




































 1 
CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com                                    Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2022 | Vol5 |Issue3 

 

 

 Chinese Traditional Medical Journal 

 

Electric Rail Traction for Induction Motor Control of Hybrid 

PWM strategy by using fuzzy logic controller 

Ma Yinl, Zhu Cuihon, Ca Rui, 

 Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 

Department of Medical Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 

China National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and 

Therapy; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:- 

Over time, acceptance engines aided by 

voltage source inverters (VSIs) will run the 

majority of electric rail footing 

frameworks [1]. Protected entryway 

bipolar transistors, which are often used in 

these inverters, are still the most common 

implementation of these devices (IGBTs). 

Silicon carbide (SiC) and other wide-band 

gap semiconductor devices may be used to 

create inverters with lower losses and 

smaller diameters, but their current costs 

and power levels are unlikely to rise much 

in widespread usage. As a result, inverters 

Abstract:- 

Switching losses are minimised, and reliability is improved, by using a low shift 

frequency in the electrical rail traction induction control system. However, with 

low switching frequencies, the usual single pulse width modulation (PWM) 

approach across the full speed range might produce an excessive number of 

harmonic components that sequentially induce motor heating, torsion ripple, and 

other detrimental consequences. Hybrid PWM techniques are proposed in this 

research to achieve low losses and total harmonics supported by very low shift 

frequencies by combining carrier-based asynchronous and synchronous modulation 

and optimal synchronous modulation techniques. The findings and simulations of 

the hybrid PWM approach offered by a fuzzy logic controller were used as 

collateral. 

Index Terms— Fuzzy logic controller, low switching frequency, hybrid pulse 

width modulation, smooth transition, and traction motor. 
 



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continue to be hindered by Si devices. 

Doping of Si devices may have improved 

their controllability and strength within a 

particular temperature range, but high 

exchanging and on-state mishaps may still 

produce superfluous intersection 

temperatures that might make the devices 

fizzle. In rail footing frameworks, it is 

common to use low exchanging 

frequencies to reduce IGBTs' exchanging 

mishaps and therefore increase their warm 

life and limit. 

 

 

Since the introduction of electric drive in 

1964 by A. Schonung and H. Stemmler 

[4], beat width tweak (PWM) systems 

have grown swiftly, and the general 

employed PWM systems for enlisting 

engine drives have been discussed and 

thought about in [5]-[10]. By improving 

the exchanging modes, PWM techniques 

provide better DC transport voltage 

utilisation, improve converter noises and 

mishaps, and increase the yield recurrence 

range of three-stage converters and distinct 

markers [5], [7], [8]]. PWM methods 

supply the desired voltage as the primary 

goal. In addition to a large power, low 

exchanging recurrence, and a broad speed 

range, electric rail footing converters offer 

many other advantages. A single normal, 

nonstop balance is possible. 

 

To control the entire speed range of the 

footing enlistment engine, strategies such 

as sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) or space 

vector PWM (SVPWM) are used. The 

ratio Ncr between the transporter and high 

recurrence areas decreases as the engine 

recurrence increases, which causes the 

converters to create an extensive number 

of synchronised segments and causes 

engine warming, torque swell and other 

adverse effects [7] [8]. As a contrast to 

this, uneven PWM (DPWM) approaches 

seem to reduce twisting at high Ncr levels 

at a given exchange repetition. [10] 

 

Electric rail footing converters are often 

used in the low-recurrence and medium- to 

high-recurrence regions to regulate DC 

voltages using half and half PWM 

approaches, i.e., regular uninterrupted 

regulation, over modulation or 

synchronous balancing, then square wave. 

Currently, the majority of electric rail 

footing converters make use of cross-breed 

PWM techniques. Over modulation, 

focused 60 synchronous balance, and ideal 

synchronous balance are the most common 

approaches to the medium recurrence 

change zone. For the low-recurrence 

district, Mitsubishi and Toshiba were 

given synchronous SVPWM, which was 

then used across modulation I and II 

locations in order to simply switch to 

square wave. Basic, but with high fifth and 

seventh sub harmonics, making it 

necessary to develop a precise engine 

model to monitor basic current for shut 

circle current regulation and causing low 

repetition wavering when Ncr is less than 

11. 

ICE fast trains and China's first AC 

electric train AC4000 used focal 60 

synchronous SPWM adjustment 

innovation, which can be easily 

implemented and has low exchanging 

misfortunes, despite the fact that it has 

high pinnacle engine streams and low-

recurrence noises. The agents selected 

symphonious least PWM (SHEPWM) and 

current symphonious least PWM may 

achieve various advancement targets, in 

contrast, by using increased synchronous 

regulation techniques [7] (CHMPWM). 

ALSTOM and GE obtained the more 

developed SHEPWM invention, whereas 

SIEMENS used unconnected symphonious 

current simplifying synchronous 

regulation. 

 

In light of this, the major focus of this 

study is to provide a more in-depth 



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explanation of the use of mixture PWM for 

rail footing engine control. The remainder 

of this document is organised as follows. 

A more accurate representation of the 

suggested half-and-half structure may be 

found in Area II, which displays the 

necessary half breed PWM computations. 

II. HYBRID PWM ALGORITHMS:- 

A. As previously discussed, IGBTs' 

calamities, music, adjustment records, and 

so on are all things to consider. For a real 

rail footing enlistment engine control, the 

use of a crossover PWM technique is a 

better choice. A steady recurrence offbeat 

PWM is used to avoid complicated count 

and advancements among synchronous 

PWMs with different Ncr in the low-

recurrence region. PWM waveform 

asymmetry is a real problem as the key 

repetition increases; this means that 

standard synchronous PWM with triple 

and odd Ncr must be used until the direct 

regulation list is out of its range or sub 

harmonic segments are high [13], at which 

point OSPWM must be used. [12] 

Calculation of different PWMs is 

discussed in this section before a half-

breed design for a real electric footing 

engine control is shown. 

B. Asynchronous THIPWM 

Algorithm:- 

For three-stage VSIs with significant Ncr 

adjustments, the most common balancing 

scheme is conventional SVPWM 

(CSVPWM), which aims to reduce THD 

while simultaneously increasing DC 

transport consumption [7], [8]. However, 

with CSVPWM, three-stage beats must be 

balanced in the meanwhile, making it 

insufficiently adaptive for smooth progress 

where current or torque influence must be 

kept at a safe distance.. In a cross-breed 

structure of the engine control framework, 

this article uses one-fourth-third-

symphonious infusion PWM (THIPWM4). 

For low-recurrence locations with large 

Ncr tweak, the THD of THIPWM4 is 

extremely close to that of CSVPWM, at 

the expense of a minor reduction of 

greatest DC transport usage [7]. An FPGA 

may do the calculation without a triangle 

count and yet achieve smooth progress for 

three-stage beats using this technique [8]. 

FIG. 1 depicts a typical electric rail 

traction voltage source converter in broad 

strokes. 

 

The VSI for electric rail traction topology 

is shown in Figure 1. 

 

The one-fourth third-harmonic injection 

three-phase voltages VXN may be 

obtained from the figure, with regard to the 

DC bus negative point N [7] 

 

Where 

 

With regard to fictional DC centre tap 0, 

Vx0 is phase voltage, and Vd is bus 

voltage. 

 

Fundamental angle frequency () and 

beginning phase () are both defined as 

Phase shift between three-phase voltages, 

X, is the problem. 

 

Its modulation wave is 0.093 to 0.907 

cycles per second. As a result, the pink 

PWM pulse may be generated by 

comparing active-high to active-low. 

Fig. 2. THIPWM schematic for CBPWM 

 

C. Synchronous THIPWM 

Algorithm:- 

As previously said, synchronous THIPWM 

is used to alter the interface between 

APWM and OSPWM, as previously 

stated. Nonconcurrent THIPWM's 

regulation calculation is extremely similar 

to that of synchronous control, the only 

difference being that the transporter's 

recurrence is not consistent, but is instead 

modified by critical recurrence and Ncr. In 

addition, NCR's reputation as an 

alternative must be maintained. 

1 2 4 

 

Zero to three and three to zero. 



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in order to complete each aspect of the 

project. 

 

VPn to the peak voltage (which is 

2Vd(13)) is what defines the modulation 

index M, which in turn is determined by 

the basic peak phase-to neutral voltage 

 

𝜋 
 

what is known as modulation 

 

The highest value of M for THIPWM in 

the linear modulation range is 0.907 [13]. 

 

The three-phase reference modulation 

voltages Vmx may be represented as an 

FPGA implementation of the modulation 

method. 

 

Fig. 2 shows an example of Vma, which is 

represented by 

There is no need to be concerned about the 

presence of triple subharmonics in a three-

stage converter's separated, unbiased heap 

[13]. A 15-Ncr resistor is used in the 

synchronous regulation zone of the 

approach shown. 

 

As a result, CSPWM and APWM may 

easily link at any level, and no further 

progress method is required, since they 

share the same bearer. 

CHMPWM Algorithm:- 

As of right now, the most widely-used 

OSPWMs for the disposal of low-arrange 

music are SHEPWM and CHMPWM, with 

SHEPWM being much more often used in 

applications in writing. Although 

SHEPWM has a drawback that causes 

non-ideal consonant hardship in an engine 

where the root-mean-square (RMS) swell 

current is exaggerated, the following more 

elevated quantity of music will be boosted 

close to the previously disposed of music.  

[13] as a result of which steady 

development will be more difficult (will be 

talked about later in the part "IV Smooth 

Change Discussion"). As a result, 

CHMPWM is included in this 

investigation to get the lowest possible 

weighted THD ( WTHDi ) 

 

To create CHMPWM, the wave depicted 

in Figure 3 may be employed, which is 

reliant on SHEPWM. 

 

SHEPWM phase voltage wave with K 

number of angles (Fig. 3). 

 

There are only odd harmonics in the sine 

wave, hence the phase to N voltage may be 

written as [7], [13] using a Fourier series. 

the number of notch angles I K, is the 

order of the harmonic, and Vk is its peak 

phase voltage value I I for the kth-order 

harmonic. For even and odd values of K, 

we use the +1 and -1 notation. 

 

CHMPWM technique optimal protest is to 

minimise the THD of line current, which 

can be calculated from the stage voltage 

separated by the forceful spillage engine 

impedance [13]. For the articulation, the 

WTHDi, which is expressed as a unit of 

central line current [7], is preferable. This 

is how the results of the CHMPWM 

computation might be conveyed: 

Using a PC software, the score edges 

might be iterated, avoiding look-into tables 

(LUTs) [25]. The primary extent may be 

managed and the amount of K-1 noises can 

be removed with by using K number of 

score points. Even if WTHDi can be 

reduced by increasing the number of 

indent heavenly attendees, the LUT will 

become absurdly large and more 

reasonable FPGA components will be 

needed. However, the Ncr of CSPWM and 

APWM is high enough to maintain high-

quality tweak execution even in low-

recurrence areas. For K, only 1, 2, 3, and 4 

are accepted in this newly-introduced use. 

D. Hybrid PWM Plan:- 

This study proposes using APWM, 

CSPWM, OSPWM, and square-wave to 

control engine line current and reduce 



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throbbing torque at all speed ranges, in 

order to reduce the total harmonic 

distortion (THD) in the engine line current. 

The proposed cross-breed PWM can be 

planned as shown in Fig. 4, where the 

tweak strategies (bearer frequencies), DC 

transport voltage V, RMS line voltage 

Vll(rms), and ascertained aggregate loss of 

the converter Ploss are depicted against 

central recurrence for an electric rail 

footing framework with the fundamental 

parameters listed in Table I. 

 

 

It can be observed from Figure 4 that the 

suggested APWM travels to square wave 

via 15-switch CSPWM (15-CSPWM) and 

4 to 1 indent edges OSPWMs throughout 

the whole speed range (9-CHM to 3-

CHM). Changes in line voltage are made 

by primary recurrence to fulfil motion and 

torque requirements, culminating in 

square-wave (M = 1), which has the fewest 

switch duties and minimises the successful 

engine current, as well as disasters. The 

yield line voltage necessitates a change in 

the DC transport voltage. It is not just the 

most severe available exchange rates that 

are used to alter the balance modes, but 

also the largest available adjustment files. 

The aggregation misfortune is reduced as 

the transporter recurrence decreases, but 

the conduction misfortune is increased as it 

travels to square wave mode. 

 
 

 

 

 
 

The fundamental frequency of VSI 

variables is shown in this diagram. 

 

To provide optimal engine control, a 

hybrid PWM architecture has been 

implemented, where each PWM must meet 

the following requirements: 

 

Limiting pinnacle current reduces IGBT 

current weight. 

 

 

in order to avoid converter catastrophes, 

take into mind the limitations of 

exchanging frequencies and the normally 

modest frequency fluctuations that are 

characteristic of converters. 

 

 

 

 

 

Consistent material is OK. 

 

There must be a PWM and an FPGA 

capable of meeting the needs of M-edge 

LUTs and score-edge LUTs 

III. Transitions between PWMs that 

are smooth and seamless. 

IV. SMOOTH TRANSITION 

DISCUSSION:- 

 

A. A. As the footing grows in speed, 

the bearer proportion drops as the 

expanding recurrence is bit by bit 

enlarged, and the contrary is true for the 

half-and-half PWM process. The critical 

shift in the transporter % will have an 

impact on the PWM yield voltage's exact 

stage management. As a consequence, a 



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CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com                                    Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2022 | Vol5 |Issue3 

 

dead time or chip advanced control 

mistake may easily cause the inverter's 

stage fluctuation between the actual yield 

voltage and the reference voltage. It is due 

of these circumstances that the footing 

engine current and torque stun. 

B. B. \sC. Starting with general 

progress proposals and then going on to 

more technical discussions of 

improvements, including progress 

approaches and performance comparisons 

between a single DSP and the suggested 

structure, SHEPWM and CHMPW, will be 

provided. 

C. General Rules of Smooth 

Transition:- 

So as to retain the soundness of engine 

streams and torques, when travelling 

between different PWM balancing modes, 

the following angles should be regarded to 

keep the advancement of PWMs from easy 

back rates to square-wave. 

 

Initially, endeavour to retain the key 

evolution, including smooth shifts of stage 

and plentifulness. The accuracy of the 

exchanging point and the control 

calculation are two of the most important 

factors in key advancement. At that time 

the influence of music can't be 

underestimated. Symphonious phases are 

not promised to remain uninterrupted in 

different forms of exchanging, on the 

grounds that the consonant substance is 

differed for each manner, and stage 

modifications are inevitable. 

 

 

 

So the progress needs to retain a strategic 

distance from too enormous general 

symphonious change, all together not to 

generate the consonant current 

consequence. At long last, hysteresis must 

be implemented at each step so that the 

framework does not cycle incessantly 

between two unusual regulatory modes at a 

specified pace. A hysteresis of 0.5 Hz is 

used in the suggested method. 

D. More Discussion on Smooth 

Transition:- 

 

V. In the full speed range, the half-

and-half PWM shows a few notable 

improvements. The primary difference 

comes between two CBPWMs of APWM 

and CSPWM, where the transporter 

frequencies are nearly no differentiation 

and the M is constant, which make it easy 

to complete smooth progress. The change 

will likewise turn out to be easy when it 

happens between 3-beat OSPWM and 

square-wave [11], for the point of the 3-

beat OSPWM will drop to zero as per the 

increasing M, which is square-wave. 

Despite the advancement, the engine's 

flow and torque may be maintained. 

VI.  

VII. In any event, the primary 

progression and consonant impact turn out 

to be more vital when the advancements 

happen between CSPWM and OSPWM, or 

within OSPWMs, specifically when only a 

single MCU or DSP is used or SHEPWM 

is utilised for OSPWM. 

VIII. Simulation results: 

 

 

  



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CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com                                    Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2022 | Vol5 |Issue3 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig:5 simulation diagram of Inverter fed 

Induction motor drive without load 

 

(a) Pulses 

 

 

 
(b) Phase Currents 

 

 

 
(c) Line Voltage 

 

(d) Phase Voltages 

 

 
(a) Stator Current 

 

(f) Torque 

 

Fig:6 simulation results of Inverter fed 

Induction motor drive without load 

 

Fig:7 simulation diagram of Voltage 

source inverter with R Load 

 

 

(a)  Control Strategy 

 
(b) Pulses 

 



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CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com                                    Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2022 | Vol5 |Issue3 

 

 
(c) Phase Currents 

 

 

 

 

 

(e) Line Voltages 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(e) Phase Voltages 

 

Fig: 8 simulations results of Voltage 

source inverter with R Load 

Fig: 9 simulation diagram of Inverter fed 

Induction motor drive with load 

 

(a) Pulses 

 

 

(a) Phase currents 

 

(b) Line Voltages 

 

 

 

 
(a) Phase Voltages 

 

 

 

  



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CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com                                    Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2022 | Vol5 |Issue3 

 

 
(a) Stator Current 

 

 
(a) Torque 

 

Fig: 10 simulations results of 

Inverter fed Induction motor 

drive with load 

 

Simulation results by using fuzzy 

logic controller: 

Fuzzy rule is a type of many-regarded 

rationalisation in which reality 

assessments of components may be any 

bona fide number some place between the 

scope of 0 and 1. It is possible for reality 

estimates of components to be just 0 or 1 

when using the Boolean technique. Fluffy 

foundations have been engaged to control 

the potential of partial truth, where reality 

respect may fluctuate between being fully 

obvious and being utterly untrue. 

Moreover, when semantic elements are 

employed, these degrees may be monitored 

by unique abilities. 

 

The three variables of the FLC, the error, 

the change in error and the output, have 

seven triangle membership functions for 

each. Sets of fundamental fuzzies 

 

 

 

of membership functions for the variables 

are as indicated in the Figs.11. 

 

 
Fig 11(a) Function member ship of 

input1 

 

 

  



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CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com                                    Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2022 | Vol5 |Issue3 

 

 
Fig 11(b) Function member ship of 

input2 

 

 
 

Fig 11(c) Function member ship of 

output 

 

xTABLE: 1. FUZZY Rules 

e/ ∆e PB P

M 

PS ZE NS NM NB 

PB ZE Z

E 

Z

E 

NB N

B 

NB NB 

PM ZE Z

E 

Z

E 

NM N

M 

NM NM 

PS ZE Z

E 

Z

E 

NS NS NM NM 

ZE NS NS Z

E 

ZE Z

E 

PS PS 

NS PM P

M 

P

M 

NS Z

E 

PS ZE 

NM PM P

M 

P

M 

PB Z

E 

PS ZE 

NB PB P

M 

P

M 

PB Z

E 

ZE ZE 

For each of the three factors, the semantic 

factors positive huge (PB), positive 

medium (PM), positive small (PS), zero 

(Z), negative little (NS), negative medium 

(NM), and negative large (NB) convey the 

fuzzy factors' significance. A lead in the 

govern base may be conveyed in the 

shape: If both (e) and (de) are NB, then 

(album is Z). The tenets are established in 

light of the framework's information and 

operation. The administrate base modifies 

the obligation cycle for the PWM of the 

inverter as per the alterations in the 

contribution of the FLC. The amount of 

principles may be specified aswanted. The 

quantities of guidelines are 49 for the 

seven enrollment elements of the blunder 

and the adjustment in mistake 

(contributions of the FLC). 

Fig: 12 Simulation diagram of 

Voltage source inverter with R Load 

 

 

(a) Control Strategy 

 

 

(a) Pulse 

 

 



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(a) Phase current 

 

 

(a) Line voltage 

 

 
 

 
 

(a) Phase voltage 

 

Fig: 13 Simulation results of Voltage 

source inverter with R Load 

 

 

Fig: 14 simulation diagram of Inverter 

fed Induction motor drive without load 

torque 

(a) Pulse 

 

  



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CTMJ | traditionalmedicinejournals.com                                    Chinese Traditional Medicine Journal | 2022 | Vol5 |Issue3 

 

 

(b) Phase current 

 

 
(c) Line voltage 

 

 

 
(d) Phase voltages 

 

(e) Stator current 

 

 

(f) Torque 

 

 

Fig: 15 simulation results of Inverter fed 

Induction motor drive without load 

torque 

 

 

 

Fig: 16 simulation diagram of Inverter 

fed Induction motor drive with load 

torque 

 

 (a) Pulse 

 

  

 
(b) Phase current 

 

(c) Line voltages 



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(d) phase voltages 

 
 (e) Stator current 

 

 

 

(f) Torque 

 

Fig: 17 simulation result of Inverter fed 

Induction motor drive with load torque 

 

VI. CONCLUSION:- 

The hybrid PWM subject for electrical 

traction motor control is simplified in this 

research using a Fuzzy Logic Controller 

system and existing approach. By totally 

utilising the points of interest and assets of 

each processor, high- precision hybrid 

PWMs square measure enforced while 

fulfilling the multi-rate and multi-task 

process of the traction management. The 

implementation strategies of the bestowed 

hybrid PWM technique, wherever 

asynchronous and synchronous 

THIPWM4, CHMPWMs square measure 

used for transiting from low-speed to 

square-wave, square measure mentioned 

intimately, together with algorithms 

between the 2 processors, swish transition, 

etc.. by using the fuzzy logic controller 

and desining in MATLAB/SIMULINK the 

THD values are reduced compared to the 

existing results PWM creation based on 

simulation findin Low total harmonics 

supported by a horribly low switch 

frequency have been obtained with great 

precision and the feature of low losses, 

allowing the control to function better and 

the system's reliability to grow. 

REFERENCES:- 

Among them: De Doncker, Rik, Duco WJ 

Pulle, and André Veltman. Analyzing, 

modelling, and controlling advanced 

electrical drives. Springer Science & 

Business Media, 2010. 

[1] A Space Vector Modulator for the 

High-Switching Frequency Control of 

Three-Level SiC Inverters, by J. Holtz, M. 

Höltgen, and J. O. Krah, IEEE Trans. 

Power Electronics vol. 29, no. 5, May 

2014, p. 

(2) "Evaluation of Switching Performance 

of SiC Devices in PWM Inverter-Fed 

Induction Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. 

Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 

5701-5711, Oct. 2015. Z. Zhang, F. Wang, 

L. M. Tolbert, B. J. Blalock and D. J. 

Costinett 

[2] In conjunction with reversible 

variable speed AC drives, A. Schonung 

and H. Stemmler "Static Frequency 

Changers with Subharmonic Control in 

1964, pp. 555-557", Brown Boveri Rev. 

[3] [3] van der Broeck HW, Skudelny 

H-C, Stanke GV, ―Analysis and realisation 

of a pulse width modulator based on 

voltage space vectors,‖ IEEE Trans. 

Industry Applications,vol. 24, no. 1, 

pp.142–150, 1988.J. Holtz, "Electronic 

power conversion using pulse width 

modulation," Proc. IEEE, vol. 82, no. 8, 

Aug. 1994, pp. 1194-1214. 

  

[5] [4] Holmes D G, Lipo T A. Pulse 

width modulation for power converters: 

concepts and practise. John Wiley & Sons, 

2003. 



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Ayyanar and Ayyanan, "Space-Vector-

Based Hybrid Pulse width modulation 

techniques for reduced harmonic 

distortion," IEEE Trans. Power 

Electronics, vol. 25, no. 3, March 2010, 

pp. 760-774. 

[6] Induction motor drives using an 

advanced hybrid PWM technique to 

reduce torque ripple are discussed in IEEE 

Trans on Industrial Electronics (vol 57 no 

6, june 2010), by K Basu and J. S. S. 

Prasad, G. Narayanan, H. K. 

Krishnamurthy and R. Ayyanar.  

 


