




































 

 

 

    ISSN : 2693 6356 

2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 5 

 

 

Evaluation of Anti - Hyperglycaemic activity of Madhu (Honey) in High fat 
diet induced diabetes - An Experimental study 

Dr. M .Santhyanarayana1 , K .Sukumar2 

1,2
Assistant Professor Department of Cardiology, Guang′anmen Hospital, 

China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Community Healthcare Center of Shangzhuang 
 

 

ABSTRACT 

Background: Madhu (honey) is the only naturally occurring sweetener that has been around for a 
very long period. It's been used for centuries as both a meal and a medication. For example, Kaphaja 
Vyadhi (diseases caused by Kapha Dosha) and Sthoulya (obesity owing to Medo Dhatu Vruddhi; an 
increase in adipocyte bulk) are both conditions for which Madhu is recommended in Ayurvedic 
literature as a Sarvapramehahara (curer of all forms of Prameha). The purpose of this research is to 
see whether Madhu has any effect on blood sugar levels. Substances and Techniques: Obese Wistar 
Albino Rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and given the diabetes-inducing drug streptozotozin 
(STZ). The dosage conversion formula called for 30 days of treatment with Madhu that had been 
combined with Triphala Kashaya (Samyoga) and treated with Triphala Kashaya (Samskara). 
Kevala Madhu (pure honey), Jala Samskaarita Madhu (honey processed with water), and a 
conventional medicine (Pioglitazone) were compared statistically with a control group, a high-fat 
diet group, and another group that lost weight. Initial results showed that all treatment groups saw a 
decrease in body weight and blood glucose levels. Animals given a combination of Triphala Kashaya 
and Madhu saw their body weights recover and their levels of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides 
drop significantly after treatment. The research found that Madhu combined with Triphala Kashaya 
(Samyoga group) had significantly more anti-hyperglycaemic and anti-hyper cholestraemic action 
than Samskaritha Madhu (processed honey group). 

 
Keywords: Activity against hyperglycemia, high-fat diet (Honey), Triphala, Samyoga, Samskara, (Streptozotozin), and (STZ) 

 

Introduction 

Lifestyle illnesses, which include diabetes, hypertension, 

cancer, obesity, and a broad range of metabolic disorders, 

are the most widely publicized health hazards of the 

modern period since they are responsible for more deaths 

than any other condition globally. It is estimated that 79.4 

million people in India would have diabetes by 2030, the 

highest number of any country. Obesity [2] raises the 

possibility of developing Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. 

Dyslipedaemia is characteristic of insulin resistance and 

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus [3, 4], and dysfunctional adipose 

tissue [3, 4] is associated with obesity. [5] Since both 

Sthoulya (obesity) and Prameha (diabetes) are 

Santarpanotthavyadhis (diseases induced owing to excess 

feeding) [7], and share comparable causal causes, classical 

Ayurvedic literatures provide thorough narrative regarding 

the role of Medodhathu in both conditions. Prameha 

Samprapti is often attributed to abnormal Medodhatu 

(Bahuabaddhamedas). Sthoola Prameha (obese diabetes) 

and Krisha Pramehi (lean diabetes) are subcategories of 

Prameha [8], the former of which requires idiomatic care. 

Long-term treatment techniques have therapeutic 

implications that incorporate not just medication but also 

nutrition and exercise. 

Sarvapramehahara, which combines Madhu and Triphala 

Kashaya, is one of Ayurveda's most often recommended 

therapeutic  

techniques [10]. [11] 

 
Though Purana Madhu (old honey) alone has been 

attributed with Lekhanakarma (scrapping), which is 

indicated in Sthoulya, processing with Dravyas having 

similar activities are mentioned in few texts of 

Ayurveda. Contradictory statements in classical texts 

regarding heating of Madhu necessitate detailed pre- 

clinical investigations on safety and efficacy. High fat 

diet along with low dose streptozotocin induced 

diabetes model in experimental animals is said to 

mimic type 2 diabetes in human beings. Hence 

present study was undertaken to evaluate anti - 

hyperglycaemic activity of honey in processed and 

unprocessed forms in Streptozotozin/High fat diet 

induced diabetes in wistar albino rats. 

 

Materials and Methods 



 

 

Freshly extracted un-processed honey was obtained 

from the Bhagamandala Honey society, Kodagu 

district, Karnataka and was stored in dry amber 

coloured glass bottles for one year to make it Purana 
(aging process). Streptozotozin was procured from 

SRL chem-company. Deseeded fruits of Haritaki 
(Terminalia chebula Retz), Vibhitaki (Terminallia bellerica 
Roxb) and Amalaki (Embellica officinalis Gaertn) were 

procured from local market. Fruits were pounded to 

obtain Yavakuta (coarse powder) and mixed 

thoroughly to obtain Triphala Choorna (fine powder). 
 

Kashaya (decoction) was prepared as per 

standard protocol of Sharangadhara Samhita. 

Madhupaka Vidhi (processing honey) was 

carried out using Madhu and Triphala 
Kashaya in equal proportions as per Kaiyadeva 

Nighantu with minor modifications. [12] Madhu 

and Triphala Kashaya were mixed in equal 

proportions for Kashaya Samskara process where 

as Madhu and water was mixed in the ratio of 8:1 

for Jala Samskara. Instead of heating Madhu 
directly over flame, water bath at (950 C) was 

used during condensation process to avoid 

charring of honey. [13] Same procedure was 

adopted for preparation of Jala Samskaritha 
Madhu (honey processed with water). 

 

Preparation of   Normal and High fat 

diet High fat diet for wistar albino rats was 

prepared under standard laboratory conditions. 

Ingredients of diet [14] (Table 1) were mixed, 

converted into pellets, dried in hot air oven and 

stored in cool and dry container. 

Table no. 1: Composition of Normal and High Fat Diet 

Normal Diet 

requirement per day 

per rat 

High Fat Diet 

requirement per day 

per rat 

Constituents 
Weight 

in gm 
Constituents 

Weight 

in gm 

Whole Wheat 3.24 Whole Wheat 2.72 

Yellow Corn 3 Yellow Corn 2.72 

Barley 1.8 Barley 1.36 

Milk Powder 1.8 Milk Powder 2.04 

Bone Meal 0.12 Bone Meal 0.13 

Calcium 
Chloride 

0.12 
Calcium 
Chloride 

0.13 

Salt 0.12 Salt 0.13 

Oil 1.8 Oil 1.36 

Vit. B12 0.048 Vit. B12 0.054 

  Butter 1.363 

 
Experimental study 
Ethical clearance was obtained from 

Institutional ethics committee, JSS College of 

Pharmacy, Mysuru (IEAC 210/2016) prior to 

commencement of the experimental study. 

Healthy Wistar Albino male rats weighing 

between 100-150 g were procured from animal 

breeding facility, department of Pharmacology, 

JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru. 

Experimental animals were sorted in 8 groups 

comprising 6 animals in each group (Table 2). 

Prior to commencement of experimentation, 

experimental animals were acclimatised for 15 

days under standard laboratory conditions. 

Regular rat feed and potable water was provided 

during this period. 

 

Anti-hyperglycaemic study was conducted for 75 

days comprising high fat diet administration for 

30 days followed by induction of hyperglycaemia 

with two consecutive doses of Streptozotozin 

injection (30mg IP) as per standard protocol. [15] 

After analysing serum glucose concentration, 

treatment to elicit anti-hyperglycaemic activity 

was continued for 30 days. Except normal control 

group animals, other groups received high fat diet 

ad libitum throughout the study period. After 

induction of hyperglycaemia test drug was 

administered simultaneously along with high fat 

diet. Normal group animals were provided with 

regular pellets and water. 



 

 

 

The standard drug, pioglitazone was administered 

in the dose of 30 mg/kg. [16] The dose of the test 

drug (Kevala Madhu, Jala Samskarita Madhu, Madhu 
mixed with Triphala Kashaya and Madhu processed 

with Triphala Kashaya) was determined and carried 

out as per the earlier study as Avaleha Pramana. [17] 

Dose for the rat was calculated on the basis of 

conversion formula. [18] 860mg/200g of honey 

was fixed as initial dose and calculated 

periodically based on change in body weight 

during study period. Distilled water was used as 

media to administer Samskaritha Madhu, whereas 

group 6 animals received Madhu mixed with 

Triphala Kashaya (Samyoga group). Group 6 and 8 

received Madhu mixed with Triphala Kasaya and 

water respectively. Body weight and Blood glucose 

levels of the animals was recorded before 

commencement of experiment and on 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 

4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th weeks. Blood was 

collected from the retro-orbital area on 76th day 

and serum was subjected to cholesterol and 

triglycerides estimation. Data was statistically 

analysed by ANOVA method using Graph pad 

prism 6 software for assessing level of significanc 

Table no. 2: Showing details of experimental groups 
 

Group 1 Normal diet control group 

Group 2 High fat diet –untreated Group 

Group 3 High fat diet+streptozotozin - untreated group 

Group 4 High fat diet + streptozotozin - treated with pioglitazone 

Group 5 High fat diet + streptozotozin - treated with Triphala Kashaya Samskaritha Madhu 

Group 6 High fat diet + streptozotozin - treated with Triphala Kashaya with Madhu 

Group 7 High fat diet + streptozotozin - treated with Jala Samskaritha Madhu 

Group 8 High fat diet + streptozotozin - treated with Purana Madhu 

 

Observation and Results 

All animals pertaining to 8 groups remained 

healthy with normal food and water intake and 

no abnormal behaviour was noticed during 

acclimatisation period. 

                      

Body weight: (Graph 1)  

All animals gained weight 

till 5th week (before induction of hyperglycaemia) except in 

control group animals (Normal diet). After administering 

STZ (except in normal control and HFD group), all other 

group animals lost weight partially during 5th and 6th week 

but gained as the treatment continued with different forms 

of Madhu as well as standard drug. Induced untreated 

group animals continued to loose body weight. Observation 

made at the end of 10th week (end of experimentation 

period) revealed gain in the body weight in all treated 

groups except in induced untreated group. Among treated 

groups, standard drug treated animals gained bodyweight 

faster compared to other treated groups and among Madhu 

treated group, Kevala Madhu (Unprocessed and without 

mixing with Kashaya) treated group gained relatively more 

weight of 20-25 gm. 

Serum glucose levels: (Graph 2) 

After administration of STZ by 5th week, RBS levels 

of all treated groups as well as induced untreated 

groups increased considerably and changes were 

statistically significant compared to control group as 

well as HFD group (non diabetic). On 7th week, RBS 

levels reduced marginally in all treated groups. On 

8th week, RBS levels among Triphala Kashaya + Madhu 
(TSM), Jala Samskarita Madhu (JSK), Kevala Madhu 
(KM) and Standard drug (STN) drug treated animals 

reduced considerably except in Triphala Kashaya 
Samskarita Madhu (TSK) group. When compared 

between honey treated groups, RBS levels of TSK 

group remained higher and TSM at comparatively 

lower point. At the end of   10th   week, TSM and 

s tandard drug treated animals had RBS 

concentrations at relatively lower point and 

statistically significant (p<0.05) compared to TSK, 

KM, JSK and untreated group animals. 

 

 

 

 

 

 



 

 

0 week 2 week 4 week 6 week 10 week 

0 week 4 week 6 week 8 week 9 week 10 week 

 

 

Graph no.1: Body weight (In grams) 

 

 

Graph no. 2: RBS of all the group (mg/dl) 
 

 

 

Serum cholesterol: (Graph 3) 

Among all treated groups (including standard drug 

experimental animals), TSK treated group animals 

showed very low concentration of cholesterol. 

Among HFD and induced untreated groups, 

cholesterol concentration remained relatively 

higher and statistically significant (p<0.05) 

compared to other treated groups and control 

group. 

 

Serum Triglycerides: (Graph 4) 
Triglycerides level recorded among all treated 

groups as well as control group animals at the end of 

experiment remained at low. Increase in triglycerides 

level was noticed only in HFD group. Among 

changes observed between all treated groups and 

control group, STN drug treated experimental 

animals showed decrease in triglycerides level but 

was not significant statistically. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



 

 

 

 

 

 
 

Graph no. 3: Effect on S. Cholesterol (mg/dl)Graph no. 4: Effect on S.Triglycerides (mg/dl) 

 

 

400mg/dl 

 
240 

 

300 180 
 

200 120 

 

100 
 

0 
      TSK  TSM  JSK   KMNC   HFD  IUT ST0 

TSK TSM  JSK  KM   NC   HFD  IUT   ST 

 

Discussion 
Honey bees collect nectar from different sources 

and presence of harmful microbes including 

Clostridium botulinulinum have been reported in 

few tested samples. 
[19] Probably such incidents might have prompted 

honey processing during medieval period. 

Toxicity due to honey is reported to be reduced 

after processing. [20] Though Purana Madhu 
alone has been attributed with Lekhanakarma, 

which is indicated in Sthoulya, processing with 

dravyas having similar activities may further 

potentiate desirable effects. Honey is used as 

an“Anupana” with number of other products 

due to classically specified “Yogavahi” nature.60 

Heating (processing) method is much 

debated aspect about honey in both 

ancient and present eras. Since specific 

Madhusamskara is also mentioned in 

medieval texts for attaining specific 

outcomes, testing of processed honey 

becomes essential over experimental 

animals to establish safety and 

efficacy. Earlier studies conducted 

over effect of different heating 

temperatures (650C and 950C) on HMF 

content of honey has not revealed 

much increase of HMF content 

beyond specified limits. [22] 
 

Pasteurization is carried out to 

stabilize honey in most of the 

market samples by using 

temperature ranging between 

720–1100c. Heating honey up to 

950c has not caused any change 

in antioxidant activity as reported 

earlier [13] and hence same 

temperature was employed in 

present study protocol. Milliard 

reaction is the interaction between 

proteins and sugars of honey, 

during storage as well as 

processing. By-products of 

Milliard reaction are said to bring 

desirable therapeutic effects [23-24] 

as milliard reaction products have 

been shown more antioxidant 

property. [25] Dark coloured honey 

samples have exhibited more 

noteworthy antioxidant activity [26-

27] as mentioned in previous works. 

Present study is based on processed 

honey with Triphala Kashaya 
which is exerted to maximum anti– 

hyperlipidaemic potential. [28] 

Since non diabetic rats were used 

during previous study on 

hyperlipidaemia, [28] honey has 

been proved to act more on 

diabetic conditions rather non 

diabetic, [29-30] and induction of 

hyperglycaemia in high fat fed 

rats was planned as per established 

protocol. Previous study conducted on 

Samskaritha Madhu (TSK) had 

revealed significant anti - 

hyperlipidaemic potential. 

Considering previous study 

mg/dl 



 

 

findings as well as available 

facilities and limited time frame, 

30 day intervention period was 

planned [28,22]. Both glucose and 

fructose have been found playing 

supportive role with each other 

i.e. glucose increases absorption 

of fructose through disaccharide 

related transport system while 

fructose enhancing uptake of 

glucose by liver and muscles 

resulting in reduction in 

hyperglycaemia due to activation 

of enzyme glucokinase, [31-32] 

which might have played 

important role in lowering blood 

sugar in present study. Honey is a 

complex material having as much 

as 181 different constituents [33] 

having maximum amount of 

oligosaccharides exerting anti- 

diabetic effect. [34-35] Number of 

substances like flavonoids, 

phenolic acids and invert sugar 

associated with protein enzymes 

characterise honey 

constituents has 

established 

antioxidant/anti 

hyperglycaemic and 

cytoprotective potential, 

collectively or individually. 

Differences in anti-

obesity and anti-diabetic 

potential of processed 

and unprocessed honey 

have been observed 

during study period. 

This may be linked to 

activation as well as 

deactivation of specific 

molecules during 

processing phase. 

Elevation in invert sugar 

and brown pigment 

tends to increase by 

heating thereby 

increasing anti-oxidant 

activity. [36] Fructose is 

reportedly delays gastric 

emptying and thereby 

delays food intake. 

Increased phenolic 

concentration along with 

elevated fructose 

concentration must have 

caused reduction in body 

weight in TSK treated 

groups in which honey 

sample used was much 

darker. Fructose is found 

to be stimulating insulin 

secretion from beta cells. [37] 

This together with enzymes such as glucose 

oxidase, catalase, ascorbic acid and phenolic 

compounds exert powerful antioxidant 

activity. [38-39] Heating of honey though 

elevates fructose content, deactivates most 

of protein enzymes leading to shift in its 

efficacy. This might have caused significant 

anti-hyperglyceamic effect of unprocessed 

honey mixed with Triphala Kashaya. 

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by 

impairment in lipid metabolism associated 

with elevated LDL levels. [40] Disturbances in 

lipoprotein synthesis in diabetes mellitus [41] 

further leads to insulin resistance [42-43] 

through insulin signalling pathway. Previous 

studies have established efficacy of honey in 

improving glycemic control through C- 

peptide mediated insulin secretion and 

modulation. [44-45] Honey is said to enhance 

insulin sensitivity in liver and muscle by 

increased glucose uptake resulting reduction 

in glycemic condition, [46] Which may be the 

primary reason in lowering hyperglycaemic 

condition in test drug treated groups. 

Conclusion 
Madhu though stored for one year (Purana Madhu) 

will not lead to significant Lekhana Karma 
(reduction in body weight due to reduction in 

body mass through Shoshana (Drying/Atrophy) 

as per Sharangadhara Samhita). Purana Madhu 
mixed with Triphala Kashaya is a potential anti-

hyperglyceamic agent. Triphala Kashaya 
Samskaritha Madhu can be utilized in 

dyslipedemia in non diabetic conditions but 

Samyoga (mixing) of honey with Triphala 
Kashaya exerts beneficial activity during 

diabetes associated with dyslipidaemia. Hence, 

the present study establishes role of Samyoga in 

obesity induced diabetes. 
 

References 



 

 

Life style diseases. [Internet]. 

2018. [Cited on 20/12/2017]. 

Available from: http;//www.med- 

health.net/Life style diseases.html 

Wild S S, Roglic G, Green A, 

Sicree R, King H. Global 

prevalence of diabetes - estimates 

for the year 2000 and projections 

for 2030. Diabetes Care. 

2004;27(3):1047-53 

Bleich   S,   Cutler   D,    Murray    

C,    Adams A. Why i s the 

developed world obese? Annu 

Rev Public Health. 2008; 29: 

273–95 

Bruce K.D, Byrne C.D. The 

Metabolic Syndrome: Common 

origins of a multifactorial 

disorder. postgrad.Med.j. 

2009;85:614-621 

McGarry J D, Dobbins R L. Fatty 

acids, lipotoxicity and insulin 

secretion. Diabetologia. 

1990;42:128-138 

Agnivesha, Charaka, 

Chakrapani, Charaka Samhita, 

edited by Rajeshwar Datt Shastri, 

Yadunandan Upadhyaya,   

Gangasahay   Pandeya w i t h Vi d 

yo t h i n i o f K a s i n a t h Pa n d e 

y, Nidanasthana, chapter 4, 21st 

ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha 

Vishwabharati; 1995;203 

Ibidem, Charaka Samhita (6), 

Sutra sthana, chapter 23, p.296 

Ibidem, Charaka Samhita (6), 

Sutra sthana, chapter 23, p.203 

Sushrutha, Susrutha Samhitha 

with Ayurveda Thatvasandeepika 

of Srikantamurthy K.R, Chikithsa 

sthana, chapter 9 1st ed. Varanasi: 

Choukhambha orientalia:2012 

Abdul Sukkur M, Shrikanth P H. 

Understanding diabesity or school 

prameha as a lifestyle disorder. 

Int. J. Res. Ayurveda. Pharm. 

2015; 6(5): 580-582 

Chakrapanidatta, Chakradatta, 

edited by PV Sharma, Prameha 

chikista, Chapter 35, 2nd ed. 

Varanasi; Chaukhambha 

Publishers; 1998, p.303 

Kaiyyadeva Nighantu of 

Kaiyyadeva, edited by PV 

Sharma, Guruprasad Sharma, / 

211, 1st ed. Varanasi; 

Chaukamba Orientalia, 1979; 

p.42 

S Aric G, Markovic K, Vukicevic 

D, Hruskar M, Vahcic N. 

Changes of antioxidant activity in 

honey after heat treatment. 

Czech J. Food sci. 2013;31:601-

06 

Vijaimohan K, Jainu K, Sabitha 

K. E Subramaniyam S, Anandhan 

C, Devi S C S,. Beneficial effects 

of alpha linolenic acid rich 

flaxseed oil on growth 

performance and hepatic 

cholesterol metabolism in high fat 

diet fed rats. Life Sciences. 2006; 

79:448–454 

Furman, B.L. Streptozotocin-

induced diabetic models in mice 

and rats. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 

2015; 70(5):47.1-5.47.20 

Takamura T, Ando H, Nagai Y, 

Yamashita H, Nohara E, 

Kobayashi K. Pioglitazone 

prevents mice from multiple low-

dose streptozotocin- induced 

insulitis and diabetes. Diabetes 

Research and Clinical Practice. 

1999; (44);107–114 

Annapoorani A, Anilkumar K R, 

Farhath Khanam, Anjaneya 

Murthy N, Bawa A.S. Studies on 

the physicochemical 

characteristics of heated honey, 

honey mixed with ghee and their 

food consumption pattern by rats. 

AYU. 2010;31(2): 141-146 

Jang - Woo Shin, In-Chan Seol, 

Chang-Gue Son. Interpretation of 

Animal Dose and Human 

Equivalent Dose for Drug 

Development. The Journal of 

Korean Oriental Medicine. 

2010;31(3): 1-7 

Microorganism in Honey. 

[Internet]. The National Honey 

Board: Frequently Asked 

Questions. 2017. [Cited on 

20/12/2017]. Available from: 

https:// www.honey.com/faq 

Selway JW. Antiviral activity of 

flavones and flavans; Progclin Bio 

Res. 1986; 213:521-536 

Alvarez-Suarez J.M, Tulipani S, 

Romandini S, Bertoli E, Battino 

M. Contribution of Honey in 

nutrition and human health :A 

review. Mediterr. J. Nutr. Metab. 

2010;3:15-23 

Nargis Ravi NR. Evaluation of 

Medohara Karma of Madhu with 

http://www.honey.com/faq


 

 

Special Reference to Samyoga 

and Samskara- An Experimental 

Study [MD Thesis]. Mysore: 

RGUHS; 2015 

Yeboah K.F, Alli I, Yaylayan 

A.V. Reactivity of D- glucose and 

D-fructose during glycation of 

bovine serum album. Journal of 

Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 

1999;67: 415-20 

Jing, H, Kitts D.D. Comparison of 

ant oxidative and cytotoxic 

properties of glucose-lysine and 

Fructose - lysine Maillard reaction 

products. Food Research 

International. 2002; 33: 509-16 

Rao M S, Chawla S P, Chander R, 

Sharma A. Antioxidant potential 

of Maillard reaction products 

formed by irradiation of Chitosan 

glucose solution. Carbohydrate 

Polymers. 2011;83: 714-19 

Bertoncel J, Dobersek U, Jamnik 

M, Golob T. Evaluation of the 

phenolic content,Antioxidant 

activity and colour of Slovenian 

honey. Food Chemistry. 

2007;105(2): 822-28 

Escuredo O, Miguez M, 

Fernandez-Gonzalez M, Carmen 

Seijo M. NutritionalValue and 

antioxidant activity of honeys 

produced in a European Atlantic 

area. Food Chemistry. 

2013;138(2-3): 851-56 

Pai S, Nargis R, Manjula S N. 

Role of Samyoga and   Samskara   

on   Anti-hyperlipeadaemic/Anti- 

Obesity activity of Honey –An 

Experimental Study. J. Res. Tradit. 

Med. 2015; 1(1):16-22 

Erejuwa OO, Gurtu S, Sulaiman 

SA, et al. Hypoglycaemic and 

antioxidant effects of honey 

supplementation in 

streptozotozin-induced diabetic 

rats. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2010; 

80: 74-82 

Erejuwa OO, Sulaiman SA, 

Wahab MS, et al. Comparison of 

antioxidant effects of honey, 

glibenclamide, metformin, and 

their combinations in the kidneys 

of streptozotozin-induced diabetic 

rats. Int J Mol Sci. 2011; 12: 829-

43 

Mayes PA. Intermediary 

metabolism of fructose. AMJ Clin 

Nutr. 1993;58: 754S-765S 

Kellett GL, Brot - Laroche E, 

Mace OJ, Leturque 

A. Sugar absorption in the 

intestine: the role of GLUT2. 

Annu Rev Nutr 2008;28: 35-54 

Gheldof N, Wang XH, Engeseth 

NJ. Identification and 

quantification of antioxidant 

components of honeys from 

various floral sources. J Agric 

Food Chem. 2002; 50: 5870-7 

Erejuwa OO, Sulaiman SA, 

Wahab MS. Oligosaccharides 

might contribute to the anti 

diabetic effect of honey: a review 

of the literature. Molecules. 

2012;17:248-66 

Cani PD, Knauf C, Iglesias 

MA, et al. Improvement of 

glucose tolerance and hepatic 

insulin sensitivity by oligo 

fructose requires a functional 

glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor. 

Diabetes. 2006; 55: 1484-90 

Turkmen N, Sari, F, Poyrazoglu E 

S, Velioglu Y S. Effects of 

prolonged heating on antioxidant 

activity and colour of honey. Food 

Chemistry. 2006; 95 (4): 653-657 

Нibault L. Dietary carbohydrates: 

self-selection, plasma g lucose 

and insulin,  and brain 

indoleaminergic systems in rat. 

Appetite. 1994; 23: 275-286 

Hadjmohammadi MR, Nazari SS. 

Separation optimization of 

quercetin, hesperetin and chrysin 

in honey by micellar liquid 

chromatography and experimental 

design. J Sep Sci. 2010; 33: 3144-

51 

Krpan M, Markovic K, Šaric G, 

Skoko B, Hruškar M, et al. 

Antioxidant Activities and Total 

Phenolics of Acacia Honey. Czech 

Journal of Food Sciences. 2009; 

27: S245-S247 

Penckofer S, Schwertz D, 

Florczak K. Oxidative stress and 

cardiovascular disease in type 2 

diabetes: the role of antioxidants 

and pro-oxidants. J Cardiovasc 

Nurs. 2002; 16: 68-85 

Kokil GR, Rewatkar PV, Verma 

A, et al. Pharmacology and 

chemistry of diabetes mellitus and 

anti diabetic drugs: a critical 

review. Curr Med Chem. 

2010;17:4405-23 



 

 

Chang YC, Chuang LM. The role 

of oxidative stress in the 

pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: 

from molecular mechanism to 

clinical implication. Am J Transl 

Res. 2010;2:316-31 

Talior I, Yarkoni M, Bashan N, et 

al. Increased glucose uptake 

promotes oxidative stress and 

PKC- delta activation in 

adipocytes of obese, insulin- 

resistant mice. Am J Physiol 

Endocrinol Metab. 2003; 285: 

E295-302 

Erejuwa OO, Sulaiman SA, 

Wahab MS, et al. Glibenclamide 

or metformin combined with 

honey improves glycemic control 

in streptozotozin- induced 

diabetic rats. Int J Biol Sci. 

2011;7: 244-52 

Abdulrhman M, El - Hefnawy M, 

Ali R, et al. Honey and type 1 

diabetes mellitus. In: Liu CP, ed. 

Type 1 diabetes - complications, 

pathogenesis, and alternative 

treatments. Croatia: In Tech. 

2011: 228-33 

Erejuwa OO, Sulaiman SA, 

Wahab MS. Honey: a novel 

antioxidant. Molecules. 2012; 17: 

4400-23 

 

 

 


