




































 

 

                  ISSN : 2693 6356 

2020 | Vol 3 | Issue 4 

 
 

HANDHELD SENSORS FOR USE IN SPORTS 
BIOMECHANICS 

Dr. Abhi   
1
,V.Balaji

2
 , G.Sujatha

3
,G.Lakshmi 

4
 

1,2,3,4
 Associate professor,  

Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology (SNIST) , Hyderabad,Telangana,India,  

 

ABSTRACT: 
 

Research in the subject of sport biomechanics aims to quantify athlete performance, provide 

coaches with effective tools and instructions to use in their training, and reduce the likelihood of 

injury. New technologies have made it possible to analyze athletes' motions in real time, without 

impeding their performance, by equipping them with tiny, wearable sensors. 

Keywords: biomechanics, sports, sport psychology, etc. 

 

 

 
 

 

1. INTRODUCTION. 

These days, technology 

dictates almost every aspect of 

human existence. It is vital to 

meeting the needs of modern 

society. Using cutting-edge 

technology, we can improve 

not just our capacity to keep 

tabs on people's health, but 

also their general level of 

comfort. Here, we're using 

cutting-edge technology to 

detect life-threatening medical 

conditions, all in the name of 

getting patients the prompt 

care they need. 

 

The purpose of this study is to create a 

Bluetooth-based system for continuous 

health monitoring. Here, we employ 

MAX30100 sensors to track the patient's 

heart rate and spo2, and LM35 sensors 

to monitor core body temperature. 

Wireless health monitoring system built 

on the Arduino platform. 

Arduino is a user community, open-

source hardware and software project, 

and manufacturer of microcontroller kits 

for creating electronics and interactive 

installations.objects that can sense and 

control objects in the physical world. 

 

 

 

 

 



 

 

The 

functioning of this device is based on 

the truth that the blood level circulation 

during expansion and contraction of 

heart which can be sensed by Heartbeat 

sensor. Depending upon the rate of 

circulation of blood per second the 

heart beat rate per minute is calculated. 

This device consists of an Arduino 

microcontroller which takes the input 

from the heart beat, temperature sensor 

and calculates the heart rate, spo2 and 

temperature of the patient. The micro 

controller takes the responsibility to 

sends the sensor data into the bluetooth 

mobile application using HC-05 

Bluetooth module. The Microcontroller 

is programmed using   Embedded C 

language. 

Motivation 

An embedded system is a combination 

of software and hardware to perform a 

dedicated task. Some of the main 

devices used in embedded products are 

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers. 

Microprocessors are 

commonly referred to as general purpose 

processors as they simply accept the 

inputs, process it and give the output. In 

contrast, a microcontroller not only 

accepts the data as inputs but also 

manipulates it, interfaces the data with 

various devices, controls the data and 

thus finally gives the result. 

The Project 

“Health Monitoring System” is an 

exclusive project that can monitor the 

patient’s health parameters such as 

body temperature, spo2, heartbeat and 

sending them into the Bluetooth mobile 

application. 

 
 

 

 

The main blocks of this project are: 

 
 

1. Regulated power supply. 

2. ARDUINO Micro controller. 

3. MAX30100Heart beat, SPO2 sensor. 

4. LM35Temperature sensor. 

5. HC-05 Bluetooth module. 

Advantages: 



 

 

• Wireless transmission of medical 

parameters. 

• Real-time health parameters 

monitoring system. 

• Using Bluetooth technology. 

• Patient’s health status can be 

continuously monitored. 

• Low power consumption. 

• Efficient design. 

• Higher accuracy. 

 
 

Disadvantages: 

 The system can’t work if the 

sensor fails. 

Applications: 

We can implement this project in 

 HOSPITALS 

 

Methodology 

Features 

• High Performance, Low Power AVR® 

8-Bit Microcontroller 

• Advanced RISC Architecture 

– 131 Powerful Instructions – Most 

Single Clock Cycle Execution 

– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working 

Registers 

– Fully Static Operation 

– Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz 

– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier 

• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory 

Segments 

– 4/8/16/32K Bytes of In-System Self- 

Programmable Flash progam memory 

(ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P) 

– 256/512/512/1K Bytes EEPROM 

(ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P) 

– 512/1K/1K/2K Bytes Internal SRAM 

(ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P) 

– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 

Flash/100,000 EEPROM 

– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 

years at 25°C(1) 

– Optional Boot Code Section with 

Independent Lock Bits 

In-System Programming by On-chip 

Boot Program 

True Read-While-Write Operation 

– Programming Lock for Software 

Security 

• Peripheral Features 

– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with 

Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode 

– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with 

Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and 

Capture 

Mode 

– Real Time Counter with Separate 

Oscillator 

– Six PWM Channels 

– 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and 

QFN/MLF package 

Temperature Measurement 

– 6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP 

Package 

Temperature Measurement 

– Programmable Serial USART 

– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface 



 

 

– Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface 

(Philips I2C compatible) 

– Programmable Watchdog Timer with 

Separate On-chip Oscillator 

– On-chip Analog Comparator 

– Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change 

• Special Microcontroller Features 

– Power-on Reset and Programmable 

Brown-out Detection 

– Internal Calibrated Oscillator 

– External and Internal Interrupt Sources 

– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise 

Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, 

Standby, 

and Extended Standby 

• I/O and Packages 

– 23 Programmable I/O Lines 

– 28-pin PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, 28-pad 

QFN/MLF and 32-pad QFN/MLF 

• Operating Voltage: 

– 1.8 - 5.5V for 

ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P 

• Temperature Range: 

– -40°C to 85°C 

• Speed Grade: 

– 0 - 20 MHz @ 1.8 - 5.5V 

• Low Power Consumption at 1 MHz, 

1.8V, 25°C for 

ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P: 

– Active Mode: 0.2 mA 

– Power-down Mode: 0.1 μA 

– Power-save Mode: 0.75 μA 

(Including 32 kHz RTC) 

 

 
 

Fig:  

 

 

Overview 

The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P 

is a low-power CMOS 8-bit 

microcontroller based on the AVR 

enhanced RISC architecture. By 

executing powerful instructions in a 

single clock cycle, the 

ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P 

achieves throughputs approaching 1 

MIPS per MHz allowing the system 

designer to optimize power consumption 

versus processing speed. 



 

 

 

 
 

The AVR core combines a rich 

instruction set with 32 general purpose 

working registers. All the 32 registers 

are directly connected to the Arithmetic 

Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two 

independent registers to be accessed in 

one single instruction executed in one 

clock cycle. The resulting architecture is 

more code efficient while achieving 

throughputs up to ten times faster than 

conventional CISC microcontrollers. 

The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P 

provides the following features: 4K/8K 

bytes of In-System Programmable Flash 

with Read-While-Write capabilities, 

256/512/512/1K bytes EEPROM, 

512/1K/1K/2K bytes SRAM, 23 general 

purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose 

working registers, three flexible 

Timer/Counters with compare modes, 

internal and external interrupts, a serial 

programmable USART, a byte-oriented 

2-wire Serial Interface, an SPI serial port, 

a 6-channel 10-bit ADC (8 channels in 

TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), a 

programmable Watchdog Timer with 

internal Oscillator, and five software 

selectable power saving modes. The Idle 

mode stops the CPU while allowing the 

SRAM, Timer/Counters, USART, 2- 

wire Serial Interface, SPI port, and 

interrupt system to continue functioning. 

The Power-down mode saves the 

register contents but freezes the 

Oscillator, disabling all other chip 

functions until the next interrupt or 

hardware reset. 

In Power-save mode, the asynchronous 

timer continues to run, allowing the user 

to maintain a timer base while the rest of 

the device is sleeping. The ADC Noise 

Reduction mode stops the CPU and all 

I/O modules except asynchronous timer 



 

 

and ADC, to minimize switching noise 

during ADC conversions. In Standby 

mode, the crystal/resonator Oscillator is 

running while the rest of the device is 

sleeping. This allows very fast start-up 

combined with low power consumption. 

The device is manufactured using 

Atmel’s high density non-volatile 

memory technology. The On-chip ISP 

Flash allows the program memory to be 

reprogrammed In-System through an 

SPI serial interface, by a conventional 

non-volatile memory programmer, or by 

an On-chip Boot program running on the 

AVR core. The Boot program can use 

any interface to download the 

application program in the Application 

Flash memory. Software in the Boot 

Flash section will continue to run while 

the Application Flash section is updated, 

providing true Read-While-Write 

operation. By combining an 8-bit RISC 

CPU with In-System Self-Programmable 

Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel 

ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P is a 

powerful microcontroller that provides a 

highly flexible and cost effective 

solution to many embedded control 

applications. 

The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P 

AVR is supported with a full suite of 

program and system development tools 

including: C Compilers, Macro 

Assemblers, Program 

Debugger/Simulators, In-Circuit 

Emulators, and Evaluation kits. 

 
Comparison Between ATmega48PA, 

ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and 

ATmega328P . 

 

 
 

The ATmega48PA, ATmega88PA, 

ATmega168PA and ATmega328P differ 

only in memory sizes, boot loader 

support, and interrupt vector sizes. Table 

2-1 summarizes the different memory 

and interrupt vector sizes for the three 

devices. 

ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and 

ATmega328P support a real Read- 

While-Write Self-Programming 

mechanism. There is a separate Boot 

Loader Section, and the SPM instruction 

can only execute from there. In 

ATmega48PA, there is no Read-While- 

Write support and no separate Boot 

Loader Section. The SPM instruction 

can execute from the entire Flash. 

Implimentation 

The project “Health Monitoring 

System” was designed a continuous 

patient health monitoring system using 

Bluetooth technology. This project 



 

 

makes a use of MAX30100 (heartbeat & 

oxygen), LM35 temperature, Bluetooth 

module. The main controlling device of 

the project is Arduino UNO 

microcontroller. Arduino will 

continuously read the heartbeat and spo2 

value through MAX30100 and 

temperature value from LM35 

temperature sensor will be sent to the 

user android mobile application via HC- 

05 bluetooth module. To achieve this 

task microcontroller loaded program 

written in embedded C language. 

 
This project is implemented using 

following software’s: 

 Arduino IDE Studio Compiler - 

for compilation part 

4.1 Arduino IDE Compiler: 

 
This instructable adds to any of the 

Arduino on a Breadboard instructables. 

 

1. We need a microcontroller with a pre- 

loaded Bootloader, or must load your 

own 

2. Not all ATmega328’s are equal 

(A bootloader, very simply, is a 

programme that sits on the chip and 

manages the upload of your sketches 

onto the chip) 

Procedural steps for compilation, 

simulation and dumping: 

 

Compilation and simulation steps: 

Step 1: Parts 

 
1 x Arduino on a Breadboard 

1 x Arduino UNO 

Connecting Wires 

Arduino IDE installed on your PC 

 
Step 2: The Approach 

We use the Arduino UNO to bootload 

the ATmega328 that is sitting on the 

Arduino-on-a-Breadboard. This is fairly 

straightforward having an 

ATmega328P-PU, but needs an extra 

step for an ATmega328-PU. 

 

 
 

Step 3: Program your Arduino UNO as 

an ISP 



 

 

Ensure your UNO is selected under the 

Boards menu option, and upload the 

sketch. 

 

Step 4: Connect your ATmega328 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

We need to program the Arduino UNO 

to act as an ISP (In-System 

Programmer), so that it can burn the 

bootloader onto the Breadboard chip. 

 

1. Open the Arduino IDE 

2. Open the ArduinoISP sketch 

(under File, Examples) 

3. If you’re using version 1.0 of the 

IDE: 

 

Search for void heartbeat and 

change the line that reads: 

 

delay(40); 

to 

delay(20); 

Connect your UNO to the PC, making 

sure it’s not connected to the Arduino on 

a Breadboard. 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 
 

Now connect your ATmega to your 

UNO as follows: 



 

 

 UNO 5v ---> ATmega pin 7 

(VCC) 

 UNO GND ---> ATmega pin 8 

(GND) 

 UNO pin 10 ---> ATmega pin 1 

(RESET) 

 UNO pin 11 ---> ATmega pin 17 

(MOSI) 

 UNO pin 12 ---> ATmega pin 18 

(MISO) 

 UNO pin 13 ---> ATmega pin 19 

(SCK) 

 

 
In your Arduino folder, find the 

subfolder.\hardware\tools\avr\etc 

 

1. Make a backup copy of the file: 

avrdude.conf 

2. Open the file avrdude.conf in a 

text editor 

3. Search for: “0x1e 0x95 0x0F” 

(this is the ATmega328P 

signature) 

4. Replace it with: “0x1e 0x95 0x14” 

(this is the ATmega328 signature) 

5. Save the file 

6. Restart the Arduino IDE 

7. Continue with the rest of the 

steps in the instructable, and 

once bootloading is complete 

restore the backup copy you 

made. 

 

 

In the Arduino IDE, from the Tools 

menu: 

 
 under the Board option choose 

Arduino UNO 

 under the Serial Port option 

ensure the correct port is selected 

 under the Programmer option 

choose Arduino as ISP 

 

To burn the Bootloader, choose Burn 

Bootloader from the Tools menu 

You should see a message “Burning 

bootloader to I/O Board (this may take a 

minute)" 

Once the bootloader has been burned, a 

message of confirming the success gets 

displayed. 

”Congratulations: You're now ready 

to load sketches onto your Arduino on 

a breadboard!” 



 

 

Conclusion: 

Its design incorporates functionality 

from all of the deployed hardware 

components. Each module's inclusion 

and placement has been meticulously 

planned to optimize performance. 

Second, thanks to developing technology 

and cutting-edge integrated circuits, the 

idea has been realized. Therefore, the 

project's design and testing phases have 

been fruitful. 

 

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