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Abstract: Context: TCM education and TCM practice in mainland China have both undergone significant transformations in recent 

decades as a result of a number of variables. The question of who gets to claim TCM curricula is an important one for universities. The goal of 

this research is to examine the variables that affect funding for traditional Chinese medicine education. Our methodology is based on attribution 
analysis, and we illustrate our points using the case of a single TCM university. End result: The analysis is divided into four sections: First, value 

choice, in the sense that health care companies flourish as a result of shifting public consumption patterns brought about by economic growth, 

and second, increased public interest in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and its teaching as a result of societal trends toward the revival of 
traditional cultural practices; 2) TCM education is legal, with many government regulations supporting it and its instruction; 3) TCM education 

is feasible, with research and teaching programs involving external executive organizations being initiated; and 4) TCM education is 

appropriately funded. In conclusion, the analytical framework offers a viable analytical route for comprehending TCM educational 

appropriations and for illuminating future policies and strategies for TCM growth.  

 

Keywords: Topics covered include: traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) educational appropriations, attribution analysis, changing consumer 

patterns, revitalizing traditional culture, TCM policy, and implementation. 
 

 

Chinese Traditional Medical Journal 

 

 
Resource Allocation for the Teaching of Traditional Chinese 

Medicine 
Shreshta, Sahasra 

1,2 Academy of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, 
China 

Received on:  21 Jan 2025   Revised on: 20 Mar 2025   Accepted Date: 25 April 2025  

Published on: 16 June 2025 

 

 

 

 

I. INTRODUCTION 

 
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a wide 
variety of conventional and complementary medical practices 
fall under the umbrella of "alternative medicine." These 
practices include acupuncture and its related techniques, 
chiropractic care, osteopathy, manual therapies, qigong, tai-
chi, yoga, naturopathy, thermal medicine, and many more. 
Traditional medicine is the main method of health treatment 
for 60–90% of the population in Asian and African countries, 
whereas more than 40% of the population in industrialized 
nations opts for alternative medicine.  
1 Traditional medical training is coming into focus as interest 
in alternative medicine grows throughout the world. Among 
Japan's traditional medical practices,  
 
In the nineteenth century, during the Meiji Restoration, 
traditional medicine was modernized by the integration of 
western medicine with education. 2 Due to the 
standardization of TKM education in universities, South 
Korea began its TKM (Traditional Korea Medicine) 
education tremendous growth phase in the 1980s and 1990s. 
3. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been the primary 
method of protecting the health of the Chinese people for a 
long time. For instance, the Peking Union Medical College, 
which received funding from the Rockefeller Foundation in 
1917, is one example of how western medical education 

spread to China after the 1840 Opium War between the United 
Kingdom and China. 5 The debate between traditional Chinese 
medicine (TCM) and Western medicine has persisted ever 
since. 6 There has been significant progress in TCM in recent 
years, nevertheless. About 41.87% of the elderly and 53.59% 
of children ages 0-3 received TCM health management 
services at the end of 2015, and the overall medical services 
provided by TCM accounted for 15.7% of the market. The 
TCM industrial production was 86,530 million yuan, or about 
13,051 million USD. 7  
These days, medical education in China runs in conjunction 
with another system. In 2016, China has established 83 
medical schools, with 25 of them specializing in traditional 
Chinese medicine (TCM) and 752,000 students enrolled. 8 
Western medical education seems to have taken the lead based 
on the number of medical schools in the world. However, the 
Chinese government has recently made efforts to improve 
TCM teaching; for instance, the country has established 1,280 
TCM Inheritance Studios, 230 National TCM Clinical 
Research Bases, and 130 TCM Projects that have been 
recognized as National Intangible Cultural Heritage. 9 We 
need funding for all these research and educational initiatives. 
About 0.22 percent of China's total government spending in 
2016 went toward traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and 
related fields of study, totaling 41,580 million yuan. 9 So, a 
jumble of concerns arises, including why TCM education was 
reshaped and what variables could impact the appropriation of 
TCM education. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



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Result: 

Increase in TCM 

Educational 

Appropriation 

Feasibility: 

Implementation 

Approach 

Legitimacy: 

Policy on TCM 

and its 

Education 

Value Choice 

Social Trend: 
Traditional 

Culture 

Revitalization 

Economic 
Development: 

Consumption 

Pattern Change 

To answer these questions, we take X province as an 
example, which is located in southwest part of China, trying 
to finish an attribution analysis. 

 

II. ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF TCM EDUCATIONAL 

APPROPRIATIONS 

The changing situation of medical education in X 
province. We take X province as an example, for it has two 
types of medical university, including Y Medical University 
(YMU) as a western medicine school and X University of 
TCM (XTCM) as a TCM school. Considering the founding 
year, school size and development history, they are quite 
comparable. YMU was founded in 1956, and has 15,318 
students. 10 X University of TCM (XTCM), founded in 1960, 
has 10,726 students. 11 Both of these two universities are 
supported by X Provincial Education Department. "Table I" 
reveals the basic information of these two universities. It 
seems that YMU has a better development, especially the 
number of National Research Projects. The number of 
graduate students of XTCM also indicates that its research 
ability need to be improved, given that improving one 
university’s research ability needs much more financial 
support and takes long time. 12 

 
TABLE I. BASIC INFORMATION OF XTCM&YMU 

 

Items XTCM YMU 
Year of Establishment 1960 1956 

No. of Undergraduate 9,736 12,057 

No. of Graduate 990 2,811 
No. of Faculty 831 1,598 

No. of National Research Project (last 5 years) 100 316 
No. of Affiliated Hospital 15 15 

1% ESI Discipline 0 1(Clinical 
Medicine) 

No. of National & Provincial Research Bases 49 44 

a. 
Note: XTCM=X University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; YMU=Y Medical University. 

Information are retrieved from these two university’s official website by the end of 2016. 

"Table II" shows the growth rate of XTCM and YMU 
from 2012 to 2016. In these five years, compared with YMU, 
XTCM got several tremendous growing in number of 
graduate students, faculties, and national research projects, 
all these indicate the research ability was greatly enhanced. 
Note that "Table I" shows that the number of national and 
provincial research bases are even more than YMU. In 
addition, XTCM launched several foreign cooperation and 
exchange programs with more than 30 countries and regions 
in the world, and YMU only had about 20 international 
programs. 

 
TABLE II. GROWTH RATE OF XTCM & YMU (FROM 2012-2016, IN 

PERCENTAGE) 
 

Items XTCM YMU 
No. of Undergraduate 1.07% 2.07% 

No. of Graduate 43.06% 23.07% 

No. of Faculty 21.04% 1.46% 
No. of National Research Project (last 5 years) 88.68% 8.59% 

No. of Affiliated Hospital 15.38% 36.36% 

b. 
Note: XTCM, X University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; YMU, Y Medical University. 

Information is retrieved from these two university’s official website by the end of 2016. 

It seems that XTCM is stepping into a fast lane for 
development, and the financial support plays a key role in 
the TCM development process. To analyze this situation, we 
consider the following factors in an integrated model in "Fig. 
1" Over all, the economic development and social trend 
plays a footstone role. Then, the Chinese government made 
several policies to advocate TCM education, and founded 
executive organizations, carried out implementation projects 
as the implement approach. Finally, all these external factors 
lead to the increase of TCM educational appropriations. 

 

Fig. 1. An integrated model about TCM educational appropriation. 

 

A. Value Choice: Economic Development and Social Trend 

Make TCM Education to be Increasingly Addressed. 

After almost 40 years economic reform (initiated in 
1978), the mainland China has become the second largest 
economic entity in the world. 13 China’s values shifted from 
appreciating western culture to reevaluating traditional 
culture. 14 

If we retrospect this springhead from the history, modern 
China was invaded by several countries from 1840 to 1945, 
and China’s cultural confidence was destroyed then. The 
―May 4th Movement‖ in 1919 was initiated by intellectual 
elites and supported by whole Chinese people. ―Science and 
Democracy‖ was the main appeal, as with complete 
westernization, and this movement was regarded as the 
Chinese ―renaissance‖. 15 As one label of traditional culture, 
TCM and its education was under criticism until P.R. China 
was founded (in 1949). 6 Even though they kept TCM 
education, public still turned their healthy problem to 
western medicine, so that TCM education was in an 
awkward position. 

However, economic development and social trend make 
TCM education refashioned. 

First, economic development changed the pattern of 
consumption. With the increase of per capital income, the 
Engel coefficient in mainland China dropped down year by 



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year. In 2008, Engel coefficient was 40.8%, and in 2016 was 
35.95%, during the consumption structure upgrading process, 
health care expenditure accounted for 7% in 2016. 16 
Compared with the survival consumption pattern in the past, 
Chinese people are now pursuing enjoyment-centric 
consumption and high life standard.17 TCM treatment is 
regarded as ―Preventive Treatment‖, which is one of the 
best way to keep health, especially acupuncture, massage, 
and herbal medicine. This leads to the increasing 
requirement of professional TCM practitioners, which is 
counted for TCM education. 18, 19 Hence, TCM education 
is supported by public, which is related to their vital 
interests. 

Furthermore, TCM education has benefited from the 
societal movement toward reviving traditional culture. As 
the Chinese economy surpassed Japan's in 2010 and the 
Chinese people gained self-assurance in their traditional 
cultural practices, the year may be described as a 
traditional cultural renaissance. 20 At the same time, as 
people are rethinking their traditional practices and 
history, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) education 
has seen a surge in support. Several factors contribute to 
this, including an improving economy, a more moral 
culture, the preservation of national identity in the face of 
globalization, and so on. 21 Moreover, the consumption 
model is affected by societal trends as well. As one of the 
most recognizable symbols of Chinese culture, TCM and 
its teaching, was reshaped as the public began to value 
traditional culture, and consumers' preferences shifted to 
certain traditional goods and services. Consequently, a 
value choice was made: TCM and its education were more 
and more addressed due to the booming economy and 
resurrection tendency of traditional culture.  
X has a first-rate natural setting and is hence one of the 
most visited places in China. This is quite appealing since 
pollution in China is not adequately managed. As a whole, 
X's government has taken note of the health industry's 
potential for future economic development, particularly in 
TCM.  
 
• Rules for the Safekeeping and Administration of Herbal 
Remedies Derived from Wild Plants. 26 Because certain 
traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions favor their 
usage, this law sought to safeguard wild herbal plants and 
wild animals.  
• Important Information Regarding TCM Tuina’s Impact 
on Businesses.  
27 There was an effort by the government to standardize 
TCM commercial operations. Both the commercial market 
for Tuina (TCM massage) and the employment prospects 
of TCM graduates were impacted by this announcement. 
28  
• Notice on Strengthening Rural TCM Clinical Physician. 
According to the People's Republic of China's State 
Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine on 2006, 
This rule made it possible for traditional Chinese medicine 
(TCM) practitioners in rural areas to save money on 
treatment by collecting herbal remedies independently.  
• Guidelines for Examining and Qualifying Traditional 
Mentors and Experts. 30 There is an immediate need for 
non-academic specialists with the right credentials, since 
mentoring is still a crucial component of TCM education. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 The government's authorization of mentoring and the 
shift in TCM education reform toward an emphasis on 
"genuine" tradition are two viewpoints held by various 
experts. 31  
• Establishing guidelines for clinics practicing traditional 
Chinese medicine.  
It was acceptable for 32 clinics to be run by traditional TCM 
practitioners.  
Regulations to Supplement the Traditional Chinese 
Medicine Registration Process. 33 Patent medicine was an 
area that the government sought to regulate and normalize.  
General Practitioner Post Training Management Method of 
Traditional Chinese Medicine (2007), TCM Continuing 
Education Regulations (2006), and Methods of Standardized 
34  
 
issue. 22 Therefore, there is a greater emphasis on TCM 
education in X now than in the past.  
 
B. Credibility: Chinese Medicine and Its Education Are 
Supported by Official Policies  
The common prosperity of citizens prompted a reevaluation 
of TCM's function for maintaining health status, while the 
Chinese central and provincial governments have recently 
recognized that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and its 
education could be a good way for a traditional cultural 
renaissance. 24 Accordingly, X provincial administration 
and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese 
Medicine of P.R. China both issued policies to encourage 
the growth of TCM and its teachers.  
What following are official government policies on 
traditional Chinese medicine and its teaching:  
• Rules for the Preservation of Chinese Traditional Herbal 
Medicine. 25 The goal of this rule was to raise the standard 
of herbal medicine, and as a result, TCM schools were 
mandated to establish management reference standards.  
 
Instruction for Traditional Chinese Medicine Resident 
Physicians (2014). The goal of these rules was to make 
TCM classes more commonplace and popular.  
• 2016–2030 Strategic Plan for the Advancement of 
Traditional Chinese Medicine. 35 In an effort to make a 
macro-adjustment to the growth of TCM, the State Council 
of P.R. China published this strategy. This blueprint 
confirms the development aims and priorities of Chinese 
medicine for the next 15 years, with an eye on the practical 
demands and trends of TCM's future, and it develops 
thorough organizational measures and safeguards. 36  
TCM legislation enacted by the People's Republic of China. 
As the most crucial "regulation," this legislation will 
guarantee and advance TCM and its education, according to 
the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of 
P.R. China (2016). 

On one side, X local government carried out central 
government policies; on the other side, X provincial 
government also released several supporting policies as 
follows: 1) X TCM Development Plan from 2015 to 2020, 
Health and Family Planning Commission of X Province 



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(2015) which is based on the local rich herbal medicine 
resources and distinctive heath tourism industry; 2) X Action 
Plan for TCM from 2014 to 2020, 39 & The TCM 
Regulations of X, 40 these two policies are connected with 
national strategy and related to regional features, for X 
province is rich in herbal medicine resources, which 
occupied about 51.4% of total herbal output in China. 41 Thus, 
all these government policies are advocating TCM 
development, and XTCM, as the only TCM higher education 
institution in X, deserved to be invested. 

The purpose and effectiveness of governmental policies 
are making sure that TCM education to be regulated. First, 
the relationship between TCM and commercial operation 
indicates that, as the large number of TCM health care 
institutions in the free market, standardizing the practice of 
TCM will ensure its reputation. Second, it is about the 
relationship between TCM and clinical standard. TCM is 
based on yin-yang and wu-xing (five elements) philosophy, 
advocating overall analysis and personalized medical 
treatment which is not popular for modern science. 42 In 
order to make TCM in line with modern medical norms, 
policies standardize the TCM practitioners’ clinical norms. 
Finally, the relationship of TCM between its education 
suggests that, TCM deeply relies on its education, because 

the higher education institutes are the main role of R&D. 
Thereafter, the external executive organizations and internal 
implementation projects are carried out by TCM universities, 
and regulated by government policies. 

 

B. Feasibility: Multiple Department Collaboration and 

Diversified Sources of Funding 

Based on consumers’ demand and revival trend of 
traditional culture, governmental policies also advocate 
different type of research and teaching programs (see the 
specific content of the regulations, Strategic Planning for the 
Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine from 2016 to 
2030 & X Action Plan for TCM from 2014 to 2020, etc.). 
Revitalizing TCM education is related to public and private 
sectors, therefore, the implementation path and executive 
mechanism are crucial. Generally, we divide three types of 
executive mechanisms and five kinds of implementation 
projects. For executive mechanisms, according to funding 
type, there are national government organizations, provincial 
government organizations, and private sector. For 
implementation projects, there are key laboratory, public 
inspection platform, engineering center, academician expert 
workstation, and collaborative innovation center in "Fig. 2". 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
c. 

Note: data are retrieved from State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Government Budget Expenditure of Public Health, China Statistical Yearbook of Chinese 

Medicine,  2016: D1-6.  http://www.satcm.gov.cn/2015tjzb/全国中医药统计摘编/atog/2016/d1-6.htm. 
 

Fig. 2. Executive organizations and implementation projects of the funding system. 

Internal 

implementation 

projects 

External executive 

organizations 

Collaborative innovation center 

Academician expert workstation 

Engineering center 

Public inspection platform 

Key laboratory 

Private sector 

XTCM 

Provincial government organizations: 

1. X Education Department 

2. Health and Family Planning Commission of 
Yuan Province 

3. X TCM Association 

4. X Provincial Science and Technology 
Department 

5. Y Science and Technology Bureau 

6. X Development and Reform Commission 

National government organizations: 

China Academy of Chinese Medical Science 
China Association of Chinese Medicine 

TCM Science and Technology Center 

International Communication Center 
TCM Doctor Identification Center 

National Development and Reform Commission 

http://www.satcm.gov.cn/2015tjzb/全国中医药统计摘编/atog/2016/d1-6.htm


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For several years, Chinese scholars discussed the 
management of TCM, from theory to practice. 43 Under the 
guidance of national and local government policies, external 
executive organizations start to launch several research and 
teaching projects which are internal implementation projects. 
TCM education has distinguished multiple department 
collaboration feature, that is, several government 
departments, school and even private sector joined together 
for one research and teaching project, hence the TCM 
education is promoted by whole society. "Table III" shows 
the source of TCM R&D revenue. Government, private 
sector and production income are three main sources; 
although the statistical report did not explain what ―other‖ 
mean, it is implied that TCM educational appropriations are 
on the diversified funding way. 

 
TABLE III. TCM R&D REVENUE IN 2016 (IN MILLION YUAN) 

 

Government investment 2152.97 
Private sector investment 1525.2 
Production income 1238.743 

Others 8447.995 

Loan income 16.447 

Total 11992.228 

For XTCM, there are nine key laboratories, one public 
inspection platform, five engineering centers, eight 
academician expert workstations, six collaborative 
innovation centers, which cooperated with different 
academic institutions, government departments and private 
sectors. For example, XTCM and one local county launched 
a project called ―Rehabilitation Center‖, which offers 
preventive treatment and nourishing of life, with the aid of 
XTCM’s professional knowledge and skill. 44 XTCM is no 
longer an isolated institution, but establish several beneficial 
relations with many organizations. Like other higher 
education institutions, TCM universities start to take the 
social responsibilities and walk out the ivory tower. Bok 

(2001) Therefore, through multiple department collaboration 
and diversified sources of funding, TCM education gets 
more financial support than before. 

 

C. Result: Educational Appropriations Inclined to TCM 

Education 

With several policies from central and provincial 
government was released and many research and teaching 
programs were launched, the TCM educational 
appropriations started to increase. Because of TCM 
Continuing Education Regulations (2006), General 
Practitioner Post Training Management Method of TCM 
(2007), Methods of Standardized Training of TCM Resident 
Doctors (2014) from central government, X province started 
to dock these regulations and allocated more fund to XTCM. 
In 2014 and 2015, X Action Plan for TCM from 2014 to 2020 
(2014) and X Development Plan of TCM from 2015 to 2020 
(2015) clarified to support XTCM as the major carrier for 
research, teaching and industrial incubation center. 

"Fig. 3" and "Fig. 4" demonstrate X provincial higher 
education financial allocation for XTCM and YMU. In the 
past five years (2013-2017), both of their education 
appropriations are increased. Western medicine education 
expenditure was always higher than TCM education; 
meanwhile, from 2015 to 2017, TCM education 
appropriation increased faster in "Fig. 1". Note that related 
governmental policies were implemented around 2015, 
which was the turning year, implying their realization in this 
situation. As a matter of fact, the educational appropriations 
in China are basically decided by student number and 
research project number. 46 In 2016, The XTCM students’ 
average expenditure is 18369.51 yuan, while YMU is 
23050.66 yuan. For Per captia research expenditure, XTCM 
is 131,590.61 yuan, while YMU is 177,158.95 yuan. TCM 
education still lag behind western medicine education, but 
the gap is narrowing in 2017 in "Fig. 3" and "Fig. 4". 

 

 
d. 

Note: XTCM, X University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; YMU, Y Medical University 

Fig. 3. Educational Appropriations of XTCM & YMU (in million yuan). 



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e. 

Note: HE, Higher Education; XTCM, X University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; YMU, Y Medical University 

Fig. 4. HE Financial Ratio of XTCM&YMU (in million yuan & percentage). 
 

 

III. CONCLUSION 

 
When it came to ancient China's public health, TCM was 
crucial. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has lately 
resurged, much like its educational component, despite 
having been in a subservient position for quite some time. 
We have examined the Chinese system of attributing TCM 
educational resources. External variables have a significant 
impact on TCM educational appropriations, which we aimed 
to address. Recent years have seen a reshaping of TCM as a 
result of societal trends toward a return to traditional values 
and the changes brought about by economic growth in 
consumer habits. The Chinese government then issued a slew 
of regulations meant to encourage TCM and its study, which 
led to the launch of initiatives involving the cooperation and 
execution of several government agencies. Spending on 
traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) schools went increased 
because of this.  
Underneath the surface of TCM educational appropriations, 
our analytical framework uncovered their profound 
motivations. Higher education appropriations in China are 
dependent on student enrollment and research and teaching 
initiatives, which is distinct from other nations' performance 
financing systems. 48 We added to this literature in a number 
of ways by building on prior studies. First, there is a lack of 
focus on the global education of traditional medicine in the 
existing literature. We attempt to cover one of the gaps in this 
sector by investigating the elements that effect TCM 
educational appropriations, which will impact its growth. 
Secondly, we also achieved a number of methodological 
milestones. With the help of one TCM institution and an 
analysis spanning the gamut from macro to meso, we were 
able to construct a comprehensive framework for studying 
TCM educational appropriations. In terms of viewpoint and 
external validity, this technique may provide a better 
knowledge of TCM educational appropriations. We learned 
thirdly how TCM educational expenditures were distributed; 
as a result of social and economic trends, China established 
external executive bodies and internal implementation 
initiatives, which allowed for the diversification of 
educational funding. We may learn about and foretell the 
future of TCM education in China by using this distribution 
method.  
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
In an effort to see into the future, we propose that 
appropriations are causing some problems in TCM education. 
To begin, contemporary science and technology do not 
acknowledge the yin-yang and wu-xing theory upon which 
TCM is founded. 42 This concept is being debated, which 
might spark a social movement that ends up influencing 
policies about appropriation. Secondly, contrary to the general 
analysis and customized medical treatment heritage of TCM, 
some researchers and practitioners are advocating for the 
standardization of TCM. This entails adopting the method of 
western medicine to verify or validate TCM theory and 
prescription. 50 In order to address the disparity, some funds 
are used to demonstrate the practicability of conventional 
TCM instruction. 51 Furthermore, there is a dearth of 
instruction and training in TCM in the present educational 
system, despite the fact that it has strong ties to the Chinese 
classics. Graduates of TCM programs are allegedly lacking in 
professional classical understanding, according to published 
accounts. 52 Any suggested future allocations should take this 
into account.  
There are several limitations to the present study that may be 
addressed in future studies, despite the fact that we did make 
some progress. First, although we did note certain problems 
with TCM educational appropriations, we did not investigate 
their application. We can go into further depth on this subject 
in future studies. A second point about the technique is that 
there are further approaches we might use to go deeper into the 
topic. For instance, we could employ quantitative methods 
from a micro viewpoint or do a longitude analysis. Due to the 
complexity of attributing TCM educational appropriations, a 
comprehensive analytical framework must be established.  
External executive organizations and internal implementation 
projects had a cross response from the attributes that impact 
TCM educational appropriations, which first came from 
outside sources. Within the scope of our findings, The need for 
traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and its impact on 
education are both determined by economic and social trends. 
Politics, through laws and policies, played a major promoting 
role in shaping the overall design. The implementation strategy 
relies on both external executive organizations and internal 
implementation projects. Ultimately, all of these factors 
contribute to changes in the allocation of funds for TCM 
education. It is clear that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) 
and western medical education grew up together. 



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