ISSN : 2693 6356 2018 | Vol 1 | Issue 3 Kamdudha Rasa, an Ayurvedic Formulation: A Pharmaceutico-Analytical Evaluation M.Sumathi,C H.Kalyani , K. Amalla123 Assistant Professor AAU Jorhat - Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The ancient literature Rasaamritam describes Kamdudha Rasa, an Ayurvedic herbo- mineral concoction. We classify Kamdudha Rasa (KM) as a kind of Kharliya Rasayana. One of the Samskaras (processes) listed that may assist bring about the desired change in the aforementioned medications is Bhavana (levigation). The purpose is to make Kamdudha Rasa and examine it using the appropriate analytical parameters. METHODOLOGY: Pharmaceutical processes were done in five phases, Preparation of Guduchi Sattva (powder of Tinospora cordifolia), Extraction of Amalaki Swarasa (fresh juice of Emblica officinalis), Shodhan (purification) of Swarna Gairik (SG) (Orche) with Go-Ghrita (cow ghee), Bhavana to Shodhit Swarna Gairik by fresh Amalaki Swarasa for 21 times and finally addition of Shodhit and Bhavit SG and Guduchi Sattva in mentioned quantity along with Mishri (sugar). Loss on drying, extractive value in water and alcohol, pH, particle size, bulk density, tap density, and microbiological load were among the parameters tested in the subsequent Physico-chemical Analysis of the final product. RESULTS: Kamdudha Rasa exhibited analytical specs including pH 5.14, 37.5% water solubility, 5.5% alcohol solubility, and 0.01% w/w loss on drying. Each Bhavana spent around 6-7 hours a day on trituration. By the conclusion of Bhavana, the final work had all the hallmarks of Subhavita Lakshana. The total rise in weight was 38.88%. HPTLC at 254 and 366 nm showed that Guduchi Sattva was consistent with reference materials. In conclusion, Bhavana has a significant impact on both product quality and medicine effectiveness. Because of its hygroscopic properties, KM must be kept in a dry, sterile, airtight container. Keywords: Physical/Chemical Analysis, Kamdudha Rasa, and Bhavana Introduction Rasashastra and Bhaishjya Kalpana is a branch of Ayurveda which deals the herbo-mineral formulations.[1] Ayurveda, the ancient health science includes formulations of plant, mineral or animal origin. The medicinal formulations prepared in mortar and pestle are known as Kharliya Rasayana. Most of the Rasa Kalpa require homogenous mixing of herbal and metalo- mineral ingredients for which, Khalwa Yantra (mortar & pestle) is mostly utilized. Hence nearly 80% of Rasaushadhis can be categorised under Kharliya Rasayana and Kamdudha Rasa (KM) too comes under the category of Kharliya Rasayana.[2] Bhavana (levigation) enumerated as one of the Samskaras (process) is helpful for the purpose of bringing about the desired alteration in mentioned drugs. Application of Bhavana process is not confined to Shodhana (purification) and Marana (incineration) or Pishtikarana (powdering) of Rasashastreeya Dravyas, but it is one of the important pharmaceutical processes used in preparing herbal formulations as well as in preparing various herbal and herbo-mineral formulations. The selection of particular Bhavana Dravya is important in the process of Bhavana as it enhances the qualities responsible for the same. For reduction in undesirable pharmacological actions of the drug also, Bhavana Dravya acts as antidote or detoxifier. [1] KM is an Ayurvedic medicine with herbal and mineral ingredients. It is used in treating gastritis (Amlapitta) and bleeding diseases. [3]Amlapitta is a common disorder which requires a cost effective formulation and which can be prepared very easily. KM, mentioned by Vaidya Yadavji Trikamji Acharya in Rasaamritam contains easily available drugs which are cost effective too. Hence in the present study the formulation of KM has been prepared as per the above reference and its preliminary physico- chemical analysis has been carried out. [4]KM, currently marketed is prepared as per the reference of Rasa Yoga Sagar. Those contain Mouktik Bhasma, Praval Bhasma, Shankha, Bhasma Shukti Bhasma, Gairika and Guduchi Sattva. In the present study undertaken KM was prepared as per the reference mentioned in Rasamritam. Materials and Methods . https://www.careers360.com/university/assam-agricultural-university-jorhat?icn=college_page&ici=clg_714_college_listing_tuple Observation & Results The study undertaken was divided into two phases viz., Pharmaceutical and Analytical study. Pharmaceutical Study In this phase of study, following pharmaceutical processes were carried out- I. Preparation of Guduchi Sattva II. Extraction of Amalaki Swarasa III. Shodhana of Swarna Gairika with Go-Ghrita IV. Bhavana to Shodhit Swarna Gairik by fresh Amalaki Swarasa 21 times V. Preparation of Kamdudha Rasa I. Preparation of Guduchi Sattva Physical impurities from Guduchi stems were removed and washed with water. Stem was made into pieces of 1-2 inches and crushed thoroughly to convert into slimy paste. This mass was further mixed with mentioned quantity (six times) of potable water in a stainless steel vessel and kept for soaking overnight (12 hrs) and covered with cotton cloth. On the next day this mass was macerated thoroughly in water for about 1 hour, filtered slowly through a clean four folded cotton cloth. The liquid was kept aside for 4 hrs for settlement. The supernatant liquid was decanted carefully. The sediment was shifted in to a tray and air dried under running fan. II. Extraction of Amalaki Swarasa 6 kg of fresh Amalaki fruits were taken and cleaned well. Swarasa was prepared but addition of water was required to get better yield for which 300 ml potable water was added. The final juice obtained was 4.5 litre. III. Shodhan of Swarna Gairika (Orche) with Go-Ghrita First, Gairika was made into fine powder then Go-ghrit in 1/4th quantity was added and roasted on (low flame) moderate fire till it turns to brick red colour. IV. Bhavana to Shodhit Swarna Gairika Amalaki Swarasa was added in the Shodhit Swarna Gairik till all the Swarasa was soaked by Gairika and Kalka (paste) like consistency of Swarna Gairika was obtained. The details of quantity of Amalaki Swarasa and the duration of Bhavana is mentioned in the table no.1. V. Preparation of Kamdudha Rasa KM was prepared according to Rasamritam. To Amalaki Swarasa Bhavit Swarna Gairika, powered and dried Guduchi Sattva was added in prescribed quantity which was equal to Shudha Swarna Gairika. Mishri was powdered and added to the mixture and mixed well. After proper mixing of all ingredients the weight of KM was 1200 gm (Table no.2). Thus prepared KM was stored in a airtight container. Table no. 1: Quantity of Amalaki Swarasa required for Bhavana of Shodhit Swarna Gairika (for 21 days) Day of Bhavana Quantity of Swarasa Duration of Bhavana 1st 2300ml 2hrs 2nd 100ml 6hrs 3rd 100 ml 5hrs 4th 100 ml 4hrs 5th 1200ml 5hrs 6th 200ml 4hrs 7th 200ml 4hrs 8th 1100ml 4hrs 9th 200ml 6hrs 10th 250ml 5hrs 11th 200ml 7hrs 12th 200ml 4hrs 13th 100ml 6hrs 14th 300ml 7hrs 15th 200ml 6hrs 16th 200ml 6hrs 17th 200ml 6hrs 18th 300ml 7hrs 19th 100 ml 5hrs 20th 200ml 6hrs 21th 200ml 6hrs Total 7950ml 110hrs Table no.2: Ingredients of Kamdudha Rasa Sr. no Ingredients Quantity 1 Amalaki Swarasa Bhavit Swarna Gairika 300 gm 2 Guduchi Sattva (Tinospora cordifolia) 300 gm 3 Mishri (Sugar candy) 600 gm Total quantity 1200 gm Analytical Study In the present study, analytical evaluation of Kamdudha Rasa was carried out to develop preliminary standards. The samples were analysed first of all on the basis of organoleptic characters. The organoleptic characters involved the testing of samples using sensory organs. These are four subjective parameters – Colour, Taste, Odour, Touch. Organoleptic features of samples are as shown in Table no.3. Table no. 3 Organoleptic characters of Kamdudha Rasa Table no.5: Results of Microbial load in Kamdudha Rasa Test Parameters Result Limits Total Microbial Count 100 CFU/gm Total Bacterial count Absent Total Fungal Count Absent Pathogens Should be Absent / 10 gm E. Coli Absent Salmonella spp Absent Pseudomonas aeruginosa Absent Table no.6: HPTLC profile of Guduchi Sattva Under 254 nm Under 366 nm Physico-chemical parameters analyzed were loss on drying, Water soluble extractive value, Alcohol soluble extractive value, pH, Particle size, Bulk Density and Tap Density. The results are mentioned in Table no.4. The Microbial Load of Kamadudha Rasa was with in normal level (Table no.5). HPTLC profile of Guduchi Sattva was visualised at at 254, 366 nm and in daylight. No. Of peaks (spots) 4 Rf values 0.04 0.50 0.58 0.73 No. Of peaks (sopts) 3 Rf values 0.04 0.50 0.56 4 peaks at 254 nm and 3 peaks at 366 nm was visualised (Table no.6. & Figure no.1). Table no. 4 Result of physico-chemical analysis of Kamdudha Rasa Fig. No.1 HPTLC of Guduchi Sattva Parameter Kamdudha Rasa Loss on drying at 1050 C. 0.01% (Gain in weight) Water Soluble Extractive Value 37.5% Alcohol Soluble Extractive Value 5.5 pH 5.14 Particle size 100 Bulk density 0.4 gm/ml Tap density 0.3921gm/ml Parameters Kamdudha Rasa Colour Ash colour Taste Madhur, Amla Odour Ghrita Gandhi Touch Smooth Discussion Bhavana Samskara is one of the pharmaceutical processes which has wide applicability in today’s modern era of drug manufacturing for its various merits. The merits include increased patient compliance due to acceptable dosage form, acceptable appearance and odour of drug, reduced dosage, minimum side effects and higher palatability. [5] The potency of drug is to be increased or decrease as per the need by adopting various Samskara which may may be done with the help of Agni, Toya, Agnitoya Sannikarsha etc. among them Bhavana is most important process to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of a drug. On this basis Shodhit Swarna Gairika was given Bhavana with fresh Amalaki Swarasa for twenty-one times which resulted in increase of weight of the drug. The Swarasa required for the initial Bhavana was more (2100 ml) than the subsequent Bhavana (200 ml). The reason behind the decreased amount of liquid required for subsequent Bhavana can be elicited by reduced porosity of powder by process of trituration. Other reason for this may be decreased particle size which lowered the permeability. The porosity or pore volume of a material has been defined as the total proportion of air spaces contained between the solid particles of which the body is composed while permeability is restricted to interconnecting voids. [5] The organoleptic characters being a subjective nature cannot be evaluated numerically for reproducibility in the results. Significant colour change was observed in KM as compared to original drugs. It may indicate the absorption of contents from Amalaki Swarasa during Bhavana and addition of Guduchi Sattva and Mishri. Taste was Madhur (sugar) mainly and Amla Rasa (sour) additionally. It was found to be smooth in touch, twenty- one Bhavana with Amalaki Swaras might have resulted in fineness of KM. For the analysis of moisture content, the drug was kept for loss on drying at 1050 C. The loss on drying in the sample was 0.5%. The water soluble extractive value was 36.2 % and Alcohol soluble extractive value of KM was 5.5 %. This indicates that the Amalaki Swaras used for Bhavana Dravya imparted its active ingredients in KM. So it can be understood that the Bhavana plays an important role in increasing quality of the product. The residue remaining after incineration is the ash content of the drug which simply represents inorganic salts, naturally occurring in drug or adhering to it or deliberately added to it as form of adulteration. The total ash is of importance and indicates to some extent the amount of care taken in the preparation of the drug. In the determination of total ash values the carbon must be removed at low temperature (450°C) because alkali and chlorides, which are volatile at high temperature, would otherwise be lost. The total ash usually indicates mainly carbonates, phosphates, silicates and silica. [7] In KM, no change was observed when kept in muffle furnace at 4500 C, which may be due to oxidized form of Gairika used. The pH value of KM expresses the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a sample solution. The pH value of KM was 5.14, indicating. Particle size of the drug affects its absorption and the rate of absorption can be assessed by determining the particle size of the drug. The Particle size of KM was 100. Bulk density of the KM was 0.4 gm/ml which indicates that the particle size was bulky and did not allow much space between particles. Microbial load of all drug samples were having microbial content under limit which is shown in table no.5. No any pathogens were detected in KM. Chromatographic study of Guduchi Sattva was carried out under 254 and 366 nm UV to establish the finger printing profile. It showed Rf values of 0.04, 0.50, 0.58, 0.73 at under 254 nm and at 366 nm 3 bands were observed at Rf value of 0.04, 0.50 and 0.56. As Guḍuci Sattva was observed to have hygroscopic nature, it readily gains moisture if kept exposed to environment, which in turn may promote microbial growth in it. Thus, it is recommended to store it in dry, sterile and airtight containers. Conclusion Shodhana of Gairika with Goghrit results in conversion of its biophysical properties into more effective therapeutic activities. In the process of Bhavana, Amalki Swarasa required for the initial Bhavana was more (2100ml) than the subsequent Bhavana (200ml) and there was a total yield of 38.88% weight gain. Hence, we can conclude that Bhavana plays an important role in increasing quality of the product without compromising its physicochemical properties. References 1. Varma P. Churna Kriya on Rasayana Churna- Amavata with Kupeelu (Strychnous nuxvomica linn.). [MD Dissertation]. Jamnagar: Gujarat Ayurveda University; 2013 2. Ranjita V. Guduchi Tail- Guduchi Ghrita-Eka Kushta (Psoriasis). [MD Dissertation]. Jamnagar: Gujarat Ayurveda University; 2006 3. Zade RR, Pendse VK, Rajput DS. Review Artical Rasaoushadhi described in Bhaishajyaratnavali for the treatment of Amlapitta ( Hyperacidity). Journal of Indian System Medicine. 2015;3(4) 191-96 4. Joshi D. Rasamritam, (with English translation), Loha Vigyaniyam Adhaya, 2nd ed. Varanasi; Chaukhamba publications:2003, p.175-176 5. Griffith AA. The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1921, A 221: 163–198. [Internet] [Cited on 15th May 2017]. Available from: http:// www.cmse.ed.ac.uk/AdvMat45/Griffith20.pdf 7. Collision Theory of Chemical Kinetics (OR) Kinetic Molecular Theory of Rates of Reactions. [Internet] [Cited on 15 May 2017]. Available from: http:// www.adichemistry.com/physical/kinetics/collision/ collision-theory-kinetics.html http://www.cmse.ed.ac.uk/AdvMat45/Griffith20.pdf http://www.adichemistry.com/physical/kinetics/collision/