc under wli, nbi, iodine staining, and me. this suggests that ai models hold great promise in facilitating the real-time detection and delineation of margins for escc and precancerous lesions in clinical practice [table 2]. deep learning-assisted estimation of invasion depth and classification of the microvessel patterns of the lesions estimation of invasion depth of lesions the invasion depth of escc is closely associated with the risk of lymph node metastasis. for precancerous lesions, lesions confined to the epithelium (ep), and lesions limited to the lamina propria (lpm), the risk of lymph node metastasis is minimal. however, the risk significantly increases for lesions extending into the mucosal muscular (mm), lesions involving mucosal muscular (m3), superfi cial submucosa (sm1), and the submucosa that is 200 mm or deeper (sm2–3), with risk ranges of 8–18%, 11–53%, and 30–54%, respectively.[42–44] precancerous lesions and ep/lpm lesions are absolute indications for er, mm-sm1 lesions are relative indications for er, and sm2–3 lesions and lesions with deeper invasion require surgery or chemoradiotherapy.[37] hence, the accurate assessment of the invasion depth within a lesion assumes paramount importance in guiding precise treatment decisions. wang et al[45] reported an ai model based on ssd for the differentiation of squamous low-grade dysplasia, squa mous high-grade dysplasia, and squamous cell carcinoma under wli/nbi. the model was trained using 936 images and tested on 264 images, capable of analyzing the test images within 10 s. it achieved sensitivities of 96.2% for detecting lesions, 83.4% for diagnosing low-grade dys plasia, 87.2% for diagnosing high-grade dysplasia, and 98.9% for diagnosing escc. tokai et al[46] constructed an ai model based on googlenet specifically for dis tinguishing between ep-sm1 and sm2–3 lesions under wli/nbi. their dataset included 1751 training images and 291 test images. the overall accuracy of the model for estimating invasion depth reached 80.9%. it also demonstrated a sensitivity of 84.1% and a specificity of 73.3% for ep-sm1 lesions, surpassing the performance of 13 endoscopists. nakagawa et al[47] introduced a multimodal ai model based on ssd for discriminating between ep-sm1 and sm2-3 lesions under wli, nbi, iodine staining, and me. their dataset comprised 14,338 training images and 914 test images. the model exhibited rapid analysis capability, processing 914 images in just 29 s. it also demonstrated high sensitivity (90.1%) and specificity (95.8%). importantly, the model’s performance was comparable to that of 16 experienced endoscopists. the ai models discussed in the mentioned studies pre dominantly relied on static images, which may not fully t ab le 2 : d ee p l ea rn in g -a ss is te d d el in ea ti o n o f m ar g in o f e s c c a n d p re ca n ce ro u s le si o n s. o u tc o m e s en si tiv it y 9 8 .0 4 % e nd o sc o pi c m o d a lit y n b i v al id at io n /t es t d a ta s e t 6 6 7 1 i m ag es a n d 8 0 v id eo s c o m p ar ed t o en d o sc o pi st s n a r e f. g u o e t a l[3 9 ] y e ar 2 0 2 0 a im d et ec ti o n a n d d el in ea ti o n o f th e m a rg in s o f su p e rf ic ia l e s c c d et ec ti o n a n d d el in ea ti o n o f th e m a rg in s o f su p e rf ic ia l e s c c a lg o ri th m se gn et t ra in in g d at as et 6 4 7 3 i m ag es a cc u ra cy 9 5 .7 0 % s p ec if ic it y 9 5 .0 3 % l iu e t a l[3 8 ] 2 0 2 2 w l i y o l a c t 1 0 ,4 6 7 i m ag es 3 1 7 9 i m ag es 9 8 .1 % ( d el in ea ti o n ) 8 8 .5 % (d el in ea ti o n ) 8 5 .8 % (d el in ea ti o n ) c o m p ar ab le to ex p er ts ; su p er io r to ex p er ie n ce d en d o sc o p is ts c o m p ar ab le to s en io r en d o sc o p is ts ; su p er io r to ju n io r en d o sc o p is ts y u a n e t a l[4 0 ] 2 0 2 3 d et ec ti o n a n d d el in ea ti o n o f th e m a rg in s o f su p e rf ic ia l e s c c n b i y o l a c t 7 5 3 0 i m ag es 2 5 1 7 i m ag es a n d 1 4 0 v id eo s 8 8 .9 % ( d el in ea ti o n , in te rn al t es t) , 8 7 .0 % ( d el in e at io n , e xt er n al te st ), 8 5 .9 % (d el in ea ti o n , p ro sp ec ti ve ) 8 0 .7 % ( d el in ea ti o n , 8 6 .5 % ( d et ec ti o n , in te rn al t es t) , 8 0 .6 % ( d el in e at io n , e xt er n al te st ), 7 9 .4 % (d el in ea ti o n , p ro sp ec ti ve ) in te rn al t es t) , 8 4 .5 % ( d et ec ti o n , e xt er n al te st ), 8 4 .3 % (d et ec ti o n , p ro sp ec ti ve ) y u a n e t a l[4 1 ] 2 0 2 3 d et ec ti o n a n d d el in ea ti o n w l i, n b i, i o d in e y o l a c t n a n a d et ec te d a n d d el in ea te d a 3 m m f la tty p e e sc c n a o f t h e m ar g in s o f su p er fi ci al e sc c st ai n in g, a n d m e e sc c : e so p h ag ea l s q u am o u s ce ll c ar ci n o m a; m e : m ag n if y in g en d o sc o p y; n a : n o t av ai la b le ; n b i: n ar ro w b an d im ag in g; r ef : r ef er en ce ; w l i: w h it e li gh t im ag in g; y o l a c t : y o u o n ly l o o k a t c o ef fi ci en t s. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 41 capture the dynamic nature of real clinical scenarios. therefore, it is crucial to include dynamic videos in both the development and validation of ai models. shimamoto et al[48] pioneered the development of an ai model for invasion depth estimation using endoscopic examination video data. they extracted one still image from every 30 frames (equivalent to 30 images per second of video), resulting in a total of 23,977 wli and nbi/bli images in the training dataset. to assess its diagnostic perfor mance, 102 video clips were employed to compare the ai model against evaluations by 14 endoscopic experts. remarkably, the model demonstrated superior sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing ep-sm1 lesions from sm2–3 lesions under both non-me (50% and 99%) and me (71% and 95%), outperforming the experts. zhang et al[49] developed an ai model utilizing 14 different algorithms to differentiate sm2-3 lesions under me-nbi. the ai model was trained with 5119 me-nbi images from 581 escc patients and tested on 196 images and 33 video clips. to assess its performance, the model was compared with a deep learning model and evaluated by seven endoscopists. in the image validation, the ai model exhibited impressive sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy at 85.7%, 86.3%, and 86.2%, respectively. these figures remained notably high in video validation, with sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy values reaching 87.5%, 84.0%, and 84.9%, respectively. in contrast, the deep learning model displayed inferior performance, with a sensitivity of 83.7%, specificity of 52.1%, and accuracy of 60.0%. notably, the assistance of the ai model led to a statisti cally significant improvement (p = 0.03) in the accuracy of the endoscopists. these findings suggest that ai models enhanced with real video data hold promise for practical integration into clinical practice [table 3]. classification of microvessel patterns of the lesions lesion characterization and invasion depth estimation rely heavily on me evaluation of the esophageal intrapapillary capillary loop (ipcl) shape. classification of ipcl by the japan esophageal society (jes)[50] is as follows: type a, type b, and subtypes b1, b2, and b3 of type b. in type a, you may see normal ipcl or microvessels that are slightly aberrant, suggesting things like inflammation, lowgrade ep neoplasia, or normal epithelium. microvessels with a loop-like structure, characteristic of ep-lpm lesions, describe type b1. microvessels of type b2 do not have a loop-like arrangement, indicating mm-sm1 lesions. surprisingly, type b3 indicates lesions at sm2 or deeper levels and is characterized by dilated vessels with calibers more than three times larger than normal b2 vessels. keep in mind that ipcl categorization is subjective and involves a lot of moving parts. endoscopists need extensive training and knowledge of endoscopy to accurately diagnose ipcl and classify cases accurately. endoscopists may now assess lesion invasion depth using deep learning and ipcl categorization. in their study, everson et al.[51] collected 7046 me-nbi photos in a row from 17 patients' films who had superficial escc. we used this massive dataset with the primary goal of classifying microvessels into type a and type b throughout the ai model's training and validation processes. an impressive 93.7% overall accuracy was shown by the ai model after a rigorous 5fold cross-validation procedure. its sensitivity to detect type b vasculature was an amazing 89.3%, and its specificity was 98%. it was also appropriate for application in real-time clinical settings since its operating efficiency was maintained between 26.17 ms and 37.38 ms. using resnet-18 and an enormously bigger dataset of 67,742 consecutive me-nbi pictures from 114 patients' films, everson et al.[52] further enhanced the ai model. showing promise as a clinical tool, the diagnostic performance was on par with nine endoscopic specialists. although the ai models mentioned earlier have proven to be very good at differentiating between type a and type b vessels—laying the groundwork for ai-assisted ipcl diagnosis—they fail miserably when it comes to subclassifying type b vessels, which is essential for making accurate invasion depth predictions. the first artificial intelligence model to categorize microvessels of types a, b1, and b2 was published by zhao et al. [53]. built using a double-labeling fcn and trained on 1350 me-nbi pictures, this model outperformed six mid-level and junior endoscopists with sensitivity levels of 71.5% for type a microvessels, 91.1% for type b1 microvessels, and 83.0% for type b2 microvessels. an artificial intelligence model for localizing and recognizing type b1 and type b2 ipcls was trained and tested using 2887 mebli pictures and 493 me-nbi images, as reported by wang et al. [54]. using me-nbi, the model was able to accurately identify type b1 ipcls with a precision rate of 70.74% and type b2 ipcls with a precision rate of 57.18%. when trying to estimate how deep an escc invasion will be, type b3 microvessels are crucial. using cropped me-nbi pictures, uema et al.[55] trained an ai model based on resnext-101 to distinguish between type b1, type b2, and type b3 microvessels. in under 20.3 seconds, our model was able to diagnose all 747 validation photos from a training dataset of 1,777 images. compared to the combined performance of eight endoscopists, the sensitivity for identifying type b1, type b2, and type b3 microvessels was 96.4%, 66.8%, and 83.3%, respectively. an ai model that can distinguish between type a, type b1, type b2, and type b3 microvessels was created by yuan et al. [56]. using 5505 me-nbi pictures for training and 1589 for testing, this model was able to obtain sensitivity levels of 94.1% for identifying type a microvessels, 91.6% for type b1 microvessels, 87.7% for type b2 microvessels, and 77.8% for type b3 microvessels. most importantly, when it came to helping identify ipcl subtypes, the ai model vastly enhanced the diagnostic capabilities of seven rookie endoscopists. in order to help endoscopists properly estimate the invasion depth of escc, our results highlight the potential of ai models to discriminate not only kinds of ipcl but also subtypes [table 3]. limitations and future perspectives ai models have made significant strides in various domains of escc and precancerous lesions. notably, their diagnostic performance is on par with that of experienced endoscopists. however, current ai models confront limitations and challenges when it comes to 42 ref. year aim endoscopic modality algorithm training dataset validation/test dataset accuracy outcome sensitivity specificity compared to endoscopists nakagawa et al[47] 2019 differentiation of ep-sm1 and sm2-3 lesions wli, nbi iodine staining, and me ssd 14,338 images 914 images 91.00% 90.10% 95.80% comparable to experienced endoscopists everson et al[51] 2019 classification of type a and type b microvessels me-nbi cnn 7046 images 93.70% 89.30% 98% na zhao et al[53] 2019 classification of type a, type b1, and type b2 microvessels me-nbi fcn 1350 images 92.5% (type a), 87.6% (type b1), 93.9% (type b2) 71.5% (type a), 91.1% (type b1), 83.0% (type b2) 96.3% (type a), 79.1% (type b1), 95.7% (type b2) superior to endoscopists tokai et al[46] 2020 differentiation of ep-sm1 and sm2-3 lesions wli and nbi googlenet 1752 images 291 images 80.90% 84.10% 73.30% superior to endoscopists shimamoto et al[48] 2020 estimation of invasion wli, nbi, and ssd 23,977 images 102 videos 87% (non-me), 50% (non-me), 99% (non-me), superior to depth bli 89% (me) 71% (me) 95% (me) endoscopists wang et al[45] 2021 differentiation of wli and bli ssd 936 images 264 images 90.9% (detection), 96.2% (detection), 70.40% na squamous low-grade dysplasia, squamous high-grade dysplasia, and squamous cell carcinoma 92% (differentiation) 98.9% (differentiation) everson et al[52] 2021 classification of type a and type b microvessels me-nbi resnet-18 67,742 images 91.70% 93.70% 92.40% comparable to experts uema et al[55] 2021 classification of type b1, type b2, and type b3 microvessels me-nbi resnext-101 1777 images 747 images 88.6% (type b1), 84.3% (type b2), 95.4% (type b3) 96.4% (type b1), 66.8% (type b2), 83.3% (type b3) 78.7% (type b1), 95.6% (type b2), 96.1% (type b3) superior to endoscopists yuan et al[56] 2022 classification of type a, type b1, type b2, and type b3 microvessels me-nbi hrnet + ocr 5505 images 1589 images 93.2% (type a), 91.6% (type b1), 98.3% (type b2), 99.7% (type b3) 94.1% (type a), 91.6% (type b1), 87.7% (type b2), 77.8% (type b3) 93.1% (type a), 91.6% (type b1), 99.3% (type b2), 100% (type b3) superior to endoscopists zhang et al[49] 2023 differentiation sm2-3 me-nbi 14 models 5119 images 196 images and 86.2% 85.7% 86.3% (image superior to lesions 33 videos (image validation), (image validation), validation), endoscopists 84.9% (video validation) 87.5% (video validation) 84% (video validation) wang et al[54] 2023 localization and identi fication of type b1 and type b2 ipcls me-nbi and me-bli psa-hrnetv2p 3380 images precision: 70.74% (type b1), 57.18% (type b2) na bli: blue laser imaging; cnn: convolutional neural network; ep: intraepithelial; escc: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; fcn: fully convolutional network; ipcl: intrapapillary capillary loop; me: magnifying endoscopy; na: not available; nbi: narrow band imaging; ref: reference; sm1: superficial submucosa cancer; sm2-3: lesions invading the submucosa at a depth of 200 mm or deeper; ssd: single shot multibox detector; wli: white light imaging; hrnet: high-resolution network; ocr: object contextual representation; psa-hrnetv2p: polarized self-attention hrnetv2p. 1 3 9 5 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 43 clinical application. first, there is a paucity of real-world scenario representations in the endoscopic data used to build ai models, which leads to overfitting and reduces their therapeutic value. at the moment, the majority of ai models are educated using high-quality, onetime datasets that only include photographs and videos from a single location. the given references are [14,17,20,22,28]. images of low quality, abnormal lesions, and the complex environmental details seen in the actual world are not represented in these databases. in addition, most of the current datasets only include endoscopic pictures of non-cancerous lesions or early-stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (escc), which leaves out a wide variety of esophageal lesion types include inflammation, advanced malignancy, and ulcers. major medical institutions must combine their resources, create standardized large-scale medical picture archives, and use methods like unsupervised learning to solve these problems. secondly, ai models still don't do a great job of diagnosing multifunctional diseases, even when they have incorporated clinical endoscopic modalities. multifunctional ai models that include tasks like lesion characterisation, margin delineation, invasion depth estimate, and subtype categorization should be prioritized for future developments. third, ai model performance evaluation in the actual world requires further prospective multicenter clinical studies. [36] the ai models for escc need further proof before they can be used in clinical settings. the efficacy of ai application in real-world environments has been confirmed by several prospective research on ai models for colorectal polyps. pages 57 to 63 class iii medical device permits have been approved by the chinese national medical products administration for products such as endoscreener (wision ai, shanghai, china). finally, the importance of ai models as supplementary diagnostic tools must be acknowledged. the next generation of doctors and nurses might be held back by an over-reliance on ai. there are a number of important factors to think about, including the safety of patients' personal health information, the preservation of intellectual property, ethical concerns, and culpability for incorrect decisions made using ai models. to tackle these intricate issues, appropriate rules and regulations must be drafted. in summary, ai has made great strides in several areas, such as estimating invasion depth, defining margins, and classifying escc and precancerous lesion subtypes. we expect the domain of endometrial squamous cell carcinoma (escc) and precancerous lesions will see an increase in the use of artificial intelligence (ai) technologies such as deep learning as a result of continuing advances and depth of relevant research across several areas. both endoscopists and patients will benefit from this extension, which will include aided diagnosis, treatment assistance, and telemedicine. it will contribute to the early diagnosis and treatment of escc. contributions the research in this paper was made possible by awards from the chinese national natural science foundation (no. 62406205), projects for artificial intelligence zyai24006, west china hospital, sichuan university, and sichuan province cadres health research (no. zh2024-102) . references 1. wu y, he s, cao m, teng y, li q, tan n, et al. compara tive analysis of cancer statistics in china and the 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precancerous lesions and superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinomas: a multi center study. surg endosc 2022;36:8651–8662. doi: 10.1007/ s00464-022-09353-0. a brief discussion on chinese medicine behaviour and prescription compatibility ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 9 abstract: in recent years, chinese medicine (cm) has been more popular, which has piqued the interest of both researchers and clinicians in its origins and effects. this is particularly true in light of the news that the world health organization has included cm in its mainstream medical compendium and the encouraging results that came from using cm during the most recent pandemic. chinese medicine is based on the concepts of organ-directedness, taste, and dynamic orientational behaviors, and each plant has its own unique set of pharmacological effects. it is unusual for a cm prescription to include a single herb. the majority of prescription formulas include at least two components. the impacts of cm need to be clearly revealed. complicating matters further, one must consider the compound reactions of different herbs, the body's absorption and utilization rates, the individuality of the body, the subtypes of abnormal behaviors, and the time-line advancement of the healing process in order to comprehend the whole impact of cm. when taking the development timeline into account, theories like global systems biology for integrative genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics; pathophysiology guidance; and the pharmacokineticpharmacodynamic compatibility method all work together to give a fuller picture of the effects of compatibility prescription. chinese traditional medical journal behavior in chinese medicine and prescription compatibility: a concise overview aishwarya, chinmayi 1,2 academy of acupuncture and moxibustion, fujian university of traditional chinese medicine, fuzhou, fujian 350122, china received on: 21 jan 2025 revised on: 20 mar 2025 accepted date: 25 april 2025 published on: 8 june 2025 background of compatibility of herbs in a formular traditional chinese medicine (tcm) has a long history of success in preventing, treating, and managing illness, and its practices are being integrated into contemporary healthcare systems. the medical and healthcare communities throughout the globe are showing a growing interest in and funding for the scientific study of chinese medicine (cm). interest in traditional chinese medicine (tcm) has skyrocketed for a number of reasons, including the 2015 nobel prize in medicine for tu youyou's discovery of artemisinin as a treatment for malaria and the most recent acknowledgment of traditional medicine in the world health organization's influential global medical compendium. be advised that artemisinin does not meet the criteria for cm; rather, it is a herbal medication (or herbal extract) derived from the plant artemisia apiacea. following the guidelines laid forth in the basic foundation theory of traditional chinese medicine (tcm), a traditional chinese medicine (tcm) prescription would often include a synergistic blend of herbs with complementary medicinal effects. a distinctive aspect of syndrome differentiation, a technique of tcm diagnosis, is the use of herbs that are compatible with the patient's condition. the capacity to adjust to new circumstances is a hallmark of compatibility herbs. when it comes to treating complicated conditions, herb compatibility is preferable since it lessens the likelihood of adverse effects while increasing the effectiveness of medications. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 10 research into the medicinal and physiological effects of common herbs began in china in the 1950s and has continued to this day. it is possible that more has to be discovered at the prescription level in vivo5,6 before the entire impact of chinese herbal medicine's qualities can be shown in clinical application. understanding the human body's medication absorption process and the compatibility of herbs in a prescription may be necessary for further clinical substantiation of tcm prescriptions' effectiveness. the absorption of drug components, effects of the direct action of the substances in the body, and intrinsic compatibility should thus take precedence over changes in drug quality and quantity (apparent compatibility) when studying the compatibility of herbs within a prescription. this may represent the compatibility and effectiveness of conventional cm based on the total metabolic alterations caused by the inherent compatibility of prescriptions and the investigation of components (institutions-in vitro-andin vivo). here are some key points from the tcm prescription interactive research, according to li7: (1) the composition ranking in four groups (jun, chen, zuo, shi); (2) compatibility based on seven emotions; (3) herb properties and flavors; (4) dosage and ratio of interactive ingredients, which impact the prescription's efficacy and nature; and (5) environmental factors, which impact the prescription's efficacy. 8. a pharmacodynamic analysis of the tcm prescription's compatibility reveals that amalgamation creates novel compounds with altered chemical compositions and active components. the building blocks of pharmacodynamic substances include, for instance, inorganic chemicals, small molecules (such as volatile oils, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, etc.), and biomacromolecules (such as peptides, proteins, glycopeptides, polysaccharides, etc.). one way that modern research can be approached is by looking at how the drug's composition changes in vitro after herbs are considered compatible. another way is by considering the biotransformation that occurs after the drug reaches the body, including changes in the basis of pharmacodynamic substances, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (adme)9,10. herbal prescription compatibility studies may also make use of molecular gene expression data. as an example, research on the post-intervention pattern features of cell, cardiomyocyte, and endothelial cell gene expression patterns is possible, and it need to center on how medications influence the regulation and expression of genes. . efficacy and toxicity herb temperature, the four qi, the five tastes, the channel tropism, and other individual properties form the basis of traditional chinese herb study. these properties include heat, neutrality, coolness, and saltiness, as well as the following: sourness, bitterness, sweetness, acridity, and saltiness, with the additional qualities of blandness and astringency. the foundation of compatibility formulae is the interaction between herbs. this can take the form of synergistic interactions like xiang xu and xiang shi, or antagonistic interactions like xiang wu, incompatibility, suppression, and mutual counteraction. 12. according to the traditional chinese medicine (tcm) book "shen nong's herbal classic" (shen nong ben cao jing0)12,13, the chinese herbal medicine formulas are categorized into seven compatible relationships: "single effect, mutual reinforcement, mutual assistance, mutual restraint, mutual detoxification, mutual inhibition, antagonism," which represents the transformation of drug effectiveness and toxicity following tcm compatibility. the four main modifications that have resulted from herbal medicine's compatibility are as follows: increased effectiveness, decreased toxicity, decreased efficacy, and increased toxicity. the metabolites of paeonia lactiflora (baishao) and toosendan fuctus (chuanlianzi) were studied by wang14 using nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr). comparing the groups that have both toosendan fuctus and paeonia lactiflora shows that the changes in urinal metabolites (such as succinic acid, formic acid, glucose, creatine/creatinine, lactic acid, glutamine, trimethylamine n-oxide, and 2-ketoglutaric acid) are not as pronounced in the latter group. the results demonstrate that paeonia lactiflor mitigates the harmful effects of toosendan fuctus. as part of their investigation of zuojin pill's pharmacokinetics in rats, ni et al.15 intragastrically gave sd rats a decoction of the herb together with berberine (huanglian) and tetradium ruticarpum (wuzhuyu). the amounts of berberine and rutaecarpine were determined and calculated using the high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) technique. an increase in berberine and ruticarpum concentrations occurred approximately half an hour after zuojin pill administration; at this point, ruticarpum was able to better inhibit gastrointestinal motility, which protected the gastric mucosa, and maintain its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. zhong16 and other research reports on the effects of chinese materia medica (cmm) compound in recent years, with the compatibility of two tcms, compatibility ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 11 of traditional chinese prescriptions, and compatibility of monomer components, concluded that the compatibility of cm mainly achieve its effect of reducing toxicity and increasing efficiency. research approach reports by deng5 and zhang11 stressed the need to compare the direct combination form grounded in prescription theories with the combination form grounded in effectiveness. on the one hand, the latter's mechanism may support existing theories of conventional combinations; on the other, it might inspire the creation of novel combinations with more targeted effects and more study potential. but while we're looking for scientific proof of chinese medicine's efficacies, we mustn't lose sight of chinese medicine theory; otherwise, the results of these studies could be theoretical and not applicable to realworld clinical practice. discovering biomarkers18,19, early illness diagnosis20, pathogenesis21,22, and pharmaceutical impact evaluation23 are all areas where metabolomics is now making a big splash. studies on cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other serious illnesses have made use of all of these. huanglian jiedu decoction was shown to have a favorable intervention effect in two heaty syndromes by liu et al.28 using metabolomics technology. through urinary metabolomics research, zhao et al.29 examined the effects of the erzhi pill on endogenous metabolites in naturally aging mice. they discovered 36 alterations in these metabolites, which may enhance the body's immunity. it aids in metabolism, controls endocrine function, eliminates free radicals, and controls nerve activity. additionally, it slows down the aging process by acting on several levels, routes, and targets. for their study, qu et al. (30) utilized the "banxia xiexin decoction" formula as an example. they synthesized four components—saponins baicalin, berberine, ginsenoside, and glycyrrhizic acid—from the decoction and used them to create immunized animals, clones, and models to investigate the biological pathway and interaction of the formula's components. to examine the in vivo mechanisms and compatibility of the primary ingredients in "banxia xiexin decoction," we first created monoclonal hybridoma cell lines by cell fusion, then produced monoclonal antibodies, and finally developed appropriate immunoassay procedures. the immunoassay technique (iat) is said to be more specific than conventional methods like gas chromatography (gc), high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc), or liquid chromatographymass spectrometry (hplc-ms). iat incorporates a number of technical modalities, including radioimmunoassay (ria), enzyme immunoassay (eia), and fluorescence immunoassay, and it is quick, easy, and very sensitive. (fia), solid phase immunosensor, chemiluminescence immunoassay, etc. current research methods wang, et al31 used principles from the pharmaco metabolomics of chinmediformulae, and pk-pd binding theory on the direct effect of prescription compatibility on the overall effect in the body, to analyse the compatibility of the composition of “yinchenhao decoction”. using uplc/ ms technology, 45 compounds were identified from in vitro samples of “yinchenhao decoction” concoctions in vivo to reveal the pharmacological properties and compatibility of adme/t. xu32 suggested that many experimental studies had neglected the theoretical connotation of tcm in combination with prescriptions. in order to study the compatibility mechanism of prescriptions, a research method of “targeted drug combination of disease pathophysiology guidance” was proposed. this theory uses the specific disease syndrometarget prescription combination approach to understand the multi-targeted effect of chinese herbal compound in the body. this theory suggests that the “functional unit” should be highlighted when studying the drug target, such as (1) cell function unit: pathway signal/ metabolic pathway; (2) tissue and organ function unit: vascular smooth muscle-nerve-humoral regulation; (3) whole body function unit of depression: central nervous system and endocrine system, the combination of the thalamus-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis. wang, et al33 reports the focus of research on the prescription theory in the prescription itself and its dynamic process (pharmacokinetics). it is proposed that the research method can together focus on the pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic compatibility of the “chemical composition of cm” and “intestinal micro-ecological balance” in the syndrome-prescription tcm theory. five steps were proposed to use the pharmacodynamics(pd) and pharmacokinetics(pk) biomarkers parameters for analysis, that is, to explain the compatibility of cm herbs from the intrinsic requirements of the whole tcm theory. prescription compatibility in molecular, genomic and systemic studies for various illnesses aids in july 2006, the us food and drug administration (fda) approved the launch of atripla, a new anti-aids drug, which is a combination of three fda-approved drugs, viread, emtriva and sustiva, for a “cocktail therapy” combination. this fully shows that the mainstream international society also recognizes the limitations of the western single drug model, and begins to learn from the cm mode of compound drug use34. american professor leory hood first integrated genomics, proteomics and computation into what is known ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 12 figure 2: pharmaco-metabonomic modelling procedure notes: spectroscopic data on pre-dose metabolic fingerprints (x matrix) from biofluids such as urine and plasma are statistically linked to outcome [quantitative toxicity (y1) drug metabolism (y2) matrixes] of a drug intervention via multivariate statistics such as partial least squares methods. typically, 20%–50% of all data is used in the training set construction. the predictive power of the models is then tested using a test set or a cross-validation set to assess model robustness. it is also possible as an additional test to avoid overfitting of data, to deliberately permute the training set matrixes to induce a false model that should have a very low predictive capability. as the integrative systems biology35, the significance of which is to study the inter-relationship between various elements in the biological systems36. based on the established metabolomics approach, professor nicholson proposed global systems biology for integrative genomics, proteomics and metabolomics37. attachment: figures 1-338. figure 1: relationships between systems biology, personalized healthcare and molecular epidemiology notes: dotted lines indicate indirect connections or influences ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 13 li, et al39 pointed out that the usage of a combinatory of the effective components is different from the “cocktail therapy” adopted by (highly active antiretroviral therapy （haart) in the research and methodology for treating aids. the latter is made up of several antiviral chemical monomers, whose main target is the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), and the “combinatory of effective components group” belongs to the cm treatment system, which complies with the compatibility rules of “jun, chen, zuo, shi” and “seven emotions” for targeted treatment. the molecular basis and targeted treatment from this system could be multiple. using the “kangai baosheng pills” for treatment of aids as an example, this concoction consists of astragalus （huang qi) that can regulate immunity, and viola philippica (zihua diding) which inhibits the virus. the compounded effect produced by the complimentary use of these 2 herbs in the concoction is obviously higher than that of the single-flavoured medicine or from the disassembled prescription. cancer hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) is the most common primary liver malignancy and is a leading cause of cancer related death worldwide. progressive development of anti-cancer drugs such as kinase inhibitors sorafenib and lenvatinib, or monoclonal antibody ramucirumab, tend to exhibit low response and high toxicity. in the competing endogenous rna (cerna) regulation mechanism, microrna (mirna) response element (mre) is the binding site of mrna and mirna, serving as a natural molecular sponge for mirna, mirna in turn inhibits its target by binding with mre, causing translational inhibition or mrna degradation. during such regulation process, each mirna can regulate multiple rna targets. large numbers of mirna binding sites exist in different types of rna transcripts, indicating that multiple rna transcripts containing mirna binding sites can be mutually regulated via shared competition. this further illustrate that the synergistic effect of mirna and rna transcripts is the main source of cerna regulation40. li lu 41 explore the anti-tumor mechanism of traditional chinese medicine based on cerna regulation. in the occurrence and development of hcc, the mechanism of competitive endogenous rna (cerna) plays an important role, in which mirna is the core of its regulatory functions. li reported that under the action of mirna response element (mre), mrna, pseudogene transcripts, long non-coding rnas (lncrna), circular rna (circrna) and others competitively combine with mirna to form a cerna regulatory network. although researches on this mechanism at present it is still at the exploratory stage, it may well be an important anti-tumor mechanism for the diagnosis, treatment and research of tumor in traditional chinese medicine. uterine fibroids zheng42 explored the molecular mechanism of figure 3. comparison of chemical components and herbal composition ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 14 concoction formula modified guizhi fuling wan in 72 specific pathogen free (spf grade) sd rats with uterine fibroids. the experiment uses he staining to observe the morphological changes at the uterus, micrna gene chip to detect the expression profile of uterine micrna gene; bioinformatics methods screening of micrna for differential expressions. gene function enrichment was then used to predict the possible signaling pathways in rats with uterine fibroids under the influence of guizhi fuling wan. gene function enrichment analysis indicated that four signaling pathways were closely related to uterine fibroids. they were mapk signaling pathway, wnt signaling pathway, mtor signaling pathway and vegf signaling pathway. the result indicated chinese medicine modified guizhi fuling wan affected the expression profile of micrna in rat model of uterine fibroids induced by estrogen and progesterone, suggesting its involvement in a variety of biological processes such as signal transduction and gene regulation in the treatment of uterine fibroids. coronary heart disease factors in the environment and several genes contribute to the complicated nature of coronary heart disease. one of the differential syndromes in tcm is blood stasis syndrome. because of its prominence in cardiovascular research, epigenetics provides a framework for understanding how genes and their environments interact. abnormal dna methylation may have a role in the onset and progression of coronary heart disease, even though dna alterations can be undone. according to the study conducted by li et al.43, the development of atherosclerosis may be accelerated by an increase or high expression of mmp-9. the study conducted by ghaznavi et al.44 revealed that the frequency of atp-binding cassette transporter a1 (abca1) gene methylation was much greater in the chd patient group compared to the control group. this finding implies that abca1 gene methylation plays a substantial role in the development of coronary artery disease. through the regulation of both aberrant hypermethylation and hypomethylation genes, zhou et al.45 shown that the chinese medicine formula zhizi chuanxiong capsules may cure atherosclerosis. the inflammatory pathway, vascular endothelial growth factor signal transduction route, mapk signal transduction pathway, and protein kinase c activation are all impacted by the changed methylation genes. discussion the view of illness and its treatment is fundamentally different in western medicine and traditional chinese medicine. western pharmaceuticals are able to pinpoint microbes and root causes down to the genetic level with pinpoint accuracy. whereas cm takes a more allencompassing and comprehensive approach, addressing the patient's condition while simultaneously focusing on their quality of life and general wellness. reducing adverse effects while increasing therapeutic effectiveness is one of the main reasons for prescription compatibility. this nourishing and preventative maintenance impact is analogous, from a western scientific point of view, to boosting immunity. prescription compatibility from a genetic perspective has not been addressed in this study because to the paucity of research in this area. the genomic effect has to be investigated soon, but it could be too soon given the gaps in our understanding of prescription compatibility in proteomic research and the state of genetic knowledge. study after study only looked at a small subset of the broad spectrum, and crucial outcome metrics were often missing. few clinically meaningful event outcomes were available, and measuring patients' quality of life was severely lacking. conclusion it is possible to determine the primary effectiveness of chinese herbal medicine for a given condition by studying its compositions and their interrelationships, but it is far more difficult to comprehend the whole scope of its effects on the body. the effects of several herbs combined create a more nuanced second-tier impact, while the effects of herbs absorbed into the body create a third-tier effect, all while keeping in mind that each herb has many targets, levels, and links. regardless of the fact that an individual's response and the medicine's effectiveness are both affected by their age and body type. an additional feature of cm is its ability to adapt prescription dynamically as therapy progresses, which enables it to detect and target even the smallest changes in the body's systems. having a high-level overview and assessment of the whole treatment timetable is vital to make sure that nothing is overlooked. proposed studies and methodologies by different experts, such as: (1) "targeted drug combination of disease pathophysiology guidance"; (2) the pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic compatibility method; and (3) the global systems biology for integrative genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, which work together to offer a broader perspective, more comprehensive details, and a development timeline, could potentially shed light on the complete picture of compatibility prescription's effects. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 15 establishing a framework that is unanimously accepted by the research community on the study of prescription compatibility in cm (or any medicine for the matter), may help to bridge differences between chinese and western medicine, synergize philosophies of east and west on drug applications and shed more light to a current predominantly random and scattered research environment. references 1. tu y. the discovery of artemisinin (qinghaosu) and gifts from chinese medicine. nat med. 2011; 17: 1217. 2. cyranoski d. the big push for chinese medicine. nature. 2018; 448 450. 3. deng zj. tcm formulary. 1st ed. beijing: china press of traditional chinese 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58-64. 42. zheng dx, liu jy, chen rf, et al. molecular mechanism of modified guizhi fuling wan intervention on uterine fibroids in rats based on micrna expression profiling [j/ol]. chinese journal of experimental traditional medical formulae. 1-7[2020-0928]. https://doi. org/10/13422/j.cnki.syfjx.20202323. 43. li m, sun y, qiu rj et al. research progress on the relation of dna methylation and coronary heart diseases related tcm syndromes [j]. chin j integr trad wmed. 2019; 39(4): 509-512. 44. ghaznavi h, mahmoodi k, soltanpour ms. a preliminary study of the association between the abca1 gene promoter dna methylation and coronary artery disease risk [j]. mol biol res commun. 2018; 7(2): 59-65. 45. zhou qb, wu lq, zhang y, et al. effects of zhizi chuanxiong capsule on the abnormal methylation in rabbits with atherosclerosis[j]. chin j integrmed. 2018; 24(7): 512-517. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 25 abstract: the purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of senna occidentalis leaf extracts (alkaloid and phenolic) on the oxidative state of the heart in streptozotocin-induced wistar rats that were given a high-fat diet. the rats were inoculated intraperitoneally with 35 mg/kg of streptozotocin to induce type 2 diabetes. research tools and procedures: group 1 served as the control group and included seven rats out of a total of 43 rats that were randomly assigned to one of seven groups of six. the other groups were as follows: diabetes rats that were not treated, rats that were treated with metformin, rats that were treated with phenolic extract, rats that were treated with alkaloids extract, rats that were treated with high doses of phenolic extract, and rats that were treated with high doses of alkaloids extract. antioxidant status was determined by measuring the activity levels of many biochemical variables, including catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde. the results of this investigation suggested that s. occidentalis phenolic and alkaloid extracts might be useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes due to their antioxidant characteristics. keywords: senna occidentalis extract, streptozotocin, hypoglycemia, phenolics chinese traditional medical journal in high-fat, streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic wistar rats, the effect of a phenolic and alkaloid extract from senna occidentalis leaves on the heart's oxidative status was studied. ramesh department of biochemistry, kwara state university, ilorin, nigeria received on: 21 dec 2024 revised on: 20 jan 2024 accepted date: 25 feb 2024 published on: 24 march 2025 introduction traditional medicine has relied on plants for illness treatment since ancient times. one benefit of medicinal plants is the abundance of plant-based therapeutic chemicals that have been developed for use in modern medicine. [2] in lowand middle-income nations, where around 80% of the population resides, people often use plant resources for their main healthcare. there is a great deal of unrealized potential in medicinal plants, and they are already playing an important role in scientific progress. there are a number of phytochemicals in medicinal plants that have the potential to cure infectious and chronic illnesses in the near and distant future. when it comes to treating a wide range of ailments, people living in tropical and subtropical climates often turn to herbal plants like senna occidentalis (s. occidentalis). according to traditional medicine, it has a number of medicinal applications [5]. 6, 7 the hausa people of nigeria call this plant sanga-sanga or rai dore; the igbo people call it akidi agbara; and the yoruba people call it abo rere. tables 8–10. antimicrobial activity has been shown by previous researchers in extracts of s. occidentalis, [11] beneficial for the liver and antioxidant prospects,[12] antimalarial characteristics,[13] anxietyand depression-reducing abilities,[14] anodyne effects,[7] and anti-diabetic capabilities. in references [15,16] when the pace of reactive oxygen species (ros) formation exceeds the body's ability to neutralize them, oxidative stress ensues. enhanced reactive oxygen species (ros) production and/or diminished ros scavenging capacities lead to elevated oxidative stress, which in turn damages tissues. [17] both hereditary and environmental factors contribute to the complexity of type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2dm). new evidence reveals that genetic information greatly assists in diabetes risk prediction and therapy personalization. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 26 although there are over 70 genes that have been shown to be associated with type 2 diabetes, they only account for around 10% of the total heredity of the disease. twin studies have shown a strong genetic impact on the development of type 2 diabetes, suggesting a stronger relationship to family history and lineage than type 1. a person's ethnic background may also have a role. it is impossible to completely rule out environmental factors, however. even while there may be a hereditary predisposition to obesity and common patterns of eating and exercising, a person's lifestyle choices greatly affect the likelihood that they will acquire type 2 diabetes. a lack of proper insulin responses is a hallmark of the pathophysiological changes caused by diabetes, which include dysfunctional peripheral βcells and reactive oxygen species (ros) caused by inflammation or cells interacting with the insulin receptor or downstream signaling pathways. microvascular and macrovascular complications, as well as impaired blood glucose management, are the cumulative effects of chronic inflammation and insulin resistance, to which all of these causes contribute. antioxidants may lessen the effects of oxidative stress. enzymes that neutralize free radicals, such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase, and reduced glutathione (gsh) are examples of endogenic antioxidants; vitamins a, c, and e are examples of exogenic antioxidants. by either scavenging free radicals or increasing their catabolism, both classes of antioxidants prevent free radical formation. [18] in additionally, antioxidants have the ability to deoxygenate oxidized compounds. the year 19 natural chemicals derived from medicinal plants have developed into successful treatments to fight oxidative stress, since phytochemicals are a major source of antioxidants. in addition to improving insulin secretion and glycogen storage in the liver, these antioxidants reduce oxidative stress. in [20], senna occidentalis botanical classification • kingdom: plantae • phylum: magnoliophyta • class: magnoliopsida • subclass: rosidae • order: fabales • family: fabaceae • subfamily: caesalpinioideae • tribe: cassieae • genus: senna • species: occidentalis • botanical name: s. occidentalis. materials and methods study area the samples were obtained in ilorin, the capital of kwara state, located in the north‑central zone of nigeria. sample collection and authentication the leaves of s. occidentalis, known as “abo rere” in yoruba, were collected from a farmland in ilorin, kwara state, nigeria. the plant was identified and authenticated at the herbarium unit, department of plant biology, university of ilorin, kwara state, nigeria, and a voucher number (uilh001/1302/2021) was given and deposited for future reference. the leaves were then dried in the open air, away from direct sunlight, for 7 days. afterward, they were crushed into powder form, resulting in a total of 462 g of pulverized leaves. experimental animals forty-three wistar rats weighing between 100 and 120 g were acquired. the rats underwent a 7-day acclimatization period at the room temperature, during which they were provided with rodent feed and had ad libitum access to clean distilled water. the wistar rats were housed at the animal house of the biochemistry department, kwara state university. all animal procedures were carried out in compliance with the guidelines for scientific animal procedures approved by the ethics committee of the kwara state university. reagents and kits reagents the reagents used included acetic acid, ethyl acetate, chloroform, streptozotocin, bromocresol green, atropine, gallic acid, folin reagent, and ethanol. kits the kits used for the analysis of the experimental animal included the total cholesterol reagent, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol reagent, and triglyceride cholesterol reagent, all manufactured by randox. preparation of extracts alkaloids extraction the pulverized sample was mixed with 900 ml of ethanol and 100 ml of acetic acid and allowed to soak for 24 h. the mixture was subsequently filtered using filter paper. a rotary evaporator was used to concentrate the filtrate to obtain the supernatant. the ph of the supernatant was adjusted to approximately 8 by adding nh4oh solution. the supernatant was then subjected to extraction three times using 50 ml of chloroform each time. a separating funnel was used to separate the chloroform layer from the rest of the solution to obtain the alkaloid extract. extraction of phenolic the powdered sample was mixed with a solvent mixture consisting of 150 ml of ethyl acetate, 30 ml of acetic acid, and 300 ml of water. the mixture was vigorously stirred for 30 min until both phases were fully saturated. the mixture was then transferred to a separating funnel to allow the phases to separate. the phenolic extract was obtained from the organic phase. total phenolic content to determine this, the following steps were undertaken: 7 g of naco3 was dissolved in 100 ml of water, and 10 mg of gallic acid was dissolved in 10 ml of methanol. four concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100 g/ml) were prepared. these concentrations involved mixing 5 ml of folin reagent with 50 ml of water, 0.5 ml of the sample, and 0.5 ml of the gallic acid. additionally, 12 test tubes were prepared ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 27 for gallic acid, and 3 test tubes were prepared for each extract. water was added accordingly. for the gallic acid concentrations, the following steps were repeated three times: adding 1 mg/ml of the extract to each test tube, adding 2 ml of folin reagent to each test tube, and adding 4 ml of naco3 to each test tube. finally, the absorbance was measured at 765 nm. total alkaloids content using atropine as the reference, the total amount of alkaloids was determined using a spectrophotometric technique that depends on the interaction between alkaloids and bromocresol green. the process used is as follows: the plant extract was dissolved in hydrochloric acid solution (2n hcl) at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. a 0.1n sodium hydroxide solution was used to bring a phosphate buffer solution’s ph to a neutral range. a 5 ml mixture was then vigorously stirred after 1 ml of this solution was transferred to a separate funnel. chloroform was used to extract the resultant complex. to achieve the appropriate volume, the extract was diluted with chloroform after being collected in a 10 ml volumetric flask. the complex’s chloroform absorbance then measured at 470 nm. group extract administration control normoglycemic rats orally administered with distilled water untreated streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats orally administered diabetic rat with distilled water diabetic rat 14.3 mg/kg (body weight) of metformin diabetic rat 100 mg/kg (body weight) of phenolic extract diabetic rat 100 mg/kg (body weight) of phenolic extract diabetic rat 100 mg/kg (body weight) of phenolic extract diabetic rat 200 mg/kg (body weight) of alkaloid extract experimental animal stratification and extract administration forty‑three wistar rats were stratified into seven groups: six groups with six rats each and one control group with seven rats as illustrated in table 1. table 1 illustrates the classification of diabetic rats, the amount and type of extract administered respectively. the protocol utilized in this study complies with the standards of the national research for the care and use of laboratory animals and principles of good laboratory procedure. streptozotocin diabetes induction the induction procedure for type 2 diabetes was carried out as previously described.[21] diabetes was induced in the rats using the intraperitoneal method. a solution of 35 mg/kg streptozotocin was prepared in 1.0 m citrate buffer at ph 4.5. following this, the rats underwent a 12-h fasting period. fasting blood sugar levels were checked randomly and then checked again after an additional 72 h. it was confirmed that the group subjected to induction displayed diabetic conditions, with glucose levels exceeding 200 mg/dl.[22] extraction of serum and tissue homogenates jugular puncture was used for this purpose. the rats were anesthetized with diethyl ether, and their fur and skin were shaved to expose the jugular vein. the jugular vein was punctured using a new scalpel to collect blood samples into both ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (edta) and plain bottles. following blood collection, the animals were immediately dissected, and specific organs such as the liver, kidney, heart, and pancreas were removed. these organs were then placed in different buffers, including sucrose, tris, and formalin. in addition, the blood samples collected in edta bottles were centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 5 min. the resulting serum was carefully extracted from the centrifuged blood using a pasteur pipette and transferred to clean, dry sample bottles. the serum was stored in the refrigerator overnight before being used for further assays. furthermore, 1 g of each organ was weighed and separately homogenized using sucrose and tris buffers. the homogenates prepared with tris buffer were subsequently centrifuged. the centrifuged homogenates were then transferred to sample bottles and frozen for subsequent laboratory analysis. determination of parameters the following parameters were determined: sod, cat, gsh, gpx, malondialdehyde (mda), and gst. statistical analysis all the data were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean for rats in each group. all group data were statistically assessed using the statistical package for the social sciences (spss) 16.0 software (ibm, armonk, new york, united states). data acquired were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance, and subsequent contrasts among groups were done using duncan multiple range test. the mean difference was statistically significant figure 1: senna occidentalis leaf on harvested farmland in ilorin, kwara state ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 28 when p < 0.05. results are represented graphically using graphpad 8.0. results figure 1 describes the physical appearance of senna occidentalis leaf planted on a farmland in ilorin, kwara state, nigeria. the effect of s. occidentalis on gst activity in the heart of wistar rats is depicted in figure 2. metformin-treated rats showed increased levels of gst activity compared to the control group, while all other treated groups had lower levels of gst activity than the control group (p < 0.05). figure 3 demonstrates that the levels of glutathione activity were lowered in all treatment groups except for the metformin-treated group, which shared the same level of activity as the control group (p < 0.05). figure 4 depicts the gpx activity levels in all groups. compared to the other groups, the metformin-treated group has higher levels of gpx activity. the rats treated with the extracts had significantly decreased gpx activity compared to the control group. when comparing the groups, the diabetes untreated group exhibits a substantial decrease in activity levels when compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). figure 5 depicts the levels of mda activity in each treatment groups. reduced levels were found in all groups except for the untreated diabetic group, which showed a statistically significant rise compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). all treated groups had lower levels of cardiac sod activity compared to the control group, as shown in figure 6. however, the untreated diabetic group exhibited the lowest level (p < 0.05). figure 7 displays the cat activity levels in each group. each group had an increased level of cat activity except for the untreated diabetic group when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). discussion t2dm is characterized by hyperglycemia, which significantly increases the production of ros, oxidative stress, and numerous cellular and molecular modifications, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, that affect the body’s normal physiological processes.[23] ros is produced by normal cellular metabolism and carry out crucial biological tasks. although ros is essential for life, they can harm macromolecules such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids due to their strong chemical reactivity. therefore, cellular defense systems are activated to control ros generation and prevent oxidative damage. most ros defense systems consist of scavenging enzymes, including cat, gpxs, and sods, etc., antioxidant enzymes are the figure 2: effect of senna occidentalis extract on glutathione transferase activity in the heart of wistar rats. gst: glutathione transferase figure 3: effect of senna occidentalis extract on glutathione activity in the heart of wistar rats. gsh: reduced glutathione figure 4: effect of senna occidentalis on glutathione peroxidase activity in the heart of wistar rats. gpx: glutathione peroxidase figure 5: effect of senna occidentalis extract on malondialdehyde activity in the heart of wistar rats ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 29 figure 6: effect of senna occidentalis extract on superoxide dismutase activity in the heart of wistar rats. sod: superoxide dismutase good biological indicators of cellular perturbation; they are also known as biomarkers. free radicals are neutralized by enzyme antioxidants. the antioxidant enzymes convert harmful oxidative products to hydrogen peroxide and subsequently to water via a multi-step process when they are in the presence of cofactors like copper, zinc, manganese, and iron. free radical chain reactions are disrupted by nonenzymatic antioxidants. [24] the controlled and treated groups showed significantly higher levels of cat, sod, gst, gpx, and gsh activity than the diabetic untreated group, according to the results of this study. the fact that these biomarker levels rose in the treated groups suggests that the antioxidant characteristics of s. occidentalis leaf extract aid in the elimination of oxidative stress and the enhancement of appropriate glucose homeostasis. metabolic damage assessment (mda) is an important sign of oxidative stress among the six cardiac function indicators investigated in this research. stable and very poisonous, mda is the byproduct of lipid peroxidation. the study found that the untreated diabetes group had a much higher mda levels. increased malondialdehyde (mda) levels in untreated type 2 diabetic rats suggest increased free radical activity and lipid peroxidation. the development of type 2 diabetes and its consequences are linked to oxidative stress, which is in turn caused by lipid peroxidation, according to substantial evidence. s. occidentalis leaf extract lowered mda levels in rats when administered topically. evidence suggests that enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems are weakening as lipid peroxidation levels rise. according to previous research, diabetes mellitus is a wellknown risk factor for cardiovascular disease. compared to nondiabetic people, those with t2dm have increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.[26] heart antioxidant enzymes such as cat, sod, and gpx represent the primary defense opposing oxidative damage by eliminating main ros.[27] based on the evidence gathered in this study, it is evident that the administration of s. occidentalis leaf extract serves as an antioxidant therapy that can help prevent the figure 7: effect of senna occidentalis extract on catalase activity in the heart of wistar rats development of diabetic heart complications by increasing the activity levels of cat, sod, and gpx. the outcome of this research also confirmed the antioxidant potential of metformin. this agrees with previous reports on the efficacy of metformin, which possesses antioxidant properties that reduce ros by inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.[28] evidence from this research shows that metformin heightened the actions of cat, gsh, sod, gst, and gpx and decreased the activity of mda in type 2 diabetic rats. conclusions the therapeutic importance of medicinal plants in illness prevention, treatment, and management has led to their significant attention in recent years. our research shows that s. occidentalis leaf extract enhances antioxidant enzymes and gpx activity while decreasing malondialdehyde (mda) activity in the hearts of rats with type 2 diabetes. the findings show that the leaf extract of s. occidentalis has antioxidant properties and aids in the treatment of type 2 diabetes when taken at the recommended dosages. the findings of this study support the use of s. occidentalis leaf extract as a treatment for oxidative stress in the prevention of type 2 diabetes complications. it is also suggested that scientists sequence s. occidentalis leaves so they may learn more about the plant's genetic makeup, whether that's by finding individual genes or variants. several fields may benefit from this data, such as plant breeding, evolutionary biology, and the study of plant physiology and development. references 1. gajalakshmi s, vijayalakshmi s, rajeswari d. phytochemical, and pharmacological properties of annona muricata: a review. int j pharm pharmal sci 2012;4:3‑6. 2. oladunmoye mk, adetuyi fc, akinyosoye fa. effect of cassia ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 30 hirsuta (l) extract on dna profile of some microorganisms. afr j biotechnol 2009;8:447-50. 3. lavanya c, rao bg, devarakonda r. phytochemicals and pharmacological studies on polyalthia longifolia. int j pharm sci res 2018;3:1‑7. 4. duraipandiyan v, ayyanar m, ignacimuthu s. antimicrobial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants used by paliyar tribe from tamil nadu, india. bmc complement altern med 2006;6:35. 5. essa’a vj, medoua gn. subchronic toxicity of the beverage made from cassia occidentalis seeds in mice. int j nutr food sci 2013;2:237-42. 6. yadav jp, arya v, yadav s, panghal m, kumar s, dhankhar s. cassia occidentalis l.: a review on its ethnobotany, phytochemical and pharmacological profile. fitoterapia 2010;81:223‑30. 7. silva mg, aragão tp, vasconcelos cf, ferreira pa, andrade ba, costa im, et al. acute and subacute toxicity of cassia occidentalis l. stem and leaf in wistar rats. j ethnopharmacol 2011;136:341-6. 8. nuhu aa, aliyu r. effects of cassia occidentalis aqueous leaf extract on biochemical markers of tissue damage in rats. trophical j pharm res 2008;7:1137-42. 9. sadiq is, shuaibu m, bello ab, tureta sg, isah a, izuagie t, et al. phytochemistry and antimicrobial activities of cassia occidentalis used for herbal remedies. j chem eng 2012;1:38-41. 10. egharevba ho, odigwe ac, abdullahi ms, okwute sk, okogun ji. phytochemical analysis and broad‑spectrum antimicrobial activity of cassia occidentalis l. (whole plant). n y sci j 2010;3:74‑81. 11. mohammed m, aboki ma, saidu hm, victor o, tawakalitu a, maikano sa. phytochemical and some antimicrobial activity of cassia occidentalis l. (caesalpiniaceae). int j sci technol 2012;2:4. 12. gowrisri m, sarita k, vrushabendra sb, archana sp, vishwanath km. antioxidant and nephroprotective activities of cassia occidentalis leaf extract against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. res j pharm biol chem sci 2012;3:684-4. 13. gwarzo us, gimba ce, adeyemo dj, paul ed. neutron activation analysis (naa) of senna occidentalis linn. j natl sci res 2014;4:22‑8. 14. shafeen s, srinath rt, arafath s, nagarjuna s, padmanabha ry. evaluation of antianxiety and antidepressant activity of cassia occidentalis leaves. asian j pharm clin res 2012;5:47‑50. 15. emmanuel s, rani ms, sreekanth mr. antidiabetic activity of cassia occidentalis linn in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats: a dose‑dependent study. int j pharm biosci 2010;1:14‑25. 16. onakpa mm, ajagbonna op. antidiabetic potentials of cassia occidentalis leaf extract on alloxan-induced diabetic albino mice. int j pharm tech res 2012;4:1766‑9. 17. van dam ps. oxidative stress and diabetic neuropathy: pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment perspectives. diabetes metab res rev 2002;18:176-84. 18. tiwari ak. imbalance in antioxidant defence and human diseases: multiple approach of natural antioxidants therapy. curr sci 2001;81:1179-87. 19. sen ck. oxygen toxicity and antioxidants: state of the art. indian j physiol pharmacol 1995;39:177‑96. 20. abdelrazek hm, kilany oe, muhammad ma, tag hm, abdelazim am. black seed thymoquinone improved insulin secretion, hepatic glycogen storage, and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male wistar rats. oxid med cell longev 2018;2018:8104165. 21. okoduwa si, umar ia, james db, inuwa hm. appropriate insulin level in selecting fortified diet‑fed, streptozotocin‑treated rat model of type 2 diabetes for anti‑diabetic studies. plos one 2017;12:e0170971. 22. mohan vr, kalpana dv, maruthupandian a, shanmugasundaram r, tresina sp. antidiabetic, antihyperlipidaemic and antioxidant activity of senna auriculata (l.) roxb. leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. int j pharm tech res 2011;3:747‑56. 23. defronzo ra. insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis: the missing links. the claude bernard lecture 2009. diabetologia 2010;53:1270-87. 24. shahidi f, zhong y. novel antioxidants in food quality preservation and health. europ j lipid sci technol 2010;112:930-40. 25. saddala rr, thopireddy l, ganapathi n, kesireddy sr. regulation of cardiac oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with aqueous extract of pimpinella tirupatiensis tuberous root. exp toxicol pathol 2013;65:15‑9. 26. gu k, cowie cc, harris mi. diabetes and decline in heart disease mortality in us adults. jama 1999;281:1291‑7. 27. stocker r, keaney jf jr. new insights on oxidative stress in the artery wall. j thromb haemost 2005;3:1825-34. 28. esteghamati a, eskandari d, mirmiranpour h, noshad s, mousavizadeh m, hedayati m, et al. effects of metformin on markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant reserve in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. clin nutr 2013;32:179-85. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 17 abstract: the goal of studying traditional chinese medicine is to determine the biological roles played by the absorbed metabolites and prototypes in living organisms. however, due to endogenous interference and low metabolite abundance, complete in vivo component profiling is challenging. thus, a methodical approach was suggested for the systematic screening and profiling of external components in biological matrices, using the mass differences between prototypes and their metabolic reaction products as a basis. research tools and procedures: an extensive database based on metabolic reactions was constructed by collecting 247 metabolic reactions from the relevant literature on the huangqi-danshen (hd) herb pair. the mass differences were automatically computed using r programming and compared with the database in order to screen candidate components using the preprocessed data from experimental ms1 that was based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. the components were then identified across the ms2 dataset. after oral administration of hd, 164 components were noted in the plasma samples of the rats. out of them, 20 were validated using the reference standards. amino acid dehydration, methylation, cysteine s-binding, glucuronidation, sulfation, and multistep reactions are prominent metabolic processes. final thoughts: this research paved the way for future studies to clarify hd's therapeutic benefits by revealing its metabolic features and biotransformation regulation. beneficial tools for assessing metabolites in complex systems are provided by the suggested method. chinese traditional medical journal a comprehensive metabolite profiling approach utilizing in vivo metabolic reaction-based mass difference screening with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole-timeof-flight mass spectrometry for the huangqi-danshen herb pair s. venkatesh, a. meghana 1,2 academy of acupuncture and moxibustion, fujian university of traditional chinese medicine, fuzhou, fujian 350122, china received on: 21 jan 2025 revised on: 20 mar 2025 accepted date: 25 april 2025 published on: 18 may 2025 introduction traditional chinese medicines (tcms) and their related biological roles may be better understood by examining how they are metabolized in complex systems. the absorbed prototype components may undergo metabolic processes to generate their equivalent metabolites in vivo after oral treatment [1]. metabolic profiling of tcms is still difficult, nonetheless, due to their complex molecular make-up and unique biological changes. the third the quantities of exogenous prototypes or their metabolites are often at trace levels and are readily disguised by background interference, in contrast to endogenous metabolites in biological matrices. [4] ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 18 due to its broad application, high sensitivity, high mass accuracy, and plentiful fragment information, liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry has been extensively used for metabolic profiling of exogenous substances. five, six researches have devised typical methods for analyzing ms data, including diagnostic ion filtering, manual annotation with mass defect filtering, neutral loss filtering, and quick mining of exogenous components of biological matrices. another technique to effectively annotate possible chemicals in complicated matrices is to build an internal database that matches the biotransformation rules of the chemicalome and metabolome using published metabolic pathways as templates. [10] data analysis becomes tedious, time-consuming, and prone to errors due to the vast and repeated human procedures required by these methodologies. optimal ms parameterization, preprocessing of raw data, and automated database creation have all been accomplished using programming tools like r, python, and java. on pages 11 and 12, an effective strategy for in vivo metabolic profiling is to construct feature extraction rules based on metabolic reactions during ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (uhplc-qtof ms) analysis. references [13,14]: the constituents of the herb pair huangqi-danshen (hd), which includes astragalus membranaceus (fisch.) bge. var. mongholicus (bge.) hsiao (huangqi) and salvia miltiorrhiza bge. (danshen), have been thoroughly studied in a preliminary study. these components primarily include phenolic acids, flavonoids, diterpenoids, and triterpenoids. however, the effects of these compounds in vivo remain unknown. by comparing the masses of metabolic reaction products and prototypes, we were able to devise a methodical approach to characterizing the exogenous components in rat plasma after oral hd treatment. we built a database after first collecting metabolic responses from the literature, then determining the mass changes between the prototype and the final result. secondly, an ion list, containing rt and m/z values, was generated by preprocessing the full-scan ms1 data. after that, we used r to load the ion list and then used the mass differences to filter for potential components. the ms2 data on neutral losses, fragmentation modes, and diagnostic ions were used to further speculate or annotate the prototypes and their metabolites. we anticipated that this approach would provide hd in vivo metabolites, which would then serve as a reference for metabolic profiling of exogenous substances in tcms and as a foundation for future studies on the pharmacodynamic basis and pharmacological processes. materials and methods chemicals and reagents methanol and acetonitrile (hplc‑grade) were purchased from merck (darmstadt, germany). analytical ethanol was purchased from shanghai titan technology co. ltd. (shanghai, china). formic acid was supplied by roe company (newark, usa). isoflurane was supplied by shenzhen rivard life technology co. ltd. (shenzhen, china). heparin sodium was supplied by shanghai yuanye biotechnology co. ltd. (shanghai, china). ultrapure water was prepared using a milli‑q water purification system (millipore, billerica, ma, usa). the a. membranaceus (fisch.) bge. var. mongholicus (bge.) hsiao was collected from wulanchabu (inner mongolia, china), while s. miltiorrhiza bge. was obtained from linyi (shandong, china). the herbal components were identified by professor hua yang. a total of 76 chemical reference standards (purity > 95%) were used in this study, including 22 phenolic acids, 17 flavonoids, 19 diterpenoids, 13 triterpenoid saponins, and 5 others. standard solution and huangqi‑danshen samples preparation the a. membranaceus (fisch.) bge. var. mongholicus (bge.) hsiao and s. miltiorrhiza bge. were mixed in a ratio of 1:1 (w/w) and soaked in 50% ethanol (1:10, w/v) for 30 min, followed by extraction under reflux for 2 h twice. the extracted samples were mixed and concentrated under the vacuum using a rotary evaporator. then, the concentrated extract was lyophilized and stored at 4°c. the lyophilized hd powder was dissolved in 1.5 g/ml saline before administration. the standard was dissolved in methanol (1.0 mg/ml) to obtain a single stock solution. animal experiments all animal experiments were performed in compliance with the guidelines for pharmaceutical animal experiments of the china pharmaceutical university (no. 2022‑03–047). ten male spraquedawley rats (220 ± 20 g) were obtained from vital river laboratory animal technology co., ltd. (zhejiang, china). the animals were kept in a constant chamber with a 12-h photoperiod, relative humidity (50 ± 5%), and temperature (25°c ± 2°c). they were allowed to eat and drink freely for 7 days to acclimatize. before drug administration, all rats were allowed to drink freely for 12 h. the rats were randomly divided into hd and control groups. the hd group rats were administered by gavage at 6.25 g/kg, whereas the control group rats were administered normal saline. blood samples were retrieved from ophthalmic veins using heparinized tubes at 0 (predose), 5, 15, 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 h. immediately centrifuged the blood sample at 3000 rpm for 10 min at 4°c. the supernatant plasma at the same time point in rats was mixed in equal volumes and immediately stored at -80°c until analysis. plasma sample and simulated biological sample preparation ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 19 after thawing on the ice, 90 l plasma samples were mixed with 360 l cold acetonitrile. the mixture was vortexed for 3 min and centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 15 min at 4°c. the supernatant was collected and dried using an ez‑2 personal evaporator (genevac, uk). the metabolite extract was then dissolved in 90 l acetonitrile/water mixture (1:1, v/v), swirled for 3 min, and then centrifuged at 13,000 rpm at 4°c for 10 min before analysis. for the simulated biological sample, 120 l aliquots of blank plasma sample were placed to four 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes in equal parts after thawing on the ice. the obtained samples were mixed with cold acetonitrile (1:4, v/v), swirled for 3 min, and centrifuged at 13,000 rpm at 4°c for 15 min. the supernatant was collected in a microcentrifuge tube and dried using the ez‑2 personal evaporator. to distinguish the isomeric reference materials, single reference material solutions were divided into four groups. the standard solution of each group was taken 5 l and prepared into 120 l mixed solution. the metabolite extract was reconstituted in the mixed solution and centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 15 min at 4°c after being vortexed for 3 min. the resulting supernatant was transferred to a sampling vial for uhplc‑qtof ms. ultra‑high‑performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole‑time‑of‑flight mass spectrometry analysis detection was conducted using an agilent 6530 quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer connected to an agilent 1290 uhplc (agilent technologies inc., california, us). a waters acquity uplc hss t3 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.8 m, us) was utilized at a column oven temperature of 35°c for chromatographic separation. the mobile phase made up of 0.1% (v/v) aqueous formic acid (phase a) and acetonitrile (phase b). the mobile phase gradient program was: 0–2 min, 5%–20% b; 2–7 min, 20%–35% b; 7–9 min, 35%–50% b; 9–12 min, 50%–53% b; 12–18 min, 53%–60% b; 18–21 min, 60%–80% b; 21–24 min, 80%–95% b; 24–30 min, 95% b while the posttime was 5 min. the volume injected was 2 l and flow rate was set to 0.3 ml/min. the mass spectrometric parameters were set as follows: drying gas, nitrogen; gas flow rate, 10 l/min; gas temperature, 350°c; nebulizer pressure, 35 psi; sheath temperature, 350°c; sheath gas flow, 11 l/min; electrospray capillary voltage, 4000 v in the positive mode and 3500 v in the negative mode; fragment voltage, 135 v; skimmer voltage, 65 v; octopole rf peak, 750 v; mass range, ms: 100–1500 m/z, ms/ms: 50–1500 m/z; and collision energy, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 ev. mass spectrometry was conducted in the positive and negative ion modes. to prove the accuracy of mass spectrometry detection, the mass axis was calibrated by tuning the liquid before daily injection analysis. database construction through retrieving the relative literatures from pubmed (https:// pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and google scholar (https:// scholar.google.com/) using the keywords “astragalus membranaceus (fisch.) bge. var. mongholicus (bge.) hsiao, huangqi, salvia miltiorrhiza bge., danshen, metabolites.” we collected the related metabolic reactions and drug components in vivo and organized the substituents created or lost during the metabolic reactions. moreover, we manually recorded information on the mass differences created during the metabolic reactions. the database contains information on reaction names, formula changes, mass differences, classifications, and citations. data processing raw ms1 data for the blood samples were processed using profinder b.10.0 (agilent technologies, usa). first, the data for hd group and control group were grouped according to the positive ion mode or negative ion mode with peak height ≥100 counts. the adduct ions of positive ions were [m + h]+, [m + na]+, and negative ions were [m-h]−, [m + cl]−, [m + hcoo]−. an isotope model was set for common organic compounds (no halogens). other parameters were as follows: limit assigned charge states to a maximum of 1; rt window = 0.00% +0.4 min; mass window = 25 ppm + 2.0 mda; compound ion count threshold ≥ 2. the eic tolerance was set at ± 35.0 ppm and the rt was ± 1.5 min. the ion lists were then exported to microsoft excel files (. csv), which contained key information such as rt and mass. r‑assisted candidate components screening for the rapid screening of candidate components in the bio-samples, r programming (version 4.0.2) was used to develop the code. the ion lists were imported into the r programming to automatically calculate the mass differences between each pair of ions in the list to screen more candidate components. the mass differences between the experimental feature ions and the database were manually compared, and the candidate ions with mass error within ± 10 ppm were collected for further research. results the establishment of a systematic strategy a systematic strategy was developed to screen and analyze the exogenous components in biological matrices using the following procedure [figure 1]. first, the raw ms1 data were preprocessed using profinder 10.0 software to generate ion lists, which included rt and mass values for detected components. second, a mass‑difference database containing information on the biotransformation rules of the components was built to screen the metabolites in vivo. the mass differences between the experimental ions were calculated automatically using r programming, and the values were screened by matching them with the database. subsequently, a mass error within 10 ppm was included for the candidate components. finally, the prototype and metabolite constituents in the plasma were annotated and ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 20 figure 1: the schematic diagram of the comprehensive strategy identified according to literature, reference standards, and ms2 information. database for metabolic reaction of mass difference in huangqi‑danshen for drug compounds in vivo, a metabolic reaction of the mass difference database was established based on the prototypes and metabolites to screen feature ions quickly and effectively. by searching the reference literature from pubmed and google schola, 46 studies related to the identification of components of hd and related components in vivo were identified and organized. a total of 247 metabolic reactions were collected and the mass difference of each metabolic reaction was calculated manually. database combined with r programming for screening of candidate components profinder 10.0 was used to extract 862 positive and 976 negative ions from the original ms1 information. the feature ion lists were imported into the r programming to automatically calculate the mass difference between different ions. then, the mass difference of each feature ion pair was matched with the database, and the ions pair of mass error within ± 10 ppm was collected as the candidate components. consequently, 485 positive and 566 negative ions were efficiently screened as potential hd‑related candidates. identification the absorbed prototypes and metabolites of huangqi‑danshen to identify the candidate hd components, ms2 data were collected for further analysis based on diagnostic ions, neutral losses, reference substances, and literature reports. the total ion chromatograms of rat plasma after oral hd treatment are shown in figure 2. a total of 164 compounds, including 90 prototypes and 74 metabolites, were explicitly or presumably identified in this study. the compounds included 49 flavonoids, 28 phenolic acids, 84 terpenoids, and 3 others. tables 1 and 2 display the detailed information. identification of flavonoids flavonoids are the main components of huangqi and can be further divided into flavones, isoflavones, flavanones, and flavonols.[16] they have many pharmacological activities such as promoting osteogenic function, improving liver cell dysfunction, and exerting anti‑inflammatory effects.[17-19] in ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 21 5 2 2 2 figure 2: total ion chromatograms in positive (a) and negative (b) mode in rat plasma after oral administration of huangqi‑danshen this study, 49 flavonoids were annotated as hd, including 27 prototypes and 22 metabolites. identification of phenolic acids phenolic acids, which mainly originate from danshen, provide the component p22 (c 16 h o ) generated an [m-h]− ion anti‑inflammatory, anti‑oxidant, anti‑thrombotic, and other pharmacological effects.[21-23] salvianolic acid compounds at m/z 283.0604, which produced fragment ions at m/z 239.0509 ([m-h-co ]−), 237.0535 ([m-h-och -o]−), and 225.0175 ([m-h-co -ch ]−). compared to the standard contain danshensu or caffeic acid in their basic structure, forming different dimers, trimers, tetramers, and salt derivatives.[24] in this 2 2 study, 28 compounds were characterized in the plasma samples, reference, p22 was confirmed to be calycosin. in addition, p37 showed an [m-h]− ion at m/z 267.0690 and an [m + h]+ ion at consisting of 14 prototypes and 14 products. m/z 269.0804, with the same formula as c h o . p37 exhibited compound p8 generated a molecular formula of c 9 h 10 o 5 and 16 12 4 − − exhibited [m-h]− ion at m/z 197.0472. the ms2 characteristic ions at m/z 252.0450 ([m-h-ch3] ), 223.0396 ([m-h-co2] ), 208.0578 ([m-h-ch -co ]−), and 137.0418 (retro diels-alder information at m/z 169.0313, 165.0652, 153.0233, and 151.0067 3 2 correspond to [m-h-co]−, [m-h-2o]−, [m-h-co ]−, reaction, rda reaction), which were determined to be formononetin using a standard reference. metabolite m7 (c 22 h 23 no 8 s) showed a parent ion at m/z 460.1088 [m-h]−, and the product ions were generated at m/z 283.0624 and 239.0174 matched those of p22. compared to the literature, m7 was identified as the metabolic product of p22, which is involved in di‑hydrogenation and cysteine 2 and [m-h-h o-co]−, respectively. p8 was confirmed to be danshensu by comparison with a standard reference. moreover, the prototype compounds p4 and p12 were characterized as protocatechuic and rosmarinic acids, respectively, based on comparison with the characteristic ions of the standards. metabolite m1 (m/z 211.0618, [m + h]+) was 16 da s-binding.[20] metabolite m8 (c h 20 o 10 , m/z 443.1012, [m-h]−) larger than ferulic acid, with a molecular formula was eluted at 6.98 min and its product ions at m/z 267.0761 ([m-h-c h o ]−), 252.0563 ([m-h-c h o -ch ]−) of c 10 h 10 o 5 . the product ions were observed at m/z + + 6 8 6 6 8 6 3 − 195.0588 ([m + h-o] ) and 167.0735([m + h-co2] ), and 208.0438 ([m-h-c 6 h 8 o 6 -ch 3 -co 2 ] ), showing the same ms2 fragmentation pattern with p37. therefore, m8 suggested the presence of c 6 h 8 o 6 , which increased by 176 da relative to formononetin [figure 3]. metabolite m30 (m/z 283.0958, [m + h]+) was 14 da higher than that of p37, showing the same product ions at m/z 268.0954 and 239.0952 connected with [m + hch ]+ and [m + h-co ]+. therefore, which had the same characteristics as ferulic acid. therefore, m1 was hypothesized to be the hydroxylation product of ferulic acid.[25] metabolite m9 displayed an [m-h]− ion at m/z 273.0101, which was 62 da higher than that of the parent danshensu, indicating the presence of sulfate group binding (+80 da), methylation (+14 da), and dehydration (-18 da) reactions. the ms2 fragment 3 2 m30 may be the methylation product of p37. figure 4 shows the potential flavonoid metabolic pathways, including glucuronidation, methylation, cysteine s-conjugation, and hydrogenation. information for m9 at m/z 193.0821 and 229.0707 indicated the loss of so3 (80 da) and co2 (44 da), respectively. the fragmentation pathway is shown in figure 5. in addition, this study mainly presents the metabolic reactions of related a 22 12 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 22 26 32 12 17 14 6 7 6 4 10 10 4 10 12 5 16 14 4 9 10 5 21 20 11 18 16 8 22 22 9 17 18 5 23 28 11 17 16 5 23 24 11 23 28 10 16 12 5 18 16 5 41 68 14 18 14 4 18 16 5 17 16 5 contd... table 1: identification of the prototype constituents of hd in plasma by uhplc‑qtof ms no. rt (min) m/z adducts formula theoretical m/z error (ppm) fragment ions identification structure type p1 2.23 341.0670 [m+h]+ c 18 h 12 o 7 341.0656 4.10 297.0788, 282.0495 salvianolic acid g phenolic acids p2 2.49 581.1850 [m+hcoo]− c h o 581.1876 -4.44 417.1187, 353.1311, 1-hydroxypinoresinol-1-ophenolic acids 374.0591, β-d-glucoside p3 2.92 313.0693 [m−h]− c h o 313.0712 -6.07 285.0179, 251.0431, 4’,5-dihydroxy-7,8flavonoids 137.0239 dimethoxyflavone p4* 3.17 153.0200 [m−h]− c h o 153.0193 4.36 135.0470, 123.0491, protocatechuic acid phenolic acids 109.0304 p5 3.17 239.0567 [m+hcoo]− c h o 239.0561 2.51 215.0708, 203.0922, caffeic acid methyl ester phenolic acids 116.0545 p6 3.55 211.0595 [m−h]− c h o 211.0612 -8.05 193.0578, 179.0236, danshensu methyl ester phenolic acids 169.0763, 150.0375 p7* 3.65 269.0807 [m−h]− c h o 269.0819 -4.58 203.0848, 175.0246, medicarpin flavonoids 147.0134, 93.0354 p8* 4.11 197.0480 [m−h]− c h o 197.0455 8.63 169.0313, 165.0652, danshensu phenolic acids 153.0233, 151.0067 p9 5.60 447.0973 [m−h]− c h o 447.0933 8.38 295.0582, 131.008 kaempferol 3‑o-β-dflavonoids glucoside p10 5.62 461.1041 [m+h]+ c 22 h 20 o 11 461.1078 -8.11 285.0621, 71.0007 wogonoside flavonoids p11 5.63 461.1120 [m−h]− c 22 h 22 o 11 461.1089 6.65 177.0296, 85.0345 hispiduloside flavonoids p12* 6.44 359.0792 [m−h]− c h o 359.0767 5.46 302.1233, 283.0118, rosmarinic acid phenolic acids 235.0542 p13* 6.81 431.1329 [m+h]+ c h o 431.1337 -1.76 369.0485, 271.0183, ononin flavonoids 269.0822, 241.0865, p14 7.31 489.1383 [m+h]+ c 24 h 24 o 11 489.1391 -1.71 257.0051, 237.0712 calycosin 7-o-β-d glucoside-6’’-o-acetate flavonoids p15* 7.35 303.1218 [m+h]+ c h o 303.1227 -2.97 285.1221, 199.0871, isomucronulatol flavonoids 125.0942, 107.0618 p16 7.57 479.1585 [m−h]− c h o 479.1559 5.46 303.0291, 301.0472 (3r)-7,2’-dihydroxy-3’,4’flavonoids dimethoxyisoflavan‑7‑o-β d-glucuronide p17 7.64 501.1085 [m−h]− c 24 h 22 o 12 501.1038 9.28 235.0739, 193.0568 di-feruloyl-tartaric acid phenolic acids p18 7.69 301.1036 [m+h]+ c h o 301.1071 9.46 283.1046, 167.0715 (6ar,11ar)-3,9flavonoids dimethoxy-10 hydroxypterocarpan p19 7.69 477.1378 [m+h]+ c h o 477.1391 -2.80 300.1300, 269.0956, odoratin 7-o-β-dflavonoids 167.0688, 145.0899 glucopyranoside p20 7.74 373.0950 [m−h]− c 19 h 18 o 8 373.0929 5.65 249.0125, 135.06 methyl rosmarinate phenolic acids p21 7.77 463.1640 [m−h]− c h o 463.1610 6.69 164.0442, 153.0659 2’-hydroxy-3’,4’flavonoids dimethoxyisoflavan 7‑o-β d-glucoside p22* 8.01 283.0604 [m−h]− c h o 283.0612 -2.83 239.0509, 237.0535, calycosin flavonoids 225.0175, 183.0146 p23* 8.17 283.0635 [m−h]− c 16 h 12 o 5 283.0612 8.13 269.0679, 196.0774 glycitein flavonoids p24* 8.44 313.1076 [m+h]+ c h o 313.1071 1.76 295.1090, 267.0986, tanshindiol b diterpenoids 257.0920, 253.0872, 219.0855 p25* 8.84 829.4600 [m+hcoo]− c h o 829.4591 1.07 785.1802, 489.4880, isoastragaloside iv triterpenoids 315.6395 p26 9.11 487.1263 [m−h]− c 24 h 24 o 11 487.1246 3.49 311.022, 145.0784 6’’-o-acetylglycitin flavonoids p27 9.32 295.0956 [m+h]+ c h o 295.0965 -3.00 277.0777, 267.0653, trijuganone a diterpenoids 259.0777, 251.0746 p28 9.39 313.1061 [m+h]+ c h o 313.1071 -3.03 299.1282, 297.1072, tanshindiol a diterpenoids 267.1042, 205.0338 p29 9.57 299.0919 [m−h]− c h o 299.0925 -2.00 269.0774, 255.0559 3-hydroxy-4,9flavonoids dimethoxypterocarpan ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 23 19 20 4 18 22 3 19 20 4 19 18 4 20 20 4 10 13 5 5 16 12 4 17 16 3 16 16 5 17 18 3 18 14 4 18 20 5 18 16 4 18 18 5 22 18 2 3 19 20 3 18 18 2 17 18 4 19 20 4 19 18 4 18 20 4 20 20 5 20 24 6 18 22 3 contd... table 1: contd... no. rt (min) m/z adducts formula theoretical m/z error (ppm) fragment ions identification structure type p30 9.69 313.1431 [m+h]+ c h o 313.1434 -1.07 297.1280, 295.1333, 3-hydroxycryptotanshinone diterpenoids 285.1468, 271.1060 p31 9.70 285.1515 [m−h]− c h o 285.1496 6.66 241.1436, 229.1076, przewalskin f diterpenoids 167.0387 p32 9.91 313.1403 [m+h]+ c h o 313.1434 -9.90 298.1101, 269.1509, miltionone i diterpenoids 257.1604, 255.1087 p33 9.92 311.1258 [m+h]+ c h o 311.1278 -6.38 297.1137, 267.1361, hydroxytanshinone diterpenoids 253.0781, 147.0768, 57.0704 p34 9.99 293.1147 [m+h]+ c 19 h 16 o 3 293.1172 -8.60 275.1185, 219.0843 dehydrotanshinone diterpenoids p35 9.99 325.1415 [m+h]+ c h o 325.1434 -5.96 215.0817, 211.1118, (s)-5,7-dihydroxy-6flavonoids 165.0656 prenylflavanone p36 10.00 284.0967 [m+h]+ c h n o 284.0989 -7.74 238.0934, 136.0534, guanosine others 135.1183, 107.0564 p37* 10.39 267.0690 [m−h]− c h o 267.0663 9.18 252.0450, 223.0369, formononetin flavonoids 208.0578, 137.0418 p38 10.46 293.0821 [m+h]+ c 18 h 12 o 4 293.0808 4.32 265.0849, 249.0946 tanshinol a diterpenoids p39 10.47 269.1183 [m+h]+ c h o 269.1172 4.01 251.1073, 233.0999, epidanshenspiroketallactone diterpenoids 223.1110, 205.1021 p40 10.49 287.0956 [m−h]− c h o 287.0925 9.81 269.1250, 259.0922, (3r)-7,2’,3’-trihydroxy-4’flavonoids 243.1326 methoxyisoflavane p41 10.70 271.1335 [m+h]+ c h o 271.1329 2.32 259.0857, 197.0723, neocryptotanshione ii diterpenoids 179.0898 p42 10.72 377.0792 [m+cl]c 19 h 18 o 6 377.0797 -1.33 311.0899, 297.0931, tanshinoic acid b phenolic acids 249.0577, 243.0766 p43 10.76 295.0960 [m+h]+ c h o 295.0965 -1.69 277.0852, 251.0577, 3α‑hydroxymethylenetansh diterpenoids 237.0527, 209.0597 inquinone p44* 10.82 283.0605 [m−h]− c 16 h 12 o 5 283.0612 -2.47 253.0364, 237.0669 wogonin flavonoids p45 11.14 317.1403 [m+h]+ c h o 317.1384 6.15 301.1504, 299.1252, 7-o-methylisomucronulatol flavonoids 285.1503, 271.1363 p46 11.15 297.1131 [m+h]+ c h o 297.1121 3.25 279.1019, 265.1266, tanshinol b diterpenoids 261.0932, 233.0946, 179.0867 p47 11.24 315.1217 [m+h]+ c h o 315.1227 -3.17 297.1102, 279.1140, 15,16-dihydrotanshinol b diterpenoids 271.1292, 147.0778 p48 11.78 453.1319 [m+cl]c 22 h 26 o 8 453.1322 -0.66 399.1609, 181.0615, syringaresinol others 137.0081 p49 11.79 359.1421 [m+h]+ c h n o 359.1390 8.63 342.1324, 341.1469, isosalviamides g diterpenoids 311.1269 p50 11.80 297.1483 [m+h]+ c h o 297.1485 -0.74 271.1349, 249.1057, isocryptotanshinone diterpenoids 211.0768 p51 11.82 267.1367 [m+h]+ c h o 267.1380 -4.87 253.1243, 249.1410, 4-methylenemiltirone diterpenoids 239.1465, 224.0543 p52 11.82 287.1300 [m+h]+ c h o 287.1278 7.71 269.1116, 233.1072, 2’-hydroxy-3’, flavonoids 181.0981 4’‑dimethoxyisoflavan p53 11.83 313.1428 [m+h]+ c h o 313.1434 -1.92 123.1181, 267.1253, 17-hydroxycryptotanshinone diterpenoids 295.1341, 297.1212 p54* 11.84 311.1286 [m+h]+ c h o 311.1278 2.62 295.0989, 293.1124, tanshinone iib diterpenoids 267.1372 p55 11.92 293.0797 [m+h]+ c 18 h 12 o 4 293.0808 -3.75 249.0883, 178.0775 monodydroxytanshinone i diterpenoids p56 11.92 301.1446 [m+h]+ c h o 301.1434 3.87 285.1441, 283.1330, salvianonol diterpenoids 265.1307, 255.0993 p57 11.96 341.1362 [m+h]+ c h o 341.1389 -7.91 221.0972, 115.0953, trijuganone c diterpenoids 83.0277 p58 11.97 359.1506 [m−h]− c h o 359.1500 1.67 221.0972, 115.0953, lariciresinol others 83.0277 p59 12.03 287.1642 [m+h]+ c h o 287.1642 0.10 271.1628, 269.1544, cryptoacetalide diterpenoids 261.1322, 251.1406, 231.1016 table 1: contd... ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 24 20 26 2 18 14 3 16 12 6 17 18 4 19 18 4 19 18 5 18 16 4 18 16 4 25 24 12 19 20 3 18 20 2 18 14 3 18 14 3 18 16 4 29 26 12 18 16 3 19 22 4 25 30 11 18 22 2 29 26 12 19 20 3 18 12 3 19 18 3 19 22 2 20 24 2 rt: retention time; *compound with a reference standard no. rt (min) m/z adducts formula theoretical m/z error (ppm) fragment ions identification structure type p60 12.43 299.1981 [m+h]+ c h o 299.2006 -8.21 284.1627, 255.1587, microstegiol diterpenoids 253.1972, 241.1245 p61 12.49 279.0991 [m+h]+ c h o 279.1016 -8.85 267.1035, 265.0792, methylenetanshinquinone diterpenoids 233.0933, 221.0775 p62 12.49 301.0707 [m+h]+ c h o 301.0712 -0.55 285.0849, 245.0820 3,3’,7-trihydroxy-4’ methoxyflavone flavonoids p63 12.49 579.1719 [m+h]+ c 27 h 30 o 14 579.1708 1.90 521.1344, 425.0752 violanthin flavonoids p64 12.93 309.1083 [m+na]+ c h o 309.1097 -4.53 223.0723, 165.0588, 4’-hydroxy-5,7flavonoids 139.0717 dimethoxyflavan p65 12.93 311.1249 [m+h]+ c h o 311.1278 -9.27 297.1037, 295.1289, isotanshinone iib diterpenoids 283.0846, 237.1279 p66 12.93 327.1199 [m+h]+ c h o 327.1227 -8.56 309.1136, 283.1298, 3-hydroxytanshinone iib diterpenoids 265.1206, 223.0751 p67* 12.97 297.1116 [m+h]+ c h o 297.1121 -1.8 281.1041, 279.1038, danshenxinkun a diterpenoids 263.0995, 251.1018, 233.1006 p68 13.01 295.0994 [m−h]− c h o 295.0976 6.10 277.1000, 249.0971, tanshinone vi diterpenoids 237.0969 p69 13.01 297.1123 [m+hcoo]− c 17 h 16 o 2 297.1132 -3.14 253.0741, 238.0611 salyunnanin d diterpenoids p70 13.67 517.1327 [m+h]+ c h o 517.1341 -2.71 471.1302, 455.1270, formononetin-7-o-β-dflavonoids 343.1491, 103.0473 glucoside-6”-o-malonate p71 13.85 355.1032 [m+na]+ c 14 h 20 o 9 355.1005 9.14 271.1145, 183.0568 leonuriside a phenolic acids p72 13.86 297.1474 [m+h]+ c h o 297.1485 -3.77 269.1572, 253.1582, 1-oxomiltirone diterpenoids 237.0902, 211.1415 p73 13.86 269.1539 [m+h]+ c h o 269.1536 1.09 254.1205, 227.1181, salvinone diterpenoids 191.0002 p74* 14.86 279.0996 [m+h]+ c h o 279.1016 -7.06 261.0978, 237.0809, dihydrotanshinone i diterpenoids 233.0947 p75 15.21 279.0986 [m+h]+ c h o 279.1016 -9.46 261.0783, 233.0869, 1,2-dihydrotanshinquinone diterpenoids 221.0803 p76 15.21 297.1138 [m+h]+ c h o 297.1121 5.60 279.1019, 261.0961, salmiltiorin a diterpenoids 233.1056 p77 15.62 567.1486 [m+h]+ c h o 567.1497 -1.94 225.0348, 184.0741, ethyl lithospermate phenolic acids 135.0745 p78* 15.70 281.1180 [m+h]+ c h o 281.1172 2.77 263.1048, 248.0706, trijuganone b diterpenoids 235.1119, 220.0855 p79* 15.77 315.1561 [m+h]+ c h o 315.1591 -9.52 297.1489, 279.1381, neocryptotanshinone diterpenoids 251.1421 p80 16.03 505.1690 [m−h]− c h o 505.1715 -4.95 243.0881, 241.1412, 2’-hydroxy-3’,4’flavonoids 225.0823 dimethoxyisoflavan 7‑o-β d-glucoside 6”-o-acetate p81 16.13 293.1496 [m+na]+ c h o 293.1512 -5.46 265.1234, 261.1287, miltiorolide a diterpenoids 257.1442, 247.1139 p82 16.35 565.1344 [m−h]− c h o 565.1351 -1.24 509.0867, 323.1432, dimethyl lithospermate phenolic acids 224.0818, 211.0551 p83 16.52 521.1345 [m−h]− c 24 h 26 o 13 521.1301 8.44 313.0461, 141.0486 salviaflaside phenolic acids p84 18.22 313.1441 [m−h]− c 19 h 22 o 4 313.1445 -1.28 283.1308, 175.1814 dehydrocrotonin diterpenoids p85 18.41 297.1490 [m+h]+ c h o 297.1485 1.61 281.1305, 279.1459, cryptotanshinone diterpenoids 271.1259, 241.1491 p86* 18.75 277.0860 [m+h]+ c h o 277.0865 -1.80 263.0643, 235.1056, tanshinone i diterpenoids 231.0628, 221.0914 p87* 21.96 295.1305 [m+h]+ c h o 295.1329 -8.03 281.1139, 277.1146, tanshinone iia diterpenoids 263.0981, 249.1241 p88* 22.56 283.1670 [m+h]+ c h o 283.1693 -8.12 267.1591, 225.0886, miltirone diterpenoids 197.1239 p89 22.68 319.1645 [m+na]+ c h o 319.1669 -7.52 277.0877, 249.0788, saprorthoquinone diterpenoids 204.0850 p90 24.70 367.1689 [m+cl]c 20 h 28 o 4 367.1682 1.91 334.1107, 271.0346 pinophicin a diterpenoids table 1: contd... ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 25 11 11 9 10 11 5 18 10 10 22 23 8 10 10 7 24 24 11 23 26 12 27 26 8 2 24 22 10 17 19 3 18 22 4 28 24 8 20 26 5 19 22 5 19 25 12 19 22 5 19 23 5 19 18 5 17 14 4 17 14 2 17 18 4 contd... table 2: identification of the metabolite constituents of hd in plasma by uhplc‑qtof ms no. rt (min) m/z adducts formula error (ppm) fragment ions identification structure type m1 1.35 211.0612 [m+h]+ c 10 h 10 o 5 5.21 195.0558, 167.0753, 105.0159 ferulic acid-hydroxylation phenolic acids m2 2.44 332.0076 [m−h]− c h no s -1.73 287.0819, 285.0676, unknown phenolic acids 242.0637, 217.0203 m3 2.49 226.0693 [m+h]+ c h o n -7.52 208.0462, 181.0514, glycine conjugate of caffeic acid‑ phenolic acids 149.0384, 137.0667, 135.0412 decarbonylation-hydroxylation m4 3.19 391.1017 [m−h]− c 19 h 20 o 9 -4.49 347.0351, 345.0284, 329.0401 methyl-rosmarinic acid-hydration phenolic acids m5 5.28 416.9955 [m−h]− c h o s 7.94 337.0324, 321.0465, calycosin-dicarbonylationflavonoids 283.1038, 257.0786 dehydroxylation-sulfate m6 5.62 461.1041 [m+h]+ c 22 h 20 o 11 -8.11 446.1054, 285.0621 calycosin-glucuronide flavonoids m7 5.63 460.1088 [m−h]− c h no s 3.56 416.1256, 283.0624, 239.0174 cysteine s-conjugate of calycosinflavonoids dihydrogenation m8 6.98 443.1012 [m−h]− c 22 h 20 o 10 6.39 267.0761, 252.0563, 208.0438 formononetin-glucuronide flavonoids m9 7.28 273.0101 [m−h]− c h o s 9.72 231.0957, 229.0707, methyl-danshensu-dehydration-sulfate phenolic acids 193.0959, 179.0928 m10 7.32 487.1294 [m−h]− c h o 9.88 311.0935, 283.1167, 255.1111 (6ar,11ar)-3,9,10-triflavonoids methoxypterocarpan-glucuronide m11 7.69 495.1550 [m+h]+ c h o 9.70 301.0928, 213.1757, 3-hydroxy-9,10flavonoids 167.0701, 57.0861 dimethoxyptercarpan-glucuronide hydration m12 7.99 477.1562 [m−h]− c h o -2.29 415.0689, 321.0535, dimethyl lithospermate-loss of 2co phenolic acids 245.0204, 224.0423 m13 8.26 469.1185 [m−h]− c h o 9.55 293.0885, 277.0956, 3α‑hydroxymethylenetanshinquinone‑ diterpenoids 257.1204, 229.0877 glucuronide m14 9.01 286.1465 [m+h]+ c h no 9.54 256.1095, 225.1297, 213.1322 glycine conjugate of diterpenoids epidanshenspiroketallactone didecarbonylation-hydroxylation m15 9.01 303.1563 [m+h]+ c h o -9.19 301.1411, 287.0901, salvianonol-reduction diterpenoids 267.1429, 257.1430 m16 9.10 487.1380 [m−h]− c h o -3.78 453.0858, 399.1635 salvianolic acid-methyl esterphenolic acids dehydroxylation m17 9.15 347.1953 [m−h]− c 16 h 30 no 7 1.01 329.1461, 305.1073 unknown phenolic acids m18 9.15 347.1892 [m−h]− c 20 h 28 o 5 8.07 295.0911, 259.1822 savialba acid-hydrogenation phenolic acids m19 9.46 345.1734 [m−h]− c h o 7.68 301.1441, 159.1391 7-o-methylisomucronulatolflavonoids dimethylation-hydrogenation m20 9.55 331.1515 [m+h]+ c h o -7.55 315.0708, 313.1389, hydroxycryptotanshinone-hydration diterpenoids 297.1187, 295.1233 m21 9.56 457.1280 [m−h]− c 27 h 22 o 7 -2.79 281.0793, 265.0678, 233.0750 unknown‑glucuronide flavonoids m22 9.56 458.1296 [m−h]− c h no -1.74 404.1332, 282.0887, glycine conjugate of danshensu phenolic acids 211.0635, 153.0436 methyl ester-methylation-glucuronide m23 9.71 331.1570 [m+h]+ c h o -9.06 313.1480, 297.1303, hydroxycryptotanshinone-hydration diterpenoids 295.1223, 277.1273 m24 9.88 501.1550 [m−h]− c 29 h 26 o 8 -0.98 421.1530, 245.1015, 179.1661 dimethyl lithospermate-dehydration phenolic acids m25 9.91 353.1375 [m+h]+ c 21 h 20 o 5 -2.41 337.1291, 249.1284 danshenol a-hydroxylation diterpenoids m26 9.91 331.1552 [m+h]+ c 19 h 22 o 5 3.62 313.1695, 295.1259, 285.1579 hydroxycryptotanshinone-hydration diterpenoids m27 9.93 346.1632 [m+h]+ c h no -4.91 311.1239, 283.1518, glycine conjugate of 4’‑hydroxy‑5,7‑ flavonoids 217.0991, 215.0534 dimethoxyflavan‑hydrogenation m28 10.00 327.1206 [m+h]+ c h o -6.42 311.1177, 283.1185, 267.1339, tanshinone iib-hydroxylation diterpenoids 255.1285 m29 10.00 283.0957 [m+h]+ c h o 9.25 267.0869, 243.1028, danshenxinkun a-demethylation diterpenoids 241.0864, 239.1111 m30 10.01 283.0958 [m+h]+ c 17 h 14 o 4 -2.42 268.0954, 239.0952, 223.0847 formononetin-methylation flavonoids m31 10.47 251.1091 [m+h]+ c h o 9.73 236.1147, 233.0841, 223.1078, dihydrotanshinone i-decarbonylation diterpenoids 219.1053, 205.0930 m32 10.48 285.1125 [m−h]− c h o -2.57 243.0406, 173.0926, 135.0734 (3r)-7,2’,3’-trihydroxy-4’flavonoids methoxyisoflavane‑methylation‑ dehydroxylation ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 26 17 20 5 18 14 5 19 22 5 18 14 4 14 14 4 24 25 7 21 19 2 20 26 4 24 24 9 18 20 3 19 18 4 19 20 5 19 18 4 21 14 5 24 24 9 20 27 11 21 30 10 17 18 8 19 20 5 18 18 3 18 18 4 18 18 contd... table 2: contd... no. rt (min) m/z adducts formula error (ppm) fragment ions identification structure type m33 10.48 303.1258 [m−h]− c h o 6.61 259.0820, 241.0250, 225.0305 (r)-3-(5-hydroxy-2,3,4flavonoids trimethoxyphenyl)-chroman-7-ol decarbonylation m34 10.49 477.2654 [m−h]− c 30 h 38 o 5 1.58 459.2495, 435.1606, 415.1041 unknown diterpenoids m35 10.57 309.0750 [m−h]− c h o -5.98 281.0871, 265.0920 3-hydroxy-4,9-dimethoxypterocarpanflavonoids dehydration-carbonylation m36 10.65 329.1388 [m−h]− c h o -1.97 287.1084, 285.1690, przewalskin f‑carbonylation diterpenoids 267.0917, 257.0927 m37 10.76 295.0980 [m+h]+ c h o 5.13 279.1138, 277.0825,267.1074, dihydrotanshinone i-hydroxylation diterpenoids 265.0970 m38 10.76 489.1742 [m−h]− c 25 h 30 o 10 -4.95 313.1620, 149.0526 neocryptotanshinone‑glucuronide diterpenoids m39 10.78 475.1952 [m+h]+ c 25 h 30 o 9 -2.23 299.1636, 281.1463, 193.1597 normiltirone‑glucuronide diterpenoids m40 10.82 247.0953 [m+h]+ c h o -4.80 233.0709,231.0961, 229.0855, (6ar,11ar)-3,9-dimethoxy-10flavonoids 189.0628 hydroxypterocarpandemethylation decarbonylation-hydroxylation m41 10.83 470.1298 [m−h]− c h no s 4.05 416.0904, 311.1240 n‑acetylcysteine s conjugate of diterpenoids 17-hydroxycryptotanshinone m42 11.14 318.1481 [m+h]+ c h no -2.37 304.1107, 300.0863, 278.1487 salviadione-methylationditerpenoids carbonylation-dehydroxylation m43 11.24 331.1883 [m+h]+ c h o -6.30 316.1387, 315.1490, microstegiol-hydroxylation diterpenoids 313.1725, 299.1958, 284.1378 m44 11.25 459.1616 [m+h]+ c 24 h 26 o 9 -7.32 311.0986, 237.1277 3-hydroxytanshinone iib-glu diterpenoids m45 11.66 455.1342 [m−h]− c 24 h 24 o 9 -1.22 279.1132, 263.1598, 199.0646 danshenxinkun b-glucuronide diterpenoids m46 11.67 455.1354 [m−h]− c 24 h 24 o 9 1.42 279.1048, 249.0947, 211.1134 trijuganone b-glucuronide diterpenoids m47 11.78 455.1349 [m−h]− c h o 0.32 441.1393, 425.1377 calycosin 7-o-β-d-glucoside-6’’-oflavonoids acetate-dehydroxylation m48 11.80 285.1513 [m+h]+ c h o 9.75 267.1340, 241.1364, deoxyneocryptotanshinonediterpenoids 229.0932, demethylation m49 11.82 311.1285 [m+h]+ c h o 2.30 295.1448, 293.1273, danshenxinkun a-methylation diterpenoids 265.1226, 249.0917 m50 11.82 329.1389 [m+h]+ c h o 1.67 311.1154, 269.1005, 267.1443, tanshinone iib-hydration diterpenoids 239.1102 m51 11.84 311.1294 [m+h]+ c h o 5.19 296.1383, 295.1222, danshenxinkun a-methylation diterpenoids 293.0733, 283.1355 m52 11.93 329.1378 [m+h]+ c 19 h 20 o 5 -1.67 311.1168, 283.1365, 267.1186 tanshinone iib-hydration diterpenoids m53 11.86 347.0910 [m+h]+ c h o -1.15 301.0718, 203.0743, 163.0736 monodydroxytanshinone diterpenoids i-methylation-dicarbonylation dehydroxylation m54 11.97 357.1350 [m−h]− c 20 h 22 o 6 1.79 329.1602, 313.1465, 299.1015 neocryptotanshinone‑carboxylation diterpenoids m55 12.48 455.1375 [m−h]− c h o 6.03 279.1034, 265.1148, trijuganone b-glucuronide diterpenoids 261.0883, 251.1161 m56 12.48 456.1505 [m−h]− c h no -1.39 412.0751, 375.0837, 279.1235 n‑acetylcysteine s conjugate of phenolic acids methyl rosmarinate m57 12.60 441.1738 [m−h]− c h o -6.39 299.1807, 265.1354 (3r, 4r)-4, 7-hydroxy-2’, flavonoids 3’‑dimethoxyisoflavane‑4’‑o-β-d glucoside-decarbonylation-hydration m58 12.93 351.1078 [m+h]+ c h o 1.01 335.1120, 307.0831, 297.068, 4’‑hydroxy‑5,7‑dimethoxyflavan‑ flavonoids 199.0493 hydroxylation m59 12.95 325.1166 [m−h]− c 12 h 22 o 10 7.93 311.1232, 282.1309, 265.0908 unknown diterpenoids m60 12.95 327.1227 [m−h]− c h o -3.35 285.1346, 241.1055 7-o-methylisomucronulatolflavonoids carbonylation-dehydroxylation m61 12.95 281.1205 [m−h]− c h o 7.76 265.0982, 261.1283, przewalskin f‑reduction diterpenoids 251.0887, 239.1044 m62 13.58 297.1123 [m−h]− c h o -3.14 253.0741, 179.0598 4’‑hydroxy‑5,7‑dimethoxyflavan‑ flavonoids carbonylation-dehydroxylation m63 13.86 251.1427 [m+h]+ c h o -1.36 239.1393, 235.1523, cryptotanshinone-dehydrationditerpenoids 233.1370, 223.1133 decarbonylation ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 27 4 2 2 2 19 22 5 16 12 2 20 18 10 21 18 9 22 20 11 22 22 6 26 20 7 18 12 2 20 20 4 18 18 4 rt: retention time 18 28 6 compounds, including dehydration, sulfation, methylation, and hydroxylation. identification of terpenoids a total of 84 terpenoid-related compounds were detected on hd after oral administration, which included diterpenoids and triterpenoid saponins. tanshinones are the main diterpenoids in vivo and exhibit various bioactivities, such as anti-cancer and anti‑pulmonary fibrosis activities.[26,27] according to a comprehensive analysis of the chemical composition of hd, tanshinones usually show a high response in the positive mode, and the most obvious feature of these compounds is the neutral loss of co and h2o. taking was speculated to be methyl-danshexinkun a [figure 6]. m20 and m23 exhibited [m + h]+ ions at m/z 331.1515 and 331.1570, respectively, which confirmed the same molecular formula as c h o . ms2 information was obtained at m/z 313, 297, and 295, which indicated losses of 18 da (-h2o), 28 da (-co), and 36 da (-2h2o), respectively. the quasi-molecular ions were 18 da larger than p30, suggesting that they may be the hydration products of p30. hydroxylation, dehydroxylation, decarbonylation, methylation, hydration, and other reactions occur during terpenoid metabolism. discussion p30 (c 19 h o ) as an example, the protonated [m + h]+ in this study, hd‑related metabolic profiling was used to ion was observed at m/z 313.1431. the characteristic information exhibited at m/z 297.1280 ([m + h-o]+), 295.1333 ([m + h-h o]+), 285.1468 ([m + h-co]+), and 271.1060 ([m + h-co-ch ]+), which was considered to be hydroxycryptotanshinone.[28] p67 (m/z 297.1116, [m + h]+) systematically characterize the absorbed compounds and their products. in total, 90 prototypes and 74 biochemical products were identified in rats orally administered hd. the major components found in rats were flavonoids, phenolic acids, produced a molecular formula of c 18 h 16 o 4 , while the and terpenoids, indicating that these could be the potential characteristic fragment ions at m/z 281.1041 ([m + h-o]+), 279.1038 ([m + h-h o]+), 263.0995 ([m + h-h o-o]+), and bioactive components of hd. 2 2 flavonoids are the main active components of huangqi and 251.1018 ([m + h-h o-co]+) in ms2 information. therefore, p67 was identified as danshenxinkun a by comparison with the standard. are highly bioavailable and easily absorbed into the blood. calycosin, the aglycone of calycosin-7-o-β-d-glucoside, which possessed pharmacological activities, including metabolite m49 (c 19 h 18 o 4 ) presented a quasi-molecular anti-inflammatory and anti-hepatic injury effects.[29,30] ion at m/z 311.1285 ([m + h]+), corresponding to ch from p67. a range of unique fragment information were collected at m/z 295 .1448 ([m + ho] +) , 293.1273 ([m + h-h o]+), 265.1226 ([m + h-h o-co]+), calycosin-7-o-β-d-glucoside may lose a glucosyl group into calycosin and produced formononetin by dehydroxylation reaction. calycosin can be metabolized by glucuronidation to produce calycosin-glucuronide metabolites with improved 2 2 and 249.0917 ([m + h-h o-co ]+). therefore, m49 bioavailability. in addition, two isoflavone glycosides (calycosin 2 2 2 20 table 2: contd... no. rt (min) m/z adducts formula error (ppm) fragment ions identification structure type m64 13.86 237.0921 [m+h]+ c h o 4.61 223.1107, 209.0947, danshenxinkun c-dehydroxylation diterpenoids 205.0989, 194.0785 m65 13.87 449.0588 [m−h]− c h o s 8.93 415.0845, 407.0618, methyl rosmarinate-dehydrationphenolic acids 405.0615, 359.0374 methylation-sulfate m66 13.87 413.0883 [m−h]− c h o 1.20 345.1053, 323.0604, methyl rosmarinate-dicarbonylationphenolic acids 295.0321, 223.0262 dehydroxylation m67 13.87 459.0896 [m−h]− c h o -8.03 415.0881, 341.1108 kaempferol 3‑o-β-d-glucosideflavonoids carbonylation-dehydroxylation m68 14.15 381.1351 [m−h]− c h o 1.94 375.1008, 271.1079 calycosin-7-o-β-d-glucosideflavonoids dehydroxylation m69 15.79 443.1146 [m−h]− c h o 2.20 425.1021, 367.0838, unknown flavonoids 285.0845, 275.0290 m70 20.29 261.0899 [m+h]+ c h o -4.24 246.0793, 233.1012, tanshinone i-dehydroxylation diterpenoids 219.0659, 205.0969 m71 20.30 325.1461 [m+h]+ c h o 8.19 281.1305, 279.0786, dehydromiltirone-carboxylation diterpenoids 261.0901, 253.1611 m72 20.64 299.1276 [m+h]+ c h o -0.62 284.0908, 281.1136, 15,16-dihydrotanshinol bditerpenoids 191.1415, 141.0617 dehydroxylation m73 21.74 293.1421 [m+h]+ c 19 h 18 no 2 3.65 277.0615, 269.0408, 235.0188 salviadione-dehydrogenation diterpenoids m74 22.24 341.1925 [m+h]+ c h o -9.86 307.1255, 299.1614, militibetin a-hydrationditerpenoids 241.1284, 165.1307 dihydroxylation ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 28 figure 3: the ms/ms spectra of formononetin and its possible metabolite. (a) formononetin; (b) formononetin‑glucuronidation; (c) possible fragment pathways 7-o-β-d-glucoside-6’’-o-acetate and formononetin 7-o-β-d glucoside-6”-o‑malonate) and a flavonoid glycoside (odoratin 7-o-βd-glucopyranoside) were detected, demonstrating that they could be directly absorbed in vivo. according to the metabolic information, glucuronidation and cysteine s‑conjugation are the major metabolic pathways. some phase i reactions, such as methylation, hydroxylation, dehydroxylation, and reduction, occurred during the metabolism of hd. the plasma that contained the medication had prototypical components and phenolic acid metabolites in it. with pharmacological characteristics including antithrombotic actions, the one-phenolic acid molecule known as danshensu is a powerful physiologically active chemical. [31] in danshensu takes up residence in the enters the circulation and, by means of a dehydration process, generates caffeic acid; this acid may then be methylated to create caffeic acid methyl ester. it is via glycine conjugation processes, glucuronidation, sulfation, and methylation that danshensu produces metabolites. researching and characterizing the pertinent biotransformation products in rats that mostly experienced phase ii metabolic processes was based on these findings. terpenoids, including diterpenoids and triterpenoids, are the most abundant compounds found in drug-containing plasma. a total of 84 terpenoids were identified in vivo during hd, including 46 parent constituents and 38 metabolites. tanshinones are the main diterpenoids found in danshen. cryptotanshinone is easily metabolized into tanshinone iib, a b c ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 29 figure 4: proposed metabolic pathways of some typical flavonoids in rat plasma after oral administration of huangqi‑danshen hydroxycryptotanshinone, and tanshinone i. tanshinone iib and hydroxycryptotanshinone can further form metabolites through hydration reactions. tanshinone i is metabolized to danshexinkun a, which generates methylated metabolites. saponins are generally recognized to have poor oral bioavailability. a related study of huangqi in vitro shows that it contains a large amount of triterpene saponins,[32] but during in vivo metabolism, triterpene saponin compounds enter the blood to a lesser extent. in our study, isoastragaloside iv was the only triterpene saponin-related component detected in rat plasma. this may be due to the large relative molecular mass of the triterpenoid saponin constituents, which makes it more difficult for them to be absorbed in vivo, resulting in low bioavailability. as mentioned above, the absorbed components mainly consist of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids, suggesting that these components are the major contributors to hd. a large number of multi-step metabolites were found in plasma, indicating that these hd compounds underwent abundant metabolic reactions in vivo. therefore, conducting an in-depth and comprehensive metabolic process analysis of hd in combination with biological samples such as urine, tissue, and feces is necessary. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 30 figure 5: the ms/ms spectra of danshensu and its possible metabolite. (a) danshensu; (b) methyl‑danshensu‑dehydration‑sulfate; (c) possible fragment this study aimed to elucidate the pharmacodynamic underpinnings of hd and offer a scientific foundation for the sensible use of this drug in clinical research and associated new drug development. conclusions in vivo, tcms may be subjected to a wide variety of drug metabolic mechanisms. by shedding or binding groups, the prototypes absorbed in biological matrices are transformed into metabolites. metabolites in close proximity to one another also undergo biotransformation. manual processing of mass discrepancies is required by traditional metabolite identification methodologies. between distinctive ions, a process that is both tedious and time-consuming. one way to lessen the burden on data processors is to automate the calculation of the mass difference using r programming. based on the mass differences between prototypes and their products using uhplc-qtof ms, this work developed a systematic technique to identify and profile the exogenous components in tcms. both potential prototype components and metabolites that underwent multistage reactions were effectively screened using this technique. this led to the discovery of 164 chemicals in rat plasma, including 90 prototypes and 74 metabolites. terpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids are its primary constituents. in vivo component characterization of hd has established a b c ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 31 a b c figure 6: the ms/ms spectra of danshenxinkun a and its possible metabolite. 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yin x, fan m, et al. identification ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 3 33 of absorbed constituents and evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of main compounds after oral administration of yindanxinnaotong by uplc‑q‑tof‑ms and uplc‑qqq‑ms. rsc adv 2018;8:15725‑39. 29. su x, huang q, chen j, wang m, pan h, wang r, et al. calycosin suppresses expression of pro‑inflammatory cytokines via the activation of p62/nrf2‑linked heme oxygenase 1 in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. pharmacol res 2016;113:695‑704. 30. duan x, meng q, wang c, liu z, liu q, sun h, et al. calycosin attenuates triglyceride accumulation and hepatic fibrosis in murine model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via activating farnesoid x receptor. phytomedicine 2017;25:83‑92. 31. xue y, zhang l, zhang l, sun w, fang z, leng y, et al. danshensu prevents thrombosis by inhibiting platelet activation via sirt1/ros/ mtdna pathways without increasing bleeding risk. phytomedicine 2022;104:154271. 32. huang j, chen h, li c, liu w, ma w, rui w. screening and identification of the metabolites of water extracts of raw and honey-processed astragalus in rat urine based on uhplc/ esi-q-tof-ms and multivariate statistical analysis. j am soc mass spectrom 2018;29:1919-35. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 1 abstract: in china, conventional medicine does not exclude traditional chinese medicine (tcm). traditional chinese medicine (tcm) treatments must be provided by publicly funded community health centers. perceived quality of traditional chinese medicine (tcm) treatment at community health centers was the focus of this research. methods. participants in the study were 471 tcm users from four different hangzhou community health facilities, and the research was a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. on a likert scale, we asked participants to score the tcm services they got in terms of how tangible, reliable, responsive, assured, and empathic they felt. we used linear regression models to identify the service and sociodemographic variables linked to the ratings. final product. with certainty receiving the greatest score and empathy receiving the lowest, the average evaluations on the five components of tcm treatment varied from 78 to 88 out of 100. when compared to western medicine, tcm was preferred by those who had a higher opinion of its quality of treatment (apart from assurance). the attentiveness and empathy of the care were judged higher by those who reported spending more than 100 yuan on tcm treatment. when it came to dependability, certainty, and empathy, however, more frequent trips to community tcm services were linked to poorer scores. they also felt less real care for those who had two or more tcm treatments. furthermore, women did better than males when it came to dependability and responsiveness. reliability and responsiveness were scored higher by those with a university degree, while assurance and empathy were rated lower by those with a top education of senior high school. a decrease in both perceived tangibility and certainty was likewise linked to living in a rural area. respondents in the service and retail industries rated assurance higher than those in the public sector, but empathy lower. in summary. patients at hangzhou's community health centers who used traditional chinese medicine (tcm) reported generally good results. still, in order to win over and keep customers who have faith in tcm, the quality of tcm services must be enhanced. chinese traditional medical journal community health services in hangzhou, china: a crosssectional survey on the perceived quality of traditional chinese medicine care sai krishna, krishna vamshi department of pharmacy, comsats university islamabad, abbottabad campus, abbottabad, pakistan received on: 21 dec 2024 revised on: 20 jan 2024 accepted date: 25 feb 2024 published on: 16 april 2025 1. background among the many cam practices available today, traditional chinese medicine (tcm) ranks high in popularity. to ensure the safe and effective use of complementary and alternative medicine (cam), the world health organization (who) released the "traditional medicine strategy 2002-2005" in 2002 [1]. the "traditional medicine strategy 2014–2023," its most current revision, aims to advance a conventional health systems' incorporation of cam on a worldwide scale [2]. more and more people in industrialized nations are turning to cam, according to the available data. for instance, in 2012, americans spent $30.2 billion on complementary and alternative medicine (cam), and 59 million individuals tried some kind of cam. the accessibility, affordability, and availability of cam make it a potentially life-saving option in many low and middle-income nations. according to the world health organization, traditional medicines are used by as much as 80% of the african population for basic healthcare purposes [3]. there has been an effort by some developing nations to include traditional medicine into their primary care systems [3-5]. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 2 traditional chinese medicine (tcm) encompasses a variety of practices that have achieved global prominence, including acu-puncture, moxibustion, herbal medicine, and therapeutic massage. more than seventy-five public health centers in the tuscan network of integrative therapy, for instance, provide alternative treatments including herbal therapy and acupuncture [4]. traditional chinese medicine (tcm) has been an integral part of the health care system in mainland china ever before the prc was founded [6]. it has permeated every aspect of health care, from illness prevention to emergency room treatment, long-term care, and rehabilitation [7]. nevertheless, traditional chinese medicine (tcm) was put at risk during the market-driven health reform of the 1980s and 1990s in china, when allopathic medicine and hospital treatment were the norm [8]. ever since then, the costly and disjointed nature of health care services has been the target of growing criticism. in 2006, the federal government implemented a program to promote traditional chinese medicine (tcm) by mandating that all community health centers employ a tcm specialist [9]. approximately 52.0% of primary care physicians[11] and 51.6% of community health centers[10] offered tcm treatments by 2009. the federal government reaffirmed traditional chinese medicine's (tcm) significance in 2016 and established a target of providing tcm to all residents via community health programs by 2020 [12]. there are several systems that use different methods to give tcm services. a big plan to ensure that all people in mainland china have access to primary care incorporates tcm as one of its fundamental tenets. one tcm hospital should be built in each county, and tcm services should be widely available even in non-tcm health facilities [13]. there are 43 traditional chinese medicine (tcm) universities and institutions in china, as reported by the national administration of tcm. more than 729,000 students enrolled at these institutions in 2018, and over 48,300 academic members were employed by them [14]. under the same legal framework, practitioners of traditional chinese medicine (tcm) are registered as medical physicians much like their western medical counterparts. thirty foreign centers were also intended to be established by the chinese government by the end of 2020 [15]. the traditional chinese medicine (tcm) system in mainland china is marked by a high number of institutions, heavy reliance on governmental funding, and close cooperation between tcm and western medicine. despite a persistent attempt to modernizing the tcm workforce via higher education, these traits are substantially different from those in hong kong, taiwan, and other locations where tcm services are also extensively provided [16]. notably, social health insurance plans in mainland china support traditional chinese medicine (tcm) services, which encompass about 1300 tcm items and 892 components [18]. acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and new coronavirus pneumonia (covid-19) outbreaks have also seen the utilization of traditional chinese medicine (tcm) products for both infection prevention and patient treatment [19]. as a result of official directives, the use of traditional chinese medicine (tcm) in public health services is clearly on the rise in mainland china. in hangzhou, the location of the research, reported a 47.11% increase in traditional chinese medicine (tcm) visits to community health services between 2012 and 2015. among all visits to community health services in 2013, 2014, and 2015, the proportion of visits attributed to traditional chinese medicine was 25.46%, 26.87%, and 30.64%, respectively [20]. it is unclear, however, if tcm patients are satisfied with the treatment they get. through a cross-sectional survey of tcm users in hangzhou's community health facilities, this research sought to address this topic. there has been a lot of push from the world health organization to raise the bar for complementary and alternative medicine (cam) services [2]. we may learn more about the requirements of people who use traditional chinese medicine (tcm) and how to improve policies in china's primary care system based on the results of this research. 2. methods this study adopted a cross-sectional design. the study was undertaken in hangzhou, one of the most developed mu nicipalities in china with over 9.8 million permanent res idents. hangzhou is divided into 13 local jurisdictions and the majority (over 77%) of its residents live in the 10 urban districts. in 2019, its per capita gdp reached 152,000 yuan (us$22,969), much higher than the national average of 71,000 yuan (us$10,729). hangzhou established 129 com munity health centers, 100 of which have a dedicated tcm unit. the total volume of tcm visits in community health services have exceeded 10 million since 2013 [21]. ethics approval for the study protocol was obtained from hangzhou normal university (reference number 20190070). the survey was anonymous and verbal informed consent was obtained prior to proceeding of the survey. 2.1. sampling. participants of this study were selected using a multi-stage sampling strategy. four urban districts (shangcheng, xiacheng, jianggan and gongshu) were purposively identified first, representing different levels of economic development and geographical locations in hangzhou. per capita gdp of the four districts ranged from 12,218 usd (jianggan) to 42,728 usd (shangcheng) in 2017 [22]. in each district, an average-sized community health center with a well-established tcm unit was selected. about 3,200 patients visited the selected tcm units over the period of the survey (1–4 july 2017) and 500 adult patients (≥18 years) were conveniently approached by the trained data collectors to participate in the survey. of those invited, 471 (94.2%) completed the survey. this sample size allowed us to make a reliable estimation of the quality ratings and perform linear regression modelling on the ratings with up to 50 independent variables [23]. 2.2. instruments. data were collected using a self-developed questionnaire. the questionnaire comprised two sections. the first section investigated the participants’ use of health care services based on andersen’s behavioral model [24]. it captured needs factors (measured by the demographic characteristics of respondents, chronic conditions, and a self-rating on overall health) and enabling factors (measured ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 3 by marital status, education, income, job, residency, and health insurance). previous studies show that these variables are significant predictors of health and health care outcomes [25, 26]. in this study, chronic condition was identified from a list of diagnosed conditions, including hypertension, di abetes, gout, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, digestive diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver disease, kidney disease, and tumor. self-rating on overall health was assessed on a five-point likert scale, which was then recoded into three categories (good, fair and poor) in data analyses. income was estimated as monthly household average income per capita. residency was defined by the household registration system “hukou.” in china, welfare entitlements are attached to local hukou registra tions. china has established almost universal health insur ance coverage thanks to multiple hukou-based funds subsidized by the government [26]. these funds can be categorized into three types: basic health insurance for urban employees, basic health insurance for urban residents, and new rural cooperative medical scheme. overall, urban employees enjoy a higher level of entitlements than others. the questionnaire also captured the frequency, type, and cost of tcm care services, which encompassed medicine conditioning, acupuncture, massage, cupping, scraping, fumigation, acupoint injection, moxibustion, “hot ironing,” and traditional treatment for bone injuries. the second section assessed patient perceived quality of the current tcm visit in community health services using the servqual framework proposed by parasuraman and colleagues [27–29]. it is perhaps the most commonly used framework for measuring quality of healthcare services in both developed and developing countries [30]. the servqual framework taps into five dimensions of quality of care: tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. tangibility measures accessibility to physical and human resources. reliability indicates the ability to accu rately and reliably complete the promised services. re sponsiveness captures the adequacy of service providers to meet consumer requests. assurance reflects trust and con fidence of consumers on the competency of service pro viders. empathy addresses personalized needs and context [31]. minor modifications were made on the servqual instrument after two rounds of consultations with 15 experts and interviews with 20 tcm users for the purpose of ad aptation to the context of tcm services in china. for ex ample, responsiveness involved simplification of services procedures and disclosure of information about the prac titioners. this resulted in an adapted version of servqual, comprising 23 items, with an overall cronbach’s α coeffi cient of 0.936, well above 0.70 as required [32]. the final data analyses further excluded three items since deletion of these items produced a higher cronbach’s α coefficient for their respective domains in the pilot study involving 100 par ticipants. three items were “q12 the institution provides convenience services such as consultation, consultation, and triage,” “q17 the number of chinese medicine personnel and the allocation of professional titles are reasonable, which can meet your medical needs,” “q21 doctors provide you with personalized service.” the finalized servqual-based community tcm health service evaluation questionnaire is shown in the (available (here)) appendix. the exploratory factor analysis (varimax rotation) with the final sample (n � 471) suggested a five-factor structure of the instrument, supporting the construct validity of the instrument con firmed by the studies in asian populations including in china [33, 34]. 2.3. data collection. the questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews in the participating com munity health centers. eight interviewers were trained over a two-day workshop. they were taught about how to follow the protocol, how to initiate a conversation with the study participants appropriately considering their literacy level, and how to avoid bias and ensure completeness of data. the trained interviewers were paired and deployed to the selected community health centers. however, they worked independently. data were collected at the customer services area. patients who had completed the tcm care were approached whenever one of the interviewers was available. on average, each interviewer collected 15 questionnaires per day. each interview took about 13 minutes (ranging from 10 to 20 minutes). the interviewers explained the purpose and procedure of the study and obtained oral informed consent from the participants prior to the survey. participation in the survey was completely voluntary. the interviewers had no servicing relationships with the interviewees. 2.4. data analysis. the primary outcome of this study was perceived quality of the tcm care reflected on five domains: tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and em pathy. each quality item in the questionnaire was rated on a five-point likert scale, with a higher score indicating a higher level of quality of care. a summed score was then calculated for each quality domain and subsequently transformed into a score ranging from 0 to 100 [35]. the score was interpreted as a continuous quality spectrum. means and standard deviations of quality scores were presented. the secondary outcome of this study examined varia tions of perceived quality of the tcm care and determinants of the variations. student’s t-tests or analysis of variance (f tests) for independent samples were performed to examine the statistical differences in quality scores across groups of respondents with different characteristics. multivariate linear regression models were established to identify the independent variables associated with the five domains of quality ratings. a stepwise approach was adopted in the modelling involving all the tested independent variables (section one of the questionnaire). missing data, if any, were handled through listwise deletion. data were double entered into epidata 3.1 to ensure accuracy. statistical analyses were performed using spss 21.0. a p value at 0.05 (two sides) was set for statistical significance. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 4 3. results 3.1. respondent personality traits. of those who took part in the poll, 67.7% were female, 66.5% were 45 and over, and 83.7% were married. a local household registration was held by the majority of respondents (17.8%), while 17.8% were not. similarly, the two urban insurance schemes covered the majority of the respondents. respondents' distribution across educational attainment was very consistent. with an average salary of 5,389 yuan in hangzhou in 2018, more than 42% of respondents reported a monthly family income of less than 5,000 yuan. the majority of respondents (36.5%) reported having at least one chronic illness, and almost one-seventh(17%) evaluated their health as bad. a mere 32% of those who took the survey really lived within the designated walking distance of a community health center, which is a goal set by the government. people rated secondary hospitals as the worst option for medical treatment. while only 18.7% of those who took the survey specifically indicated a preference for tcm, 41.2% said they would rather have a combination of tcm and western treatment. the community health centers were the initial point of contact for about 28.5% of respondents seeking tcm treatments. more than two-thirds of the patients (64%), often at a cost of less than 100 yuan (about $15 usd) (table 1), received several tcm modalities. 3.2. how great tcmcare is seen. on average, the respondents rated tangibility at 82.52 (sd = 12.05), dependability at 83.14 (sd = 10.96), responsiveness at 79.63 (sd = 11.77), assurance at 87.64 (sd = 11.84), and empathy at 78.27 (sd = 13.12). reliability, education, job, health insurance, chronic conditions, preferred health providers, frequency of visits to community health services, tcm modalities, and tcm cost were the factors that affected the ratings. table 2 shows that there was an association between the five dimensions of care quality and factors such as preferred care, number of visits, and frequency of traditional chinese medicine (tcm) treatment in community health facilities. after accounting for variations in other variables, the multivariate linear regression models confirmed that gender, education, job, health insurance, preferred care, frequency of tcm care received in community health services, tcm modalities, and care cost were significant predictors of quality ratings (table 3). when compared to western medicine, tcm was preferred by those who had a higher opinion of its quality of treatment (apart from assurance). the attentiveness and empathy of the care were judged higher by those who reported spending more than 100 yuan on tcm treatment. however, dependability, certainty, and empathy scores were lower among those who visited community tcm services more often. they also felt less real care for those who had two or more tcm treatments. additionally, women scored better on the responsiveness and dependability measures. respondents with a bachelor's degree or above rated dependability and responsiveness higher; in contrast, those who had completed senior high school scored lower on the measures of certainty and empathy. residency in rural areas was similarly linked to lower levels of perceived tangibility and certainty. respondents in the service and retail industries rated assurance higher than those in the public sector, but empathy lower. 4. discussion results showed that traditional chinese medicine (tcm) treatment in community health services was well-received by participants, who gave it good marks across all five quality characteristics (76–88 out of 100). consistent with previous research [36, 37], this study found that assurance received the highest rating, whereas empathy received the lowest. a number of initiatives and investments have been made by the chinese government in recent years to support the growth of traditional chinese medicine (tcm) in community health services. it is possible that the increasing competence and skill of the tcm staff is the only explanation for the comparatively higher assurance rating. the comparatively low score on empathy, however, suggests that tcm's strengths in holistic and individualized approaches were not fully operational. patients' perceptions of the efficacy of tcm treatment did not correlate with their actual health requirements, as assessed using contemporary notions of illness and wellness, according to this research. however, community health services in china and other contemporary healthcare institutions are often shaped to meet the demands of healthcare providers rather than patients [38]. when traditional chinese medicine (tcm) becomes more embedded in the allopathic-dominated mainstream, it runs the risk of departing from its traditional practices [39]. crowded, fragmented, and episodic tcm services are possible outcomes [40]. women with higher levels of education are more likely to take cam, according to studies conducted in other nations [41, 42]. findings from this study are in line with previous research showing that female tcm users in community health services had better ratings of the responsiveness and dependability of tcm services compared to male users [43]. however, correlations between education and how well people feel their tcm therapy was delivered do not follow a predictable pattern. consistent with zun's results [44], we discovered that individuals with a university degree ranked better on dependability and accountability. this seems to go against the grain of what these users may have greater expectations of [45]. but we also discovered that tcm users with a high school diploma or equivalent scored worse on measures of confidence and empathy than those with lesser levels of education. retail and service industry employees had a lower empathy rating and a higher assurance rating, which is an intriguing discovery. it stresses the need of looking at quality evaluation from many angles. the likelihood of having one's unique requirements addressed is hampered by the lesser credentials held by retail and service personnel on a global scale [46]. urban-rural disparities in perceived tangibility and as surance of tcm care deserves further investigations. urban rural inequalities in health care and health outcomes have been a major policy concern in china [6]. this study was ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 5 table 1: characteristics of respondents and tcm services. characteristics number (%)∗ of respondents shangcheng xiacheng gongshu jianggan total male 32 (30.5) 39 (31.5) 42 (37.8) 39 (29.8) 152 (32.3) female 73 (69.5) 85 (68.5) 69 (62.2) 92 (70.2) 319 (67.7) 18–25 0 (0.0) 11 (8.9) 6 (5.4) 3 (2.3) 20 (4.2) age (years) 26–45 7 (6.7) 56 (45.2) 47 (42.3) 28 (21.4) 138 (29.3) 46–65 60 (57.1) 51 (41.1) 41 (36.9) 73 (55.7) 225 (47.8) >65 38 (36.2) 6 (4.8) 17 (15.3) 27 (20.6) 88 (18.7) local 94 (89.5) 83 (66.9) 97 (87.4) 113 (86.3) 387 (82.2) non-local 11 (10.5) 41 (33.1) 14 (12.6) 18 (13.7) 84 (17.8) ≤ primary school 32 (30.5) 11 (8.9) 15 (13.5) 41 (31.3) 99 (21.0) education marital status monthly household income per capita (¥) job health insurance junior high school 32 (30.5) 28 (22.6) 24 (21.6) 32 (24.4) 116 (24.6) senior high school 21 (20.0) 34 (27.4) 31 (27.9) 34 (26.0) 120 (25.5) university 20 (19.0) 51 (41.1) 41 (36.9) 24 (18.3) 136 (28.9) single 1 (1.0) 23 (18.5) 15 (13.5) 5 (3.8) 44 (9.3) married 93 (88.6) 97 (78.2) 86 (77.5) 118 (90.1) 394 (83.7) divorced/widowed 11 (10.5) 4 (3.2) 10 (9.0) 8 (6.1) 33 (7.0) <5000 61 (58.1) 38 (30.6) 37 (33.3) 64 (48.9) 200 (42.5) 5000–9999 36 (34.3) 50 (40.3) 62 (55.9) 55 (42.0) 203 (43.1) ≥10000 8 (7.6) 36 (29.0) 12 (10.8) 12 (9.2) 68 (14.4) public institution 5 (4.8) 13 (10.5) 12 (10.8) 10 (7.6) 40 (8.5) corporate company 6 (5.7) 36 (29.0) 26 (23.4) 15 (11.5) 83 (17.6) retail and services 9 (8.6) 19 (15.3) 20 (18.0) 13 (9.9) 61 (13.0) retired 72 (68.6) 26 (21.0) 36 (32.4) 66 (50.4) 200 (42.5) self-employed 10 (9.5) 19 (15.3) 10 (9.0) 21 (16.0) 60 (12.7) others 3 (2.9) 11 (8.9) 7 (6.3) 6 (4.6) 27 (5.7) urban employee 74 (70.5) 86 (69.4) 79 (71.2) 100 (76.3) 339(72.0) urban residents 22 (21.0) 26 (21.0) 29 (26.1) 20(15.3) 97 (20.6) rural residents 9 (8.6) 12 (9.7) 3 (2.7) 11 (8.4) 35 (7.4) yes 57 (54.3) 29 (23.4) 37 (33.3) 49 (37.4) 172 (36.5) no 48 (45.7) 95 (76.6) 74 (66.7) 82 (62.6) 299 (63.5) poor 20 (19.0) 17 (13.7) 13 (11.7) 30 (22.9) 80 (17.0) perceived health distance to nearest community health center (minutes) preferred health provider preferred health care fair 41 (39.0) 68 (54.8) 62 (55.9) 74 (56.5) 245 (52.0) good 44 (41.9) 39 (31.5) 36 (32.4) 27 (20.6) 146 (31.0) ≤15 36 (34.3) 38 (30.6) 36 (32.4) 41 (31.3) 151 (32.1) 16–30 30 (28.6) 38 (30.6) 44 (39.6) 47 (35.9) 159 (33.8) >30 39 (37.1) 48 (38.7) 31 (27.9) 43 (32.8) 161 (34.2) community facility 67 (63.8) 78 (62.9) 90 (81.1) 97 (74.0) 332 (70.5) secondary hospital 10 (9.5) 12 (9.7) 0 (0.0) 12 (9.2) 34 (7.2) tertiary hospital 28 (26.7) 34 (27.4) 21 (18.9) 22 (16.8) 105 (22.3) tcm 17 (16.2) 26 (21.0) 8 (7.2) 37 (28.2) 88 (18.7) western medicine 36 (34.3) 49 (39.5) 50 (45.0) 54 (41.2) 189 (40.1) integrated 52 (49.5) 49 (39.5) 53 (47.7) 40 (30.5) 194 (41.2) yes 28 (26.7) 37 (29.8) 36 (32.4) 33 (25.2) 134 (28.5) no 77 (73.3) 87 (70.2) 75 (67.6) 98 (74.8) 337 (71.5) visits to community health institutions over the past month visits to community tcm over the past month average tcm cost per visit (¥) tcm modalities received in the current visit purpose of the current visit <5 23 (21.9) 71 (57.3) 48 (43.2) 39 (29.8) 181 (38.4) 5–9 67 (63.8) 50 (40.3) 60 (54.1) 55 (42.0) 232 (49.3) ≥10 15 (14.3) 3 (2.4) 3 (2.7) 37 (28.2) 58 (12.3) <5 27 (25.7) 74 (59.7) 54 (48.6) 42 (32.1) 197 (41.8) 5–9 63 (60.0) 48 (38.7) 54 (48.6) 55 (42.0) 220 (46.7) ≥10 15 (14.3) 2 (1.6) 3 (2.7) 34 (26.0) 54 (11.5) <50 28 (26.7) 41 (33.1) 26 (23.4) 47 (35.9) 142 (30.1) 50–99 68 (64.8) 59 (47.6) 82 (73.9) 74 (56.5) 283 (60.1) ≥100 9 (8.6) 24 (19.4) 3 (2.7) 10 (7.6) 46 (9.8) <2 17 (16.2) 42 (33.9) 36 (32.4) 73 (55.7) 168 (35.7) 2 25 (23.8) 37 (29.8) 36 (32.4) 26 (19.8) 124 (26.3) >2 63 (60.0) 45 (36.3) 39 (35.1) 32 (24.4) 179 (38.0) disease treatment 68 (64.8) 64 (51.6) 56 (50.5) 77 (58.8) 265 (56.3) preventive care 9 (8.6) 35 (28.2) 35 (31.5) 14 (10.7) 93 (19.7) rehabilitation 28 (26.7) 25 (20.2) 20 (18.0) 40 (30.5) 113 (24.0) note. ∗missing values were not included in the statistics; tcm–traditional chinese medicine. gender residency chronic condition first visit to the tcm unit ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 6 table 2: quality ratings (mean ± sd) on tcm care by characteristics of respondents. characteristics of respondents tangibility reliability responsiveness assurance empathy gender male 81.41 ± 12.01 81.50 ± 12.01 78.46 ± 11.43 87.63 ± 13.21 75.99 ± 14.29 female 83.14 ± 12.06 83.97 ± 10.37 80.56 ± 12.16 89.30 ± 11.20 77.36 ± 14.69 group comparison (p) 0.154 0.022 0.074 0.153 0.340 age (years) 18–25 84.40 ± 14.15 84.00 ± 14.57 83.00 ± 15.78 86.75 ± 15.50 79.67 ± 17.64 26–45 82.52 ± 12.08 83.65 ± 11.70 80.54 ± 12.14 87.78 ± 12.75 75.65 ± 14.99 46–65 82.98 ± 12.06 83.08 ± 10.69 79.84 ± 11.92 89.07 ± 11.30 76.92 ± 14.94 >65 80.91 ± 11.52 82.27 ± 9.57 78.01 ± 10.55 89.92 ± 10.98 78.51 ± 11.16 group comparison (p) 0.498 0.808 0.336 0.882 0.817 residency local 82.82 ± 12.16 83.27 ± 11.04 79.99 ± 11.72 89.16 ± 11.91 77.51 ± 14.65 non-local 81.33 ± 11.61 82.70 ± 10.75 79.40 ± 11.77 86.90 ± 11.77 74.17 ± 13.90 group comparison (p) 0.306 0.664 0.686 0.116 0.056 education ≤ primary school 82.46 ± 12.71 81.78 ± 10.26 78.59 ± 11.35 87.88 ± 12.27 78.65 ± 12.27 junior high school 82.97 ± 12.07 84.62 ± 10.30 79.42 ± 11.01 88.42 ± 10.08 79.17 ± 12.62 senior high school 80.93 ± 10.73 80.44 ± 11.04 77.13 ± 11.49 85.33 ± 12.67 74.28 ± 12.23 university 83.69 ± 12.64 85.34 ± 11.31 82.94 ± 12.40 88.93 ± 11.994 80.91 ± 14.25 group comparison (p) 0.318 0.001 0.001 0.081 0.001 monthly household income per capita (¥) <5000 83.24 ± 13.29 82.85 ± 11.65 79.20 ± 12.23 86.35 ± 12.60 79.43 ± 13.30 5000–9999 82.63 ± 11.52 82.66 ± 10.53 79.47 ± 11.21 88.55 ± 11.08 77.03 ± 13.08 ≥10000 83.25 ± 9.76 85.60 ± 10.04 81.68 ± 12.14 88.91 ± 11.50 78.89 ± 12.74 group comparison (p) 0.831 0.135 0.304 0.113 0.172 marital status single 83.73 ± 13.44 84.81 ± 13.00 82.04 ± 13.72 87.44 ± 13.43 78.22 ± 15.00 married 82.69 ± 11.77 82.93 ± 10.79 79.26 ± 11.50 87.42 ± 11.69 78.38 ± 13.13 divorced/widowed 79.39 ± 13.42 83.84 ± 10.38 81.45 ± 12.28 90.91 ± 11.14 77.78 ± 10.76 group comparison (p) 0.254 0.516 0.217 0.265 0.968 jobs public institution 86.60 ± 13.24 87.08 ± 12.18 84.20 ± 11.63 89.25 ± 11.85 84.83 ± 13.50 corporate company 82.80 ± 12.94 83.37 ± 11.52 80.77 ± 12.36 86.02 ± 13.99 77.27 ± 13.93 retail services 82.69 ± 10.60 81.31 ± 11.81 79.21 ± 12.02 89.26 ± 10.60 73.22 ± 12.02 retired 81.73 ± 12.08 83.25 ± 10.13 78.94 ± 11.02 88.45 ± 10.76 79.17 ± 11.85 self-employed 82.33 ± 11.13 82.44 ± 10.49 78.64 ± 12.03 85.42 ± 12.43 78.33 ± 14.91 other 82.14 ± 12.24 82.02 ± 12.08 78.43 ± 13.87 86.07 ± 13.08 77.14 ± 13.750 group comparison (p) 0.356 0.190 0.143 0.222 0.001 health insurance urban employees 83.33 ± 12.06 83.63 ± 10.56 79.99 ± 11.59 87.89 ± 11.75 78.50 ± 12.88 urban residents 82.20 ± 11.82 82.72 ± 11.98 79.88 ± 12.45 88.88 ± 11.94 78.74 ± 13.97 rural residents 76.00 ± 10.93 80.00 ± 11.77 76.11 ± 11.66 82.14 ± 11.20 75.43 ± 13.41 group comparison (p) 0.003 0.159 0.177 0.012 0.397 chronic condition yes 82.58 ± 11.98 83.30 ± 11.48 80.32 ± 12.22 88.56 ± 12.19 75.87 ± 15.07 no 82.51 ± 12.23 82.95 ± 10.07 79.13 ± 11.49 89.09 ± 11.41 78.72 ± 13.49 group comparison (p) 0.949 0.729 0.300 0.640 0.041 perceived health poor 81.75 ± 12.71 82.17 ± 10.91 79.90 ± 11.47 88.75 ± 12.26 78.92 ± 12.25 fair 83.57 ± 12.18 83.25 ± 10.47 79.80 ± 11.86 87.65 ± 11.64 77.76 ± 13.43 good 81.31 ± 11.42 83.58 ± 11.81 79.35 ± 11.93 87.11 ± 11.96 78.93 ± 13.19 group comparison (p) 0.161 0.642 0.918 0.608 0.627 distance to nearest community health center (minutes) ≤15 82.41 ± 13.12 83.05 ± 11.14 78.68 ± 12.08 88.21 ± 11.89 77.53 ± 13.61 15–30 82.94 ± 11.68 83.17 ± 10.59 80.57 ± 11.10 89.11 ± 12.33 76.33 ± 14.20 >30 82.31 ± 12.33 83.29 ± 11.26 80.90 ± 12.53 88.93 ± 11.54 76.91 ± 15.77 group comparison (p) 0.881 0.981 0.077 0.787 0.769 ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 7 table 2: continued. characteristics of respondents tangibility reliability responsiveness assurance empathy preferred health provider community facility 82.74 ± 12.20 83.0 ± 11.09 80.18 ± 11.69 85.69 ± 9.30 80.29 ± 13.37 secondary hospital 81.41 ± 11.98 85.00 ± 9.22 78.97 ± 11.47 89.23 ± 12.10 77.05 ± 14.61 tertiary hospital 82.32 ± 11.74 82.2 ± 11.18 79.24 ± 12.99 88.25 ± 11.97 76.53 ± 14.66 group comparison (p) 0.809 0.592 0.702 0.012 0.001 preferred care tcm 85.18 ± 12.88 86.40 ± 10.02 82.09 ± 12.53 88.75 ± 12.85 80.83 ± 12.90 western medicine 80.40 ± 11.09 80.37 ± 11.23 76.08 ± 10.85 85.40 ± 12.05 74.59 ± 12.24 integrated 83.46 ± 12.29 84.43 ± 10.55 82.07 ± 11.49 89.38 ± 10.81 80.80 ± 13.31 group comparison (p) 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 first visit to the tcm unit yes 79.73 ± 11.69 79.9 ± 11.35 77.20 ± 12.15 85.22 ± 12.22 73.13 ± 13.82 no 83.67 ± 12.04 84.4 ± 10.57 80.95 ± 11.73 90.16 ± 11.50 78.42 ± 14.59 group comparison (p) 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 visits to community health services over the past month <5 83.89 ± 12.18 85.46 ± 10.27 82.07 ± 11.7 89.34 ± 11.66 79.74 ± 12.52 5–9 81.68 ± 12.00 81.67 ± 11.42 78.40 ± 12.2 87.00 ± 11.56 77.95 ± 13.85 ≥10 81.86 ± 11.78 82.01 ± 10.26 77.31 ± 9.00 85.09 ± 12.89 75.34 ± 11.68 group comparison (p) 0.162 0.001 0.002 0.028 0.071 tcm visits community health services over the past month <5 84.18 ± 12.21 85.74 ± 10.10 82.22 ± 11.52 89.42 ± 11.56 80.56 ± 12.51 5–9 81.52 ± 11.94 81.36 ± 11.53 78.18 ± 12.31 86.89 ± 11.59 77.15 ± 13.83 ≥10 80.81 ± 11.48 81.11 ± 9.99 76.44 ± 8.47 84.44 ± 13.02 74.88 ± 11.30 group comparison (p) 0.041 0.000 0.000 0.009 0.004 average tcm cost over the past month (¥) <50 83.66 ± 11.98 84.17 ± 10.74 80.70 ± 10.71 89.02 ± 11.45 79.65 ± 12.95 50–99 82.37 ± 11.95 82.20 ± 10.74 78.59 ± 12.03 86.91 ± 11.63 77.09 ± 13.08 ≥100 80.26 ± 12.88 86.01 ± 12.68 83.22 ± 12.78 88.15 ± 13.96 81.74 ± 13.44 group comparison (p) 0.230 0.039 0.022 0.211 0.029 tcm modalities received in the current visit <2 85.70 ± 11.74 84.62 ± 10.82 81.68 ± 11.81 89.08 ± 11.58 78.30 ± 13.99 2 81.48 ± 11.27 82.20 ± 10.35 78.19 ± 10.78 86.98 ± 12.36 76.56 ± 11.95 >2 80.32 ± 12.32 82.48 ± 11.46 78.82 ± 12.25 86.82 ± 11.64 79.55 ± 13.05 group comparison (p) 0.000 0.100 0.020 0.152 0.150 purpose of the current visit disease treatment 81.57 ± 12.10 82.5 ± 10.67 79.06 ± 11.47 88.70 ± 11.57 76.11 ± 13.55 preventive care 83.44 ± 11.69 83.9 ± 12.00 80.97 ± 13.26 87.67 ± 12.81 75.98 ± 16.71 rehabilitation 84.14 ± 12.15 83.9 ± 10.83 80.93 ± 11.93 89.79 ± 11.92 79.56 ± 14.78 group comparison (p) 0.121 0.416 0.236 0.442 0.086 conducted in urban community health settings. rural re spondents are likely to feel less engaged than their urban counterparts [47]. trust is a strong enabler of tcm use [48]. indeed, a choice of western medicine in preference to tcm was found in this study to be a significant predictor of lower quality ratings on tcm care. higher quality ratings of tcm care were also found to be associated higher spending on tcm. it is important to note that the price of tcm care is over whelmingly low in china [49]. the relatively higher spending is perhaps an indicator of higher willingness to accept tcm care. it is a great challenge to maintain trust. this study found lower ratings on assurance and empathy in those who most frequently received tcm care (≥10) in community health services. the results are consistent with the findings of a study conducted elsewhere [44]. accumulated visits may increase the expectation of consumers, leading to deflated ratings on quality of care [50]. we also found that receiving two or more tcm modalities is associated with lower ratings on tangibility. health consumers nowadays hold very high expectations on modern technologies. tcm care usually requires long term compliance. adding up more tcm modalities may not help but jeopardizing the confidence of consumers [51]. a study in hong kong showed that a belief of tcm efficacy is not enough to translate into preferred care [48]. consumer trust in tcm needs to be strengthened through its whole-person approach and high levels of em pathy. unfortunately, empathy attracted the lowest score among the five dimensions of quality assessed in this study. this study has several limitations. firstly, it adopted a cross-sectional design and no causal inferences can be drawn. the study did not investigate how and why re spondents chose tcm care in community health services. secondly, the quality ratings on tcm care may be biased by its users. the study was conducted in hangzhou, one of the ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2025 | vol 8 |issue 2 8 table 3: predictors of perceived quality of care in traditional chinese medicine (tcm)—results (standardized β coefficient) of linear regression models. variable tangib β ility p reliability β p responsiveness β p assurance β p emp β athy p gender male (reference) female — — 0.130 0.004 0.119 0.007 — — — — education ≤ primary school (reference) junior high school — — 0.123 0.010 — — — — — — senior high school — — — — — — −0.118 0.010 −0.133 0.003 university — — 0.192 <0.001 0.208 <0.001 — — — — job public institution (reference) retail and services — — — — — — 0.099 0.032 −0.104 0.023 health insurance urban employees (reference) urban residents — — — — — — — — — — rural residents −0.157 <0.001 — — — — −0.128 0.004 — — preferred health service tcm (reference) western medicine −0.129 0.004 −0.181 <0.001 −0.261 <0.001 −0.196 <0.001 first visit to the tcm unit yes (reference) no — — — — — — 0.193 <0.001 visits to community tcm <5 (reference) 5–9 — — −0.105 0.020 — — — — — — ≥10 — — — — — — −0.122 0.008 −0.097 0.028 tcm cost (¥ yuan) <50 (reference) ≥100 — — — — 0.108 0.013 — — 0.104 0.018 tcm modalities received <2 (reference) � 2 −0.149 0.003 — — — — — — — — >2 −0.214 <0.001 — — — — — — — — most developed regions in china. the study sample is not representative of china. in addition, the study was con ducted in urban settings. rural residents are under-repre sented. given the large urban-rural differences, further studies are needed to examine the views of rural tcm users in rural settings. a study conducted in singapore shows that low-income residents are more likely to choose community cam services than their richer counterparts [50]. thirdly, the servqual instrument does not measure service outcomes. as a result, we are currently exploring the use of goal attainment scale to measure tcm service outcomes, which are highly personalized [52]. 5. conclusions overall, the quality of tcm care is well recognized by its users in community health services in hangzhou, in par ticular among women and those who have a choice of tcm in preference to western medicine. enhancing tcm care can bring benefits to the growth of community health services. however, there is a need to further improve tcm care from all quality perspectives in order to attract and maintain consumer trust in tcm. acknowledgments thanks to the funds and authors for their support of this article. national natural science foundation of china (71874047); fundamental public welfare research project of zhejiang province (lgf21g030003). the funders played no role in the 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[52] x. zhang, j. ren, c. liu, m. he, l. ren, and z. lv, “evaluating traditional chinese medicine interventions on chronic low back pain using goal attainment scaling,” evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, vol. 2020, article id 8854927, 10 pages, 2020. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2018 | vol 1 |issue 5 12 chinese traditional medical journal ai-driven cloud-based deep learning for predictive healthcare analytics: enhancing disease diagnosis with cnns in medical imaging 1vijai anand ramar iblesoft inc, florida, usa vijaianandramar@gmail.com 2s. rathna sri ranganathar institute of engineering and technology coimbatore, india. rathnajack@gmail.com 1. introduction the rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (ai) and cloud computing have revolutionized the healthcare industry by enabling automated and datadriven decision-making[1]. predictive analytics powered by deep learning models has significantly improved disease diagnosis, patient monitoring, and personalized treatment[2]. among various ai techniques, convolutional neural networks (cnns) have demonstrated remarkable accuracy in analyzing medical images such as mri, ct scans, and x-rays[3]. when integrated with cloud-based computing, these ai-driven models can process large-scale medical data efficiently, ensuring realtime diagnosis and remote accessibility for healthcare providers[4]. despite these advancements, the healthcare sector faces significant challenges in accurate and timely disease diagnosis[5]. traditional diagnostic methods rely heavily on human expertise, which can lead to errors, delays, and inconsistent results due to fatigue or variability in interpretation[6]. additionally, abstract— brain tumors pose a significant challenge in medical diagnostics, requiring early and accurate detection for effective treatment. traditional diagnostic methods rely heavily on manual assessment of mri scans, which can be timeconsuming and prone to human error. recent advancements in deep learning and cloud computing have enabled the development of automated, scalable, and high-accuracy medical imaging solutions. this study presents an ai-driven cloudbased deep learning framework for predictive healthcare analytics, integrating convolutional neural networks (cnns) with cloud computing to enhance scalability and computational efficiency. the brain tumor mri dataset from kaggle is used, and extensive data preprocessing techniques such as noise reduction, normalization, and contrast enhancement are applied to improve image quality. the proposed model achieves 97.2% accuracy, outperforming traditional methods like svm (88.5%) and random forest (91.3%), with an auc-roc score of 98.3%, demonstrating superior classification capability. cloud-based deployment significantly reduces training time to 45 minutes compared to over 3 hours on local systems, ensuring rapid and resource-efficient processing of large mri datasets. the findings highlight the potential of aidriven, cloud-integrated deep learning for real-time, scalable, and high-accuracy medical diagnostics, offering a transformative approach to brain tumor detection in predictive healthcare analytics. the proposed ai-driven cloud-based deep learning framework achieves high accuracy in brain tumor classification while significantly reducing training time through scalable cloud computing. this approach enhances diagnostic efficiency, making advanced medical imaging solutions more accessible and effective. keywords: brain tumor detection, deep learning, convolutional neural networks (cnns), cloud computing, medical imaging mailto:vijaianandramar@gmail.com mailto:rathnajack@gmail.com ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2018 | vol 1 |issue 5 13 medical imaging data is computationally intensive and requires significant resources for storage and processing[7]. hospitals and clinics often lack the infrastructure to handle such large-scale data efficiently, leading to delayed diagnoses and suboptimal patient outcomes[8]. moreover, privacy concerns and data security issues further hinder the widespread adoption of ai-driven healthcare solutions. to address these challenges, this research proposes a cloud-based ai-driven deep learning framework for predictive healthcare analytics. the proposed system leverages cnns for medical image analysis to enhance disease diagnosis accuracy while utilizing cloud computing for scalable and efficient processing. by integrating ai models with cloud infrastructure, the system enables faster, more reliable, and remote diagnosis while ensuring secure data storage and real-time accessibility. this approach not only improves diagnostic precision and efficiency but also makes ai-driven healthcare solutions more accessible to medical institutions worldwide. research contribution • introducing an ai-driven cloud-based deep learning framework that integrates convolutional neural networks (cnns) with cloud computing for enhanced medical imaging analysis. • implementing secure cloud storage and encryption techniques to ensure data privacy and compliance with medical data protection standards. • optimizing computational efficiency by leveraging cloud-based model training, significantly reducing training time and enabling scalable medical diagnostics. 2. literature survey the integration of artificial intelligence (ai) and cloud computing in healthcare has gained significant attention due to its potential to improve disease diagnosis, predictive analytics, and patient care. various research studies have explored the application of ai-driven models in medical imaging and healthcare analytics, while cloud-based frameworks have been adopted for scalable and realtime processing of medical data[9]. this section reviews existing studies in ai-driven medical imaging, cloud-based healthcare systems, and aipowered predictive analytics.ai has been extensively used for medical imaging analysis, allowing for the early detection of diseases such as cancer, brain tumors, cardiovascular diseases, and lung abnormalities[10]. in this research the efficiency of ai-driven image analysis techniques in enhancing diagnostic accuracy and reducing human error. these studies show that ai-based models are capable of identifying subtle patterns in medical images that may not be easily detected by human experts[11]. cloud computing has emerged as a key enabler for scalable and remote healthcare solutions, allowing for the efficient storage, processing, and analysis of large-scale medical data[12].in this research demonstrates how cloud-based platforms facilitate real-time medical image analysis and remote diagnosis, especially in regions with limited healthcare infrastructure[13]. cloud-based solutions also enable collaborative healthcare, where multiple medical institutions can access and analyze patient data securely[14]. however, latency issues, data privacy concerns, and integration challenges still pose limitations to cloud adoption in healthcare.aidriven predictive analytics has been widely used to forecast disease progression, identify at-risk patients, and optimize treatment plans[15]. the studies have explored ai-based models that analyze electronic health records (ehrs), medical histories, and patient biomarkers to predict the likelihood of diseases before symptoms become severe[16]. these predictive models have been successful in improving early disease detection and personalized medicine. however, the effectiveness of such models depends on the quality of training data, model interpretability, and computational efficiency[17]. over the years, various techniques have been employed in healthcare analytics for disease diagnosis and predictive analysis. traditional machine learning methods, such as support vector machines (svm), decision trees, and random forests, have been widely used for medical data classification[18]. while these models provide decent accuracy, they often require manual feature extraction, making them less efficient in handling large-scale and complex medical data, such as mri and ct scans[19]. additionally, their performance is highly dependent on data quality and feature selection, leading to potential inconsistencies across different datasets[20]. 3. problem statement although ai and cloud computing have shown great promise in healthcare applications, several challenges remain: • computational efficiency: ai-based medical models require high-performance computing resources, making them difficult to deploy in real-time clinical settings[14]. • data security & privacy: cloud-based storage of medical data raises concerns about cybersecurity threats, unauthorized access, and compliance with healthcare regulations (e.g., hipaa, gdpr) [16]. ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2018 | vol 1 |issue 5 14 • scalability & integration: many ai models are trained on specific datasets, limiting their generalization and scalability across diverse populations and medical conditions[19]. 4. methodology for ai-driven cloudbased deep learning in predictive healthcare analytics the proposed ai-driven cloud-based deep learning framework aims to enhance disease diagnosis by leveraging deep learning models for medical imaging analysis while utilizing cloud computing for scalable and accuracy. figure 1: ai-driven cloud-based deep learning framework for predictive healthcare analytics the figure 1 illustrates an ai-driven cloud-based deep learning framework for predictive healthcare analytics, showcasing the integration of medical imaging, cloud computing, and ai for accurate disease diagnosis. it highlights key processes such as data preprocessing, deep learning model training, cloud storage, and security measures. 4.1 data collection the brain tumor mri dataset from kaggle is used in this research, consisting of mri scans categorized into glioma tumor, meningioma tumor, and no tumor (healthy brain images). the dataset provides high-quality grayscale images in standard formats like png or jpg, suitable for deep learning applications. preprocessing steps include noise reduction, normalization, contrast enhancement, and data augmentation (rotation, flipping, zooming) to improve model performance. these refined images serve as input for the ai-driven cloud-based deep learning framework, enabling accurate and efficient brain tumor detection. 4.2 data preprocessing to ensure high-quality input for the ai-driven model, the following preprocessing techniques are applied: 4.2.1 noise reduction: used to smooth the image by removing high-frequency noise while preserving important features are defined in eqn. (1) 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1 2𝜋𝜎2 𝑒 − 𝑥2+𝑦2 2𝜎2 (1) 4.2.2 median filtering: each pixel is replaced with the median value of the surrounding pixels, helping remove salt-and-pepper noise. 4.2.3 normalization min-max normalization: ensures pixel values are scaled within a fixed range, typically [0,1] are in eqn. (2): 𝐼′ = 𝐼−𝐼min 𝐼max−𝐼min (2) where 𝐼 is the original pixel intensity, and 𝐼min and 𝐼max are the minimum and maximum intensities in the image. 4.2.4 contrast enhancement histogram equalization: improves the visibility of tumor structures by redistributing pixel intensity values are defined in eqn. (3): 𝐻(𝑖) = 𝐶(𝑖) 𝑀𝑁 (3) where 𝐻(𝑖) is the new intensity, 𝐶(𝑖) is the cumulative distribution function (cdf) of the intensity values, and 𝑀𝑁 is the total number of pixels. 4.2.5 data augmentation ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2018 | vol 1 |issue 5 15 to prevent overfitting and improve generalization, various transformations are applied. • rotation: 𝐼′(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐼(𝑥cos⁡ 𝜃 − 𝑦sin⁡ 𝜃, 𝑥sin⁡ 𝜃 + 𝑦cos⁡ 𝜃) • scaling: 𝐼′(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐼(𝑠𝑥, 𝑠𝑦) • flipping: horizontal and vertical mirroring to increase dataset diversity. 4.3 deep learning model for disease diagnosis 4.3.1 cnn architecture selection a convolutional neural network (cnn) is designed with convolutional layers for feature extraction, pooling layers for dimensionality reduction, and fully connected layers for classification. the convolution operation extracts spatial patterns are given in eqn. (4) 𝑍𝑖,𝑗 = ∑  𝑚 ∑  𝑛 𝐼𝑖+𝑚,𝑗+𝑛 ⋅ 𝐾𝑚,𝑛 + 𝑏 (4) where 𝐼 is the input image, 𝐾 is the kernel, and 𝑏 is the bias. the relu activation function is applied⁡using⁡eqn.⁡(5): 𝑓(𝑥) = max(0, 𝑥) (5) 4.3.2 model training the cnn model is trained using labeled mri images, optimizing weights through backpropagation and the adam optimizer are given in eqn. (6): 𝑤𝑡+1 = 𝑤𝑡 − 𝜂 𝜕𝐿 𝜕𝑤 (6) where 𝜂 is the learning rate. the cross-entropy loss function is used for classification is defined in eqn. (7): 𝐿 = −∑ ⁡ 𝑦log⁡(�̂�) (7) where 𝑦 is the true label and �̂� is the predicted probability. model evaluation is done using accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score to ensure robust performance. 4.4 cloud-based model training 4.4.1 scalable model training using cloud resources: cloud platforms such as google cloud ai, aws sagemaker, and microsoft azure ml provide scalable computing resources for deep learning model training. these platforms utilize distributed gpus/tpus to accelerate training: 𝑇cloud = 𝑇local 𝑁 (8) where 𝑇cloud is the training time in the cloud, 𝑇local is the local training time, and 𝑁 is the number of distributed cloud instances. this enables faster convergence and efficient resource utilization. 4.4.2 secure storage and processing of medical data: medical images are securely stored in hipaa-compliant cloud databases to ensure data privacy and integrity. encryption techniques like aes (advanced encryption standard) protect patient data is given in eqn. (9): 𝐶 = 𝐸𝑘(𝑃) (9) where 𝐶 is the ciphertext, 𝑃 is the plaintext data, and 𝐸𝑘 is the encryption function using key 𝑘. additionally, federated learning can be implemented to train models without directly sharing sensitive patient data. 4.5 security and privacy measures 4.5.1 data encryption for secure storage and transmission: medical images and patient data are encrypted using advanced encryption standard (aes) before storage or transmission. the encryption process ensures confidentiality is defined in eqn. (10): 𝐶 = 𝐸𝑘(𝑃) (10) where 𝐶 is the encrypted data (ciphertext), 𝑃 is the original data (plaintext), and 𝐸𝑘 is the encryption function with key 𝑘. secure cloud storage uses tls/ssl protocols to prevent unauthorized access during data transfer. 4.5.2 access control and authentication: rolebased access control (rbac) is implemented to restrict access to sensitive medical data. authentication methods such as multi-factor authentication (mfa) ensure only authorized personnel can access the system is given in eqn. (11): 𝐴 = {𝑈 ∣ 𝑈 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑃(𝑈) = granted } (11) where 𝐴 is the set of authorized users, 𝑅 is the role set, and 𝑃(𝑈) is the permission function. this prevents unauthorized modifications or data leaks. 5. results & discussion the proposed ai-driven cloud-based deep learning model is evaluated using the brain tumor mri dataset. the cnn-based model achieves high accuracy in tumor detection, demonstrating its effectiveness over traditional methods. additionally, the cloud-based implementation enhances scalability, reduces training time, and ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2018 | vol 1 |issue 5 16 optimizes resource utilization, making it ideal for real-time medical applications. table 1: performance metrics of the proposed cloud-cnn healthcare model (cchm) metric value (%) accuracy 97.2 precision 95.8 recall 96.5 f1-score 96.1 auc-roc 98.3 the cnn model achieves a high accuracy of 97.2%, demonstrating superior tumor classification performance. the auc-roc score of 98.3% confirms the model’s strong ability to distinguish between different tumor types and normal cases, as shown in table 1. table 2: cloud-based performance metrics cloud parameter value training time (cloud) 45 minutes inference time 120 ms per image scalability high (handles large datasets) storage utilization 5 gb (optimized for cloud storage) cost efficiency reduced due to dynamic resource allocation the cloud-based implementation significantly reduces training time (45 minutes compared to several hours on local machines) while maintaining high accuracy. the inference time is 120 ms per image, enabling real-time tumor classification. the scalability of cloud resources allows handling of large mri datasets, ensuring better performance without hardware limitations, as given in table 2. table 3: performance comparison with existing methods method accuracy (%) precision (%) recall (%) f1-score (%) training time proposed cloud-based cnn 97.2 95.8 96.5 96.1 45 min traditional cnn (local) 94.5 92.3 93.0 92.6 3+ hours svm-based model 88.5 85.2 86.1 85.6 2 hours random forest classifier 91.3 89.8 90.5 90.1 1.5 hours the proposed cloud-based cnn achieves the highest accuracy (97.2%) with significantly reduced training time (45 minutes) compared to the traditional cnn (94.5% accuracy, 3+ hours training time). compared to svm (88.5%) and random forest (91.3%), the cnn-based approach provides superior precision, recall, and f1-score, ensuring better tumor classification, as shown in table 3. figure 2: performance comparison of different models for brain tumor classification ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2018 | vol 1 |issue 5 17 figure 2 illustrates the performance comparison of different models for brain tumor classification. the proposed cloud-based cnn model outperforms traditional approaches[21], achieving the highest accuracy (97.2%) with reduced training time (45 minutes). the cloud-based implementation significantly enhances scalability and efficiency compared to local machine learning models. 5.1 discussion the proposed ai-driven cloud-based deep learning model exhibits superior performance in brain tumor classification compared to traditional methods. with an accuracy of 97.2% and an aucroc score of 98.3%, the model effectively differentiates between tumor types and normal cases. the cloud-based implementation significantly optimizes training efficiency, reducing training time to 45 minutes while maintaining high classification performance. additionally, the approach enhances scalability, allowing efficient processing of large mri datasets. compared to svm and random forest models, the cnn-based method achieves higher precision, recall, and f1-score, demonstrating its effectiveness in predictive healthcare analytics. 6. conclusion the proposed ai-driven cloud-based deep learning framework effectively enhances brain tumor classification using deep learning models 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[21] m. h. ghahramani, m. zhou, and c. t. hon, “toward cloud computing qos architecture: analysis of cloud systems and cloud services,” ieee/caa journal of automatica sinica, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 6–18, jan. 2017, doi: 10.1109/jas.2017.7510313. integrated analyses of transcriptomics and network pharmacology reveal leukocyte characteristics and functional changes in subthreshold depression, elucidating the curative mechanism of danzhi xiaoyao powder ctmj | traditionalmedicinejournals.com chinese traditional medicine journal | 2024 | vol 7 | issue 1 issn : 2693 6356 2024 | vol 7 | issue 1 integrated analyses of transcriptomics and network pharmacology reveal leukocyte characteristics and functional changes in subthreshold depression, elucidating the curative mechanism of danzhi xiaoyao powder kunyu liu a, 1, leiming quia, 1, jianhua a, huang a, ting a, cai a, yunan a, anlong xaqu a, b, * a school of life sciences, beijing university of chinese medicine, beijing 102488, china b school of life sciences, sun yat-sen university, guangzhou 510006, china 1. introduction a number of mental and physical health issues might worsen symptoms of major depressive disorder (mdd) and other mental diseases. the report on national mental health development in china (2021e2022) states that psychological risk has surpassed physical danger to become one of the top ten global hazards, with depression being a leading cause of disability worldwide.1 in subthreshold depression (sd), people show signs of depression but do not yet meet the diagnostic criteria for a full-blown depression. this is because the severity and length of depressive symptoms do not meet the current standards.2 people with sd nevertheless have impaired physical and mental health, much like those with mdd, even if their symptoms are less severe and don't last as long. when compared to healthy persons, sd groups also have a greater chance of abstract purpose: to learn more about the molecular basis of subthreshold depression (sd), find medications that might help with it, and understand how danzhi xiaoyao powder (dzxy) works in sd. methods: we used rna-sequencing to find the hub genes of sd, roles and pathways of differentially expressed genes (degs) in sd leukocytes compared to healthy controls, and to identify these genes. using the telis technology, we also evaluated alterations in leukocyte transcription factor activity in sd patients. potential sd medications were screened by retrieving the connectivity map information. we used network pharmacology to explain how dzxy works to treat sd by identifying its "multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway" mechanism. found 1080 differentially expressed genes (degs) in the white blood cells of sd patients (p < 0.05, |log2 (fold change)| ≥ 1, and protein coding). immune and inflammatory response-related activities were the primary domains of activity for these degs, which included hub genes. a comparison of the sd leukocyte transcriptome profile with the conserved immune cell transcriptional response to adversities was shown by transcription factor activity analysis. among the 28 medications that might be useful in treating sd, the connectivity map analysis highlighted sb-202190 and tws-119. the therapeutic mechanisms of dzxy in sd, mainly encompassing in-flammatory response, lipid metabolism, immunological response, and other processes, were discovered by constructing the "direct compounds-direct targets-pathways" network for both dzxy and sd. these findings contribute to our understanding of the pathophysiology of sd, provide light on the features getting mdd or other mental illnesses.3 research and clinical diagnosis have paid little attention to sd because of the dominating categorical diagnostic paradigm for mental diseases. the recently published presentation of a depression spectrum due to sd's significant functional impairment, which calls for more research into the disease's pathophysiology, diagnostic tools, and treatment strategies. it is critical to study the pathophysiological relationship between sd and mdd.4e7 two of the most well acknowledged molecular processes of depression in the last 20 years have been elevated inflammation and hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (hpa) axis.8 a confirmed pattern change in the gene expression profile of immune cells has been seen in both people and animals as a result of long-term exposure to unfavourable environmental circumstances, including various socioenvironmental risk factors (a significant class of variables that might cause depressive disorders). genes associated with inflammation are increased while genes connected to the innate antiviral response are downregulated; this altered pattern is called the conserved transcriptional response to adversity (ctra).9 the intricacy of the ctra, together with individual differences in genetics, psychology, socioenvironmental factors, and other factors, makes it impossible to develop a foolproof technique for measuring the ctra. nevertheless, by employing a range of bioinformatics techniques, including deg biofunction tagging, analysis of transcriptional control pathways, quantification of myeloid cell population dynamics, evaluation of immune function, and evaluation of a prioridefined gene sets, several important components of ctra were effectively utilised, yielding reliable indicators for ctra evaluation. as far as ctra measurement is concerned, the most sensitive and trustworthy method is transcription factor activity analysis based on genome-wide transcriptome differences.9 enhanced activation of the sns (represented by the creb/atf transcription factor family), enhanced activation of proinflammatory factors (e.g., the nf-kb/rel family), decreased activity of interferon response factors (irfs), and impaired glucocorticoid receptor (gr) activity were all revealed by these multilevel bioinformatic analyses. extensive research has shown that the ctra pattern or its properties are present in the immune cell gene expression profiles of humans with depression, those suffering social stress, and analogous animal models using these different methodologies.9e12 given that sd is often accompanied with depression, we postulated that circulating immune cells from sd patients would have a gene expression profile similar to the ctra pattern. the provision of medicinal interventions for sd is fraught with ambiguity as a result of differing perspectives. the safety and effectiveness of current antidepressants and other antidepressant treatments have not been well evaluated, and there have been few trials on sd-specific treatments. according to the theory of syndrome and disease differentiation in traditional chinese medicine (tcm), sd and depression are emotional illnesses that fall under terms like "depression," "visceral mania," "lily disease," and "sleeplessness." one common symptom of these conditions is liver-qi stagnation. therapeutics for sd should aim to target many pathways at once due to the complexity of the disease's pathophysiology. chinese herbal formulae naturally provide the benefits of a wide variety of active substances, as well as actions that target many channels at once. among the ten traditional chinese medicines that make up danzhi xiaoyao powder (dzxy), you'll find bupleurum chinense dc., angelica sinensis (oliv.) diels, paeonia lactiflora pall., atractylodes macrocephala, and dang gui. koidz. (a. macrocephala, bai zhu), glycyrrhiza uralensis fisch. (g. uralensis, gan cao), paeonia suffruticosa andr. (p. suffruticosa, mu dan pi), gardenia jasminoides ellis (g. jasminoides, zhi zi), mentha haplocalyx briq. (m. haplocalyx, bo he), and zingiber officinale rosc. (z. officinale, sheng jiang). it is a typical traditional chinese medicine prescription for the treatment of depression.13 in clinical and experimental settings, it has been used either alone or in combination with antidepressants by clinicians and researchers. research of depressive disorders, demonstrating positive therapeutic effects, fewer side effects, and better patient compliance. however, limited research has evaluated the efficacy and mechanisms of dzxy in the treatment of sd, hindering its promotion and application. thus, based on the popular rna-sequencing (rna-seq) approach, in this study we first attempted to identify the mrna expression signature in the circulating immune cells of sd and subsequently investigated whether these specific sd transcription profiles shared the ctra characteristics. sd transcriptomic data were also used, in conjunction with the connectivity map database (cmap, https://clue.io, accessed may 28, 2023), to identify candidate small molecule drugs for sd.14 with cmap providing targets and the mechanisms of action (moa) of small-molecule compounds, we attempted to further decipher the pathogenesis of sd. to provide theoretical and experimental support for the clinical application of dzxy in the treatment of sd and further elucidate its anti-depressive mechanisms, we investigated its “multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway” curative mechanism using a network pharmacology analysis strategy.15,16 2. materials and methods 2.1. ethical approval the trial was registered with chictr (chictr2000032005). the study protocols were approved by the ethics committee of the beijing university of chinese medicine (2020bzyll0605). all procedures were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. the participants were informed of the purpose, general content, and data use of the study, and provided written informed consent. 2.2. participants patients with sd were recruited from the third affiliated hospital of beijing university of chinese medicine, and healthy controls from the beijing region were matched for sex, ethnicity, and age (supplemental table 1). all the participants were recruited using bulletin board notices, wjx posts (https://www.wjx.cn, accessed october 1, 2021), and clinical referrals. the diagnosis of sd followed the currently accepted diagnostic criteria. first, the miniinternational neuropsychiatric interview (mini) was used to determine whether participants exhibited depressive symptoms leading to functional impairment, yet did not meet the diagnostic criteria for major depressive episodes in the diagnostic and statis tical manual of mental disorders (fifth edition). second, participants had to score ≥16 on the center for epidemiological studies depression scale. concurrently, trained psychiatrists conducted face-to-face interviews and used the 17-item hamilton depression rating scale (hamd17) to reconfirm the eligibility of participants’ (7 ≤ hamd-17 < 17).2,17,18 the experimental design (fig. 1), including complete inclusion and exclusion criteria for all the par ticipants in this study, is detailed in the supplemental information (supplemental data). 2.3. leukocyte isolation and rna extraction following an overnight fast, blood samples (3 ml) were collected from individuals via venipuncture into vacutainer tubes containing edta between 7:30 am and 8:30 am. blood samples (3 ml) were subsequently transferred into centrifuge tubes and centrifuged at 550×g for 30 min at 25◦c, and the supernatant (plasma) was collected and preserved at —80◦c for subsequent studies. the remaining cell precipitates were used to isolate fig. 1. experimental design and study route. notes: mini: mini-international neuropsychiatric interview; roc: receiver operating characteristic; ob: oral bioavailability; dl: drug-likeness; hl: half-life; dt: direct target of danzhi xiaoyao powder in subthreshold depression; dc: dt corresponding active compounds in danzhi xiaoyao powder; p: kegg pathways and gobp annotation items; hc: healthy control; sd: subthreshold depression. https://clue.io/ https://www.wjx.cn/ leukocytes using red blood cell lysis buffer (solarbio, beijing, china) according to the manufacturer's instructions. finally, the trizol reagent (thermo fisher scientific, waltham, ma) was used to extract the total rna from leukocytes following the manufacturer's instructions and stored at —80◦c. 2.4. rna sequencing rna sequencing of leukocyte samples was performed using the novogene company (beijing, china). the total amount and integrity of the rna were assessed using the rna nano 6000 assay kit of the bioanalyzer 2100 system (agilent technologies, santa clara, ca). mrna was purified from the total rna using poly t oligo-attached magnetic beads (new england biolabs, ipswich, ma). all transcriptomic sequencing libraries were constructed using the nebnext ultra rna library prep kit (neb #e7770; illumina, san diego, ca). the resultant libraries were sequenced using the illumina sequencing platform (illumina novaseq 6000), and 150 bp pairedend raw reads differentially expressed gene identification gene expression levels were standardized using fpkm (fragments per kilobase of the exon model per million mapped reads). differential expression analysis of the sd/ht groups was performed using the deseq2 r package 1.20.0.19 the resulting p-values were adjusted using benjamini and hochberg's approach for controlling the false discovery rate (represented in the form of padj). “padj <0.05 & |log2 (fold change)| ≥ 1 & protein coding” were set as the thresholds for degs. 2.5. expression pattern clustering hierarchical clustering (hcl)-based expression analyses of degs were performed using the pheatmap r package 1.0.12, and the reshape2 package 1.4.4 was combined to generate hcl-analysisbased heat maps.20 2.6. function and pathway enrichment analysis 2.7. databases such as reactome (https://reactome.org, accessed april 20, 2022), the kyoto encyclopaedia of genes and genomes (kegg, https://www.kegg.jp, accessed april 20, 2022), and others... to directly detect the degs' highly enriched go and route keywords, the clusterprofiler r package 4.3.4 was used.21 3.7. analysing transcription factors to determine tf activity, the telis promoter-based bioinformatics analysis platform was used to identify all genes in both groups (http://www.telis.ucla.edu, accessed august 28, 2022).22 the idea of "gene prompter tf-binding motif (tfbm) enrichment" is central to this tf activity analysis; in this model, active tfs alter gene expression in response to tf binding sites. promocer tfbms for active tfs were therefore more abundant in the upregulated gene subset compared to the control gene set. the supplementary materials (supplemental data) describe in depth the procedures and statistical approaches used in the analysis. in this study, we utilised the gene promoter tfbm enrichment analysis results that met the criteria of "n (ratios analysed times) ¼ 9 & bootstrap p <.05" to assess the functional conditions of five transcription control pathways. these pathways include the creb/atf family, the nf-kb/rel family, the irf family, gr, and nrf2 mediating signalling pathways. these pathways have been linked to the development of mdd and have revealed the basic mechanisms of ctra (with the exception of the nrf2 contro the 3.8. hub gene receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, subthreshold depression-related hub gene discovery, and interaction network analysis a cut-off threshold with a combined score of ≥0.7 was used to analyse both direct and indirect associations among the degs, and the interaction network of the relevant proteins was built using the online string database 12.0 (https://cn. string-db.org, accessed may 30, 2022).25 afterwards, the gained complex protein-protein interaction (ppi) network was visualised and adjusted using cytoscape 3.8.1 (https:// cytoscape.org, visited april 1, 2023) software. the cytohubba 0.1 plug-in for cytoscape was used to identify hub genes associated to sd. within the cytohubba plugin, seven common algorithms were used to generate seven sets of the top twenty hub genes: mcc, mnc, degree, closeness, radiality, stress, and epc. the hub genes linked to sd were produced by the meeting of these seven categories.26, 27 finally, to assess the diagnostic significance of the discovered hub genes as biomarkers for sd, we constructed the receiver operating characteristic (roc) curve using prism 9.2.0 (graphpad software, san diego, ca). 3.9. analysing the connection map using at least three distinct types of grown cells, the connectivity map looked at how over 1,400 bioactive chemicals affected mrna expression levels throughout the world. in order to compare the compoundspecific mrna expression signatures with the mrna expression signatures of interest, we used the "query" feature of the most recent cmap database (https://clue.io/query, accessed may 28, 2023) and calculated the correlations between them using tau (t) scores.13 the tau score is an improved iteration of the connectivity score that has been calibrated against the whole reference library backdrop, and then normalised across different drug kinds and cell lines.13,28 in this case, we used the "query" to load the 400 most important sd degs, including 200 upregulated genes and 200 downregulated genes. tool. we screened for connectivity scores (tau scores) < —95 to find small-molecule therapeutic candidates for sd, and we examined the molecular orbital alignment (moa) of compounds with connectivity scores (tau scores) > 95 to illustrate the pathophysiology of sd.28 in order to find medications with similar or different expression profiles, the cmap "query" tool could only examine up to 150 downor up-regulated "best inferred genes (bing)" at a time due to technological restrictions. all genes not included in the "bing" subgroup were not considered.13 the top 400 sd-expressing degs and compound-mediated alterations in neural progenitor cells (npc) and developed neurons (neu) were not analysed to screen prospective medicines, despite the tight biological link between sd and the nervous system. cancer cell lines tend to be very homogeneous, however npc and neu cells are incredibly diverse in their molecular and transcriptome makeup. this suggests that some chemicals induce different gene expression in neuronal cell lines compared to homogeneous cancer cell lines. this might be due to biological differences between the two types of cells or to the compounds themselves.13%, 29% network pharmacology analysis the information on the small molecular components in dzxy was retrieved from the following sources: the traditional chinese medicine systems pharmacology database (tcmsp), the traditional chinese medicines integrated database (tcmid), and literature retrieval.30,31 our analysis of dzxy's active ingredients was guided by pharmacokinetic criteria such as drug-likeness (dl) > 0.18, half-life (hl) ≥ 4, and oral bioavailability (ob) ≥ 30%. based on proven antidepressant action revealed in prior studies, dzxy also includes active components of many drugs that did not meet these standards. based on human protein information in the uniprot knowledge base (https://www.uniprot.org/, accessed march 19, 2023), we were able to identify probable targets for the active components of dzxy using the tcmsp and tcmid. we next got their coding gene symbols. we created a "compounds-targets (c-t)" network diagram of dzxy by entering its active chemicals and possible targets into cytoscape. then, to find the specific genes that dzxy should target in order to cure sd, we crossed the sd degs with the dzxy active component targets. direct compounds (dc) are the active ingredients that match these intersecting targets. we annotated go biological processes, analysed kegg pathways, and performed correlation analyses for the dts using the cluego plug-in of cytoscape.32 lastly, a "direct compounds-direct targets-pathways (dc-dt-p)" three-layer network was built and visualised using cluego and cluepedia, another cytoscape programme, to show the underlying therapeutic processes of dzxy in sd.33 results 2.8. subthreshold depression differentially expressed genes and expression pattern clustering compared with healthy controls (n ¼ 10), 1080 degs were identified in the leukocytes of patients with sd (n ¼ 10), 744 of which were upregulated and 336 downregulated (supplemental fig. 1a, supplemental table 3). we subsequently performed hcl analysis of the expression profiles of leukocyte degs from these two groups. the resulting heat map displayed distinct clustering of expression profiles among individuals within the same group, clearly distinguishing them from those in the other groups (supplemental fig. 1b). 2.9. go functions of subthreshold depression differentially expressed genes go function-based enrichment analyses of these sd-related differential genes demonstrated that the immune system may be activated in patients with sd. the go biological process (gobp) analysis, with a gene count of ≥3 and p < .05, indicated that sdrelated leukocyte degs were primarily associated with response to stimuli. this included responses to lipopolysaccharide (go: 0032496), response to molecule of bacterial origin (go: 0002237), and cellular response to biotic stimulus (go: 0071216). the enriched go molecular function (gomf) terms were primarily involved in cellular signal transduction, including cytokine activity (go: 0005125), signaling receptor activator activity (go: 0030546), dna-binding transcription activator activity (go: 0001216), and gprotein-coupled chemoattractant receptor activity (go: 0001637). moreover, the go cellular component (gocc) terms indicated that these enriched genes encoded endocytosisand efflux-related cellular structures, including tertiary granules (go: 0070820), specific granules (go: 0042581), and phagocytic vesicles (go: 0045335). the top 10 significant gobp, gomf, and gocc terms annotated by sd differentially expressed genes are shown in fig. 2a and supplemental table 4. 2.10. enriched pathways of subthreshold depression differentially expressed genes kegg and reactome pathway-based enrichment analyses were performed to identify the potential pathways of sdrelated differential genes. the results revealed 31 sd-related degs enriched in kegg pathways (gene count ≥3 and p < .05), including signal transduction (nf-kappa b signaling pathway, tumor necrosis factor (tnf) signaling pathway, mapk signaling pathway, and leukocyte trans-endothelial migration), infectious diseases (legionellosis, malaria, pertussis, leishmaniasis, etc.), immune system (il-17 signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway, toll-like receptor signaling pathway, etc.), and immune disease (rheumatoid arthritis) among others (fig. 2b and supplemental table 5). the 74 enriched reactome pathways (gene count ≥3 and p < .05) showed that the sd-related differential genes in leukocytes were enriched in pathways related to the immune system and immune system diseases (interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 signaling, neutrophil degranulation, interleukin-10 signaling, diseases associated with the tlr signaling cascade, reactive oxygen species (ros) and reactive nitrogen species (rns) production in phagocytes, etc.), nerve growth factor (ngf) signal transduction including signaling by ntrks, signaling by ntrk1 (trka), nuclear events (kinase and transcription factor activation), ngf-stimulated transcription, and other pathways. the top 20 significantly enriched reactome pathways are displayed in fig. 2c, and complete enriched pathways are shown in supplemental table 6. 2.11. transcription factor activity in subthreshold depression patients vs. healthy controls promoter tfbm enrichment analysis results (fig. 3 and supplemental table 7) showed the activity of the selected tfs implicated in the pathogenesis of mdd, providing insights into the basic mechanisms of ctra in patients with sd vs. healthy controls. specifically, there was significant overrepresentation of response elements for creb/atf factors (v$atf_01, v$crebp1_q2, v$creb_q4, v$creb_01, v$creb_02, v$creb_q2, v$crebp1cjun_01), nf-kb/rel factors (v$crel_01, v$nfkb_c, v$nfkb_q6, v$nfkappab_01, and v$nfkappab65_01) and the master antioxidant tf nrf2 (v$nrf2_01) in the promoters of genes upregulated in association with sd. tfbms targeted by gr (v$gr_q6) and interferon-responsive tfs (v$isre_01) were significantly overrepresented in the promoters of downregulated genes associated with sd. this suggests that the pathological mechanism of sd may be associated with higher activity of creb/ atf, nf-kb/rel, and nrf2 and lower activity of gr and irf. 2.12. sd differentially expressed gene ppi network construction, sd hub gene identification, and hub gene receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to identify the hub genes, a ppi network was constructed and visualized using the string online database and cytoscape software. a total of 463 nodes and 789 edges were identified in the ppi network (fig. 4a). next, using the seven algorithms of the cytoscape plug-in cytohubba, we identified the top 20 hub genes (supplemental table 8). upon intersecting the results from the 7 groups of hub genes, 4 common hub genes were identified (fig. 4b and supplemental table 8): tnf, interleukin 1 beta (il1b), c-x-c motif chemokine ligand 8 (cxcl8), and early growth response 1 (egr1). compared to healthy control participants, the expression of the hub genes tnf, il1b, cxcl8, and egr1 was upregulated in the leukocytes of patients with sd (supplemental fig. 2). the roc curve analysis results showed that the areas under the roc curve (aucs) of tnf, il1b, cxcl8, and egr1 were 1.00 (95% ci: 1.00 to 1.00, p < .001), 0.81 (95% ci: 0.5942 to 1.00, p < .05), 1.00 (95% ci: 1.00 to 1.00, p < .001), and 0.87 (95% ci: 0.7092 to 1.00, p < .01), respectively (fig. 4c). the corresponding cutoff values were 152.2 (sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 100%), 1649 (sensitivity, 70%; spec ificity, 100%), 15 975 (sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 100%), and 4736 (sensitivity, 90%; specificity, 80%). generally, an auc ranging from 0.7 to 0.9 for a biomarker indicates some diagnostic value, and an auc > 0.9 is considered highly valuable for diagnosis.34,35 notably, the sample size of this study was small, and the auc of tnf and cxcl8 was 1.00, indicating perfect classifiers, an outcome nearly impossible for continuous variables. therefore, further verification with a larger sample size is necessary in future studies. 2.13. connectivity map analysis for subthreshold depression candidate drugs using connectivity map query results for the top 400 significant degs (200 increased and 200 decreased in sd), we identified 53 compounds. among these, 28 exhibited summary connectivity scores in nine cell lines below —95, suggesting potential benefits in treating sd. the remaining 25 compounds with connectivity scores over 95 in the nine cell lines and their targets and mechanisms of action may indicate the pathogenesis of sd. the exact connectivity scores for each cell line and their summary scores are shown in fig. 5a and supplemental table 9. the 28 candidate compounds for sd treatment included 20 mechanisms of action, such as phenylalanyl trna synthetase inhibitors, glycogen synthase kinase inhibitors, jnk inhibitors, and cdk inhibitors (fig. 5b and supplemental table 10). nine of the 28 compounds, including fludarabine, daunorubicin, and dactinomycin, have been approved for clinical use in hematologic malignancies and oncology treatment. veliparib, triptolide, saracatinib, and 7 other compounds are currently undergoing clinical trials, whereas pj-34, tws-119, and 6 others are in the preclinical study stage (fig. 5a and supplemental table 10). notably, sgk1 and jun, fig. 2. biological function analysis of degs in patients with sd: top 10 go terms (bp\mf\cc) annotated by degs (a); bubble plot for kegg enrichment pathways of degs (b); bubble plot for the top 20 reactome enrichment pathways of degs (c). notes: in a, blue bars indicate the top 10 go biological process terms, red bars indicate the top 10 go molecular function te rms, and green bars indicate the top 10 go cellular component terms. in c, the rich factor represents the ratio of degs annotated to a pathway to all genes annotated to that pathway. a smaller p value indicates greater pathway enrichment. two of the 1080 sd differentially expressed genes, encoded direct targets for sb-202190 (moa: p38 mapk inhibitor) and tws-119 (moa: glycogen synthase kinase inhibitor), respectively (supplemental table 10). an additional 25 small molecular compounds with connectivity scores >95 included a pkc activator, m5 modulator, cck receptor antagonist, and 10 other mechanisms of action (fig. 5b and supplemental table 10). as shown in fig. 5a and supplemental table 10, 10 launched drugs, including ouabain, mebendazole, and fig. 3. magnitude and direction of transcription factor (creb/atf family, nf-kb/rel family, irf family, gr, and nrf2) activity in the sd group compared with those in the healthy control (hc) group. notes: nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; nf-kb/rel: nuclear factor kappa b/rel proto-oncogene; irf: interferon regulator factor; gr: glucocorticoid receptor; creb/ atf: cyclic amp response element-binding/activating transcription factor; tfbm: gene prompter transcription factor-binding motif. the length of the stripe represents log2 ratios averaged over nine combinations of promoter length and tfbm detection stringency. error bars indicate standard errors. positi ve (red) and negative (blue) values indicate increased and decreased activity of the transcription factors, respectively. error bars indicate standard errors. **p < .001, *p < .01 vs. healthy control group. irinotecan, have been used in the fields of infectious diseases, oncology, hematologic malignancy, dermatology, and cardiology. parthenolide, triciribine (brd-k80431395), abt-751, and triciribine (brd-a42649439) are currently undergoing clinical trials, whereas nsc-663284 and devazepide are still in the preclinical study phase. in addition, nsc-663284 (moa: cdc inhibitor), mebendazole (moa: tubulin inhibitor, a launched anthelmintic used to treat hookworm, pinworm, and roundworm infestations), on-01910 (moa: plk inhibitor), and bci-hydrochloride (moa: protein phosphatase inhibitor) acted directly on cdc25c, tubb4b, plk2, dusp1, and 4 sd degs, encoding the proteins separately (supplemental table 10). 2.14. network pharmacology analysis of the curative mechanisms of danzhi xiaoyao powder in subthreshold depression in tcmsp and tcmid, 134 effective active compounds of dzxy were screened based on criteria including ob ≥ 30%, dl ≥ 0.18, and hl ≥ 4. in addition, the verified anti-depressant compounds, including ferulic acid (dl ¼ 0.058), glycyrrhizic acid (ob ¼ 19.61, dl ¼ 0.11), geniposide (ob ¼ 14.64), daidzein (ob ¼ 19.44), atractylenolide iii (dl ¼ 0.17), hesperidin (ob ¼ 13.33), naringin (ob ¼ 6.92), puerarin (ob ¼ 24.03), and meranzin hydrate (dl ¼ 0.17), of dzxy were supplemented according to the literature. thus, we identified 143 active compounds of dzxy, the details of which are listed in supplemental table 11. following the removal of targets with a reliability score of 0 and duplicates, 310 potential targets of dzxy active components were obtained. the corresponding genes of the 310 target proteins were searched in the uniprot database and detailed information is shown in supplemental table 12. after inputting the dzxy active compounds and potential targets into cytoscape, the dzxy “compounds-targets (c-t)” network (fig. 6a) was created. this network contained 434 nodes and 2090 edges. the network analysis tool revealed a network centralization of 0.335. network heterogeneity was 1.648 and the average closeness centrality was 0.317, indicating that some nodes in the network were more concentrated than others and contributed more. the average degree of the network was 9.631, with 77 component nodes and 40 target nodes above this value. node e1 (quercetin) had the highest degree value, being connected to 154 target nodes. the venn diagram and heat map (fig. 6b and c) displayed 30 common targets (dt) of sd and dzxy active compounds, including irf1, tnf, il1a, nfkbia, and f3, and their differential expression between patients with sd and the healthy controls. these genes may play vital roles in the curative effects of dzxy in sd and have fig. 4. ppi network of sd degs, sd-related hub gene identification, and roc curve analysis: ppi network of sd degs (a); the upset plot displays 4 overlapping hub genes identified from 7 groups (b); roc curve analysis revealed the predictive performance of hub genes for sd (c). notes: sd: patients with subthreshold depression; hc: healthy control subjects; mcc: maximal clique centrality; mnc: maximum neighborhood component; epc: edge percolated component. in a, the circle node indicates protein encoded by a deg, filled red color indicates that the gene is upregulated in the sd group compared to that in the healthy control (hc) group. conversely, the blue filled color indicates that the gene is downregulated in the sd group compared to that in the hc group. the shade of the color reflects the degree of the up/down regulation, and the size of node, from small to large, represents the network connectivity degree. nodes with a yellow border signify sd hub genes, and the thickness of the gray lines, from thin to thick, indicates the combined score of protein‒protein interaction, from low to high (0.7e0.999). in c, the cut-off value corresponded to the gene expression level (fpkm) of the largest youden index, and the y ouden index was calculated as sensitivity plus specificity minus 1. fig. 5. connectivity map analysis exploring potential candidate drugs and pathogenesis for sd: bubble matrix plot displaying connecti vity scores (tau scores) of sd degs to predict candidate compounds in nine cancer cell lines and summary conditions (a); heat map showing the mechanisms of action (rows) of predicted candidate compounds (b). notes: in a, the size of the dots corresponds to the absolute values of the connectivity scores. the colors of compound names indicate the clinical application or study status of the compounds: approved for use in patients (black), currently or previously in clinical trials (blue), demonstrated efficacy in animal models (green), and currently lack study reports (gray). in b, he compounds with summary connectivity scores >95 are displayed with red squares, and those with summary connectivity scores < —95 are represented by green squares.the potential to serve as peripheral immunological indicators for monitoring and evaluating the efficacy of dzxy. quercetin, luteolin, puerarin, daidzein, and 19 other active compounds (table 1) in dzxy targeted the aforementioned 30 dts. using the cluego and cluepedia plug-ins of cytoscape, we constructed a “dc-dt-p00 three-layer network (fig. 6d) to depict the properties of the multi-targets and multi-pathways of the multi-active-ingredients of dzxy in sd treatment. here, the compound quercetin (labelled e1) showed corresponding relationships with 19 target genes (degree ¼ 19), and its connectivity in the network was much higher than that of other compounds (average degree of compound ¼ 3.16). thus, it may be a key component of dzxy in sd treatment. the target gene tnf (degree ¼ 35) was enriched in 22 pathways (23 in total) and il1b (degree ¼ 29) was enriched in 20 pathways. thus, they may be the hub genes for the dzxy treatment of sd. hierarchical clustering analysis divided these enriched annotation items and pathways into eight clusters based on the kappa coefficient ≥0.6, each represented by distinct categories such as lipids and atherosclerosis, the nf-kappa b signaling pathway, rheumatoid arthritis, pertussis, the tnf signaling pathway, osteoclast differentiation, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis stress, and atherosclerosis. these clusters include inflammatory response, lipid metabolism, immune response, and other processes. therefore, the curative mechanisms of dzxy in sd may be achieved by the modulation of these pathways. fig. 6. network pharmacologyanalysis of the curative mechanisms of danzhi xiaoyao powder in subthreshold depression: danzhi xiaoyao powder “active compound-target (c-t)” network (a); venn diagram showing that there are 30 common targets (direct target, dt) of subthreshold depression and dzxyactive compounds (b); heat map displayingthedifferentia l expression of 30 direct targets between subthreshold depression patients and healthy controls (c); danzhi xiaoyao powder “direct compounds-direct targets-pathways (dc-dt-p)” network (d). notes: sd: subthreshold depression; hc: healthy control. in a, the circular nodes of different colors represent the active compounds of dzxy, and the blue rectangular nodes represent the target genes of theactive compounds. in d, the 19 small gray circular nodes ontheleft represent theactive compounds of dzxy, the 30 smallcircular nodes intherightouter layer represent the direct targets of dzxy, and the colored circular nodes in the right inner layer represent the significantly enriched kegg pathways/gobp annotation items. different colors represent different hierarchical clusters, and the pathways/annotation items and target genes involved in multiple hierarchical clusters are disp layed as nodes spliced by multiple colors. the green edges connecting the left and right small nodes indicate correspondence between the active compounds and targets, and the colored edge inside the right pattern indicates that a target gene is enriched in a pathway/annotation item. table 1 direct targets and corresponding active compounds of danzhi xiaoyao powder. com_id herbal name molecule name mw ob (%) dl hl degree m. haplocalycis naringenin 272.27 59.29 0.21 16.98 1 herba, g. radix i2 m. haplocalycis hesperidin 610.62 13.33 0.67 na 1 herba, g. radix j1 m. haplocalycis ferulic acid 194.20 39.56 0.06 2.38 2 herba, a. sinensis radix bh5 m. haplocalycis aloe-emodin 270.25 83.38 0.24 31.49 2 herba bh8 m. haplocalycis luteolin 286.25 36.16 0.25 15.94 6 herba bs4 p. radix alba paeoniflorin 480.51 53.87 0.79 13.88 2 ch8 b. radix daidzein 254.25 19.44 0.19 na 5 ch9 b. radix puerarin 416.41 24.03 0.69 na 5 gc11 g. radix euchrenone 406.56 30.29 0.57 15.89 1 gc17 g. radix naringin 580.59 6.92 0.78 na 1 gc5 g. radix medicarpin 270.30 49.22 0.34 8.46 1 gc56 g. radix licochalcone a 338.43 40.79 0.29 16.20 1 gc8 g. radix formononetin 268.28 69.67 0.21 17.04 1 issue damage and bacterial infection following trauma, posed more hazardous and frequent threats to human life and health. to manage these potential or perceived threats, the “fight-orflight”related signaling pathways in the sns are activated, releasing norepinephrine that acts on the beta-adrenergic receptors of immune cells, inducing increased creb and nfkb/rel activity and decreased irf activity downstream, finally shifting the basal transcription status of immune cells towards a proinflammatory state, a response the body perceives as contributing to defense risks.9,23 in contemporary society, chronic low-intensity social stress is more troubling for certain groups of people, such as those in bereavement, those with low socioeconomic status, and those who expe rienced childhood maltreatment. similar to previous physical threats, these psychosocial stimuli can activate the sns and elicit a ctra pattern (proinflammatory/anti-interferon skewing) transcription expression in innate immune cells, leading to a persistent inflammatory state in the body, associated with multiple diseases, including depression.9,23,24,38e41 although the hpa axis is also autonomically activated to resist various stressors, the consequent increase in circulating glucocorticoids (gcs) following chronic stress cannot block inflammation because gc resistance/impaired gr activity is established by chronic stimulation. thus, the reduced anti-inflammatory function of grs further promotes inflammation.40,42 undeniably, social environmental risk factors (social adversities) play an important role in precipitating mental disorders. a link exists between immune ctra-mode transcriptional profiles and depression/depressive symptoms.24,38,43 antidepressant treatment, cognitive behavioral interventions (a classic psychotherapy rec ommended for sd and mdd treatment),7 and some wellness practices, such as yoga, tai chi, and meditation, which are confirmed complementary therapies for depressive disorder,44e47 downregulate ctra gene expression profiles under basal conditions and in highly threatening conditions, such as childhood low socioeconomic status or cancer diagnosis.24,48,49 hence, we suspected that the pathogenesis of sd may be relevant to ctra mechanisms; that is, the immune transcriptional profiles of patients with sd may share some characteristic components of ctra. discussion although more than 100 years have passed since sd was first mentioned as a pre-depressive state, and clinical observations and epidemiological studies have noted that mdd and sd share several similarities regarding risk factors, demographic characteristics, and symptoms,17,36,37 the pathogenesis of sd remains poorly understood because of methodological limitations and clinical concerns. recently, with widespread attention on physical health and the development of high-throughput “omics” technologies, researchers found that different psychosocial risk factors evoked a common transcription profile pattern, known as ctra, in immune cells (primarily leukocytes) of different species. the pattern is characterized by the increased expression of proinflammatory genes and decreased expression of genes involved in innate antiviral responses and antibody synthesis.9,10,23,24 from the evolutionary theory perspective, ctra is analogous to a defensive program built under ancestral conditions, when acute and transient risks, such asfunctional annotation, and performed kegg/reactome pathway enrichment analysis for sd degs. additionally, our focus extended to evaluating the activity variations of four transcription factor control pathways (creb/atf family, nfkb/rel family, irf family, gr) in patients with sd compared with healthy controls. acknowledging the close clinical association between sd and mdd, along with well-established theories and hypotheses of mdd pathogenesis, we also analyzed the activity of the nrf2 transcription factor in patients with patients. by combining this analysis with the variations in the activity of the first four transcription factors, we aimed to decode the correlation between sd and mdd in pathological mechanisms simultaneously.3e7,9,38,50e53 despite the relatively fewer symptoms and shorter duration in patients with sd, we still identified significant differences in leukocyte transcriptional profiles between patients with sd and healthy individuals. subsequently, functional enrichment analyses showed that the degs of sd in leukocytes were primarily involved in biological processes related to the cellular response to chemokines, cellular responses to biotic stimuli, regulation of inflammatory responses, and molecular functions related to intraand extracellular signal transduction activities, including dnabinding transcriptional activator activity, g protein-coupled chemoattractant receptor activity, and chemokine and cytokine activity. “gene ontology” functional tagging of ctra-pattern differentiallyexpressed genes in leukocytes pertained to inflammation, chemokine activity, and cytokine activity.40 the go cellular component tagging of sd degs mainly concerned endocytosis and exocytosis, such as phagocytic vesicles, tertiary granules, specific granules, etc. among them, phagocytic vesicles arise from the ingestion of particulate material via phagocytosis, which plays an important role in cellular immunity. monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, etc., are professional phagocytes, primarily responsible for eliminating microorganisms and presenting them to cells of the adaptive immune system.54 tertiary and specific granules were primarily found in mature neutrophil cells and are involved in regulating the innate immune response and promoting the inflammatory process.55 furthermore, the sd degs were implicated in kegg pathways, including signal transduction, infectious diseases, autoimmune disease, phagosome, and cell death. notably, the nuclear factor kappa-b (nf-kb) signaling pathway was the most significant kegg enrichment pathway (p ¼ 2.63e-07, rich factor ¼ 0.202). the nf-kb /rel transcription factor family plays a role in mediating immunity and inflammation,56 and the activa tion of the proinflammatory transcription factor nf-kbcontrolled pathways is a core characteristic of ctra.9,23 the overexpression and overactivation phenomena of the nf-kb a1 b1 g. fructus, p. radix alba, z. officinale roscoe, a. sinensis radix g. fructus, z. в-sitosterol stigmasterol 414.79 36.91 412.77 43.83 0.75 0.76 5.36 4 5.57 1 officinale roscoe, b. radix, a. sinensis radix c1 d1 g. radix, b. radix g. fructus, p. isorhamnetin kaempferol 316.28 49.60 286.25 41.88 0.31 14.34 2 0.24 14.74 4 e1 radix alba, g. radix, c. moutan radicis, b. radix g. fructus, g. quercetin 302.25 46.43 0.28 14.40 19 radix, c. moutan radicis, b. radix regulatory pathway were also observed in the peripheral blood and central nervous system of patients with depression and related animal models.43,57e59 the enriched reactome pathways for the degs included ngf-stimulated transcription, interleukin-10 signaling, chemokine receptors binding chemokines, diseases of the immune system, ros and rns production in phagocytes, etc. these pathways were classified into two categories. one is represented by ngfstimulated transcription, which includes four pathways, signaling by ntrk1 (trka), signaling by ntrks, and nuclear events (kinase and transcription factor activation). ngf binds to its receptor, neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 1 (ntrk1), and activates phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (pl3k) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk), consequently leading to phosphorylation of creb, a transcription factor that translocates into the nucleus, controlling the expression of antiapoptotic genes. based on the above mechanisms, ngf regulates the survival of immune cells and neurons.60,61 several neurodegenerative diseases, including depression, have abnormalities in the function/levels of ngf and its receptors.50,62e64 furthermore, through its effects on neuronal and immune cells, ngf can directly or indirectly regulate the peripheral immune response and inflammation.61,65 the other category is closely related to the immune system and their diseases. notably, ros and rns production in phagocytes is one of the host defense microbicidal events in the innate immune system and serves as an important player in antigen presentation for ensuing adaptive immune responses; however, if this process is out of control, the excessive production of ros and rns would lead to oxidative stress.66,67 redox homeostasis was often aberrant in patients with depression, resulting in enhanced oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant defense responses.52,68,69 in addition, ros were implicated in promoting the release of inflammatory mediators.52 the function and pathway enrichment results of sd degs indicated that immune dysfunction, inflammation and potential pro-/ antioxidant imbalance may be part of the pathological process of sd. we analyzed variations in the activity of upstream transcrip tional control pathways between patients with sd and healthy participants, hypothesized to be associated with the biological themes of ctra and to be activated in association with mdd.9,23,24,43 aligned with the specific functional themes of the ctra molecular profile, both the cyclic amp response element binding protein/activating transcription factor (creb/atf) tf family and pro-inflammatory nf-kb/rel tf family showed significantupregulation activity in the leukocyte transcriptome of patients with sd. the creb/atf tf family, which is ubiquitously expressed, participates in regulating cell proliferation, adaptation, survival, differentiation, and other cellular processes by controlling target gene expression in response to up to 300 different types of stimuli, including peptide hormone stimulation, growth factor stimulation, and neuronal activity.70e72 in neural cells, the target genes of activated creb/atf tfs, such as c-fos, leptin, bdnf, and mir132, have been shown to profoundly contribute to neuronal circuit development, existing neuron survival, and neurite outgrowth. these findings suggested that creb/atf tfs function as neuroprotectants.71 in addition, experimental evidence clearly suggested that creb/atf dysfunction is associated with the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases and mood disorders (including mdd).71,73e75 in the immune system, creb/atf activation, regulating the nfkb/rel controlling pathways, indirectly regulates the expression of tnf, interleukin-2, interleukin-10, and chemokine ligands, playing a role in the dual-directional regulation of the inflammatory response.71 increased creb/atf activity and/or expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, lymphocytes, and leukocytes has been observed in depressive symptomappearing individuals and animal models of depression.24,43,74,76 in addition, we observed a significant overrepresentation of irf and gr tfbms among downregulated promoters in the leukocyte transcriptome of patients with sd compared to healthy controls. irf family tfs, which mediate signaling via type i interferons, are involved in antiviral infections and immune modulation. mechanistic studies on animal and cell culture systems have shown that the b-adrenergic receptors mediating sns activation of ctra upregulate proinflammatory gene transcription, simultaneously inhibiting the activity of tfs that control the transcription of type i interferon genes, such as the irf family.23 in addition, with persistent adverse social condition stimulation, b-adrenergic signaling-mediated sns activation promotes the production of immature, proinflammatory monocytes by altering hematopoietic processes, and the upregulated ngf supports the growth and differentiation of the sns nerve fibers innervating lymph nodes, which further promotes ctra transcriptome shifts of increased inflammatory responses and decreased antiviral immune responses.10,23,77 the attenuation of ifn-i signaling was also observed in patients with mdd and related model mice, and this decreased ifn-i antiviral activity was confirmed to be associated with elevated arginine vasopressin from the hpa axis.78 the treatment-associated upregulation of ifn-i upstream regulatory and downstream targeted transcripts was observed in antidepressant-treated patients with mdd.24,79 contrary evidence still indicates increased ifn-i signaling in the peripheral blood of depressed individuals. however, pharmacologic type i interferon, especially ifn-a, treatment induces depressive symptoms in hepatitis c, malignancies, and patients with multiple sclerosis.80e82 researchers suspected that ifn-i activated the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, promoting peripheral and cns tryptophan depletion, ultimately leading to serotonin reduction. this may explain the effects of increased ifn-i in depression pathogenesis, although the precise cause of the upregulated ifn-i signaling remains ambiguous.82e84 overall, the dysregulated innate antiviral immune system plays a role in the pathogenesis of depression. both the themes of ctra and the mechanisms of mdd involve a diminished hpa axis negative feedback regulation circuit that is mediated by the downregulation or decreased expression of nr3c1, a grencoding gene.38,42,43,49,85,86 gr is a glucocorticoid-triggered nuclear transcription factor ubiquitously expressed in multiple tissues. activated gr plays a role in antiinflammatory actions, neurogenesis, and the regulation of glucose and fat metabolism, relying on direct binding to the regulatory regions of its target genes, termed “transactivation”.42,87 in addition, the immune-regulating effects and neurotrophin expression regulation of activated grs are also implemented by “transrepression”, in which gr functions as a monomer binding to other transcription factors, such as nk-kb and creb, and inhibiting target gene expression.42,87 thus, attenuated gr biofunctions may play a role in the mechanisms of ctra and the etiopathogenesis of mdd and sd in two main ways. the promoter tfbm enrichment analyses results showed the significant overrepresentation of response elements for the antioxidant tf nrf2 (v$nrf2_01) in the promoters of genes upregulated in association with sd. nrf2 is a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor that functions as a redox homeostasissustaining master, a regulator of metabolism and mitochondrial function, and a maintainer of proteostasis, although at different levels in different cell types. it also participates in regulating cellular autophagy and inflammatory and immune responses.52,53,88,89 oxidative stress is an accepted potential mechanism of mdd that initiates or aggravates a series of depression development-related pathophysiological processes, including mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, autophagy disorder, and ferroptosis.24,90e93 various depression models and in vitro experiments have shown that irregular nrf2 activity/expression is accompanied by oxidative stress in depression. both antidepressants and antioxidants, such as sertraline, fluoxetine, edaravone, and mito-tempo, ameliorate depressive behaviors and restore redox homeostasis by normalizing nrf2-mediated signaling path ways.24,52,90,94 furthermore, although ctra does not address redox homeostasis, increased activity of nrf2 was discovered in a mechanistic study related to the proinflammatory skew of leukocyte ctra. in this context, nrf2 was regarded as a proinflammatory tf only, representing one aspect of the inflammatory features of ctra.95 however, nrf2 activation can either suppress or promote the inflammatory response, antiviral immune response, and antitumor immunity in a cell typeand disease context-dependent manner.88 thus, it is premature to definitively the role of nrf2 activation in ctra without a thorough investigation into the complicated mechanisms involved. overall, the tf activity analysis results indicated that the leukocyte transcriptional profiles of pa tients with sd shared some common features with ctra in the immune system and pathogenesis of patients/animal models of mdd. to search for potential diagnostic indicators and therapeutic targets of sd, we constructed a ppi network of sd degs and iden tified four hub genes, tnf, il1b, cxcl8, and egr1, for sd using seven well-accepted algorithms (mcc, mnc, degree, closeness, radiality, stress, and epc). roc curve analysis showed that the four hub genes displayed favorable predictive performance for sd (all aucs >0.7), indicating their potential in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of sd. tnf-, il1b-, and cxcl8-encoding proteins are important cytokines that play essential roles in the inflammatory and immune responses. the 53 ctra indicator genes include tnf, il1b, and cxcl8 (also known as il-8), and these three, and 16 other proinflammatory genes, compose a priori-defined positive indicator set of the ctra profile.40,96 in addition, tnf is a well-studied inflammatory factor in the pathological mechanisms of depression, which perturbs the mental health of patients by inducing glucocorticoid resistance and promoting abnormal activation of the hpa axis, affecting neurotransmitter transmission and other processes.8,97,98 the increased basal level of tnf in depressed patients was negatively correlated with the efficacy of antidepressants in depression treatment, and tnf inhibitors demonstrate the potential to ameliorate the clinical symptoms in certain depressed patients.99e101 il-1b, similar to tnf, is generally upregulated in mdd patients, and elevated il-1b levels are positively associated with the susceptibility and severity of depression.8,99,102,103 antidepressant therapy could effectively reduce il-1b levels in some depressed patients.8,104,105 the encoded protein of cxcl8, called interleukin-8 (il-8), is a member of the cxc chemokine family. clinical trials and animal experiments show a correlation between abnormal il-8 levels and depression severity and antidepressant treatment efficacy, and this correlation varies according to sex (it is more common in females), age, and race.102,106,107 egr1, first identified as nerve growth factor-induced protein a (ngfi-a), is a member of the egr family of early response transcription factors and participates in neuronal differentiation, transcriptional regulation, and other cellular biological processes, such as the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, immune response, adhesion, and inflammation.108,109 given the strong association between egr1 expression and neuronal plasticity, the observed downregulation of egr1 expression in the hippocampus or prefrontal cortex of depressed patients and stress-induced depression animal models has been identified early and used as a monitoring indicator for investigating the pathogenesis of depression.109e113 although egr1 participates in monocytic and macrophagic differentiation and plays a role in modulating inflammatory responses in mature myeloid cells, egr1 overexpression in mature cells shows antiinflammatory effects by reducing cytokine secretion to blunt macrophage activation.114 the majority of research exploring the functions and expression variations of egr1 in mood disorders, including depression, has primarily concentrated on its role in the nervous system. there is a lack of concern regarding variations in egr1 expression and biofunctions in the immune systems of patients with depression. in addition, increased egr1 expression was observed in the leukocyte transcriptome profiles of individuals who experienced adverse life circumstances such as subjective social isolation and low socioeconomic status. these adverse conditions may trigger higher risks, higher severity, and poorer outcomes in multiple diseases by perturbing peripheral ctra activity. in this context, monitoring egr1 expression or activity serves as an indi cator of early myeloid lineage differentiation regulation.43,95 the precise implications, effects, and mechanisms of egr1 expression or activity in ctra transcriptional alterations require further exploration in future studies. in this study, we identified 28 potential small-molecule compounds capable of reversing the altered expression of the top 400 significant degs and ameliorating sd. additionally, cmap analysis revealed 25 small molecules that showed high similarity with patients with sd in the transcriptome profiles of the top 400 significant sd-specific degs. among the 28 compounds, sb-202190 (summary connectivity score = —97.08) is a type of p38 mapk inhibitor, and there have been several attempts to apply various p38 mapk inhibitors in the clinical treatment of proinflammatory diseases.115 other p38 mapk-specific inhibitors, such as pd-169316 or sb-203580, exhibit high structural and specificity similarity, with sb-202190 serving as a substitute for sb-203580 in experiments.116 these inhibitors demonstrated the capacity to reduce serotonin (5ht) uptake in synaptosomes by decreasing the expression and activity of serotonin transporter (sert).117 sert, mediating high-affinity reuptake of 5-ht in neuronal and nonneuronal cells, is the primary target for the most widely prescribed antidepressant drugs, i.e., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, such as fluoxetine, paroxetine and citalopram.118,119 proinflammatory cytokines, such as tnf-a and il-1b, increased sert activity in vitro. sb203580 attenuates the proinflammatory cytokine-mediated stimulation of 5-ht transport to some extent.118e120 given the demonstrated antiinflammatory effects of p38 mapk inhibitors and their ability of restrain sert activity, including sb-202190, we hypothesize their potential in the treatment of mdd and sd. however, detailed curative effects and antidepressant mechanisms require further in vitro and in vivo another predicated small molecular component, tws-119 (4,6 disubstituted pyridopyrimidine, summary connectivity score = —97.04), is a specific inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase (gsk)-3b. gsk-3 (including gsk-3a and gsk-3b two isoforms) is a protein kinase with numerous functions, particularly in neurons, which tightly correspond to neural development, neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, cell survival and cell death, and neuroinflam mation.121e125 here, the neuroinflammationmodulating function of gsk-3b partially depends on the regulation of nf-kb and creb activity, whereas nrf2, the antioxidative stress and inflammationresistant tf signaling pathway, is also regulated by gsk-3b.125,126 with various pharmacological and molecular approaches manipulating gsk-3b activity in animals, deactivation of gsk-3b confers resistance to the appearance of anxious-depressive behaviors.121,123 gsk-3b polymorphisms and dysfunction of gsk-3b are associated with age of onset, pathological manifestation, severity, and therapeutic responses in patients with mdd.76,123,126 the mood stabilizer lithium, the rapid antidepressant ketamine, and the classic antidepressants fluoxetine and venlafaxine reverse irregular gsk3 activation in vivo.121,123,125,127 meanwhile, several gsk-3b inhibitors, such as sb216763, l803-mts, and sar502250, play an antidepressant role in depression animal models.128e130 although there is no report investigating the antidepressant ability of tws-119, its beneficial efficacies in inflammation amelioration, nrf2 antioxidant signaling reinforcement, bloodebrain barrier (bbb) maintenance, and neuroprotective effects (including cell apoptosis reduction and synaptic protein expression increase) in hypoxia-ischemic tissue injuries, such as ischemic stroke, preterm infant brain injury, hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury, and immune regulation in cancers, have been verified in vitro and in vivo.131e137 considering the revealed immune dysfunction, inflammation, and potential pro-/antioxidant imbalance in patients with sd, and established findings of neuroinflammation, bbb permeability change, and synaptic plasticity deficits confirmed in depression pathogenesis,71,138 we speculate that tws-119 has particular value in the treatment of sd. however, the effects and mechanisms of action of tws-119 need to be validated through further experimental evidence and clinical trials. among the 25 components with connectivity scores >95, hor bol-12-myristate-13-acetate, ingenol, and prostratin shared the ability to activate the protein kinase c (pkc) pathway). abnormalities in the pkc signaling pathway have been reported in animal models of depression, whereas there were opposing voices, antior pro-depression, of the efficacies of pkc activators.139e141 ouabain (brd-a68930007), bufalin, cinobufagin, digoxin, and ouabain (brd-k35708212) are atpase inhibitors. inhibition of na+-k+ atpase activity is a common pathway in central nervous system disorders, including neuropsychiatric disorders, depression, and bipolar disorder.142e146 ouabain and digoxin, two membrane na+k+ atpase inhibitors, have shown definite potential to induce depression-like behaviors.143e145 the akt inhibitor, the machine of action of triciribine (brd-k80431395) and triciribine (brda42649439), generally act as antagonists in antidepressant medication research.146,147 although pkc activation, atpase inhibition, and akt inhibition have been confirmed to participate in the pathological processes of depressive disorders, their significance in the diagnosis and treatment of sd and depression remains limited as these mechanisms are involved in several other diseases such as cancers, infections, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disease.68,148e150 tcm formulas have unique advantages in the treatment of mental disorders owing to their “multi-ingredient, multi-target and multi-pathway” characteristics. according to our network pharmacology analysis results, we partially verified these characteristics in dzxy-treated sd. of the 143 active ingredients and 310 target proteins of dzxy, we identified 30 potential direct targets of dxzy after sd treatment and their corresponding active compounds. among the 30 direct target genes, the expression of mpo, mki67, bace1, and cd40lg in peripheral blood leukocytes of patients with sd was downregulated compared with that in healthy controls, whereas the other 26 genes were upregulated in patients with sd. mpo, which encodes myeloperoxidase and primarily expressed in neutrophils, plays an important role in the antibacterial function of neutrophils and mediates local inflammation. mpo expression is generally increased in untreated patients with depression,151e153 which may be involved in the pathological processes of depression by disturbing redox homeostasis.154,155 by constructing the threelayer “dc-dt-p” network, we found that tnf, il1b, and cxcl8 were the highest connectivity genes, ranking 1, 2, and 5, respec tively. these three were confirmed as ctra indicator genes and predicted sd hub genes, and their expression and/or functional abnormalities have been reported in depression-linked research. quercetin was the highest connectivity dzxy active compound in the “dc-dt-p'' network, existing in 4 herbal medicines, b. radix, g. radix, c. moutan radicis, and g. fructus, which interacted with 19 target proteins, including tnf, il1b, cxcl8, irf1, and mpo. besides the connectivity degree of luteolin (active ingredient of m. haplocalycis herba, degree = 6), daidzein and puerarin (active compounds of b. radix, degree = 5 each), kaempferol (active compounds of b. radix, g. radix, c. moutan radicis, g. fructus, and p. radix alba, degree = 4) and b-sitosterol (active compounds of g. fructus, p. radix alba, z. officinale roscoe, and a. sinensis radix, degree = 4) showed above-average connectivity degrees (average degree of compound = 3.16), interacting with multiple target proteins. these compounds may be vital active ingredients of dzxy for the treatment of sd. except for b-sitosterol (a phytosterol), the remaining five compounds are flavonoids, a class of compounds widely found in natural plants and considered an important material basis for the therapeutic effects of chinese herbal medicine.156 quercetin has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial and neuroprotective properties.157,158 the antidepressant effects of quercetin have been elucidated in multiple animal models of depression, the mechanisms of which involve regulating the levels of acetylcholine and monoamine neurotransmitters, activating the tyrosine kinase receptor b (trkb)/bdnf signaling pathway to promote hippocampal neuron regeneration, inhibiting the excessive activation of the hpa axis, alleviating inflammatory reactions, resisting oxidation, and inhibiting nmethyl-d-aspartate receptor activity and nitric oxide synthesis to improve synaptic plasticity.157e159 luteolin, daidzein, puerarin, and kaempferol also exhibit antidepressant effects in some cell and animal experiments and share similarities in antidepressant mechanisms with quercetin, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, hpa axis regulation, regulation of neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors, promo tion of neuron regeneration, and inhibition of neuron apoptosis.160e165 while there is limited research exploring the antidepressant effects of b-sitosterol, its antioxidant, anti inflammatory, immunoregulatory, and hypolipidemic effects have been confirmed in other diseases. moreover, given the excellent bbb permeability (bbb = 0.986) of b-sitosterol, which allows it to traverse the bbb and directly affect the central nervous cells, further research on its therapeutic potential in depression is warranted. the enriched kegg pathways and gobp annotation items of dzxy direct targets, and their hierarchical clusters, indicated that dzxy primarily operates through the regulation of inflammation, immune response, lipid metabolism, and apoptosis in the treatment of sd. the rna-seq analyses of leukocytes revealed the potential biomarkers and underlying pathogenesis of sd, and partly deciphered the correlation between sd and mdd in pathophysiology. com bined with the cmap database and network pharmacology strategies, the medical therapies for sd were also explored, including identifying the candidate small molecular drugs for sd and verifying the curative mechanisms of dzxy in sd. however, the study population was not large enough to draw definitive conclusions, and the mdd patient group was not specifically designed, reducing the verification of the pathophysiological correlation between sd and mdd. hence, further studies involving larger sample sizes and incorporating mdd patient groups are required to strengthen the conclusions of this study. additionally, the predicated candidate drugs for sd and the curative mechanisms of dzxy in sd should be explored in more detail using animal experiments and clinical trials. 3. conclusions overall, our study demonstrated that sd exhibits a unique expressed genome signature with peripheral blood leukocytes, and that blood cell-derived rna or proteins, such as tnf, il1b, cxcl8, and egr1, may have significant value for performing diagnostic functions and identifying disease biomarkers in sd. in addition to the functional annotation and kegg/reactome pathway enrichment of sd-specific genes, and the leucocyte transcriptome-based tf activity analysis between patients with sd and healthy controls, the findings suggest that the proinflammatory and antiinterferon components of ctra may be associated with the pathogenesis of sd. furthermore, the results indicate that, similar to mdd, inflammation overactivation, anti-virus innate immunity inhibition, oxidative stress, and gr dysfunction may be involved in the pathological processes of sd. cmap analysis identified potential smallmolecule drugs for sd, including sb-202190 and tws-119, which directly target sgk1 and jun (two sd-specific genes), respectively. finally, using network pharmacology analysis, we explored the active ingredients and curative mechanisms of dzxy in sd. among the active small molecular compounds, quercetin, luteolin, daidzein, puerarin, kaempferol, bsitosterol, and others have the potential to directly impact the hub genes of sd (tnf, il1b, and cxcl8), influencing various pathological processes in sd such as abnormal inflammatory response, apoptosis-related pathways, and irregular lipid metabolism. these results may provide new insight into the characteristic and functional changes of leukocytes in sd, along with potential leukocyte biomarkers for future applications in identifying and treating patients with sd. meanwhile, the identified small molecular drugs for sd and the mechanism ana lyses of dzxy in the treatment of sd could aid in providing effective therapies for clinical sd. references 1. this is fu xiaolan and zhang kai. review of china's progress in mental health (2021– 2022). 2023/beijing, china: academic press for the social sciences. 2. national academy of mental health. the dsm-5 is a psychological diagnostic tool. 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