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CMI 03 (02), 312−317 (2022)

ORIGINAL ARTICLE 

Charecteristics of Pressure Sore of Spinal Cord Injury Patients Attentded at 

Crp. 

Md. Mahbub Hossain
1
, Most.Rabia Khatun

2
, Umme Habiba

3

Corresponding Author:
 
Md. Mahbub Hossain

Abstract: 

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to identify the Characteristics of pressure sore of spinal cord injury 

patients attended at CRP. 

Objectives: To evaluate the characteristics of pressure sore among spinal cord injury patient attended at 

CRP. 

Methodology: Method of the study was a cross sectional type of descriptive study which was conducted 

through face to face interviews, by using questionnaire with informed consent of the participants. Data 

were numerically coded and used in Excel and SPSS 20 version software program. 

Result: Most of the participants had pressure sore 43% (n=13) participants were buttocks, 17 %( n=5) 

participants had pressure sore in coccyx region, 26% (n=8) participants had pressure sore in sacral region 

and 13 %( n=4) participants had pressure sore in leg. Among 30 participants, According to the degree of 

pressure sore, 13% (n=4) participants had one degree of pressure sore, 30% (n=9) participants had two 

degree of pressure sore, 40% (n=12) participants had three degree of pressure sore and 17% (n=5) 

participants had four degree of pressure sore. 

Conclusion: Pressure sore is a serious complicated among SCI patients for which a lot of patients are 

dying every year. We must prevent pressure sore in order to improve rehab serious of SCI at institutional 

setting. Hospitals admit neurological impaired patients including SCI must administered appropriate 

measure to prevent ulcer.  

Key words: Pressure sore, Spinal cord injury, Causes of pressure sore, Convulsion, Urinary incontinence, 

Lifting. 

1.1 Background: 

Pressure ulcers are one of the most common 

secondary complications of spinal cord injury 

(SCI) ( Kroll et al., 2007). Increasing prevalence 

rates amongst individuals with SCI are attributed 

to repeatedly spending prolonged periods of time 

in the seated position coupled with limited 

mobility and sensation ( Chen et al., 2005). 

1
Lecturer of PMK Nursing College, Department of Nursing, Palli Mongal Karmosuchi,Zirabo, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 

Bangladesh
1
. 

2
Principal of PMK Nursing College, Department of Nursing, Palli Mongal Karmosuchi,Zirabo, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 

Bangladesh
2
. 

3
Nursing Officer (S.S.N) of National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Rehabilitation (NITOR), Department of Nursing, 

Sher-E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207, and Bangladesh3. 

Supplementary information The online version of this article contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized 

users. Jan-Erik Lane 2022; Published by Current Science, Inc. This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the 

Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0),which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and 

reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

CMI 03 (02), 312−317 MANUSCRIPT CENTRAL 312

Clinical Medicine Insights 

https://doi.org/10.52845/CMI/2022-3-2-5
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0),which


Within rehabilitation, individuals with SCI are 

taught and encouraged to perform regular 

repositioning movements in order to redistribute 

the build-up of pressure around the ischial 

tuberosity and sacral regions. These repositioning 

movements include vertical push-ups, lateral and 

forward leans. Although recommended as often as 

every 15–30 minutes (National Pressure Ulcer 

Advisory Panel, 2007). Research has shown that 

concordance with regular repositioning is poor 

(Yang  et al.,2009). Wheelchair users are reported 

to spend as much as 18 hours per day in their 

wheelchair, with many (54.7%) repositioning less 

often than once an hour (Yang et al., 2009). 

Pressure ulcer management has become a 

nationwide healthcare priority. The scope of the 

problem is significant on multiple levels. 

Estimates indicate that 1–3 million people in the 

United States (US) develop pressure ulcers each 

year (Salcido.,2012). 

Tissue injury is related to both extrinsic and 

intrinsic factors. Extrinsic factors include 

pressure, shear, friction, immobility, moisture. 

Intrinsic factors relate to the condition of the 

patient, such as sepsis, local infection, decreased 

autonomic control, altered level of consciousness, 

increased age, vascular occlusive disease, anemia, 

malnutrition, sensory loss, spasticity, and 

contractures (Bauer and Philips. 2008). It is 

known that relieving skin pressure over a bony 

prominence for 5 minutes every 2 hours will allow 

adequate perfusion and prevent tissue breakdown. 

More recently, an analysis by (Makhsous et al., 

2007). 

Chemical debriding agents achieve removal of 

necrotic tissue, Escher and slough by topical 

treatment of proteolytic enzymes on chronic 

wounds. Their mechanism of action relate to their 

enzymatic degradation of collagen and 

liquefaction of necrotic debris without damaging 

granulation tissue (Salcido et al., 2012). 

Methods: The study was conducted by Quantative 

study design that was undertaken Characteristics 

of pressure sore of spinal cord injury patients of a 

selected hospital in CRP, Bangladesh with 30 

samples included with the inclusion criteria. Data 

were collected by  face to face interviewed 

method. 

Data Analysis 

The data analysis was performed in the program 

„Statistical Package for Social Science‟ (SPSS) 

version 20. The presentation was performed in 

SPSS and in Microsoft office word 2010. Every 

questionnaire was rechecked for missing 

information or unclear information. At first put the 

name of variables in the variable 22 views of 

SPSS and the types, values, decimal, label 

alignment and measurement level of data.  

Result and discussion 

This chapter provides an overview of the findings 

and the results from the analysis were presented. 

The statistical Package for the Social Science 

(SPSS) and Ms- Excel spreadsheets were used to 

assist in the statistical analysis of the data from 30 

participants from Centre for the rehabilitation of 

paralyzed (CRP) & Hospital. To avoid any bias in 

the data caused by discussion between the 

participants, the investigator was present at all 

times during the data collection. The data obtained 

from the study were analysed using descriptive 

statistics. According to the appropriate scales of 

measurement, measures of central tendency, 

frequency distribution and measures of dispersion 

were used to analyse and describe the data. The 

most significant results are discussed. Percentage 

analysis had appeared to be the most effective 

method for providing the greatest amount of 

information about how the participants answered 

these questions. 

Table 1: Individual characteristics of the subject variables 

Variable (%) N 

Sex Male (93%) 28 

Female (7%) 2 

Educational 

Qualification 

Under SSC (80%) 24 

SSC (17%) 5 

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HSC (3%) 1 

Cause of Pressure Sore Same position (40%) 12 

Surgery (17%) 5 

Wound (43%) 13 

Place of pressure sore Sacral region (26%) 8   

Coccyx  region (17%)5     

Buttock (43%)13 

Leg         (13%)4     

Measurement of 

pressure sore  

1-2cm (17%)5   

2-3cm (50%)15

3-4cm (23%)7 

4cm or more (10%)3     

Stage of pressure sore Stage-1   (13%)4   

Stage-2   (30%)9     

Stage-3   

(40%)12 

Stage-4   (17%)5     

Number of Pressure 

Sore 

One (67%) 20 

Two (30%) 9 

Three (3%) 1 

Urinary Incontinence Yes (100%) 30 

No  (0%) 0 

Urinary Infection Yes (13%) 4 

No (87 %) 26 

Spasticity Yes (53 % )16 

No (47% )14 

Tale 2: The between-subject analysis for association 

Association between Measurement of 

pressure sore and Stage of pressure sore. 

Chi-Square P- value 

0.521 0.413 

This observed Chi-square value was .521 and P 

value was .413. So the result was not significant 

that indicate there was association between 

Measurement of pressure sore and Stage of 

pressure sore. 

This observed Chi-square value was 0.053 and P 

value was 0.043. So the result was significant that 

indicate there was association between urinary 

infection and convulsion of the participants. 

Some important result showed in different 

chart: 

 Educational level of the participants: 

Among the 30 participant who had pressure sore 

80% (n=24) participants were under S.SC, 17%% 

(n=5) participants had SSC and 3% (n=1) 

participants HSC of educational status. 

Association between urinary infection 

and convulsion of the participants. 

Chi-Square P- value 

0.053 0.043 

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Md. Mahbub Hossain et al.



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Information about Educational level. 

Information about causes of pressure sore: 

Among the 30 participants who had pressure sore 

due to 40% (n=12) participants were same 

position, 17% (n=5) participants had surgery and 

43% (n=13) participants had wound. 

Causes of pressure sore of the participant 

Place of pressure sore of the participants: 

The place of pressure sore were 26% (n=8) 

participants got pressure sore in Sacral region,  

17% (n=5) participants got pressure sore in 

Coccyx region & 43% (n=13) participants got 

pressure sore in buttock &13% (n=4) participants 

got pressure sore in leg. 

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

Under S.SC S.SC H.SC

Under S.SC

S.SC

H.SC

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

Same position Surgery Wound

Same position

Surgery

Wound

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

40.00%

45.00%

Secral
region

coccyx
region

Buttock Leg

Secral region

coccyx region

Buttock

Leg

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Md. Mahbub Hossain et al.



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Place of pressure sore of the participants 

Measurement of pressure sore of the 

participants 

Among 30 participants, 17% (n=5) participants 

had 1-2cm of pressure sore, 50% (n=15) 

participants had 2-3cm of pressure sore , 23% 

(n=7) participants had 3-4cm of pressure sore and 

10% (n=3) participants had 4cm or more of 

pressure sore. 

Measurement of pressure sore of the 

participants 

Stage of pressure sore of the participants 

Among 30 participants, 13% (n=4) participants 

 had one degree of pressure sore, 30% (n=9) 

participants had two degree of pressure sore, 40% 

(n=12) participants had three degree of pressure 

sore and 17% (n=5) participants had four degree 

of pressure sore. 

Stage of pressure sore of the participants 

Conclusion 

The researcher explored the characteristics of 

pressure sore of spinal cord injury patients 

attended at CRP. The study was conducted on 30 

participants who was admitted in Centre for the 

rehabilitation of paralysed & Hospital where most 

of the participants had pressure sore 43% (n=13) 

participants were buttocks, 17 %( n=5) 

participants had pressure sore in coccyx region, 

26% (n=8) participants had pressure sore in sacral 

region and 13 %( n=4) participants had pressure 

17% 

50% 

23% 

10% 

1-2cm 2-3cm 3-4cm 4cm or more

Masurement of pressure sore 

13% 

30% 

40% 

17% 

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

Stage of pressure sore 

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sore in leg. Among 30 participants, According to 

the degree of pressure sore, 13% (n=4) 

participants had one degree of pressure sore, 30% 

(n=9) participants had two degree of pressure 

sore, 40% (n=12) participants had three degree of 

pressure sore and 17% (n=5) participants had four 

degree of pressure sore. Pressure sore is a serious 

complicated among SCI patients for which a lot of 

patients are dying every year. We must prevent 

pressure sore in order to improve rehab serious of 

SCI at institutional setting. Hospitals admit 

neurological impaired patients including SCI must 

administered appropriate measure to prevent ulcer. 

References 

1. T. Kroll, M. T. Neri, and P. S. Ho, “Secondary

conditions in spinal cord injury: results from a

prospective survey,” Disability and

Rehabilitation, vol. 29, no. 15, pp. 1229–1237,

2007. 

2. Y. Chen, M. J. DeVivo, and A. B. Jackson,

“Pressure ulcer prevalence in people with

spinal cord injury: age-period-duration 

effects,” Archives of Physical Medicine & 

Rehabilitation, vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 1208–1213, 

2005. 

3. Y. S. Yang, G. L. Chang, M. J. Hsu, and J. J.

Chang, “Remote monitoring of sitting

behaviors for community-dwelling manual

wheelchair users with spinal cord injury,”

Spinal Cord, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 67–71, 2009.

4. Salcido R, Popescu A, Potter A, Talavera F,

Kolaski K, Allen K, et al. Pressure ulcers and

wound care. [Accessed 2012 February 14.

5. Bauer J, Phillips LG. MOC-PSSM CME

article: pressure sores. Plast Reconstr Surg

2008;1211 Suppl:1–10.

6. Makhsous M, Priebe M, Bankard J, Rowles D,

Zeigler M, Chen D, et al. Measuring tissue

perfusion during pressure relief maneuvers:

insights into preventing pressure ulcers. J

Spinal Cord Med 2007;30(5):497–507.

CMI 03 (02), 312−317 MANUSCRIPT CENTRAL 317

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Md. Mahbub Hossain et al.

How to cite this article: Hossain, M. M. ., 
Khatun, M. ., & Habiba, U. . (2022). 
Charecteristics of Pressure Sore of Spinal Cord 
Injury Patients Attentded at Crp. Clinical Medicine 
Insights, 3(2), 312–317. https://doi.org/10.52845/
CMI/2022-3-2-5




