cuesj: A Pathfinder

This is a computer-generated pathfinder created against the Distant Reader study called cuesj.

Each Distant Reader study carrel is composed of many individual items. Each item is bibliographically described with author, title, date, summary, and keyword values. Below is a list of the items' most signficant keywords as well as lists of the items themselves. Purpusing the content of this pathfinder provides the student, researcher, or scholar with one way to get their heads around the scope of the carrel. The keywords include:

Patients; Model; Control; System; Health; Women; Group; Rats; Covid-19; Design; Network; Time; Students; Infection; Learning; Blood; Information; Energy; Value; Samples; Water; Cancer; Algorithm; Routing; Level; Isolates; Activity; Sensor; Participants; Air; Frequency; Agnps; Diabetes; Effects; Regression; Waste; Traffic; Mobile; Signal; Expression; Testosterone; Strength; Cell; Cases; Delay; Modulation; Method; User; Albicans; Binary; Failure; Game; Stub; Relativity; Difference

Depending on how this pathfinder was created, many of the bibliographic sections will include elaborations on the meaning(s) of the given keywords. These elaborations were generated by feeding the items' summaries to a large langauge model and asking the model to address the question, "What is X?", where "X" is the keyword. The result will be a few sentences of elaboration. Be forewarned. The elaborations are often plausible, but they should not be take as truth. Instead, they should be taken as points for consideration.

• An Overview of Signs and Symptoms to Determine Coronavirus and Omicron Patients in Primary Care and Hospitals by M.Hussein, Ali; Majeed, Hawry A.; Majeed, Naz R.; Ali, Nza H.M.; Saeed, Dashne A.; Ali, Narmin A. (2024) - In South Africa, California, Canada, and the UK, the clinical seriousness of COVID-19 Omicron variation was way less severe than that of the Delta form. However, it revealed that Omicron infections resulted in significantly fewer hospitalizations than Delta infections because the cases of Omicron COVID-19 in South Africa climbed quickly.[18] There have been waves of hospital- onset COVID-19 infections (HOCI) during the COVID-19 epidemic.[19] Globally, COVID-19 has resulted in 543 million illnesses and 6.3 million fatalities as of June 2022.[20] Keywords: coronavirus; cov-2; covid-19; delta; hospitalization; individuals; infection; omicron; omicron infection; omicron variant; patients; sars; study; symptoms; vaccination; variant; vol
• Comparison of Biochemical Parameters in Vaccinated and Non-vaccinated SARS-COV-2 Patients in Erbil-City by Ahmed, Hardi S.; Nanakali, Nadir M.Q.; Ali, Khabat A. (2024) - “The cutoff values of LDH for predicting severity in COVID-19 patients were determined by (ROC) curve analysis for unvaccinated 337.0 U/L (sensitivity= 83.33%; specificity=81.25 %; (AUC) = 0.898), vaccinated 278.0 U/L (sensitivity, specificity, and AUC were 66.67 %, 68.75 % and 0.606, respectively)”. The results of the (ROC) curve indicated that the cutoff values of TSB for predicting severity in COVID-19 patients were <0.565 mg/ml (sensitivity, specificity, and AUC were = 60.61%, 66.67%, and 0.627, respectively) in the vaccinated group and <0.985 mg/ml (sensitivity = 34.62%; specificity = 75.00%; (AUC) = 0.523) in unvaccinated groups. Keywords: bone; comparison; control; cov-2; covid-19; covid-19 patients; disease; group; levels; liver; patients; sars; serum; tsh; value; vol
• Multi-Level Feedback Queue Scheduling Technique: Model Proposal to Reduce Risk and Enhance Performance of Healthcare Systems by Harki, Naji A. (2024) - Wq = Lq/λ (2) Table 1: Analysis of arrival time, service time, and time spent in the 4-queue Start and End Time High Priority Low Priority IT Room Consultant -1 Consultant -2 Consultant -3 Arrival Service Arrival Service Arrival Service Arrival Service Team Consultant - 1 Consultant - 2 Consultant - 3 System Performance Assessment by the 4-Servers P = λ/μ 0.895 0.667 0.749 0.778 0.772 Lq = λ2/μ(μ- λ) 7.697 1.339 0.445 0.364 2.461 Wq=Lq/λ 0.093 0.067 0.025 0.020 0.051 Ls = λ/μ – λ 8.593 2.007 2.996 3.524 4.280 Ws=1/μ – λ 0.390 0.101 0.170 0.200 0.215 Table 4: Analysis of arrival time, waiting time, service time, and total time spent in the queues The Average Number of Arrivals Waiting in a Queue (Lq) The Average Time Spent in Queue (Wq) The Average Number of Arrivals in a System (Ls) Keywords: arrival; average; care; health; patients; performance; queue; scheduling; service; system; time; vol; waiting
• A Comparative Study of Efficacy and Safety among Metformin, Sitagliptin, and Glimepiride Monotherapies in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Yassen, Ali O.; Haydar, Asmaa A.; Yaseen, Mohammed R.; Alamdar, Suzan N.A.; Abbas, Muhamed A. (2024) - Predictors of metformin side effects in patients with newly diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. [30] N. T. Y. Alibrahim, M. G. Chasib, S. S. H. Hamadi and A. A. Mnsour. Keywords: diabetes; effects; glimepiride; insulin; levels; metformin; patients; sitagliptin; study; treatment; type; vol
• Vitamin D levels in Coronavirus-infected Individuals and its Correlation with Certain Hematological Markers by Ubeid, Muhsin H.; Juma, Ameena S. M.; Al-Awqati, Shakir M.; Salih, Tanya S.; Abbas, Muhamed A. (2024) - Mean Serum Levels of IgE among COVID-19-recovered Patients and Healthy Group Table 2 shows that the mean serum concentration of IgE from COVID-19 patients is highly increased when compared with the healthy control group (P < 0.1). The study found that 32.8% of COVID-19 patients at Sina Hospital in Tehran, Iran, had vitamin D insufficiency. Keywords: covid-19; group; levels; mean; patients; serum; vitamin; vol
• Comprehensive Evaluation and Management of Liver Hydatid Cyst. by Abdulla, Saman H. (2024) - The aim of the study was to diagnose patients more accurately by characterizing E. granulosus lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study, covering during the (2022–2023), initially consisted of 125 patients with liver hydatid cysts (Seventy-two females, fifty-three males, range age 5–85 years, mean age 39.9 years), who visited and examined by CT in Smart hospital. Computed tomography (CT) images of simple liver cysts exhibit a well-defined, uniform mass that lacks a visible wall.[6] Liver damage is often accompanied by changes in the levels of certain serum enzymes, most notably aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total serum bilirubin (TSB). Keywords: cysts; hepatic; hydatid; liver; patients; study; vol
• Evaluation of Pineal Gland in Patients with Schizophrenia by Elfaki, Amani A.; Elhaj, Ahmed M. A.; Gudek, Meltem A.; Nahir, Mert; Haroun, Amira M.; Sahin, Bunyamin (2025) - Pineal gland volume (mm3) Pineal gland volume in schizophrenia and mood disorders. Keywords: gland; patients; pineal; schizophrenia; study; volume
• Levels of Apelin, Endoglin, and Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 in Iraqi Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome by Ibrahim, Noor Alhuda K.; Mohammad, Wasnaa J.; Abdawahab, Sanan T. (2020) - In addition, PCOS women present higher risk for type 2 diabetes. In our present study, however, serum apelin levels are significantly higher in PCOS women compared with controls. Keywords: apelin; endoglin; homa; levels; patients; pcos; syndrome; tgf; vol; women
• Significance of Hepatitis B Virus Diagnosis by Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction over Serological Markers in Hepatitis B Virus Patients by Khaleel, Amer A.; Jalal, Salah T.; Hussain, Saeed G. (2020) - They reported 6% of their samples gave HBsAg positive among donations negative for HBV DNA level, others[8] referred that in nine patients with HCC; HBV DNA was undetectable but the level of HBsAg was ≥2000 COI. This is why the level of HBsAg does not fall in the same proportion or level when correlated with HBV DNA level as a marker for Table 3: Mean titers of HBV DNA among patients screened Number screened HBV DNA PCR +ve (n=93) HBV DNA PCR −ve (n=163) P-value n=256 18,582,661.24±5,934,488.97 31.12±4.45 0.000 HBV: Hepatitis B virus, PCR: Keywords: antigen; dna; hbsag; hbv; hbv dna; hepatitis; patients; pcr; virus; vol
• Improving Coronavirus Disease Tracking in Malaysian Health System by Shukur, Mohammed H. (2021) - The system also enables the employee to add new case details and link them to any existing past cases. It is primarily reliant on the DXY.cn information asset, which updates case reports at the standard and national levels every 15 min. Nonetheless, Lauren Gardner’s blog points out that other information assets were faster to refresh than DXY.cn for countries outside of China, so those case checks are physically renewed for the day. Keywords: cases; coronavirus; covid-19; data; disease; figure; flu; government; health; information; malaysian; patients; system
• Immunohistochemical and Molecular Studies of p53 and KRAS Protein and Their Relations to Colorectal Carcinoma by Homady, Merza H.; Salih, Tanya S.; Al-Jubori, Mariamm M.; Younus, Mustafa D. (2021) - Another opinion is that p35 occurs very early in the progression of the tumor during time of conversion from adenoma to carcinoma, and hence, it will be a fixed mutation pattern in all grades and stages and eventually no association will be obtained between p53 mutation and grade of tumor and between p53 mutation and stage of the disease.[14] Importantly, the absence of p53 expression in benign tumors indicated that p53 can be considered as a good marker for malignant colorectal tumors. The present results did not show any significant difference in the mean age of patients with positive p53 expression in comparison to patients with negative p53 expression. Keywords: arg; carcinoma; colorectal; expression; genotype; kras; p53; patients; study; tumor; vol
• An Application of Logistic Regression Modeling to Predict Risk Factors for Bypass Graft Diagnosis in Erbil by Khudhur, Azhin M.; Kadir, Dler H. (2022) - D ln L L lnL lnL lnLsat full sat full full� � � � �2 2 2 ����� ����� ( ) ( ) The factors influence the predicted value of Y: g x X X Xp p i� � � � � ��� �� � � � �0 1 1 2 2 The link function g (x) and the parameters β0, β1 and so on must be approximated. Keywords: blood; bypass; data; graft; logistic; model; patients; regression; risk; surgery; � �
• Serum Fibroblast Growth Factors 23, Chemerin, and Vitamin D Levels in Patients with Psoriasis by Tawfeeq, Shatha N.; Al Anzy, Moayad M.; Sarhat, Entedhar R. (2022) - The results demonstrate that the mean serum FGF23 and chemerin quantities in psoriasis patients were greater than in controls, with a statistically significant. A 25(OH)D level of <20 ng/mLl indicates Vitamin D insufficiency.[15] Our study’s purpose is to compare the concentrations of serum FGF23, chemerin, and Vitamin D in psoriasis patients to those of a healthy population of similar age and gender. Keywords: chemerin; fgf23; journal; levels; patients; psoriasis; serum; vitamin; vol
• Apply Parametric Shared Frailty Models to Colorectal Cancer Patients by Hameed, Hevi J.; Faqe, Mohammad M. (2022) - Where ij ij ij t ilogt z U� � � �µ β σ/ (15) H0 (.), S0 (.) are and survival function of ∈ij espectively, and β refers to the covariate coefficient’s vector associated with the covariates vector zij measured in the jth event of ith subject.[10] Model Assessment We employed Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) in addition to Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) to compare and select the efficient model among parametric AFT models without frailty with three distributions as baseline and those AFT models with two different shared frailty model (Gamma and Inverse Gaussian). The no frailty model AFT models are discussed without taking frailty into account, while, in shared frailty, model survival models are analyzed using frailty effects. Keywords: cancer; data; frailty; models; patients; stage; survival; t �; time; � �
• Pre and Early Post-Operative Iron Assessment in Obese Patients Underwent Laparoscopic Sleeve Gasterctomy by Zebari, Salih M. S.; Mahgoob, Nashwan Q.; Qahtan, Maryam N.; Jassim, Noorhan M.; Adil, Hafsa O.; Hashim, Amenah Q. (2022) - Nutritional recommendations for adult bariatric surgery patients: Clinical practice. Keywords: Severe obesity, sleeve gastrectomy, iron deficiency, regime follow-up, weight reduction INTRODUCTION Obesity as a chronic disease is considered as a major threaten to the public health,[1] reaching a pandemic state.[2] Keywords: deficiency; iron; mcv; mean; obesity; patients; post; pre; surgery; vol
• Age of women as a parameter Affecting CA-125, TSH and CBC: A Correlation Study by Ubeid, Muhsin H.; Juma, Ameena S. M. ‎; Salih, Tanya ‎ S.; Kamel, Shilan S.; Al-Awqati, Shakir M. (2023) - According to national Academies of Sciences and Medicine women and their designated health care providers repeatedly look upon as such symptoms (ovarian cancers) as non-specific and not referring to critical illness until they are dramatically worsen or developed.[16] Which concurrent with Rauh-Hain et al.[17] who suggested that 70% of women with ovarian cancer were diagnosed at late stages of the disease hence, these women have a high fatality rate and have a 5 year survival rates with advanced illness ranging between 20% and 30%. The CA125 measuring approaches had progressed toward sensitive and reliable double-determinant ELISA assays.[23] While others findings that, the escalated levels of CA125 serum are not correlated to the size of the tumor of both age groups.[24] As a glycosylated membrane protein and a high molecular weight, the CA125 can be identified in the serum which is levitated in over 80% of ovarian cancer patients. Keywords: ca125; cancer; control; group; journal; levels; patients; ratio; tsh; vol; women
• Clinical Prediction of Blood Parameters Associated with Breast, Colon, Thyroid, Ovarian, and Prostate Cancer: Diagnostic Studies by Muhialdin, Ali J.; Alamri, Zaenah Z.; Hussein, Ali M.; Faraj, Rahman K.; Taha, Zhala B.; Hussein, Mohammed M.; Ameen, Zeena M.; Majeed, Naz R.; Ameed Akramc, Maryam A.; Jameel, Mohammed I. (2023) - The platelet levels were also normal in breast cancer, thyroid gland cancer, and ovarian cancer patients. On the other hand, colon cancer patients exhibited low platelet levels. Keywords: blood; breast; cancer; ovarian; patients; thyroid; vol

• Real-Time Vehicles Detection Using a Tello Drone with YOLOv5 Algorithm by Abdallah, Shalaw M. (2024) - This crucial step guarantees consistency across the dataset, especially in image dimensions, making it ideal for model training, testing, and validation. Particularly, the.pt file, derived from the final stage of model training, is paramount in this section as it is instrumental in conducting comprehensive testing and assessment. Keywords: bounding; class; dataset; detection; drone; image; map; model; precision; training; vehicle; yolov5
• Intelligent Handwritten Identification Using Novel Hybrid Convolutional Neural Networks – Long-short-term Memory Architecture by Husari, Fatimatelbatoul M.; Assaad, Mohammad A. (2024) - This XN vector represents the main features extracted by CNN layer and is directly inputted into LSTM layer as described in the following analysis equation: Figure 1: Basic structure of long-short-term memory model Husari and Assaad: Intelligent Handwritten Identification Using Novel Hybrid CNN-LSTM model 101 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2024, 8 (2): 99-103 The initial step is deciding which information will be excluded from the previous cell state Ct-1 using forget gate f1. The outcomes proved that the learned meaningful features by CNN network are efficient and superior in accuracy 98% accuracy compared to SVM, decision tree, and random forest (94%, 74%, and 89%), respectively. Keywords: cnn; features; hybrid; identification; layer; learning; lstm; model; recognition
• An Elastic Net Approach to Logistic Regression for Genetic Selection in High-Dimensional Brain Cancer Data by Mahmood, Nozad H.; Kadir, Dler H. (2025) - The penalized multinomial logistic regression model can be stated as: l L penalty termpenalty � �� � � � � � �log ( ) ( )( )0 1 1 0 1 1 log K T Considering the formula and the method, accuracy is easy to grasp and calculate, and it is effective if the class is balanced.[28] Accuracy Nmber of correct predictions Total Number of Predi = � � � � � � cctions The F1 score integrates both precision and recall into a single value by taking their harmonic mean rather than the arithmetic mean in which one value can overshadow the other on account of superlative performance. Keywords: brain; cancer; data; expression; gene; k j; k k; model; net; regression; selection; subtypes; vol; � �
• A Hybrid Fuzzy-Kalman Filtering Approach for Short-Term Electricity Load Forecasting in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq by Yahya, Rebaz O.; Mawlood, Kurdistan I. (2025) - Keywords: Short-term load forecasting, fuzzy logic model, Kalman filter, hybrid modeling, electricity demand INTRODUCTION Electrical load forecasting stands at the core of planning and administration of contemporary power systems. Although both Fuzzy Logic and KFs have been used separately for load forecasting, there has been a lack of literature directly comparing a standalone Fuzzy Logic model with a Hybrid Fuzzy-KF approach, especially using data from the Kurdistan region. Keywords: electricity; filtering; forecasting; fuzzy; hybrid; k k; kalman; load; logic; model; noise; vol; � �
• Prediction the Groundwater Depth using Kriging Method and Bayesian Kalman Filter Approach in Erbil Governorate by Mawlood, Kurdistan Ibrahim; Omer, Paree Khan Aabdulla (2019) - Dt t t t t t( | ) ( , )t t t t tD N m c − − − − Where, Dt−1 is D Yt t − −=1 1 2 2{ , , }σ σε µ . Keywords: depth; groundwater; kriging; model; s h; t t; z s
• Likelihood Approach for Bayesian Logistic Weighted Model: Missing Completely at Random Case by Kadir, Dler H. (2020) - We have developed a likelihood-based approach to place weights which were calculated from response models into outcome models using logistic regression.  i i q a aX q When statistical models for weight have been recognized, it can then be used in developmental delay model analyses to be run alongside the dataset. Keywords: analysis; data; ipw; model; probability; response; weight
• Sediment Yield Problems in Khassa Chai Watershed Using Hydrologic Models by Mahmoud, Mahmoud I.; Kasim, Mustafa N. (2019) - FAO soil map layer for the study area within the AGWA model Mahmoud and Kasim: Sediment yield problems in khassa chai watershed 39 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2019, 3 (1): 34-41 Figure 8: Annual sediment yield in streams Figure 9: Area 1 watershed by kinematic runoff and erosion two model Figure 11: Sediment yield distribution for watershed and streams of area 1 Figure 10: Laden runoff in the bottom outlet of the watershed Table 2: Sediment particles distribution with sediment concentration for area 1 Total outflow (m3) Sedimentation particle size (mm) Sediment yield (tons) In the current study, Khassa Chai Dam is located in the Northeast of Iraq and its main watershed basin covers an area of about 412 km2 between Kirkuk and Al Sulaymaniyah Governorates has been selected to estimate and predict the amount of sediment yield based on 30 years of daily climate data and the events of different intensity rainstorms. Keywords: area; chai; erosion; khassa; model; reservoir; sediment; soil; watershed; yield
• Apply Binary Logistic Regression Model to Recognize the Risk Factors of Diabetes through Measuring Glycated Hemoglobin Levels by Mahmood, Nozad H; Yahya, Rebaz O.; Aziz, Saya J. (2022) - ~ABS:AT 7 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2022, 6 (1): 7-11 ReseaRch aRticle Apply Binary Logistic Regression Model to Recognize the Risk Factors of Diabetes through Measuring Glycated Hemoglobin Levels Nozad H. Mahmood1, Rebaz O. Yahya2, Saya J. Aziz1 1Department of Business Administration, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, 2Department of Business Administration, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify the diabetes risk factors in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and explain why diabetes is rapidly spreading there, which examined some sociodemographic characteristics factors that might affect type  2 diabetes such as age, gender, alcohol consumption, and smoking, diabetes family history, and body weight. Regression Model to Recognize Diabetes Risk Factors 11 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2022, 6 (1): 7-11 for gender, the females have more likely to have high level of diabetes than the males. Keywords: age; diabetes; factors; family; gender; model; risk; smoking; type; vol; weight
• US Dollar/IQ Dinar Currency Exchange Rates Time Series Forecasting Using ARIMA Model by Mohammed, Parzhin A.; Obed, Sami A.; Ali, Israa M.; Kadir, Dler H. (2022) - After the model diagnostics Figure 5: ACF and PACF of exchange rate time series after non-seasonal differencing of order one Table 6: Estimated Partial Autocorrelations for adjusted exchange rate USD/IQD Lag Partial autocorrelation Standard. In economics, time series are used to represent the economy’s recorded history. Keywords: arima; data; exchange; forecasting; model; rate; series; time; time series
• Comparison of Time Series Models before and after Using Wavelet Shrinkage Filtering to Forecast the Amount of Natural Gas in Iraq by Faqe Hussein, Mohammad M. (2022) - error t P-value AIC HQC SBIC Before using wavelet ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.4491 0.148274 −3.0289 0.0044 7.04975 7.06501 7.09197 Haar ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.437605 0.149145 −2.9341 0.00565 7.00141 7.01667 7.04363 Daubechies 1 ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.437605 0.149145 −2.9341 0.00565 7.00141 7.01667 7.04363 2 ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.437605 0.149145 −2.9341 0.00565 7.00141 7.01667 7.04363 3 ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.495006 0.146536 −3.378 0.0017 6.9028 6.91807 6.94502 4 ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.495876 0.147017 −3.3729 0.00172 6.91675 6.93202 6.95897 5 ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.465073 0.147599 −3.1509 0.00317 6.92173 6.937 6.96395 6 ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.461273 0.147652 −3.1241 0.00341 6.91783 6.9331 6.96005 7 ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.473796 0.146474 −3.2347 0.00252 6.90718 6.92244 6.9494 8 ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.498346 0.144843 −3.4406 0.00143 6.86407 6.87933 6.90629 9 ARIMA (1,2,1) θ 0.501546 0.143699 3.49024 0.00129 6.86551 6.88078 6.90773 θ 1.1013 0.00074181 1484.62 0.00000 10 ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.494748 0.145456 −3.4014 0.00159 6.87393 6.8892 6.91616 Symlet 2 ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.486617 0.146764 −3.3157 0.00202 6.91261 6.92788 6.95484 3 ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.495006 0.146536 −3.378 0.0017 6.9028 6.91807 6.94502 4 ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.4896 0.146117 −3.3507 0.00183 6.89975 6.91502 6.94198 5 ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.499416 0.146321 −3.4132 0.00154 6.88965 6.90492 6.93187 6 ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.485861 0.14574 −3.3338 0.00192 6.89689 6.91215 6.93911 7 ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.487812 0.146686 −3.3255 0.00196 6.8857 6.90097 6.92792 8 ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.488614 0.145876 −3.3495 0.00184 6.89811 6.91338 6.94033 Coiflets 1 ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.438559 0.149165 −2.9401 0.00556 6.97715 6.99242 7.01937 2 ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.477477 0.146572 −3.2576 0.00237 6.91079 6.92605 6.95301 3 ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.481209 0.146402 −3.2869 0.00219 6.90506 6.92032 6.94728 4 ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.482222 0.14615 −3.2995 0.00211 6.8993 6.91456 6.94152 5 ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.481759 0.146099 −3.2975 0.00212 6.89982 6.91508 6.94204 Meyer D ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.491145 0.145599 −3.3733 0.00172 6.87297 6.88824 6.9152 Table 15: Model estimation ARIMA (0,1,1) for natural gas production data using Meyer D method Model Parameter Estimate Std. error t P-value AIC HQC SBIC Meyer D ARIMA (0,1,1) θ −0.491145 0.145599 −3.3733 0.00172 6.87297 6.88824 6.9152 RECOMMENDATIONS The researcher recommends the following points: 1. The currently selected model, model ARIMA (0,1,1), passes five tests. Keywords: 0,1,1; arima; data; figure; gas; gas production; model; production; series; table; time; time series; wavelet
• Detecting Denial of Service Attacks in Internet of Things Using Software-Defined Networking and Ensemble Learning by Mohammed, Adil H.; Rashidi, Shima; Salih, Yusra A. (2022) - Furthermore, the performance of the proposed aggregate model in detecting DoS attacks is compared with two SVM learning models in Zhe et al.[13] and the nearest neighbor K algorithm KNN in.[14] The accuracy results of each of the compared algorithms in detecting network attacks are shown in Figure 5. As a result, each controller node employs an integrated learning model to continually evaluate network traffic data and detect assaults. Keywords: assaults; attacks; controller; data; dos; iot; layer; learning; model; network; node; number; system; traffic
• The Use of Tobit and Logistic Regression Models to Study Factors that Affect Blood Pressure in Cardiac Patients by Sedeeq, Bekhal S.; Meran, Banaz W. Y. (2022) - y* is a latent variable that is observed y, shown by the following equation y y if y if yi y � � � � � � �� * * ���� * ��� ���� ����� ���� ������ � � � When assume that τ = 0 in the standard Tobit model, data are censored next to a value of 0. These probabilities are written as follows: P X P Y X X Xk� � � � �� �1 1 2| , , 1 0 1 2� � � � � �� �P X P Y X X Xk| , , The logistic regression equation and the regression equation with a straight line, equation ( Y X X Xk k� � � � ��� � � �1 1 2 2 . ) are related by the formula below. Keywords: blood; data; k �; logistic; model; pressure; regression; tobit; variables; y �; � p; � �
• The Use of Clustering and Classification Methods in Machine Learning and Comparison of Some Algorithms of the Methods by Mulla, Guhdar A. A.; Demir, Yıldırım (2023) - i t,� � � � � � � � � � � (1) This tool is an addition to the GNU General Public License-licensed free program “Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Methods”.[22] The Measure That Used in WEKA Confusion matrix A representative representation of the above-mentioned parameters in matrix form is given in Table 2, considering that advanced visualizations would be helpful Accuracy To evaluate each created subset in this measurement, classification data mining methods have been offered as a fitness function. Keywords: algorithms; classification; clustering; data; learning; machine; methods; mining; model; techniques; things; � �

• Proposed Capability Indices Based on Robust Estimation Compared with Classical Capability Indices by Kadir, Dler H.; Rahim, Alan G.; Jamil, Dashty I.; Saleh, Dlshad M. (2023) - Keywords: Process capability index, robust estimation, quality control chart, standard deviation, specification INTRODUCTION Quality control is the application of techniques and actions to attain, maintain, and enhance product or service quality[1] and states that such charts are in the form of a graph that depicts the average output of data or a product when the process is statistically controlled.[2] Process capability analysis has long been utilized as the gold standard performance criterion for assessing a process ability to meet customer requirements represented in certain specifications.[3] Process capability is a strategic management tool that is utilized as a TQM tool and is essential to the management of an organization’s operations. Robust estimation compared with classical capability indices 52 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2023, 7 (2): 49-53 Table 2: Capability indices comparison based on classical with capability indices based on the robust estimation Robust process capability ratios Classical process capability ratios Cp = 1.8 Cp = 1.3 Cpk = 1.09 Cpk = 1.03 Cpm = 1.17 Cpm = 1.07 Cpmk = 0.89 Cpmk = 0.83 Table 1: Coca-Cola drink product Subgroups p1 p2 p3 p4 S.D D 1 750.14 750.36 750.36 751.36 0.546596 0.540598 2 750.78 750.86 751.86 751.96 0.63148 0.669987 3 751.12 751.22 751.28 751.38 0.108934 0.124036 4 750.02 750.36 750.88 751.28 0.556747 0.637822 5 750.48 750.48 750.5 750.56 0.037859 0.038391 6 750.08 750.2 750.2 751.04 0.443621 0.425389 7 750.4 750.42 750.7 750.86 0.223532 0.245024 8 749.56 750.02 750.2 750.2 0.302159 0.310073 9 750.34 750.49 750.7 751.02 0.294661 0.332211 10 750.5 750.54 750.54 750.66 0.069282 0.070898 11 750.52 750.62 750.66 750.9 0.161142 0.174268 12 750.16 750.42 750.74 750.9 0.330404 0.37498 13 750.34 750.48 750.54 750.6 0.111355 0.124036 14 750.32 750.44 750.68 751.78 0.667008 0.682253 15 750.6 750.62 751.28 751.7 0.536284 0.58452 16 750.26 750.3 750.52 750.62 0.173109 0.191886 17 750.24 750.84 750.96 751.58 0.549272 0.611425 18 750.16 750.52 750.92 750.98 0.382405 0.422198 19 750.54 750.62 750.8 751 0.204613 0.230313 20 750.69 751.4 752.18 752.36 0.76787 0.854748 21 750.32 750.9 751.32 752.16 0.774145 0.877116 22 750.8 750.8 751.08 751.44 0.303535 0.324784 23 750.12 750.28 750.22 750.56 0.188591 0.186143 24 750.26 750.4 750.44 750.54 0.116046 0.129956 25 750.44 750.5 750.5 750.56 0.04899 0.053174 It is shown in Table 2 that process capability indices are derived from both classical and robust estimation. Keywords: capability; chart; control; downton; process; vol; � �
• Converting a DJI Tello Quadcopter into a Face-follower Machine Using the Haar Cascade with PID Controller by Abdallah, Shalaw M. (2023) - Drones must be packed with novel computer vision to be widely utilized and to further cut down on their costs. In computer vision, object detection and tracking are common issues.[1] The employment of drones in considerably more commercial fields, including photography, cinematography, surveillance, and even delivery systems, has been made possible as a result. Keywords: cascade; control; dji; drone; face; haar; motors; movements; pid; speed; system; tello; tracking
• physiochemical and Sensory Properties of Pumpkin and Strawberry Jams Fortified with Chia Seed ( Salvia Hispanica L) by Saleem, Mahmood F.; Ahmed, Salar A.; Galali, Yaseen; Sebo, Nawal H.; Yildrim, Ali; Najmdaddin, Begard S. (2024) - The TPC content of samples was measured in milligrams of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per 100 g of jam sample. Jams supplemented with chia seeds 31 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2024, 8 (1): 29-35 Determination of antioxidant activity The antioxidant activity of jam samples was measured using a modified version of the method reported by Bermúdez- Soto and Tomás-Barberán (2004). Keywords: addition; chia; content; control; food; jams; seed; vol
• Perceptions and Mindset toward Infection Control and Prevention among Medical Microbiology Students by Shehade, Salaheddin M.; Juma, Ameena S.M.; Ubeid, Muhsin H.; Younus, Mustafa D. (2025) - Adherence to such measures and practices not only protect the patient but also protect the healthcare workers, their families, and community.[15] Most researchers agree that the starting phase of the medical education is the most appropriate period and proper time for acquiring an adequate knowledge and necessary skills about practices of IPC.[16] Some researchers believe that there is deficiency of evidence about adequate infection control and training courses in the core of the curriculum of most undergraduate medical faculties and institutions, and this needs to be taken into consideration if HCAIs incidences are to be reduced.[13,14,17] Medical students should adhere to infection control and prevention training courses, mainly hand hygiene, and knowledge regarding IPC should be a relevant and central topic in their study, but they may feel that learning about the IPC may be negotiated or not adequate during the first period of their medical studies due to the overfilled curriculum.[18] Infection control practices in health care: Teaching and learning requirements of medical undergraduates. Keywords: control; hand; health; infection; knowledge; students; vol; year
• A Recently Formulated Individual Control Chart Designed for Quality Control Applications within the Health-care Domain by Kadir, Dler H.; Saleh, Dlshad M.; Jamil, Dashty I. (2024) - Individual control chart designed for quality control 11 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2024, 8 (2): 9-18 The Idea of Shewhart Shewhart used the normal distribution in his chart construction see Fig.1, and statistical inference and sampling theory provided the statistical underpinnings for the creation and application of quality control charts. In summary, quality control charts monitor overall process stability, while wavelet analysis delves into the details of patterns and variations within the data. Keywords: analysis; chart; control; control chart; data; individual; process; quality; quality control; shrinkage; thresholding; wavelet
• Adopting Discrete Wavelet Transformation with Mean Time Between Failure to Design a New Quality Control Chart by Birdawod, Hawkar Q.; Saleh, Dlshad M.; Jamil, Dashty I.; Rahi, AbdulRahim K. (2025) - Where: α: false alarm in quality control charts equal to (0.0027). Quality Characteristics Two major categories can be used to classify quality attributes: 1. Measurable characteristics: These are traits that may be quantified and represented numerically on certain continuous scales of measurement; control charts of this kind are known as variable charts. Keywords: chart; control; dwt; mtbf; new; quality; time; wavelet
• Bisphenol A as a Potential Modulator of Biochemical Markers in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder by Salih, Renas N.; Abdulkareem , Saman M. (2025) - Furthermore, the MCHC was significantly lower in ASD children (34.37 ± 0.19 g/dL) than in the control group (35.71 ± 0.18 g/dL). The present finding agrees with the Singh et al.,[22] who report that TSH levels were significantly lower in ASD children. Keywords: asd; asd group; autism; bpa; children; control; control group; disorder; group; spectrum; study; vitamin; vol
• Awareness and Commitment to Infection Control Principles among Students of the College of Dentistry at Tikrit University, Iraq by Shehade, Salaheddin M.; Tawfeeq, Shatha N.; Jindal, Hassan M.; Younus, Mustafa D.; Ibrahim, Noralhuda A. (2025) - Inappropriately, despite the significant highlighting positioned on consistent infection control procedures and measures, it looks that only a small number of dental students and dentists adhered actively to necessary procedures in dental practice.[7-9] Several recent researches have shown that several dental students have not constantly accurately followed these measures.[10] Proper and effective education about cross-infection in dental clinics may have an important action in the effective preparation of dental stunts and dentists by aiding them to implement satisfactory knowledge and attitudes linked to infection control measures.[11-13] 125 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2025, 9 (2): 125-128 ReseaRch aRticle Awareness and Commitment to Infection Control Principles among Students of the College of Dentistry at Tikrit University, Iraq Salaheddin M. Shehade1, Shatha N. Tawfeeq2, Hassan M. Jindall, Mustafa D Younus3, Noralhuda A. Ibrahim4 1Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Science, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, 2Department of Basic Science, College of Dentistry, Tikrit University, Iraq, 3Department of Nursing Techniques, Kirkuk Technical Medical Institute, Northern Technical University, Iraq, 4Department of Anesthesia Technologies, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq ABSTRACT Many recent studies have shown that many dentists and dental students are at high risk of infection with several serious pathogens during working or training in dental clinics. Keywords: awareness; clinics; control; dental; infection; knowledge; students; training; vol
• Radish Juice Promote Kidney Stone Deposition in Ethylene Glycol-induced Urolithiasis in Rats by Aziz, Falah M.; Hassan, Dlshad H. (2020) - Figure 3b revealed that there was no statistical difference of serum urea between control and model group and between model and radish treated group but serum urea elevated in radish group when compared to control group. H&E. Kidney section of radish treated group (c and d) shown inflammatory cells and crystal deposition (C) ×400. Keywords: control; deposition; figure; group; juice; kidney; radish; rats; stone; vol
• The Preventive Effects of Urtica dioica ‎Extract and Nanoparticle on Oxidative Stress ‎and Lipid Profile in Hyperlipidemic Male ‎Rats by Othman, Banw A.; Nanakali, Nadir M. (2022) - Lipid Profile The total serum cholesterol in the positive control group was significantly (P < 0.01) increased (105 ± 6.776 mg/dl) when compared with the negative control group (65.90 ± 2.446 mg/dl), but in the hyperlipidemia rats treated with UD water extract (88.29 ± 1.523 mg/dl), ethanol extract (79.65 ± 2.677 mg/dl), nanoparticles NPs (83.82 ± 4.275 mg/dl), and atorvastatin (65.47 ± 2.827 mg/dl), the total serum cholesterol was decreased, these changes were significant (P < 0.01) as compared with positive group. The obtained result shows a significant decrease in the level of serum VLDL in groups treated with UD water extract (16.08 ± 0.9163 mg/dl) and NPs (15.55 ± 0.9979 mg/dl) and atorvastatin (17.30 ± 0.6441 mg/dl) and negative control comparing with the positive control, also, comparing ethanol extract with the positive control, we found significant difference as shown in Table 1. Liver Function Table 2 shows that a significant difference in serum ALT was observed between the positive control group (54.1 ± 2.652 IU/L) and ethanol extract (42.22 ± 1.756 IU/L) and NPs group (41.1 ± 2.473 IU/L). Keywords: agnps; atorvastatin; control; dioica; ethanol; extract; group; level; rats; serum; urtica; vol; water
• Immunological Aspects of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection in Women Attending Maternity Teaching Hospital and Some Public Health Centers in Erbil Governorate, Northern Iraq by Nouraddin, Avreen Salahaddin; Alsakee, Hadi Mahdi (2019) - In the present study, there was non-significant difference in IL-10 level between T. vaginalis infected women and those non-infected. “Strategies for prevention and treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infections”. Keywords: antibodies; antiphospholipid; control; crp; infection; trichomonas; trichomoniasis; vaginalis; vol; women

• A Face Recognition System Based on Principal Component Analysis-Wavelet and Support Vector Machines by Fleah, Laith R.; Al-Aubi, Shaimaa A. (2019) - In this paper, design and implement of face recognition system are introduced. Finally, the experimental results show the efficiency and reliability of face recognition system, and the results demonstrate accuracy on two databases indicated that the results enhancement 5% using the SVM classifier with polynomial Kernel function compared to use feedforward neural network classifier. Keywords: classifier; database; face; image; recognition; results; svm; system; vector
• Design and Implementation a Novel Research Management System by Hamid, Omar Talal (2019) - This problem occurs because a lot of time is required to deliver this publication information to the scientific affairs department, as the data are still manually recording and stored in many files (paper based).[2] Furthermore, lack of software availability results in a lot of daily work activity in scientific researches departments, as the clerks must collect publication information, statistics of publications, and reporting by hand (manually).[3] At present, the development of computer system and internet technologies has helped humans to do their work as best as possible.[4] One of these computer systems is management information systems (MISs), which is an application used to help and support the human to do his activities such as in a private or public sector institution.[5] The management and monitoring of publications in HEIs are an extensive and complex undertaking. This could be a low cost, high-efficiency solution, with high accuracy, and faster for managing publication information in HEIs. Keywords: college; information; management; publication; system
• Measuring the Score Matching of the Pairwise Deoxyribonucleic Acid Sequencing using Neuro-Fuzzy by Hameed, Safa A.; Hamed, Raed I. (2019) - Since sequence alignment is a discretionary matching process, there is a need for better algorithms.[10] DNA sequence alignment algorithms over computational biological science have been enhanced eventually by different techniques:[11] the (Needleman-Wunsch) global, the (Smith- Waterman) local, and (ends-free) cover pairwise sequence alignment issues.[12] In this method, we use the numeric biological data for sequence alignment using ANFIS system in MATLAB; this system implements several processing systems to get the most suitable results as shown in Table 1; the most suitable system is the trapezoidal with three MF for each input and 500 epochs; it has the lowest average testing error. Keywords: alignment; dna; matching; method; score; sequence; system
• Capacity Analysis of Multiple-input-multiple-output System Over Rayleigh and Rician Fading Channel by Mahmood, Yazen Saifuldeen; Qasmarrogy, Ghassan Amanuel (2019) - MIMO system can able to improve channel capacity, range, and reliability without requiring any additional bandwidth or transmit power. When CSI is known perfectly both at transmitter and receiver, the transmitter can adapt its transmission strategy relative to the channel using many power control algorithms for wireless networks.[3,4] Therefore, channel capacity is characterized by the ergodic or outage. Keywords: capacity; channel; fading; mimo; outage; rayleigh; rician; system
• Exploiting Wavelet Transform, Principal Component Analysis, Support Vector Machine, and K-Nearest Neighbors for Partial Face Recognition by Alhabib, Mustafa H. Mohammed; Al-Dabagh, Mustafa Zuhaer Nayef; AL-Mukhtar, Firas H.; Hussein, Hussein Ibrahim (2019) - The graphical user interface designed for the system is displayed below in two cases, one for authorized face image and the other for an unauthorized image. Other works aimed at improving the features gained from facial images by developing methods for this purpose. Keywords: classification; face; image; pca; recognition; system; transform; wavelet
• Revolutionizing Pharmaceutical Care: Towards a Unified Pharmacy Management System for Northern Iraq by Mahdi, Alyaa A.; Najm, Hasan R.; Hasan, Hasan F.; Ismail, Reem J.; Hasan, Mustafa F.; Alrawi, Mustafa M. (2025) - Keywords: Information management system, healthcare integration, pharmacy management, decision making, and modular system, data security, user-centered design, system scalability INTRODUCTION Hospital pharmacy management system. Keywords: data; figure; healthcare; information; iraq; mahdi; management; operations; patient; pharmacies; pharmacy; pms; system; user
• Dynamic Power Allocation for Downlink NOMA by Almashhadani, Yazen S.; QasMarrogy, Ghassan A. (2024) - Figure 3 shows the sum rate of two different pairing users’ types of hybrid NOMA, the maximum channel difference pairing {(U1, U4), (U2, U3)} gives a higher data rate compared with adjacent channel pairing users {(U1, U2), (U3, U4)} in high SNR levels also the hybrid NOMA is better than OMA but the improvement is not significant, the performance of Single Carrier SC-NOMA is poor due to the big interference added as created from the signals to the users, especially when users are close together in terms of power levels. In OMA system, equally assigned user power is formulated as Pi = 1/MP (8) The total capacity of downlink OMA is calculated as R ROMA i OMA i M � ��� _ 1 (9) NOMA User Pairing NOMA concurrently serves multiple users within the same frequency band. Keywords: allocation; channel; noma; power; rate; system; users
• Educational Data Mining To Improve The Academic Performance in Higher Education by Mahdi, Alyaa A. (2020) - Most of the Iraqi universities did not have the system of data collection, but mainly in the last years, some of the universities, especially private universities, were started to utilize student information management systems with a view to collect and manage information of the students. The use of the LAe-R can lead for many benefits for both of the educators and students, for example, support the struggling students, a better way for students’ advising, enhance the administration processes and enhance the performance of the students to learn from each other. Keywords: data; edm; educational; learning; mining; moodle; performance; students; system
• Full-Smart Intermittent Water Supply Monitoring, Managing, and Distributing System Based on IoT: Case Study at Soran City by Ahmed, Mohammed M.; Abdullah, Abdulqadir I. (2023) - From these results, we can say that installing the smart water meter system will lead to a significant improvement in daily water consumption by people in the areas because it creates a capability for water monitoring systems by the authorities and people to reduce waste in water consumption significantly. Reducing the wastage of treated water and thus lowering costs Table 3: The features F1 to F26 are as follows: smart water system (F1), real time monitoring (F2), security approach (F3), indicator LED or LCD (F4), display battery status (F5), use of memory to record water usage on the water meter (F6), use of an electric valve to control water usage on the water meter (F7), device error checker (F8), water monitoring system (F9), data analysis (F10), mobile app (F11), auto water distribution (F12), pump control (F13), actuator valve water control (F14), use of machine learning techniques (F15), water level monitoring (F16), implemented system (F17), independent web server (F18), fair or same water distribution (F19), water supply according to the number of residents in each house (F20), water supply according to the amount of green space (F21), water supply according to the temperature (F22), temperature station (F23), the ability to modify the smart water device’s SSID and network password (F24) the air-in-pipe anti-reading system (F25) and, Ability to support shared water sources (F26). Keywords: consumption; distribution; figure; household; management; meter; monitoring; supply; system; water; water distribution; water meter; water supply

• Optimizing Health Pattern Recognition Particle Swarm Optimization Approach for Enhanced Neural Network Performance by Assaad, Mohammad A.; Shakah, Ghazi H. (2024) - Keywords: Health pattern recognition, fuzzy C-means, particle swarm optimization, hyperparameter optimization, health clusters, optimization algorithms INTRODUCTION Health-care analytics, driven by advanced data-driven methodologies, is a key to transforming patient care and outcomes. Features such as “Smoker,” “Body mass index (BMI),” and “GenHlth” provide multifaceted dimensions for analysis, offering a comprehensive view of an individual’s health status.[2] The initial phase of this study leverages FCM clustering to categorize individuals into health clusters based on shared characteristics. Keywords: algorithm; ann; clustering; clusters; data; fcm; health; loss; optimization; pso; training
• Emotionality and Attitude towards Body Size: A Cross-sectional Study among Adults in Mysore City by Shahrokhisahneh, Behnaz (2025) - The study shows that both males and females are conscious of their appearance, regardless of body weight, but this awareness tends to increase with higher body weight, particularly among females. However, the actual participation in weight loss programs remains low (male – 21.1% and female – 30.7%), indicating a gap between aspiration and action. Keywords: body; health; loss; obese; obesity; overweight; participants; programs; size; study; vol; weight; weight loss
• Fungal Community Associated with Sawdust of Direct Evaporative Cooler and their Health Impact in Erbil City by Al-Bader, Salah M. S.; Zefenkey, Zean; Rashid, Daban K. (2025) - Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., and Alternaria spp. Moreover, Penicillium with Cladosporium is the most common agent that causes allergies and asthma in healthcare facilities.[41] The remaining isolated fungi, including Actinomucor spp., Aurobasidium spp., Drechslera spp., Phoma spp., Pithomyces spp., Rhizopus spp., Scopulariopsis spp., Stachybotrys spp., and Trichoderma spp., are known allergens or could act as opportunistic pathogens causing various human diseases.[13] Keywords: air; airborne; aspergillus; fungi; health; indoor; journal; sawdust; spp; vol
• Microbial and Heavy Metal Contamination Assessment in Restaurant Foods: A Quality Assurance Study from Erbil City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq by Malarash, Solav K.; Aziz, Khalid E. (2025) - Table 1: Total microbial counts (log CFU/g) of contaminant microorganisms in restaurant food samples Food sample Restaurant code Microbial total counts (Log CFU/g) for restaurant food samples Chicken 1 5.18 2 5.38 3 6.70 Rice 1 5.26 2 5.41 3 6.54 Burger 1 6.42 2 6.48 3 6.76 Kebab 1 6.52 2 6.55 3 6.78 For the standard sample collection process, the guidelines provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) were followed.[11] Food samples were aseptically collected from six food categories: chicken, rice, burger, kebab, salad, and meat, across the selected restaurants. Keywords: bacteria; cadmium; contamination; food; health; identification; lead; ppm; restaurant; safety; samples; species; vol
• Ethical Abortion among Pregnant Women Attending Abortion Decision-making Committee in Erbil Maternity Teaching Hospital by khaleel, Rana S.; Muhamad, Parez R. (2025) - The aim of this study is to characterize women applying for legal abortion in Erbil, identify determinants of committee decisions, and document pregnancy outcomes. In the absence of safe and legal pathways, women are driven to desperate and dangerous measures, such as obtaining unregulated medications on the black market or seeking services from unqualified and clandestine providers, which can lead to permanent injury or death.[14] At present, legal abortion in both Iraq and the KRG is possible only through a medical expert committee, which interprets vague legal terms such as “serious threat to her life.” Keywords: abortion; anomalies; committee; erbil; health; law; medical; study; termination; vol; women
• Occupational Exposures and Associated Health Effects among Dumpsite Workers: A Case Study of Kany Qrzhala Landfill Site, Erbil, Iraq by Salih, Tanya S.; Juma, Ameena S. M.; Ubeid, Muhsin H. (2021) - WBC count was soared significantly in dumpsite workers when compared to the healthy individuals, yet, lymphocyte and granulocyte numbers showed non-significant increment, while monocyte numbers showed a statistically insignificant rise in workers as compared to healthy group. M 89 16.06±0.24 40 13.86±0.18 0.000 H.S.** Platelet (103/^L) M 89 225.49±13.85 40 242.97±4.74 0.235 N.S. P>0.05: Non-significant; *P<0.05: Significant; **P<0.01: Highly significant Figure 2: Hematological parameters in the sera of dumpsite workers in comparison to healthy individuals to the healthy individuals, while lymphocyte and granulocyte numbers non-significantly increased (P> 0.05), and monocyte number shows a slightly significant rise (P< 0.05) in workers as compared to healthy individuals. Keywords: diseases; dumpsite; health; journal; landfill; non; study; vol; waste; workers
• HIV, HBS and HCV in Dump Site Workers of Erbil Governorate by Ubeid, Muhsin H.; Salih, Tanya S.; Juma, Ameena S. M. (2021) - Association between waste management and HBV among solid municipal waste workers: A systematic review and meta- analysis of observational studies. The serum concentration of HIV and HBS antibodies of dumpsite workers revealed a significant increase when compared to the healthy group, while the HCV antibody serum concentration presented no significant alteration when comparing dumpsite workers to the healthy controls. Keywords: dumpsite; hbs; hcv; health; hiv; journal; management; vol; waste; workers
• The Psychological Stress of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers in the Kurdistan Region by Shakor, Jamal K.; Qadir, Delan J.; Mohammed, Trifa M.; Abdulla, Raza M. (2023) - Mental health care measures in response to the 2019 novel Coronavirus outbreak in Korea. Mental health status among children in home confinement during the Coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in Hubei Province, China. Keywords: anxiety; care; covid-19; health; healthcare; score; stress; study; vol; workers
• The Opinion and Awareness of Citizens on the Commitment of Bakers, Butchers, and Food Sellers to Health Instructions and their Application during COVID-19 Outbreak by Galali, Yaseen; Aziz, Kareem F.; Blbas, Hazhar T.A.; Jabbar, Ahmed Aj. (2023) - In my opinion food sellers in mall are committed with the local guideline for prevention 44.5% 32.0% 23.5% Opinion 8 I am satisfied with food sellers in my location and have clean behaviors 49.2% 28.7% 22.1% Opinion 9 Food sellers have good information of COVID-19 so that they do their best 44.9% 32.5% 22.6% Opinion 10 I am satisfied with the cleanness of the food sellers in my location 52.5% 28.0% 19.5% Table 5: The association of participants’ awareness with COVID-19 commitments Variable Value df P-value Sex 884.970a 2 0.001 Age 1300.208a 8 0.001 Education Level 292.358a 8 0.001 Family Status 567.969a 6 0.001 Type of family 618.272a 2 0.001 Address 617.024a 6 0.001 Occupation 1244.119a 6 0.001 Values with the same superscript with the same column refer to statistically non-significant at P<0.001. to discontinue the COVID-19 infection chain and hence positively affect mortality and morbidity among the community in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The results also indicated that the majority of the citizen’s awareness agreed with the commitments of butchers, bakers, and food sellers about COVID-19 prevention, which represented 47.7%, and 25.6 % of them have neutral awareness of that, while 26.7% of citizens have not agreed with awareness about commitments of butchers, bakers, and food sellers for COVID- 19 prevention Keywords: awareness; bakers; butchers; commitments; covid-19; food; food sellers; health; prevention; sellers; vol
• Some Immunological and Hematological Parameters among Refugees in Kawergosk Camp – Erbil Governorate by Salih, Tanya S.; Haydar, Safa Safin; Ubeid, Muhsin H.; Juma, Ameena S. M. (2019) - 80 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2019, 3 (1): 80-84 ReseaRch aRticle Some Immunological and Hematological Parameters among Refugees in Kawergosk Camp – Erbil Governorate Tanya S. Salih, Safa Safin Haydar, Muhsin H. Ubeid, Ameena S. M. Juma Department of Biology, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq ABSTRACT The study included 258 Syrian refugees of different ages and sex and another 60 volunteers as control group (C.G). It was revealed that there was a highly significant rising in eosinophils in male and female refugees in comparison to C.G. WBC count is non-significantly slightly increased in both male’s and female’s refugees when compared to C.G. Keywords: Eosinophil count, hemoglobin, immunoglobulin E, iron, refugees, white blood cell count INTRODUCTION There are about 68.5 million people currently displaced around the world, and 25.4 million of them have crossed international borders seeking shelters and safety. Keywords: camp; children; count; health; ige; iron; levels; refugees; vol

• Epidemiological Insights into TORCH Infections in the Population of Erbil City by Juma, Ameena S.M.; Rasul, Kamgar A.; Ubeid, Muhsin H.; Al-Awqati, Shakir M.; Salih, Tanya S.; Abbas, Muhamed A. (2024) - Epidemiological Insights into TORCH 27 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2024, 8 (2): 26-30 treat expectant mothers with the proper care.[9] 1863 pregnant individuals were studied to determine the relationship between TORCH infections and aberrant pregnancy outcomes. The results showed that TORCH infection was a substantial risk factor for severe fetal harm in China, particularly congenital deformities.[10] Toxoplasmosis is a prevalent opportunistic infection that kills people who are immunocompromised.[11] Transplacental transmission is one way that a primary illness in a pregnant woman might infect the fetus.[12] Congenital toxoplasmosis in humans has a relatively high morbidity rate.[13] Keywords: antibodies; cmv; erbil; igg; infections; rubella; study; torch; vol; women; years
• Influence of Maternal Body Mass Index on Fetal Ultrasound Biometry by Omar, Noor S.; Ahmed, Furman K.; Saleem, Deena S.; Ali Shah, Lezan J.; Abbas, Muhamed A. (2024) - In contrast, women who combined three risk factors— being over 35 years of age, being overweight or obese, and experiencing excessive GWG during the second trimester— had a 3.38-fold increased risk of developing GDM.[21] According to the result of the current study, fetal growth was calculated by using ultrasound examination in the third trimester of pregnancy, and the effect of maternal obesity on fetal growth was analyzed by applying Fisher’s exact test, and the relationship between maternal BMI and fetal weight was significant. The relation between maternal BMI and fetal weight in grams for <2000, between 2000 and 3000, and more than 3000 g was statistically significant with a P = 0.027, while the association between maternal BMI and fetal gender statistically was not significant. Keywords: bmi; body; mass; obesity; pregnancy; vol; weight; women; years
• Nutritional Characteristics of Pregnant Women and its Relation with Anemia during Pregnancy in a Sample of Kurdish Women/Iraq by Abdulwahid, Rushna G.; Ahmed, Hamdia M. (2020) - El-Hindi (2011) concluded in a study done regarding nutrition that 55.4% of the study sample get regular nutrition, while 44.6% get not regular nutrition in anemic group, in non-anemic group and 78.3% of study sample get regular nutrition while 21.7% get irregular nutrition during pregnancy. Results of a study done by Karaoglu et al.[18] showed that 19.4% of study samples ate one portion of red meat, poultry, and fish consumption every day, while 27.8% of them ate less than frequent of red meat, poultry, and fish consumption. Keywords: anemia; association; chicken; eating; pregnancy; results; sample; study; vegetables; women
• Association of Total Dietary Fats and Its Subtypes with Risk of Breast Cancer by Jawzali, Jwan I. (2020) - Foods intake data were analyzed by program for Mosby’s Nutritrac Nutrition Analysis Software, version IV (CD-ROM), for calculation; total energy, dietary fat intake and its subtypes, cholesterol, dietary fibers, and some antioxidants per individual by, taking into account intake of margarine, butter, oils, and fats used in cooking and baking. Dietary fat intake and risk of breast cancer: A case- control study in China. Keywords: breast; cancer; dietary; fat; fats; intake; risk; total; vol; women
• Study the Prevalence, Characteristics of Mothers and Associated Risk Factors of Pica Eating among Pregnant Women: A Cross Sectional Study by Galali, Yaseen M. (2020) - No 170 (42.6) 109 (27.3) Table 3: Association between pregnant women characteristics and pica eating (n=400) (Contd...) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 No Iron Before 43.7 2.7 3.7 3.9 2.0 2.6 0.9 0.5 0.3 39.6 During 21.3 7.5 10.5 16.6 9.7 7.5 5.1 3.6 2.7 15.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Pa rt ic ip an ts % Months Figure 1: Iron supplement before and during pregnancy time Galali: Pica eating among pregnant women 22 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2020, 4 (2): 19-24 in the regression analysis included mothers education, occupation, health complication during pregnancy, residency, and breastfeeding. According to the data available, the prevalence of PE in pregnant women ranges between 0.02% in Denmark and 74% in Kenya.[4] Even in some population like Malawi, pregnancy is recognized through practicing pica. Keywords: eating; factors; mother; pica; pregnancy; prevalence; study; women
• Assessment of Minor Disorders among Pregnant Women Attending Malafandi Primary Health Care Centre/Erbil-City by Rashid, Ayad A.; Othman, Samir M.; Al-Banna, Dara A.; Bra, Aram M. (2023) - A Clinical gastroenterology report in 2007 shows that heartburn occurs from 30% to 50% of pregnancies, with prevalence approaching 80% in some populations.[4] This study is a benefit to benefit for pregnant women for their health protection and awareness of that disorder which has more effect on women and babies and it is important to find out the most common minor discomfort among pregnant women in Erbil city. The aim of this study was to assess minor disorder among pregnant women. Keywords: fatigue; nausea; pregnancy; study; vomiting; women
• Relationship between Sera Vitamin D, Calcium, and Magnesium Levels in Pregnant Women with and without Postpartum Depression by Mohammed, Hataw A.; Muhammed Saed, Hero H.; Jarallah, Bushra M. (2022) - We measured sera Vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium for those pregnant women in their third trimester of their pregnancy. When the blood samples were taken, Vitamin D level was determined using an ELISA device. Keywords: depression; group; postpartum; ppd; pregnancy; study; vitamin; vitamin d; vol; women
• Prevalence of Anemia, Iron Deficiency Anemia and its Socio-Demographic Factors among Pregnant Women in Garmian Province, Kurdistan region of Iraq by Rashid, Mustafa Y.; Abdulraheem, Adnan L.; Hama Amin, Gulzar S.; Weli, Shwan S.; Faraj, Rahman K.; Muhialdin, Ali J.; Raheem, Seerwan A. (2023) - This study aims to determine the prevalence of anemia, and iron deficiency anemia (IDA), the severity of the condition, and study the effect of some sociodemographic factors on pregnant women in Garmian province. Keywords: Anemia, hematological parameters, iron deficiency anemia, pregnant women, severity of anemia INTRODUCTION Anemia in maternity is defined by a low hemoglobin (Hb) concentration of <11 g/dL. Keywords: anemia; blood; deficiency; deficiency anemia; ida; iron; pregnancy; prevalence; study; vol; women

• Adverse Effects of Excessive Use of Some Beverages on Male Albino Rats by Mustafa, Youns S.; Abdulkareem, Saman M.; Ismail, Treefa F. (2024) - They are currently promoted as agents that boost energy (both mental and physical capabilities), This study aims to assess the side effects of energy drinks, such as Red Bull and Red Strong, on numerous physiological parameters and histological characteristics of the liver and kidney in male albino rats. The beverages enhance mental performance[3] by encouraging wakefulness, helping people stay alert, improving their mood, reducing sleepiness and fatigue, and improving driving performance.[4] Grocery stores and online platforms present an extensive selection of over 50 distinct brands of energy drinks. Keywords: albino; beverages; bull; drinks; effects; energy; group; kidney; liver; rats; red; vol
• Impact of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats by Khudhur, Balen M.; Ali, Nidhal A. M. (2025) - Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journal (CUESJ) Khudhur and Ali: Impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats 2 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2025, 9 (2): 1-6 encouraged investigating the impact of SGLT2 inhibitors in the management of BPH. Khudhur and Ali: Impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats 3 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2025, 9 (2): 1-6 The microscopic analysis of prostate tissue from the CN group [Figure 2c] reveals normal prostatic architecture characterized by well-maintained glandular and stromal components. Keywords: bph; empagliflozin; ertugliflozin; finasteride; group; hyperplasia; mean; prostate; rats; testosterone; vol
• The Protective Rolls of Taraxacum officinale against Carbone Tetrachloride Infarction in the Liver by Mustafa, Farhang A.; Ali, Khabat A. (2023) - 10. S. Behboodi, F. Baghbani-Arani, S. Abdalan and S. A. S. Shandiz. V. Ravichandran, S. Vasanthi, S. Shalini, S. A. A. Shah, M. Tripathy and N. Paliwal. Keywords: agnps; arrow; ccl4; extract; green; group; leaf; liver; nanoparticles; officinale; rats; silver; taraxacum; tol; vol
• The Effect of Hypericum perforatum Extract on Gastric Ulcer Development in Rat Models by Hussein, Mohammed M. (2023) - Stool antigen and blood antibody tests were done on all the rat groups using strip H. pylori antigen and antibody tests; this was done to determine the H. pylori infection status of the rats. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect of H. perforatum Extract and Omeprazole on Gastric Lesion Development The anti-ulcer effect of H. perforatum extract against gastric lesion model caused by H. pylori is reported in Table 1. H. perforatum can serve as a natural alternative to omeprazole (a chemical agent) in the prevention of gastric ulcer formation in people that have been exposed to H. pylori. Keywords: extract; group; omeprazole; perforatum; pylori; rats; stomach; ulcer

• Antibacterial and Wound Healing Assessment of Silver Nanoparticles against Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella variicola by Ahmed, Faraidun A.; Barzani, Khadijakhalil M.; Hamasaeed, Payman A. (2024) - 7. A. R. Alnsour, R. M. Daghmash, M. M. Masadeh, K. H. Alzoubi, M. M. Masadeh, N. H. Bataineh, H. H. Batayneh and M. S. Al-Ogaidi. M. H. Homady, L. O. ALquraishi, T. S. Salih and A. S. M. Juma. Keywords: agnps; figure; healing; nanoparticles; rats; study; variicola; vol; wound
• The Impact of Different Doses of Nickel Chloride on Some Biochemical and Histopathological Changes in the Liver of Rats by Homady, Merza H.; Bilal, Huda S.; Omer, Mirzan M.; Alnuaimy, Sarah L.; Khalid, Hawta S. (2025) - The total numbers of animals used in this study were (21) males, that are divided into three categories: • Group I (Control): Seven intact male rats received only tap water and served as the control group (n = 7). • Group II (NiCl2 - 100 mg/kg): Seven intact male rats were administered nickel chloride at 100 mg/kg body weight (n = 7). • Group III (NiCl2 - 150 mg/kg): Seven intact male rats were administered nickel chloride at 150 mg/kg body weight (n = 7). ~ABS:AT 92 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2025, 9 (2): 92-99 ReseaRch aRticle The Impact of Different Doses of Nickel Chloride on Some Biochemical and Histopathological Changes in the Liver of Rats Merza H. Homady1, Huda S. Bilal2, Mirzan M. Omer3, Sarah L. Alnuaimy3, Hawta S. Khalid4 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region-Iraq, 2Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region-Iraq, 3Department of Anesthesia Technologies, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region-Iraq, 4Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region-Iraq ABSTRACT The present study investigated the effects of different doses of nickel chloride (NiCl2) on biochemical markers and liver histology. Keywords: blood; changes; chloride; degeneration; effects; exposure; liver; nickel; nickel chloride; nicl2; rats; vol
• Investigation of the Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Effect on Thyroid and Testosterone Hormones in Male Rats by Luaibi, Noori M.; Zayed, Noor A. (2020) - It is considered one of the main regulators of biological processes, during development, and childhood.[9] Decrease in the production of thyroid hormones means hypothyroidism.[10] Many evidence suggesting the role of zinc in the formation and function of thyroid hormones.[11] ZnO NPs cause higher levels of oxidative stress, resulting in inflammation, and cell toxicity.[12] Man testis has two main functions, the production of testosterone and the production of male germ cells, maintenance of spermatogenesis process needs testosterone, the androgen production is regulated by luteinizing hormone, while follicle-stimulating hormone is critical for initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis.[13,14] Testosterone is the main androgenic hormone in males, it is largely produced by the Leydig cells of the testes, ZnO NPs were internalized by Sertoli cells and Leydig cells resulted in cytotoxicity in a time and dose-dependent manner through the induction of apoptosis, caused by increase in ROS related with loss of Corresponding Author: Noori M. Luaibi, Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Al-Mustansiriyah, Baghdad, Iraq. Ng/dl. DISCUSSION Results of the present study are in agreement with previous study of ZnO NPs by Cheric and Rafieirad[20] showed that injecting ZnO NPs with three different doses (1.25, 2.5, and 5) mg/kg to 42 male rats divided into 7 groups, the blood samples of experimental with different doses were taken on the 1st, 3rd, 4th, and 15th days after receiving Nano ZnO intraperitoneally (ip) to measure the amount of T3 and T4 hormone levels, results observed that acute injection of Nano ZnO reduced the amount of thyroid hormone T3 and T4, the effect occurred in different doses, but is more significant in the medium and long term, even in small amounts can cause negative effects on the activity of the thyroid gland and disrupt creation of thyroid hormones. Keywords: days; decrease; groups; level; nps; rats; testosterone; thyroid; vol; zinc; zno
• Omega-3 Oil Ameliorate Histological and Ultrastructural Alterations Induced by Cadmium Chloride in Rats Testis by Ismail, Treefa F.; Aziz, Falah M. (2020) - REFERENCES 1. M. M. Kamel and A. H. Abd El-Razek. M. M. Kamel, A. H. Abd El-Razek, K. A. Ahmed and G. M. Kamel. Keywords: cadmium; cdcl2; cells; figure; journal; oil; omega-3; rats; testicular; testis; toxicity; tubules; vol
• Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Zingiber Officinale Rhizomes Aqueous Extract and its Gastroprotective Activity Against Ethanol-Produced Stomach Ulcer in Rodents by Shareef, Suhayla H.; Hadi, Ismail N.M.; Badeea ‎, Mustafa A.; Abdulla, Mahmood A. (2022) - Keywords: Synthesized Zingiber officinale, gold nanoparticle, gastric ulcer, histology, PAS INTRODUCTION A peptic ulcer is the most communal gastrointestinal tract ailment that is moving a huge number of individuals universally and has therapeutic and worldwide financial attention. Supplementary actual indicators oxidative compression motives mucosal injury could be MDA principal metabolite of fat peroxidation.[1,51] Conferring to results of existing exercise, oral forced feeding of gold nanoparticles protects against gastric ulcer through upsurge SOD and CAT actions, and lessening MDA quantity consistent with consequences specified through plentiful investigators concerning SOD and CAT actions enhanced gold nanoparticle nourished clusters in comparison to absolute alcohol gavage rodents.[43,52] Furthermore, reduction in MDA quantities were specified rats forced feeding with many herbal and artificial composites.[50,53] ROS, for example, hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions, and lipid peroxides damaging programs approved to worsen gastric ulcer development.[54] Antioxidants hunt free-radical formation exhibition principal portion in the protection of cellular damage. Keywords: a. a.; abdulla; effect; ethanol; gastric; gold; journal; m. a.; mucosal; nanoparticles; officinale; rats; stomach; ulcer; vol; zingiber

• Evaluating the COVID-19 Lockdown’s Effects on Land Surface Temperature, NO2, and O3 in the Erbil City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq by Chomani, Kaifi (2024) - Normalized difference vegetation index, SD: Standard deviation Figure 4: Land surface temperature of Erbil (°C); (a) 2017, (b) 2018, (c) 2019, (d) 2020, (e) 2021, and (f) 2022 d cb f a e Chomani: Evaluating the COVID-19 lockdown’s effects on land surface temperature 89 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2024, 8 (2): 84-92 Figure 6: Normalized difference vegetation index of Erbil city; (a) 2017, (b) 2018, (c) 2019, (d) 2020, (e) 2021, and (f) 2022 d cb f a e Figure 7: Nitrogen dioxide emissions in Erbil (mol/m2); (a) March 4, 2020, (b) March 23, 2020, and (c) April 17, 2020 cba Figure 8: Ozone Emissions in Erbil (mol/m2); (a) February 6, 2020, (b) March 6, 2020, and (c) April 6, 2020 cba Chomani: Evaluating the COVID-19 lockdown’s effects on land surface temperature 90 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2024, 8 (2): 84-92 got much better [Figure 6]. However, reduced NOx may cause an increase in ozone levels in densely populated urban areas.[38] There is a critical gap in the literature in our understanding of the impact of urban conditions, specifically in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, and their correlation with the environmental impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns. Keywords: air; city; covid-19; environment; erbil; land; lockdown; lst; lulc; ndvi; surface; temperature; vol
• Automatic Classification of Covid-19 Chest X-Ray Images Using Local Binary Pattern and Binary Particle Swarm Optimization for Feature Selection by Mohammed, Bazhdar N.; Al-Mukhtar, Firas H.; Yousif, Raghad Z.; Almashhadani, Yazen S. (2021) - Abbas et al. suggested a method for classifying COVID-19 images in XRD diagnostic images by performing a transfer algorithm. Automatic detection of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) using X-ray images and deep convolutional neural networks. Keywords: binary; classification; covid-19; feature; images; ray; vol; � �
• A Statistical Study of the Influence of COVID-19 on the Agricultural Supply Chain (Vegetative) Production in Halabja Governorate by Blbas, Hazhar T. A.; Faraj‎, Shahen M.; Ahmed, Aymen ‎ I. (2022) - Deviation t P-values How many donums of land have you farmed Inside 10 13.3 4.739 -0.713 0.482 Outside 20 30.53 75.673 How many tons of agricultural products have you had during the COVID-19 pandemic Inside 10 98.9 107.103 -0.215 0.832 Outside 20 129.55 441.645 How many tons of agricultural production you sold during the COVID-19 pandemic Inside 10 96.9 108.625 -0.192 0.849 Outside 20 124.45 442.76 From the quantity production sold how many were had as revenue Inside 10 10.3 15.896 -0.723 0.476 9- There was no difference between the mean score of inside and outside living for each of the characteristics of production including donum of farmer’s land, having tons of agricultural products during COVID-19, having tons of sold agricultural production during COVID-19, revenue quantity production and outdated tons’ production because of COVID-19. Keywords: covid-19; farmers; lockdown; mean; pandemic; production; products; retailers; wholesalers
• Influence of the COVID-19 Lockdown on the Lifestyles and Eating Behavior of Cihan University Students by Galali, Yaseen; Zebari, Salih M.S.; Younis, Kazhin; Rizgar, Zainab; Sidiq, Nareen; Taha, Brwa (2022) - Yes, for better 63 17.0 Total 370 100.0 Table 4: Physical activity and exercise frequency before and during lockdown Frequency Before During Number % Number % Nothing 185 50 243 65.6 1–2 times 87 24 90 24.3 3–5 times 52 14 22 5.9 More than 5 46 12 15 4 Table 3: Exercise types practiced during and before COVID-19 confinement Types of exercise Before Types of exercise After No. % No. No exercise 243 67 Running 40 11 Functional training 93 25 Gym 91 25 Treadmill 16 4.3 Food boll 33 9 Weight lifting 9 2.5 Swimming 4 1 Using training tools 9 2.5 Volley ball 1 0.1 Tennis 3 0.8 Basketball 13 3.5 Table 5: Smoking frequency before and after lockdown Smoking frequency Before During Frequency % Frequency % Keywords: behavior; changes; covid-19; data; eating; lifestyle; lockdown; participants; percentage; students; table; weight

• Awareness, Satisfaction and Willingness to Pay Remuneration for Architectural Services among Clients in Nigeria by Maina, Joy J.; Adamu, David I.; Sarafadeen, Sheriff I. (2023) - Other supplementary or additional services offered by architects include maintenance, interior design, litigation and arbitration, feasibility studies, site management, production of as-built drawings, landscape design, special drawings, models and renderings, development planning, redesigns and additional designs due to changes in approved designs, special meetings for application planning, bye-laws, regulations, design, and build as well as selection of other allied professionals on the design and construction team.[6,18,21] Client Awareness of Architectural Services Awareness or having conscious knowledge about something, in this case the range of services architects offer in the public realm has largely been relegated to the production of drawings and site supervision.[6] Public awareness regarding what architects do is low[1,10] and knowledge about what architects do is not in the public domain.[2] ~ABS:AT 60 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2023, 7 (2): 60-69 ReseaRch aRticle Awareness, Satisfaction, and Willingness to Pay Remuneration for Architectural Services among Clients in Nigeria Joy J. Maina, David I. Adamu, Sheriff I. Sarafadeen Department of Architecture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria ABSTRACT This study assessed relationships between awareness, satisfaction, and willing(ness)-to-pay (WTP) remuneration for architectural services from client perspectives toward improving the public image and business performance of architects in Nigeria. Keywords: architects; awareness; clients; construction; design; nigeria; pay; professional; remuneration; satisfaction; services; vol; willingness; wtp
• Comparative Study of the Middle Eastern Vernacular Courtyard Houses Based on the Biophilic Design Patterns by Yahya, Nagham I. (2024) - Pattern Factors Strategies Case study Baghdad house Damascus house Mardin house Biomorphic forms and patterns Nature forms botanical motifs Arches, vaults, and domes were employed for both functional and esthetic purposes. ] Figure 3: Damascene house from the outside versus the house’s internal environment[13] Table 7: Strategies bring materials connection with Nature Pattern Factors Strategies Case study Baghdad house Damascus house Mardin house Material connection with nature Minimally processed construction materials Mud bricks (walls, roofing, flooring) ● Timber (columns, sheathing, screens) ● ● Natural stones (walls, roofing, balustrades, flooring, sheathing) ● ● Table 8: Strategies bring complexity and order to the residential environment Pattern Factors Strategies Case study Baghdad house Damascus house Keywords: biophilic; connection; courtyard; design; house; mardin; nature; patterns; strategies
• Design and Implementation a Non-uniform Helical Antenna in Frequency Range of 450–850 MHz for Ultra-high-frequency Television Application by Zeki, Firas Muhammad; Al-Dalawie, Adil Hussein Mohammed (2019) - Angle (Degree) Power (dBm) 1 −180 −22 20 10 −9 2 −170 −21 21 20 −10 3 −160 −20 22 30 −12 4 −150 −19 23 40 −15 5 −140 −18 24 50 −17 6 −130 −15 25 60 −18 7 −120 −18 26 70 −19 8 −110 −20 27 80 −20 9 −100 −22 28 90 −21 10 −90 −21 29 100 −22 11 −80 −20 30 110 −20 12 −70 −19 31 120 −18 13 −60 −18 32 130 −15 14 −50 −17 33 140 −18 15 −40 −15 34 150 −19 16 −30 −12 35 160 −20 17 −20 −10 36 170 −21 18 −10 −9 37 180 −22 19 0 −6 radiation pattern of non-uniform helical antenna under test, respectively, these results show the deferent received power about 10–12 dB more with non-uniform helical antenna gain. Implemented non-uniform helical antenna under test Figure 9: Commercial loop antenna radiation pattern Figure 6: Non-uniform helical antenna manufactured Table 2: Measurements of commercial loop antenna Step no. Keywords: antenna; design; figure; frequency; gain; helix; mhz
• A Multiband Biconical Log-periodic Antenna for Swarm Communications by Al Jewad, Bessam (2019) - Keywords: Biconical antenna, broadband antenna, component, drone-to-drone, drone-to-infrastructure, frequency-independent antennas, log-periodic antenna INTRODUCTION In recent years, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, has witnessed an unprecedented increase for both military and civilian applications. The suggested design has a sufficient degree of freedom to select the desired features for the field pattern while keeping other features such as antenna impedance and gain relatively stable or at least in the acceptable operation region. Keywords: antenna; band; communications; design; figure; frequency; ghz; impedance; log; matching
• Beyond Efficiency: A Conceptual Design Framework for Sustainable Housing in Erbil by Yahya, Nagham I. (2025) - An analytical bioclimatic approach can also be employed to assess the effectiveness of traditional passive features within a given system.[19] On the other hand, contemporary sustainable housing projects, introduced through regional practices, can help identify the latest resource efficiency technologies that Figure 3: Hybrid sustainable design approach of the Middle East region (Author) Yahya: Towards Sustainable Housing in Erbil 85 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2025, 9 (2): 80-91 have been refined and adapted to specific building typologies and regional contexts A methodical framework for sustainable architectural design: Housing practice in the middle east. Keywords: architecture; bioclimatic; building; design; efficiency; erbil; experience; figure; housing; middle; nature; sustainability; yahya
• The Comparative Study of Biaxial Bending Analysis of Steel Sections Using AISC and Eurocode Approaches by Saleh, Mohammed M.; Ahmed, Dlshad K.; Yousef, Ali R. (2020) - � � � 322 95 KN.m Nominal lateral-torsional buckling strength. αLT=0.76 Imperfection factor for lateral buckling curves Coefficient for calculation of XLT. � � � � LT LT LT LT � � �� � � 1 0 16 2 2 2 . Keywords: aisc; analysis; axis; bending; buckling; design; kn.m; moment; section; � �
• Design and Simulation of Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Computer Network for 3×3 Km Universal Sample of Building Campus by Hasan, Ammar O.; Mahmood, Firas Muhammad Zeki (2019) - Network object statistics of Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, base station traffic sent, measured in bit/s which handover is shown on the security features of computer network significantly in wireless network in addition to WiMax wireless networks with maintaining the connectivity over its users. THE NETWORK DESIGN In this research, WiMax network signaling has used to insure the connection and connection establishment, there are many WiMax factors such as hardware specification, application definitions, and network configuration details; in this research, researchers will focus on main ones. Keywords: base; computer; design; figure; interoperability; network; simulation; technology; users; wimax; wireless
• A Review on the Structure, Application and Performance of the Passive Microstrip Devices by Rezaei, Abbas; Yahya, Salah I. (2022) - Several types of microstrip diplexers such as two- channel, multi-channel, bandpass-bandpass, and lowpass- bandpass are presented in.[7-22] the number of filter channels are four, which is designed by a circular multi-mode resonator. Keywords: bandpass; channels; design; doi; microstrip; rezaei; size; vol; yahya
• Architecture Students Self-Report Wellbeing Assessment Based On Quality Learning Environment in Design Studio by Hussein, Ashti Y.; Mustafa, Faris A. (2023) - To define the variables of quality learning environment that have the most impact on students’ well-being. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The assessment of well-being can be addressed objectively depending on the quality of life indicators and norms called objective well-being.[1] Furthermore, 50% relative humidity is defined as an acceptable value for educational spaces in most cultures.[21] Thermal comfort improves physical and psychological satisfaction.[17] Thermal dissatisfaction reduces students’ concentration and creates physical stress.[37] Besides these factors of quality learning environment, a view of the outside landscape is defined as a source to improve students’ motivation and help them relax.[14,20] The design studio has to be placed near the landscape context to observe a tree, garden, and natural environment. Keywords: architecture; design; design studio; environment; learning; quality; research; students; studio; study; university; value; variables; vol

• Evaluation of the Effect of Follower Jammer on the Mobile Bluetooth Network by Abdullah, Abdulqadir Ismail; Al-Dalawie, Adil Hussein (2019) - There are three classes of Bluetooth networks: Class 1 is 100-m range, Class 2 is 50-m range, and Class 3 is 10-m range.[1] Bluetooth wireless networks are subject to interference such as jamming which could be intentional, and this disrupts the service. Table 5: Percentage time coverage on frequency hop Distance Delay Percentage ratio 1 m 6.66 ηsec 99.999 5 m 33.3 ηsec 99.994 10 m 133.2 ηsec 99.978 Table 7: Calculations of the J/S with respect to distance Distance J dBm J/S dB 1 m −9.81 57.38 5 m −24.17 43.02 10 m −30.17 37.02 J/S: Jamming-over-signal ratio Table 6: Bluetooth network link budget Item Value Units Output power 0 dBm path attenuation @1 m 40.19 dB Sensitivity −70 dBm Processing gain 19 Gain margin 46.81 dB Figure 4: Bluetooth network with jammer REFERENCES 1. D. S. Kushwaha. Keywords: bluetooth; follower; jammer; jamming; mhz; network
• Solving Isolated Nodes Problem in ZigBee Pro for Wireless Sensor Networks by Hasan, Nabaa Abdul-Khudhur; Kadhim, F. Alaa (2019) - Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journal (CUESJ) Hasan and Kadhim: Solving isolated nodes problem in ZigBee Pro for WSNs 32 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2019, 3 (2): 31-36 RELATION WORKS ZigBee Pro ZigBee is a protocol based on IEEE standard 802.15.4. Solving isolated nodes problem in ZigBee Pro for WSNs 33 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2019, 3 (2): 31-36 Case 1 In this case, we will distribute the isolated nodes on the routers that carry least number of end devices. Keywords: distance; energy; network; nodes; problem; router; sensor; wireless; zigbee
• Simulation-based Evaluation of Mobile Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols: Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector, Fisheye State Routing, and Zone Routing Protocol by Sultan, Mohamad T.; Yasen, Khaled N.; Saeed, Ali Q. (2019) - Figure 1: Example of mobile ad hoc network Figure 2: Mobile ad hoc network protocols Table 1: Categorization of MANET routing protocols Selected MANET routing protocols Table-Driven routing protocols (proactive) On-demand routing protocols (reactive) Hybrid Routing protocols Fisheye state routing Ad hoc on-demand distance vector Zone routing protocol MANET: Routing protocols in MANET can generally be categorized into three approaches, namely, (a) table-driven routing protocols (proactive), (b) on-demand routing protocols (reactive), and (c) hybrid routing protocols.[7] Keywords: aodv; end; manet; network; nodes; protocols; routing; simulation
• Evaluation of ChatGPT’s Configuration Support for Network Connectivity and Security by QasMarrogy, Ghassan A.; Nahi, Abdullah A.; Yousif, Rose M.S. (2024) - Evaluation of ChatGPT’s Configuration Support for Network Connectivity and Security 44 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2024, 8 (2): 43-48 methodology background of the ChatGPT and the importance of network commands, Section 4 will give a simulation scenario design and generated parameters and the final result will be showed in Section 5, finally, in Section 6 the conclusion and future work of the paper will be presented. In this comprehensive paper on how ChatGPT could be used in network design and decision-making, a hypothesis tested that ChatGPT would be able to automate network commands, and ultimately make the final diagnosis. Keywords: chatgpt; commands; configuration; configure; data; devices; interface; network; security
• An Overview on SDN and NFV Security Orchestration in Cloud Network Environment by Aziz, Israa T.; Abdulqadder, Ihsan H. (2021) - Backup options • Off-Site Cloud Backup – This is the backup option that may be used as a security measure in SDN security attacks to maintain know how of the entire data sets available on the cloud. Hybrid SDN networks: A survey of existing approaches. Keywords: attackers; attacks; cloud; controller; data; information; layer; network; networking; plane; sdn; security; software; vol
• Distributed Denial of Service Attacks on Cloud Computing Environment‎: A Comprehensive Review by Aziz, Israa T.; Abdulqadder, Ihsan H.; Jawad, Thakwan A. (2022) - DDoS attacks on cloud 49 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2022, 6 (1): 47-52 types of assaults, such as node enumeration and poisoning.[13] The important outlines of this paper are providing a review for specific DDoS attacks on CCE, as well as the kind of detriment could cause. This paper presents a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art techniques to detect DDoS attacks. Keywords: attacks; botnets; bots; cloud; computing; ddos; irc; network; p2p; peer; security; traffic; vol
• The Green Network Panoramic Vision: Erbil City as a Case Study ‎ by Alfaris, Seema K. (2022) - To solve the research problem, a hypothesis is proposed stating that “the absence of a panoramic vision of green networks and disconnection with the surrounding region is one of the most important causes of dispersion in those spaces”. The research objective is to identify and clarify the concept of green networks and their characteristics and effective indicators. Keywords: areas; city; erbil; erbil city; figure; green; greenways; infrastructure; network; parks; planning; spaces; urban

• Optimizing GNSS Data Sampling Rates for Improving Precise Point Positioning Accuracy and Reducing Convergence Time by Ahmed, Shamal F. (2025) - Across all points, the highest accuracy improvements occurred within the first 30–60 min of observation, demonstrating that higher sampling rates help reduce convergence times. Higher sampling rates, such as 5 s, lead to faster convergence and a significant reduction in RMSE, especially in the first 30–60 min of observation. Keywords: gnss; point; positioning; ppp; rate; sampling; time; � �
• On the Development of a Multi-Layered Agent-Based Heurisitc System for Vehicle Routing Problem under Random Vehicle Breakdown by Abu- Monshar, Anees M.; Al-Bazi, Ammar F.; Alsalami, Qusay H. (2021) - Figure 1 presents this type of vehicle disruption problem. An agent-based approach to vehicle routing problem. Keywords: abm; agent; approach; breakdown; customers; figure; orders; problem; routing; time; vehicle; vol
• The Estimation of (Covid-19) Cases in Kurdistan Region Using Nelson Aalen Estimator by Obed, Sami A.; Mohammed, Parzhin A.; Kadir, Dler H. (2021) - Nelson Aalen survival analysis of the data is shown in Table 2 Calculation of Nelson Aalen Survival Analysis. Application Nelson Aalen Survival Estimate Formula/Notations e t m t� � � � 0 1 � Nelson Aalen survival estimate (SNA(t) �tt m � � � 0 1 Estimate of the CHF. Keywords: aalen; cases; nelson; survival; time;  ; � �
• FANET Drone’s Data Applications, Mobility Models and Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11n Standards for Real and Non-Real Time Traffic by QasMarrogy, Ghassan A.; Fadhil, Areen J. (2022) - Keywords: FANET, Mobility models, IEEE 802.11n, Non-real time traffic, Real-time traffic INTRODUCTION Furthermore, made it very suitable for large and dense networks with a dynamic number of nodes.[13] Network Traffic There are two types of network traffic: Real-time and non- real-time traffic. Keywords: data; delay; fanet; ghz; mobility; time; traffic; types

• Role of on-site Architectural Courses in Enhancing Graduate Employability Skills across KRG Universities by Hussein, Frya I.; Husein, Husein A. (2025) - The study concludes that embedding longitudinal, real-world experiences within the curriculum, supported by strategic collaborations with professional firms, is essential to bridging the theory-practice divide and enhancing graduate employability skills. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Hussein and Husein: On-site architectural courses and graduate employability skills in KRG 49 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2025, 9 (2): 48-55 issues known as “21st Century Competencies,” including problem-solving, creativity, analytical thinking, collaboration, communication, ethics, and accountability skills, which have an impact on recent graduates employment. Keywords: architecture; curriculum; education; employability; graduates; industry; kurdistan; learning; practice; professional; site; skills; students; universities; university
• Exploring Investigation of the Impact of Studying Statistics at Enhancing Mathematical Skills during Years of Faculty by Hasan, Marwan T. (2021) - Female students, on the other hand, seem to do higher than male students, according to a growing body of foreign research.[7,8] A large-scale analysis in the United States of America[8] found that girls have caught up to boys in mathematics results, including in high school, where there was a difference in previous decades. Gender gaps in mathematics achievement are shrinking and changing in Australia, according to research Forgasz et al. and Vale.[13,14] Keywords: female; gender; international; mathematics; stages; statistics; students; test
• Using Factor Analysis to Determine the Most Important Factors Affecting Student Absenteeism at Cihan University- Erbil by Birdawod, Hawkar Q. (2022) - Moreover, since the goal in factor analysis is to estimate the parameters of the model, it was necessary to express the model (2) in a more appropriate form, since: � � � � � �� E X X E AF U AF U( ) ( )( ) � � � � � � � � � �AE FF A AE FU E UF A E UU( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) The structural matrix (Ω), which represents the covariance between observed variables and factors, they are: � � ��p m X F� � � �( ) Keywords: Absenteeism factors, factor analysis, component method, principle component method, Cihan University-Erbil INTRODUCTION Factor analysis is an important tool of statistical methods associated with multi-dimensional variables, that is related to a set of phenomena or attributes that help a number of variables such as people. Keywords: absenteeism; factor; factor analysis; students; study; total; university; value; variables; variance; � �
• Prevalence of AntiHelicobacter pylori Antibodies among Students of Cihan University, Erbil by Maroof, Sarah Hoshyar; Alsakee, Hadi Mahdi; Muhammad, Gulistan Hussein; Muhammad, Asia Sherzad; Rashid, Ilaf Abdulrazaq; Sdiq, Naza khan Tofiq (2019) - Prevalence of anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies among 69 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2019, 3 (1): 66-70 Table 5: Association of Helicobacter pylori infection and BMI BMI Number of positive students (%) Number of negative students (%) Total <16 (severe thinness) 1 (2.27) 0 (0) 1 16–17 (moderate thinness) 0 (0) 4 (2.61) 4 17–18.5 (mild thinness) 0 (0) 2 (1.3) 2 18.5–25 (normal) 27 (61.36) 95 (62.1) 122 25–30 (overweight) 14 (31.8) 46 (30) 60 30–35 (obese Class I) 2 (4.55) 6 (3.9) 8 35–40 (obese Class II) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 >40 (obese Class III) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 Total 44 153 197 P=0.189 Table 6: Association of H. pylori infection and history of animal contact H.phylori-positive students History of animal contact Total Yes (%) This study was carried out to investigate the seroprevalence of H. pylori infection among Cihan University students. Keywords: anti; helicobacter; infection; number; pylori; students; university; vol

• Significance of Stool Antigen Testing for Helicobacter pylori Detection in Humans by Almashhadany, Dhary A.; Al-bader, Salah M.; Bradosty, Sarwan W. (2025) - This study examined the frequency of H. pylori infection in a specific population, revealing an overall prevalence of 20.5%, with a higher infection rate among females (23.7%) than males (17.8%). Overall, the findings indicate a moderate prevalence of H. pylori infection with no significant variations across age, location, or season, pointing to a relatively uniform distribution within the studied population. Keywords: age; antigen; h. pylori; helicobacter; helicobacter pylori; infection; journal; prevalence; pylori; vol
• Prevalence and Characterization of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infection among Blood Donors in Erbil by Saleh, Goran N.; Taher, Chato A. (2020) - Blood donors with blood Group O were found to have the highest frequency for Table 1: Demographic distribution of the HBV and/or BCV positive samples (positive blood donors) Demographic distribution Frequency (n=%) Test group Age groups (year) Under 25 4 (3.7) 2–35 38 (35) ABS~AT 45 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2020, 4 (1): 45-51 ReseaRch aRticle Prevalence and Characterization of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infection among Blood Donors in Erbil Goran N. Saleh, Chato A. Taher* Department of Basic Science, Microbiology Unit, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq ABSTRACT Blood transmitting infectious disease still remains a considerable global health problem. Keywords: blood; blood donors; donors; hbc; hbs; hbv; hcv; hepatitis; infection; prevalence; virus; vol
• Anti-Toxoplasma, Anti-rubella, and Anti-cytomegalovirus Antibodies in Dumpsite Workers of Erbil Governorate by Juma, Ameena S. M.; Ubeid, Muhsin H.; Salih, Tanya S. (2019) - 85 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2019, 3 (1): 85-89 ReseaRch aRticle Anti-Toxoplasma, Anti-rubella, and Anti-cytomegalovirus Antibodies in Dumpsite Workers of Erbil Governorate Ameena S. M. Juma, Muhsin H. Ubeid, Tanya S. Salih* Department of Biology, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq ABSTRACT The present study aimed to detect the presence of anti-Toxoplasma, anti-rubella, and anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibodies in the sera of dumpsite workers of Erbil Governorate. Keywords: Cytomegalovirus, dumpsite workers, municipal solid waste, rubella, solid waste disposal, Toxoplasma gondii INTRODUCTION Workers handling wastes are at high risk to be exposed to hazardous biological and chemical factors including different vapors, smoke, fumes, and dust in addition to being exposed to chemical substances and infectious pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and even parasites. Keywords: anti; antibodies; dumpsite; igm; infection; rubella; sera; toxoplasma; workers

• Emerging Trends in Applied Mathematics: A Global Perspective by Muhammed-Amin, Dlvan O. (2024) - Keywords: Applied mathematics, emerging trends, machine learning, artificial intelligence, big data analysis, ethical considerations INTRODUCTION Introduction to the Research Topic Applied mathematics is a dynamic and evolving field that plays a pivotal role in various scientific, technological, and industrial applications. Rationale for Studying Emerging Trends in Applied Mathematics The rationale for investigating emerging trends in applied mathematics is grounded in the notion that a deeper understanding of these trends is vital for the advancement of science, technology, and industry. Keywords: analysis; computing; data; learning; machine; mathematics; quantum; research; trends
• The Full Factorial Design Approach to Determine the Attitude of University Lecturers towards e-Learning and Online Teaching due to the COVID-19 Pandemic by Mahmood, Nozad H; Kadir, Dler H.; Birdawod, Hawkar Q. (2022) - The study’s findings indicated that there was no significant relationship between gender and lecturer attitude toward e-learning. • Conduct similar research to obtain additional information about faculty members attitude toward e-learning. • Additional research is recommended to identify some different variables such as (years of experience and scientific titles) that may affect lecturer attitudes toward e-learning. Keywords: attitudes; degree; education; learning; lecturers; −1 −1

• Inhibition of Rac 1 Protect Against Platelet Induced Liver and Kidney ‎Injury in Diabetes Mellitus by Hwaiz, Rundk A.; Sabri, Helen J. (2023) - S. A. Siddiqui, M. M. Or Rashid, M. G. Uddin, F. N. Robel, M. S. Hossain, M. A. Haque and M. Jakaria. S. H. Alzahrani, M. Baig, J. I. Bashawri, M. M. Aashi, F. K. Shaibi and D. A. Alqarni. Keywords: blood; diabetes; diabetic; glucose; kidney; liver; mice; platelet; rac1; role; vol

• Design of Protection Software Using Some Cryptosystems for Cloud Database Files by Jasim, Khalid F.; Zeki, Akram M (2024) - emphasize that there is a demand for more investigations and improvement to overcome the distinguished challenges and progress the unwavering quality and reasonableness of cloud-saving capacity services.[11] Real-world Implementations of Encryption Algorithms Real-world usage of encryption systems reflects the practical need for encryption systems for cloud database security. Real-world executions of these systems reflect the practical importance and the viable utilization of encryption systems in cloud database security. Keywords: aes; algorithms; challenges; cipher; cloud; cloud databases; database; database security; encryption; encryption systems; file; information; key; security; software; systems; vol
• Social Network Privacy Models: A Systematic Literature Review and Directions for Further Research by Al-Rabeeah, Abdullah Abdulabbas Nahi; Hashim, Mohammed Mahdi (2019) - Several studies have built different models explaining mechanisms of user privacy on the internet. Several studies have built causal models explaining mechanisms of user privacy on the internet. Keywords: behavior; concerns; data; information; internet; literature; media; online; privacy; privacy concerns; research; review; sns; studies; study; survey; trust; users; vol; web

• Energy Management in Wireless Sensor Networks for Internet of Things Applications by Ismail, Reem Jafar; Ismae, Samar Jaafar; Ali, Wisam H. (2019) - Energy management in WSNs for IoT applications 49 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2019, 3 (2): 48-52 In, Khan et al.[3] a multistage routing protocol is proposed for energy consuming in WSN, where the data are collected from sensor nodes by transferring it from stage to next stage through CH and forwarder to base station by assuming that the CH is usually at the center of the cluster region and the path is direct from sensor node to the CH in the cluster region. In this research, we developed an efficient energy management algorithm that has the following prosperities: • Nodes are distributed according to Boualem et al.[14] and not randomly, which will affect the overall energy consumption of sensor nodes compared to other protocols • The shortest path between source and destination is not static when same source node sends to same destination node since the path will be updated according to the energy level of intermediate sensor nodes • The controller (CH) will construct an energy map and update it with time since the energy of sensor node is changing with time. Keywords: algorithm; cluster; energy; nodes; region; routing; sensor
• Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Hot Climates via Wall and Roof Insulation Techniques by Rashid, Saya J.; Yaseen, Faten R. (2025) - In hot weather countries where temperature reaches high levels, thermal insulation materials have recently been highly considered due to their low thermal conductivity. Performance characteristics and practical applications of common building thermal insulation materials. Keywords: building; cavity; energy; insulation; material; roof; value; wall
• Computations of the Effects of Flat and Sloped Steps of Stepped Spillways Types on the Size of Stilling Basin Using Computational Fluid Dynamic by Zaid, Pshtiwan O.; Abo, Abdulla A. (2025) - The study found that in stepped spillways, a higher ratio of flow energy dissipation is reached when the number of steps is lowered and the steep slopes are raised. Stepped spillways have become a promising way to improve energy dissipation. Keywords: dissipation; energy; flow; spillway; steps
• Performance Enhancement of Solar Stills: A Comprehensive Review of Methods and Technologies by Baban, Dlair A. (2025) - N. B. Khedher, S. A. M. Mehryan, G. A. A. Alashaari, S. Alshehery, M. Boujelbene and I. Mahariq. J. Mustafa, M. M. Abdullah, S. Husain, S. Alqaed, E. H. Malekshah and M. Sharifpur. Keywords: a. a.; a. e.; a. essa; a. h.; a. m.; a. s.; analysis; cost; energy; enhancement; f. a.; journal; m. m.; m. s.; materials; performance; solar; storage; thermal; vol; water

• Determination of Single Sampling Attribute Plans Based Upon Dodge Roaming Model with Application by Kadir, Dler H.; Khudhur, Azhin M.; Yahya, Rebaz O.; Rahi, AbdulRahim K. (2024) - If we have a production process in which the average number of defects per unit of production is equal to μ (and these defects occur randomly so that the number of defects per unit is independent of the number of defects for any other unit of production), the acceptance probability of the quality product is μ equal to: P P x c e n xr x c n x � �� � � � �� � � � � � 0 ( ) ! � � � � �12 17582 39388 55 4084 2361 Kadir, et al.: Keywords: inspection; plans; quality; sampling; value; x �; � �
• A Comparison between Brown’s and Holt’s Double Exponential Smoothing for Forecasting Applied Generation Electrical Energies in Kurdistan Region by Omer, Ameera W.; Blbas, Hazhar T. A.; Kadir, Dler H. (2021) - Ultimately, the outcomes of parameterization show that the optimal value of α that in DES Brown is (0.22) as well as the optimal MAPE is 9.23616%, whereas in DES Holt the optimal is (0.95) as well as the optimal β is (0.05) through the optimal MAPE of 8.08586%. Brown’s and Holt’s Double Exponential Smoothing 62 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2021, 5 (2): 56-63 Table 10: Forecasting by using DES BROWN and Holt methods Years Months DES Brown DES Holt’s Years Months DES Brown DES Holt’s 2021 1 3063.27 3316.63 2024 1 3109.59 3971.89 2 3064.55 3334.83 2 3110.87 3990.09 3 3065.84 3353.03 3 3112.16 4008.29 4 3067.13 3371.23 4 3113.45 4026.49 5 3068.41 3389.43 5 3114.73 4044.69 6 3069.7 3407.64 6 3116.02 4062.9 7 3070.99 3425.84 7 3117.31 4081.1 8 3072.27 3444.04 8 3118.59 4099.3 9 3073.56 3462.24 9 3119.88 4117.5 10 3074.85 3480.44 10 3121.17 4135.7 11 3076.13 3498.64 11 3122.45 4153.9 12 3077.42 3516.85 12 3123.74 4172.11 2022 1 3078.71 3535.05 2025 1 3125.03 4190.31 2 3079.99 3553.25 2 3126.31 4208.51 3 3081.28 3571.45 3 3127.6 4226.71 4 3082.57 3589.65 4 3128.89 4244.91 5 3083.85 3607.85 5 3130.17 4263.11 6 3085.14 3626.06 6 3131.46 4281.32 7 3086.43 3644.26 7 3132.75 4299.52 8 3087.71 3662.46 8 3134.03 4317.72 9 3089.0 3680.66 9 3135.32 4335.92 10 3090.29 3698.86 10 3136.61 4354.12 11 3091.57 3717.06 11 3137.89 4372.32 12 3092.86 3735.27 12 3139.18 4390.53 2023 1 3094.15 3753.47 2 3095.43 3771.67 3 3096.72 3789.87 4 3098.01 3808.07 5 3099.29 3826.27 6 3100.58 3844.48 7 3101.87 3862.68 8 3103.15 3880.88 9 3104.44 3899.08 10 3105.73 3917.28 11 3107.01 3935.48 12 3108.3 3953.69 approach, is a linear trend calculated by exponentially weighing whole past data values. Keywords: brown; data; des; exponential; generation; holt; mape; smoothing; value

• Long Time Stability Investigation for Structural and Magnetic Properties of Ti-doped Barium Ferrite by Al Saadi, Mohammed Abdul Malek (2019) - VSM results showed increased magnetic properties after storage due to increased iron oxide. It is expected that increasing of replacing of iron ions by Ti ions will decrease the diameter of the crystal; hence, the particle size and porosity will decrease, this is shown by the XRD (1) from the width and low height of the peaks. Keywords: barium; bhf; magnetic; properties; samples
• Correlation between Klebsiella Species’ Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance from Erbil Hospital Patients by M.Hussein, Ali; Jameel, Mohammed Issam; Majeed, Naz R.; Noori, Aya A.; Mohammed, Mina M.; Hamad, Washan N.; Mohammedsaeed, Adyan A. (2024) - The samples were cultured to detect the presence of K. pneumoniae, as it was cultured on MacConkey agar because of being selective for Table 2: Antibiotic susceptibility among Klebsiella samples. Both carriage isolates and isolates linked to clinical symptoms can have urease inactivation capability.[30] The antibiotic susceptibility test in this research was performed by VITEK2 with K. pneumoniae being sensitive to some antibiotics, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (53.33%), ceftriaxone (66.66%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (53.33%) being the least effective while amikacin (100%), piperacillin-tazobactam (96.66%), gentamicin (96.66%), meropenem (96.66%), and ertapenem (96.66%) had the Figure 5: Overall antibiotic susceptibility among Klebsiella samples. Keywords: antibiotics; biofilm; formation; infections; isolates; klebsiella; pneumoniae; resistance; samples; species; susceptibility; vol
• Molecular Analysis of Gram-Negative Bacterial Strains in Patients from Koya City: Implications for Diagnostic Approaches by Hama–Ali, Mohammed A.; Hasan, Ayad H.; Jameel, Mohammed I.; Muhammed, Hewa A.; khazaye, Sada N.; Muhammed Amin, Marwa B.; Muhammedsaid, Khoshy A. (2024) - Following the isolation of bacterial samples, the 16SrRNA gene was targeted using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Previous research emphasizes the importance of considering varied sample sources in bacterial studies to capture the complexity of microbial ecosystems within the human body.[14,15] The inclusion of samples from urine, wounds, vaginal swabs, seminal fluid, and throat swabs broadens the scope of our investigation, shedding light on the potential variations in Gram-negative bacterial prevalence across different physiological niches. Keywords: coli; dna; gene; gram; pcr; pneumoniae; samples; vol; years
• Determination of Elements in Indigenous Vegetables Using ICP-MS by Sadee, Bashdar A. (2022) - Keywords: Heavy metals, ICP-MS, indigenous vegetables, microwave acid digestion, validation INTRODUCTION Recently, more attention has been paid to cumulating of heavy metals and metalloids in vegetables. Beta vulgaris subsp Celery Apium graveolens Garden cress Lepidium sativum L Leek Allium Kurrat Schweinf Spring onion Allium fistulosum Table 2: Limit of detection for Al, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Se (μg g−1 dry weight) measured as the mean+3 SD of the signal of method blank Metals Concentration μg g−1 Al 0.03 Co 0.03 Fe 0.02 Mn 0.02 Ni 0.03 Se 0.05 Zn 0.02 Sadee: Determination of elements in indigenous vegetables using ICP-MS 28 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2022, 6 (1): 26-31 Total Metal Determinations in Vegetables The averaged results of heavy metal concentrations in selected varieties of indigenous vegetables based on dry weight are shown in Table 4 and the literature reported values from various origin of the world from corresponding vegetables are listed in Table 5. Keywords: g−1; metals; samples; vegetables; vol
• Different Concentrations of Honey's Antimicrobial Activity Against ‎Staphylococcus Aureus by HPLC Determination by Thanoon, Raid D.; Alshaeen, Abdalmuhaymen S.; Abdullah, Hasnaa ‎ R.; Abdulhussain, Laith A.; Mohammed, Wurood ‎ J.; Hassan, Abdullah‎ B. (2022) - In addition, the mixture was boiled using a Bunsen burner and then autoclaved for 15 min. Dilution of Honey The three types of honey were tested by taking 10%, 30%, and 50% concentrations respectively from each. In addition, the mixture was boiled using Bunsen burner and then autoclaved for 30–60 min. Dilution of Honey The three types of honey were tested by taking 10%, 20%, and 50% concentrations, respectively, from each. Keywords: activity; agar; antimicrobial; aureus; bacteria; concentrations; honey; journal; samples; test; vol

• Enhancement of the Solubility of Simvastatin by Utilizing Two Distinct Types of Excipient Compositions, L-Isoleucine and Sodium Docusate by Al-Jumaili, Maysra A.; Alamdar, Suzan N.; Noori, Marwa F.; Hamad Ameen, Hewa A.; Abbas, Muhamed A. (2025) - Thus, the most critical phase and important aspect of drug development, especially for oral formulations, is the improvement of drug solubility and, consequently, its oral bioavailability. Drug solubility: Importance and enhancement techniques. Keywords: dispersion; docusate; drug; isoleucine; simvastatin; sodium; solubility; solution; vol; water
• Effect of Drinking Water Hardness on Kidney Stones Formation in Ranya District by Esmail, Akram O.; Qadir, Bahast A.; Hamad, Hawnaz Q. (2020) - The non-significant correlation was recorded between total water hardness of tap water and kidney stone formation, while the negative significant correlation was recorded between Mg-hardness and kidney stone formation with the correlation coefficient value of r = −0.51*. The negative correlation coefficient value of (r = −0.63*) was recorded between water hardness and stone risk index due to the high magnesium content of drinking water in the studied area. Keywords: drinking; effect; formation; hardness; kidney; stone; water
• Physical and Mechanical Properties of an Artificial Aggregate Made up of Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag by Ibrahim, Mais A.; Atmaca, Nihat; Atmaca, Adem (2023) - In addition to the mechanical properties, the workability can also be improved when using artificial aggregate due to its spherical shape.[14] Although some studies resulted in the lower mechanical properties of artificial aggregate concrete compared to normal concrete, artificial aggregate concrete has advantages such as being low-cost, eco-friendly, and lower in dead load.[15-17] The disadvantage of the cold bonding process is the time that the pellets need to gain the required strength,[8] in contrast to the sintering method, in which the pellets gain strength and are ready to use immediately after the sintering is completed.[9] Utilizing cold-bonded and sintered artificial aggregates in concrete production has been investigated in the literature. Keywords: aggregate; cold; ggbfs; properties; strength; vol; water

• Application of Support Vector Machines Kernel Functions for Breast Cancer Detection and Classification: A Comparative Study by Hama Salih, Raz M.; Mahmood, Saman H. (2025) - In this respect, therefore, the present work meets this gap in the literature by comparing the different types of SVM kernels in-depth, as much as possible, and intends to determine which kernel best fits the purpose of detecting and classifying breast cancer, including the discussion of advantages and disadvantages associated with each kernel. Therefore, the literature demonstrates the need to conduct a systematic study of different SVM kernels by using publicly available datasets related to breast cancer. Keywords: breast; cancer; classification; data; functions; kernel; linear; polynomial; rbf; svm; � �

• A New Scheme for Removing Duplicate Files from Smart Mobile Devices: Images as a Case Study by Asaad, Ammar; Alamri, Ali Adil Yassin (2019) - In this paper, we focus on the removal of duplicate images issued from social media apps to mobile device based on proposed image matching scheme that suits with mobile environment and deals of the whole image. In this paper, we present a good scheme to remove from the duplicate files, and we focus on image files as a common case in social apps. Keywords: algorithm; code; device; duplicate; figure; files; huffman; image; index; mobile; scheme; storage
• Analysis the Structures of Some Symmetric Cipher Algorithms Suitable for the Security of IoT Devices by Jasim, Khalid F.; Ismail, Reem J.; Nahi Al-Rabeeah, Abdullah A.; Solaimanzadeh, Soma (2021) - For instance, SPECK 32/64 represents the version that includes Block Size (32 bits), Secret Key (64 bits), parameters (α=7 and β=2), and number of rounds (=22) SPECK 128/256, this version adopts Block Size (128 bits), Secret Key (256 bits), parameters (α=8 and β=3), and number of rounds (=34) ANALYSIS OF LEA CIPHER ALGORITHM The LEA encryption algorithm designed based on the concepts of block ciphers, offered high speed of data encryption, and implemented in software applications. The three versions of LEA encryption algorithm (LEA-128, LEA-192, and LEA-256) supported data confidentiality through data encryptions. Keywords: algorithm; applications; bits; block; cipher; data; devices; encryption; iot; key; round; security; size
• Route Discovery Development for Multiple Destination Using Artificial Ant Colony: Google MAP Case Study by Ismail, Reem J.; Shukur, Mohammed H.; Ismael, Samar J. (2022) - Table 5: The error percentage of Google MAP compared to the result of ACO Algorithm for multiple destination route planning with five cities Routes when the source node is Family Mall Multiple destination route Total Distance/ km Error Related to ACO=26 Google Map path 1 Havalan, Hawleri New, Shariy ANDAZYARAN, Hewa City 31.9 23% Google Map path 2 Shariy ANDAZYARAN, Hawleri New, Hewa City, Havalan 29.6 14% Google Map path 3 Hawleri New, Shariy ANDAZYARAN, Hewa City, Havalan 27.4 5% Table 7: The error percentage of Google MAP compared to the result of ACO Algorithm for Multiple destination route planning with four cities Routes when the source node is Family Mall Multiple destination route Total Distance/ km Error Related to ACO=27.1 Google Map path 5 Italian City 2, Shaways, Zin city 30.2 12% Google Map path 6 Zin city, Shaways, Italian City 2 40.5 50% Google Map path 7 Italian City 2, Zin city, Shaways 42.4 57% Table 6: Compare ACO algorithm for multiple destination of cities in Erbil with Google map Routes when the source node is Family Mall Multiple destination route Total distance/km Google Map path 5 Italian City 2, Shaways, Zin city 30.2 Google Map path 6 Zin city, Shaways, Italian City 2 40.5 Google Map path 7 Italian City 2, Zin city, Shaways 42.4 ACO Algorithm for Multiple destination route planning path 8 Shaways, Zin city, Italian CiVty 2 27.1 Figure 22: ACO Algorithm for multiple destination route planning develops the Google Map application to optimize the route when it is used for multiple destination and when the route is updated with a new destination. Keywords: aco; algorithm; cities; city; destination; google; map; path; planning; route

• Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector Inherent Techniques Comparison for Detecting and Eliminating the Black Hole Attack Nodes in Mobile Ad Hoc Network by Qasmarrogy, Ghassan A.; Almashhadani, Yazen S. (2020) - Finally, both techniques show good delay and throughput to detect the problem of black hole attack nodes, but these techniques work only in one run transmission, new protocols needed to detect multiple runs from the 1st time. Moreover, when the number of suspicious nodes becomes equal or more than the sender nodes, the throughput will be equal to zero. Keywords: attack; data; hole; node; packet; routing
• Enhancing Wireless Sensor Networks Routing Protocols based on Cross Layer Interaction by Ismail, Reem J.; Jasim, Khalid F.; Ismael, Samar J.; Solaimanzadeh, Soma A. M. (2021) - Wireless sensor nodes transceiver operates at the high frequencies and high sampling rates to have specific RF signal processing.[15,16] The distance that a RF signal can be transmitted depends on several hardware factors of wireless sensor nodes, includes: 1. The aim of this research is to enhance WSN routing protocols based on proposed cross-layer interaction between physical layer and network layer also a proposed routing table information of wireless sensor nodes is developed to consider the transmission power of neighbor’s nodes to determine the next hop. Keywords: cross; interaction; layer; nodes; power; protocols; routing; sensor; wireless

• Knowledge and Awareness Towards Food Drug Interaction Among Pharmacists in Erbil City by Shahrokhisahneh, Behnaz; Mahmoud, Noor O.; Najmadin, Rangin; Abdulwahab, Ala H.; Hamasalh, Sima S. (2024) - Higher percentage of pharmacist with master or Ph.D degree (Higher education level) was aware of the importance of food and drug interaction among the senior citizens due to increasing the likelihood of occurrence of food and drug interaction. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding drug interactions among community pharmacists. Keywords: awareness; bachelor; drug; education; fdi; food; institute; interaction; knowledge; level; participants; pharmacists; table; vol
• Design of RF Frontend Unit to Avoid Intermodulation Using Arduino Uno by Mohammed, Adil H.; Almashhadani, Yazen S.; Abdulfattah, Ahmad N. (2022) - The second block for reading the value of signal level and comparing with the reference level which is considered high signal level, that will be in the third block, the decision from the 4th block, if that level is high so the decision to stop receive the signal by setting pins (2, 3, and 4) high to change SPST to off, and waiting for time delay and change pins (2, 3, and 4) again. THE RF FRONTEND DESIGN The frontend unit has a very important function to keep the receivers operating in the linear region of the mixer and signal amplifiers behavior without entering the non-linear regions were to avoid generating unwanted frequencies that generated by intermodulation within the intermediate frequency working range, and to ensure that it operates within its operating frequency band, and to maintain signal levels entered at a specific and controlled level. Keywords: arduino; dbm; figure; frontend; input; intermodulation; level; receiver; signal
• Electromagnetic Field Pollution Level Measurement for Mobile Phone Networks at Cihan University-Erbil by Mohammed, Adil H. (2023) - The main advantage of Massive MIMO is the ability to serve multiple users and multiple devices simultaneously within a condensed area by very narrow beam by deploying beamforming technology[8] Figure 2; due to the high gain of these antennas, a meager power can be transmitted from the base stations compare to Table 1: SAR limit guideline[4] Guideline SAR limit - Head, neck, and trunk Health Canada Safety Code 1.6 W/kg averaged over 1 g of tissue Europe 2.0 W/kg average over any 10 g of tissue Australia 1.6 W/kg averaged over 1 g of tissue US 1.6 W/kg averaged over 1 g of tissue India 1.6 W/kg averaged over 1 g of tissue ICNIRP 2.0 W/kg average over any 10 g of tissue SAR: Specific absorption rate Figure 2: Massive multi input multi output beamforming Figure 1: Antenna radiating for mobile base station Meanwhile; we believe the radiation from mobile handsets results higher SAR level to the users when they are in call or data usages comparing to the SAR level from base station at Cihan University. Keywords: antenna; base; level; mobile; sar; tissue; � �

• Characterization of Lactobacillus Isolates from Human Mouth and Feces as Probiotics by Ali, Wala’a Sh.; Reza, Aya T. (2020) - Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journal (CUESJ) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Ali and Reza: Lactobacillus isolates from human mouth and feces as probiotics 8 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2020, 4 (1): 7-12 Acid Tolerance Test Fresh broth cultures of Lactobacillus isolates (Lb2, Lb9, and Lb10) were used at concentration of 1.5×108 CFU/ml according to McFarland tube The pronounced colonies were counted, and results were recorded corresponding to control.[20] Bile Salt Tolerance Test Fresh broth cultures of Lactobacillus isolates (Lb2, Lb9, and Lb10) were used at the concentration of 1.5×108 CFU/ml according to McFarland tube No. 0.5. Keywords: bile; isolates; journal; lactobacillus; lb2; lb9; probiotic; vol
• Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern, Molecular Characterization of Virulence Genes among Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated from Burn Patients by Younus, Mustafa D.; Bahjat, Omar F.; Rashid, Sirwan A. (2021) - Figure 2: PCR amplification of plch, Pvda, and Protease virulence genes of P. aeruginosa through multiplex PCR, lanes 6 negative control, lanes 7, 8, 9, and 10 represent amplified genes with product size amplicon size (307 bp, 1281 bp, and 752 bp) of P. aeruginosa isolates, M representing the ladder 100 bp Figure 1: PCR amplification of exoT, exoU, exoA, plch, Pvda, LasB, and Protease virulence genes of P. aeruginosa through multiplex PCR, lanes (l, 2, 3, 4, and 5) represent amplified genes with product size amplicon size (152 bp, 134 bp, 207 bp, 307 bp, 1281 bp, 300 bp, and 752 bp) of P. aeruginosa isolates, M representing the ladder 100 bp Younis, et al.: The zones of inhibition were interpreted and measured.[12] Color Production by P. aeruginosa Isolates All isolates had been inoculated on cetrimide agar, incubated for 18–24 h by streaking method at 37°C, and then, the pigment production was examined.[13] DNA Extraction Protocol Two hundred microliters of overnight growth were centrifuged for 30 s at 13,000 rpm, after that 1.5 ml was separated from supernatant in 2 ml microcentrifugal tube. Keywords: aeruginosa; genes; isolates; min; multiplex; pcr; pseudomonas; virulence; vol
• A Microbiological Survey of Ear Infections in Inhabitants of Erbil City by kamil, Treska D.; Juma, Ameena S. M.; Ubeid, Muhsin H. (2022) - i Figure 3: Types and numbers of bacterial species cultured from ear infections 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 Figure 4: Ages of patients included in ear infections study Bacterial Isolates Pseudomonas spp. was found to be the predominant bacteria isolated from ear infection, 35 (43%). Ear infections are unpleasant, because he inflammation causes the eardrum to swell.[2] The most common respiratory infection in children is middle ear infection, also recognized as otitis media. Keywords: antibiotic; bacteria; children; ear; infections; isolates; otitis; vol
• Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Enterococcus spp. Isolated from Poultry Feces by Makky, Essam A.; Thanoon, Raid D.; Kumar, Yashab (2019) - CONCLUSION The total isolates of E. faecium and E. faecalis were found to be resistant to vancomycin E. faecium. VRE is frequently reported from hospitals in the USA and Europe.[19] There is a paucity of information on vancomycin resistance in enterococci from our country.[20] Since chicken meat and products are highly consumed by human beings and influx of virulence genes from enterococci of chicken origin to human intestinal tract is a possible route; therefore, it is desirable to study the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Enterococcus spp. Keywords: antibiotic; enterococcus; faecalis; faecium; isolates; resistance; susceptibility; vancomycin; vol

• The Prevalence of Microorganisms and Antibiotics Activity Tests of Natural and Industrial Products in Surgical Site Infections in Referral Hospitals in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region – Iraq by Thanoon, Raid D.; Mohammed, Yara M. (2021) - In hospitals, neonatal infections, operative care for the elderly and malnutrition, and individuals with diabetes and other chronic diseases, S. aureus is an important source of infection.[26] The minimal number of S. aureus sensitivity found in the results of this investigation against TE and C was compatible with studies published in Eritrea by certain Nigerian employees.[27,28] Sensitivity to RF, TE, NET, and the other antibiotics resistance for S. aureus such as C, OX, CRO, IPM, CAZ, APX, and CRO did not match the findings of Chowdhury et al.,[29] Two patients from the maternity hospital were cultivated with MacConkey agar and the mannitol salt agar had a negative result and a positive result of S. aureus bacteria and specimens were taken from females. Keywords: activity; agar; aureus; bacteria; cinnamon; epidermidis; hospital; infections; proteus; s. aureus; site; staphylococcus; vol
• Proteinase Inhibitors of Pigeonpea cv. BSMR 736: Characterization and Bioefficacy Against Helicoverpa Armigera by Shaikh, Faiyaz K.; Bradosty, Sarwan W.; Gadge, Prafull P.; Jaiwal, Bhimrao V.; Padul, Manohar V.; Patil, Ajit B. (2022) - Rehydration of IPG strips was carried out using buffer comprising 2% CHAPS (w/v), 0.2% (v/v) IPG buffer, 2M thiourea, 7M urea, pigeonpea PIs, and trace of BPB dye. Effects of pH on PPTI The buffer systems, that is, 100 mM glycine-HCl (pH 2), 100 mM sodium citrate (pH 4 and 6), 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8), and 100 mM glycine-NaOH (pH 10, 12) were used to study effect of H+ ion concentrations on PPTI activity using standard assay parameters. Keywords: activity; armigera; figure; gel; inhibitors; pigeonpea; pis; ppti; proteins; trypsin; vol
• In Vitro Screening of Seed Extracts of Medicinal Plants for Protease Inhibitory Activity by Shaikh, Faiyaz Khudaboddin; Bradosty, Sarwan W.; Hamad, Saber W.; Shinde, Ashok A. (2019) - “PLANT-PIs: A database for plant protease inhibitors and their genes”. Keywords: Dot blot, protease inhibitors, proteases, protein, trypsin INTRODUCTION Proteases or peptidases (E.C. 3.4) are one of the largest and the most diverse families of enzymes which selectively catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in proteins.[1,2] Proteases are physiologically vital in all living organisms for cell growth, cell differentiation and death (apoptosis), cell migration, and invasion and are abundant in a wide variety of sources starting from viruses, bacteria, protozoa, metazoan, or fungi ending with plants and animals.[3,4] They perform a variety of functions during the vital processes in organism such as food digestion, blood clotting, embryogenesis, tissue reorganization (e.g., wound healing, regeneration, molting, metamorphosis, etc.), defense mechanisms, and immune responses.[5,6] From the analysis of several genomes, it is estimated and found that about 2–4% of all gene products are proteases with more than 560 members.[7,8] Proteases are intricately involved in the protein catabolism and their action can be divided into two different categories: Limited proteolysis and unlimited proteolysis. Keywords: activity; inhibitor; pis; plants; protease; protein; trypsin; vol; y y
• Exploration of Amylases Producing Competency of Helicoverpa armigera Gut Bacterial Strain, Bacillus subtilis RTSBA6 6.00 by Shinde, Ashok A.; Shaikh, Faiyaz K.; Bradosty, Sarwan W.; Kachole, Manvendra S. (2019) - Initial screening for amylase activity was assessed by starch agar plate. Initial detection of amylase activity was carried on starch agar plate. Keywords: activity; amylase; armigera; gut; rtsba6; starch; subtilis; vol

• Enhanced Smart Industry Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Factory: Status, Challenges and Perspectives by Ismail, Reem J.; Hashim, Wassan A.; Ali, Israa T.; Hussein, Sara J. (2024) - It Table 1: Protocols for smart industry wireless sensor networks Protocol Specifications Descriptions Zigbee Standard: IEEE 802.15.4 Frequency: 2.4 GHz and 900 MHz Low-cost, power-efficient, limited connections Used inside building/home automation with embedded sensing Distance range: Up to 50 m. Bluetooth Standard: IEEE 802.15.1 Frequency: 2.4 GHz Low cost, moderate power Used with different user devices Distance range: <100 m. Wi-Fi Standard: IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac Frequency: 2.4 GHz and 5GHz Higher data rate, Higher power consumption The wireless standard developed for commercial/consumer use Distance range: 100–200 m. Ismail, et al.: Keywords: Smart factory, wireless sensor network, energy management, digital twin model, decision-making INTRODUCTION Keywords: data; decision; factory; making; networks; sensor; vol; wireless

• Effect Of Deep Thermal Therapy on Knee Osteoarthritis by Sharif, Noora N.; Saleh, karzan N.; Salih, Tanya S.; Mohammad, Asma G. (2024) - Table 1 provides a graphical representation of pain scores over time, highlighting the trend in pain reduction for the group. The physical diagnosis was obtained through medical history, pain score, and swelling by Tap measurements. Keywords: knee; osteoarthritis; pain; participants; therapy; treatment

• Fungal Contamination of Automobile Air Conditioner System with Reference to Aqueous Extract Effect of Dodonaea viscosa on Aspergillus fumigatus by Al-Bader, Salah M.S.; Zefenkey, Zean; Ubeid, Muhsin H. (2025) - Antifungal Activity of Dodonaea viscosa Oil against Fungi from Car Air conditioner 33 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2025, 9 (1): 32-35 Jo and Lee examined the overall colony-forming unit both before and after turning on the car’s air conditioning. Antifungal Activity of Dodonaea viscosa Oil against Fungi from Car Air conditioner 34 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2025, 9 (1): 32-35 in the present study Keywords: air; aspergillus; fungal; fungi; viscosa; vol
• Indoor Airborne Fungal community in an Experimental Animal Hall and their Risks and Control Using Essential Oil Vapors by Al-Bader, Salah M.; Hussein , Mohammed M.; Moqbel, Fahmi S. (2025) - Analysis of Fungal Communities A 138 CFU related to eight isolates for the indoor air samples were recovered from indoor air samples, representing eight distinct fungal taxa [Table 1]. The persistence of conidia in indoor and outdoor air, especially in humid or dusty environments, increases exposure risk.[12] Table 1: Fungal isolates of indoor air samples: (CFU)=colony forming units, (O%)=occurrence%, (F%)=frequency%, (IVI)=Importance Value Index No. Keywords: air; alternaria; animal; aspergillus; cfu; fungi; indoor; outdoor; vol

• Detection and Evaluation of Effective of Digital Communication of Drug on Human Body by Jalal, Zakaria K.; Mohammed, Abdulrazak A.; Mohammed, Adil H. (2020) - Therefore, this paper expresses the detection and evaluation of (the signal of sound frequency) which influence the human brain, it has been measured some frequency by programming in the mobile and found a trend to detect such frequencies and a way to produce a human being from it. Nowadays, there is a wide using of mobile and internet from various ages, due to some bad systems which they work to send signals (sound wave frequency) within the music or will be spread to affect the brain of the humankind. Keywords: digital; frequency; sound; wave
• Simulation of Moving Target Indication Radar System Based on VisSim/Comm Application by QasMarrogy, Ghassan A.; Ahmad, Husham J. (2021) - This paper introduces a method of simulation of MTI radar signals including, A-scope radar display, transmitted and returned radar pulses with constant and multiple pulse repetition frequency, n-delay line cancellers. Simulation of Various MTI Radar Signals Simulation of MTI radar signals is presented in Figure 5 as blocks. Keywords: delay; figure; frequency; mti; radar; signal; simulation; target

• Investigating the Inhibitory Effect of Silver Nanoparticles against Some Species of Candida and Pathogenic Bacteria by Hasan, Alaa M.; Abdul Majeed, Sura M.; Al-Bahrani, Rusol M. (2020) - “Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles against Candida spp”. “Poly (lactide-co-glycolide)/silver Figure 5: Inhibition zone of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) (N) against several isolates of Candida; (a) Candida guillermondii; (b), Candida albicans; (c), Candida zeylanoides; (d), Candida spp. Keywords: agnps; albicans; candida; nanoparticles; silver; vol

• A Comparison of Chemical Compounds between Anti-Diabetic Drug and Some Medicinal Plants by Hussein, Ali M.; Salahalddin, Rayan S.; Taha, Zhala B.; Majeed, Hawri A.; Muhialdin, Ali J.; Faraj, Rahman K. (2022) - Many recent studies and most health experts recommend basil seed as a better Metformin substitute. The research investigates why patients who consume basil seeds have a similar response to those who take Metformin. Keywords: basil; chemical; diabetes; insulin; metformin; seeds; vol

• Cytotoxic Effects of Pistacia khinjuk Seed Extracts on Different Cell Lines and its Mitogenic Effects on Blood Lymphocyte In Vitro by Ahmad, Reshna K.; Dizaye, Kawa F.; AL-Asady, Asaad A. (2020) - The cytotoxic effects of P. khinjuk seed extracts were evaluated on two tumor cell lines, RD and murine mammary adenocarcinoma (AMN-3) and one normal cell line, murine fibroblast (L20B). In another study, Taran et al. investigated the antimicrobial activity of the leaves of P. khinjuk and they found that some major constituents of essential oil from the aerial parts of P. khinjuk extracts showed antibacterial and antifungal activities.[1] Keywords: cell; effects; extract; khinjuk; line; methanolic; p. khinjuk; pistacia; pistacia khinjuk; seeds

• A Comparison Between New Modification of Adaptive Nadaraya-Watson Kernel and Classical Adaptive Nadaraya-Watson Kernel Methods in Nonparametric Regression: A Simulation Study by Blbas, Hazhar T. A.; Kahwachi, Wasfi T. (2021) - 2- New proposed method estimator for MAD was more reliable than any of the other classical methods for both simulation and specific data because the absolute mean difference in MAD gives lower value of MSE. 3- New proposed method estimator for SD was more reliable than any of the other classical methods for both simulation and current data using MSE criteria. Keywords: anw; estimator; kernel; methods; new; regression; � �

• Influence of Locally Sourced Recycled Tire Steel Fibers and Waste Aluminum on the Strength and Absorption Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete by Othman, Paywand M.; Awdel, Bengin M. (2025) - An experimental study on the tensile strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete. Evaluation of orientation factors influencing the shear and flexural behavior of elements in steel fiber reinforced concrete. Keywords: aluminum; compressive; concrete; fiber; figure; properties; steel; strength; tensile; vol; wal; waste
• Impact of Textiled-Poly Bags as Economic and Environmentally Friendly Recycled Fibers on Mechanical Features of Soil by Ahmed, Heba A. (2023) - The relation between ODD and length of TPB fiber is demonstrated in Figure 5, which could summarize the impact of fiber length and its content on the values of ODD. The relation between OWC and length of TPB fiber is demonstrated in Figure 6, which could summarize the impact of fiber length and its content on the values of OMC. Keywords: fiber; impact; length; resistance; soil; tpb; tpb fiber; utilizing; vol; waste

• Improving the Level of Service of a Portion of 60-M Ring-Road in Erbil City by Qadr, Dlzar B.; Mohammed, Shorsh A.; Hasan, Ibrahim A.; Mohammed Ali, Rawand F. (2019) - On a larger scale, the existence Figure 2: Histogram of observed speed vehicles during peak hour Figure 3: Cumulative distribution Qadr, et al.: It is highly recommended that construction of bridge ramps may increase the space mean speed (vs) of vehicles traveling on the road segment, avoiding conflicts between vehicles moving from branch roads to the left turns against straight forward moving vehicles located on 60-m wide ring road. Keywords: los; ring; road; speed; traffic

• A Proposed Model for Build a Secure Restful API to Connect between Server Side and Mobile Application Using Laravel Framework with Flutter Toolkits by AL-atraqchi, Osama M.A. (2022) - INTRODUCTION These days, mobile applications are essential and widely used, and they also provide the best environment for using sensors for Internet of Things (IoT) systems, which are also widely used.[1] However, since we cannot create any application without a central data source to enable user sharing of data and resources, the computability between systems, especially client and server environments, becomes a problem.[2] Using Application Programming Interface (API) is the best solution to communicate between data sources on the server side and the applications on the client side.[3] Building a secure API for mobile applications is not an easy issue, especially with the presence of many languages, tools, and frameworks. Keywords: api; application; building; figure; flutter; framework; jwt; laravel; mobile; web

• Automatic Identification of Communication Signals Using Zero-Crossing Based Techniques by Qas Marrogy, Emanuel S. H. (2019) - Keywords: Zero-Crossing, communication signals, modulation, digital signal, analog signal, algorithms INTRODUCTION The analysis of zero-crossing technique describes one of the several techniques, which make the use of the information pertaining to the locations in time of successive zero-crossing of a time waveform. Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journal (CUESJ) Marrogy: Automatic identification of communication signals using zero-crossing based techniques 26 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2019, 3 (2): 25-30 Where z = t + J u; a complex variable whose real axis coincides with the real-time axis s (z) along the real axis coincides with s (t)), zn is the location of the nth zero. Keywords: crossing; figure; modulation; signal; zeros; � �

• Bromodomain Inhibitor JQ1 as a Candidate Therapeutic Agent in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma by Albadri, Cinaria T. (2020) - Our results report that JQ1 has tumor-suppressive effects as it significantly ceased cellular activity in MPM cell lines. A panel of mesothelioma cell lines has been assembled and utilized for this project. Keywords: benign; bet; brd4; cell; expression; inhibitor; jq1; lines; mesothelioma; mpm; transcript

• The Essential Pheromonal Elements of the Mouse Preputial Gland in Castrated Treated Mice by Homady, Merza H.; Majeed, Ali A.; Al-Haideri‎, Maysoon T.; Younis‎, Mustafa T. (2022) - Sections of preputial glands from castrated group The main source of pheromones in the mice are preputial glands that are rich in wax esters, triglycerides, and Table 1: The essential pheromonal compounds present in the preputial glands of: intact control mice, castrated, and castrated treated with testosterone Number of essential pheromones Control (intact subjects) Castrated subjects Castrated treated with testosterone 1 -Farnesene β - - 2 (E)- α.-Farnesene and α.-Farnesene α.-Farnesene - 3 1- Tetradecanol 1- Keywords: compounds; glands; homady; mice; pheromones; preputial; testosterone; vol

• Study of Shear Transfer in Modified Push-Off Members Using Finite Elements Method: A Comparative Study by Muhodir, Sabih H. (2022) - It has been found that, for modified push-off specimens of groups without shear reinforcement across the shear plane the diagonal tension crack within the shear plane occurred at the load level which is closely to the ultimate shear strength respectively, while for specimens with both shear and parallel reinforcement, the first crack formed at about (33.7–53.0%) of the ultimate strength, also the investigation showed that the presenting of the shear reinforcement normal to the shear plane are significantly increased the shear transfer stress for all levels of loading. The failure criteria given by equation (4) holds for member with shear reinforcement by adding the contribution of the shear reinforcement which can be given by the reinforcement parameter (ρ.fy) to the normal stress (σn), therefore, |τ| = C – (σn – ρfy) tan∅ (11) MATERIAL AND SPECIMENS CHARACTERIZATION Keywords: concrete; plane; reinforcement; shear; specimens; strength; stress; study; transfer

• A Genetic Disaster of Human Cloning: Ethical and Scientific Implications by Jasim, Yaser A. (2022) - However, 1 day it may be possible to transplant an embryo produced from (genetically modified) stem cells to a woman’s womb to treat infertility or to avoid genetic disorders.[22] Cloning through embryo splitting has been widely utilized in sheep and cattle to improve the output of progeny from genetically high-grade parents, from the 2-cell Figure 1: Human cloning process[4] Jasim: A genetic disaster of human cloning: Ethical and scientific implications 55 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2022, 6 (1): 53-56 stage up to the blastocyst stage. CONCLUSION Overall, a variety of scientific and ethical challenges with embryo splitting or nuclear transfer human cloning emerges three aspects: (1) Risk assessment, which entails performing the advantages and drawbacks study of cloning in its many Jasim: A genetic disaster of human cloning: Ethical and scientific implications 56 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2022, 6 (1): 53-56 forms, as well as their possibilities. Keywords: cell; cloning; embryo; human; nuclear; splitting; transfer; vol

• The Piriformis Syndrome: Evaluation of Seven Cases by Mousa, Farhad Mustafa; Bakr, Zainab Aziz (2019) - The history and physical findings are key elements in differentiating the more Figure 3: Pace test: Pain and weakness are present on resisted abduction-external rotation of the thigh AQ1 Figure 4: It is combination of abduction and external rotation test, it is positive in all cases AQ1 Figure 1: Piriformis sign: More external rotation in the same side of pain AQ1 Figure 2: Freiberg sign: Pain occurs with passive internal rotation of the extended thigh when the patient is supine AQ1 Mousa and Bakr: Piriformis syndrome 73 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2019, 3 (1): 71-74 common forms of LBP and Piriformis syndrome. 71 http://journals.cihanuniversity.edu.iq/index.php/cuesj CUESJ 2019, 3 (1): 71-74 ProsPective and semiexPrimental The Piriformis Syndrome: Evaluation of Seven Cases Farhad Mustafa Mousa*, Zainab Aziz Bakr Department of Physiotherapy, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq ABSTRACT Low back pain is one of the causes of Piriformis syndrome. Keywords: cases; muscle; pain; piriformis; sign; surgery; syndrome; vol

• Evaluation of Construction Delay of Public Projects in Erbil Governorate by Ali, Noori Sadeq; Wali, Khalil Ismail (2019) - Usually, majority of project delay occurs during construction phase, where unforeseen factors (environmental concerns and restrictions, ground conditions, etc.) are always involved. DATA ANALYSIS The author used various factors related to project delay. Keywords: causes; conditions; construction; construction projects; contractor; delay; index; owner; projects

• Performance Evaluation and Simulation of M-Ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Schemes with VisSim/Comm Software by Ahmad, Husham Jawad (2019) - QAM modulations are classified into two types, according to the geometric shape of their constellations. Therefore, a need for studying and evaluating the performance of QAM modulation schemes is an important task for designers. Keywords: amplitude; ary; comm; efficiency; modulation; qam; schemes; vissim

• Stability-Indicating and RP-HPLC Method for Analyzing Amlodipine Besylate in Commercially Available Drug Products in Kurdistan, Iraq by Qasim, Faroq O.; Sher Mohammed, Nidhal M.; Yousif, Nzar I.; Fattah, Muhammed H. (2024) - However, In terms of comparison, drug products (awalodipine and amloneer) manufactured in Kurdistan/Iraq can compete with other companies with their high quality. J. S. A. Shaikh, S. Raut, A. Abdul and M. A. A. K. Pathan. Keywords: amlodipine; degradation; degrade; hplc; method; products; stability; vol

• Empower E-wallets Payment System by using Secured Hybrid Approach of Online and Offline Services by Shukur, Mohammed H.; Ismail, Reem J.; Flaih, Laith R. (2022) - This technology powers e-wallet payments shown in Screen 3. Its shows 145 users have no e-wallet application, while only 105 has e-wallet application. Keywords: application; offline; online; payment; user; wallet

• Effect of Isatis spp. Extraction on the Growth of Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans by Odabaş-Serin, Zehra; M.Hussein, Ali; Taha, Zhala B. (2020) - Water concentration Ethanol concentration Methanol concentration 25% 50% 75% 25% 50% 75% 25% 50% 75% I. tinctoria Flower C. albicans 85.75 (0.96) 82.75 (0.50) 80.25 (0.96) 81.00 (0.82) 79.00 (0.82) 72.50 (1.29) 73.00 (1.15) 71.75 (0.50) 62.00 (1.41) A. niger 84.00 (0.82) 82.50 (1.29) 79.00 (0.82) 81.25 (0.96) 80.00 (0.82) 78.00 (1.41) 69.75 (0.50) 68.00 (0.82) 61.25 (0.50) Leaf C. albicans 84.50 (2.38) 80.75 (0.96) 79.50 (1.29) 79.75 (1.26) 78.75 (0.96) 77.75 (0.96) 70.5 (0.58) 69.25 (0.50) 62.00 (1.41) A. niger 84.00 (0.82) 81.00 (0.82) 79.25 (0.96) 80.25 (1.71) 78.75 (0.96) 77.50 (0.58) 70.25 (0.50) 68.50 (1.00) 62.75 (0.50) Stem C. albicans 84.75 (0.96) 82.25 (2.06) 80.50 (0.58) 82.00 (0.82) 80.50 (0.58) 73.00 (1.83) 73.50 (1.29) 70.25 (0.50) 63.25 (1.50) A. niger 84.50 (1.29) 82.75 (0.96) 80.00 (0.82) 81.25 (0.50) 79.25 (0.96) 78.50 (0.58) 70.75 (0.96) 69.50 (1.29) 61.75 (0.50) I. tinctoria: Isatis tinctoria, C. albicans: Candida albicans, A. niger: Aspergillus niger Table 2: Fungi test results of I. busichaina. The following table is showed the effect of Isatis tinctoria on A. niger ATCC 16404 and C. albicans ATCC 10231 growth. Keywords: albicans; atcc; extraction; flower; methanol; niger

• Investigation Light Curve Analysis for Short Period Eclipsing Binary CN Andromeda by Hussein, Chiman I. (2023) - The majority of star systems are multi or binary star (BS) ones. These coefficients are needed when analyzing light curves for eclipsing binary stars analyzed to facilitate getting numerical values for their relative and absolute characteristics. Keywords: astronomy; binary; curve; journal; light; parameters; period; star; vol

• Estimating Hazard Function through Reliability Function and Empirical Methods by Khudhur, Azhin M.; Hama Noory, Shvan A.; Abdulkareem, Bestoon M. (2024) - Mean and variance time to failure Mean E(t) Time to Failure: E t tf t dt� � � � ��0 � � � �� R t dt0 � (5) i lnL t t t t n ln t ( ) 2 1 2 3 1 3 2, , , , 2 β β β β =∂ … = − + ∂ ∑ n in i tlnL t t t t n (19) Then, equaling to zero, we get � � ���2 2 01 2 3 n t i n i � � n t i n i � � � �� 1 2 3 Figure 2: Reliability function Figure 4: Rayleigh function over timeFigure 3: Hazard function Khudhur, et al.: Keywords: f t; failure; function; r t; reliability; t n; t t; t �; � �

• The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Sports Analytics and Training by Mohammed, Adil H.; Othman, Zhian J.; Abdullah, Abdulqadir I. (2024) - Our review identifies three types of sports data used in sports visualization. Sports data visualization methods are classified into five categories based on data characteristics. Keywords: data; figure; game; referee; sports; team; var; visualization

• Single and Double Stub Tuner Impedance Matching of Microwave Circuits Using Mathcad Software by Ahmad, Husham J.; Mahmood, Firas M.Z. (2024) - Design procedure of single shunt (short circuited) stubs impedance matching networks using the smith chart. Figure 2.1: Capacitive impedance load single stub matching results. Keywords: l l; stub

• Sand Clock and The Concept of Time in Einstein’s Theory of Relativity by Amin, Waria O. (2021) - He is famous for the father of relativity theory, for being the author of special relativity and general relativity, which were the first building blocks of modern theoretical physics. He developed number geometry and used engineering methods to solve problems in number theory, mathematical physics, and the theory of relativity. Keywords: relativity; sand; theory

• Grid to Ground Solutions in Construction Projects by Ahmed, Shamal F. (2022) - Keywords: Global navigation satellite system, total station, grid ground distance, scale factor, conversion INTRODUCTION Now in many construction projects, different instruments are used for surveying purposes such as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Total Station (TS). The engineering construction projects are designed based on ground distances although rapid static works on grid coordinate system, where the distances between points vary from the ground. Keywords: difference; distances; grid; ground; points

Epilogue

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Created: 2025-12-23