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          2019 | Vol 2 | Issue 5 

BATTERY AND DIESEL POWERED 

ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION 

OPERATED BY SOLAR PV 

MRS. K. NAGAJYOTHI
1
 N. ANITHA

2
 B. MARUTHI

3
 

G. LOKESH
4
 S. RAJASHEKAR

5
 

 
1
 Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, Jyothishmathi institute of technology and science, Nustulapur, 

Karimnagar, TS, India 

2,3,4,5
UG students, Department of EEE, Jyothishmathi institute of technology and science, Nustulapur, 

Karimnagar, TS, India 

 

Abstract: Our plan is to use solar panels, batteries, and a diesel generator to construct a charging station for electric vehicles. In 

this investigation, isolated, grid-connected, and DG-connect modes are employed to continuously load a PV (photovoltaic), power 

storage unit, DG generator, and grid-based EV charging station (CS). Energy and the storage of electrical energy are important to 

this endeavor. The EVs' batteries are charged using power from the solar PV&BES array at the charging station. When the 

station's batteries are depleted or the sun isn't shining, it will switch to using grid energy (a Diesel Generator). However, the power 

from the DG collection is generally pulled in such a manner that it operates with a charge of only 80% to 80%, in order to 

maximum fuel efficiency. The charger, in combination with the storage battery, regulates the generator's output and frequency, 

eliminating the need for a mechanical speed control. The Common Coupling Point (PCC) voltage must be equal to the grid voltage 

and the generator voltage in order to keep the load constant. The charging station guides the vehicle to maximize the utilization of 

grid active/reactive transmission, residential electricity, and vehicle power transfer. The effectiveness of the charging station is 

evaluated using Mat lab/Simulink. 

Keywords: Electric Vehicles (EVs) Point of Common linkage (PCC), Solar Photovoltaics, Batteries 

 

 

I. INTRODUCTION 

Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more 

popular because of their low energy consumption and 

absence of exhaust pollutants. It is estimated that 

there are now roughly 3 million cars on the road, and 

it is expected that this number will expand to 100 

million by 2030, making EVs a huge benefit for auto 

fleets. Despite the need of putting in place the 

necessary charging infrastructure and a massive 

quantity of electrical energy, this alone will not 

enough. Renewable and sustainable electrical energy 

is required to charge EVs, which is a key component 

of their overall sustainability. As long as fossil fuels 

are still being used to provide electricity, emissions 

are only being transferred to other areas. The only 

feasible source of power production is renewable 

energy, hence switching to this method has dual 

environmental benefits. Given the widespread 

deployment of renewable energy sources like 

photovoltaic (PV) arrays, wind turbines, 

hydroelectric dams, and fuel cell-based generators, it  

 

is likely that PV-based energy generation will be the 

most accessible and cost-effective choice for EV  

charging in both suburban and urban areas. 

Availability throughout the Indian subcontinent is 

almost constant throughout the year. Whereas solar  

photovoltaic (PV) arrays are often erected in regions 

with abundant sunshine, wind and hydro power are 

more location specific. Wind energy is mostly used at 

the shore, whereas hydro energy is helpful inland. 

A renewable-energy charging facility is the worst 

possible choice since it requires yet another level of 

energy conversion, making the charge system more 

complicated and weaker. Each phase of the 

transformation has its own control unit, which must 

be integrated into the overall control architecture. In 

order to coordinate and govern several independent 

sources, it is crucial to create a system that can 

function in more than one manner. There have been 

several efforts to create charging stations that run on 

renewable energy. Ugirumurera et al. [3] point out 

the need of renewable energy for the long-term 

viability of the EV charging station. Solar energy has 

been utilized to charge EVs using a high power 

bidirectional EV charger, as reported by Mouli et al. 



 

 

[4]. However, it is not compatible with the AC 

charger that is currently available. Three-port 

converters were designed by Monterio et al. [5] 

to 

combine solar energy with electric vehicle charging 

infrastructure. Although the charger was constructed 

to handle such distortions, the design makes no 

allowances for the current grid distortions that are a 

result of the charger's operation. Singh et al. [6] 

presented an enhanced converter for a PV array/grid- 

connected electric vehicle loader. The charger is not 

optimized for this mode of operation, but it does 

function well inside it. As a result, EV charging 

cannot proceed until the infrastructure supporting it is 

complete. The optimization model for battery storage 

management has been developed by Chaudhari et al. 

[7], who aim to lessen the financial burden of 

charging stations while making the most of the 

energy produced by solar PV systems. In April, 

Kineavy et al. [7] suggested coordinating off-site EV 

loading (under unpredictable circumstances) with on- 

site PV production (usable in commercial buildings) 

to get the most out of the solar photovoltaic array. 

Study group Zhang et al. [9] looked studied how a 

dual-mode charging station for electric vehicles was 

set up at the workplace. Because of this, it may be 

used both in the cloud and on-premises to provide 

high quality service at a low total cost of ownership. 

Charging has less of an effect on the power grid as a 

result. A commercial solar PV system with on-site 

batteries for energy storage has been shown to reduce 

costs by a significant amount (Kandasamy et al., 11). 

Due to its day-and-night availability and plenty of 

supporting research [12], [13], the CS wind energy 

station is a great choice for EVs. 

 
 

Research into renewable energy-based charging 

stations has focused on optimizing a wide range of 

charging factors. To yet, however, only a small 

percentage of publishing houses have installed 

charging stations powered by renewable energy. In 

addition, the functionality of charging stations in the 

real world is seldom acknowledged. 

 

Furthermore, the bulk of literature only describes 

grid-connected or islanded functioning of CS. The 

panel is useless if the grid is down, even though it 

can only be used in grid-connected mode. When in 

islanded mode, PV power is interrupted periodically. 

In light of this, a storage battery is necessary for 

dealing with the impacts of variable solar irradiation 

[14]. 

 

Here are a few of the most notable things that were 

added to this publication. 

 

1) Detailed smart grid integration, comprising a 

design and experimental validation of PV array, 

energy storage, and a distributed generating set, will 

enable both direct current (DC) and alternating 

current (AC) charging of electric vehicles (e.g., 

power stations, solar farms, etc). 

 

2) The loading station's design incorporates two 

crucial aspects: the ability to function in many 

operating modes (insulated, grid-connected, and DG- 

set linked) while only requiring a single VSC. 

 

3) The charging station's mode-switching circuitry 

enables it to seamlessly convert between modes, 

ensuring a constant supply of power. 

 

4) An effective control method is required for V2V 

charging to be implemented. However, power 

transmission from vehicles to the grid is essential for 

vehicle-to-grid (V2G) assistance. 

 

5) Power is transferred at a power factor of 1 when 

the charging station's active power filter is activated. 

This is required to adhere to IEEE-519 guidelines. 

 

6) Instead of using a mechanical voltage regulator, 

some users utilize an automated voltage regulator 

(AVR) to fine-tune the frequency and voltage of their 

DG sets. 

 

7) The different plan to keep the additional solar 

power produced and sent into the grid so as not to 

overcharge the battery storage. 

 

 

II. EXISITNG SYSTEM 

The performance of CS in its current form is only 

ever considered in one of two situations in present 

methods: either in grid-connected mode or in 

islanded mode. The panel is useless if the grid is 

down, even though it can only be used in grid- 

connected mode. When in islanded mode, PV power 

is interrupted periodically. As a result, a storage 

battery is essential for mitigating the impacts of 

variable solar irradiation. When charging the storage 

battery, the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) 

feature must be disabled to prevent the battery from 

being overcharged. The accompanying diagram 

depicts the combined control of voltage source 

converter for freestanding grid |& DG set connected 

mode with existing PI controller. 

III. PROPOSED SYSTEM 

The EV may be supplied with electricity from the 

grid, a solar photovoltaic (PV) array, a battery 

storage system, or a demand response generator. To 

get from the solar photovoltaic array to the storage 



 

 

battery, a voltage converter (VSC) must be connected 

to the DC connection. On the AC side of the VSC 

there is a single SEIG, an EV, and a non-linear load. 

At Panhandle Collegiate University, a ripple filter is 

used to attenuate grid and generator current 

harmonics (PCC). An auxiliary winding is connected 

to a condenser and then positioned at a certain 

location. The SEIG has a condenser built in to 

provide a temporary reservoir. A synchronization 

switch regulates the connection and disconnection of 

a charging station from the power grid. 

 

 
DG Set Control for Voltage&Frequency 

 
Because of the VSC decoupling control, the DG set 

may be operated from a single location. It may be 

adjusted to modify the DG set's resonance and 

tension. Voltage and frequency may be regulated by 

adjusting the active and reactive powers, 

respectively. Two PI controllers are required for 

voltage and frequency control. Consequently, a few 

of switches will be required. What follows are the 

outcomes predicted by the PI voltage controller. 

 

 

(1) 

 

Zvi&zvp are the controller gains for a PI controller. 

A simplified form of the PI equation for the 

controller's frequency is 

 

 

Fig. 1 Proposed system configuration 

 
 

IV. PROPOSED CONTROL SYSTEM 

Both the direct current charge and the solar PV 

generating may be handled by the storage battery 

without requiring major adjustments to the system's 

management. But because the VSC system does not 

have a grid voltage, a dedicated VSC controller is 

often required to achieve the local voltage standard in 

reality. To create the internal voltage reference of 

230V&50 Hz, we follow the reasoning shown in 

figure.2. The reference converter current is 

determined by comparing the produced reference 

with the converter terminal voltage. The PI controller 

uses the determined reference current to determine 

the reference converter current. 
 

Fig. 2Control system 

(2) 

The PI gain values (ZKFP, ZFI) are based on the FE, 

which is supplied by the PI error estimate. 

The combined outputs of the frequency and voltage 

controllers are shown in Figure 2 for grid-connected 

control. However, when these controllers are wired 

into the grid, their outputs are completely muted. 

 

 
VI.SIMULATION RESULTS 

 

Fig.4MATLAB/SIMULINK circuit diagram of the 

proposed system 



 

 

 

 
RESULTS 

 

Fig.5 Controller subsystem with PI controller 

The many modes of operation are shown in figures 6 

through 14. The THDs of the grid voltage, current, 

load current, and generator current are shown in 

additional figures 11, 12, 7(a), and 14(a). 
 

Fig.6Current of EV1 
 

(a) 
 

(b) 

Fig.7(a) Current at Load&(b) Load currentTHD 

is 28.02% 
 

Fig.8Current of EV2 
 

Fig.9Current (photovoltaic) 
 

Fig.10Current (Battery) 
 

(a) 
 

(b) 



 

 

Fig.11 (a) Voltage atPCC&Voltage at theGrid (b) 

Grid voltageTHD is 2.57% 
 

(a) 
 

(b) 

Fig.12(a) Current of the Grid(b) Grid current 

THD is 4.11% 
 

Fig.13Voltage of generator&voltage at the PCC 
 

(a) 
 

(b) 

Fig.14 (a)Current at theGenerator&(b) Generator 

current THDis 1.80% 

 

 
CONCLUSION 

Photovoltaic (PV) panels, storage batteries, the 

electric grid, and a distributed charging station are all 

part of this project's plan to keep electric vehicles 

(EVs) juiced. Possible findings have shown that a 

single VSC may power the CS in three different 

configurations (island operation, grid connection, and 

DG set connection). The results of the tests confirm 

that the charging station functions as a reliable, self- 

contained generator. With the new, more efficient PV 

array technique and the optimized DG set charging, 

the odds of getting MPP performance from the PV 

array are increased, and consistent charge is 

provided. In order to maintain IEEE approval, the 

charging station must demonstrate proper operation 

with each voltage&current THD test. 

REFERENCES 

[1] The International Energy Agency forecasts that by 

2025, the global fleet of plug-in vehicles will outnumber 

battery-electric vehicles. [Online] offered: Global EV 

Outlook 2018 

 
[2] The International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts that by 

2018, renewable energy will surpass the world's energy 

consumption from conventional sources for the first time. 

[Online]. Currently available: 

[3] The authors' optimal capacity sizing for fully green 

charging systems for electric vehicles is published in the 

article “Optimal Capacity Sizing for Completely Green 

Charging Systems for Electric Vehicles,” which is included 

in IEEE Trans. Transport at. Electrification. vol. 3, no. 3, 

pp. 565-577, Sept. 2017. 

 
[4]A 10 kW solar-powered bidirectional EV charger 

compatible with Chemo&COMBO was designed by G. R. 

Chandra Moulid, J. Schijffelen, M. van den Heave, M. 

Carolus,&P. Bauer, who call it EV Bidirectional Charge 

Station (EVBS). 

 
[5] "Modeling, design, control,&implementation of a 

modified Z-source integrated PV/grid/EV DC 

charger/inverter,” by S. A. Singh, G. Carli, N. A. Aziz,&S. 

S. Williamson, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 65, no. 6, 

pp. 5213-5220, June 2018." 

 
[6] Hybrid optimization was used to optimize the economic 

deployment of ESS in PV-integrated EV charging stations, 

as studied by K. Chaudhary, A. Kill, K. N. Kumar, U. 

Jalandhar,&S. K. Kollimalla, "Hybrid Optimization for 

Economic Deployment of ESS in PV-Integrated EV 

Charging Stations," IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform., vol. 14, no. 

1, pp. 106-116, Jan. 2018. 



 

 

[7] Distributed coordination of EV charging with renewable 

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Deconinck, X. Guan, Z. Qiu,&Z. Hu, IEEE Trans. Smart 

Grid, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 6253-6264, Nov. 2018. 

 
[8] Loss-of-life investigation of EV batteries used as smart 

energy storage for commercial building-based solar 

photovoltaic systems by N. Kandalama, K. Kandalama,&K. 

Tseng, "Loss-of-life investigation of EV batteries used as 

smart energy storage for commercial building-based solar 

photovoltaic systems," IET Electrical Systems in 

Transportation, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 223-229, 9 2017. 

 
[9] "Energy exchange between the electric vehicle 

load&wind-generating utilities was studied by A. 

Tawakoni, M. Negnevitsky, D. T. Nguyen,&K. M. Mutai in 

IEEE Trans. Power Sys., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 1248-1258, 

2016." 

 
[10]Y. Shan, J. Hu, K. W. Chan, Q. Fu,&J. M. Guerrero, 

"A new control method for PV-wind-battery micro grids" is 

described in this paper. 

 
[11] Decentralized charge of electric vehicles (PEVs) to 

absorb extra wind energy via stochastically staggered dual- 

tariff systems is discussed in a paper by P. Liu, J. Yu,&E. 

Mohammed, published in the IET Gene, Trans &Dystric, 

vol. 12, no. 15, pp. 3655-3665, on August 28, 2018. 

 
[12] “Implementation of Solar PV-Battery&Diesel 

Generator Based Electric Vehicle Charging Station,” B. 

Singh, A. Verme, A. Chandra,&K. Al-Haddad (2018) 

report on an installation of a PV-battery&diesel generator 

system used for electric vehicle charging. 

 
[13] According to the authors, combining solar photovoltaic 

with battery might integrate PV to a single-phase grid, as 

shown in their paper, “Integration of solar photovoltaic 

with battery to single-phase grid” in IET Generation, 

Transmission & Distribution, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 2003-2012, 

1 6 2017. 

 
[14] Rami&Doagou-Mojarrad compare two alternative 

forms of multi-objective power management for micro 

grids. 

 
[15]O. Erin, N. G. Petrakis, T. D. P. Mendes,&A. G. 

Bakeries, along with S. Brito&N. Brito — presented a 

paper on “Smart Household Operation Considering Bi- 

Directional EV&ESS Utilization by Real-Time Pricing- 

Based DR.” 


