




































 

 

 

 
ISSN : 2693 6356 

2019 | Vol 2 | Issue 4 

 

 

Research on Eco-Friendly and Long-Lasting Textiles from the 

Ocean and Sea 

 
1V.Mahalakshmi 2R.Yogaranjitha 3E.Gayathri 4G.Kokilavani 5N.Priyadharshini  

 
1 Head,and Assistant professor of CDF Department, KSR College of Arts &Science For Women,    

Tiruchengode,India – 637215 

 
2,3,4,5,  Assistant Professor , CDF Department, KSR College of Arts &Science For Women,  

Tiruchengode,India – 637215 
 

 

ABSTRACT 
Oceans are home to a wide variety of plant and animal life, which in turn produces an 

abundance of chemicals not found on land.The chemical and biological resources extracted 

from the sea are utilized as inputs in several sectors, including the pharmaceutical and textile 

industries. These components have several applications in the textile industry, both as fiber and 

as auxiliary products. Large amounts of pigments including chlorophyll, carotenoids, 

phycobili, beta-carotene, and lutein may be found in certain types of marine algae. It is not 

biodegradable and is not biocompatible with the skin, yet seaweed is full of bioactive 

chemicals and has antioxidant and antibacterial qualities. Researchers were able to extract a 

hue from green seaweed that showed promise for use in textiles.ChitinIn addition, both chitin 

and chitosan have found uses in the field of surface modification. Some kinds of mussel may 

be used to produce natural colors and textile fabric. In addition, marine sources like hagfish 

slime may be mined for unique high-performance fibers with outstanding characteristics. 

Numerous research projects are under underway to better understand the marine sources for 

various uses. This article is a review of ocean and sea-sourced textiles. 

 
 

 

INTRODUCTION 

Not only is seaweed biodegradable and 

incompatible with human skin, but it also 

has a wealth of beneficial bioactive 

chemicals, including antibacterial and 

antioxidant qualities. Green algae 

belonging to the ulvaceae family are 

edible. Green algae belonging to the 

ulvaceae family are edible. Large amounts 

of pigments including chlorophyll, 

carotenoids, phycobili, beta-carotene, and 

lutein are found in certain types of marine 

algae. Seaweed is nonbiodegradable and 

skin-compatible, and it contains several  

 

beneficial bioactive chemicals as well as 

antioxidant and antibacterial qualities. 

Polysaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, 

proteins, carotenes, vitamins, sterols, 

enzymes, and antibiotics are all involved in 

the seaweed process. Particularly abundant 

are the antioxidants polyphones, fucoidans, 

and carotenoids. Seaweeds have been 

shown to contain a variety of antimicrobial 

chemicals, including alkaloids, terpenes, 

terpenoids, agar agar, algin, and phloro 

tannin.There are a total of 250 known plant 

species, including 32 cholrophyta, 64 

phaeophyta, and 125 rhodophyta. 

Depending on the seaweed, it may be used 

to remove hazardous metals including 



 

 

copper, zinc, cadmium ions, nickel, lead, 

and even in the dyeing process. Green 

seaweed's ulvans and oligo ulvans are used 

to create natural colors that are then used 

as pigments. Green color has been 

absorbed by ulvans, which are water 

soluble pigments, and transported to the 

fiber's surface. The most common kind of 

Ulvans pigment found in seaweed. 

Seaweed is the source of the colors. The 

primary ulvan pigment found in seaweed. 

Seaweed is abundant in carbs, minerals, 

vitamins, and iodine, according to 

nutritional assessments. Dye effluent  

Methodology 

 
Chitin and Chitosan : 

Exoskeletons of arthropods like insects, 

crabs, shrimp, and lobsters, and the cell 

walls of some fungi and yeast, may 

include the polysaccharide chitin. The 

carbohydrate polymer chitosani, 

generated from chitin, is altered 

chemically. Products made from chitin 

and chitosan are byproducts of the 

seafood industry. There is a lot of 

structural similarity between chitin, 

chitosan, and cellulose. 

Chitin and chitosan may be 

produced either chemically or 

biologically. All of their production 

entails four main processes: 

deproteinization, demineralization, 

decolorization, and deacetylation. 

 

Characteristics of Chitin and Chitosan 

Chitin and chitosan are natural, 

renewable polymers with a linear 

structure like cellulose. Films, fibers, and 

gels may be formed, and their semi-

crystalline shapes and ability to form 

complexes with metals are all notable 

features. The biodegradability, 

biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and 

adsorption of these polymers are only a 

few of their many impressive features. 

Because of its high hygroscopicity, chitin 

is insoluble in water and in the vast 

majority of organic solvents. Chitosan is 

insoluble in water but may be broken 

down in an acidic aqueous solution or by 

selective Nalkylidinations. Films and 

fibers may be made from chitin by 

processing.Since the high thermal 

breakdown temperatures of chitin and 

chitosan prevent the use of the melt 

spinning method, wet spinning is often 

employed for their production. Due to 

their high boiling temperatures, the dry 

spinning method is impractical as well. 

First, the polymer is dissolved in a 14% 

NaOH solution to provide polymer 

solution for the wet spinning process. 

After the solution has been filtered and 

degassed, it is extruded into a solvent-

coagulant system via a spinneret. By 

adjusting the coagulation bath 

temperature and adding an appropriate 

plasticizer to the spinning solution, the 

chitin solutions may have their spin 

ability altered.Chitosan fibers are 

regenerated by a chitin xanthate viscose 

process. At first, chitin is treated with 

40% NaOH at room temperature, 

resulting in chitin xanthate. Chitin 

xanthate and broken ice are combined 

once the caustic has been drained from 



 

 

the solution. When the solution was 

finally ready to be spun,Filtering, 

degassing, and spinning the solution into 

a coagulation bath of 8-10% sulphuric 

acid, 25% sodium sulfate, and 1-3% zinc 

sulfate are all steps in the process. For 

their bio-function, regenerated Chitosan 

fibers may be combined with other fibers 

made from natural and/or synthetic 

polymers. 

Textile Applications of Chitin

 and Chitosan 

Chitin and chitosan are widely 

used in various industries ranging from 

health and beauty aids to water 

purification, biomedical applications, 

agriculture, biotechnology, nutrition, 

textile fibers and treatments in the 

finishing process of textile production. 

Textile chemicals widely used in 

pretreatment and finishing processes of 

textiles are an inseparable part of textile 

industry. However, textile industry and 

these chemicals mostly cause 

environmental pollution. Therefore, the 

use of biodegradable, non-toxic, 

sustainable, ecofriendly materials become 

very important. Also, chitosan is able to 

remove dyes from the effluents. 

Furthermore, both chitin and chitosan are 

suitable to utilize in medical textiles such 

as textile sutures, wound dressings, 

artificial skin and medical diaphragms. 

 

 

 

 
Conclusions 

 

Various chemical and biological 

compounds derived from marine 

organisms now provide enormous 

resources for a wide range of enterprises. 

These materials have several applications 

outside the textile sector due to their 

exceptional qualities. Their value in 

creating sustainable materials for 

environmentally conscious lifestyles is 

growing by the day. Although only chitin 

and chitosan are now manufactured 

commercially, it is thought that other 

compounds with higher qualities may be 

extracted from marine organisms. 

References 

 

1. Ravi Kumar M.N.V., (2000), A 

Review of Chitin and Chitosan 

Applications, Reactive and Functional 

Polymers. 

2. Rinaudo M., (2006), Chitin and 

Chitosan: Properties and Applications, 

Progress in Polymer Science, 603-632. 

3. Chitin and Chitosan- Eco Friendly 

Textile

 Finishes, 

http://www.teonline.com/knowledgecentre 

/chitin-chitosan.html, March 2015 Color 

Trivia – Tyrian Purple, (2012), 

http://blog.logoninjas.com/post/197893845 

96/tyrianpurple, March 

2015http://travelmaroc.ru/?page_ id=707, 

March 2015 

4. Chitin and Chitosan Properties and 

Applications, (2011), 

http://www.teonline.com/knowledgecentre
http://blog.logoninjas.com/post/19789384596/tyrianpurple
http://blog.logoninjas.com/post/19789384596/tyrianpurple
http://travelmaroc.ru/?page_
http://travelmaroc.ru/?page_
http://travelmaroc.ru/?page_


 

 

https://driedcrabshell.wordpress.com/20

11 

/07/17/chitin-and-chitosan-properties- 

andapplications/ March 2015 

5. Eichhorn S.J., Hearle, J.W.S., Jaffe, 

M., Kikutani, T., (2009), Handbook of 

Textile Fiber Structure, Wood head 

Publishing Limited, Cambridge. 


