










































CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2025 | Vol 8 |Issue 2 

25   

 

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of Senna occidentalis leaf extracts (alkaloid and phenolic) on 

the oxidative state of the heart in Streptozotocin-induced Wistar rats that were given a high-fat diet. The rats were inoculated 

intraperitoneally with 35 mg/kg of streptozotocin to induce type 2 diabetes. Research Tools and Procedures: Group 1 served as 

the control group and included seven rats out of a total of 43 rats that were randomly assigned to one of seven groups of six. The 

other groups were as follows: Diabetes rats that were not treated, rats that were treated with metformin, rats that were treated 

with phenolic extract, rats that were treated with alkaloids extract, rats that were treated with high doses of phenolic extract, and 

rats that were treated with high doses of alkaloids extract. Antioxidant status was determined by measuring the activity levels of 

many biochemical variables, including catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, 

glutathione, and malondialdehyde. The results of this investigation suggested that S. occidentalis phenolic and alkaloid extracts 

might be useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes due to their antioxidant characteristics. 

 

 

 

Keywords: Senna occidentalis extract, streptozotocin, hypoglycemia, phenolics 
 

 

 

Chinese Traditional Medical Journal 
 

In high-fat, streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic Wistar rats, the effect of a phenolic and alkaloid 

extract from Senna Occidentalis leaves on the heart's oxidative status was studied. 

Ramesh 
Department of Biochemistry, Kwara State University, Ilorin, Nigeria 

Received on:  21 Dec 2024   Revised on: 20 Jan 2024    Accepted Date: 25 Feb 2024  

Published on: 24 March 2025 
 

 

 

INTRODUCTION 
 

Traditional medicine has relied on plants for illness 

treatment since ancient times. One benefit of medicinal 

plants is the abundance of plant-based therapeutic chemicals 

that have been developed for use in modern medicine. [2] In 

low- and middle-income nations, where around 80% of the 

population resides, people often use plant resources for their 

main healthcare. There is a great deal of unrealized potential 

in medicinal plants, and they are already playing an 

important role in scientific progress. There are a number of 

phytochemicals in medicinal plants that have the potential to 

cure infectious and chronic illnesses in the near and distant 

future. When it comes to treating a wide range of ailments, 

people living in tropical and subtropical climates often turn 

to herbal plants like Senna occidentalis (S. occidentalis). 

According to traditional medicine, it has a number of 

medicinal applications [5]. 6, 7 The Hausa people of Nigeria 

call this plant Sanga-sanga or Rai dore; the Igbo people call  

 

 

 

 

it Akidi agbara; and the Yoruba people call it Abo rere. 

Tables 8–10.  

Antimicrobial activity has been shown by previous 

researchers in extracts of S. occidentalis, [11] beneficial for 

the liver and antioxidant  

 

prospects,[12] antimalarial characteristics,[13] anxiety- and 

depression-reducing abilities,[14] anodyne effects,[7] and 

anti-diabetic capabilities. in references [15,16]  

When the pace of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation 

exceeds the body's ability to neutralize them, oxidative stress 

ensues. Enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production 

and/or diminished ROS scavenging capacities lead to 

elevated oxidative stress, which in turn damages tissues. [17]  

Both hereditary and environmental factors contribute to the 

complexity of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). New 

evidence reveals that genetic information greatly assists in 

diabetes risk prediction and therapy personalization. 

 

 

 

 



CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2025 | Vol 8 |Issue 2 

 

26   

 

 

Although there are over 70 genes that have been shown to be 

associated with type 2 diabetes, they only account for around 

10% of the total heredity of the disease. Twin studies have 

shown a strong genetic impact on the development of type 2 

diabetes, suggesting a stronger relationship to family history 

and lineage than type 1. A person's ethnic background may 

also have a role. It is impossible to completely rule out 

environmental factors, however. Even while there may be a 

hereditary predisposition to obesity and common patterns of 

eating and exercising, a person's lifestyle choices greatly 

affect the likelihood that they will acquire type 2 diabetes. A 

lack of proper insulin responses is a hallmark of the 

pathophysiological changes caused by diabetes, which include 

dysfunctional peripheral βcells and reactive oxygen species 

(ROS) caused by inflammation or cells interacting with the 

insulin receptor or downstream signaling pathways. 

Microvascular and macrovascular complications, as well as 

impaired blood glucose management, are the cumulative 

effects of chronic inflammation and insulin resistance, to 

which all of these causes contribute.  

Antioxidants may lessen the effects of oxidative stress. 

Enzymes that neutralize free radicals, such as catalase, 

glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase, and reduced 

glutathione (GSH) are examples of endogenic antioxidants; 

vitamins A, C, and E are examples of exogenic antioxidants. 

By either scavenging free radicals or increasing their 

catabolism, both classes of antioxidants prevent free radical 

formation. [18] in Additionally, antioxidants have the ability 

to deoxygenate oxidized compounds. The year 19  

Natural chemicals derived from medicinal plants have 

developed into successful treatments to fight oxidative stress, 

since phytochemicals are a major source of antioxidants. In 

addition to improving insulin secretion and glycogen storage 

in the liver, these antioxidants reduce oxidative stress. In [20], 

Senna occidentalis botanical classification 
• Kingdom: Plantae 

• Phylum: Magnoliophyta 

• Class: Magnoliopsida 

• Subclass: Rosidae 

• Order: Fabales 

• Family: Fabaceae 

• Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae 

• Tribe: Cassieae 

• Genus: Senna 

• Species: occidentalis 

• Botanical name: S. occidentalis. 

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 
Study area 
The samples were obtained in Ilorin, the capital of Kwara State, 

located in the north‑central zone of Nigeria. 

Sample collection and authentication 
The leaves of S. occidentalis, known as “Abo rere” in Yoruba, 

were collected from a farmland in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. 

The plant was identified and authenticated at the Herbarium 

Unit, Department of Plant Biology, University of Ilorin, Kwara 

state, Nigeria, and a voucher number (UILH001/1302/2021) 

was given and deposited for future reference. The leaves were 

then dried in the open air, away from direct sunlight, for 7 days. 

Afterward, they were crushed into powder form, resulting in 

a total of 462 g of pulverized leaves. 

Experimental animals 
Forty-three Wistar rats weighing between 100 and 120 g were 

acquired. The rats underwent a 7-day acclimatization period 

at the room temperature, during which they were provided 

with rodent feed and had ad libitum access to clean distilled 

water. The Wistar rats were housed at the animal house of 

the Biochemistry Department, Kwara State University. All 

animal procedures were carried out in compliance with the 

guidelines for scientific animal procedures approved by the 

ethics committee of the Kwara State University. 

Reagents and kits 

Reagents 
The reagents used included acetic acid, ethyl acetate, 

chloroform, streptozotocin, bromocresol green, atropine, gallic 

acid, Folin reagent, and ethanol. 

Kits 
The kits used for the analysis of the experimental animal 

included the total cholesterol reagent, high-density lipoprotein 

cholesterol reagent, and triglyceride cholesterol reagent, all 

manufactured by RANDOX. 

Preparation of extracts 

Alkaloids extraction 
The pulverized sample was mixed with 900 mL of ethanol and 

100 ml of acetic acid and allowed to soak for 24 h. The mixture 

was subsequently filtered using filter paper. A rotary evaporator 

was used to concentrate the filtrate to obtain the supernatant. 

The pH of the supernatant was adjusted to approximately 8 by 

adding NH4OH solution. The supernatant was then subjected 

to extraction three times using 50 mL of chloroform each time. 

A separating funnel was used to separate the chloroform layer 

from the rest of the solution to obtain the alkaloid extract. 

Extraction of phenolic 
The powdered sample was mixed with a solvent mixture 

consisting of 150 mL of ethyl acetate, 30 mL of acetic acid, and 

300 mL of water. The mixture was vigorously stirred for 30 min 

until both phases were fully saturated. The mixture was then 

transferred to a separating funnel to allow the phases to separate. 

The phenolic extract was obtained from the organic phase. 

Total phenolic content 
To determine this, the following steps were undertaken: 

7 g of NaCO3 was dissolved in 100 mL of water, and 10 mg 

of gallic acid was dissolved in 10 mL of methanol. Four 

concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100 g/mL) were prepared. 

These concentrations involved mixing 5 ml of Folin reagent 

with 50 mL of water, 0.5 mL of the sample, and 0.5 mL of 

the gallic acid. Additionally, 12 test tubes were prepared 



CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2025 | Vol 8 |Issue 2 

 

27   

 

       

       

 

for gallic acid, and 3 test tubes were prepared for each 

extract. Water was added accordingly. For the gallic acid 

concentrations, the following steps were repeated three 

times: adding 1 mg/mL of the extract to each test tube, 

adding 2 mL of Folin reagent to each test tube, and adding 

4 mL of NaCO3 to each test tube. Finally, the absorbance 

was measured at 765 nm. 

Total alkaloids content 
Using atropine as the reference, the total amount of alkaloids 

was determined using a spectrophotometric technique that 

depends on the interaction between alkaloids and bromocresol 

green. The process used is as follows: the plant extract 

was dissolved in hydrochloric acid solution (2N HCl) at 

a concentration of 1 mg/mL. A 0.1N sodium hydroxide 

solution was used to bring a phosphate buffer solution’s 

pH to a neutral range. A 5 mL mixture was then vigorously 

stirred after 1 ml of this solution was transferred to a separate 

funnel. Chloroform was used to extract the resultant complex. 

To achieve the appropriate volume, the extract was diluted 

with chloroform after being collected in a 10 mL volumetric 

flask. The complex’s chloroform absorbance then measured 

at 470 nm. 

 

Group   Extract administration 
 

 

Control Normoglycemic rats orally administered with distilled water 

Untreated Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats orally administered 

diabetic rat with distilled water 

Diabetic rat 14.3 mg/kg (body weight) of metformin 

Diabetic rat 100 mg/kg (body weight) of phenolic extract 

Diabetic rat 100 mg/kg (body weight) of phenolic extract 

Diabetic rat 100 mg/kg (body weight) of phenolic extract 

Diabetic rat  200 mg/kg (body weight) of alkaloid extract 

 

Experimental animal stratification and extract 

administration 
Forty‑three Wistar rats were stratified into seven groups: Six 

groups with six rats each and one control group with seven 

rats as illustrated in Table 1. 

Table 1 illustrates the classification of diabetic rats, the amount 

and type of extract administered respectively. The protocol 

utilized in this study complies with the standards of the 

National Research for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals 

and Principles of Good Laboratory Procedure. 

Streptozotocin diabetes induction 
The induction procedure for Type 2 diabetes was carried out 

as previously described.[21] Diabetes was induced in the rats 

using the intraperitoneal method. A solution of 35 mg/kg 

streptozotocin was prepared in 1.0 M citrate buffer at pH 4.5. 

Following this, the rats underwent a 12-h fasting period. 

Fasting blood sugar levels were checked randomly and then 

checked again after an additional 72 h. It was confirmed that 

the group subjected to induction displayed diabetic conditions, 

with glucose levels exceeding 200 mg/dL.[22] 

Extraction of serum and tissue homogenates 
Jugular puncture was used for this purpose. The rats were 

anesthetized with diethyl ether, and their fur and skin were 

shaved to expose the jugular vein. The jugular vein was 

punctured using a new scalpel to collect blood samples into 

both ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and plain bottles. 

Following blood collection, the animals were immediately 

dissected, and specific organs such as the liver, kidney, heart, 

and pancreas were removed. These organs were then placed 

in different buffers, including sucrose, Tris, and formalin. In 

addition, the blood samples collected in EDTA bottles were 

centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 5 min. The resulting serum was 

carefully extracted from the centrifuged blood using a Pasteur 

pipette and transferred to clean, dry sample bottles. The serum 

was stored in the refrigerator overnight before being used for 

further assays. 

Furthermore, 1 g of each organ was weighed and separately 

homogenized using sucrose and Tris buffers. The homogenates 

prepared with tris buffer were subsequently centrifuged. The 

centrifuged homogenates were then transferred to sample 

bottles and frozen for subsequent laboratory analysis. 

Determination of parameters 
The following parameters were determined: SOD, CAT, GSH, 

GPx, malondialdehyde (MDA), and GST. 

Statistical analysis 
All the data were expressed as mean ± standard error 

of the mean for rats in each group. All group data were 

statistically assessed using the Statistical Package for the 

Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.0 software (IBM, Armonk, New 

York, United States). Data acquired were analyzed using 

the one-way analysis of variance, and subsequent contrasts 

among groups were done using Duncan Multiple Range 

Test. The mean difference was statistically significant 

 

Figure 1: Senna occidentalis leaf on harvested farmland in Ilorin, Kwara 
State 



CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2025 | Vol 8 |Issue 2 

 

28   

 

 

when P < 0.05. Results are represented graphically using 

Graphpad 8.0. 

 

RESULTS 
Figure 1 describes the physical appearance of Senna 

occidentalis leaf planted on a farmland in Ilorin, Kwara State, 

Nigeria. 

The effect of S. occidentalis on GST activity in the heart of 

Wistar rats is depicted in Figure 2. Metformin-treated rats 

showed increased levels of GST activity compared to the 

control group, while all other treated groups had lower levels 

of GST activity than the control group (P < 0.05). 

Figure 3 demonstrates that the levels of glutathione 

activity were lowered in all treatment groups except for the 

metformin-treated group, which shared the same level of 

activity as the control group (P < 0.05). 

Figure 4 depicts the GPx activity levels in all groups. Compared 

to the other groups, the metformin-treated group has higher 

levels of GPx activity. The rats treated with the extracts had 

significantly decreased GPx activity compared to the control 

group. When comparing the groups, the diabetes untreated 

group exhibits a substantial decrease in activity levels when 

compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). 

Figure 5 depicts the levels of MDA activity in each treatment 

groups. Reduced levels were found in all groups except for 

the untreated diabetic group, which showed a statistically 

significant rise compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). 

All treated groups had lower levels of cardiac SOD activity 

compared to the control group, as shown in Figure 6. 

However, the untreated diabetic group exhibited the lowest 

level (P < 0.05). 

Figure 7 displays the CAT activity levels in each group. 

Each group had an increased level of CAT activity except for 

the untreated diabetic group when compared to the control 

group (P < 0.05). 

 

DISCUSSION 
T2DM is characterized by hyperglycemia, which significantly 

increases the production of ROS, oxidative stress, and 

numerous cellular and molecular modifications, such as 

mitochondrial dysfunction, that affect the body’s normal 

physiological processes.[23] 

ROS is produced by normal cellular metabolism and carry 

out crucial biological tasks. Although ROS is essential for 

life, they can harm macromolecules such as lipids, proteins, 

and nucleic acids due to their strong chemical reactivity. 

Therefore, cellular defense systems are activated to control 

ROS generation and prevent oxidative damage. Most ROS 

defense systems consist of scavenging enzymes, including 

CAT, GPxs, and SODs, etc., Antioxidant enzymes are the 

 

 

 

Figure 2: Effect of Senna occidentalis extract on glutathione transferase 
activity in the heart of Wistar rats. GST: Glutathione transferase 

Figure 3: Effect of Senna occidentalis extract on glutathione activity in 
the heart of Wistar rats. GSH: Reduced glutathione 

 

  
Figure 4: Effect of Senna occidentalis on glutathione peroxidase activity 
in the heart of Wistar rats. GPx: Glutathione peroxidase 

Figure 5: Effect of Senna occidentalis extract on malondialdehyde activity 
in the heart of Wistar rats 



CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2025 | Vol 8 |Issue 2 

 

29   

 

 

 

 
Figure 6: Effect of Senna occidentalis extract on superoxide dismutase 
activity in the heart of Wistar rats. SOD: Superoxide dismutase 

 
good biological indicators of cellular perturbation; they are also 

known as biomarkers. 

Free radicals are neutralized by enzyme antioxidants. The 

antioxidant enzymes convert harmful oxidative products to 

hydrogen peroxide and subsequently to water via a multi-step 

process when they are in the presence of cofactors like copper, 

zinc, manganese, and iron. Free radical chain reactions are 

disrupted by nonenzymatic antioxidants. [24] The controlled and 

treated groups showed significantly higher levels of CAT, SOD, 

GST, GPx, and GSH activity than the diabetic untreated group, 

according to the results of this study. The fact that these biomarker 

levels rose in the treated groups suggests that the antioxidant 

characteristics of S. occidentalis leaf extract aid in the elimination 

of oxidative stress and the enhancement of appropriate glucose 

homeostasis.  

Metabolic damage assessment (MDA) is an important sign of 

oxidative stress among the six cardiac function indicators 

investigated in this research. Stable and very poisonous, MDA is 

the byproduct of lipid peroxidation. The study found that the 

untreated diabetes group had a much higher MDA levels. Increased 

malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in untreated type 2 diabetic rats 

suggest increased free radical activity and lipid peroxidation. The 

development of type 2 diabetes and its consequences are linked to 

oxidative stress, which is in turn caused by lipid peroxidation, 

according to substantial evidence. S. occidentalis leaf extract 

lowered MDA levels in rats when administered topically. Evidence 

suggests that enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense 

systems are weakening as lipid peroxidation levels rise.  

According to previous research, diabetes mellitus is a well-

known risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Compared to 

nondiabetic people, those with T2DM have increased 

cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.[26] Heart antioxidant 

enzymes such as CAT, SOD, and GPx represent the primary 

defense opposing oxidative damage by eliminating main ROS.[27] 

Based on the evidence gathered in this study, it is evident that the 

administration of S. occidentalis leaf extract serves as an 

antioxidant therapy that can help prevent the 

Figure 7: Effect of Senna occidentalis extract on catalase activity in the 
heart of Wistar rats 

 

development of diabetic heart complications by increasing the 

activity levels of CAT, SOD, and GPx. 

The outcome of this research also confirmed the antioxidant 

potential of metformin. This agrees with previous reports on the 

efficacy of metformin, which possesses antioxidant properties 

that reduce ROS by inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative 

phosphorylation.[28] Evidence from this research shows that 

metformin heightened the actions of CAT, GSH, SOD, GST, and 

GPx and decreased the activity of MDA in type 2 diabetic rats. 

 

CONCLUSIONS 
 

The therapeutic importance of medicinal plants in illness 

prevention, treatment, and management has led to their 

significant attention in recent years. Our research shows that 

S. occidentalis leaf extract enhances antioxidant enzymes 

and GPx activity while decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) 

activity in the hearts of rats with type 2 diabetes. The 

findings show that the leaf extract of S. occidentalis has 

antioxidant properties and aids in the treatment of type 2 

diabetes when taken at the recommended dosages. The 

findings of this study support the use of S. occidentalis leaf 

extract as a treatment for oxidative stress in the prevention of 

type 2 diabetes complications. It is also suggested that 

scientists sequence S. occidentalis leaves so they may learn 

more about the plant's genetic makeup, whether that's by 

finding individual genes or variants. Several fields may 

benefit from this data, such as plant breeding, evolutionary 

biology, and the study of plant physiology and development. 

 

REFERENCES 
1. Gajalakshmi S, Vijayalakshmi S, Rajeswari D. Phytochemical, and 

pharmacological properties of Annona muricata: A review. Int J Pharm 

Pharmal Sci 2012;4:3‑6. 

2. Oladunmoye MK, Adetuyi FC, Akinyosoye FA. Effect of Cassia 



CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2025 | Vol 8 |Issue 2 

 

30   

 

 

hirsuta (L) extract on DNA profile of some microorganisms. Afr J 

Biotechnol 2009;8:447-50. 

3. Lavanya C, Rao BG, Devarakonda R. Phytochemicals and pharmacological 

studies on Polyalthia longifolia. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018;3:1‑7. 

4. Duraipandiyan V, Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S. Antimicrobial activity 

of some ethnomedicinal plants used by Paliyar tribe from Tamil Nadu, 

India. BMC Complement Altern Med 2006;6:35. 

5. Essa’a VJ, Medoua GN. Subchronic toxicity of the beverage 

made from Cassia occidentalis seeds in mice. Int J Nutr Food Sci 

2013;2:237-42. 

6. Yadav JP, Arya V, Yadav S, Panghal M, Kumar S, Dhankhar S. Cassia 

occidentalis L.: A review on its ethnobotany, phytochemical and 

pharmacological profile. Fitoterapia 2010;81:223‑30. 

7. Silva MG, Aragão TP, Vasconcelos CF, Ferreira PA, Andrade BA, 

Costa IM, et al. Acute and subacute toxicity of Cassia occidentalis L. 

stem and leaf in Wistar rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;136:341-6. 

8. Nuhu AA, Aliyu R. Effects of Cassia occidentalis aqueous leaf extract 

on biochemical markers of tissue damage in rats. Trophical J Pharm Res 

2008;7:1137-42. 

9. Sadiq IS, Shuaibu M, Bello AB, Tureta SG, Isah A, Izuagie T, et al. 

Phytochemistry and antimicrobial activities of Cassia occidentalis used 

for herbal remedies. J Chem Eng 2012;1:38-41. 

10. Egharevba HO, Odigwe AC, Abdullahi MS, Okwute SK, Okogun JI. 

Phytochemical analysis and broad‑spectrum antimicrobial activity of 

Cassia occidentalis L. (Whole plant). N Y Sci J 2010;3:74‑81. 

11. Mohammed M, Aboki MA, Saidu HM, Victor O, Tawakalitu A, 

Maikano SA. Phytochemical and some antimicrobial activity of Cassia 

occidentalis L. (Caesalpiniaceae). Int J Sci Technol 2012;2:4. 

12. Gowrisri M, Sarita K, Vrushabendra SB, Archana SP, Vishwanath KM. 

Antioxidant and nephroprotective activities of Cassia occidentalis leaf 

extract against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Res J Pharm 

Biol Chem Sci 2012;3:684-4. 

13. Gwarzo US, Gimba CE, Adeyemo DJ, Paul ED. Neutron activation 

analysis (NAA) of Senna occidentalis Linn. J Natl Sci Res 2014;4:22‑8. 

14. Shafeen S, Srinath RT, Arafath S, Nagarjuna S, Padmanabha RY. 

Evaluation of antianxiety and antidepressant activity of Cassia 

occidentalis leaves. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2012;5:47‑50. 

15. Emmanuel S, Rani MS, Sreekanth MR. Antidiabetic activity of 

Cassia occidentalis Linn in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats: 

A dose‑dependent study. Int J Pharm Biosci 2010;1:14‑25. 

16. Onakpa MM, Ajagbonna OP. Antidiabetic potentials of Cassia 

occidentalis Leaf extract on alloxan-induced diabetic albino mice. Int J 

Pharm Tech Res 2012;4:1766‑9. 

17. van Dam PS. Oxidative stress and diabetic neuropathy: 

Pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment perspectives. Diabetes 

Metab Res Rev 2002;18:176-84. 

18. Tiwari AK. Imbalance in antioxidant defence and human diseases: 

Multiple approach of natural antioxidants therapy. Curr Sci 

2001;81:1179-87. 

19. Sen CK. Oxygen toxicity and antioxidants: State of the art. Indian J 

Physiol Pharmacol 1995;39:177‑96. 

20. Abdelrazek HM, Kilany OE, Muhammad MA, Tag HM, Abdelazim AM. 

Black seed thymoquinone improved insulin secretion, hepatic glycogen 

storage, and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male 

Wistar rats. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018;2018:8104165. 

21. Okoduwa SI, Umar IA, James DB, Inuwa HM. Appropriate insulin 

level in selecting fortified diet‑fed, streptozotocin‑treated rat model of 

type 2 diabetes for anti‑diabetic studies. PLoS One 2017;12:e0170971. 

22. Mohan VR, Kalpana DV, Maruthupandian A, Shanmugasundaram R, 

Tresina SP. Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidaemic and antioxidant activity 

of Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. 

Int J Pharm Tech Res 2011;3:747‑56. 

23. DeFronzo RA. Insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, type 2 diabetes and 

atherosclerosis: The missing links. The Claude Bernard lecture 2009. 

Diabetologia 2010;53:1270-87. 

24. Shahidi F, Zhong Y. Novel antioxidants in food quality preservation and 

health. Europ J Lipid Sci Technol 2010;112:930-40. 

25. Saddala RR, Thopireddy L, Ganapathi N, Kesireddy SR. Regulation of 

cardiac oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin-induced 

diabetic rats treated with aqueous extract of Pimpinella tirupatiensis 

tuberous root. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2013;65:15‑9. 

26. Gu K, Cowie CC, Harris MI. Diabetes and decline in heart disease 

mortality in US adults. JAMA 1999;281:1291‑7. 

27. Stocker R, Keaney JF Jr. New insights on oxidative stress in the artery 

wall. J Thromb Haemost 2005;3:1825-34. 

28. Esteghamati A, Eskandari D, Mirmiranpour H, Noshad S, 

Mousavizadeh M, Hedayati M, et al. Effects of metformin on markers 

of oxidative stress and antioxidant reserve in patients with newly 

diagnosed type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr 

2013;32:179-85. 


