ct: A Pathfinder

This is a computer-generated pathfinder created against the Distant Reader study called ct.

Each Distant Reader study carrel is composed of many individual items. Each item is bibliographically described with author, title, date, summary, and keyword values. Below is a list of the items' most signficant keywords as well as lists of the items themselves. Purpusing the content of this pathfinder provides the student, researcher, or scholar with one way to get their heads around the scope of the carrel. The keywords include:

Sperm; Pregnancy; Semen; Vet; Equine; Cows; Treatment; Breeding; Days; Mares; Dogs; Uterine; Mare; Concentrations; Canine; Progesterone; Ovulation; Bulls; Estrus; Case; Cattle; Insemination; Dairy; Stallion; Animal; Hours; Uterus; Day; Cells; Development; Disease; Use; Testicular; Dog; Embryo; Fertility; Cell; Veterinary; Tissue; Diagnosis; Testis; Bovine; Time; Students; Examination; Surgery; Animals; Rates; Bitch; Ovary; Bull; Culture; Group; Cats; Abortion; Production; Penis; Cycle; Dna; Vaginal; Cases; Dystocia; College; Cow; Calving; Pyometra; Administration; Body; Ultrasound; Conference; Prostate; Follicle; Hcg; Practice; Cidr; Placentitis; Training; Section; Causes; Icsi; Placenta; Years; Horn; Genomic; Feeding; Skin; Approach; Board; Hypothyroidism; Perineal; Resistance; Colostrum; Cord; Puppy; Editor; Abstracts; Acupuncture; Haf; Twin; Neospora; Discharge; Aspiration; Cryptorchid; Ngf; Enrofloxacin; Eggs; Date; Cyst; Kerosene; Abortus; Rhinoceros; Reflexus; Lamb; Manuscripts; Gsl; Isperm; Cloprostenol; Dennis; Customer; Fulbright; Http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/; Nigeria; Area; Access; Layout; Amazon

Depending on how this pathfinder was created, many of the bibliographic sections will include elaborations on the meaning(s) of the given keywords. These elaborations were generated by feeding the items' summaries to a large langauge model and asking the model to address the question, "What is X?", where "X" is the keyword. The result will be a few sentences of elaboration. Be forewarned. The elaborations are often plausible, but they should not be take as truth. Instead, they should be taken as points for consideration.

• Complete abstract section: incl. Author Index by Section, Abstracts (2023) - Comparing sperm concentrations for cooled semen use in dogs Nicole Sugai, Julie Cecere, Orsolya Balogh Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA Stallion semen is shipped cooled at sperm concentrations of 25 - 50 x 106/ml with a minimum of 1:3 (volume) dilu- tion with an extender. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare various sperm concentrations during cooled shipment. Keywords: animal; blood; breeding; bull; case; cell; citation; collection; college; concentrations; cows; culture; data; days; development; diagnosis; dogs; ejaculate; embryo; equine; evaluation; examination; female; fertility; findings; fluid; group; horse; hours; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v15.10001; insemination; keywords; line; mare; mass; medicine; metritis; motility; ovulation; owner; parturition; plasma; pregnancy; progesterone; rate; reproductive; results; sciences; semen; serum; sperm; stallion; state; study; surgery; theriogenology; time; total; treatment; ultrasonography; university; usa; uterine; uterus; veterinary; year
• Optimization of a Protocol for Cryopreservation of Electroejaculated Beef Bull Semen Under Ambulatory Conditions by Ferrer, Maria S.; Hurley, David J.; Palomares, Roberto A.; Bullington, Anne-Claire; Jabur Bittar, João Henrique (2017) - It was hypothesized that removing seminal plasma by centrifugation would improve post-thaw semen quality, and that increasing the equilibration time to 24 h and freezing in the liquid nitrogen vapor within the neck of the tank would not affect post-thaw quality of electroejaculated beef bull semen. Anzar M, Kroetsch T, Boswall L: Cryopreservation of bull semen shipped overnight and its effect on post-thaw sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential and normal acrosomes. Keywords: centrifugation; centrifuged; equilibration; freezing; integrity; liquid; plasma; semen; sperm; spermatozoa
• Testicular size as an indicator of poor sperm output in white-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule (Odocoileus hemionus) deer bucks by Sugai, N. ; Shipley, C.F. ; Ellerbrock, R.E. ; Stewart, J.L. (2018) - Testicular volume estimation (TV=0.5236×L×W2; L=length, W=width)1 Keywords: Cervidae, epididymal sperm harvest, hypogonadism, semen quality References 1. Testes measurements were used to estimate testicular volume, as shown in the table. Keywords: sperm; wtd
• Stallion sperm concentration measurements: experience and equipment by Kelley, Dale; Holyoak, Reed (2024) - Accurately determining sperm concentration sperm in an ejac- ulate is an essential step in analyzing and processing semen1 and depends on proper dilution technique, laboratory skills, and equipment knowledge. Citation line: Clinical Theriogenology 2024, 16, 10071, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v16.10071 Research Report Stallion sperm concentration measurements: experience and equipment Dale Kelley, Reed Holyoak Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA Abstract Accuracy is paramount in evaluating sperm concentration and can be a challenge to those with minimal laboratory experience. Keywords: chamber; concentration; counting; makler; novice; semen; sperm
• A Field Study To Compare Post-Thaw Sperm Progressive Motility And Pregnancy Rate Using Brahman Bull Semen Frozen In Milk Based Extender Containing Egg Yolk Or Soybean Lipids Extract by Perea, Fernando; Palomares, Roberto A.; Ferrer, Maria S.; González, Rumualdo; Palasz, Andrzej T.; Rosales, Jormaryory; Nava, H. Hector; Hoyos-Jaramillo, Alejandro; Soto-Belloso, Eleazar (2017) - These results might imply a great potential of chemically defined semen extenders with vegetal additives as an alternative to substitute semen extenders of animal origin which are associated with biosafety issues.14,15 In a previous study, substitution of soy milk based extender for egg yolk based extender for bovine semen cryopreservation did not result in significant differences in post-thaw motility, viability, membrane integrity, acrosome integrity and cryo-capacitation.26 A field study to compare post-thaw sperm progressive motility and pregnancy rate using Brahman bull semen frozen in milk based extender containing egg yolk or soybean lipids extract   A field study to compare post-thaw sperm progressive motility and pregnancy rate using Brahman bull semen frozen in milk based extender containing egg yolk or soybean lipids extract Fernando Perea,a Roberto A. Palomares,b,c Maria S. Ferrer,c Rumualdo González,d,e Andrzej T. Palasz,f Jormaryory Rosales,a H. Hector Nava,d Alejandro Hoyos-Jaramillo,b Eleazar Soto-Bellosod,e aDepartamento de Ciencias Agrarias. Keywords: bull; cows; egg; egg yolk; extender; extract; motility; pregnancy; rate; semen; soybean; sperm; study; yolk
• Relationships Among Morphologic Characteristics And Membrane Integrity Of Stallion Sperm by Brinsko, Steven P.; Spooner, Jennifer A.; Blanchard, Terry L.; Love, Charles C.; Varner, Dickson D. (2011) - In the boar for example, sperm membrane integrity is reported to be a more accurate predictor of fertility than motility.7 To date, there have been no published reports of the association between membrane integrity and morphology in equine sperm. 13. Brinsko SP, Spooner JA, Blanchard TL, et al: Relationships among sperm membrane integrity, motility and morphology in first and third ejaculates of sexually rested stallions. Keywords: characteristics; droplets; fertility; heads; integrity; membrane; semen; sperm; stallion
• The Interaction Of Blood Urea Nitrogen And Semen Type In A Fixed Time AI Program In Angus Cross Beef Cows–A Pilot Study by Kasimanickam, Ramanathan K.; Whittier, William D. (2011) - However, the fixed time AI pregnancy rate was different between fresh and frozen semen, 61.1% and 52.4%, respectively (P<0.05). The objective of the study was to examine the effect of BUN concentrations at the day of breeding on the fixed time AI pregnancy rate in Angus cross beef cows inseminated with fresh and frozen semen. Keywords: bun; cows; frozen; pregnancy; semen; sperm
• Factors That Affect The Scrotal Circumference Of The Bull And Its Impact On Herd Reproductive Performance. A Review. by Palomares, Roberto A.; Wolfe, Dwight F. (2011) - Lunstra DD, Gregory KE, Cundiff LV: Heritability estimates and adjustment factors for the effects of bull age and age of dam on yearling testicular size in breeds of beef bulls. Another study testing physical and semen traits in yearling beef bulls (Angus, Brahman, Hereford Senepol, Romosinuano and Nellore x Brahman) in Florida showed that qualitative semen traits increased with bull age, particularly from 12 to 18 months.36 Bull age was positively associated with normal spermatozoa (P<0.01) and negatively with primary abnormalities (P<0.001), with breeds differing in their age curves for both traits. Keywords: age; anim; beef; breeding; bulls; circumference; development; fertility; puberty; reproductive; sci; semen; soundness; sperm; testes; testicular; theriogenology; traits
• Epididymal Sperm Harvest And Freezing by Fuselier, A. Jacques (2011) - Keywords: Deer, sperm, epididymal, artificial insemination Shipping and handling Harvesting sperm immediately after death of the animal would be ideal. Although proper handling of the epididymides and sperm is important, acceptable pregnancy rates can be achieved using harvested epididymal sperm. Keywords: epididymis; method; motility; sample; sperm
• Collecting And Processing Semen From Cervids, Sheep And Goats by Tamassia, Manoel (2011) - During cryopreservation sperm will endure severe physical and chemical challenges. Volume of semen, sperm concentration, proportion of motile sperm and spermatozoa morphology must be measured. Keywords: concentration; cryopreservation; egg; freezing; number; semen; sperm; yolk
• Effect of liposome-containing diluent and centrifugation on motion parameters and membrane integrity of electroejaculated cooled bovine spermatozoa by Ferrer, Maria S. ; Palomares, Roberto A. ; Bullington, Anna-Claire ; Jabur Bittar, João Henrique (2018) - Crespilho AM, Papa FO, Santos MP, et al: Use of cooled bull semen as a strategy to increase the pregnancy rate in fixed-time artificial insemination programs-case report. Keywords: Cryopreservation, bovine, centrifugation, motility, chilled semen Introduction The use of cooled shipped semen for artificial insemination is a routine procedure in the equine and canine industries.1,2 Maintaining semen at refrigeration temperature lowers the metabolic rate of spermatozoa and decreases overgrowth of bacteria, extending the lifespan of spermatozoa.3 In general, pregnancy rates achieved with cooled semen are higher than with frozen semen.4,5 This is because freezing and thawing induce sperm damage associated with plasma membrane reorganization, accumulation of intracellular ions, osmotic stress, cryoprotectant toxicity and formation of intracellular ice crystals, altering sperm viability and function.6,7 Keywords: bovine; centrifugation; integrity; membrane; motility; plasma; semen; sperm; spermatozoa; theriogenology; velocity
• Canine inherited myopathy as a translational model by Childers, Martin K. ; Memon, Mushtaq ; Kornegay, Joe N. ; Mack, David L. (2016) - Skim milk, tris-egg Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 8, Number 4 • December 2016 454 yolk and many other extenders have been utilized for dog semen. Even though reports of freezing dog semen were published in late 1960’s, it was not until recently that frozen-thawed dog semen has been used on commercial basis. Keywords: bitch; breeding; canine; cells; days; dogs; eng; epub; et al; model; muscle; myopathies; myopathy; number; pmcid; pubmed; pubmed pmid; semen; sperm; volume; xlmtm
• Improvements in equine semen processing techniques that aid optimal fertility by Scofield, David B. ; Baumber-Skaife, Julie ; Loomis, Paul R. (2016) - Changes in extender formulation Although numerous commercial extenders are available for diluting stallion semen for cooling, the majority of them are skim milk-sugar based with the most commonly used being a skim milk-glucose based extender known as the Kenney extender, named for its developer Dr. Bob Kenney. One of the many challenges within the equine breeding industry is that there are very few regulations concerning the collection, processing, distribution and insemination of stallion semen in the US. Keywords: breeding; centrifugation; equine; fertility; processing; quality; reprod; semen; sperm; stallion; theriogenology
• Complete abstract section by Section, Abstracts (2020) - We concluded that presence of sperm in uterus of normal mare for 1 hour elicited lesser inflammatory reaction compared to 4 hours and pregnancy rate was not affected by early lavage in mares bred by DHAI. 1bis compound has been utilized safely for soft tissue augmentation and urinary incontinence in women for several years.2 Objective was to evaluate Synamid® (Contura International NS, Sydmarken 23, 2860 Soeborg, Denmark) injection safety into vestibulovaginal mucosa of normal mares. Keywords: analysis; animal; auburn; bitch; blood; breeding; canine; case; cell; clinical; college; concentrations; control; data; days; development; dogs; effect; embryo; endometritis; equine; examination; expression; extender; fluid; frozen; groups; growth; hormone; hours; insemination; keywords; mares; medicine; motility; number; ovulation; oxytocin; p =; parameters; plasma; postpartum; pregnancy; presence; present; progesterone; prp; rates; results; samples; sciences; semen; september; serum; small; sperm; sperm motility; stallion; state; study; test; theriogenology; time; total; treatment; ultrasonography; university; use; uterine; uterus; vaginal; veterinary; volume; year
• Effects of nerve growth factor β added to extenders for cryopreservation of electro ejaculated and epididymal harvested bull semen by Stewart, Jamie ; Canisso, Igor ; Podico, Giorgia ; Garrett, Edgar ; Lima, Fabio (2019) - Seminal plasma NGF mRNA expression was positively associated with maintenance of post thaw functional membrane integrity in bull sperm, suggesting a role in sperm cryotolerance. Although the current study did not support a role of NGF in improving sperm cryotolerance, further studies should address potential effects on sperm fertility within the female reproductive tract. Keywords: bull; ngf; sperm
• Canine semen processing for chilled shipment by Cecere, Julie; Sugai, Nicole (2023) - This presenta- tion reviews current literature of what is known on canine semen processing and attempts to standardize techniques to maximize their successful use in clinical settings. The cur- rent recommendations for canine semen processing in prac- tice based on these studies and others are as follows: • Collection with immediate evaluation and processing of the collection if the total volume is > 2 ml. Keywords: canine; collection; doi; evaluation; processing; semen; shipping; sperm; theriogenology
• Modified diff-quick staining for canine sperm morphology by Mazzuchini, Mariana; Novello, Guilherme ; Segabinazzi , Lorenzo (2024) - Correlation of dog sperm morphology assessed with various staining techniques Technique DIC Karras Eosin-nigrosin Modified DQ1 Modified DQ2 Normal DIC 1.000 Karras 0.887 1.000 Eosin-nigrosin 0.846 0.898 1.000 Modified DQ1 0.798 0.657 0.708 1.000 Modified DQ2 0.891 0.812 0.734 0.742 1.000 Diff-quick 0.882 0.782 0.796 0.909 0.800 Abnormal heads DIC 1.000 Karras 0.811 1.000 Eosin-nigrosin 0.901 0.868 1.000 Modified DQ1 0.656 0.317 0.546 1.000 Modified DQ2 0.821 0.864 0.909 0.404 1.000 Diff-quick 0.743 0.540 0.636 0.859 0.476 Abnormal midpieces DIC 1.000 Karras 0.892 1.000 Eosin-nigrosin 0.909 0.937 1.000 Modified DQ1 0.717 0.834 0.809 1.000 Modified DQ2 0.808 0.923 0.798 0.690 1.000 Diff-quick 0.536 0.783 0.621 0.692 0.759 Tail defects DIC 1.000 Karras 0.926 1.000 Eosin-nigrosin 0.940 0.967 1.000 Modified DQ1 0.886 0.779 0.821 1.000 Modified DQ2 0.904 0.855 0.894 0.763 1.000 Diff-quick 0.913 0.792 0.852 0.859 0.872 Proximal droplets DIC 1.000 Karras 0.986 1.000 Eosin-nigrosin 0.926 0.926 1.000 Modified DQ1 0.396 0.445 0.496 1.000 Modified DQ2 0.973 0.955 0.945 0.496 1.000 Diff-quick -0.101 -0.080 -0.227 -0.158 -0.172 Distal droplets DIC 1.000 Karras 0.974 1.000 Eosin-nigrosin 0.977 0.982 1.000 Modified DQ1 0.975 0.987 0.969 1.000 Modified DQ2 0.979 0.985 0.966 0.994 1.000 Diff-quick 0.959 0.972 0.981 0.941 0.939 (Continued) http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v16.10243 Citation line: Clinical Theriogenology 2024, 16, 10243, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v16.10243 5 human sperm analysis with the ability to highlight acrosome abnormalities,18 in domestic animals, this staining technique has been less effective in identifying acrosome defects com- pared to other staining methods.8,14 This technique has proven to be an alternative for assessing dog sperm morphology and can easily be introduced in clinical practice, although some care should be taken for acrosome evaluation. Keywords: acrosome; dic; diff; eosin; karras; quick; slides; sperm; staining
• Role of trace minerals in bull reproductive physiology and semen quality by Ferrer, Maria; Palomares, Roberto; Maldonadox-Estrada, Juan (2024) - Although some investigators have not detected CAT activity in bull sperm, CAT activity remains higher in bovine seminal plasma that originate from prostate.12 Peroxiredoxins are nonselenium enzymes capable of scavenging H2O2, organic hydroperoxides, and ONOO–, and are widely distributed in all compartments of bovine sperm.14 Nonenzymatic antioxidants in bovine seminal plasma include glutathione, melatonin, ergothionine, carni- tines, ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, pyruvate, taurine/hypotau- rine, retinol, and urate.12 Oxidative damage can also occur due to a deficiency in enzymatic antioxidants, generated by a genetic mutation, incorrect posttranslational modification, posttranslational deactivation, nutritional deficiency, disease states, or toxicities.12 Nutritional sources of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Se are required for sufficient SOD and GPX production and activity.12 Deficiencies in these trace minerals can result in inadequate production of these enzymes because they are integral parts of their active core. Kowalczyk A: The role of the natural antioxidant mechanism in sperm cells. Keywords: bulls; cell; concentrations; dna; doi; function; membrane; minerals; motility; plasma; reprod; role; ros; semen; sperm; sperm motility; supplementation; testicular; trace
• Evaluating the use of ultrasonography with Doppler to assess peripubertal development and predict breeding soundness examination classifications in ram lambs by Stewart, Jamie; Reiff, Olivia ; Helms, Alyssa ; Clark, Sherrie; Greiner, Scott ; Pelzer, Kevin (2024) - Ram lambs (n = 40) were examined on intake for performance testing in May. In conclusion, ultrasonography with Doppler can be useful for assessing peripubertal development in ram lambs but provided limited capability in predicting BSE classification. Keywords: bse; classification; july; june; lambs; measurements; ram; rams; scrotal; skin; sperm; temperature; testicular
• Delayed sperm production in a presumed Sertoli cell only syndrome case in two boars affected by severe combined immunodeficiency by Adur, Malavika ; Kaiser, Adrianne ; Sathe, Swanand ; Liu, Haibo ; Charley, Sara ; Li, Yunsheng ; Tuggle, Christopher ; Ross, Jason (2019) - Microscopic evaluation of semen revealed absence of sperm and presence of large numbers of “round” epithelial like cells, possibly immature germ cells that are often released prematurely from their association with Sertoli cells in non-obstructive azoospermia.2 Histological examination of affected testis from 1 boar had markedly reduced numbers of seminiferous tubules with an abundance of Leydig cells. Extensive vacuolization was observed within tubules along with Sertoli cells, possibly due to increased germ cell apoptosis and/or meiotic arrest. Keywords: cell; sertoli; sperm
• Subfertility in a stallion caused by a genetic mutation affecting the acrosome reaction by Kimble, Katelyn ; Love, Charles (2019) - Test for IAR was not considered initially because the level of fertility in this individual, while subfertile, was higher than a previous report (< 20% per cycle).2 This gene (FKBP6) has implications as a potential location for single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with IAR which can lead to stallion subfertility not explained by poor sperm quality.1,3,4 Additionally, this stallion was unusual compared to previous stallions with this condition because his fertility was higher. Subfertility in a stallion caused by a genetic mutation affecting the acrosome reaction Subfertility in a stallion caused by a genetic mutation affecting the acrosome reaction Katelyn Kimble, Charles Love College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Stallion subfertility is a major source of reproductive and economic loss in the horse industry.1 Diagnosis is often through conventional methods, e.g. evaluation of sperm motility and morphology, but occasionally routine testing is inadequate when stallions exhibit normal sperm quality and no apparent cause for subfertility.2 Semen samples (fixed and frozen) of a 5 year old Thoroughbred stallion were received by mail and evaluated for morphology and DNA quality. Keywords: sperm; stallion
• Idiopathic infertility in a Friesian stallion by Hilburger, Lindsay ; Rosenberg, Lacey ; Mitchell, Anna ; Varner, Dickson ; Cheong, Soon ; Castaneda, Caitlin ; Alshanbari, Fahad ; Amorim, Mariana (2019) - Presumptive reason for reduced fertility was impaired acrosomal reaction (IAR), a well established cause of male subfertility in humans and animals. A recent study identified FKBP6 as a candidate susceptibility gene for IAR1 leaving the mechanism of impaired acrosomal reaction unknown. Keywords: friesian; reaction; sperm
• Laparoscopic artificial insemination of white-tailed deer with fresh sex-sorted semen by Sugai, Nicole; Shipley, Clifford; Rothrock-Gensler, Lindsey; Ellerbrock, Robyn; Stewart, Jamie (2024) - Sorted semen assessments provided by ST Technologies are summarized (Table 1). It is interesting to note that the pregnancy per AI was greater in farm 2 (~ 80%) from fresh semen that was 72 hours old com- pared to farm 1 (67%) where the semen was only 48 hours old, despite using similar synchronization protocols. Keywords: buck; deer; doi; farm; laparoscopic; pregnancy; semen; sex; sperm; total
• Four healthy canine litters from sperm retrieved from urine after retrograde ejaculation by Stvarnik, Mateja ; Pipan, Maja (2019) - Treatment with phenylpropanolamine for 7 days slightly increased ejaculate volume (first semen collection 0.5 ml, second semen collection 0.4 ml). Keywords: Retrograde ejaculation, Portuguese Water Dog, pregnancy 517 Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 11, Number 3 • September 2019 518Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 11, Number 3 • September 2019 OMNIBLANK: HistoryItem_V1 TrimAndShift Range: all pages Trim: none Shift: move down by 13.50 points Normalise (advanced option): 'improved' Keep bleed margin: no D:20190702122621 32 1 0 0 Full 1521 302 Fixed Down 13.5000 -20.2536 Both 1 AllDoc 2 CurrentAVDoc None 0.0000 Top QITE_QuiteImposingPlus4 Quite Imposing Plus 4.0m Quite Imposing Plus 4 1 0 1 0 1 1 HistoryList_V1 qi2base Keywords: sperm
• Andrology laboratory review: evaluation of sperm morphology by Chenoweth, Peter; Brito, Leo ; Peter, Augustine ; Waberski, Dagmar ; Althouse, Gary ; Aurich, Christine ; Luvoni, Gaia ; Turner, Regina ; Fraser, Natalie ; Lopate, Cheryl (2024) - Semen quality is a term that usually includes sperm motility, viability, mor- phology, concentration, and seminal fluid composition,2 some of which were discussed.1,2 Of these attributes, sperm morphol- ogy is widely recognized as the semen characteristic most directly associated with fertility,3 despite the latter often being ill defined.4 Indeed, “the assessment of sperm morphology is probably the most useful and important aspect of the semen examination.”5 For accuracy to be consistently achieved, sample handling, fixation and/or staining must all be optimal10 and standardized, as sperm morphology can be influ- enced by semen handling and observer variations,11,12 thus chal- lenging consistency and objectivity. Keywords: andrology; animal; assessment; chenoweth; doi; evaluation; fertility; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v16.10600; microscopy; morphology; reprod; semen; sperm; sperm morphology; stain; theriogenology
• Intracytoplasmic sperm injection zone: insights and applications from a university-based assisted reproduction laboratory by Malin, Katarzyna; de la Fuente, Alejandro ; de Castro, Thadeu; Martin-Pelaez, Soledad; Verstraete, Margo; Dini, Pouya; Meyers, Stuart (2024) - Although there is no universally-agreed upon grading system for equine oocytes or in vitro produced embryos, recent research from our laboratory indicated that video morphokinetics may provide a novel method to dynam- ically grade equine embryos that correlates well with preg- nancy rates after embryo transfer.13,28 In vitro culture of equine embryos Our laboratory uses time-lapse embryo imaging system (Miri®TL, Esco Technologies) for observation of cell division timing and cellular integrity during embryo culture immedi- ately after the ICSI procedure. Keywords: blastocyst; development; doi; embryo; equine; follicles; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v16.10670; icsi; injection; laboratory; lapse; mares; maturation; medium; oocytes; sperm; stage; time
• Pipette or vortex are equally effective for mixing stallion sperm after cushion centrifugation by Catandi, Giovana; Wilkerson, Haley; Kittle, Malorie; Beavers, Kelli; Schnobrich, Mariah; Kelley, Dale (2024) - A second strip of 10 squares was counted and sperm clump concentration was determined as before; an average of 2 counts was used to determine sperm clump concentration. There was no effect (p > 0.05) of treatment on total motility, progressive motility, curvilinear velocity, number of detached heads, or size of sperm clumps. Keywords: clumps; effect; mixing; number; sperm; stallion; treatment; vortex
• Effects of a semen extender treated with coenzyme Q10-ubiquinol on the quality of thawed ram sperm by Arroyo, Eduardo; Bayly, Warwick ; Chakraborty, Swarnita ; Leadon, Desmond ; Tibary, Ahmed (2024) - Masoudi R, Sharafi M, Shahneh AZ: Effects of CoQ10 on the qual- ity of ram sperm during cryopreservation in plant and animal based extenders. Ubiquinol improved cryopreserved ram sperm quality. Keywords: addition; coenzyme; coq10; doi; extender; minutes; motility; ram; samples; semen; sperm; ubiquinol; viability
• Stallion sperm cryopreservation: concepts in cryopreservation-induced sperm damage, processing, analysis, and utilization in assisted reproductive technologies by Hernández-Avilés, Camilo (2024) - Studies indi- cated that exposure and rapid removal of fresh stallion sperm from a medium that contained 1.0 M gly resulted in the high- est proportion of sperm with plasma membrane damage com- pared to stallion sperm subjected to the same conditions (rapid exposure and removal of cryoprotectant) but with 1.0 M ethylene glycol, DMSO, or propylene glycol.44 These studies suggested stallion sperm was considerably sensitive to rapid cryoprotectant removal, particularly when exposed to gly. Increased demand for frozen/ thawed sperm in Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs) continues to result in a considerable body of research determining the effects of cryopreservation on stallion sperm and clinical interpretation of sperm quality in frozen/thawed semen. Keywords: changes; cooling; cryopreservation; doi; equine; et al; fertility; freezing; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v16.10832; icsi; membrane; motility; plasma; plasma membrane; postthaw; postthaw sperm; quality; reprod; semen; sperm; sperm cryopreservation; sperm quality; spermatozoa; stallion; stallion sperm; studies; theriogenology; vitro
• Complete abstract section: incl. Author Index by Section, Abstracts (2024) - In contrast, the pro- gressive motility of stallion sperm was higher in the Beyond® extender during long-term liquid (nonfrozen) storage (≥ 11 days at 5°C or ≥ 6 days at 17°C). Keywords: Stallion sperm, frozen/thawed semen, acrosomal exocytosis, tyrosine phosphorylation, IZUMO1 References 1. Keywords: analysis; animal; blood; breeding; bulls; case; cervix; citation; college; concentrations; control; culture; daily; days; department; discharge; dog; dogs; dystocia; endometritis; equine; evaluation; examination; expression; fetus; fluid; gene; group; hours; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v16.11054; inflammation; insemination; keywords; left; line; mare; mass; medicine; membranes; months; motility; oocytes; placentitis; pregnancy; quality; rates; results; samples; sciences; semen; sperm; stallion; stallion sperm; state; surgery; theriogenology; time; tissue; total; treatment; ultrasonography; university; usa; uterine; uterus; vaginal; veterinary; year
• Cushioned centrifugation improves recovery rate and viability of canine sperm by Winslow, Christine ; Lyman, Candace ; Hayden, Shelby ; Cohen, Jessica ; Taylor, Jared ; Holyoak, G. Reed (2019) - Our hypothesis was that cushioned centrifugation improves sperm recovery rate relative to conventional, non-cushioned centrifugation without detrimental effects on sperm total motility or viability. The sample was immediately analyzed for sperm recovery rate, viability, and total motility. Keywords: canine; centrifugation; cushion; motility; rate; recovery; semen; sperm; treatment; viability
• A novel non-surgical method to reduce fertility using the rat as a model by Meadows, Kristy L. ; Li, Yamin ; Xu, Qiaobing ; Ayres, Sandra (2019) - References 1. Windiyaningsih C, Wilde H, Meslin F, et al: The rabies epidemic on Flores Island, Indonesia (1998–2003). 2. Rosatte RC, Donovan D, Allan M, et al: The control of raccoon rabies in Ontario Canada: Proactive and reactive tactics 1994–2007. Keywords: animals; antibody; cells; controls; hormone; males; march; nanocomplex; nanoparticle; number; rats; saline; sperm; sterilization; theriogenology; volume
• Evaluation of the effects of topical permethrin insecticide on bull semen quality by Cain, Amanda J. ; King, Heath ; Wills, Robert ; Agee, Whitney ; Howard, Sara ; Hopper, Richard (2014) - Results of multivariable logistic regression for d 0, 14, 35 for treatment, day, and treatment*day interactions on proportions of morphologically normal sperm and sperm cells with primary or secondary defects from permethrin treated bulls (PER) and control bulls (CON). Mean proportions (±standard deviation) of morphologically normal sperm from d 0-84 from permethrin treated bulls (PER) and control bulls (CON). Keywords: bulls; con; effects; permethrin; pyrethroid; sperm; study
• The effect of cyfluthrin, a commercially available synthetic pyrethroid, on bovine semen quality and pregnancy rates by French, H.M. ; Shipley, C.F. ; Ireland, F.A. ; Jarrell, V.L. ; Fuselier, A.J. ; Williams, D.G. ; Shike, D.W. (2014) - 4. Zhang SY, Ito Y, Yamanoshita O, et al: Permethrin may disrupt testosterone biosynthesis via mitochondrial membrane damage of Leydig cells in adult male mouse. He J, Chen J, Liu R, et al: Alterations of FSH stimulated progesterone production and calcium homeostasis in primarily cultured human luteinizing-granulosa cells induced by fenvalerate. Keywords: concentrations; cows; cyfluthrin; day; effects; experiment; motility; pour; progesterone; pyrethroid; semen; sperm; tag
• Breeding soundness examination, semen freezing and evaluation of frozen-thawed semen in native Omani bulls – preliminary study by Pratap, N. ; Memon, M.A. ; Mahgoub, O. ; Al-Shikaili, Y. ; Al-Habsi, R.S. ; Hago, B.E. (2014) - Semen freezing and thawing Artificial insemination has made a profound contribution to genetic improvement, particularly in cattle, and this impact would not have been possible without successful freezing of bull semen. Chaverio A, Machado L, Frijters A, et al: Improvement of parameters of freezing medium and freezing protocols for bull sperm using two osmotic supports. Keywords: breeding; bulls; motility; semen; sperm; spermatozoa; study; theriogenology
• Equine semen quality following sperm exposure to seminal plasma stored under different conditions by Whigham, A.R. ; Blanchard, T.L. ; Love, C.C. ; Teague, S.R. ; Brinsko, S.P. ; Welsh Jr, T.H. ; Hinrichs, K. ; Varner, D.D. (2014) - Our findings suggest that: 1) seminal plasma can be frozen for later use, obviating the need to process fresh semen to supply seminal plasma, 2) allologous seminal plasma may be beneficial for selected stallions, and 3) semen should not be stored in the raw form for an extended period prior to processing seminal plasma for frozen storage. Equine semen quality following sperm exposure to seminal plasma stored under different conditions Equine semen quality following sperm exposure to seminal plasma stored under different conditions A.R. Whigham,a T.L. Blanchard,a C.C. Love,a S.R. Teague,a S.P. Brinsko,a T.H. Welsh Jr,b K. Hinrichs,c D.D. Varnera aDepartment of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, bDepartment of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and cDepartment of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Keywords: following; plasma; quality; semen; sperm; stallions; storage
• Bovine sperm abnormalities: prevalence, etiology and mechanisms leading to infertility by Thundathil, Jacob C. ; Dance, Alysha L. ; Kastelic, John P. (2014) - Furthermore, contents of reactive oxygen species and ubiquitinated proteins were higher in pyriform sperm.35 Nuclear vacuoles Nuclear vacuoles (pouches, craters, diadems) have been described in bull sperm as well as in the sperm of other species.36-40 However, a definitive cause for nuclear vacuolation of spermatozoa has not been detected.6 Based on electron microscopic studies, vacuole formation in bulls begins as early as step 6 of spermiogenesis.42 Nuclear vacuoles appear in bull sperm in two forms; single apical vacuoles, which can be present anywhere in the sperm head, and multiple nuclear vacuoles at the acrosome post-acrosomal junction,43-46 appearing as a string of beads.47 These vacuoles are formed during the early stages of spermatid elongation by invagination of the inner nuclear membrane into the condensing nucleus.8 Breeding trials demonstrated that sperm with nuclear vacuoles caused infertility in the bull.45,46 Superovulated cows were bred with semen from a bull with 80% nuclear vacuoles; the fertilization rate was 18% compared to 72% for control bulls.45 The diadem/crater defect was studied over several months in two related 20- month-old Angus bulls. Keywords: abnormalities; acrosomal; acrosome; bovine; bulls; defect; droplets; fertility; head; morphology; percentage; reprod; sperm; spermatozoa; theriogenology
• The association between sperm function and field fertility in bulls by Thundathil, Jacob C. ; Rajamanickam, Gayathri D. ; Kastelic, John P. (2014) - 7. Farrell PB, Presicce GA, Brockett CC, et al: Quantification of bull sperm characteristics measured by computer- assisted sperm analysis (CASA) and the relationship to fertility. Cryopreservation induces an apoptosis-like mechanism in bull sperm. Keywords: acrosome; analysis; anim; biol; bulls; dna; et al; fertility; flow; membrane; motility; number; proteins; reprod; semen; sperm; spermatozoa; theriogenology; viability
• Breeding soundness examination of native Omani bucks by Memon, Mushtaq A. ; Al-Busaidi, Musab H. ; Al-Waely, Abdullah R. (2012) - Bongso, et al5 reported significant correlation between buck SC with age and BW. Tuli RK, Holtz W: The effect of season on seminal characters in Boer goat bucks in the Northern temperate zone. Keywords: breeding; bucks; goats; omani; semen; sperm
• Preliminary report on scrotal circumference and semen parameters in fertile adult Omani rams by Memon, Mushtaq A. ; Al-Busaidi, Musab H. ; Gaafar, Osman M. (2012) - Study of larger number of rams is needed to establish the minimum and maximum BSE criteria for Omani rams. Studies with larger number of rams are needed to establish the minimum and maximum SC in Omani rams. Keywords: breeding; rams; semen; sheep; soundness; sperm
• Maximizing litter size in the bitch by Lopate, Cheryl (2010) - Effect of litter number on litter size in Beagles 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 7.2 Litter Number Litter size vs Number of Litters Litter #1 Litter #2 Litter #3 Litter #4 Litter #5 494 Table 2. Maximizing litter size in the bitch Maximizing litter size in the bitch Cheryl Lopate Reproductive Revolutions, Inc., Aurora, OR Introduction When we plan to breed a bitch, one of our main goals is to maximize litter size. Keywords: bitch; bitches; breeding; litter; semen; size; sperm
• Overview of canine artificial insemination for the breeder by Rogers, Harmon (2010) - Overview of canine artificial insemination for the breeder Overview of canine artificial insemination for the breeder Harmon Rogers Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Washington State University, Pullman, WA Insemination is the introduction of semen into the reproductive tract of a female. Artificial insemination (AI) is insemination by other means. Keywords: bitch; insemination; semen; sperm
• I did everything right to breed my bitch–what went wrong! by Memon, Mushtaq A. (2010) - Valuable breeding bitches with follicular cysts are treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or human chorionic gonadotropin. During diestrus, many bitches display variable signs of ‘pseudopregnancy’. Keywords: bitch; bitches; breeding; cells; days; dog; semen; sperm
• Relationships between stallion age, book size, number of matings (covers), breeding soundness examination findings, and fertility parameters in 15 Thoroughbred stallions (34 stallion years) by Blanchard, T. L.; Brinsko, S. P.; Varner, D. D.; Love, C. C.; O’Meara, A.; Ramsey, J. (2010) - Merkt H, Jacobs K–O, Klug E, et al: An analysis of stallion fertility rates (foals born alive) from the breeding documents of the landgestűt celle over a 158-year period. Pregnancy rate per cycle is probably a more representative indicator of stallion fertility than seasonal pregnancy rate. Keywords: book; breeding; cycle; fertility; mares; number; pregnancy; rate; sperm; stallions
• Case report: Breeding soundness examination of 12 native Omani bulls by Memon, Mushtaq A.; Al-Busaidi, Musab H.; Al-Khanjari, Hamood; Al-Habsi, Rashid S. (2010) - The purpose of this case was to evaluate the reproductive potential of native Omani bulls using criteria established by the Society for Theriogenology for breeding soundness examination (BSE). Key words: Omani bull, breeding soundness examination, reproductive evaluation Background The Sultanate of Oman is located in southwest Asia on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Keywords: breeding; bulls; cattle; oman; semen; sperm
• Advances in sex ratio management in cattle by Curry, E.; Davis, S.E.; Gibbons, J.R. (2010) - Timing of insemination Another factor that may influence embryo sex is the timing of insemination relative to ovulation. Keywords: Cattle, sex ratio, sperm Introduction Swaying the sex ratio is beneficial in agriculture and human fertility medicine. Keywords: bearing; bovine; cattle; embryos; et al; female; flow; hours; human; insemination; offspring; ovulation; ratio; reprod; semen; separation; sex; sex ratio; sperm; treatment
• Dosing frozen bovine semen based on progressively motile spermatozoa per dose using an automated sperm quality analyzer by Shalit, U.; Rabinovitch, L.; Zeron, Y. (2010) - Goal The goal was to produce frozen bovine semen doses with a constant number of post thaw progressively motile sperm cells per dose in a commercial farm environment. St ra w , M il. Measured Mean Value Target Value 41 Summary It is possible to produce commercial frozen bovine semen doses with a consistent number of progressively motile sperm cells per post thaw dose, unique to each bull. Keywords: dose; sperm
• Guidelines for using the bull breeding soundness evaluation form by Chenoweth, P.J.; Hopkins, F.M.; Spitzer, J.C.; Larsen, R.E. (2010) - Although the BSE classifies bulls into categories which generally perform as predicted, the examination is limited in its ability to consistently predict individual bull fertility. Saacke RG, DeJarnette JM, Nebel RL, et al: Assessing bull fertility. Keywords: abnormalities; breeding; bse; bull; examination; motility; problems; semen; sperm; spermatozoa
• Selenium in cattle diseases and reproductive health by Majors, Carol ; Myers, Andrew ; Kasimanickam, Ramanathan (2025) - Further, Se deficiency can increase TSH concentrations to compensate for low thyroid hormone concentrations, potentially causing subclinical hypothyroidism (marginal thyroid hormone concentrations).57 Selenium deficiency and thyroid hormone imbalance When Se concentrations are inadequate, the conversion of T4 to T3 is impaired due to reduced activity of the deiodinase enzymes; this can reduce the T3/T4 ratio that can affect vari- ous metabolic processes. Xiao J, Khan MZ, Ma Y, et al: The antioxidant properties of sele- nium and vitamin E; their role in periparturient dairy cattle health regulation. Keywords: activity; adequate; anim; antioxidant; calves; cattle; cell; concentrations; cows; dairy; damage; deficiency; development; doi; effects; et al; fertility; fetal; function; glutathione; growth; health; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v17.12015; low; maternal; milk; pregnancy; production; role; sci; selenium; selenium deficiency; selenium supplementation; soil; sperm; stress; supplementation; theriogenology; thyroid; vet; vitamin
• Sperm granuloma in a buck by Kanzawa, Seiya; Samuelson, Jonathan; Garrett, Edgar (2025) - It can be a heritable trait and is associated with the polled condition in goats but also occurs in horned animals.3 Efferent ducts join to form epididymal head and obstruction of the ducts would lead to accumulation of sperm in the area and eventual rupture followed by the formation of the sperm gran- uloma due to the inflammatory reaction in response to sperm presence in the epididymal stroma.3 An extragonadal duct obstruction such as sperm granuloma should be considered a differential diagnosis when oligosper- mia or azoospermia is encountered during a breeding Figure 3. Epididymal heads were occupied by sperm granuloma and the remainder of the testes was normal. Keywords: buck; examination; granuloma; sperm; testes
• Sperm deoxyribonucleic acid damage and repair by Kasimanickam, Ramanathan (2025) - Hamilton TRDS, Siqueira AFP, de Castro LS, et al: Effect of heat stress on sperm DNA: protamine assessment in ram spermatozoa and testicle. Jackson RE, Bormann CL, Hassun PA, et al: Effects of semen storage and separation techniques on sperm DNA fragmentation. Keywords: biol; cell; chromatin; citation; damage; development; dna; dna damage; dna fragmentation; dna repair; doi; effects; embryos; et al; expression; fertil; fragmentation; genes; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v17.12235; human; mechanisms; mii; mol; oocytes; ovary; pathway; protamine; recombination; repair; repair genes; reprod; sci; sperm; sperm dna; spermatocytes; spermatogonia; spermatozoa; strand; stress; table; testis; theriogenology
• Pilot study for evaluating a practical method of diluting goat epididymal semen with seminal plasma by Duckworth, Luke; Bychawski, Stan (2025) - Each of 4 veterinary students then performed semen collection, sur- gical castration, and epididymal semen collection on the mailto:aggievet15@yahoo.com http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v17.12523 2 Citation: Clinical Theriogenology 2025, 17, 12523, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v17.12523 remaining kids. The supernatant was removed and 25 µl semen samples were placed in 2 Falcon tubes. Keywords: epididymal; fresh; motility; postmortem; sample; semen; seminal; sperm
• Orchitis and epididymitis by Hollett, R.B. (2009) - A band of connective tissue called the mediastinum testis 44 splits the testicle longitudinally and serves as the entry and exit point for testicular blood 45 60 vessels and lymphatics. Timed 151 progression of focal or diffuse inflammation in testicular tissue eventually results in loss 152 of seminiferous tubules by replacement with connective tissue fibrosis. Keywords: blood; canine; dog; epididymitis; immune; infection; infertility; male; orchitis; reproductive; scrotal; sperm; testicular; testis; treatment; vet
• Advances in canine semen evaluation techniques by Lopate , C. (2009) - 328 One of the greatest assets of using flow cytometry for sperm evaluation is the sheer 329 number of sperm that can be evaluated in a short period of time. Lewis SEM: Focus on determinants of male fertility: is sperm evaluation useful in 510 predicting human fertility? Keywords: acrosome; analysis; cells; chromatin; defects; dna; evaluation; flow; head; human; microscopy; midpiece; morphology; reaction; semen; sperm; spermatozoa; stain; staining; use
• Antibiotics and other additives for semen extenders to enhance fertility by Brinsko, S.P. (2009) - Antibiotics and other additives for semen extenders to enhance fertility Antibiotics and other additives for semen extenders to enhance fertility 1 S. P. Brinsko 2 Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas 3 A&M University, College Station, TX, USA 4 69 Milk-based extenders 70 Milk was used as an extender for stallion semen as early as the 1940s and boiled 71 mare’s milk was reported to yield more favorable results than sheep, goat and even cow’s 72 milk.17 One of the major drawbacks of using fresh milk in semen extenders is the need to 73 heat the milk to 92 to 95 °C for 10 minutes in order to inactivate lactenin, which is toxic 74 to sperm.18-20 Because of the heating and pasteurization involved in their manufacture, 75 use of reconstituted dried milk products is thought to alleviate the need for heating when 76 used in semen extenders. Keywords: antibiotics; equine; extender; fertility; glycerol; milk; motility; plasma; sci; semen; sperm; spermatozoa; stallion; theriogenology; yolk
• Effects of nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants in cryopreserved canine semen extended with docosahexaenoic acid by Filho, Roberto Rosa ; Vieira, Nívea ; Brito, Maíra ; Losano, João ; Kawai, Giulia ; Mendes, Camilla ; Rui, Bruno; Nagai, Ken ; Alves, Álvaro ; Frias, Henrique ; Sousa, Raphaela ; Sanches, Fábio ; Assumpção, Mayra ; Nichi, Marcilio (2025) - Effect of vitamin E and catalase and their combination to sperm oxidative stress features http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v17.12690 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.04.053 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4157(00)00018-6 https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/190542 https://doi.org/10.1530/rep.0.1210315 https://doi.org/10.1530/rep.0.1210315 http://www.cbra.org.br/pages/publicacoes/rbra/v34n2/p79-86.pdf http://www.cbra.org.br/pages/publicacoes/rbra/v34n2/p79-86.pdf 8 Citation: Clinical Theriogenology 2025, 17, 12690, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v17.12690 6. In addition, lipid composition of sperm membrane in several species influences resistance to cold shock during refrigeration and cryopreservation.6 Therefore, polyunsaturated fatty acids are also directly involved in protecting the membrane during cryopreserva- tion.7,8 An alternative would be to supplement the samples with PUFAs during cryopreservation, protecting sperm against cryoinjury.9 However, the high percentage of PUFAs makes sperm susceptible to oxidizing agents, leading to lipid peroxi- dation (due to their large amount of unsaturation, they are more easily oxidized).5 Additionally, for canine semen preser- vation, it is necessary to remove seminal plasma, and with that important antioxidants are removed.10 When reactive oxy- gen species (ROS) act on the unsaturated fatty acids’ double bonds, a lipid peroxidation chain reaction begins and, if not interrupted, leads to loss of membrane permeability and, con- sequently, sperm function.11 Based on these assertions, sperm *Cofirst authors mailto:mnichi@usp.br http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v17.12690 2 Citation: Clinical Theriogenology 2025, 17, 12690, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v17.12690 treatment with PUFAs during cryopreservation could provide ambiguous results, but if PUFAs are incorporated into the sperm membrane, this would make it even more susceptible to ROS attack. Keywords: acid; catalase; control; dha; doi; effect; extender; figure; group; lipid; membrane; plasma; semen; sperm; stress; vitamin; vitamin e
• Testicular degeneration, fibrosis, and mineralization in Limangus bulls by Moran, Karen ; Picco, Raúl ; Morrell, Eleonora ; Verna, Andrea ; Zapata, Luis ; Moiraghi, Laura ; Bilbao, Guillermina ; Bartolomé, Julián (2025) - Although macroscopic lesions in the testes detected by ultra- sonography have been associated with low semen quality and an increase in sperm abnormalities,15 others reported that the degree of testis fibrosis was not associated with semen qual- ity,11 and mild lesions would not affect testicular function or sperm quality.16 In the present case, the extension and severity of testicular degeneration, fibrosis, and mineralization proba- bly reduced the amount of testicular tissue producing sperm and consequently reduced fertility. Testicular degeneration can decrease SC and it may be temporary if the underlying cause is removed.11 The SC provides a reliable estimate of testicular mass and is useful in estimating daily sperm production and semen quality.4 Severe testicular degeneration was diagnosed in bull C and the SC was below the normal range. Keywords: bulls; defects; doi; fibrosis; lesions; motility; semen; sperm; testicular; testis
• Advances in complementary livestock artificial reproductive techniques by Klabnik, Jessica; DuBois, Julia (2025) - Galli C, Duchi R, Crotti G, et al: Bovine embryo technologies. Pahl C, Hartung E, Mahlkow-Nerge K, et al: Feeding characteris- tics and rumination time of dairy cows around estrus. Keywords: animal; cattle; dairy; detection; doi; editing; embryo; estrus; gene; genomic; insemination; livestock; production; semen; sex; sperm; technologies; technology; theriogenology
• Successful pregnancy using stallion semen stored at 17ºC for 6 days by Munhoz, Maria ; Nunes, Márcio ; Gallelli, Maria ; Carneiro, Gustavo ; Miragaya, Marcelo (2025) - Citation: Clinical Theriogenology 2025, 17, 13213, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v17.13213 Technique Report Successful pregnancy using stallion semen stored at 17ºC for 6 days Maria Munhoz,a Márcio Nunes,b Maria Gallelli,c Gustavo Carneiro,d Marcelo Miragayac aMK Recently, a new extender containing antioxidants, antibiotics, and anti- fungals that allows stallion semen to survive up to 7 days at 17°C after colloid centrifugation, has been described.7 Field trials using this new type of extender after simple centrifuga- tion with a milk-based extender had good sperm progressive motility.8 Keywords: days; doi; equine; extender; insemination; semen; sperm; stallion; storage
• Effects of equine seminal plasma on fertility and impacts on reproductive biotechnologies: a comprehensive review by da Silva, Tayná ; Silva, Shara ; Marlière, Júlia ; Waddington, Bruna (2025) - Kareskoski M, Katila T: Components of stallion seminal plasma and the effects of seminal plasma on sperm longevity. Fiala-Rechsteiner S, Bueno VLC, Barros E, et al: Proteomic profile of stallion seminal plasma. Keywords: addition; doi; equine; et al; fertility; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v17.13214; membrane; plasma; proteins; quality; reprod; reproductive; sci; semen; sperm; spermatozoa; stallion; theriogenology; vet
• Stud dog infertility by Casal, Margret L. (2012) - Normal dogs have 80% or greater morphologically normal sperm in the ejaculate. It is important to consider that the prognosis of male dogs with confirmed infertility is very guarded and one report suggested that fewer than 10% of dogs that presented with infertility returned to fertility after a diagnostic work-up and 537 Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4, Number 4 • December 2012 appropriate therapy. Keywords: dogs; infertility; semen; sperm; stud
• Sperm acrosome associated 3 protein expression in equine primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles by Cozzi, Brynley ; Kiesler, Zahra ; Kutzler, Michelle (2021) - 3. Chiu WWC, Erikson EKL, Sole CA, et al: SPRASA, a novel sperm protein involved in immune-mediated infertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015;13:1-22. 7. Kwon WS, Rahman MS, Lee JS, et al: Discovery of predictive biomarkers for litter size in boar spermatozoa. Keywords: cells; equine; follicles; horses; protein; spaca3; sperm
• Prebreeding season/prepurchase examination of the stallion: testicular ultrasonography, semen evaluation, and considerations by Hernández-Avilés, Camilo ; Love, Charles (2021) - It is commonly assumed a TSW value > 8 cm as ‘normal’ for breeding stallions.14 Yet, to date, studies in which a direct relationship between TSW and stallion fertility are lacking, and probably it would not be possible to establish such a relationship, given the complex nature of stallion fertility and breeding management. Also, it is important to acknowledge that many breeding scenarios and management systems can confound the expectations of semen quality and its relationship with stallion fertility. Keywords: breeding; bse; equine; fertility; management; mares; potential; quality; semen; sperm; stallion; testicular; theriogenology
• Exposure to environmental contaminants and the impact on reproductive health by Harris, Imogen ; Lea, Richard ; Sumner, Rebecca (2022) - Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Hall KD, et al: The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments. Brenner DR, Heer E, Ruan Y, et al: The rising incidence of testicular cancer among young men in Canada, data from 1971–2015, Cancer Epidemiol 2019;58:175-177. 55. Keywords: chemicals; concentrations; development; dog; ecs; endocrine; environmental; et al; exposure; health; human; quality; sci; sentinel; soil; species; sperm; trends; water
• Identifying etiologies of subfertility in stud dogs by Kolster, Kara (2022) - Mor- phology is correlated with fertility in multiple species, includ- ing dogs, bulls, and humans.1,11-14 Accurate evaluation requires appropriate stains, quality bright field, phase-contrast, or differential interference contrast microscopy, and knowledge and experience in identifying sperm abnormalities. Hansen C, Vermeiden T, Vermeiden JPW, et al: Comparison of FACSCount AF system, Improved Neubauer hemocytometer, Corning 254 photometer, SpermVision, UltiMate and NucleoCounter SP- 100 for determination of sperm concentration of boar semen. Keywords: abnormalities; casa; dogs; evaluation; fertility; semen; sperm; testicular
• L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine enhance stallion sperm quality during semen storage at 5°C by Lisboa, Fernando ; Segabinazzi, Lorenzo ; Hartwig, Felipe ; Freitas-Dell`Aqua, Camila ; Papa, Frederico ; Dell`Aqua Jr, José (2022) - In conclusion, LC and AC’s addition, alone or in combination, enhanced sperm motility and plasma membrane integrity of stallion sperm after cooled-storage at 5℃ for up to 48 hours. Although the benefits of L-carnitine as a nutra- ceutical have been suggested,1-3 only a few studies have reported the effects of the inclusion of L-carnitine into semen extender on stallion sperm parameters.4-6 Furthermore, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no study evaluating the inclusion of acetyl-L-carnitine into equine semen extender. Keywords: acetyl; botu; carnitine; figure; group; hours; mmol; motility; parameters; semen; sperm; stallion
• Sucrose and bovine serum albumin in association with dimethylformamide improved sperm parameters of frozen stallion semen by Kurpita, Madeline ; Len, Jose (2022) - Keywords: Stallion sperm, freezing, sucrose, dimethylformamide, plasma membrane Introduction Successful semen cryopreservation enhances benefits (long-dis- tance semen transport, international trade, and extended use of superior genetic material) of artificial insemination (AI) over natural breeding.1,2 Glycerol (GLY) is commonly used as a permeable cryoprotectant for stallion semen cryopreservation; however, GLY reduced sperm fertility.3 Dimethylformamide (DMF) was as effective as GLY in protecting stallion sperm from cryodamage.4,5 Furthermore, DMF improved postthaw sperm motility and plasma membrane integrity. Sperm postthaw motility (total and progressive) and kinetics were assessed using CASA. Keywords: bsa; dmf; freezing; integrity; motility; postthaw; semen; sperm; stallion; sucrose
• Cryopreservation of epididymal and electroejaculated bull semen using liposome- and egg yolkbased extenders by Turner, Zachary; Canisso, Igor; Podico, Giorgia; Garrett, Edgar; Stewart, Jamie; Henley, Parker; Shike, Daniel; Ellerbrock, Robyn; Hurley, David; Palomares, Roberto; Ferrer, Maria (2020) - In addition, sperm membrane also incorporates cholesterol and phospholipids from egg yolk lipoproteins, increasing their content during incubation.2 Although epididymal sperm lack exposure to seminal plasma, egg yolk might have increased sperm cryotolerance through direct modification of the sperm plasma membrane composition. 7. Miguel-Jimenez S, Mogas T, Peña AI, et al: Post-thaw changes in sperm membrane and ROS following cryopreservation of dairy bull semen using four different commercial extenders. Keywords: botubov; bovine; bulls; cryopreservation; egg; epididymal; extender; liposome; membrane; motility; optixcell; plasma; semen; sperm; yolk
• News from Society for Theriogenology and American College of Theriogenologists by Theriogenology News (2020) - Sincerely, Colin Palmer SFT President 2019-2020 Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 12 Number 2 • June 202068 From the President of the American College of Theriogenologists As I prepare this missive, I realize that it is not to inform, but instead to share uncertainty. Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 12 Number 2 • June 2020 69 Keywords: act; american; animal; award; bartlett; board; clinical; college; conference; equine; foundation; inc; june; mares; number; semen; sft; sperm; state; student; theriogenologists; theriogenology; university; uterine; veterinary; volume; year
• Extracellular vesicles and assisted reproductive technology by Nagashima, Jennifer; Ferraz, Marcia; Songsasen, Nucharin (2020) - Niu Z, Pang RT, Liu W, et al: Polymer-based precipitation preserves biological activities of extracellular vesicles from an endometrial cell line. Park K-H, Kim B-J, Kang J, et al: Ca2+ signaling tools acquired from prostasomes are required for progesterone- induced sperm motility. Keywords: bovine; cell; composition; cryopreservation; culture; delivery; development; embryo; epididymosomes; et al; evs; fluid; human; isolation; lipid; membrane; plasma; potential; production; prostasomes; proteins; reprod; sperm; theriogenology; vesicles
• Testicular hypoplasia and azoospermia in a crossbred boar by Garrett, Edgar; Stewart, Jamie; Canisso, Igor (2020) - 2. Larson, K: Evaluation of boar semen. Boar was housed in a well-managed breeding facility that sold semen from crossbred boars used primarily for exhibition. Keywords: azoospermia; boar; case; hypoplasia; semen; sperm; testicular; theriogenology
• Follicle growth, oocyte maturation, embryo development, and reproductive biotechnologies in dog and cat by Reynaud, K.; Saint-Dizier, M.; Fontbonne, A,; Thoumire, S.; Chastant-Maillard, S. (2020) - Luz MR, Holanda CC, Pereira JJ, et al: Survival rate and in vitro development of in vivo produced and cryopreserved dog embryos. Pope CE, Gómez MC, Kagawa N, et al: In vivo survival of domestic cat oocytes after vitrification, intracytoplasmic sperm injection and embryo transfer. Keywords: anim; canine; cat; cells; development; dog; embryos; et al; fertilization; follicles; maturation; number; oocytes; ovulation; reprod; reproductive; sperm; stage; suppl; theriogenology; transfer; vivo
• “This stud’s a dud!”- Canine semen evaluation protocols and pitfalls by Randall, Joann (2020) - Sperm motility is generally highest at center of coverslip and decreases towards edges. Nothling JO, dos Santos IP: Which fields under a coverslip should one assess to estimate sperm motility? Keywords: breeding; canine; concentration; evaluation; motility; semen; sperm; stain; theriogenology; volume
• “Boys in a box”- chilled and frozen canine semen shipments by Randall, Joann (2020) - Frozen semen principles Frozen semen extenders are very similar in makeup to chilled semen extenders, except most contain glycerol and egg yolk as cryoprotectants to stabilize and protect sperm exposed to the damaging temperatures of liquid nitrogen. Additional cryoprotectants are added to frozen semen extenders to prevent ice crystal formation within sperm. Keywords: canine; canister; extenders; liquid; nitrogen; semen; shipping; sperm; theriogenology
• Bull reproductive development and sperm production enhancement by Tibary, Ahmed; Waqas, Muhammad; Ciccarelli, Michela; Patino, Cristian (2020) - Keywords: Spermatogenesis, Sertoli cell, endocrinology, puberty, hypothyroidism Introduction Important aspects of bull testicular development and sperm production have been reviewed.1-3 Breeding soundness examinations of thousands of bulls are performed every year before they are used for natural breeding or enter artificial insemination centers. Factors affecting bull sexual development. Keywords: bulls; cells; development; leydig; months; production; puberty; sertoli; sperm; testicular; theriogenology
• Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of testicular degeneration in the bull by Koziol, Jennifer; Palmer, Colin (2023) - Clinical signs of testicular degeneration are discussed along with approaches to treatment and potential prognoses as related to treatment and management practices that can be employed by the general practitioner and specialist alike. Testes undergoing degeneration may have predisposing con- genital anomalies; however, to enable differentiation from other conditions a diagnosis of testicular degeneration should be reserved for cases where the release of fully formed sperm has been previously evident indicative of postpubertal, semi- niferous tubule function. Keywords: bulls; cases; cause; cells; degeneration; doi; production; quality; semen; sperm; spermatogenesis; testes; testicular; testosterone; theriogenology
• Breeding soundness examination in a clouded leopard by Lashlee, Taylor ; DiFoggio, Adrienne ; Jarrin-Yepez, Pablo ; Schwartz, Heather ; Colburn, Margarita ; Cushing, Andrew ; Prado, Tulio (2022) - Keywords: Nondomestic feline, electroejaculator, manual settings, semen evaluation Background Clouded leopards (Neofelis genus) are medium-sized non- domestic felines, and the genus consists of 2 species.1 One species, Neofelis nebulosa, is present in Southeast Asia, and the other, Neofelis diardi, is in the islands of Borneo and Sumatra.2 Under human care, the average lifespan of clouded leopards is 13 to 15 years, and they reach sexual maturity between 20 and 30 months.2-4 Reproduction is highest between 2 and 4 years in males and between 1 and 5 years in females. A seasonal influence has also been observed in clouded leopards. Keywords: leopard; morphology; motility; probe; semen; sperm
• Bull sperm morphology assessment varied by evaluator by Reeves, Ashley ; Klabnik, Jessica ; Strickland, Lew ; Prado, Tulio ; Jarrin-Yepez, Pablo ; Dingemans, Cheyenne ; Schneider, Liesel ; Whitlock, Brian (2022) - Therefore, the objectives of this study were to compare: intra-evaluator variation for bull sperm morphol- ogy assessment; variation among veterinary students in their fourth year (clinical year) with strong interest in theriogenol- ogy; variation among theriogenologists; agreement between theriogenologists and fourth year veterinary students; effect of time to complete the analysis of bull sperm morphology slides on evaluator type and cell number assessed; effect of number of sperm assessed per morphological slide evaluation on the percent normal morphology. Other studies involving the assessment of stallion sperm morphology reported variation among veteri- narians for all morphology classification categories.4 Similar- ly, a second investigation attributed the differences of sperm abnormalities to the education level of the evaluator, years of experience evaluating sperm morphology slides, and the differences among evaluators on classifications of abnormal- ities.6 Keywords: assessment; bull; dact; effect; evaluator; morphology; number; slides; sperm; theriogenology
• Premature germ cells in the ejaculate of a 4-year-old male Labrador Retriever by Barrett, James ; Douglas, Jamie ; Premanandan, Christopher ; Wilborn, Robyn (2022) - Schematic gross anatomy and microscopic representation of the process of spermatogenesis within testis (drawn by Jamie Douglas) Clinical Theriogenology 2022; 14: 30 Cross-section of a particular stage of the seminiferous ep- ithelium has multiple layers of germ cells, with each layer composed of sperm cell precursors of a distinct level of ma- turity. Atypical round cells identified on cytology are considered pre- mature germ cells (PGCs) or sperm cell precursors. Keywords: cells; ejaculate; patient; round; semen; sperm
• Cryopreservation of alpaca epididymal sperm using commercial equine semen extenders: preliminary investigation by McAllister, Anna ; Kutzler, Michelle (2021) - In addition, collection of epididymal sperm avoids handling viscous seminal plasma that allows for a more refined cryopreservation method.6,9 Similar to cryopreservation of ejaculated sperm, various extender components (such as lactose) have been investigated in alpaca epididymal sperm in attempts to improve postthaw motility.3 General practitioners who work with alpacas often also work with horses and have access to commercial equine semen freezing extenders. Cryopreservation of alpaca epididymal sperm using commercial equine semen extenders: preliminary investigation Anna McAllister,a Michelle Kutzlerb aDepartment of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR bDepartment of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR Abstract Cryopreservation of epididymal sperm enables saving genetic material in cases of unexpected death or castration. Keywords: alpaca; cryopreservation; extenders; motility; semen; sperm
• Assisted reproductive technologies for endangered felids by Herrick, Jason (2021) - Murakami M, Dong YJ, Suzuki T, et al: Development and subse- quent cryotolerance of domestic cat embryos cultured in serum-free and serum-containing media. References 1. Soulé M, Gilpin M, Conway W, et al: The Millenium Ark: How long a voyage, how many staterooms, how many passengers? Keywords: art; biol; cats; embryo; felids; insemination; reprod; species; sperm; theriogenology; zoo
• Developing assisted reproduction for reptiles, what’s next? by Perry, Sean (2021) - Standard semen handling methods should be adhered to when handling reptile sperm. A general trend is that reptile sperm can be successfully stored at low temperatures for shorter durations. Keywords: alligator; collection; cryopreservation; eej; insemination; proc; reptiles; semen; snakes; species; sperm
• Reproductive biology and assisted reproductive technologies in felids by Songsasen, Nucharin (2021) - Vick MM, Bateman HL, Lambo CA, et al: Improved cryopreservation of domestic cat sperm in a chemically defined medium. https://ww.iucnredlist.org 2021.ž 2. Comizzoli P, Crosier AE, Songsasen N, et al: Advances in reproduc- tive science for wild carnivore conservation. Keywords: cat; d.d; et al; felids; induced; leopard; lynx; reproductive; round; seasonal; semen; species; sperm; theriogenology; wild; year
• Current and future perspectives of reproductive technologies in domestic and wild canids by Songsasen, Nucharin (2021) - J Reprod Fertil (Suppl 57 ) 2001;57:295-307. 3. Concannon PW, Castracane VD, Temple M, et al: Endocrine control of ovarian function in dogs and other carnivores. Reynaud K, Fontbonne A, Saint-Dizier M, et al: Folliculogenesis, ovulation and endocrine control of oocytes and embryos in the dog. Keywords: anim; canids; canine; culture; development; dog; et al; follicles; growth; maturation; oocytes; red; reprod; semen; species; sperm; theriogenology; wolf
• Effect of platelet rich plasma lysate and fibroblast growth factor 2 on stallion sperm motility by Pinaffi, Fabio ; Wilborn, Robyn ; Boone, Lindsey ; Johnson, Aime (2021) - Sperm motility and viability can be improved by semen extenders. Direct addition of PRPL to semen extender at doses < 5% might not substantially affect sperm motility, whereas doses > 5% might affect sperm motility due to head-to-head attachments. Keywords: effect; fgf2; groups; growth; hours; motility; platelet; prpl; semen; sperm; time
• Andrology laboratory review: evaluation of sperm motility by Peter, Augustine T.; Brito, Leonardo ; Althouse, Gary ; Aurich, Christine ; Chenoweth, Peter ; Fraser, Natalie ; Lopate, Cheryl ; Love, Charles ; Luvoni, Gaia ; Waberski, Dagmar (2021) - This review is intended to address the lack of formal training materials for semen analyis laboratory personnel and to serve as a reference on methods to evaluate sperm motility. Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 13 Number 1 • March 2021 24 Sample preparation Species-specific considerations Differences in reproductive biology, including testicular size, sperm production capacity, epididymal sperm storage capacity, and ejaculate volume contribute to physiological differences in sperm motility among species. Keywords: analysis; assessment; casa; evaluation; head; laboratories; laboratory; motile; motility; motion; number; quality; sample; semen; species; sperm; sperm motility; sqa; theriogenology; total
• Single layer density centrifugation improved semen quality in a stallion with hydrocele by Macedo, Sónia ; Filipe, Ana ; Guimarães, Tiago ; Rocha, António (2021) - Morillo-Rodriguez A, Ortega-Ferrusola C, Macías-Garcia B, et al: Freezing stallion semen with the new Cáceres extender improves post thaw sperm quality and diminishes stallion-to-stallion variability. Costa AL, Martins-Bessa A, Rebello de Andrade A, et al: Single layer centrifugation with Androcoll-E™ improved progressive motility and percentage of live spermatozoa with intact acrosome of chilled stallion semen but did not have an effect on DNA integrity. Keywords: hours; quality; semen; slc; sperm; stallion
• Clinical applications of flow cytometric sperm analyses by Peña, Fernando; Rodriguez-Martinez, Heriberto (2023) - Pena FJ, O’Flaherty C, Ortiz Rodriguez JM, et al: The stallion sper- matozoa: a valuable model to help understand the interplay between metabolism and redox (De)regulation in sperm cells. Keywords: Semen analysis, stallion, flow cytometry, sperm membrane, livestock Introduction Clinical veterinary andrology attempts to assess the health of a breeding male. Keywords: cell; changes; cytometry; death; doi; et al; fertility; flow; membrane; plasma; reprod; rodriguez; sperm; spermatozoa; stallion
• Comparison of bull sperm morphology evaluation methods under field conditions by Hanson, Rachel ; Reddick, Sadie; Thuerauf, Sabrina; Webb, Katie; Kasimanickam, Vanmathy; Kasimanickam, Ramanathan (2023) - Although sperm morphology is an important parameter to identify subfertile from fertile bulls, the evaluation can be biased because sperm staining methods used under field conditions may not be exact due to various factors, including artifacts. Furthermore, dyes used have differing pH and osmolarity, and lengthy procedures may affect sperm shape and size, and thus the outcome of the sperm morphological evaluation.28–30 A study17 compared bull sperm morphology evaluated by brightfield microscopy of eosin-nigrosin stained dry-mount semen smears and differential interference phase contrast microscopy of wet-mounted semen, both at 1,000× magnifi- cation. Keywords: acrosome; bulls; correlation; doi; ens; membrane; methods; morphology; percentage; plasma; potential; semen; sperm; uns
• Oxytocin or prostaglandin failed to improve pharmacologically induced ejaculation in stallions by Mickelson, Alison ; Graham, James ; Moffett, Paula ; Bisiau, Christian ; McCue, Patrick (2020) - The rationale for the prospective part of the study was to determine if addition of oxytocin or prostaglandins to standard protocol would improve success of chemical ejaculation in a population of aged stallions. Crump Jr J, Crump J: Stallion ejaculation induced by manual stimulation of the penis. Keywords: chemical; ejaculation; imipramine; protocol; semen; sperm; stallions; xylazine
• Artifactual disruption of sperm midpiece in extended stallion semen by Beckham, Anne ; Hernandez-Avilés, Camilo ; Love, Charles ; Johnson, Larry ; Teague, Sheila ; Pearson, Mariah ; LaCaze, Kat ; Varner, Dickson (2020) - Sperm were compared to previous reports describing the accepted ultrastructural detail of stallion sperm midpieces in order to distinguish normal and abnormal midpiece structure.22-27 Sperm were classified as normal or abnormal in regard to midpiece structure. Results suggested an increased incidence of stippled sperm midpieces following prior exposure of semen to diluents containing protein. Keywords: diluents; extender; fixation; incidence; microscopy; midpieces; milk; raw; semen; sperm; stallion; yolk
• Use of a new artificial vagina without a liner reduced sperm motility in a stallion by Sanchez-Rodriguez, Ana ; Hall, Sabrina ; Mauk, Page ; Klabnik-Bradford, Jessica ; Pinto, Carlos ; Hayden, Shelby ; Whitlock, Brian ; Prado, Tulio (2019) - We investigated the reason for an abrupt decrease in sperm motility in a heathy stallion that had normal sperm motility in the previous season. 2019 Use of a new artificial vagina without a liner reduced sperm motility in a stallion Use of a new artificial vagina without a liner reduced sperm motility in a stallion Ana Sanchez-Rodriguez,a Sabrina Hall,a Page Mauk,b Jessica Klabnik-Bradford,a Carlos Pinto,c Shelby Hayden,d Brian Whitlock,a Tulio Pradoa aDepartment of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN bDon Alberto Corporation Farm, Lexington, KY, cDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, dHeartland Equine Hospital, Tonganoxie, KS Abstract A 24 year old Tennessee Walking Horse stallion was presented at beginning of breeding season for a sudden decrease in sperm motility noticed 1 hour after semen was collected with a new artificial vagina. Keywords: liner; motility; semen; sperm; stallion
• Metabolic and environmental effects on embryo epigenome by Sangalli, Juliano ; Ross, Pablo (2019) - 7. Morgan HD, Santos F, Green K, et al: Epigenetic reprogramming in mammals. Stephenson J, Fleming TP, Yajnik CS, et al: Origins of lifetime health around the time of conception: causes and consequences. Keywords: affect; cell; changes; chromatin; development; dna; effects; embryo; environmental; epigenome; expression; gene; histone; maturation; metabolic; methylation; modifications; oocyte; oviduct; reprod; sperm
• Use of frozen semen in bitch by Mason, Stuart (2019) - References 1. Seager S: Successful pregnancies utilizing frozen dog semen. Anderson K: Fertility of frozen dog semen. Keywords: bitch; freezing; insemination; motility; number; semen; sperm; straws; thaw; theriogenology
• Transcervical insemination in bitch by Mason, Stuart ; Rous, Nicole ; Lougher, Aimee (2019) - Transcervical insemination results in higher pregnancy rates with both fresh semen when compared to vaginal insemination and frozen semen when compared to surgical (laparotomy) insemination. Fresh semen results To the authors’ knowledge, there is no other study with such a large number of results of fresh semen inseminations using the endoscope assisted technique. Keywords: bitch; insemination; number; pregnancy; progesterone; rate; reprod; semen; sperm; tci; vagina
• Bovine sexed semen production and utilization by Brito, Leonardo ; Vishwanath, Ramakrishnan ; Heuer, Claas ; Evans, Kenneth (2019) - Data on sexed semen inseminations in heifers and cows between 2007 and 2015 showed a consistent reduction in conceptional rate differences between sex sorted and conventional semen, coinciding with global introduction of SexedULTRATM in 2013 (Figure 12).24 Table 4. Mean conception rates for heifer sexed semen inseminations increased due to improved technology (42% in 2007 compared to 49% in 2015). Keywords: conception; conventional; cows; figure; flow; gender; heifers; hours; insemination; number; production; rates; selection; semen; sexedultratm; sorting; sperm; technology; theriogenology; use; volume
• Factors affecting bull sexual development by Brito, Leonardo (2019) - Lunstra D, Gregory K, Cundiff L: Heritability estimates and adjustment factors for the effects of bull age and age of dam on yearling testicular size in breeds of bulls. Abstract This review describes some of the physiological events associated with bull sexual development and factors that affect this development. Keywords: age; bulls; development; months; nutrition; period; puberty; sperm
• Cool-stored and frozen-thawed stallion semen: thoughts on collection, evaluation, processing, insemination, and fertility by Hernández-Avilés, Camilo ; Love, Charles (2021) - Interpretation (epicrisis) of sperm quality The evaluation of stallion sperm quality intends to render an opinion/interpretation of the results as they relate to the patient from which the sample was derived. Evaluation of stallion sperm quality is a fundamental part of the breeding soundness examination4 and includes the determi- nation of sperm motility, viability, concentration, total sperm in the ejaculate, and sperm morphologic features. Keywords: evaluation; fertility; motility; quality; sample; semen; sperm; stallion; theriogenology
• Onset of reproductive capacity in unowned free-roaming cats by Bohrer, Ellie ; Billings, Devany; Patton, Kristin ; Kutzler, Michelle (2023) - Selective pressure responses to shortened lifespans may contribute to onset of earlier reproductive capacity in UFR cats. They are considered so invasive in nature that they have been listed among the hun- dred worst nonnative invasive species in the world.1 A study2 that analyzed 229 cases of feline impacts on islands revealed that UFR cats caused or contributed to 33 of the bird, mam- mal, and reptile extinctions. Keywords: age; cats; months; queens; sperm; study; toms; ufr
• The Journey of a Theriogenologist by Meyers, Stuart (2023) - A side project from this collaboration, set our lab on the path to understand phase transitions in stallion sperm during cool- ing. I was able to obtain external funding (USDA, Grayson) for stallions and the lab published a few articles on acrosomal function and hyaluronidase of the sperm surface membrane in stallion sperm function and capacitation. Keywords: davis; function; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v15.9776; icsi; lab; research; sperm; student; studies; theriogenology; time; university; years
• Recovery, storage, and preparation of epididymal and vas deferens sperm for insemination, cryopreservation, and shipping by Mennick, Paul (2023) - Keywords: Epididymis, vas deferens, postmortem, preparation, sperm, storage Introduction One of the more rewarding reproductive services that prac- titioners can offer their clients at the difficult time of eutha- nasia is sperm recovery from a valuable stud for cryopreservation. Although the capability of sperm to fertilize an oocyte increases as they enter the cauda epididy- mis, the author does not discriminate between specific regions of the epididymis during sperm recovery and combines all epididymal sperm (cauda, corpus, and caput). Keywords: cryopreservation; deferens; epididymis; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v15.9784; insemination; recovery; sperm; vas
• Evaluation of bull breeding soundness examination by Roberts, Jennifer N.; Grooms, Daniel L. ; Thompson, Eileen R. ; Huff, Andrew G. (2018) - Comparison of model fit using Bayesian Information Criterion, controlling for veterinarians, seasonality, and bull age. That the WBC count in the ejaculate was an influential factor in bull classification during BSE indicated this should not be overlooked. Keywords: age; breeding; bse; bulls; circumference; morphology; motility; results; sperm; study; theriogenology; wbc
• Semen extender type and cold storage of tissue affect cryosurvival of alpaca epididymal sperm by Ferrer, Maria S. ; Williamson, Lisa ; Palomares, Roberto A. ; Hurley, David J. ; Hoyos-Jaramillo, Alejandro ; Urdaneta, Jose (2018) - It was hypothesized that both semen extenders provide appropriate cryoprotection, and post-thaw sperm viability does not differ when alpaca epididymal sperm are cryopreserved immediately after castration or after 24 h of cold storage. 419 Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 10, Number 4 • December 2018 The objectives of this study were to determine the ability of commercial semen extenders containing liposomes and DMFA to support cryosurvival of alpaca epididymal sperm, and to evaluate the effect of cold storage on post-thaw sperm parameters. Keywords: alpaca; castration; cryopreservation; day; epididymides; extender; membrane; motility; semen; sperm; storage; thaw
• Equipment for your andrology laboratory by Fraser, Natalie S. (2018) - 7. Douglas-Hamilton DH, Smith NG, Kuster CE, et al: Capillary-loaded particle fluid dynamics: effect on estimation of sperm concentration. Rijsselaere T, Van Soom A, Tanghe S, et al: New techniques for the assessment of canine semen quality: a review. Keywords: analysis; andrology; assessment; equipment; laboratory; quality; semen; sperm; theriogenology
• Processing techniques for canine semen by Fraser, Natalie S. (2018) - Processing and extension of canine semen is typically straightforward; however, sperm selection methods more commonly used in other species can be adapted for use with canine sperm. The most common cryoprotectant in canine freezing media is glycerol, and glycerol appears to outperform amide cryoprotectants for canine sperm.4,5 Although most freezing media used for canine sperm contains egg yolk, soy bean based extender has been evaluated for use in this species.6 Keywords: canine; centrifugation; layer; semen; sperm; theriogenology
• Evolution of cervine, caprine and ovine sex-sorted semen processing by González-Marín , Clara (2018) - Other studies show a slightly lower fertility of Y sorted sperm when using Iberian red deer (Anel-Lopez et al., 2017), although pregnancy rates were significantly higher when hinds were inseminated closer to ovulation induction, so lower fertilities could be attributed to the need of devising synchronization protocols for this specific species when using sex-sorted sperm samples (Anel-Lopez et al., 2018). Finally, sorted sperm cryopreserved at 6 x 106 per straw presented numerically higher conception rates than sorted sperm cryopreserved at 3 x 106 pellet, which would ensure ease of use in the sorting laboratories and in the field. Keywords: deer; dose; insemination; ram; semen; sex; sorting; sperm; theriogenology
• Sperm and seminal plasma microRNAs in the context of bull sperm fertility by Kasimanickam, Vanmathy ; Kasimanickam, Ramanathan (2018) - Seminal plasma miRNAs may originate from sperm or they may shuttle between sperm and seminal plasma to facilitate cell-to-cell communication. We have explored the expression of miRNAs in bull sperm or seminal plasma and correlated with their field fertility. Keywords: bta; bull; expression; fertility; fertilization; micrornas; mirnas; plasma; sequencing; sperm
• Understanding and managing age-related subfertility in the stallion by Turner, Regina M. (2018) - In support of this hypothesis, we have shown that exposing aged spermatogonia to young testicular somatic cells results in improved survival of the spermatogonia compared to aged spermatogonia exposed only to aged testicular somatic cells.30 Given the evidence that aging of somatic cells and aging of the SSC niche play large parts in compromising the function of aging SSCs, studies have been undertaken to determine what cellular functions are altered in aging testicular somatic cells. We have used our xenografting model to study the histological effects of DHA supplementation on degenerate stallion testes and have identified no benefit.21 Nonetheless, it is a common practice to supplement subfertile stallions with neutriceuticals containing DHA or similar substances (e.g., ProSperm , Minitube of America, Verona, WI). Keywords: aging; cases; cell; degeneration; numbers; semen; sperm; stallion; testicular; testis; volume
• Seasonality affects semen cryopreservation of white-tailed deer bucks (Odocoileus virginianus) by Stewart, Jamie L. ; Shipley, Clifford F. ; Ellerbrock, Robyn E. ; Lima, Fabio S. ; Canisso, Igor F. (2018) - Therefore, we suggest that semen cryopreservation be performed closer to peak rut to optimize post-thaw semen quality and ensure successful artificial insemination outcomes. THROUGHOUT RUT Seasonality affects semen cryopreservation of white-tailed deer bucks (Odocoileus virginianus) throughout rut Jamie L. Stewart,a Clifford F. Shipley,a Robyn E. Ellerbrock,ab Fabio S. Lima,a Igor F. Canissoa aCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; bCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA White-tailed deer farming is a growing industry in the United States, with breeding operations contributing significantly to the industry’s economic impact. Keywords: rut; semen; sperm
• Rethinking sperm: lessons from mitochondrial function by Bulkeley, Evelyn; Foutouhi, Azarene; Meyers, Stuart (2019) - Our recent studies demonstrated that stallion sperm motility is fueled primarily by mitochondrial- produced ATP and that both mitochondrial oxidative function and motility decrease significantly with cryopreservation.5,30 Additionally, cryopreservation alters stallion sperm Ca2+ i signaling and homeostasis,31 known to have important roles in sperm motility.32,33 Because mature sperm lack an intact ER, the predominant intracellular Ca2+ store in most cell types, it was previously believed that influx of extracellular Ca2+ is the sole Ca2+ source and regulator of Ca2+ i homeostasis.34 However, there is now evidence that intracellular Ca2+ stores are present in sperm of several species, including humans, mice and cattle,35,36 but Ca2+ i stores have not yet been identified or characterized in stallion sperm. To explore whether glycolysis alone can support sperm motility, Davila and coworkers28 aimed to inhibit glycolysis by incubating stallion sperm in the presence of 2 deoxy D Glucose (2 DG) rather than glucose. Keywords: atp; ca2; cell; function; membrane; mitochondrial; motility; oxygen; production; ros; species; sperm; stallion
• Antisperm antibodies and immune mediated infertility. Are we missing something? by Ferrer, Maria (2019) - Similar findings were reported in men.44,45 Immunomagnetic separation was also able to reduce ASA bound sperm in humans, although with a low efficiency.46 Proteases have been used to destroy ASAs on the sperm surface. Concurrently, ASA titers decreased, providing evidence for an effect of ASAs on stallion fertility.1,2 Autoantigenicity of stallion sperm was confirmed in 1994 when two stallions were immunized with autologous sperm.3 Immunization induced an increase in serum IgG and seminal plasma IgA titers that peaked in 2 - 4 weeks, and returned to prevaccination levels by 20 weeks. Keywords: antibodies; antisperm; asas; binding; cells; igg; infertility; reprod; sperm; stallions; testicular
• Evaluation of commercial semen extenders and crystalloids for short term cooled extension of epididymal spermatozoa in squamates and chelonians by Perry, Sean ; Camlic, Sarah ; Mitchell, Mark (2019) - Epididymal sperm motility in A. carolinensis declined over time for each treatment over the first 24 hours (p < 0.001), with no significant difference in motility between commercial semen extenders and crystalloid solutions. Epididymal sperm motility in N. fasciata remained high in commercial semen extenders compared to crystalloid solutions (p < 0.001) for more than 72 hours. Keywords: semen; sperm
• Complete abstract section by Section, Abstracts (2022) - Pregnant mare endometrium had higher (p = 0.005) expression of IG- FBP1 compared to NP and PTGIS expression was slightly higher (p = 0.09) in P mares. This study aimed to: i. compare the inflammatory response of horse mares inseminated with D-S or H-S or infused with D-SP or H-SP; and ii. Keywords: adepartment; analysis; animal; bitch; blood; breeding; bulls; case; cells; clinical; college; concentrations; conclusion; control; cows; culture; cycle; data; days; development; diagnosis; dog; effect; embryo; endometritis; equine; estrus; evaluated; evaluation; examination; fertility; fluid; follicle; following; group; growth; horse; hours; intrauterine; jennies; keywords; lrs; mares; mean; medicine; motility; oocytes; ovulation; patient; plasma; postovulation; pregnancy; present; progesterone; quality; rate; recovery; response; results; samples; sciences; semen; serum; sex; small; species; sperm; stallion; state; study; surgery; test; theriogenology; time; tissue; total; treatment; ultrasonography; university; uterine; uterus; veterinary; year
• Effect of incorrect storage of bull semen samples on sperm morphology assessment by Gunn, Allan; Baker, Mark (2024) - Sperm tails were often not critically assessed in the initial exam- ination in these samples as a result of them being detached or loose and were documented as such in the morphological assessment. Keywords: Bull sperm, tertiary morphological abnormalities, detached heads Introduction Fertility has been defined as the ability to produce young, that for a male means there is a requirement to produce viable sperm. Keywords: bfs; heads; pbs; samples; semen; sperm; tail
• Complete abstract section by Section, Abstracts (2021) - AH % AA % PD % DD % AMP % BMP % CT High DIC vs. EN -4 (-15, 7) 11 (7, 16) 4 (-5, 15) -2 Five stallions (4 - 8 ejaculates) were used for breeding mares (CT, n = 19; SF-SM-P, n = 9; SF-EY, n = 18 estrous cycles). Keywords: abnormalities; age; analysis; animal; blood; breeding; case; cells; college; concentrations; control; cows; data; days; effects; equine; evaluation; examination; fertility; fluid; foal; follicles; groups; hours; jennies; keywords; management; mares; medicine; motility; number; ovarian; ovulation; parameters; plasma; pregnancy; progesterone; rate; reproductive; results; samples; sciences; semen; serum; sperm; stallion; state; study; test; theriogenology; time; tissue; total; treatment; ultrasonography; university; uterus; veterinary
• Effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on equine semen quality after cryopreservation by Ruiz, A. ; Waqas, S. ; Bayly, W. ; Tibary, A. (2018) - Addition of CoQ10 to semen extender prior to cooling and cryopreservation has also been shown to improve equine sperm motility parameters. CoQ10 concentrates in sperm mitochondria and has been shown to improve sperm motility and fertility after oral supplementation in infertile men. Keywords: coq10; sperm

• Calving date prediction based on transrectal ultrasonography determination of gestational age in beef cattle by Kasimanickam, R.K.; Abdel Aziz, Rabie L.; Kasimanickam, V.R.; Formen, C. (2017) - Results from studies that evaluated the usefulness of placentome parameters to determine gestational ages, revealed that placentomes sizes are not significantly associated with gestational age during both transrecatal21 and transabdominal9 untrasonography. The objective of the study was to determine the error rates for projected calving date based on ultrasound determined gestational age in comparison to actual gestational age (derived as the number of days from artificial insemination [AI] date). Keywords: age; calf; calving; date; error; gestation; length; prediction; pregnancy; ultrasonography
• The effects of estrous cycle and pregnancy on echocardiographic variables in healthy bitches by Sathe, Swanand R. ; Ward, Jessica L. (2018) - There was a significant correlation between estimated total fetal cardiac output and maternal cardiac output in late pregnancy (r = 0.86). The incidence of physiologic heart murmurs ranged from 5/9 bitches in proestrus to 1/9 in late pregnancy, attributed to variations in aortic outflow velocity. Keywords: pregnancy
• A Single Post-Mating Uterine Infusion Of Penicillin Does Not Improve Pregnancy Rates In Maiden Thoroughbred Broodmares by Scoggin, C.F.; Burden, C.A.; Schnobrich, M.R.; Bradecamp, E.A. (2017) - Bosh KA, Powell D, Shelton B, et al: Reproductive performance measures among Thoroughbred mares in central Kentucky, during the 2004 mating season. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a single IU infusion of saline or procaine penicillin G on pregnancy and live-foal rate in maiden mares. Keywords: cycle; foal; infusion; mares; penicillin; pregnancy; rates; study
• Sonographic Changes During Gestation In Primiparous Chinchilla Rabbit Does by Ajadi, Adetola; Ajadi, Temitope; Eweka, riangbonse; Smith, Frederick (2015) - ESD14: Embryonal sac day 14 FSKD27: Fetal skeletal structure day 27 FSD21: Fetal sac day 21 FHBD27: Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 7 Number 2 • June 2015105 Table 1: Sonographic changes during gestation in chinchilla rabbits Animals GSD7 ESD14 FSD21 FMD21 FSKD21 FSKD27 FMD27 FHBD27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Total (%) 9 (90%) 10(100%) 10(100%) 10(100%) 10(100%) 10(100%) 10(100%) 8(80%) Key: GSD7: Gestational sac day 7 FSKD21: Fetal skeletal structure day 21 Keywords: day; mating; pregnancy; rabbits; sac
• Pregnancy Toxemia In Small Ruminants: A Review by Campbell, A.J.; Pearson, L.K.; Tibary, A. (2015) - In the clinical or later stages of pregnancy toxemia, hyperglycemia (often associated with fetal death), hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, elevated creatinine, and elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) may be evident.25,26 Decreased serum fructosamine represents a persistent hypoglycemia and could also be used as an indicator of early pregnancy toxemia. Pregnancy toxemia in small ruminants: a review Pregnancy toxemia in small ruminants: a review A.J. Campbell, L.K. Pearson, A. Tibary Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA Abstract Pregnancy toxemia is a metabolic disease of ewes and does with multiple fetuses in late gestation. Keywords: concentrations; diagnosis; disease; energy; ewes; feed; gestation; glucose; insulin; metabolic; parturition; pregnancy; pregnancy toxemia; result; theriogenology; toxemia; treatment; vet
• Rabbit Reproduction by Sathe, Swanand R.; Shipley, Clifford F. (2013) - The European Union continues to be the world’s largest producer of rabbit meat accounting for about 55% of the global production, followed closely by China. Rabbit meat has started gaining popularity due to several advantages over red meat. Keywords: age; breeding; buck; clinical; days; doe; mating; meat; number; pregnancy; rabbit; uterine
• Embryo Transfer And Pregnancy Diagnosis by Edmondson, Misty A. (2013) - Melican D, Gavin W: Repeat superovulation, non-surgical embryo recovery transfer in transgenic dairy goats. Embryo transfer Breeding programs based on multiple ovulations and embryo transfer use genetically superior females to increase the genetic diversity and progress in the herd. Keywords: days; determination; diagnosis; embryos; estrus; gestation; number; pregnancy; transfer
• Goat Herd Health; Reproductive Management, Feeding The Doe, Care Of The Kid by Pugh, D.G. (2013) - This increased feeding, or flushing, can be done by feeding good quality forages free choice, allowing creep grazing, feeding concentrates, or increasing the amount of concentrate the animals are receiving. All colostrum stored frozen and fed to should be free from diseases. Keywords: feeding; gestation; goats; pregnancy; toxemia
• Effect Of Body Condition At Initiation Of Synchronization On Estrus Expression, Pregnancy Rates To AI And Breeding Season In Beef Cows by Kasimanickam, Ramanathan; Whittier, William D; Currin, John F.; Hall, John B. (2011) - Keywords: Beef cows, body condition score, synchronization, estrus expression, pregnancy Introduction In a beef cattle operation, failure of cows to become pregnant during a breeding season of 85 days is the most important factor reducing net calf crop.1 Optimum reproduction in beef cows is often limited by prolonged postpartum anestrous intervals. In conclusion, a minimum BCS of 5 should be achieved prior to the breeding season to ensure acceptable reproductive performance in beef cows managed on forage. Keywords: bcs; beef; body; breeding; calving; cidr; condition; cows; estrus; pregnancy; rates; season
• Error In Pregnancy Diagnosis By Per-Rectal Palpation In Beef Cows by Kasimanickam, R.; Whittier, W.D.; Tibary, A.; Inman, B. (2011) - In conclusion, estimation of pregnancy rate in a beef AI program should account for the error in pregnancy diagnosis. Error in pregnancy diagnosis by per-rectal palpation in beef cows Error in pregnancy diagnosis by per-rectal palpation in beef cows R. Kasimanickam,a W.D. Whittier,b A. Tibary,a B. Inmanb aDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA; bDepartment of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the error rate of pregnancy diagnosis while differentiating artificial insemination (AI) pregnancy from bull-bred pregnancy in a synchronized breeding program. Keywords: cows; diagnosis; error; estimation; gestation; pregnancy; pregnant; rate
• Commercial Application And Cost Analysis Of A 5 Day Co-Synch Synchronization Protocol by Davis, S.E.; Curry, E.; Gibbons, J.R. (2011) - Mature, multiparous Angus and Angus-cross cows ranging in age from 3-15 years averaging 500 kg bodyweight were synchronized using the 5 Day Co- Synch + CIDR protocol. The objective of the experiment within this technical report was to determine if the shortened 5 Day Co-Synch + CIDR sufficiently increased pregnancy rates to compensate for the added expense and increased labor of an additional injection and additional chute processing. Keywords: cidr; day; estrus; pregnancy; protocol; synch; synchronization
• An Undergraduate Curriculum In Veterinary Reproduction At James Cook University by Cavalieri, John (2011) - Reproduction curriculum – Year 2. Reproduction curriculum – Year 3. Keywords: course; curriculum; hours; number; practice; pregnancy; reproduction; students; theriogenology; veterinary; year
• Effect Of Presynchronization With GnRH 7 Days Prior To Resynchronization With CO-Synch On Pregnancy Wastage In Lactating Dairy Cows by Alkar, A.; Tibary, A.; Wenz, J.R.; Nebel, R.; Kasimanickam, R. (2011) - Keywords: Dairy cows, GnRH, presynchronization, resynchronization, pregnancy wastage Introduction Spontaneous abortion of dairy cows is an increasingly important problem that contributes substantially to low herd viability and production inefficiency. Effect of presynchronization with GnRH 7 days prior to resynchronization with CO-Synch on pregnancy wastage in lactating dairy cows Effect of presynchronization with GnRH 7 days prior to resynchronization with CO-Synch on pregnancy wastage in lactating dairy cows A. Alkar,a A. Tibary,a J.R. Wenz,a R. Nebel,b R. Kasimanickama aDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA; bSelect Sires Inc., Plain City, OH Abstract Increased secretion of prostaglandin F2α (PGF) between d 30 and 36 of pregnancy causes luteal regression and embryonic loss. Keywords: cows; dairy; gnrh; insemination; pregnancy; resynchronization
• Effect Of Resynchronization With Intravaginal Progesterone Device From 14 To 21 Days Post-AI On Estrus Synchrony And Pregnancy In Lactating Dairy Cows by Kasimanickam, R.; Cornwell, J.M.; Nebel, R.L. (2011) - Cows received a total mixed ration balanced to meet or exceed the requirements for lactating dairy cows. Intravaginal progesterone devices (IPD) are considered safe for the use in lactating dairy cows and have been granted zero milk withdrawal and zero milk discard time. Keywords: cows; days; estrus; group; ipd; pregnancy
• Case Report: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus In A Seven Year-Old German Shorthair Pointer Bitch by Yudelman, Clinton; North, Courtney; Thomas, Phillip G.A. (2011) - Typically GDM occurs 50 days after mating in the last trimester of gestation and in the third or greater parity.1 Gestational diabetes mellitus occurs as a result of insulin resistance mediated by progesterone and growth hormone (GH).3,4 These two hormones combine to have a synergistic antagonistic effect causing peripheral insulin resistance and producing hyperglycemia. Keywords: Gestational diabetes mellitus, insulin, insulin resistance, neonatal mortality, pregnancy Background Gestational diabetes mellitus is an extremely rare condition in bitches with only 15 reported cases in the veterinary literature.1,2 The 15 reported cases come from two studies. Keywords: bitch; bitches; diabetes; gdm; glucose; insulin; pregnancy; resistance
• The Value Of Pregnancy Diagnosis – A Revisit To An Old Art by Ferguson, James D.; Galligan, David T. (2011) - For all programs and diagnostic tests, cows classified as open at examination were assigned to a re-synchronization protocol.11,12 Re-synchronization resulted in re-insemination of open cows ten days after the days at pregnancy test. Value of a day open was set to $2.25 and cost of pregnancy test was $3.00. Keywords: cows; days; diagnosis; examination; hdr; insemination; number; post; pregnancy; test; theriogenology; value; volume
• Impacts Of Metabolism And Nutrition During The Transition Period On Fertility Of Dairy Cows by Santos, J.E.P.; Bisinotto, R.S.; Ribeiro, E.S.; Lima, F.S.; Thatcher, W.W. (2011) - Cerri RL, Rutigliano HM, Chebel RC, et al: Period of dominance of the ovulatory follicle influences embryo quality in lactating dairy cows. Santos JEP, Narciso CD, Rivera F, et al: Effect of reducing the period of follicle dominance in a timed AI protocol on reproduction of dairy cows. Keywords: concentrations; cows; dairy; dairy cows; dairy sci; diseases; energy; fatty; health; intake; j dairy; period; postpartum; pregnancy; reproduction; sci
• Impacts Of Nutrition On Reproduction Of Dairy Cattle by Santos, J.E.P. (2011) - In fact, not only does the clinical disease negatively affect fertility of dairy cows; but subclinical endometritis, a disease characterized by increased proportion of neutrophils in uterine cytology without the presence of clinical signs of inflammation of the uterus, has major deleterious effects on conception rates of lactating dairy cows at first postpartum insemination. These effects likely explain the reduced risk of pregnancy in dairy cows with high plasma gossypol concentrations,65 and compromised embryo survival after transfer.66 Therefore, it is prudent to feed lactating dairy cows amounts of cottonseed that result in low plasma gossypol concentrations. Keywords: cattle; cows; dairy; dairy cows; feeding; gossypol; intake; lactating; postpartum; pregnancy; reproduction; sci; uterine
• Reproductive evaluations and clinical interventions in beef herds by Kasimanickam, Ramanathan K. ; Kasimanickam, Vanmathy R. ; Kastelic, John P. ; Whittier, William D. (2016) - Targets for reproductive performance The benchmark figure for reproductive performance in beef cow herds in North American production system is 95 cows pregnant per 100 cows mated. Consequently, despite obvious constraints, the physiology of beef cows is not an inherent barrier to achieving the requisite level of reproductive performance in a nine-week breeding season. Keywords: beef; body; breeding; bull; calving; cattle; condition; cows; december; energy; heifers; herd; management; number; performance; pregnancy; production; rate; sci; season; semen; theriogenology
• Is per rectum palpation for pregnancy diagnosis deleterious for the conceptus? New information about an old quandary by Romano, Juan E. (2016) - Fetal pregnancy loss for the same groups was 2.4% (10/417), 3.8% (8/209), and 5.5% (11/200), respectively (P=0.15). In a recent study of spontaneous pregnancy loss in dairy cattle, elevated levels of PSP-B persisted15 Differences among farms in pregnancy loss are well established and are related more to management factors than to infectious diseases.33 This was not taken into consideration in some studies. Keywords: asp; days; diagnosis; females; group; loss; palpation; pregnancy; pregnancy loss; prp; rectum; study; vet
• Enrofloxacin crosses equine placenta in early pregnancy without inducing gross lesions in fetus by Ellerbrock, Robyn; Canisso, Igor ; Roady, Patrick ; Uhl, Elizabeth ; Podico, Gioria ; Li, Zhong (2019) - We hypothesized that enrofloxacin administration to early pregnant mares results in high concentrations of both enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin in fetal fluids and that fluoroquinolone exposure in early pregnancy induces chondrotoxic lesions in the 60 day fetus. Objectives were to: (i) determine enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations in fetal fluids when enrofloxacin is administered at therapeutic doses during early pregnancy; and (ii) compare endochondral ossification of long bones from those fetuses with gestationally age matched controls. Keywords: enrofloxacin; pregnancy
• Genomic selection in dairy cattle: impact and contribution to the improvement of bovine fertility by Weigel, Kent; Chasco, Agustin; Pacheco, Hendyel; Sigdel, Anil; Guinan, Fiona; Lauber, Megan; Fricke, Paul; Peñagaricano, Francisco (2024) - Kuhn MT, Hutchison JL: Prediction of dairy bull fertility from field data: use of multiple services and identification and utiliza- tion of factors affecting bull fertility. Giordano JO, Sitko EM, Rial C, et al: Symposium review: use of mul- tiple biological, management, and performance data for the design of targeted reproductive management strategies for dairy cows. Keywords: cattle; cows; dairy; doi; fertility; genomic; pregnancy; rate; selection; traits
• Induction of parturition in a goat with pregnancy toxemia using aglepristone by de Souza, Vanessa Peixoto ; Guerra, Juan ; Whitler, William ; McKenzie, Erica ; Estill, Charles (2019) - Induction of parturition in a goat with pregnancy toxemia using aglepristone Induction of parturition in a goat with pregnancy toxemia using aglepristone Vanessa Peixoto de Souza, Juan Guerra, William Whitler, Erica McKenzie, Charles Estill Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR Pregnancy toxemia is a metabolic disease in sheep and goats caused by negative energy balance and impaired gluconeogenesis resulting in hypoglycemia, lipid mobilization, ketonemia and ketonuria. We hypothesized that aglepristone can safely induce parturition in goats with pregnancy toxemia with reduced likelihood of adverse reactions. Keywords: aglepristone; parturition; pregnancy
• Ovum pick up, in vitro embryo production, and embryo transfer as value-added theriogenology service in miniature Hereford cattle operation by Boler, Randa; Kasimanickam, Ramanathan (2024) - Recipient animals and embryo transfer procedure Nine 14-month virgin Irish Black heifers and 1 20-month Hereford heifer were enrolled as embryo recipients. Baruselli PS, Batista EOS, Vieira LM, et al: Factors that interfere with oocyte quality for in vitro production of cattle embryos: effects of different developmental & reproductive stages. Keywords: calf; doi; embryo; heifers; ivp; oocytes; opu; pregnancy; semen; theriogenology
• Role of trace minerals in cow’s reproductive function and performance: a clinical theriogenology perspective by Palomares, Roberto; Ferrer, Maria ; Jones, Lee (2024) - Machado VS, Bicalho ML, Pereira RV, et al: Effect of an injectable trace mineral supplement containing selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese on the health and production of lactating Holstein cows. Machado VS, Oikonomou G, Lima SF, et al: The effect of inject- able trace minerals (selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese) on peripheral blood leukocyte activity and serum superoxide dis- mutase activity of lactating Holstein cows. Keywords: anim; beef; bovine; cattle; concentrations; copper; cows; dairy; doi; effects; embryo; function; health; manganese; mineral; performance; pregnancy; production; reproductive; role; sci; status; supplementation; trace; zinc
• What has embryo recovery and transfer taught us about equine reproductive physiology? by Wilsher, Sandra; Hoogewijs, Maarten (2024) - A history of equine embryo transfer and related technologies. Allen WR, Wilsher S: Historic aspect of equine embryo transfer. Keywords: conceptus; days; development; doi; embryo; equine; horse; mares; pregnancy; recipient; reprod; transfer; uterine; uterus
• Hemoperitoneum secondary to bilateral ovarian enlargement due to undiagnosed male cotwin pregnancy in a mare by Orner, Natalie; Whitacre, Michael; Burke, Megan; Nebel-Karp, Amber; Len, Jose; Lyle, Sara (2024) - Analysis of endocrine findings were considered alongside the UC Davis Clinical Endocrinology Laboratory reference ranges for testosterone concentrations: 10-45 pg/ml for normal pregnancy, 45-70 pg/ml ‘marginally elevated’ 70-100 pg/ml, and > 100 pg/ml ‘severely elevated’. To confirm our diagnosis, we decided to repeat endocrinological testing after pregnancy termination. Keywords: clinical; concentrations; gct; hemoperitoneum; mare; pregnancy; testosterone
• Pregnancy monitoring and parturition in dogs by Razquin, Patricio; Sones, Jenny (2024) - Citation: Clinical Theriogenology 2024, 16, 10795, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v16.10795 Review Report Pregnancy monitoring and parturition in dogs Patricio Razquin, Jenny Sones Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA Abstract Management of term pregnant dogs is a major and frequent clinical situation in small animal reproductive veterinary practices, and can be challenging. Starting to monitor dogs 2-6 days ahead of the expected parturition date usually allows for the most accurate assessment of final fetal maturation and readiness for birth and will allow steroid treatment 24 hours prior to deliv- ery to facilitate fetal pulmonary function and thus neonatal resuscitation.38 Medical management before caesarean surgery Preanesthetic considerations for term pregnant dogs are controversial. Keywords: canine; concentrations; days; dogs; doi; ovulation; parturition; pregnancy; progesterone; surge; theriogenology; timing
• Highlighting factors contributing to pregnancy loss in beef cattle by Poliakiwski, Brette; Smith, Damon; Seekford, Zachary; Pohler, Ky (2025) - Relationship between peripheral PAG and embryonic survival: A. Cows with lower concentrations of plasma PAG on day 28 of pregnancy experience higher pregnancy loss compared to cows that maintained pregnancy (adapted11); B. Cows experiencing embryonic mortality have lower concentrations of plasma PAG on day 30 of pregnancy compared to cows with embryonic survival (adapted38). Citation: Clinical Theriogenology 2025, 17, 11037, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v17.11037 Review Report Highlighting factors contributing to pregnancy loss in beef cattle* Brette Poliakiwski, Damon Smith, Zachary Seekford, Ky Pohler Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Abstract Pregnancy loss in beef cattle remains a costly problem for producers, leading to diminished calf crop uniformity and reduced per- centages of cows with a calf at the end of calving season. Keywords: beef; cattle; conceptus; cows; dairy; development; doi; embryonic; et al; factors; failure; fertility; ifnt; loss; pag; period; pregnancy; pregnancy loss; sci; theriogenology; uterine
• Abdominal ectopic pregnancy in a mixed-breed dog by Andersson, Amelia; Forton, Kasey; Campbell, Tom; Shapero, Jeremy; Shivley, Jacob; Baughman, Brittany (2025) - Hughes K: Abdominal ectopic pregnancy and impaired postnatal mammary gland development, consistent with physiologic aga- lactia, in a wild European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus. A true pri- mary abdominal ectopic pregnancy is further characterized with histopathology by trophoblasts and neovascularization between the fetal capsule and supporting tissue structures.6 Secondary abdominal ectopic pregnancies occur after implan- tation when there is rupture of either the uterine tube or uter- ine body and expulsion of the fetus within the mesentery of peritoneal viscera of the abdomen.3 Various outcomes may occur depending on whether the fetal placenta is retained or detached, or if the conceptus is able to maintain a viable blood supply from the tissue in which it is implanted. Keywords: case; cells; dog; ectopic; fetus; figure; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v17.11097; imaging; masses; pregnancies; pregnancy; tissue
• Hypoglycemia and ketosis in a pregnant bitch by Nakahara, Nima ; Llewellyn, Rachael-Kate ; Aveston Thomas, Philip George (2016) - Undernourishment in late gestation and exposure to stressors (environmental and physiological) that can promote glucose consumption has been associated with the disease.2 Clinicopathological findings of pregnancy toxemia in species where it is well defined, namely sheep and other small ruminants, include severe hypoglycemia, cortisol-induced hematology changes (neutrophillia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia) and evidence of dehydration.3 Ketonemia and ketonuria are also common findings in pregnancy toxemia of small ruminants and occur as a result of the altered metabolism of carbohydrates and fats,4 allowing for the production and accumulation of ketone bodies. The ability of glucagon, norepinephrine and cortisol to respond to hypoglycemia is blunted in pregnancy.9 In pregnancy toxemia, regulatory mechanisms fail to raise blood glucose levels resulting in a catabolic state and hypoglycemia and mobilization of fat that releases fatty acids and ketones as an alternative energy source. Keywords: bitch; blood; hypoglycemia; mmol; patient; pregnancy; range; reference; toxemia
• Dr. David E. Bartlett Award for Lifetime Achievement in Theriogenology by Editorial Team, The Clinical Theriogenology (2019) - 2019 Proficiency Awards The Proficiency in Theriogenology Award”, sponsored by the Society for Theriogenology, is a student award to be given annually to one senior at each veterinary school/college in the United States and Canada. Business Phone: Fax: Email: Nominations MUST be received by January 4, 2020 Submit online at: http://www.therio.org/BartlettAwardForm or mail to: Theriogenology Foundation, Bartlett Award 761 Tiger Oak Drive Pike Road, AL 36064-3063 93 Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 11, Number 2 • June 2019 Therio Foundation 2019 Conference Fundraising Events TF SILENT AUCTION 25.0 The passing along of boutique items from colleague-to-colleague through the silent auction has become a signature event of our annual conference. Keywords: american; animal; award; bartlett; case; college; conference; equine; foundation; june; medicine; number; pregnancy; research; society; state; student; theriogenologists; theriogenology; university; veterinary; volume; year
• A comparison of pregnancy diagnosis methods in commercial sheep using lambing as a gold standard by Roberts, Jennifer ; May, Katherine ; Ajani, Olumide ; Kaneene, John (2019) - 2019 A comparison of pregnancy diagnosis methods in commercial sheep using lambing as a gold standard   A comparison of pregnancy diagnosis methods in commercial sheep using lambing as a gold standard Jennifer Roberts,a Katherine May,b Olumide Ajani,c John Kaneene d aDepartment of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, bAntel Biosystems, Lansing, MI cDepartment of Theriogenology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria dDepartment of Large Animal Clinical Sciences and Center for Comparative Epidemiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Abstract Several methods are used for pregnancy diagnosis in sheep, including ultrasonography and detection of pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG) in blood, using either an IDEXX Rapid Visual Pregnancy Test (RVPT) kit or IDEXX Bovine Pregnancy Test (BPT). The objective was to compare transabdominal ultrasonography, RVPT and BPT for pregnancy diagnosis in sheep, with lambing results as a gold standard. Keywords: bpt; diagnosis; ewes; lambing; pag; pregnancy; pregnant; results; rvpt; sheep; test; transabdominal; ultrasonography
• Absence of pregnancies following transfer of manually collapsed equine expanded blastocysts vitrified and warmed using a modified commercial system by Agnew, Morgan ; Dobbie, Tamara ; Linton, Jennifer ; Turner, Regina (2019) - The objective was to develop a simplified method for vitrification and warming of expanded equine blastocysts that could be used by practitioners with no prior experience in embryo collapse, vitrification or warming and that would result in pregnancies following embryo transfer. In conversations with practitioners, we learned that, in the absence of a suitable recipient mare, some field veterinarians attempt manual blastocoele collapse using a small gauge hypodermic needle prior to embryo vitrification with a commercial ‘kit’. Keywords: blastocoele; collapse; embryo; equine; mares; needle; pregnancy; recipient; theriogenology; transfer; vitrification; warming
• Management of a large uterine cyst protruding through the cervix of a mare by Grady, Jason ; Almes, Kelli ; Beard, Warren (2019) - The incidence of uterine cysts has been reported to be 22 - 55%, with an increasing incidence with mare age and parity.5-7 Uterine cysts are more likely in mares 10 years of age or older, but have been detected in a mare as young as 3 years.6 In 1 study, mares > 11 years of age were 4.2 times more likely to have uterine cysts than mares < 11. In another study with 76 mares, 44.7% had uterine cysts, with 2 mares < 7 years of age, 12 were from 7 - 14 years, and 20 were > 14 years.5 Number of cysts was not different between left versus right horns, but frequency of cysts was higher in area of vesicle implantation (left horn middle, right horn middle, uterine body middle, cornual- body junction, left horn posterior, right horn posterior, and anterior uterine body) compared to the extremities (left horn anterior, right horn anterior, and posterior uterine body).5,7 Two types of uterine cysts have been described, namely glandular and lymphatic.2,3,5 Glandular cysts, located in the lamina propria, are generally small, ranging from only a few millimeters up to 1 cm in diameter.5,6 These glandular cysts develop from distention of endometrial glands due to chronic endometrial changes and more specifically periglandular fibrosis.1,4-6 Glandular distention then occurs from the strangulating effect of the periglandular fibrosis on endometrial glands and decreased uterine myometrial tone resulting in decreased flow of secretions.6 Glandular cysts have been reported as a normal finding during pregnancy.5,6 The significance of glandular cysts in cases of infertility or subfertility is yet to be defined. Keywords: body; cysts; days; fluid; foaling; mare; mass; number; pregnancy; uterine
• Comparison of three methods for termination of pregnancy in cats using a dopamine agonist and prostaglandin F2alpha by Ahmadzadeh, Amin ; Purswell, Beverly J. ; Boyle, Stephen M. (2014) - Table: Effect of treatment with cabergoline (5 days), prostaglandin F2alpha (5 days), or their combination (2 to 5 days) on efficacy of pregnancy termination starting at days 35 to 41 after mating in queens. Abstract This study compared the effect and efficacy of a natural prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF) a dopamine agonist (cabergoline; CBR), or the combination of PGF and CBR in pregnancy termination in domestic cats. Keywords: abortion; cats; cbr; days; pgf; pregnancy; treatment
• Reproductive failure in female camelids by Pearson, L.K. ; Tibary, A. (2014) - Ali A, Al-Sobayil FA, Hassanein KM, et al: Ovarian hydrobursitis in female camels (Camelus dromedarius): the role of Chlamydophila abortus and a trial for medical treatment. Absence of ovarian follicular activity. Keywords: breeding; camelids; camels; diagnosis; examination; failure; female; number; ovulation; pregnancy; spp; theriogenology; ultrasonography; uterine
• Intrauterine fetal growth restriction, adaptation and programming–a review by Kasimanickam, Ramanathan K. ; Kasimancikam, Vanmathy R. ; Kastelic, John P. (2012) - Table 1: Comparison of symmetric and asymmetric fetal growth Symmetric Asymmetric Occurs early in gestation Occurs late in gestation Entire fetus is proportionately small Fetus is normal length but reduced weight Multifactorial - genetic, infectious or toxic effects Due to placental insufficiency Postnatal make-up growth is rare Postnatal make-up growth possible Adapted from 11 Factors that cause fetal growth restriction Numerous factors can result in restriction of fetal growth, including: Maternal factors  McMullen S, Osgerby JC, Milne JS, et al: The effects of acute nutrient restriction in the mid-gestational ewe on maternal and fetal nutrient status, the expression of placental growth factors and fetal growth. Keywords: birth; development; embryos; et al; expression; factors; fetus; gene; gestation; growth; models; number; physiol; placental; pregnancy; programming; reprod; restriction; sheep; theriogenology; vascular; weight
• Effect Of Beef Cow Temperament At Mid-Gestation On Reproductive Performance by Kasimanickam, Ramanathan (2014) - The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of cattle temperament assessed at mid- gestation at pregnancy diagnosis on the reproductive performance in beef cows. Effect of beef cow temperament at mid-gestation on reproductive performance Effect of beef cow temperament at mid-gestation on reproductive performance Ramanathan Kasimanickam Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA Abstract Temperament is defined by reaction characteristics in response to human handling. Keywords: beef; breeding; calm; cattle; cows; pregnancy; sci; season; temperament
• A pilot study: Comparison of pregnancy rates from vitrified Jersey embryos utilizing direct transfer methods with pregnancy rates of Jersey and Holstein embryos frozen in ethylene glycol or glycerol by slow-cooling methods by Steel, Richard G. (2010) - Some notable examples are porcine embryos,1 oocytes,2 in-vitro produced embryos3 and Bos indicus embryos.4 Several reports in the literature have described lower pregnancy rates of frozen Jersey embryos when compared to pregnancy rates of frozen embryos from other dairy breeds.5-7 There has been some speculation about the reasons for this occurrence, especially with the discovery that Jersey embryos may have a relatively higher lipid content than embryos from other breeds.7,8 Some investigators have observed that embryos with higher lipid concentrations experience depressed frozen embryo pregnancy rates.1,7,9,10 Although Jersey embryos may possess unique characteristics in their cryotolerance, modification of current vitrification processes utilizing DT methods, combined with further field trials with larger numbers of animals, may help improve overall pregnancy rates with frozen Jersey embryos. Keywords: bovine; embryos; jersey; pregnancy; rates; study; transfer; vitrification
• Common problems during pregnancy in the bitch by Kolster, Kara A. (2010) - The best prevention is maintaining strict biosecurity practices: do not expose pregnant bitches to public areas such as dog shows, isolate pregnant bitches and puppies from other dogs that have been outside the home environment, and maintain clean hands, clothes, and shoes for caretakers and visitors when handling pregnant bitches and puppies. Bitches may be exposed to numerous other viral agents that cause pregnancy complications. Keywords: bitch; breeding; canine; cause; infection; pregnancy
• Early embryonic death in mares by Paccamonti, Dale L.; Carnevale, Elaine (2010) - Stout TAE, Tremoleda JL, Knaap J, et al: Effects of treatments to prevent early pregnancy loss in the mare. Forde D, Keenan L, Wade J, et al: Reproductive wastage in the mare and its relationship to progesterone in early pregnancy. Keywords: days; eed; effect; embryo; equine; loss; mares; pregnancy; progesterone; rates; reprod; suppl; theriogenology; uterine; vet
• Pregnancy outcomes and calf growth in beef cows given modified-live virus vaccination at synchronization for timed artificial insemination by Stewart, Jamie; Currin, John; Clark, Sherrie; Redifer, Tracey; Mercadante, Vitor (2025) - Treatment with MLV vaccine did not have effects on AI pregnancy rates (p ≥ 0.31), total season pregnancy rates (p ≥ 0.12), or AI pregnancy losses (p ≥ 0.41). The binomial outcomes of AI pregnancy rates, total season pregnancy rates (AI + bull bred pregnancies), and AI pregnancy losses were analyzed using a generalized linear mixed-effects model (GLMER pro- cedure) in R with treatment, season, and DPP included as fixed variables. Keywords: calf; cows; days; experiment; mlv; pregnancy; season; treatment; vaccine
• Estrus and ovulation synchronization strategies in beef cattle by Kasimanickam, Ramanathan ; Harting , Quinlan; Hanson , Rachel; Boler , Randa (2025) - Monn RE, Mackey JC, Dudley HB, et al: Effect of a pre-synchroni- zation protocol on beef heifer AI pregnancy rates. Stevenson JS, Thompson KE, Forbes WL, et al: Synchronizing estrus and(or) ovulation in beef cows after combinations of GnRH, norgestomet, and prostaglandin F2alpha with or without timed insemination. Keywords: anim; beef; cattle; cidr; cows; days; doi; estrus; figure; gnrh; heifers; insemination; ovulation; pgf2α; pregnancy; progesterone; protocol; rates; sci; synch; synchronization; theriogenology; treatment; wave
• Pregnancy termination in a mare with hydroallantois by Burton, Kristyn; Holyoak, Reed ; Bassett, Adam ; Kelley, Dale (2025) - Mare conceived the following sea- son and delivered a healthy filly. Keywords: Hydroallantois, mare, termination of pregnancy Background Hydroallantois is a rare condition characterized by a sudden increase in allantoic fluid volume leading to marked abdomi- nal distention, typically between 6-10 months of pregnancy. Keywords: fetus; fluid; hydroallantois; mare; pregnancy
• A case study of dystocia and abortion in Angora goats by Robertson, Susan; Gunn, Allan; Allworth, Bruce (2025) - Abortion cases near term may be con- fused with malalignment and dystocia, overlooking the opportunity to improve welfare and production through pre- ventive management. If the shearing/fast- ing event was the cause, this is difficult to avoid during some stage of pregnancy, given Angora goats are often shorn at 6-month intervals. Keywords: abortion; angora; dystocia; goats; kidding; pregnancy; risk; shearing
• New treatment strategies for chronic endometritis and post mating endometritis by LeBlanc, M.M. (2009) - Rogan D, Fumuso EA, Rodriguez E, et al: Use of Mycobacterial cell wall extract 466 (MCWE) in susceptible mares to clear experimentally induced endometritis with 467 Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Causey RC, Ginn P, Katz B, et al: Mucus production by endometrium of 331 reproductively healthy mares and mares with delayed uterine clearance. Keywords: agents; edta; endometrial; endometritis; equine; fluid; mares; mating; post; pregnancy; rates; treatment; tris; uterine; uterus; vet
• Impact of body condition change post-breeding on reproductive performance of beef cows by Kasimanickam, Ramanathan ; Firth, Phillip ; Asay, Matthew ; Tibary, Ahmed ; Moore, Dale ; Hall, John ; Whittier, William (2012) - Good nutritional status of beef cows is one of the essential components for improved reproductive performance. The objective was to evaluate the impact of change in body condition during two months after breeding on the artificial insemination (AI) pregnancy rate in beef cows. Keywords: bcs; beef; body; breeding; change; condition; cows; pregnancy
• Nutrition for optimum reproductive performance by Kolster , Kara A. (2012) - There are many quality diets available to meet the nutritional needs of a bitch during gestation and lactation, and no single feeding recommendation is appropriate for all dogs. Adherence to AAFCO standards guarantees that an animal fed that diet is receiving an adequate balanced ration for its life stage. Keywords: acid; bitches; diet; glucose; pregnancy; protein
• Early pregnancy in the mare: information to interpret, concepts to accrue by Betteridge, K.J. ; Lillie, B.N. ; Quinn, B.A. ; Waelchli, R.O. ; Raeside, J.I. ; Hayes, M.A. (2012) - 2012: Early pregnancy in the mare: information to interpret, concepts to accrue Early pregnancy in the mare: information to interpret, concepts to accrue K.J. Betteridge,a B.N. Lillie,b B.A. Quinn,b R.O. Waelchli,a J.I. Raeside,a M.A. Hayesb Departments of aBiomedical Sciences and bPathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada Knowledge of how the mare and her conceptus have to interact during their first month together if pregnancy is to be maintained is growing rapidly. Keywords: expression; pregnancy; treatment
• Causes and cures for repeated early pregnancy failure in the mare by Allen , Twink (2012) - As demonstrated convincingly by the late Cliff Irvine in New Zealand, progesterone deficiency is not a significant cause of early pregnancy loss in the mare in spite of the huge quantities of altrenogest and other progestagens shovelled into mares during this period. The precise role of the considerable quantities of estrogen secreted during early pregnancy, initially by the conceptus itself up to day 40, and by the primary and secondary corpora lutea (CL) thereafter in response to the luteotrophic stimulus of commencing eCG secretion, has not been determined. Keywords: conceptus; pregnancy
• Age related and geographical factors affecting fertility and pregnancy in the mare by Allen , Twink (2012) - Subsequent development and judicious studfarm veterinary application of drugs like prostaglandin, altrenogest and other progestagen formulations, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analoges, domperidone and long-acting depot formulations of steroid hormones, together with diagnostic techniques such as the rapid ELISA assay kit for progesterone and transrectal ultrasonography for the accurate monitoring of follicular growth, early diagnosis of singleton and twin pregnancy and detection of accumulated fluid and other uterine pathology, have virtually eliminated these original ‘fertility blockers’ in Thoroughbred mares and in non-Thoroughbred competition horses. Excessive twisting, leading to vascular occlusion, of the umbilical cord, is perhaps the principal cause of non-infectious mid- to late-stage abortion in Thoroughbred mares in the UK but, curiously, not in America. Keywords: fertility; mares; pregnancy
• Clinical approach to infertility in the cat by Johnson, Aime (2022) - Anim Hosp Assoc 2018;54:297-326. 3. Tsutsui T, Onodera F, Oba H, et al: Plasma hormone levels and semen quality in male cats during non-breeding and breeding seasons. In the tom and queen, good breeding management is vital for success. Keywords: breeding; cats; days; estrus; female; infertility; male; ovulation; pregnancy; queen; tom
• Cervical duplication in dogs by Mahoney, David ; Nebel, Amber ; Whitacre, Michael ; Lyle, Sara (2022) - Clinical Theriogenology 2022; 14: 366 Cervical duplication in dogs David Mahoney, Amber Nebel, Michael Whitacre, Sara Lyle North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC Abstract Two maiden bulldogs with cervical duplication were presented for breeding management. Keywords: Dogs, cervical duplication, endoscopy, hereditary, paramesonephric duct Background During early embryonic sexual development, female re- productive tract of the dog starts to develop cranially from paramesonephric ducts. Keywords: breeding; case; cesarean; dogs; duplication; insemination; pregnancy; theriogenology
• Ablation of endometrial cysts using endometrial biopsy forceps by Radny, Betty; Prado, Tulio; Klabnik-Bradford, Jessica (2020) - Given the simple and quick operation of the procedure, endometrial cyst ablation with endometrial biopsy forceps followed by transrectal ultrasonographic conformation is feasible both in hospital and ambulatory settings. Ablation of endometrial cysts using endometrial biopsy forceps Ablation of endometrial cysts using endometrial biopsy forceps Betty Radny, Tulio Prado, Jessica Klabnik-Bradford Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN Abstract Eight mares varying in breed and age were presented for breeding soundness examination and infertility evaluation. Keywords: ablation; biopsy; cysts; estrus; forceps; mares; pregnancy
• Accuracy of radiographic fetal count in ewes by Ogdon, Camille ; Estill, Charles ; Van Scoyk, Kelly ; Newsom, Lauren (2023) - Additionally, observer experience was inversely related to radiographic fetal count accuracy. We hypothesized that increased experience increases radiographic fetal count accuracy and with increased fetal numbers, radiographic fetal count accuracy decreases. Keywords: accuracy; count; ewe; fetuses; number; pregnancy; radiation; radiographs
• Pregnancy analytics app adds value to pregnancy diagnosis in beef herds by Larson, Robert (2020) - Pregnancy distribution in a herd where a high percentage of cows are cycling at breeding season initiation and bulls are successfully breeding cows, but acute onset of bull infertility occurring late in the first 21 day period or early in the second 21 day period of the breeding season (e.g. injury, disease, etc.) resulted in reduced herd fertility followed by partial recovery. Because infectious agents or toxins causing pregnancy losses often occur in late pregnancy just prior to or following examination for pregnancy status, examination of nonpregnant reproductive tracts due to recent abortion should reveal some reproductive tracts with characteristics of involution or uterine pathology. Keywords: breeding; cows; day; days; herd; period; pregnancy; season
• Fetal programming: maternal-fetal interactions and postnatal performance by Lemley, Caleb (2020) - Moreover, volume of late pregnancy uterine artery blood flow relative to maternal body weight was significantly increased in low-input versus conventionally developed heifers, which may be a compensatory mechanism to safeguard fetal growth and development.41 In addition to low-input heifer development programs, we also examined effect of calving season on uterine artery blood flow, as differences in postpartum anestrus interval, conception rates, and weaning weights were reported between fall and spring calving herds.42,43 A portion of these responses could be programmed in utero via changes in nutrient and waste exchange between dam and fetus. McCarty KJ, Owen MPT, Hart CG, et al: Effect of chronic melatonin supplementation during mid to late gestation on maternal uterine artery blood flow and subsequent development of male offspring in beef cattle. Keywords: anim; artery; birth; blood; blood flow; changes; development; flow; growth; melatonin; nutrient; offspring; placental; pregnancy; programming; restriction; uterine; volume; weight
• Thromboembolic disorder in a dog after cesarean surgery by Lago-Alvarez, Yamilka ; Rose, Hailey ; Campanale, Denae ; Porter, Ian ; Simpson, Kenneth ; Cheong, Soon Hon ; Diel de Amorim, Mariana (2022) - Based on the history (peripartum obesity and cesarean delivery) and clinical manifestation, it was hypothesized that the pregnancy-related hypercoagulable state and postpartum period led to the development of venous thromboembolism. McLean K, Cushman M: Venous thromboembolism and stroke in pregnancy. Keywords: patient; postpartum; pregnancy; risk; surgery; thromboembolism; vte
• Failure of pregnancy in horses and camelids by Foster, Robert (2022) - Allen AL, Townsend HG, Doige CE, et al: A case-control study of the congenital hypothyroidism and dysmaturity syndrome of foals. Lane EA, Bijnen M, Osborne M, et al: Key Factors Affecting Reproductive Success of Thoroughbred Mares and Stallions on  a Commercial Stud Farm. Keywords: camelids; causes; equine; evaluation; fop; horses; lesions; membranes; pregnancy; vet
• Failure of pregnancy in ruminants by Agnew, Dalen (2022) - Neglected zoonotic agents in cattle abortion: tackling the difficult to grow bacteria. Unlike coxiellosis cases, however, fetal lesions such as hepatic, splenic, and lymph node necrosis are sometimes ob- served. Keywords: abortion; bovine; cattle; cause; diagnosis; disease; fetus; lesions; pregnancy; ruminants; vet
• Failure of pregnancy in dogs and cats by Foster, Robert (2022) - Kopecny L, Bosward KL, Shapiro A, et al: Investigating Coxiella burnetii infection in a breeding cattery at the centre of a Q fever outbreak. J Feline Med Surg 2016;18:344-347. 4. Stefanetti V, Compagnone A, Sordini C, et al: Retrospective biomolecular investigation of Coxiella burnetii and Leptospira spp. Keywords: cats; causes; dogs; failure; lesions; pregnancy; vet
• Managing cervical impairment in the mare: a case study by Smith, Hannah ; Macpherson, Margo (2021) - Minimal uterine fluid accumulation was evident postbreeding and the cervix appeared closed; uterine lavage was performed. Immediately after uterine lavage each day, 5 million IU K+ penicillin reconstituted in 50 ml sterile water was infused into the mare’s uterine lumen. Keywords: cervix; fluid; mare; pregnancy; treatment; uterine; uterus
• Current understanding of elephant reproduction by Schmitt, Dennis ; Kiso, Wendy (2021) - African elephant semen is very tolerant to a range of extenders. Asian elephant semen is not tolerant of simple extenders, and for fresh cooled semen TEST extender is recommended for cooling with the same protocol as noted for African semen. Keywords: bulls; calf; concentrations; cow; elephants; pregnancy; semen; weeks
• Diaphragmatic hernia involving gravid uterus in a dog by Ciccarelli, Michela ; Perez, Tania ; Dernell, William (2023) - Diaphragmatic hernia with intrathoracic displacement of the uterus was diagnosed via radiography and ultrasonogra- phy. In the present case, the patient was already severely compromised due to diaphragmatic hernia. Keywords: dog; doi; fetuses; hernia; herniorrhaphy; patient; pregnancy; pups; surgery; ultrasonography; vet
• Antiprogestin use in Europe by Maenhoudt, Cindy ; Fontbonne, Alain (2021) - Subsequent fertility appears to be not affected by alizin® treatment. For the elective planned c-section cases, the protocol is to follow the bitch after 60 days from a well-estimated ovulation date to decide the time of alizin® injection (15 mg/kg SC). Keywords: days; pregnancy; progesterone; treatment
• Pregnancy loss in cattle by de la Concha-Bermejillo, Andrés ; Romano, Juan (2021) - Romano JE, Pinedo P, Bryan K, et al: Comparison between allanto- chorion membrane and amniotic sac detection by per rectal palpation for pregnancy diagnosis on pregnancy loss, calving rates, and abnor- malities in newborn calves. Romano JE, Bryan K, Ramos RS, et al: Effect of early pregnancy diagnosis by per rectum amniotic sac palpation on pregnancy loss, calving rates, and abnormalities in newborn dairy calves. Keywords: abortion; animals; assoc; bovine; brucellosis; bvdv; calves; cattle; cause; cows; dairy; dairy cattle; dairy cows; days; detection; diagnosis; disease; embryo; et al; fetuses; https://doi; infection; j dairy; j vet; med; palpation; pregnancy; pregnancy diagnosis; pregnancy loss; risk; sci; theriogenology; vet; virus
• Pregnancy loss in ruminants by de la Concha-Bermejillo, Andrés ; Romano, Juan (2021) - Gerrits R, Blosser T, Purchase H, et al: Economics of improving repro- ductive efficiency in farm animals. Clune T, Beetson S, Besier S, et al: Ovine abortion and stillbirth investiga- tions in Australia. Keywords: abortion; animals; antibodies; areas; birth; bovine; calves; cattle; causes; detection; diagnosis; disease; et al; fetuses; goats; https://doi; infection; loss; membranes; necrosis; pcr; pregnancy; pregnancy loss; review; ruminants; serum; sheep; theriogenology; vet; virus
• Laboratory use in pregnancy loss diagnosis by de la Concha-Bermejillo, Andrés ; Romano, Juan (2021) - Clune T, Beetson S, Besier S, et al: Ovine abortion and stillbirth investigations in Australia. Theiler RN, Rasmussen SA, Treadwell TA, et al: Emerging and zoonotic infections in women. Keywords: abortion; antibodies; bovine; cattle; cause; diagnostic; fetuses; infection; laboratory; loss; pregnancy; results; risk; rtpcr; ruminants; samples; serum; test; vet; virus
• Pregnancy loss in small ruminants by de la Concha-Bermejillo, Andrés ; Romano, Juan (2021) - Hazlett MJ, McDowall R, DeLay J, et al: A prospective study of sheep and goat abortion using real-time polymerase chain reaction and cut point estimation shows Coxiella burnetii and Chlamydophila abortus infection concurrently with other major pathogens. Agerholm JS, Hewicker-Trautwein M, Peperkamp K, et al: Virus-induced Clinical Theriogenology 2021; 13: 202 congenital malformations in cattle. Keywords: abortion; abortus; animals; antibodies; bluetongue; btv; cattle; cause; cvv; days; diagnosis; disease; et al; ewes; fetuses; goats; gondii; human; infection; loss; membranes; pregnancy; pregnancy loss; ruminants; sheep; transmission; vet; virus
• Immunomodulator use in mares by Fedorka, Carleigh ; Troedsson, Mats (2021) - Rogan D, Fumuso E, Rodriguez E, et al: Use of a Mycobacterial Cell Wall Extract (MCWE) in susceptible mares to clear experimen- tally induced endometritis with Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Fedorka CE, Scoggin KE, Boakari YL, et al: The anti-inflammatory effect of exogenous lactoferrin on breeding-induced endometritis when administered post-breeding in susceptible mares. Keywords: antiinflammatory; breeding; endometritis; equine; et al; expression; immune; mares; persistent; pregnancy; reprod; response; theriogenology; treatment; uterine
• Progestin use in mares by Fedorka, Carleigh (2021) - Bruemmer JE, Coy RC, Olson A, et al: Efficacy of altrenogest admi- nistration to postpone ovulation and subsequent fertility in mares. Lopez-Bayghen C, Zozaya H, Ocampo L, et al: Melengestrol acetate as a tool for inducing early ovulation in transitional mares. Keywords: altrenogest; days; effect; equine; estrus; et al; mares; ovulation; pregnancy; progesterone; progestins; sci; theriogenology; treatment; vet
• Effects of sunlight hours and hormones on double ovulation, and singleton and twin pregnancies in mares by Mellish, Martha ; Allan, Kasadee ; Crane, Bronwyn (2021) - Results Per cycle double ovulation rate was 10.5% (96/914), pregnancy rate was 47.2% (405/858), and twin pregnancy rate was 4.4% (38/858). Per cycle pregnancy rate of cycles that used deslorelin was 60.9% (201/330) and was 38.6% (204/528) in cycles that did not use deslorelin. Keywords: cycles; deslorelin; mares; ovulation; pregnancies; pregnancy; rates; use
• Herd level factors associated with pregnancy success and distribution in beef cow-calf herds by Fountain, Tara ; Larson, Robert ; White, Brad (2021) - However, both spring and fall breeding season herds had numerically increased probability of pregnancy as compared to winter and summer breeding season herds. Considering environmental constraints, particularly periods of peak and nadir forage availability, the date to start the breeding season can impact the reproductive success of beef cow herds. Keywords: breeding; day; days; herds; pregnancy; probability; season
• Pregnancy and spontaneous partial abortion associated with salmonella in a dog by Ahmed, Anum ; Ellis, Connor; Kelleman, Audrey (2023) - Diagnostics and early treatment for infections in pregnant dogs are crucial in efforts to provide a positive case outcome. Canine pregnancy is maintained by elevated pro- gesterone concentrations.2 Progesterone in women created an immunosuppressed state that made pregnant women more susceptible to infections.23 Similarly, this is speculated to occur in pregnant dogs, with steroid hormones suppressing neutrophilic activity.24 Client education is important to imple- ment hygiene protocols in the household and prevent zoono- sis in pets with known infections. Keywords: case; day; discharge; dog; dogs; doi; fetuses; figure; pregnancy; progesterone; salmonella
• Use of deslorelin acetate to advance ovulation in goats for timed artificial insemination by Stewart, Jamie; Helms, Alyssa; Clark, Sherrie; Perry, George; Frieden, Elizabeth; Lee, Adelaide; Legg, Sarah; Tak, Mishta; Waldrop, Steven; Pelzer, Kevin (2023) - When given to mares with a follicle size ≥ 35 mm, ~ 90% ovulated within 48 hours.14 Interestingly, ovulation rates also increased from 4% to 79% when SucroMate was given to mares during the sea- sonal transition period.15 Goats, like horses, are seasonal breeders; therefore, the use of deslorelin for inducing ovula- tion in does outside the breeding season or during seasonal transition warrants investigation. Ovulation rates can vary among goat breeds24 but have been reported similarly in Boer does at 1.7.25 Similar superovulation effects were reported in ewes treated with PMSG/hCG within the breeding season. Keywords: cidr; control; deslorelin; doi; estrus; goats; hours; ovulation; pmsg; pregnancy; rates; treatment
• Duration of pregnancy is shorter in Cavalier King Charles spaniels by Baltutis, Kristina ; Settle, Katherine ; Beachler, Theresa ; Lyle, Sara ; Bailey, Scott (2020) - Keywords: Cavalier King Charles spaniel, duration of pregnancy, parturition Introduction Exact prediction of duration of pregnancy has important clinical implications for management of canine pregnancy. Duration of pregnancy is shorter in Cavalier King Charles spaniels Duration of pregnancy is shorter in Cavalier King Charles spaniels Kristina Baltutis, Katherine Settle, Theresa Beachler, Sara Lyle, Scott Bailey Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Keywords: ckcs; days; duration; pregnancy
• Hypertrophic osteopathy in a pregnant doe with bronchopneumonia by Heacock, Elisa ; Bates, Anabelle ; Wulster, Kate ; Manzi, Timothy ; Luethy, Daniela ; Abraham, Michelle (2020) - It is well documented that VEGF and PDGF lead to the phenotypic changes associated with HO.1 Both pulmonary disease and less commonly pregnancy have been implicated in causing secondary HO and this case may give further evidence to support that primary diseases can be associated with secondary HO.4 However, it is uncertain whether the presence of bronchopneumonia, or pregnancy, or both led to the development of secondary HO in this doe. Keywords: bronchopneumonia; disease; distal; doe; osteopathy; pregnancy
• Uterine body fetal reduction in a mare: cranio-cervical dislocation via colpotomy by Hall, Sabrina ; Klabnik, Jessica ; Yepez, Pablo ; Prado, Tulio (2020) - Uterine body pregnancies and twin pregnancies are undesirable in mares. 3. Jobert ML, LeBlanc MM, Pierce SW: Pregnancy loss in equine uterine body pregnancies. Keywords: body; fetus; mare; pregnancy; twin; uterine
• Embryo-maternal communication during the establishment of equine pregnancy by Stout, Tom (2020) - Although little is known about embryo and oviduct interaction, the microenvironment of the oviductal ampulla clearly plays an active role in supporting early development; indeed, although in vitro produced (IVP) equine embryos reach the blastocyst stage at a similar time to in vivo embryos (7 - 8 days postfertilization), at this stage they contain many fewer cells,10 a higher percentage of which are apoptotic11,12 and, following transfer to a recipient mare, IVP embryos lag 2 - 3 days behind in development and are more prone to early embryonic death.5 A positive influence of the oviduct on equine embryo development is also illustrated by the more rapid development and increased likelihood of reaching the blastocyst stage of 2 - 4 cell embryos transferred into the oviduct of a recipient mare soon after ICSI, compared to embryos maintained in vitro.12 Although it also appears that the developing embryo induces changes in oviductal epithelial cell gene and protein expression,13,14 the presence of an embryo in the oviduct does not appear to affect the mare’s subsequent ability to support pregnancy, as demonstrated by the high initial and ongoing pregnancy rates in well synchronised embryo transfer recipient mares.15 The need for coordinated interaction between the progesterone primed endometrium and the developing conceptus if pregnancy is to proceed normally is clearly illustrated by the delayed development of equine embryos transferred into the uterus of a recipient mare that ovulated 5 days after the donor.60 Indeed, it is likely that a species specific minimum period of progesterone priming is required for the endometrium to be able to both provide adequate histotrophic nutrition and become receptive for implantation. Keywords: capsule; conceptus; day; embryo; endometrium; equine; fertil; mare; pregnancy; reprod
• Canine placental microbiome by Sones, Jenny ; Heil, Babiche (2019) - Taxonomic profile of human placental microbiome was discovered to be most similar to oral microbiome, followed closely by vaginal microbiome and further from fecal microbiome. Furthermore, analysis of canine placental microbiome in relation to other extra-placental body sites in healthy bitches, similar to what has been investigated in women and mares, will provide foundation for a better understanding of the relationship between canine placenta and resident bacterial populations during uncomplicated healthy and complicated pregnancies. Keywords: canine; dna; microbiome; outcomes; placental; pregnancy; theriogenology; tract; vaginal
• Evolution of synchronization protocols and use of fixed time artificial insemination in beef cattle in South America by Bó, Gabriel ; Baruselli, Pietro ; Menchaca, Alejo ; Mapletoft, Reuben (2019) - Lamb GC, Stevenson JS, Kesler DJ, et al: Inclusion of an intravaginal progesterone insert plus GnRH and prostaglandin F2α for ovulation control in postpartum suckled beef cows. Kasimanickam R, Day ML, Rudolph JS, et al: Two doses of prostaglandin improve pregnancy rates to timed-AI in a 5-day progesterone based synchronization protocol in beef cows. Keywords: beef; cattle; cows; day; ftai; heifers; pregnancy; protocols; time
• Control of estrus and ovulation in beef heifers and cows by Patterson, David ; Thomas, Jordan (2019) - 2. Patterson DJ, Mallory DA, Nash JM, et al: Strategies to optimize use of AI in cow/calf production systems: Focus on fixed- time AI protocols for heifers. Lauderdale JW, Seguin BE, Stellflug JN, et al: Fertility of cattle following PGF2a injection. Keywords: anim; anim sci; beef; beef cows; beef heifers; cidr; cows; day; day cidr; day cosynch; estrus; et al; ftai; heifers; insemination; j anim; pregnancy; protocols; rates; sci; time
• Practical considerations for implementation of artificial insemination programs for beef cattle by Johnson, Sandy (2019) - Diskin MG, Waters SM, Parr MH, et al: Pregnancy losses in cattle: Potential for improvement. Pexton JE, Farin W, Rupp GP, et al: Factors affecting mating activity and pregnancy rates with beef bulls mated to estrus synchronized females. Keywords: anim; beef; breeding; calving; cattle; cows; days; estrus; females; heifers; insemination; management; number; pregnancy; sci; season; semen; synchronization
• Year-one knowledge and skills in theriogenology: a preliminary study by Root Kustritz, Margaret; Sertich, Patricia ; Johnson, Aime ; Madill, Scott (2023) - Small animal clinician* – general content Very commonly used Reproductive anatomy in any species Commonly used — Rarely used Reproductive endocrinology in any species Reproductive biology in any species (folliculogenesis, spermatogenesis, fertilization, placentation, mammary gland development) Histology of reproductive tissues in any species * Small animal = Small animal practice, internship – small animal, internship – small animal in shelter medicine, small animal and mixed practice, small animal and exotics practice (n = 30). The majority of participants were in small animal practice but a wide range of employment experiences was represented. Keywords: animal; bovine; breeding; equine; male; management; practice; pregnancy; theriogenology; tract
• A variety of teaching interventions to improve bovine transrectal palpation training by Annandale, Annett ; Holm, Dietmar (2023) - Student training for these skills has been identified as challenging, and reported training outcomes highlighted that students’ pregnancy diagnosis accuracy was an area that needed improvement. This highlights the impor- tance of feedback and supervision and is a strategy to decrease the number of live cow palpations necessary to achieve competency.43 This aspect should also be communi- cated when establishing relationships with private practi- tioners for student training. Keywords: bovine; cows; doi; educ; med; palpation; pregnancy; simulator; skills; students; teaching; training; trp; use; vet; veterinary
• Nonantibiotic therapies for endometritis: what, when, and why by Lu, Kristina ; Von Dollen, Karen (2021) - Reghini MF, Neto CR, Segabinazzi LG, et al: Inflammatory response in chronic degenerative endometritis mares treated with platelet-rich plasma. Dilute preparations may be more rapidly bactericidal than full strength solutions.36 Uterine lavage with 0.05% povidone iodine (5 ml of 10% betadine solution in a liter) was not associated with deleterious effects; however, infusion of 1% povidone iodine caused chronic endometrial inflammatory changes.16,37 The mucolytic N-acetylcysteine improved reproductive perfor- mance in mares and resulted in decreased COX-2 presence in endometrial biopsy samples.38,39 We have observed enhanced sensitivity in diagnosis of bacterial endometritis when performing uterine lavage for culture and cytology following N-acetylcysteine infusion (Lu et al: unpublished data). Keywords: endometrial; endometritis; equine; intrauterine; mares; pregnancy; theriogenology; treatment; use; uterus; vet
• Postpartum mare and foal: management and considerations by McNaughten, Justin (2021) - In normal mares, transrectal ultrasonography reveals an echogenic fluid that begins to decrease at ~ day 5 and should be undetectable by day 15.10 Uterine contractions aid in the expulsion of these luminal contents consisting of cellular debris and bacterial contaminates. McCue PM, Hughes JP: The effect of postpartum uterine lavage on foal heat pregnancy rate. Keywords: breeding; colostrum; day; equine; fluid; foal; heat; involution; management; mare; postpartum; pregnancy; theriogenology; treatment; vet
• Reproductive surgeries: why necessary and what to perform for specific problems by McNaughten, Justin (2021) - Reproductive surgeries are often necessary to address underlying anatomical abnormalities or eliminate pathological conditions negatively affecting mare fertility. In the past decade, credence has been given to oviductal bloc- kages as a cause of mare infertility. Keywords: cysts; diagnosis; equine; fertility; laparoscopic; mare; pregnancy; reproductive; surgery; theriogenology; uterine; uterus; vet
• Anesthesia for small animal cesarean surgery and neonatal resuscitation by Allweiler, Sandra (2022) - Kaneko M, Nakayama H, Igarashi N, et al: Relationship between the number of fetuses and the blood constituents of beagles in late pregnancy. Fishburne JI, Meis PJ, Urban RB et al: Vascular and uterine responses to dobutamine and dopamine in the gravid ewe. Keywords: blood; dogs; drugs; effects; placenta; pregnancy; resuscitation; volume
• Intracytoplasmic sperm injection-produced equine embryos: transport, thawing, and transfer by Foss, Rob (2022) - Reports on the success of ICSI embryo transfer have suggested that the window of synchrony for transfer is narrow- er for ICSI embryos than their in vivo counterparts, although these reports utilized frozen-thawed embryos.4,5 Author’s clin- ical practice has not identified a narrower window of accept- able synchrony for embryos that have not been frozen. Pregnancy by day after recipient ovulation Recipient day Pregnant/transferred Pregnant (%)* Noncyclic 21/25 84.0 a 7 45/58 77.6 a 6 146/181 80.6 a 5 225/274 82.1 a 4 229/278 82.3 a 3 86/105 81.9 a 2 3/5 60.0 a Total 755/926 81.5 *Within a column, percentages without a common superscript differed (p < 0.05) Day of development Day of development, representing the number of days follow- ing ICSI that blastocyst formation occurs, has a distinct effect on results of embryo transfer. Keywords: day; embryos; icsi; pregnancy; transfer
• Postpartum factors and fertility in dairy cows by Ferguson, James (2020) - Postpartum factors and fertility in dairy cows Postpartum factors and fertility in dairy cows James Ferguson Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, PA Abstract Normal reproductive function should return by 50 days postcalving and depends on complete uterine involution, clearance of uterine pathogens, and resumption of ovarian cycling. Ideally, dairy cows would begin to produce milk at 22 - 24 months of age and calve every 11 - 13 months until replaced by a genetically superior female.1 Keywords: bcs; cows; dairy; dairy cows; days; energy; health; insemination; loss; metabolic; postcalving; postpartum; pregnancy; rate; sci; theriogenology
• Reproductive management in dairy herds by Ferguson, James (2020) - y = 0.6884x + 0.0345 R² = 0.734 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% Pr eg na nc y R at e Conception Rate PR Superior Herds y = 0.2751x + 0.1132 R² = 0.1974 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% Pr eg na nc y R at e, % First Insemination Rate PRALL Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 12 Number 3 • September 2020 315 Figure 4c. Grouping by 21-day periods from the VWP allows calculation of first insemination rates. Keywords: cows; dairy; days; detection; estrus; figure; herd; insemination; pregnancy; rate
• Genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics of normal and abnormal equine placenta: better understanding of late pregnancy function and dysfunction by Ball, Barry ; Loux, Shavahn ; Dini, Pouya ; Murase, Harutaka ; El-Sheikh, Hossam Ali (2020) - References 1. Wade CM, Giulotto E, Sigurdsson S, et al: Genome sequence, comparative analysis, and population genetics of the domestic horse. Commun Biol 2018;1:197-197. 3. Loux SC, Dini P, El-Sheikh Ali H, et al: Characterization of the placental transcriptome through mid to late gestation in the mare. Keywords: changes; equine; expression; mares; mirna; placenta; placentitis; pregnancy
• Staphylococcus pseudintermedius causing presumptive ascending canine abortion by Nebel-Karp, Amber (2023) - https:// doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8010011 5. Hutchins RG, Vaden SL, Jacob ME, et al: Vaginal microbiota of spayed dogs with or without recurrent urinary tract infections. Golińska E, Sowińska N, Tomusiak-Plebanek, et al: The vaginal microflora changes in various stages of the estrous cycle of healthy female dogs and the ones with genital tract  infections. Keywords: abortion; canine; day; dog; dogs; fetuses; postlh; pregnancy; pseudintermedius
• Diagnostic approaches to pregnancy loss by Smith, Frances O. (2018) - It is the most significant cause of pregnancy loss and infertility in the canine species and is an under diagnosed and under reported cause of pregnancy failure in the canine. Viral causes of pregnancy loss in the canine Canine minute virus also known as canine parvovirus 1 (CPV1) has been proposed as a cause of early pregnancy loss.3 Keywords: abortion; bitch; bitches; canine; cause; dogs; infection; loss; pregnancy
• Adding laparoscopic artificial insemination to your small ruminant practice–a practical review by Sathe, Swanand R. (2018) - Sathe SR: Sudden death secondary to bladder rupture in an ewe undergoing laparoscopic insemination procedure-a case report. The skin scoring is performed to identify the surgical sites during surgical procedure, since the local anesthetic tends to dissipate quickly. Keywords: abdomen; air; animals; equipment; insemination; insufflation; lai; laparoscopic; pregnancy; procedure; rates; semen; theriogenology; tract; use; uterine
• Hypothyroidism in canine reproduction by Cecere, Julie (2023) - The relation between thyroid hormone supplementation and diet is being elucidated in women. Beagles and Borzois have heritable lymphocytic thyroiditis.4,5 Breeds that have a high incidence of thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAA) (antithyroglobulin antibodies) include Boxers, Dalmatians, Giant Schnauzers, Great Danes, Setters, and Old English Sheepdogs, among others.1,3–7 Diagnosis should be based on serologic testing and not on clinical signs alone as there are many diseases and medica- tions, or even breed differences, that contribute to altered cir- culating thyroid hormone concentrations. Keywords: animals; concentrations; disease; dogs; doi; hypothyroidism; pregnancy; supplementation
• Embryo transfer as a reproductive management tool by Hansen, Peter J. (2018) - Embryo transfer during heat stress The best documented example of the use of embryo transfer to improve fertility is for the heat- stressed cow. Abbreviations are as follows: AI: artificial insemination; EG, frozen in ethylene glycol; F, fresh; Gly, frozen in glycerol; IVFET, embryo transfer with an in vitro produced embryo; MOET, multiple ovulation embryo transfer; TAI, timed artificial insemination; TET-IVF, timed embryo transfer with an in vitro produced embryo; VIT, vitrified. Keywords: cows; dairy; embryo; heat; pregnancy; theriogenology; transfer
• Planning and management of mares and recipients for healthy pregnancies and foals by Card, Claire (2018) - Palm F, Aurich C, Steininger B, et al: Analysis of selenium, zinc and copper in hair of horse mares and their neonates. Preferably recipient mares are tractable and have had a successful foaling. Keywords: day; development; disease; donor; embryo; equine; feeding; foal; health; horses; mares; mineral; pregnancy; recipient; time; transfer
• Equine placental microbiome by Sones, Jenny L. ; Heil, Babiche A. (2018) - As this area of research grows, it will be important to analyze equine placental microbiomes in the context of overall mare health status before and during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2015;41:662-669. 7. Cao B, Stout MJ, Lee I, et al: Placental microbiome and its role in preterm birth. Keywords: bacteria; dna; equine; mare; microbiome; placental; placentitis; pregnancy; samples; vaginal
• Management of the high risk mare by Card, Claire (2018) - In mares with placentitis mares need to be monitored for preterm delivery and managers need to be prepared for birth of a neonate that may need intensive care. Tibary A, Pearson LK: Mare problems in the last month of pregnancy. Keywords: equine; examination; fetal; fluid; foal; mares; number; parturition; placentitis; pregnancy; risk; theriogenology; volume; wall

• Preputial Stoma: A Novel Surgical Approach For Semen Collection In Bulls With Phimosis Due To Preputial Stenosis; Three Cases (2007–2014) by Armstrong, Chance L.; Wolfe, Dwight F.; Koziol, Jennifer H.; Carson, Robert L. (2015) - Keywords: Bovine, preputial stoma surgery, prepuce, semen collection, preputial laceration Background Preputial lacerations most often occur during coitus in breeding bulls and these injuries may result in significant financial loss to both beef and dairy producers.1 These injuries usually require prolonged sexual rest and medical and or surgical treatment options are often expensive and prolonged in nature or may result in culling an animal that may have significant genetic and monetary value. This is due to the fact that bulls of B. indicus breeds have a more pendulous sheath with a larger preputial orifice, a longer prepuce relative to the length of the free portion of the penis, and a lower preputial angle in relation to the ventrum of the bull.1 Naturally polled bulls are also at increased risk for developing preputial disease because of lack of retractor preputial muscles that prevent chronic eversion of the prepuce.2 Bulls with preputial injuries often require a combination of medical and surgical management to correct pathology of the prepuce. Keywords: bull; prepuce; preputial; semen; stoma
• Laparoscopic Artificial Insemination With Frozen-Thawed Semen In A Bitch by Memon, Mushtaq A.; Fransson, Boel A.; Rogers, Harmon A. (2015) - Laparoscopic artificial insemination with frozen-thawed semen in a bitch Laparoscopic artificial insemination with frozen-thawed semen in a bitch Mushtaq A. Memon, Boel A. Fransson, Harmon A. Rogers Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA Summary Laparoscopic artificial insemination (L-AI) in a bitch is described. Laparoscopic artificial insemination provides another option for depositing frozen-thawed semen in the canine uterus. Keywords: bitch; insemination; laparoscopic; semen
• Buck Evaluation And Semen Handling by Edmondson, Misty A. (2013) - Buck evaluation and semen handling Buck evaluation and semen handling Misty A. Edmondson Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL Abstract Buck selection and management are critical to maintaining or improving the performance of the herd. Normal concentrations range from 2.5 to 5.0 x 109 mL. Traditionally, buck semen has been centrifuged to remove the seminal plasma which enhances freezability. Keywords: breeding; buck; evaluation; examination; motility; semen; soundness
• Development And Validation Of Testicular Biopsy For Diagnosis Of Infertility In Camels (Camelus Dromedarius) by Waheed, M.M.; Ghoneim, I.M.; Hassieb, M.M. (2011) - Moreover, testicular biopsies are useful procedures in the evaluation of testicular function in llamas.5 This study was designed to develop and validate testicular biopsy for assessment of the reproductive status of infertile male camels. Development and validation of testicular biopsy for diagnosis of infertility in camels (Camelus dromedarius) Development and validation of testicular biopsy for diagnosis of infertility in camels (Camelus dromedarius) M.M. Waheed,a I.M. Ghoneim,a M.M. Hassiebb Departments of Clinical Studiesa and Pathology,b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Alhasa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Abstract Male camel infertility is a heterogeneous disorder. Keywords: abnorm3; biopsy; degeneration; male; mot1; right; semen; testicular
• Semen Handling For Insemination In The Field: Splitting Straws, Loading The Equipment And Juggling Eight Straws At A Time by Kensell, Kim (2011) - In addition, you will need aspics (sheath with an attached needle) and two to three insemination guns (both from IMV, L’Aigle, France), 0.25 ml straws, microcentrifuge tubes (1 ml) with snap lids, extra extender for splitting straws, a stylet to empty straws, a device to hand fill the straws (a TB syringe with a tom cat catheter cut down to fit in the end of the 0.25 ml straw works well) and a fine tip marker. Remember that the water bath will still be used to thaw semen straws and you don’t want to inadvertently drop water into any samples. Keywords: semen; straw
• Equipment And Techniques For Transcervical Artificial Insemination And Laparoscopic Insemination In Small Ruminants by Shipley, Clifford F. (2011) - Other people may prefer other equipment or purchase used equipment that will work equally well for the purpose. Permanent marker An ultrafine permanent marker will be useful for identifying straws and other equipment. Keywords: equipment; insemination; laparoscope; semen; speculum; straw; use
• Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis as a pathogen of the reproductive tract of male small ruminants: case study and review by Stewart, Jamie L. ; Vieson, Miranda D. ; Shipley, Clifford F. (2018) - On postmortem evaluation, a 4×3×3 cm abscess was identified adjacent to the sigmoid flexure of the penis, which yielded a moderate growth of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (Figure 6B). Discussion Caseous lymphadenitis is a disease of sheep and goats characterized by abscess formation and caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Keywords: buck; case; corynebacterium; degeneration; figure; pseudotuberculosis; semen; testicle; theriogenology; vet; volume
• Sexually transmitted disease monitoring, surveillance and impact on breeding farms in the USA by Scoggin, Charles F. (2016) - A modified-live virus vaccine is commercially available in the USA (Arvac®, Zoetis, Florham park, NJ) and approved for use in breeding stallions. Lu K, Moerresey P: Infectious diseases in breeding stallions. Keywords: breeding; disease; equine; genitalia; lesions; mare; semen; stallions; transmission; usa
• Effect of semen collection method on semen quality in developing bulls by Proctor, Jarret ; Long, Nathan ; Biehler, Connor ; Rhinehart, Justin ; Strickland, Lewrell ; Smith, Jason (2019) - Although collection method affected semen quality parameters to a small degree, BSE passage rate was not affected by semen collection method. Effect of semen collection method on semen quality in developing bulls Effect of semen collection method on semen quality in developing bulls Jarret Proctor, Nathan Long, Connor Biehler, Justin Rhinehart, Lewrell Strickland, Jason Smith Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN Breeding soundness examinations (BSE) are commonly utilized to provide an objective indication of sire fertility. Keywords: semen
• Improvement of canine semen vitrification using sucrose and soy lecithin extender by Pipan, Maja ; Casal, Margret ; Mrkun, Janko ; Klun, Irma (2019) - Each ejaculate was divided into 9 aliquots and diluated in semen extenders labeled A - G. Control extender consisted of TRIS, citric acid, fructose and antibiotics, with soy bean lecithin and sucrose added to create test extenders. Improvement of canine semen vitrification using sucrose and soy lecithin extender Improvement of canine semen vitrification using sucrose and soy lecithin extender Maja Pipan,a Margret Casal,b Janko Mrkun,a Irma Klunc aClinic for Reproduction and Large Animals, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia bClinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, PA cUniversity Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Major challenge in freezing semen for short or long term availability is avoiding damage to intact spermatozoa caused by freezing. Keywords: lecithin; semen; soy
• Handling techniques of frozen semen: storage, transfer, transport, and thawing by Stock, Angelika (2024) - Semen tanks should be stored away from heavy traf- fic of personnel in a well-ventilated area due to the continual evaporating nitrogen gas. Author, therefore, always keeps frozen semen straws in a styro- foam dish with liquid nitrogen before thawing to examine how straws are filled to avoid problems. Keywords: dryshipper; liquid; nitrogen; semen; tank; temperature; vapor
• Laparoscopic artificial insemination in sheep: review and cost benefit analysis by Myers, Andrew ; Kasimanickam, Ramanathan (2025) - Faigl V, Vass N, Jávor A, et al: Artificial insemination of small ruminants – a review. Shipley CFB, Brian C, Buckrell BC, et al: Artificial insemination and embryo transfer in sheep. Keywords: anim; breeding; doi; et al; ewes; g n; g o; insemination; lai; laparoscopic; m g; n d; o l; o n; ra w; sci; semen; sheep; theriogenology; w al
• Reproductive disorders of male camelids by Pearson, L.K. ; Tibary, A. (2014) - Males which are known to fight with other males or breed the ground or objects should be inspected daily for injuries and placed in suitable housing (away from females/other males and with appropriate fencing). Some guidelines have been cited in the literature as to minimum requirements for testicular size and semen quality; however, many males, outside of South America, are bred to few females, and may produce offspring despite any observed abnormalities in testes size or semen quality. Keywords: breeding; camelids; cases; examination; infertility; male; pearson; semen; testicular; tibary
• Guidelines for using the canine breeding soundness evaluation form* by Purswell, B.J.; Althouse, G.C.; Root Kustritz, M.V. (2010) - Foote RH: The influence of frequency of semen collection, fractionation of the ejaculate, and dilution rate on the survival of stored dog sperm. Bartlett DJ: Studies on dog semen. Keywords: canine; collection; director; dog; dogs; ejaculate; fraction; number; semen; spermatozoa
• What’s known about selected sperm abnormalities in the bull? by Smith, J.D. (2009) - This paper 28 337 will review a select population of sperm defects which could be encountered in veterinary 29 practice and provide their common causes as well as the prognosis for fertility when 30 known. With the ability to scrutinize large numbers of AI sires and their progeny a 65 number of sperm defects have been classified as genetic in nature. Keywords: acrosome; bulls; defect; droplet; fertility; heads; incidence; semen; spermatogenesis; spermatozoa; theriogenology
• Nutriceuticals and other drugs used to enhance fertility in stallions by Brinsko, S.P. (2009) - Based on work in other species, 227 364 further studies involving optimal levels of individual supplements and combinations of 228 supplements which could act synergistically to improve stallion semen quality are needed. Since high DPA to DHA ratios in semen have been 74 associated with reduced sperm quality and fertility, typical equine diets with an overwhelming 75 availability of n-6 precursors could have a negative impact on quality of stallion semen and its 76 tolerance to cooling and freezing. Keywords: acids; dha; fatty; motility; quality; semen; spermatozoa; stallions; supplement; supplementation
• Testicular microlithiasis in two dogs by Root Kustritz, Margaret; Kissner, Michelle (2025) - These small calcified areas within the testicular paren- chyma are described ultrasonographically as diffuse, punctate, and nonshadowing hyperechoic foci, generally of uniform size, throughout the testicular parenchyma.1 In humans, this is further differentiated into classic TM (> 5 microliths in at least 1 ultrasound image) and limited TM (< 5 microliths on all images).2 There is a great body of literature evaluating asso- ciations between testicular microlithiasis and reproductive disease in men, with greatest focus on possible associations with testicular neoplasia and with infertility. Miller RL, Wissman R, White S, et al: Testicular microlithiasis: a benign condition with a malignant association. Keywords: case; doi; microlithiasis; semen; testicular
• Just because I can, doesn’t mean I should: the application of evidence-based medicine to small animal theriogenology by Goodman , Melissa (2012) - Keywords: Evidence-based medicine, artificial insemination, vaginal insemination, transcervical insemination, surgical insemination The importance of evidence While the field has grown, and the demand has increased exponentially, training and information have remained limited. Applying evidence based reproduction: choosing an insemination method Three insemination techniques are widely used in canine artificial insemination, namely (1) vaginal, (2) intrauterine deposition via surgical insemination, and (3) intrauterine deposition via a transcervical approach, either through the use of a rigid catheter or with endoscopic guidance. Keywords: conception; dog; evidence; insemination; quality; semen; studies
• Maximizing success using fresh chilled semen by Escobar , Steven (2012) - The practice of using fresh chilled semen has been done for many years to allow breeding of dogs from different geographical areas. How many shipments should be sent with the use of fresh chilled semen often arises as a common query. Keywords: insemination; sample; semen; shipment
• Physiology and reproductive techniques for the whitetail deer by Coe, Jason; Bringans, Micheal (2020) - Physiology and reproductive techniques for the whitetail deer Physiology and reproductive techniques for whitetail deer Jason Coe, Micheal Bringans Advanced Deer Genetics, Hudson Oaks, TX Abstract Purpose is to briefly explain the physiology of whitetail deer and to cover reproductive management and artificial insemination techniques. Keywords: Cervid, laparoscopic, transcervical, embryo Introduction The commercial farming of whitetail deer is a relatively recent agricultural enterprise that came about to supply trophy animals to the hunting preserve industry. Keywords: deer; rut; semen; whitetail
• Application of domestic dog theriogenology practice in wild canids by Christensen, Bruce (2021) - Chilling domestic dog semen and preserving sperm function is easily accomplished now through the use of multiple commercial extenders, including but not limited to CaniPlus ChillTM Application of domestic dog theriogenology practice in wild canids Bruce Christensen Kokopelli Assisted Reproductive Services, Elk Grove, CA Abstract Theriogenologists working in clinical practice with domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) have experience in managing a wide variety of subfertility cases and several aspects of breeding. Keywords: canids; dogs; semen; species; theriogenology; wolf; wolves
• Overcoming reproductive disorders in female greater one-hornedrhinoceros (Rhinocerosunicornis) to improve artificial insemination and natural breeding success by Stoops, Monica ; Moresco, Anneke ; O’Brien, Justine ; Penfold, Linda ; Gillis, James ; Wojtusik, Jessye ; Metrione, Lara (2021) - In mares the incidence of anovulation increases with age and several causative factors such as insufficient gonadotropin production and elevated estrogen production from the preovulatory follicle have been documented.28 Timing of previous GOHR AI procedures were based on natural cycles of each specific female.10 A downfall to this approach was that over a quarter of AI attempts were conducted on anovulatory cycles.10 Formative research identified anovulation and intraluminal uterine fluid accumulation as primary factors associated with the established 50% conception rate from GOHR AI. Keywords: breeding; equine; female; gohr; mares; ovulation; oxytocin; rhinoceros; semen; theriogenology; treatment; urinary; zoo
• Canine transcervical insemination: history and technique by Whitler, William (2023) - Keywords: canine, dog, artificial insemination, transcervical, endoscope, history, technique History and refinements Advances in veterinary medicine often lagged behind human medicine; however, the field of artificial insemination (AI) is an exception. 2. Bowen JM: Artificial insemination in the horse. Keywords: author; catheter; dogs; endoscope; insemination; semen; tci
• Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline and tulathromycin in plasma and semen of beef bulls by Romano, Juan ; Barbarossa, Andrea ; Pagliuca, Giampiero ; Villadóniga, Graciela ; Gazotti, Teresa ; Mislei, Beatrice ; Zironi, Elisa ; Marib, Gaetano (2021) - Oxytetracycline plasma concentrations above 1,000 ng/ml persisted (p = 0.001) for 48 hours for the 10 mg/kg dose compared to 66 hours for the 20 mg/kg dose. Plasma oxytetracycline concentrations in bulls treated with 20 mg/kg of oxytetracycline either subcutaneously (2,540 ± 1,970 ng/ml) or intramuscularly (2,590 ± 2,030 ng/ml) were not different (p = 0.96). Keywords: bulls; concentrations; hours; oxytetracycline; plasma; semen; tulathromycin
• Cryopreservation of small ruminant semen made simple by Gately, Rachael (2022) - Impact of season Generally, semen collection during breeding season produc- es the highest volume of quality semen for either fresh LAI or cryopreservation for later use. On average, depending on season, a buck or ram produces an ejaculate ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 ml, Semen that is collected during the breeding sea- Cryopreservation of small ruminant semen made simple Rachael Gately Department of Environmental and Population Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University, North Grafton, MA Abstract Successful cryopreservation of small ruminant semen is critical to prosperous artificial insemination programs. Keywords: collection; insemination; quality; semen
• Integrating canine semen freezing into your practice by Adams, Ana J. (2018) - Transport of frozen semen Frozen semen is often transferred from one facility to another in order to facilitate breedings without transporting the bitch long distances. Inseminations with frozen canine semen Due to the increased fragility and shortened lifespan of frozen semen compared to fresh or chilled semen, breedings involving frozen semen require increased precision regarding ovulation timing in order to obtain optimal results. Keywords: canine; dog; freezing; insemination; nitrogen; practice; reprod; semen; storage; theriogenology
• Genetic predisposition for developing equine arteritis virus carrier state: adopting proper biosecurity measures when breeding mares to a persistently infected stallion by Balasuriya, Udeni; Carossino, Mariano ; Mekuria, Zelalem ; Holyoak, Reed (2019) - Timoney PJ, McCollum WH, Murphy TW, et al: The carrier state in equine arteritis virus infection in the stallion with specific emphasis on the venereal mode of virus transmission. Identification of EAV carrier stallions Current EVA control and prevention strategies partly rely on identification of EAV carrier stallions. Keywords: arteritis; breeding; carrier; eav; equine; et al; infection; mares; reproductive; semen; stallions; tract; vet; virus

• Mares behaving badly: a review of methods for estrus suppression in the mare* by Hornberger, Kathleen; Lyman, Candace C.; Coffman, Elizabeth; Reed Holyoak, G. (2017) - Concerns pertaining to mare behavior are often attributed to their estrous cycle, however undesirable mare behaviors need to be differentiated from other non-reproductive causes of undesirable behavior. Ovulation marks the end of estrus (day 0), however, mares ������������������������������������������������������������ *�Presented in part at the Oklahoma Veterinary Medical Summer Seminar, June 2016� 583 Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 9 Number 4 • December 2017 � can still exhibit estrus behavior up to 24-48 hours following ovulation. Keywords: administration; behavior; cycle; day; days; equine; estrus; estrus behavior; gnrh; mares; ovulation; progesterone; suppression; theriogenology; vet; � �
• Major Infectious Abortion Diseases Of Domestic Animals And Their Zoonotic Implications by Peter, Augustine T. (2017) - One such risk includes the impact of animal abortion diseases on human health. Second, the government agencies must continue to provide financial support for the colleges of veterinary medicine and other agencies for studies to be continued in animal abortion diseases. Keywords: abortion; animals; brucella; brucellosis; cattle; cause; disease; dogs; et al; fetus; fever; gondii; health; human; infected; infection; leptospirosis; med; microbiol; number; organism; people; sheep; signs; small; theriogenology; toxoplasma; vet
• Use Of Hormones In Equine Breeding Management by Pinto, Carlos R.; Coffman, Elizabeth A. (2015) - In those countries, the racemic d,l cloprostenol and the more potent formulation containing only the d-enantiomer cloprostenol‡ are available; only 25 to 37.5 ug per mare of d-cloprostenol is needed to induce luteolysis in mares at least five days after ovulation.18 Induction of ovulation The ability to induce ovulation is one of the most important strategies utilized in breeding management. The moderate potency of buserelin (see Table) perhaps may explain why a single administration of a labeled dose of buserelin (40 to 100 ug per mare) is not sufficient to induce ovulation in mares. Keywords: administration; deslorelin; equine; estrus; gnrh; hcg; mares; ovulation; oxytocin; theriogenology; use; vet
• Neosporosis In Cattle by Noall, David; Kasimanickam, Ramanathan; Memon, Mushtaq; Gay, John (2013) - French NP, Clancy D, Davison HC, et al: Mathematical models of Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle: transmission and options for control. Dubey JP, Abbitt B, Topper MJ, et al: Hydrocephalus associated with Neospora caninum infection in an aborted bovine fetus. Keywords: abortion; beef; caninum; cattle; control; dams; herd; immune; infection; neospora; neosporosis; parasite; parasitol; response; transmission; vet
• Update On Antimicrobial Therapy In Mare Reproduction by Lu, Kristina G. (2013) - Papich MG, Van Camp SD, Cole JA, et al: Pharmacokinetics and endometrial tissue concentrations of enrofloxacin and the metabolite ciprofloxacin after i.v. administration of enrofloxacin to mares. In a study to evaluate for a similar bacterial dormancy state in the equine endometrium, Petersen et al used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to evaluate S. zooepidemicus endometritis in mares treated with systemic antibiotics. Keywords: acid; action; administration; antimicrobials; bacteria; beta; ceftiofur; endometritis; equine; intrauterine; mares; theriogenology; vet
• Parasite control strategies for broodmares and foals by Vaala, Wendy (2013) - Hebert L, Cauchard J, Doligez P, et al: Viability of Rhodococcus equi and Parascaris equorum eggs exposed to high temperatures. Von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Fritzen B, Demeler J, et al: Cases of reduced cyathostomin egg-reappearance period and failure of Parascaris equorum egg count reduction following ivermectin treatment as well as survey on pyrantel efficacy on German horse farms. Keywords: anthelmintic; drug; egg; equorum; foals; horses; parasite; resistance; treatment; vet
• Rhodococcus Equi Infections In Foals by Giguère, Steeve (2013) - In a retrospective study of 150 foals with R. equi infections, 111 (74%) had at least one of 39 extrapulmonary disorders.6 Survival was significantly higher among foals without extrapulmonary disorders (32/39 [82%]) than among foals with extrapulmonary disorders (48/111 [43%]), but many such disorders were only recognized after death.6 Intestinal lesions are present in approximately 50% of foals with R. equi pneumonia presented for necropsy.7 However, the majority of foals with R. equi pneumonia do not show clinical signs of intestinal disease. The diagnosis of enterocolitis caused by R. equi is problematic because isolation of R. equi from feces cannot be taken as evidence of enterocolitis caused by R. equi.9 Hyperfibrinogenemia is the most consistent laboratory finding in foals with R. equi pneumonia, although rare cases may have normal fibrinogen concentrations. Keywords: equi; foals; lesions; pneumonia; rhodococcus; rifampin; vet
• Top Ten Foal Medicine Papers Published Within The Last Year by Sanchez, L. Chris (2013) - This talk will cover what I consider to be 10 of the best papers published in the last year regarding neonatal foals. This paper tackled an age old question: Is it financially worthwhile to hospitalize neonatal foals? Keywords: foals; study; vet
• Amorphus globosus by McNulty, Kaylin; Jaffe, Michael ; Yi, Joanne (2024) - Amorphus globosus most commonly occurs in bovids, with the most common occurrence in Holsteins (~ 1 in every 3,500 pregnancies).23 In humans, it occurs in 1 out of every 35,000 births.9 Histopathology (H&E): A. luminal structure resembling intestines with villous mucosa, submucosa, and distinct muscularis layers including mixed inflammatory cells and vessels, 4 x. Inset: prominent goblet cells in villi, 40 x. B. large expanse of tissue resembles liver with hepatocytes forming irregular cords with interspersing sinusoid-like blood channels, 20 x. C. orga- nized bundle of nerve cell bodies, 20 x. D. remnant of organized pale basophilic cartilage with appropriate maturation to bone and marrow resembles a neonatal growth plate; note structure surrounded by amorphous edematous tissue with admixed blood cells, 4 x. http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v16.10328 http://library.msstate.edu/ 4 Citation line: Clinical Theriogenology 2024, 16, 10328, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v16.10328 Learning points • Amorphus globosus is defined as an acardiac asymmetrical roughly spherical mass of tissue covered in skin • This disorder may increase the incidence of birth complications, most commonly dystocia and retention of fetal membranes • This malformation has the potential to cause cotwin mor- tality due to dystocia and potentially cardiac compromise • Early identification and treatment of amorphus globosus individuals may decrease cotwin mortality and birth complications • There is no evidence to support culling or spaying of affected dams, as there are no reports of this condition occurring more than once in the same dam Conflict of interest None to report. Keywords: amorphus; doi; dystocia; figure; globosus; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v16.10328; tissue; vet
• Modified partial posthectomy surgery for chronic preputial prolapse in a Bos indicus bull by Nevard, Rory; Lopes, Marco ; Lehmann, Heidi; Quinn, Chris ; MacDonald, Cassandra (2024) - Preputial resection/circumcision (also known as ‘reefing procedure’) or preputial amputation are 2 well-documented procedures performed to restore penile function. Keywords: Beef bull, chronic preputial prolapse, preputial amputation, modifed posthectomy Background Injuries to the prepuce of breeding beef bulls are common, particularly those of Bos indicus influence as a result of cer- tain anatomical arrangements.1,2 Keywords: amputation; bull; doi; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v16.10415; penis; prepuce; preputial; prolapse; skin; surgery; suture; technique; tissue; vet
• Infertility caused by oophoritis in a dog resolved by hemiovariectomy by Nebel-Karp, Amber; Mahoney, David; Whitacre, Michael; Bauer, Beth ; Lyle, Sara (2025) - Kalantaridou SN, Braddock DT, Patronas NJ, et al: Treatment of autoimmune premature ovarian failure. I, et al: Oophoritis in a dog with abnormal corpus luteum function. Keywords: autoimmune; breeding; concentrations; dog; doi; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v17.10638; infertility; oophoritis; ovary; progesterone; treatment; vet; women
• Management of a granulosa-theca cell tumor in a female Rottweiler by Horner, Alexandria; Burns, Greg ; Harris, Mac; Sones, Jenny; Hollinshead, Fiona (2024) - Troisi A, Orlandi R, Vallesi E, et al: Clinical and ultrasonographic findings of ovarian tumours in bitches: A retrospective study. McCandlish I, Munro C, Breeze R, et al: Hormone producing ovarian tumours in the dog. Keywords: amh; canine; cell; concentrations; diagnosis; dogs; figure; gct; granulosa; inhibin; mares; ovary; theriogenology; vet
• Case report: focal squamous cell carcinoma, extensive squamous dysplasia and balanitis of the penis in a stallion by Loncar, Kristen D. ; McCue, Patrick M. ; Hendrickson, Dean A. ; Ferris, Ryan A. (2016) - Squamous cell carcinoma lesions are often locally invasive and multicentric, metastasize slowly to regional lymph nodes and occasionally metastasize to distant sites such as lung, liver and thoracic lymph nodes.3,7 Metastasis to the inguinal lymph nodes for cases of SCC of the equine genitalia has been reported to range from 12.5 % to 16.9 %.6,19 Théon and others38 reported a success rate of 88% for horses with squamous cell carcinoma lesions treated with one course of intralesional cisplatin. Keywords: carcinoma; cell; cell carcinoma; equine; figure; glans; horse; lesions; penile; penis; scc; stallion; therapy; treatment; tumor; vet
• Simulations in veterinary education by Root Kustritz, Margaret V. (2014) - These included computer simulations, plastic models, soft tissue models, and cadavers.18-21 A recent study evaluated use of video games as a method of enhancing student surgical skills; skills in laparoscopy were enhanced by video game training but traditional surgical skills were not.22 Similarly, in a study evaluating use of high-fidelity models versus live animals for training in performance of ovariohysterectomy of dogs, those students trained on live animals showed much greater confidence and skill in the abdominal approach than did those students trained using a simulation.20 It may behoove those members interested in education to more systematically consider what models might already exist or might be created to ensure progressive acquisition of theriogenology skills in veterinary students. Keywords: educ; med; skills; students; training; use; vet
• Recommendations for management of breeding dogs: a review by Root Kustritz, Margaret V. (2012) - Strasser H, Schumacher W: Breeding dogs for experimental purposes. Crispin S: Tackling the welfare issues of dog breeding. Keywords: age; anim; animal; assoc; bitches; breeding; canine; dogs; housing; incidence; male; management; march; med; number; pyometra; recommendations; size; testing; theriogenology; vet; volume
• Case report: Ileo-jejunal entrapment in a uterine mesometrium rent of a non-pregnant mare by Schaffer, Paula A. ; Sonis, Jennifer M. ; Rodriguez, Jacobo S. ; Han, Sushan (2012) - The uterine tion in the ma sociated with (i.e. perforati in the ligame arian vessels i e mesometriu healing may r al rents in gen case report ha year old, and tory of dystoc at the mare m cy and partur n in the right s a prior histor and prior pre efect is also c rtex was exte xic al rent format as may be ass nflammation result in tears uterine or ova an form in the n. Improper h .15 Abdomina mare in this c ee- and four-y on and no hist is possible th uring pregnanc rent formation olon suggests ometrial rent congenital de he adrenal cor with endotox was present in th sis. Keywords: bowel; case; ligament; march; mare; number; rent; theriogenology; vet; volume
• The American College of Theriogenologists – First forty years by Peter, Augustine (2012) - The journal is growing under the editorship of ACT diplomate, Robert Youngquist, the founding editor. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989;195:51-55. Keywords: act; american; animal; appendix; assoc; clinical; college; december; diplomates; edition; equine; kustritz; management; march; med; members; number; practice; profession; reproduction; sft; society; symposium; theriogenologists; theriogenology; training; vet; vet med; veterinarians; veterinary; volume
• An update on vaginal and uterine eversions in cattle by Dawson, Lionel J. ; Peter, Augustine T. (2012) - Vaginal eversions usually occur before calving, and uterine eversions after calving. Many factors8,35 are believed to contribute to uterine eversion including reduced uterine contractility due to decreased uterine activity following primary or secondary uterine inertia. Keywords: animal; cervix; cow; cows; eversion; figure; needle; prolapse; suture; technique; theriogenology; uterine; uterus; vaginal; vet
• Isolation and identification of Taylorella asinigenitalis from a mare in Oklahoma, USA by Reilly, Thomas J. ; Calcutt, Michael J. ; Ganjam, Irene K. ; Erdman, Matthew M. ; Aalsburg, Alan M. ; Blyden, Joshua F. ; Fales, William H. (2012) - 4. Aalsburg AM, Erdman MM: Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotyping of Taylorella equigenitalis isolates collected in the United States from 1978 to 2010. Sequence analysis of independent plasmid clones verified the presence of characteristic patterns of SNPs as well as insertion/deletion (indels), which may prove useful in strain discrimination as additional T. asinigenitalis isolates are identified. Keywords: asinigenitalis; dna; equigenitalis; equine; isolates; isr; strain; taylorella; vet
• Feral cats: A review of concerns and control measures by Root Kustritz, Margaret V. (2010) - Feral cats may have been companion cats once and may choose to live near human habitation but do not rely on humans for shelter, food, or water.2 Another definition for a feral cat would be one that cannot be handled by humans and would not be suitable for adoption into a home as a pet; this definition is complicated by lack of consistent guidelines within or between facilities regarding methods used to identify whether or not a given cat is adoptable.3,4 A colony of feral cats is defined as a group of three or more sexually intact cats living and feeding in close proximity.3 This paper is a review of concerns and reported control measures for feral cats living in colonies. These include the social aspects of providing support for these cats and potential building of networks between caregivers.5,6 Multiple stakeholders must be taken into consideration when evaluating control of feral cat colonies including humans who consider cats a nuisance, who are at risk of their own health from diseases carried or transmitted by cats, or who are concerned about welfare of wildlife or welfare of the cats, and the cats and other animal species themselves.7 Society at large also has a stake with growing societal opposition to euthanasia and differing understanding of the role of humans in exerting dominion over animals.6,8 Concerns about feral cat colonies include loss of wildlife from predation by feral cats, spread of disease from cats to other animals, and potential spread of disease from cats to humans. Keywords: acetate; assoc; cats; colonies; concerns; control; feline; humans; med; megestrol; populations; vet
• Canine neonatal mortality by Kutzler, Michelle A. (2010) - A high percentage of neonatal puppy mortalities have combinations of pulmonary congestion, edema, hemorrhage, and atalectasis.10 Treating pneumonia in a neonatal dog is often unrewarding so efforts should be concentrated on prevention. The following definitions have been suggested for neonatal puppies: perinatal period (less than one day), neonatal period (one to 21 days), maturation period (21-28 days) and preweaning period (28-42 days)10,13 Clinical examination of the canine neonate Clinical signs preceding neonatal mortality may include low or no weight gain, continuous vocalization, separation from the dam or other littermates, depression, abdominal distension, or loss of suckle reflex.6 The severity of clinical signs correlates negatively with survival, and death can occur within 18 to 24 hours from onset of clinical signs depending on the cause. Keywords: age; anim; birth; blood; body; canine; causes; colostrum; days; dogs; feeding; hours; milk; mortality; neonatal; neonates; puppies; puppy; result; tube; vet; weeks; weight
• Pathology of male reproductive organs by Foster, Robert A. (2010) - 7. Abbit B, Fiske RA, Craig TM, et al: Scrotal hydrocele secondary to ascites in 28 bulls. Guazzone VA, Jacobo P, Theas MS, et al: Cytokines and chemokines in testicular inflammation: a brief review. Keywords: animals; bulls; canine; carcinoma; cause; cells; disease; dogs; epididymis; hypoplasia; infection; penis; prostate; sertoli; size; species; testicular; testis; tumors; vet
• Porcine abortions: Overview of PRRSV, PCV2, PPV and other causes by Opriessnig, T. ; Yaeger, M. J. (2010) - Kranker S, Nielsen J, Bille-Hansen V, et al: Experimental inoculation of swine at various stages of gestation with a Danish isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Rossow KD, Laube KL, Goyal SM, et al: Fetal microscopic lesions in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-induced abortion. Keywords: abortion; fetuses; infection; pcv2; porcine; prrsv; syndrome; vet; virus
• Diagnosis of infectious abortion in domestic ruminants by Anderson, Mark L. (2010) - Fetal infections beyond approximately four months gestation often result in transient fetal infections, with the development of a fetal immune response, specific fetal antibody production, and elimination of the virus. Bacteria invade the placental trophoblasts and cause chronic placentitis and fetal infection resulting in fetal death due to placental disruption and endotoxemia. Keywords: abortion; bovine; cattle; cause; diagnosis; disease; fetus; fetuses; gestation; infection; lesions; liver; lung; neospora; placenta; sheep; tissues; vet; virus
• Hormonal manipulation of the estrous cycle in mares by Moss, Christina; Lu, Kristina (2025) - Foglia RA, McCue PM, Squires EL, et al: Stimulation of follicular development in transitional mares using a progesterone vaginal insert (CIDR-B). Carnevale EM, Squires EL, McKinnon AO, et al: Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on time to ovulation and luteal func- tion in transitional mares. Keywords: cycle; days; deslorelin; doi; effects; equine; estrus; et al; follicles; gnrh; gonadotropin; hcg; hours; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v17.11651; induction; j equine; mares; ovulation; period; pituitary; progesterone; prostaglandin; reprod; sci; theriogenology; treatment; use; vet
• Recurrent preputial sarcoids in a miniature donkey by Ghersa, Josefina; Friedlund, Alannah; Thomas, Keri; Wobeser, Bruce; Card, Claire (2025) - Various treatment options are available for preputial sarcoids, including surgical excision for large masses. Light microscopic images of preputial sarcoid: A. Superficial epithelial crusting and elongated, thin rete pegs (black arrows) with adjacent neoplastic cells (200 x magnification); B. and C. Higher magnification (400 x) of a rete peg showing a picket fence–like arrangement of neoplastic cells along the dermal-epidermal border (black arrow) Keywords: canada; doi; equine; gelding; masses; preputial; sarcoid; vet
• Antibiotic use in prostatic disease in dogs by Root Kustritz, M. V. (2009) - Of these compounds, 120 enrofloxacin shows superior movement into canine prostatic tissue, followed by 121 ciprofloxacin and marbofloxacin.28,30-32 122 Macrolides 123 Wang H, Li ZC, Luo ZH, et al: Penetrability of amikacin into prostate tissues in 244 rat models of chronic bacterial prostatitis. Keywords: antibiotic; canine; disease; dogs; fluid; prostate; prostatitis; tissue; vet
• Neoplasia of the reproductive tract of the male dog by Root Kustritz, M. V. (2009) - Side-effects include hematuria and hemospermia.28,29 In humans, seeding 123 of the abdomen with tumor cells and subsequent growth of transplanted cells is reported 124 to occur in 0.009% of cases after these techniques.30 This same trend 58 appears to be true in veterinary medicine, with incidence of testicular tumors increased in 59 one study from that described in 1962.12 The primary theory explaining this in human 60 medicine is increase in exposure to environmental toxins. Keywords: canine; cell; dogs; neoplasia; prostate; testicular; tumors; vet
• Endometritis in dogs – current knowledge and future considerations by Lyle, S.K. (2009) - Uropathogenic E. coli 268 producing biofilms are implicated in chronic urinary tract infections in people,59 and it 269 has been suggested that some cases of E. coli endometritis produce biofilm.60 From a 270 diagnostic standpoint, a guarded system for transcervical collection of uterine secretions 271 in the standing bitch would benefit not only research endeavors, but collection of 272 diagnostic samples from clinical cases. Egenvall A, Hagman R, Bonnett BN, et al: Breed risk of pyometra in insured dogs 278 in Sweden. Keywords: bitches; canine; coli; endometritis; escherichia; expression; hyperplasia; isolates; pyometra; tract; uterine; uterus; vet
• Antimicrobial therapy in bovine reproduction by Edmondson, M.A. (2009) - The use of antimicrobials, both systemically and locally, has been a hallmark of 6 therapy in the treatment of uterine infections in cattle. The proper use of antimicrobials to treat uterine 17 infections must first begin with an appropriate diagnosis and thorough understanding of 18 the immunology of the uterus, the pathophysiology of uterine infections, and the 19 properties of the various antimicrobial agents that may be used therapeutically. Keywords: bovine; cattle; cows; dairy; infections; intrauterine; metritis; postpartum; use; uterine; uterus; vet
• Bovine richomoniasis: a review by Strickland, L. (2009) - 200 297 Recommended practices to prevent the introduction of T. foetus into a cattle herd 201 include: 202 1) When possible, avoid grazing cattle on public lands where both bulls and cows 203 have a much greater risk of exposure through coitus with other T. foetus-infected 204 animals.64 205 2) Utilize artificial insemination when possible. During the 1990’s the Idaho legislature approved statutes that prescribe 87 regulations for identifying and eliminating T. foetus bulls within the state and for 88 importation of bulls into that state.21 Since that time other states have adopted similar 89 legislation and currently the states of Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, 90 Wyoming, Idaho, Washington, Oregon and Utah require bulls be test negative for 91 trichomoniasis before being transported into the state, sold, or used on public land.22-29 92 292 The Texas Animal Health Commission has recently passed similar requirements30. Keywords: bovine; breeding; bulls; diagnosis; foetus; herd; infection; t. foetus; trichomoniasis; tritrichomonas; vet
• Treatment strategies in the perinatal mare and foal by Morresey, P.R. (2009) - Therefore a selected few will be covered in detail: 28 peripartum hemorrhage in the mare, neonatal foal resuscitation, stabilization and 29 preparation for referral. Ousey JC, Fowden AL, Wilsher S, et al: The effects of maternal health and body 407 condition on the endocrine responses of neonatal foals. Keywords: blood; effects; fluid; foal; hemorrhage; mare; period; peripartum; rate; resuscitation; time; treatment; use; vet; volume
• The heat is on: what’s new for suppression of estrus in mares by Vanderwall, D.K. (2009) - McDonnell SM: Evaluation and modification of mare behavior problems. Therefore, on a “per-cycle” basis the incidence of prolonged CL 143 function was only 11% (7/62 cycles) in the glass ball treated mares compared to 8% (4/50 144 cycles) in the non-treated control mares, which was not significantly different between groups. Keywords: administration; behavior; diestrus; equine; estrus; function; mares; ovulation; progesterone; vet
• Mini mammal matters: reproduction and common reproductive issues in small mammals by Harrison, Tara (2022) - Common animals kept as pets include rabbits, guinea pigs, chinchillas, ferrets, mice, rats, and sugar gliders. Pubic separation may not occur ade- quately in guinea pigs that are bred after 7 - 8 months of age that can result in dystocia.6 It is not uncommon for guinea pigs to develop cystic ovaries. Keywords: age; ferrets; guinea; pigs; rabbits; vet
• Uroperitoneum in a preparturient mare by Gianino, Giuliana ; Kopper, Jamie ; Troy, Jarrod ; Kersh, Kevin ; Farrell, Alanna ; Wu, Eleas ; Yaeger, Michael ; Merkatoris, Paul ; Johnson, Katheryn ; Beachler, Theresa (2022) - A nasogas- tric tube was passed with no net reflux and a CRI of lidocaine (0.04 mg/kg/minute) was reinitiated; after treatment mare ap- peared more comfortable and passed adequate feces. Duration of preg- nancy in Thoroughbred mares ranged from 306 to 390 days with a mean length of 347 days.14 Approximately 5 days prior to parturition in horses, maturation of the fetal hypothalam- ic-pituitary-adrenal axis and a marked rise in fetal cortisol concentrations are responsible for a final wave of maturation of multiple organ systems that prepare the foal for extrauter- ine life.15,16 Maternal dexamethasone treatment has been used to mimic this rise in cortisol and hasten fetal maturity prior to induced parturition or Caesarean section, to improve foal sur- vivability in the postnatal period; however, reduced postnatal growth rate or adrenal suppression have sometimes been re- ported after corticosteroid use after 320 days of pregnancy.17,18 A typical protocol is to give 100 mg of dexamethasone intra- muscularly to the mare once daily for 3 - 4 days after 320 days of pregnancy; however this is not always possible to achieve in cases where the mare’s or fetus’s clinical condition acute- ly worsens or warrants immediate delivery.17,18 Keywords: bladder; days; foal; hours; inc; mare; rupture; vet
• Perinatal mortality in horses and camelids by Agnew, Dalen (2022) - Magdesian KG: Neonatal foal diarrhea. Meconium impaction is the most common cause of colic in neonatal foals, but it should be differentiated from more serious and likely fatal intestinal or anal atresia and intesti- nal aganglionosis. Keywords: atresia; camelids; causes; crias; defects; diarrhea; equine; foals; life; vet
• Is there a future for surgical contraception in the dog? by Fontbonne, Alain ; Maenhoudt, Cindy ; Mendes, Bruna (2021) - Other problems potentially linked with gonadectomy Bone and joint problems Among 1,170 intact German shepherd male dogs, 7% were diagnosed with at least 1 of 3 diseases (hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, and Clinical Theriogenology 2021; 13: 163 cranial cruciate ligament rupture) and in neutered male dogs (neutered before 1 year of age), this incidence was significantly higher (21%).30 Similarly, females spayed before 1 year of age had a significantly higher risk (17%) to develop at least 1 of these 3 orthopedic disorders compared to intact females (5%). Regarding hip dysplasia, in neutered male dogs of various breeds and sizes were significantly more likely to have clinical signs of hip dysplasia than dogs in the other study groups (intact males, intact females, and spayed females) (OR = 1.21; 95% CI = [1.18-1.24]).32 However, breed is another important risk factor to consider. Keywords: age; animals; bitches; castration; dogs; effect; females; gonadectomy; male; neutering; risk; vet
• Bovine trichomoniasis by Ondrak, Jeff (2021) - Despite not knowing the exact immune mechanism, a vaccine was reported to reduce losses associated with T. foetus infection in heifers by lowering the rate of T. foetus infection, decreasing the estimated duration of infection, and interfering with the ability of T. foetus to cause early embryonic death.41 A commercial vaccine (TrichGuard®, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., St. Joseph, MO) substantially increased pregnancy and calving rates in heifers and reduced losses associated with T. foetus infection.42 Vaccination led to resistance to infection up to 5 years of age43 and resistance to T. foetus colonization.44 However, for bulls, a critical review and meta-analysis of the whole-cell killed vaccine reported a likely overestimation of the benefits of vaccination and a low to very low quality of evidence.45 Treatment Although the sensitivity of T. foetus culture has a wide range due to preanalytical and analytical factors that varied among studies, until recently, diagnostic specificity of T. foetus culture had been assumed to be nearly 100%. Keywords: bulls; culture; foetus; infection; pcr; preputial; sensitivity; specimens; tritrichomonas; vet
• Review of bovine trichomoniasis by Ondrak, Jeff (2021) - Fetal loss is followed by 2 - 6 months of infertility, as the immune system cleared the parasite from the reproductive tract.19 This immune response led to a limited amnestic response to repeated T. foetus infection as demonstrated in multiple studies, with the longest estimated duration of partially protective immunity being < 15 months.21 With some notable exceptions (namely pyometra and chronic infection) complete clearance of T. foetus from the female reproductive tract typically occurs in 5 - 20 weeks.18 Pyometra may be an earliest clinical sign of T. foetus infection in a cow herd;22 in affected cows, purulent debris in the uterine lumen frequently had large numbers of T. foetus.2 Cows were infective for as long as 300 days23 or 22 months postbreeding.24 Carrier cows had infection through normal pregnancy with T. foetus isolated up to 9 weeks25 or 63 - 97 days26 after delivery of an apparently normal calf. Cows exposed to T. foetus infected bulls had calving intervals of 96.5 and 98.9 days longer than nonexposed cows during the first and second years of herd infection, respectively.21 Herd records would specifically identify this herd-based clinical sign, or it may be recognized due to an increased number of cows calving late in the calving season or lower weaning weights due to younger calves at weaning. Keywords: bovine; bulls; cows; foetus; herd; infection; trichomoniasis; tritrichomonas; vet
• Electrosurgical bipolar vessel sealing for a standing flank ovariectomy in beef heifers by Smith, Joe ; Salazar, Guillermo ; Peace, Ciara ; Olivarez, Jeff ; Vermeulen, Katie ; Black, Kelley ; Guss, Camille ; Tatarniuk, Dane ; Dohlman, Tyler ; Wiley, Caitlin (2021) - Jubb TF, Fordyce G, Bolam MJ, et al: Trial introduction of the Willis dropped ovary technique for spaying cattle in northern Australia. 7. Sato R, Kanai E, Kitahara G, et al: Transrectal guidance of the ovaries reduces operative time during bovine laparoscopic ovariectomy. Keywords: cattle; device; flank; heifers; laparoscopic; ovariectomy; ovary; sealing; standing; surg; technique; vessel; vet
• Use of chain écraseur for removal of retained abdominal testis in a bull by Yepez, Pablo ; Hall, Sabrina ; Grippo, Agustina ; Prado, Tulio (2020) - Retained testis could not be identified. Neoplasia9,15 may require removal of retained testis. Keywords: bull; chain; removal; testis; vet; écraseur
• Reproductive microbiome alterations: canine pyometra by Kutzler, Michelle (2019) - Maluta RP, Borges CA, Berldo LG, et al: Frequencies of virulence genes and pulse field gel electrophoresis fingerprints in Escherichia coli isolates from canine pyometra. Chen YMM, Wright PJ, Lee C-S, et al: Uropathogenic virulence factors in isolates of Escherichia coli from clinical cases of canine pyometra and feces of healthy bitches. Keywords: aglepristone; bitches; canine; cases; coli; dogs; endometrial; escherichia; factors; hyperplasia; management; prostaglandin; pyometra; response; theriogenology; treatment; uterine; vet
• Reproductive microbiome alterations: canine prostatitis by Kutzler, Michelle (2019) - Ling GV, Branam JE, Ruby AL, et al: Canine prostatic fluid: techniques of collection, quantitative bacterial culture, and interpretation of results. 7. Barsanti JA, Prasse KW, Crowell WA, et al: Evaluation of various techniques for diagnosis of chronic bacterial prostatitis in the dog. Keywords: acute; antimicrobial; canine; coli; culture; disease; dogs; enrofloxacin; et al; fluid; hyperplasia; infections; med; prostate; prostatitis; theriogenology; tract; treatment; vet; volume
• Neoplastic considerations for spaying and neutering dogs by Sones, Evan (2019) - Steroids 2006;71:541-548. 4. Millanta F, Calandrella M, Bari G, et al: Comparison of steroid receptor expression in normal, dysplastic, and neoplastic canine and feline mammary tissues. Donnay I, Rauis J, Devleeschouwer N, et al: Comparison of estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in normal and tumor mammary tissues from dogs. Keywords: cancer; canine; cell; dogs; risk; study; tumors; vet
• Traditional surgical and laparoscopic vasectomy in dogs and cats by McCarthy, Robert (2019) - Vasectomy may also be useful for management of feral cat populations. Mccarthy RJ, Levine SH, Reed M: Estimation of effectiveness of three methods of feral cat population control by use of a simulation model. Keywords: cats; dogs; ductus; hormones; laparoscopic; port; vasectomy; vet
• The bovine pregnancy diagnosis challenge: evidence-based evolution of a teaching intervention over 8 years of use by Annandale, Annett ; Annandale, Henry ; May, Kate ; Holm, Dietmar (2023) - Baillie S, Crossan A, Brewster S, et al: Validation of a bovine rectal palpation simulator for training veterinary students. Greenfield CL, Johnson AL, Schaeffer DJ, et al: Comparison of sur- gical skills of veterinary students trained using models or live ani- mals. Keywords: challenge; doi; educ; med; students; teaching; training; trp; vet; veterinary
• A survey of the use of theriogenology related models across veterinary curricula by Koziol, Jennifer ; Gibbons, Philippa ; Dascanio, John (2023) - A search of veterinary models that pertain to the field of ther- iogenology, and that were published as validated models in the peer reviewed literature, include bovine castration,32 canine ovariohysterectomy,10,33,34 bovine transrectal palpa- tion,6,35–39 canine castration,40,41 and an ovine cesarian surgery model.42 Commercially available theriogenology related mod- els include bovine and equine palpation (Veterinary Simulation Industries (VSI) Calgary, AB, Canada, Breed’n Betsy Byaduk, Victoria, Australia), dystocia (VSI), artificial insemination (Breed’n Betsy), uterine prolapse (Breed’n Betsy), and canine spay (VSI, SynDaver Tampa, FL, Rescue Critters Simi Valley, CA). These 5 sources include: content evidence, response process evidence, internal structure (reliability) evidence, evidence of relationship with other variables, and consequences evi- dence.10,43 Validation of veterinary models has taken the form of experts on the subject using the models and then providing their opinion on the realism, fidelity, and effectiveness of the model for skill development. Keywords: animal; bovine; canine; castration; doi; live; med; models; palpation; respondents; skills; students; theriogenology; use; vet
• Overview of educational research in theriogenology by Root Kustritz, Margaret; Nault, Andre (2023) - J Vet Med Educ 2020;47:414–420. J Vet Med Educ 2021; 49:650–661. Keywords: animal; clin; doi; educ; education; j vet; kustritz; med; research; root; students; theriogenology; vet; veterinary
• Schistosomus reflexus with another fetus in a beef heifer by Miniard, Lyndsee ; Nichols, Cailey ; Smith, Joe; Jarrin-Yepez, Pablo ; Grzeskowiak, Remigiusz; Newkirk, Kim (2023) - Multiple fetuses complicated han- dling SR cases. Although not previously reported in conjunction with SR cases, VSD remains the most com- mon congenital cardiac defect in ruminants, commonly, in the region below the aortic valve (as observed in this case) in cattle.25,26 Prevalence of SR in cattle has been reported (0.0127 – 1.3%10), encompassing both dairy (80%) and beef cattle breeds. Keywords: calf; case; cattle; doi; dystocia; fetus; heifer; reflexus; schistosomus; vet; viscera
• A review of small ruminant Cesarean section: case selection, surgical techniques, care of the neonates, and postoperative care of the dam by Cowley, Jessica ; Stockler, Jenna ; Maxwell, Herris (2023) - Sakamoto H, Misumi K, Nakama M, et al: The effects of xylazine on intrauterine pressure, uterine blood flow, maternal and fetal cardiovascular and pulmonary function in pregnant goats. Citation line: Clinical Theriogenology 2023, 15, 9620, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9620 Review Report A review of small ruminant Cesarean section: case selection, surgical techniques, care of the neonates, and postoperative care of the dam Jessica Cowley, Jenna Stockler, Herris Maxwell Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA Abstract Cesarean section is an important life-saving surgical procedure frequently performed by small ruminant practitioners. Keywords: anesthesia; approach; dam; dystocia; fetal; figure; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v15.9620; incision; line; pattern; section; theriogenology; uterine; uterus; vet
• Perineal urethrostomy in the male horse: a review of the indications, surgical technique, outcome, and complications by Ruiz, Agustin; Arroyo, Eduardo (2023) - Sancler-Silva YF, Silva-Junior ER, Fedorka CE, et al: New treatment for urethral rent in stallions. Citation line: Clinical Theriogenology 2023, 15, 9641, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9641 Review Report Perineal urethrostomy in the male horse: a review of the indications, surgical technique, outcome, and complications Agustin J. Ruiz,a Eduardo Arroyob aGoulburn Valley Equine Hospital, Congupna, Victoria, Australia bCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA Abstract Perineal urethrostomy is a surgical technique performed for temporary or permanent urine diversion from the penile urethra in male patients with obstructive urinary outflow disease, extensive trauma or invasive tumor affecting penis and prepuce, to access the urethra or bladder to remove uroliths, and to treat horses affected with hemospermia or hematuria secondary to urethral rents. Keywords: doi; equine; hematuria; hemospermia; horses; penis; perineal; stallions; surgery; treatment; urethra; vet
• Management of urolithiasis in breeding bulls by Cowley, Jessica ; Hopper, Richard (2023) - Keywords: Bovine, urinary stones, ischial urethrostomy, tube cystostomy Introduction Urolithiasis is a condition affecting most veterinary species and is a significant economic disease in ruminants. Familiarizing oneself with the diagnosis, pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention of urinary stones in breeding bulls is helpful for any practitioner. Keywords: bladder; calcium; calculi; figure; obstruction; stones; urethrostomy; urine; urolithiasis; vet
• Cryptorchidism in stallions by Arroyo, Eduardo ; Tibary, Ahmed (2023) - Incomplete abdominal (%) Bartman 2001 67 86.6 13.4 56.7 43.3 n/a Cattelan et al. 2004 42 95.2 4.8 64 34 n/a Cox et al. 1979 100 81 19 33 67 n/a Hartman et al. 2015 601 86.5 13.3 49.9 40.1 8.7 Hughes 2006 100 90 10 47 53 n/a Huppes et al. 2017 280 85.7 14.3 65 46 n/a Leipold et al. 1986 100 93 7 60 39 n/a Roderson & Hansen, 1997 100 86 14 59 41 n/a Stratico et al. 2020 70 92.8 7.2 54.3 24.3 21.4 http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9648 36 Citation line: Clinical Theriogenology 2023, 15, 9648, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9648 Endocrine diagnostic tests Endocrine testing is helpful to differentiate cryptorchid horses with no scrotal testis from geldings with stallion like behavior unrelated to the presence of gonadal tissues. doi: 10.1111/ j.2042-3306.1986.tb03692.x 3. Ortved KF, Stewaart AW, Fubini SL, et al: Castration of 4 stallions with cryptorchidism caused by failure of regression of the front gonad cords. Keywords: approach; cases; castration; citation; cryptorchid; cryptorchid horses; cryptorchidectomy; cryptorchidism; descent; diagnosis; doi; equine; equine vet; et al; figure; horses; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v15.9648; j equine; laparoscopic; line; location; ring; sci; stallion; surgery; testicular; testis; theriogenology; vet; vet j
• Effect of endocrinopathies on fertility in the mare. Part 1:: Equine metabolic syndrome by Cadario, Maria ; Archbald, Louis (2022) - The goal is also to keep insulin concentrations to < 30 μu/ml. Affected horses should have a diet composed of grass hay; low (i.e., < 10%) nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC- sugar, starch- es and fructanes); and a ration balancer to meet mineral and vitamin requirements. In women, chronic hyperinsulinemia/IR has been associated with an increase in the duration of follicular phase due to a high incidence of ovarian (anovulatory) folli- cles.20 Supposedly, high insulin concentrations stimulated the selective release of GnRH/LH and increased ovarian steroid secretion.20-22 Increased pulses of GnRH selectively stimulate the secretion of LH, but not FSH. Keywords: anovulatory; concentrations; ems; equine; horses; insulin; mares; metabolic; obesity; vet
• A review of pyometra in small animal medicine: incidence, pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis, and medical management by Wallace, Grayson B. ; Casal, Margret L. (2018) - 37, 38 Uterine reaction to bacterial invasion could explain concurrent presence of CEH in pyometra cases. OHE is still the treatment of choice in the majority of pyometra cases, especially in non- breeding animals, because it directly removes the source of the purulent exudate and endotoxin release. Keywords: bitches; canine; cases; cervix; days; dogs; effects; hours; management; pgf2α; pyometra; queens; therapy; theriogenology; treatment; uterine; uterus; vet

• From the President of the Society for Theriogenology by Kastelic, John (2017) - �� ��������������� ����� to Board The Nominating Committee of the ACT and the Executive Board are calling for nominations for the following positions: with the position of vice president, moving to president elect, president and then immediate past president. ���8���� � �� ���������� ���������� 2018 Dr. David E. Bartlett Award for Lifetime Achievement in Theriogenology Preliminary Entry Form Sponsored by the Theriogenology Foundation Keywords: abstracts; animal; award; board; case; compe �; conference; equine; grants; milwaukee; number; place; presenta �; presentation; president; sft; society; student; submission; theriogenology; university; volume; � ve; � �
• Clinical Teaching Paradigms At The University Of Minnesota College Of Veterinary Medicine by Root Kustritz, Margaret V.; Washabau, Robert J. (2015) - Rotations were split into large animal clinical rotations (n=27), small animal clinical rotations (n=23), and “other” rotations (n=5; Table 2). The show-and-tell model was used slightly more of the time on small animal clinical rotations than on large animal clinical rotations (49 versus 42%), most likely due to the larger caseload in the small animal hospital. Keywords: animal; clinical; equine; faculty; learning; medicine; rotations; students; teaching; theriogenology; time; veterinary
• Antimicrobial Therapy In Foals by Giguère, Steeve (2013) - General principles of antimicrobial drug use in horses A variety of veterinary organizations have developed generic recommendations for judicious antimicrobial drug use. 520Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 5, Number 4 • December 2013 References 1. Morley PS, Apley MD, Besser TE, et al: Antimicrobial drug use in veterinary medicine. Keywords: antimicrobial; drug; equine; horses; susceptibility; therapy; treatment; use
• Clinical management of the equine oviduct by Sertich, Patricia L. (2013) - Keywords: Mare, oviduct, oviductal patency, PGE2 Oviductal anomalies Hydatid of Morgagni (accessory uterine tube) The laparoscopic application of PGE2 to the oviduct seems effective for oviducts that have luminal occlusions. Keywords: equine; mare; microspheres; ovary; oviduct; procedure; uterine
• Review of breeding shed biosecurity and disinfection agents by Scofield, David B. ; Baumber-Skaife, Julie ; Loomis, Paul R. (2016) - Contagious etiologies Briefly, facility oriented diseases come from an individual location and disease history for a farm. Recent occurrences of both equine viral arteritis (EVA) and contagious equine metritis (CEM) in the US have illustrated the potential for the spread of such venereal diseases in the equine breeding population. Keywords: areas; biosecurity; breeding; disease; equine; facility; shed
• Immunohistochemical evidence for kisspeptin signaling in equine gonadotrophs by Magee, Christianne ; Kirkley, Kelly ; Sylvester, Luke ; Runyan, Brittany ; Clay, Colin (2019) - By quantifying the rise in intracellular calcium after exposure of equine primary pituitary cells to GnRH and/or eKP 10, our laboratory identified 3 distinct populations of equine pituitary cells: 1 population responded to both eKp 10 and GnRH, a second population responded to only eKp 10, and a third population responded only to GnRH. The body of evidence for kisspeptin regulation of pituitary cell function is growing. Keywords: equine; pituitary
• Comparison of deslorelin and histrelin for induction of ovulation in mares by Morrissey, Jennifer ; Ferris, Ryan ; McCue, Patrick (2019) - Variability in interval to ovulation may have been due to differences between mares in their proximity to spontaneous ovulation at the time of GnRH agonist administration. Presumably sample size had an effect, as previous studies using deslorelin to induce ovulation reported ovulation failure rates ranging from 1.2 to 9.0%.4-6,10 Keywords: deslorelin; equine; gnrh; histrelin; hours; mares; ovulation; treatment
• Effect of oocyte source and transport time on rates of equine oocyte maturation and cleavage after fertilization by ICSI, with a note on the validation of equine embryo morphological classification by Lewis, N. ; Hinrichs, K. ; Schnauffer, K. ; Morganti, M. ; Argo, C. McG. (2016) - Galli C, Colleoni S, Duchi R et al: Developmental competence of equine oocytes and embryos obtained by in vitro procedures ranging from in vitro maturation and ICSI to embryo culture, cryopreservation and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Abstract Production of equine embryos using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is rapidly gaining interest in the horse industry. Keywords: abattoir; blastocyst; day; embryos; equine; icsi; maturation; oocytes; ovaries; rates; status; theriogenology
• Safe handling of reproductive hormones routinely used in equine practice by Vanderwall, Dirk K. (2012) - The most common use of PGF2α in nonpregnant mares is to induce luteolysis in order to terminate corpus luteum (CL) function and bring mares into heat. In pregnant mares exogenous progestins are used extensively (whether warranted or not) to augment endogenous progesterone levels in an effort to enhance pregnancy maintenance during early gestation (<100 days). Keywords: administration; equine; march; mares; number; ovulation; product; safety; theriogenology; use; volume
• Equine abortions by Del Piero, Fabio (2010) - Perhaps a vesivirus is able to cause equine abortion, but additional studies are needed to verify this. There are other suggested but unproven causes of equine abortion. Keywords: abortion; animals; equine; lesions
• Treatment of infectious infertility by Brinsko, S.P. (2010) - Uterine lavage Uterine lavage alone or in conjunction with antibiotic therapy appears to be beneficial in the treatment of infectious endometritis.15 The rationale for using uterine lavage in the treatment of uterine infections is based upon: 1) reduction of bacterial numbers and removal of exudates from the uterine lumen, 2) enhanced physical clearance of uterine contents by stimulation of uterine contractions, and 3) recruitment of “fresh” circulating neutrophils and possibly opsonins by inducing transient irritation of the endometrium.5 Uterine lavage should improve the efficacy of intrauterine antibiotic treatment by reducing foreign material within the uterine lumen. Inflammatory changes were not detectable in equine endometrial biopsy samples six days after treatment with a 0.05% povidone-iodine solution (5 mL of 10% stock solution in one liter of saline.20 Bactericidal activity of povidone-iodine in vitro is maintained at concentrations as low as 0.01 to 0.005%.21,22 Postbreeding uterine lavage appears to be a viable treatment alternative for mares susceptible to uterine infection, particularly for those mares that suffer from chronic postbreeding endometritis despite the use of minimal contamination techniques. Keywords: endometritis; equine; infections; infusion; intrauterine; iodine; lavage; mares; therapy; treatment; uterine
• Equine obstetrics: Mutation and delivery by traction* by Blanchard, T. L.; Varner, D.D.; Brinsko, S.P.; Taylor, T. (2010) - Most equine dystocias are attributed to abnormalities in fetal presentation, position and posture, with postural abnormalities being the major contributor, due to the long fetal extremities. Prompt examination of the birth canal and fetus is indicated when dystocia is suspected. Keywords: delivery; equine; fetus; traction
• Diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of luteoma in a mare by Lohbeck, Erin; Bradecamp, Etta; Woodie, Brett; Doenges, Rachel; Slack, Mariah; Calvaruso, Francine (2025) - Yamini B, VanDenBrink PL, Refsal KR: Ovarian steroid cell tumor resembling luteoma associated with hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s Disease) in a dog. Equine granulosa cell tumors. Keywords: amh; concentrations; equine; hormone; inhibin; luteoma; mare; ovary; testosterone
• Antibiotics in mare reproduction by Dascanio, J.J. (2009) - post-breeding, especially in older mares (>12 88 years) and mares mated at the first estrus post-partum.17 Some Thoroughbred farms may 89 routinely use a single post-breeding antibiotic to limit bacterial contamination from natural 90 cover.18 91 414 When asked how many days mares were commonly treated with intrauterine antibiotics, 92 the responses were: one day (12%), two days (7%), three days (50%), four days (5%), five days 93 (7%), one week (1%), other (13%), and no answer (5%). Those answering “other” may treat for 94 1 to 3 days, 3 to 5 days, number of days would depend on bacteria isolated, number of days 95 would depend on presence of fluid, or would never treat a mare with intrauterine antibiotics. Keywords: antibiotics; equine; gram; infections; intrauterine; lavage; mares; solution; survey; treatment; use; uterine
• Equine metabolic syndrome and Cushing’s disease: Possible role in infertility in the horse by LeBlanc, M.M.; Cadario, M.E. (2009) - b) The shared metabolic alterations include: increased insulin and or insulin resistance, +/_ increased glucose (and in some cases increased leptin and “leptin resistance”, cortisol and fatty acid). Resting insulin concentrations > 20 µU/mL are suggestive of insulin resistance and > 30 µU/mL are considered diagnostic.4,6 Even though resting levels of insulin are good markers, they are not helpful in mild or early IR where the rise of insulin is too small to reach or exceed the reference value. Keywords: cortisol; disease; equine; glucose; horses; insulin; mares; metabolic; obesity; pituitary; ppid; resistance; test
• Constitutive expression of toll-like receptor genes and signaling pathways in stallion testis and epididymis by Ferrer, Maria; Moran, Karen; Bilbao, Maria; Barletta, Michele; Williams, Jared; Gordon, Julie; Bartolomé, Julian (2025) - Irvine KL, Hopkins LJ, Gangloff M, et al: The molecular basis of recognition of bacterial ligands at equine TLR2, TLR1 and TLR6. Tarlinton RE, Alder L, Moreton J, et al: RNA expression of TLR10 in normal equine tissues. Keywords: cells; doi; epididymis; equine; expression; genes; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v17.12705; receptor; rna; stallion; system; testicular; testis; tlr2; tlr3; tlrs; toll
• News from the Society for Theriogenology and the American College of Theriogenologists by Editorial Team, The Clinical Theriogenology (2020) - Important Dates Call for abstracts due……………………………………….….February 1 TF Research Grant pre-proposal deadline………………….….February 15 Call for ACT board nominations……………………….………….March 1 Call for Student Case Presentations due……………….………....March 10 Call for Student Research Presentations due……………………..March 10 SFT board nominations due……………………………………....March 21 ACT Exam fees due………………………………………………..April 15 TF Research Grant full proposal deadline………………………....April 15 Student Travel Grant application deadline…………………………...June 1 Student Quiz Bowl application deadline………………………….….June 1 SCOTY application deadline………………………………………...June 1 TF Research Grant final decisions…….……………………..……..June 30 Therio Conference early bird registration ends……………………....June 7 Therio Conference hotel registration discount deadline……………June 18 ACT Exam application deadline…………………...………….. 2020 News Preparation has begun as the therio student chapters gear up to compete in the annual Student Chapter of the Year competition happening in July at the 2020 Therio Conference in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Keywords: conference; equine; evaluation; group; march; presentations; student; track
• Theriogenologist of the Year in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic by Card, Claire (2020) - Sharp DC, McDowell KJ, Weithenauer J et al: The continuum of events leading to maternal recognition of pregnancy in mares. Weber JA, Freeman DA, Vanderwall DK et al: Prostaglandin E2 secretion by oviductal transport-stage equine embryos. Keywords: concentrations; equine; iodine; mares; oxytocin; reprod; theriogenology; thyroid; work
• Brix refractometer scoring of immunoglobulin G in postpartum mares’ colostrum by Storme, Julie ; McCue, Patrick ; Bisiau, Christian ; Hess, Ann (2020) - In addition, the Brix refractometer score of mare colostrum collected immediately after foaling has been reported to be correlated with IgG in foal plasma collected 12 - 48 hours after birth.17 Other reasons for evaluation of mare colostrum besides prevention of failure of passive transfer include informed management decisions on harvesting good quality colostrum from individual mares for a frozen colostrum bank and monitoring depletion of antibodies in colostrum of mares seropositive for anti-red blood cell (RBC) antigens for the prevention of neonatal isoerythrolysis in at-risk foals.17 Primary clinical indication for routine use of the Brix refractometer to evaluate mare colostrum is in the prevention and management of passive transfer of immunoglobulins.12,16 Early identification of poor-quality colostrum in a postpartum mare allows for early intervention through oral supplementation with frozen-thawed colostrum from an on-site colostrum bank within the first few hours of life. Keywords: brix; colostrum; equine; foals; hours; igg; mares; quality
• The 2019 Bartlett Address Comparative theriogenology: international perspectives by Tibary, Ahmed (2019) - Dr. Anouassi had done tremendous work at INRA-France on camel reproductive endocrinology and I was bringing a clinical approach to this lab. A break came finally in 1998 where I interviewed both at the University of Massachusetts equine reproduction (Dr. Doug Freeman, Chair) and at WSU for a dairy cattle position (Dr. Shirley Johnston, Chair). Keywords: drs; equine; program; reproductive; research; students; theriogenology; work; years
• A primer to genome editing by Klein, Claudia (2019) - Dr. Anouassi had done tremendous work at INRA-France on camel reproductive endocrinology and I was bringing a clinical approach to this lab. A break came finally in 1998 where I interviewed both at the University of Massachusetts equine reproduction (Dr. Doug Freeman, Chair) and at WSU for a dairy cattle position (Dr. Shirley Johnston, Chair). Keywords: drs; equine; program; reproductive; research; students; theriogenology; work; years
• Equine intracytoplasmic sperm injection laboratory: an overview of management challenges by Foss, Rob (2022) - Laboratory air is evaluated for particulates, toxic gases, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). More commonly, laboratory air can be monitored with handheld photoionization detectors or gas sensitive semiconductors, but these sensors vary in their ability to detect various types of VOCs.4 Keywords: air; culture; embryo; equine; laboratory; medium; vocs
• Cervix and myometrium: role in preterm and normal term birth in mare by El-Sheikh, Hossam Ali; Ball, Barry (2020) - Cook JL, Zaragoza DB, Sung DH, et al: Expression of myometrial activation and stimulation genes in a mouse model of preterm labor: Myometrial activation, stimulation, and preterm labor. Objective is to summarize our recent findings, with a focus on mechanisms underlying myometrial activation and cervical remodeling during equine placentitis and normal prepartum period in comparison to normal pregnancy. Keywords: activation; equine; labor; mechanisms; myometrium; placentitis; prepartum; preterm; receptor; upregulation
• Management of dystocia in the mare by McCue, Patrick (2020) - Keywords: Dystocia, foaling, mare, obstetrics Introduction Dystocia is more common in mares during their first foaling (i.e. maiden mares) than in mares that have previously given birth to 1 or more foals. Keywords: birth; delivery; dystocia; equine; fetus; foal; foaling; mare
• Intrauterine therapies in mares – a clinically applicable review by Cheong, S.H. (2018) - Antibiotics Bacterial endometritis is the most common reason for intrauterine treatment and it is not surprising that antibiotics are the most established group of compounds used as intrauterine infusion in mares. Conversely, the disadvantages of intrauterine infusions include the risk of irritation, contamination, poor retention, and deactivation by uterine content. Keywords: bacteria; endometritis; equine; gram; infusion; intrauterine; mares; plasma; saline; treatment; use
• The equine endometrial microbiome by Holyoak, G. Reed ; Lyman, Candace C. ; Wieneke, Xuwen ; DeSilva, Udaya (2018) - Yang X, Yang J, Wang HN, et al: Normal vaginal bacterial flora of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates. Zhou X, Brown CJ, Abdo Z, et al: Differences in the composition of vaginal microbial communities found in healthy Caucasian and black women. Keywords: culture; diversity; dna; equine; mare; microbial; microbiome; samples; sequencing; uterine; uterus
• A review of the equine oviduct: pathology, evaluation, and current treatments by Schnobrich, Maria (2019) - Pathology of the Oviduct As a practitioner, oviduct pathology is rarely recognized as a clinical factor causing infertility or during routine reproductive examination of the mare. The downfall of these diagnostic tests for oviduct patency is the definition of “patency” or “normal function” is not clear. Keywords: embryo; equine; laparoscopic; mare; ovary; oviduct; oviductal; pathology; pge2; salpingitis; theriogenology
• Reproductive effects of equine endocrine disease by Burns, Teresa (2019) - Therefore, whereas mares with PPID may cycle regularly (indeed, they may be more likely to cycle for a greater part of the year than normal mares; pharmacologic inhibition of dopaminergic neurotransmission resulted in increased follicular development and plasma estrogen and prolactin concentrations in mares),31 effective treatment for PPID in the form of dopaminergic agonists may adversely affect cyclicity. Body condition score and percentage body fat were reported to be inversely correlated to systemic insulin sensitivity and directly (positively) correlated to blood expression levels of IL1 and TNFα in mares;2 these changes were more prominent in older animals, suggesting a relationship between age-related systemic insulin resistance (IR) and age-related decline in fertility in mares. Keywords: anim; body; concentrations; effects; equine; horses; insulin; leptin; management; mares
• Evaluation of angiogenesis in equine hydrops by Dini, Pouya ; Daels, Peter ; Carossino, Mariano ; Loynachan, Alan ; Wolfsdorf, Karen ; Ali, El-Sheikh ; Scoggin, Kirsten ; Ball, Barry (2019) - Protein expression of RTL1 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and vascular density was evaluated by immunostaining with Von Willebrand factor. Protein expression of RTL1 and the number of vessels were lower in hydrops samples. Keywords: equine; expression; hydrops

• Bovine reproductive ultrasound for practitioners by Colloton, Jill (2017) - These artifacts are most common on the lateral walls of fluid filled structures and cause the sides of the structure to appear more echogenic than the contents. These reflection and refraction shadows are commonly seen at the lateral edges of fluid filled structures. Keywords: artifacts; cls; cows; days; fluid; ultrasound
• The Effect Of Early Postpartum Intervention On The Reproductive Performance Of Anovulatory Anestrus New Zealand Dairy Cows by Hyatt, Jasmin; Jarratt, Greg; Hollinshead, Fiona; Hanlon, David (2017) - Segwagwe BVE, Malmo J, Macmillan KL, et al: The reproductive performance of dairy cows with anovulatory anoestrus that were injected with either gonadotrophin-releasing hormone or oestradiol benzoate as part of a re- treatment process after insemination. Resumption of ovarian cyclicity in post-partum beef and dairy cows. Keywords: 95ci; calving; conception; cows; dairy; diameter; performance; season; study; treatment
• Bovine Leukemia Virus In Michigan Beef Bulls by Zalucha, Jessica; Grooms, Daniel; Erskine, Ronald; Norby, Bo; Coussens, Paul; Bartlett, Paul C. (2013) - It is not clear why BLV positive bulls may have a larger SC; this finding requires further investigation and analysis. However, recent studies have suggested that BLV prevalence has since increased dramatically, and that BLV has a previously unappreciated subclinical economic impact on the cattle industry. Keywords: age; beef; blv; bovine; breeding; bulls; cattle; cows; dairy; prevalence; virus
• Effect Of GnRH Administration At Day 5 Or Day 7 After AI On Progesterone Concentrations, Corpus Luteum Volume And Pregnancy In Lactating Dairy Cows by Kasimanickam, Ramanathan K.; Mink, Mathew R.; Nebel, Raymond L. (2011) - VA Abstract The objective of the study was to determine the effect of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) administration on day 5 or day 7 after artificial insemination (AI) on progesterone concentration, total corpus luteum (CL) volume and pregnancy/AI (P/AI) in lactating dairy cows. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of GnRH administration on day 5 or day 7 after AI on progesterone concentration, total CL volume and P/AI in lactating dairy cows. Keywords: cows; day; days; gnrh; progesterone; treatment; volume
• Accuracy Of Diagnosis Of Clinical Endometritis With Metricheck™ In Postpartum Dairy Cows by Peter, Augustine T.; Jarratt, Greg M.; Hanlon, David W. (2011) - Accuracy of diagnosis of clinical endometritis with MetricheckTM in postpartum dairy cows Accuracy of diagnosis of clinical endometritis with Metricheck™ in postpartum dairy cows Augustine T. Peter,a Greg M. Jarratt,b David W. Hanlonb aDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, bMatamata Veterinary Services Ltd, Matamata 3400, New Zealand Summary Clinical endometritis, an important condition during the postpartum period in dairy cows, is diagnosed by different methods. 9. LeBlanc SJ, Duffield TF, Leslie KE, et al: Defining and diagnosing postpartum clinical endometritis and its impact on reproductive performance in dairy cows. Keywords: cows; dairy; endometritis; inflammation; metricheck; postpartum; vaginal
• Evaluation Of Endometrial Thickness Near Timed AI Using Ultrasound by Souza, Alexandre H.; Ayres, Henderson; Giordano, Julio O.; Ferreira, Roberta M.; Carvalho, Paulo D.; Guenther, Jerry N.; Wiltbank, Milo C. (2011) - Evaluation of endometrial thickness near timed AI using ultrasound Evaluation of endometrial thickness near timed AI using ultrasound Alexandre H. Souza, Henderson Ayres, Julio O. Giordano, Roberta M. Ferreira, Paulo D. Carvalho, Jerry N. Guenther, Milo C. Wiltbank Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI In cattle and other mammalian species, an ideal uterine environment is essential to prepare the uterus for embryonic implantation and growth.1 Many factors such as hormonal milieu, nutritional status, clinical or subclinical uterine infections, and potentially other factors may alter uterine environment resulting in decreased fertility. Recently we described a technique to evaluate endometrial thickness as a predictor of fertility in lactating dairy cows.4 This manuscript is a further analysis of this ultrasound technique to evaluate endometrial thickness. Keywords: circulating; cows; fertility; thickness; ultrasound; uterine
• Effective Treatment Of Uterine Disease In Certified Organic Dairy Herds by Schuenemann, Gustavo M.; Brick, Troy A.; Bas, Santiago (2011) - The use of intra-abdominal hypertonic glucose (20%) was previously reported to control acute peritonitis in rabbits.20 Furthermore, an in vitro study has shown that mannose (a sugar monomer) inhibits the adhesion of bacteria to the epithelial cells of the equine endometrium.21 This suggests that the use of 50% dextrose in water (a hypertonic solution), that targets the uterine environment rather than the bacterial pathogen itself, may be a viable and effective strategy for organic lactating dairy cows diagnosed with CE. Lactating dairy cows subjected to poor nutrition management (body condition score at calving of <2.75; scale 1-5) increased the risk for uterine diseases with increased levels of non-esterified fatty acids and beta- hydroxybutyrate in early postpartum cows.12 Furthermore, retained fetal membranes, stillbirths, abortions, dystocic births and twins12 as well as hygiene of the perineum region at calving (presence of manure and dirt around the birth canal) increased the likelihood of postpartum metritis and clinical endometrtis.9 Management and treatment options for clinical endometritis Endometritis is an inflammation of the endometrial lining of the uterus without systemic signs of illness.7 Clinical endometritis negatively impacts reproductive performance (delays time to conception and increases the risk for culling after calving) in dairy cattle; thus, diminishing profitability and sustainability.7,10 A recent study in three herds showed that 18% of lactating dairy cows suffer from CE at 35 DIM.12 Proactive management that targets the risk factors should be a top priority to prevent both puerperal metritis and CE. Keywords: cows; dairy; endometritis; herds; management; postpartum
• Diagnosis of clinical cervicitis and vaginitis in dairy cows in relation to various postpartum uterine disorders by Bazzazan, Ali ; Vallejo-Timaran, Dario Antonio ; Maldonado-Estrada, Juan; Segura, Mariela ; Lefebvre, Rejean (2024) - However, as cervical involution is slower than uterine involu- tion19 one would also expect the rate of spontaneous clinical recovery of the cervix to be lower than that of the uterine horn in postpartum cows. Study population and experimental design This prospective observational longitudinal cohort study was carried out in postpartum Holstein dairy cows (n = 61) between first and third lactation from 3 convenient commer- cial dairy herds. Keywords: cervicitis; cows; cytoe; dairy; doi; endometritis; postpartum; uterine
• Metritis in early lactation in dairy cows: energy balance, ovarian function, incidence of subclinical endometritis and reproductive performance by Druker, Shaked ; Sicsic, Ron ; Goshen, Tamir ; Lifshitz, Moran ; Raz, Tal (2019) - Compared to healthy cows, metritis cows had reduced (p < 0.05) reproductive performance (pregnancy rate at 150 DIM: 60 versus 33.3%; interval from AI to conception: 47 ± 9 versus 64 ± 10 days); and a trend (p = 0.08) towards less milk yield by 90 DIM (4062 ± 134 versus 3883 ± 108 liters). Objective was to compare healthy cows to those with metritis, based on indicators of energy balance, ovarian function, incidence of subclinical endometritis and reproductive performance. Keywords: cows; metritis
• Prepartum vaginal microbiota and postpartum uterine microbiota in cows by Bazzazan, Ali ; Costa, Marcio ; Segura, Mariela ; Lefebvre, Réjean (2025) - Objective was to use DNA sequenc- ing to characterize bacterial communities in the genital tract of healthy dairy cows during the peripartum period and make associations with clinical endometritis. Citation line: Clinical Theriogenology 2025, 17, 10988, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v17.10988 Research Report Prepartum vaginal microbiota and postpartum uterine microbiota in cows Ali Bazzazan,a Marcio Costa,b Mariela Segura,c Réjean Lefebvrea aDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada bDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada cResearch Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals, and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada Abstract Postpartum uterus clears bacteria within 6 weeks; however, up to 40% of dairy cows cannot eliminate uterine infection. Keywords: bacteria; calving; cows; culture; dairy; dairy cows; diversity; doi; endometritis; microbiota; postpartum; samples; theriogenology; uterine; uterus; weeks
• Colpotomy in a cow to remove a fetal bone from the uterus by Prado, Eduardo; Prado, Tulio; Prado, Daniel ; Drum, Tanner ; Veerasammy, Brittany ; Smith, Joe (2024) - It is also indicated for unilateral ovariectomy in cows for removal of diseased ova- ries.10 Advantages of colpotomy approach is that it can be performed standing in a squeeze chute; however, it is recom- mended for moderately enlarged uterus with structures no larger than 30 cm in diameter.3 -11 Cow in this case received multiple treatments that are consid- ered extralabel usage in the US. Learning points • Cows that exceed the due date should have reproductive tract evaluation by a veterinarian • Hysterotomy via colpotomy is a feasible procedure to perform in cows with retained structures in the uterus • Assisted reproductive techniques options are available to produce offspring from cows with a history of uterine damage Conflict of interest None to report. Keywords: colpotomy; cow; cows; fetus; incision; surgery; uterus
• The use of artificial insemination gun protective plastic sheath at the time of artificial insemination did not improve fertility of beef cattle by Kasimanickam, Ramanathan (2016) - This study was designed with an intent to provide a comprehensive recommendation on whether or not to use AI gun protective sheaths while performing AI in beef cattle. Figure 2: Mean (± SEM) artificial insemination (AI) pregnancy percentage in beef cattle inseminated with or without AI gun protective sheath. Keywords: beef; cattle; cidr; cows; dairy; day; estrus; heifers; insemination; mean; sheath; use; vs.
• Embryo grade, but not developmental stage, is related to embryonic sex in superovulated beef cows by Wiley, Caitlin ; Jahnke, Marianna ; Gunn, Patrick J. ; Dohlman, Tyler (2019) - The objective was to detect relationships between embryonic sex and developmental stage and/or embryo quality at recovery. We concluded embryo quality at recovery was a better predictor of sex than developmental stage. Keywords: bovine; cows; determination; development; embryos; grade; quality; sex; stage; theriogenology
• Effect of flunixin meglumine on prostaglandin metabolites and progesterone in lactating dairy cows by Spencer, J. A. ; Carnahan, K. G. ; Shafii, B. ; Read, S. ; Ahmadzadeh, A. (2016) - These results suggest that FM treatment decreases plasma PGFM and therefore, may inhibit PGF secretion in lactating dairy cows during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle. Our results are similar to other studies in cyclic dairy heifers, oophorectomized dairy cows and non-lactating beef cows in which FM treatment was able to decrease PGFM concentrations.23,24,26 Pfeifer et Keywords: concentrations; control; cows; dairy; day; days; flunixin; pgfm; secretion; treatment
• Reproductive performance of an Angus cow after removal of a macerated fetus via caudal flank laparotomy and hysterotomy by Herrmann, J.A. ; Sathe, S.R. (2014) - Keywords: Macrated fetus, hysterotomy, metritis, fertility Background Fetal mummification and maceration have been reported in cattle but the incidence has been described as low and sporadic, with an estimated incidence of mummification between 0.43 and 1.8% of pregnancies.1 In cattle, pregnancy is supported by progesterone produced by the corpus luteum and, after approximately 150 to 200 days of gestation, by the placenta and adrenal glands as well.2,3 Bovine fetal mummification most commonly occurs during the fourth through sixth months of gestation with fetal autolysis, resorption of fetal fluid in a sterile environment and without concomitant loss of the corpus luteum or dilation of the cervix.1,3 Bovine fetal maceration is also associated with a functional corpus luteum but with further autolysis of fetal soft tissues, resulting in only fetal bones remaining in the uterus.3 Fetal maceration is usually accompanied by a partially dilated cervix, fetid vaginal discharge, metritis and often, clinical illness.1,4 Many causes of fetal mummification and maceration have been proposed, including most of those that can cause abortion, such as viral and bacterial infections, genetic factors and developmental abnormalities. In cases of fetal mummification, the dam is usually not clinically ill and seldom shows signs of an interruption of gestation. Keywords: cow; cows; horn; incision; maceration; mummification; theriogenology; treatment; uterine
• Anovular conditions impacting fertility in dairy cattle and considerations for clinical management by Roberts, Jennifer; Scully, Clare (2025) - Nearly ⅓ of dairy cows in USA experience anovulation in early lactation leading to increases in days open and reductions in first service conception rates. Anestrus and anovulation in dairy cows can be attributed to many causes including parity, postpartum uterine or systemic diseases, nutritional deficiencies, body condition loss, and stress. Keywords: anovulation; cattle; cows; cysts; dairy; dairy cows; days; doi; management; ovarian; performance; postpartum; progesterone; reproductive; sci
• Fate of cystic ovarian follicles, clinical responses, and pregnancy in dairy cows subjected to Ovsynch and timed artificial insemination, with or without an intravaginal progesterone device by Ambrose, Divakar ; Colazo, Marcos; Gobikrushanth, Mohanathas (2025) - Although neither the proportions of cows that developed a new dominant follicle in response to 1st GnRH treatment nor their ovulation responses to 2nd GnRH treatment differed between LP and HP cows (Table 2), the putative preovulatory follicle tended (p = 0.11) to be larger by 1 mm in LP cows. Indeed, overall P/AI in LP cows, irrespective of PRID treat- ment, tended to be lower than in HP cows by 13.5-percentage points (Table 2). Keywords: cof; cows; dairy; day; follicular; gnrh; ovsynch; ovulation; prid; progesterone; tai; treatment
• Theriogenology Experiences and Reflections by Seguin, B.E. (2009) - The 119 purpose was to study five anterior pituitary hormones possibly involved in the 120 process by which false mounting bulls increases the number of sperm per 121 ejaculate. An early project by Britt et al. described the basic 201 effect of GnRH on LH release and showed great promise for the use of GnRH to 202 induce early postpartum ovulation and CL formation in cows.12 Another project 203 that became my Ph.D. thesis compared the luteotropic effects of hCG and GnRH 204 29 in normal cattle and in dairy cows treated for ovarian follicular cysts.13,14 An 205 interesting part of this work happened when several bovine practitioners were 206 asked to find cows with follicular cysts for this trial. Keywords: bartlett; cattle; cows; dairy; estrus; graduate; pgf2α; research; seguin; students; theriogenology; university; veterinary; work
• Cystic ovarian disease in dairy cattle by Smith, J.D. (2009) - Bartolome J, Sozzi A, McHale J, et al: Resynchronization of ovulation and timed 323 insemination in lactating dairy cows II: assigning protocols according to stages of 324 266 the estrous cycle, or presence of ovarian cysts or anestrus. Garverick HA: Ovarian follicular cysts. Keywords: cattle; cod; cows; cysts; dairy; gnrh; ovarian; progesterone; treatment
• Applying ultrasound to the individual dairy cow and herd level reproductive management by McSweeny, K. (2009) - Vasconelos JLM, Silcox RW, Rosa GJ, et al: Synchronization rate, size of the ovulatory 139 follicle, and pregnancy rate after synchronization of ovulation beginning on different 140 days of the estrous cycle in lactating dairy cows. 154 9. Bicalho RC, Galvão KN, Guard CL, et al: Optimizing the accuracy of detecting a 155 functional corpus luteum in dairy cows. Keywords: cows; dairy; programs; rates; synchronization; ultrasound
• Ecbolic and tocolytic agents in bovine reproduction by Edmondson, M.A. (2009) - The individual smooth 27 muscle cells of the myometrium are the physiologic units of uterine contraction. Factors responsible 58 for initiating the process of parturition include 1) an increase in the number of gap 59 junctions which allows cell coupling and interactions, 2) decreased production of nitric 60 oxide thereby inhibiting uterine relaxation, and 3) stretch of the myometrium which 61 enhances contractility.2 62 Ecbolic agents (oxytocics) 63 Ecbolic agents or oxytocics are compounds that hasten uterine evacuation by 64 stimulating uterine contractions of the myometrium. Keywords: cattle; clenbuterol; cows; effects; membranes; muscle; oxytocin; parturition; postpartum; receptors; tocolytic; use; uterine; uterus
• Oxytocin therapy immediately after parturition does not reduce the incidence of retained fetal membranes or improve reproductive performance in crossbred Zebu cows. by Palomares, R.A.; Soto, E.; Gutiérrez, J.C.; Portillo, G.; Boscan, J.C.; Montero, M.A.; López, Y.; Frazer, G.S (2009) - Oxytocin therapy immediately after parturition does not reduce the incidence of retained fetal membranes or improve reproductive performance in crossbred Zebu cows. Oxytocin therapy immediately after parturition does not reduce the incidence of retained fetal membranes or improve reproductive performance in crossbred Zebu cows. Keywords: cows; oxytocin
• Surgical aspiration of a 19 centimeter ovarian follicular cyst in an embryo donor cow by Coffman, Elizabeth A. ; Coutinho da Silva, Marco A. ; Niehaus, Andrew J. ; Pentecost, Rebecca L. ; Premanandan, Christopher ; Pinto, Carlos R.F. (2012) - Traditionally, ovarian follicular cysts have been defined as anovulatory fluid-filled structures greater than 24 mm in diameter that persist for more than 7-10 days in the absence of a normal corpus luteum (CL);4 however, cysts may also occur in conjunction with a CL.5 Large cysts, up to 5 cm in diameter, have been described.5 Ovarian cysts are relatively common in the postpartum period, with the highest incidence 30-60 days after parturition.7 Application of ultrasonography for reproductive evaluation and enhanced understanding of bovine follicular dynamics have contributed to knowledge regarding cystic ovarian disease by allowing serial monitoring and more accurate documentation of ultrasonographic characteristics. Differential diagnosis The most likely cause of ovarian enlargement on the left and right ovaries based on history and findings of the clinical reproductive examination was COD or ovarian follicular cysts. Keywords: aspiration; cows; cystic; cysts; dairy; fluid; fsh; gnrh; ovary; theriogenology; treatment
• Postpartum anestrus of beef cows: importance and evaluation by Larson, Robert (2020) - Postpartum anestrus of beef cows: importance and evaluation Postpartum anestrus of beef cows: importance and evaluation Robert Larson Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS Abstract Duration of anestrus period and infertility in postpartum suckled beef cows impact reproductive performance and efficiency of cow-calf operations. Keywords: anestrus; anim; average; beef; cows; days; postpartum; sci
• When the plan goes awry: how to negotiate estrus synchronization errors in beef cattle by Klabnik, Jessica; Horn, Emma (2023) - In: Proceedings of the Applied Reproductive Strategies in Beef Cattle, August 17–18, Beef Reproduction Task Force: 2015, Davis, CA: 2015. p. 1–29. 5. Kibre D, Ashebir G, Gebrekidan B, et al: Study on factors affecting estrus synchronization in smallholder dairy farming systems of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Tegegne A, Warnick AC, Mukasa-Mugerwa E, et al: Fertility of Bos indicus and Bos indicus x Bos taurus crossbreed cattle after estrus synchronization. Keywords: anim; beef; cattle; corpus; cows; cycle; doi; dominant; estrus; follicle; gnrh; ovulation; progesterone; protocol; sci; synchronization; theriogenology; treatment
• Immunoglobulin G, white blood cell, and fibrinogen concentrations among dairy cows with and without endometritis during transition period by Bazzazan, Ali ; Cardenas, Nelson ; Dolbec, Dominic ; Segura, Mariela ; Lefebvre, Réjean (2022) - Control cows were free of T. pyogenes (score ≤ 1) at EXAM 5; clinical Figure 1. WBC (c/ml) in cows (n = 59) overtime of examination; note the lack of difference at examinations. In control cows, the distribution of PVD scores shifted to low- er values (p = 0.04) from EXAM 4 to EXAM 6. Keywords: blood; calving; control; cows; dairy; difference; endometritis; exam; examinations; figure; lack; postpartum; uterine; wkbc
• Large ovary syndrome in cattle: a retrospective study by Torabi, Ali ; Stock, Angelika ; Vallejo, Dario ; Nichols, Sylvain ; Lefebvre, Réjean (2021) - However, in ovarian GCT, 42% (5/12) were in anestrus, 50% (6/12) were presented as a repeat breeder and 8% (1/12) were nymphomanic at admission. The literature mentions that elevated serum inhibin (> 0.69 ng/ml) is a marker for ovarian GCT. Keywords: cases; cell; cows; diagnosis; examination; gct; granulosa; los; ovarian; ovary; theriogenology; tumors
• Prostaglandin F2α induced luteolysis is delayed but not prevented by acute administration of luteotropic drugs in lactating nonpregnant Holstein cows by Ambrose, Divakar ; Colazo, Marcos ; Gobikrushanth, Mohanathas (2019) - Blood samples were collected immediately before PGF2α (0 hour), 1 and 6 hours after PGF2α, then every 6 hours until 48 hours, and thereafter every 12 hours for the next 36 hours, up to 86 hours after PGF2α treatment. In the present study, giving GnRH, hCG or pLH 5 minutes after PGF2α administration was not effective in countering luteolytic effects of PGF2α. Keywords: concentrations; cows; gnrh; hcg; hours; luteolysis; luteotropic; pgf2α; plh
• Evolution of fertility programs for lactating dairy cows by Fricke, Paul (2019) - Detection of estrus followed by fixed time artificial insemination Artificial insemination to a detected estrus continues to play an important role in the overall reproductive management program on almost all dairy farms.1 Use of detection of estrus alone for submitting lactating dairy cows for first AI, however, generally results in poor reproductive performance because of 2 broad limitations associated with detection of estrus. Valenza A, Giordano JO, Lopes Jr G, et al: Assessment of an accelerometer system for detection of estrus and for treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone at the time of insemination in lactating dairy cows. Keywords: cows; dairy; dairy cows; day; estrus; gnrh; ovsynch; ovsynch protocol; pgf2α; pgf2α treatment; protocol; sci; treatment
• Economic impact of reproductive performance in dairy herds and approaches for program selection by Giordano, Julio (2019) - Economic impact of reproductive performance in dairy herds and approaches for program selection Economic impact of reproductive performance in dairy herds and approaches for program selection Julio Giordano Dairy Cattle Biology and Management Laboratory Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Abstract Implementation of an effective reproductive management program is critical to success of dairy operations, as herd reproductive performance is inextricably linked to farm profitability. This broad range of performance represented a wide range of herd reproductive performance usually observed in dairy farms in the US. Keywords: cows; dairy; ftai; herd; management; performance; profitability; programs
• Control of ovarian function for in vivo and in vitro embryo production by Bó, Gabriel ; Mapletoft, Reuben (2019) - García Guerra A, Tribulo A, Yapura J, et al: Lengthening the superstimulatory treatment protocol increases ovarian response and number of transferable embryos in beef cows. Monniaux D, Drouilhet L, Rico C, et al: Regulation of anti-Mullerian hormone production in domestic animals. Keywords: cattle; cows; donors; embryo; follicle; fsh; number; production; reprod; superstimulation; theriogenology; wave
• Effect of foosball practice on veterinary students’ bovine artificial insemination skills by Norton, Mia ; Annandale, Annett (2023) - Citation line: Clinical Theriogenology 2023, 15, 9595, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9595 Research Report Effect of foosball practice on veterinary students’ bovine artificial insemination skills Mia Norton,a Annett Annandalea,b aSchool of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; bFaculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa Abstract Live cow artificial insemination (AI) opportunities are limited at training institutions, and this study explored a novel approach to better prepare students for the task. Since the arm and wrist movement while playing foosball (FB) is like picking up the cervix during AIs, the effect of playing FB on veterinary students’ AI performance was investigated. Keywords: assessment; cow; cows; doi; gfb; participants; pipette; practice; skills; students; study; training
• Association between subclinical hypocalcemia and postpartum health disorders in dairy cattle by Risco, Carlos A. (2018) - Interestingly, the ability to maintain calcium concentration in blood during the first three days after calving was more important than the absolute calcium concentration; the greater the drop in calcium concentration in the first three days postpartum, the greater the probability of developing metritis later postpartum. ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SUBCLINICAL HYPOCALCEMIA AND POSTPARTUMHEALTH DISORDERS IN DAIRY CATTLE Association between subclinical hypocalcemia and postpartum health disorders in dairy cattle Carlos A. Risco Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK Introduction In dairy cattle, parturition and the onset of lactation lowers blood calcium concentrations (hypocalcemia) that can result in a clinical (milk fever) or subclinical condition. Keywords: calcium; cows; dairy; hypocalcemia; milk; postpartum; sch
• Attaining reproductive solutions through activity monitoring by Nebel, R. L. (2018) - 4. Denis-Robichaud J, Cerri RLA, Jones-Bitton A, et al: Performance of automated activity monitoring systems used in combination with timed artificial insemination compared to timed artificial insemination only in early lactation in dairy cows. Denis-Robichaud J, Cerri RLA, Jones-Bitton A, et al: Performance of automated activity monitoring systems used in combination with timed artificial insemination compared to timed artificial insemination only in early lactation in dairy cows. Keywords: aam; activity; cows; dairy; estrus; insemination; monitoring; sci; system
• Effect of inflammatory response related to mastitis on dairy cattle reproduction by Risco, Carlos A. ; Dahl, Mohammad O. (2018) - Subclinical mastitis, defined as the presence of the same pathogen in at least two consecutive milk samples, with an elevated somatic cell count (SCC), resulted in lower reproductive performance of lactating cows, and was comparable to cows with clinical mastitis (Schrick et al, 2001). Intramammary infusion of E. coli LPS or Streptococcus uberis, elevated somatic cell count (SCC) in milk, and increased the activity of the inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 in the milk, lymph, and circulation (Rainard and Paape, 1997; Hockett et al., 2000; Hoeben et al., 2000; Paape et al., 2002; Persson Waller et al., 2003; Rambeaud et al., 2003). Keywords: cattle; cows; dairy; days; effect; et al; gram; mastitis; sci
• Effects of granulocyte colony stimulating factor on the peripheral leukocyte function in postpartum dairy cows by Dadarwal, Dinesh ; Crooks, Kira ; Ahmed, Khawaja ; Dickinson, Ryan ; Palmer, Colin (2019) - We hypothesized that GCSF treatment enhances phagocytic capabilities of peripheral neutrophils in postpartum cows. It is unknown whether this systemic neutrophilia is also accompanied by an increase in peripheral neutrophil function, namely phagocytic capability. Keywords: cows; postpartum
• Analytic approach for endometrial polymorphonuclear cells cytology threshold for the definition of cytological endometritis in primiparous and multiparous dairy cows by Druker, Shaked ; Sicsic, Ron ; van Straten, Michael ; Goshen, Tamir ; Raz, Tal (2019) - Cytological endometritis in primiparous cows were best identified at 30 - 40 DIM, whereas in multiparous cows, CEM was best diagnosed at 60 - 70 DIM. In conclusion, diagnosis of CEM in primiparous and multiparous cows should be made using different PMN threshold criteria and at different intervals after calving. Keywords: cows; primiparous
• Comparison between the 5-Day Cosynch and 7-Day estradiol-based protocols for synchronization of ovulation and timed artificial insemination in beef suckled cows by Bartolome, J.A. ; Zapata, L.O. ; Harry, H. Romero ; Bilbao, M.G. ; Perez Wallace, S. ; Farcey, M.F. ; Gelid, L. ; Ferrer, M.S. (2018) - In cows with high plasma progesterone concentration, pregnancy per AI was higher for cows in the 5-Day group (60.5 %) compared to cows in the 7-Day group (34.9 %), but there was no difference in cows with low plasma progesterone. 2018: COMPARISON BETWEEN THE 5-DAY COSYNCH AND 7-DAY ESTRADIOL-BASED PROTOCOLS FOR SYNCHRONIZATION OF OVULATION AND TIMED ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN BEEF SUCKLED COWS Comparison between the 5-Day Cosynch and 7-Day estradiol-based protocols for synchronization of ovulation and timed artificial insemination in beef suckled cows J.A. Bartolome,a L.O. Zapata,a H. Romero Harry,b M.G. Bilbao,a S. Perez Wallace,c M.F. Farcey,a L. Gelid,b M.S. Ferrerd aFacultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Argentina, bEEA INTA Anguil, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina, cZoetis SRL, Buenos Aires, Argentina, dCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA The objective was to compare pregnancy per artificial insemination (AI) and follicular dynamics in beef suckled cows using either 7-Day estradiol-based protocol or the 5-Day Cosynch for timed artificial insemination (TAI) during four breeding seasons. Keywords: cows; day

• In vitro efficacy of anti-protozoal compounds as a novel treatment of Tritrichomonas foetus by Koziol, Jennifer H.; Edmondson, Misty A.; Duran, Sue H.; Passler, Thomas; Gard, Julie A.; Joiner, Kellye; Wolfe, Dwight F. (2017) - Extrapolating from the previous treatment successes of the use of topical treatments such as Bovoflavin Salve® and nitromidazoles, novel therapeutic dosage formulations were tested in vitro for their ability to kill or reduce the number of T. foetus organisms in culture. Following culture, T. foetus organisms were washed in sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS;VWR, Radnor, PA) centrifuged at 4000g for ten minutes at room temperature and re-suspended in 1 mL of PBS and then inoculated into 15 mL sterile conical tubes (BD Falcon, Franklin Lakes, NJ) or tissue culture wells (Sarstedt, Inc., Newton, NC) containing DM. Keywords: bulls; culture; foetus; hours; organisms; treatment; tritrichomonas
• Determining the lowest dose of prostaglandin needed for luteolysis of a mature corpus luteum in cycling donkeys in the Caribbean by Landers, M. ; Kent, A. ; Peterson, E. ; Gilbert, R. ; French, H. (2018) - The results of these experiments correlate to those found in mares and show that lower doses of dinoprost tromethamine effectively shorten estrous cycles in the jenny. The aim of this study was to determine the lowest effective dose of dinoprost tromethamine in cycling jennies in the Caribbean. Keywords: dose; treatment
• Clinical Relevance Of Follicular Dynamics For Optimal Reproductive Management Of Cycling Mares by Dredge, B. Matthew; Vanderwall, Dirk K. (2017) - The use of transrectal palpation and ultrasonography, along with an understanding of the physiology of follicular dynamics, and appropriate use of those reproductive hormones, help the equine practitioner better manage single mares for breeding or even groups of mares requiring estrus and ovulation synchronization for breeding or advanced reproductive techniques. However, this discovery was before ultrasonographic examination of the reproductive tract of the mare was possible and the physiology of follicular dynamics (i.e. primary and secondary follicular waves) were fully understood, which contributed to the occurrence of frustrating inconsistencies in mares following treatment with PGF2α. Keywords: estrus; follicle; interval; mares; ovulation; pgf2α; theriogenology; treatment; wave
• Side Effects And Occupational Risks Of Using Intrauterine Kerosene In A Mare by Coyle, J.; Ferrer, M.; Fishman, H.; Eaton, E.; Gomes, V. (2017) - Keywords: Infertility, mare, kerosene, occupational hazards, safety Background The use of intrauterine kerosene in mares is advocated by some clinicians as an adjuvant in treatment of chronic endometritis caused by gram negative and positive bacteria, yeast or fungi.1 Use of adjuvants in the treatment of chronic endometritis becomes a necessity since traditional therapy with uterine lavage, antibiotics and oxytocin often fails to resolve the infection. 2017: Side effects and occupational risks of using intrauterine kerosene in a mare   Side effects and occupational risks of using intrauterine kerosene in a mare J. Coyle, M. Ferrer, H. Fishman, E. Eaton, V. Gomes Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA Summary Use of intrauterine kerosene is becoming popular for treatment of chronic endometritis. Keywords: endometrial; infusion; intrauterine; kerosene; lavage; mare; treatment; use; uterine
• Efficacy Of Lyophilized Deslorelin On Induction Of Ovulation In Mares by Ferris, Ryan A.; Lindholm, Alicia R.G.; Scofield, David B.; McCue, Patrick M. (2011) - Efficacy of lyophilized deslorelin on induction of ovulation in mares Efficacy of lyophilized deslorelin on induction of ovulation in mares Ryan A. Ferris, Alicia R.G. Lindholm, David B. Scofield, Patrick M. McCue Equine Reproduction Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO Abstract Options for induction of ovulation in mares include human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and potent agonists of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) such as deslorelin acetate. A total of 66 mares were administered lyophilized deslorelin in 2009 and 135 mares were treated in 2010 with lyophilized deslorelin from the same initial lot stored for 12 months. Keywords: deslorelin; hours; mares; ovulation; treatment
• Pharmacokinetics of carprofen in lactating dogs after intravenous treatment by Nebel-Karp, Amber; Papich, Mark; Messenger, Kristen ; Lyle, Sara (2024) - Because there were only 4 litter samples and 1 milk sample being above the LOQ, there were not enough data to perform a pharmacokinetic analysis on dog milk or pup plasma. Milk carprofen concentrations were above the LOQ and LOD only at a single timepoint (12 hours) in dog 1. Keywords: carprofen; concentrations; dogs; doi; intravenous; lactating; maternal; milk; plasma; pups; samples; study; treatment; volume
• Serum testosterone concentrations in alpacas and llamas after human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation before and after castration by Haislip, Reagan; McAllister , Anna; Kutzler , Michelle (2024) - Citation: Clinical Theriogenology 2024, 16, 10926, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v16.10926 Research Report Serum testosterone concentrations in alpacas and llamas after human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation before and after castration Reagan Haislip,a Anna McAllister,b Michelle Kutzlerc aDepartment of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences bCarlson College of Veterinary Medicine cDepartment of Animal Rangeland Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA Abstract Veterinarians perform testosterone stimulation tests in animals suspected of bilateral cryptorchidism and/or incomplete castration. Testosterone stimulation test (using hCG) was performed in mature male alpacas (n = 9) and llamas (n = 7) 1 day prior to and 1 day after castration. Keywords: alpacas; hcg; hours; testosterone; treatment
• Sedation in combination with local anesthesia was as effective as general anesthesia for canine castrations by Cuzmar, Erika Silva ; Schumacher, John ; Passler, Thomas ; Ravis, William R. (2019) - The RR were similar (pperiod= 0.977) for PRE and SURG periods for GA dogs, but for LA dogs, decreases in RR were greater (pperiod = 0.008) during SURG as compared to PRE. Adding sodium bicarbonate to a solution of lidocaine (e.g., 1 ml of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate solution per 9 or 10 ml lidocaine) may decrease pain during injection by increasing pH.21 Xylazine was chosen as a sedative because one of the aims of this study was to demonstrate an economical method of dog castration, and due to limited availability of other alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonists in some countries. Keywords: anesthesia; castration; dogs; lidocaine; movement; pain; study; surgery; treatment
• The Effect Of Oxytocin Or Carbetocin Administration During Mid-Diestrus On The Interovulatory Interval And Estrous Behavior Of Mares by Bare, Cassandra A. ; Schramme, Anne R. ; Bailey, C. Scott ; Heitzman, Jason M. ; Whisnant, Scott ; Sper, Renan D. ; Archibald, Kate ; Whitacre, Michael (2013) - Gee and coworkers reported that mares administered OXY IV had a longer duration of diestrus than control mares, but the proportion of mares in which diestrus was greater than 30 days was not statistically different between groups (5/6, 1/6 and 2/6 for the IV, IM and control groups respectively).5 Similarly, in the current study, IM administration of OXY (60 IU once daily for eight days) delayed the return to estrus in only two of six mares. Keywords: Mare, estrus suppression, oxytocin, carbetocin, interestrus interval, luteal function Introduction Estrous behavior in mares can be problematic especially during training and performance activities. Keywords: administration; behavior; carb; control; cycle; days; group; ioi; mares; oxy; study; treatment
• Conception following endoscopic removal of endometrial cysts in a mare by Miller, L.M.J. ; Ferrer, S.M (2014) - Inflamed area of the��������������������� ����������������������������������������������� Figure 4. ������� ���� ������������������������������� Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 6, Number 1 • March 2014 44 44 � (Editor’s Note: The photographs in this manuscript appear in color in the online version of Clinical Theriogenology.) Keywords: biopsy; cysts; mare; treatment; uterine; � �
• Effects of buserelin on the reproductive performance in transitional and anestrous mares by Wolfsdorf, Karen (2025) - Both buserelin plus hCG treatment in anestrous mares and hCG treatment alone in transitional mares significantly advanced the date of the first ovulation of the year compared to untreated mares. No sig- nificant differences in pregnancy rates were noted between buserelin plus hCG (77.8%) or transitional mares treated only with hCG (85.2%),20 further supporting the concept that buserelin protocols are suitable for inducing fertile ovu- lations in anestrous mares early in the breeding season. Keywords: buserelin; days; gnrh; mares; ovulation; treatment
• Estrous cycle manipulation in cats by Barnes, Julie ; Vansandt, Lindsey (2025) - Lawler DF, Johnston SD, Hegstad RL, et al: Ovulation without cervical stimulation in domestic cats. Chatdarong K, Lohachit C, Kiartmanakul S, et al: Cervical patency during non-ovulatory and ovulatory estrus cycles in domestic cats. Keywords: activity; cats; concentrations; contraception; cycle; days; deslorelin; doi; effect; estrus; et al; feline; females; gnrh; gonadotropin; hcg; hormone; hours; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v17.11649; implant; induction; light; med; melatonin; ovulation; pmid; progesterone; queens; reprod; reproduction; study; suppression; theriogenology; treatment; use
• Manipulation of ovarian activity in camelids by Waqas, Muhammad-Salman ; Anouassi, Abdelhaq ; Tibary, Ahmed (2025) - Tibary A, Anouassi A, Sghiri A, et al: Current knowledge and future challenges in camelid reproduction. Vyas S, Rai AK, Sahani MS, et al: Use of real-time ultrasonography for control of follicular activity and pregnancy diagnosis in the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) during the non-breed- ing season. Keywords: activity; alpacas; anim; camelids; camels; days; doi; dromedarius; dromedary; ecg; embryo; et al; fsh; gnrh; llamas; ovulation; progesterone; reprod; response; sci; theriogenology; treatment
• Manipulation of ovarian function in sheep and goats by Waqas, Muhammad-Salman ; Tibary, Ahmed (2025) - Carnevali F, Schino G, Diverio S, et al: Oestrus induction and syn- chronisation during anoestrus in cashmere goats using hormonal treatment in association with “male effect.” Over R, Cohen-Tannoudji J, Dehnhard M, et al: Effect of phero- mones from male goats on LH-secretion in anoestrous ewes. Keywords: anim; breeding; days; doi; ecg; effect; estrus; ewes; fsh; gnrh; goats; hours; male; melatonin; ovulation; progesterone; protocols; rate; reprod; season; sheep; superovulation; synchronization; treatment
• Synchronization of follicular waves with progesterone/estrogen combination before superstimulation with pFSH in alpacas by Picha, Y.; Rodriguez, J.; Nielsen, S.; Nielsen, S.; Sandoval, S.; Sumar, J.; Tibary, A. (2009) - false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false /IncludeProfiles true /MarksOffset false /ShrinkContent true /TreatColorsAs Keywords: group; pfsh; treatment
• Diagnosis and medical treatment of pyometra in the queen by Johnson, Aime (2022) - The typical presentation of this group are young queens, ei- ther not yet bred (but in the same room as a male) or placed with a male for the first time. Young- er queens are more likely to return to a successful breeding career than older queens because underlaying CEH is more prevalent as queens age. Keywords: cats; progesterone; pyometra; queen; treatment; uterus
• Ovulation, pregnancy, and lambing rates during nonbreeding season with or without exogenous gonadotropin stimulation by Habeeb, Hayder; Hazzard, Timothy; Stormshak, Fred; Kutzler, Michelle (2020) - Knights M, Hoehn T, Lewis PE, et al: Effectiveness of intravaginal progesterone inserts and FSH for inducing synchronized estrus and increasing lambing rate in anestrous ewes. However, gonadotropin treatment decreases embryo Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 12 Number 1 • March 202023 viability, based on embryo collection studies.17 Similar to multiple injections of FSH, a single injection of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) increases ovulation rate,18,19 but appears to decrease embryo viability.20 It is noteworthy that anestrous ewes treated with progesterone ovulate when they are also treated with gonadotropins or exposed to rams, but not after progesterone treatment alone.21 P.G. 600® (Intervet/Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ) is approved for estrus induction in swine. Keywords: ewes; group; ovulation; p.g; progesterone; rate; treatment
• Update on medical control of reproduction in bitch with a focus on deslorelin implant by Fontbonne, Alain ; Maenhoudt, Cindy (2021) - They may be used ‘off-label’ to prevent cyclicity in adult bitches. The major disadvantage of using deslorelin implants in adult bitches is the initial induction of estrus soon after implantation. Keywords: bitches; deslorelin; dogs; effects; estrus; gnrh; implant; treatment
• Comparison of two altrenogest preparations in mares: a pilot study by Loy, Jaymie ; Norman, Scott ; Ip, Heather ; Stephen, Cyril (2020) - However, daily oral altrenogest treatment poses risks to personnel who provide treatment, since it is an oil-based preparation that is readily absorbed through skin.5 Human risks from cutaneous exposure include disrupted menstrual cycles, prolonged pregnancy, decreased libido in men, headaches, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and rashes.6 In addition to inherent safety risks to personnel, daily oral altrenogest treatment is logistically difficult and time consuming.7, 8 Recent research has focused on determining efficacy of other routes of altrenogest treatment. Additionally, there is apparently no documentation of plasma altrenogest Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 12 Number 4 • December 2020511 concentrations (PAC) associated with oral altrenogest treatment at 0.044 mg/kg for the recommended treatment period of 15 days. Keywords: altrenogest; concentrations; days; mares; oral; treatment
• Reproductive challenges in small mammals by Sladky, Kurt K. (2018) - Uterine tumors are the most common reproductive tract neoplasms of older, intact female rabbits and the incidence increases dramatically with age.1,2 Depending on the publication, greater than 75% of intact female rabbits will develop uterine tumors by 6-7 years of age.1 Uterine adenocarcinoma is the most common of the uterine neoplasms. Uterine tumors are common in female rodents with malignancy diagnosed most frequently in hamsters and gerbils, and benign uterine tumors more common in rats.5,6 Benign endometrial stromal tumors are most common in older female rats, with sarcomas most common in mice, and adenocarcinomas in hamsters and gerbils. Keywords: female; ferrets; guinea; hedgehogs; ovariohysterectomy; penis; pigs; rabbits; rodents; treatment; tumors; uterine

• Severe fibrosis and squamous metaplasia in a 14-year-old Thoroughbred mare by Elliman, Leatrice W. ; Schnobrich, Maria R. ; Kennedy, Laura A. (2018) - This case of severe uterine fibrosis and endometrial squamous metaplasia highlights the benefit of hysteroscopy as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in determining the extent of uterine damage and recommendations for further breeding management. Keywords: Mare, hysteroscopy, endometritis, fibrosis, metaplasia Reference 1. Keywords: breeding; mare
• Fundamentals Of Bull Selection by Kasimanickam, Ramanathan; Tibary, Ahmed; Kastelic, John (2013) - Keywords: Bull selection, genetic improvement, estimated progeny differences, breeding management Introduction Genetic make-up of all bulls is not equal – the range is very wide! Farm goals Farm goals are the basis for bull selection; they should guide selection of bulls with traits of economic importance.2,3 Keywords: breeding; bulls; cattle; crossbreeding; dairy; genomic; performance; progeny; selection; sires; traits; weight
• Synchronization Of Estrus Of Whitetail Deer And Other Select Cervids, Sheep & Goats by Tamassia, Manoel (2011) - Umapathy G, Sontakke SD, Reddy A, et al: Seasonal variations in semen characteristics, semen cryopreservation, estrus synchronization, and successful artificial insemination in the spotted deer (Axis axis). Alternatively, the cycle can be cut short prematurely by regressing existing CLs with the use of prostaglandin.7 Use of prostaglandin for estrus synchronization A CL must be present in the ovary for prostaglandin-based protocols to work. Keywords: breeding; days; deer; estrus; male; ovulation; progesterone; season; synchronization
• Quality Breeding Practices by Casal, Margret L. (2011) - Breeding animals should not be exposed to feral, wild or homeless animals (e.g., for runs that are outdoors, an extra chain linked fence about two yards away from the actual enclosure prevents wild animals from coming into contact with the breeding dogs and their offspring). Puppies and kittens destined to become breeding animals should be raised with good quality American Association of Feed Control Officers-approved foods or foods that have been formulated to fit these high standards. Keywords: animals; breeding; dogs
• Breeding soundness examination of the male ovine, caprine and cervidae species by Shipley, Clifford F. (2016) - Unsatisfactory ratings may also be given due to physical examination abnormalities such as scrotal, testicular or spermatic cord defects. The BSE is generally performed as part of a prepurchase examination for breeding animals to protect both buyer and seller. Keywords: breeding; bse; examination; season
• Position statement: Welfare of breeding dogs by and Society for Theriogenology, The American College of Theriogenologists (2012) - Position statement: Welfare of breeding dogs Position statement: Welfare of breeding dogs The American College of Theriogenologists and Society for Theriogenology promote the breeding of healthy, genetically superior dogs to maintain a diverse canine population that meets the needs of society for companion dogs and working dogs. Decisions about when to spay or castrate individual dogs and bitches no longer intended for breeding should be made with the counsel of a veterinarian. - Keywords: breeding; dogs
• Bull-to-cow ratios: practical formulae for estimating the number of bulls suggested for successful pasture breeding of female cattle by Wenzel, James G.W. ; Carson, Robert L. ; Wolfe, Dwight F. (2012) - Bull breeding problems: libidos, mating ability, and serving capacity. Bull breeding soundness evaluation. Keywords: age; breeding; bull; circumference; groups; sire
• Factors affecting the reproductive capacity of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) by Radheshwar, Mona ; Memon, Mushtaq A. (2012) - Water buffalo reproduction: the bull Breeding soundness examinations for buffalo bulls have yet to be standardized and long term progeny testing records are scarce to non-existent in most parts of the world. It may be concluded that the contact with females has a stimulating effect on testicular androgen secretion in buffalo bulls even when considering seasonal factors affecting reproduction. Keywords: age; breeding; bubalis; buffalo; bulls; day; estrus; factors; months; production; reproductive; theriogenology; water
• Ethical considerations in the selective breeding of animals by Rossi, John (2012) - Third, disease-causing alleles may be inherited though their genetic linkage to loci corresponding to traits that are being selected for.1-5 Until very recently the ethical dimensions of animal breeding and its relationship to disease were seldom discussed. Relationships with animals can valuably enrich human existence, but this is a distinct issue from whether breeding animals for particular appearances or functions serves a significant human interest. Keywords: animal welfare; animals; breeding; consideration; disease; example; harm; human; interests; number; practices; view; welfare
• Genetics based selection pressure to breed better, healthier dogs by Bell , Jerold S (2012) - Responsibilities of breeders It is the ethical responsibility and obligation of all breeders to perform the available required pre- breeding genetic health tests on prospective breeding stock. It is the general public’s obligation to document genetic health testing from breeders. Keywords: breeding; carrier; disease; dogs; gene; health; risk; testing; tests
• Intromission failure in a stallion by Kelley, Dale ; Roscoe, Justin ; Wittorff, Alex ; Bassett, Adam ; Pinaffi, Fabio ; Holyoak, Reed (2022) - Second, since stallion had been receiving testosterone prior to arrival, we were concerned that abrupt discontinuation of testosterone treatment could have a negative effect on libido.16 Video recordings of stallion behavior allows for repeated views of a situation and has been utilized in research settings16 with tie stalls and 3.05 x 3.05 m pens. Keywords: Stallion, reproductive behavior, hormone therapy, video recording Background A common problem for stallions during first introduction to breeding is inadequate sexual interest or response.1,2 Keywords: behavior; breeding; libido; mare; stallion; testosterone; video
• Unnatural selection? Considerations in canine and feline genetic counseling by O’Connor, Cynthia (2020) - A basic understanding is important for veterinarians to use available technologies to control genetic diseases while maintaining genetic diversity in population. One example is progressive retinal atrophy; affected animals suffer from retinal atrophy that leads to eventual blindness, with clinical signs rarely apparent before 3 - 5 years of age.5 Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 12 Number 3 • September 2020222 Number and variety of genetic diseases is extremely large and many are very rare, with new diseases recognized at an exponential rate.6 As such, it is important for a practicing veterinarian to consult reference sources (listed in Table) to obtain knowledge about a known genetic disorder, breed distributions, and distinguishing characteristics regarding diagnosis, treatment, and control. Keywords: animals; breeders; breeding; disease; disorders; diversity; dna; dogs; gene; genome; mutation; tests; veterinarians; veterinary
• Influence of period between breeding and ovulation on foal sex ratio by Hall, Sabrina ; Jarrin-Yepez, Pablo ; Schneider, Liesel ; Klabnik-Bradford, Jessica ; Riddle, William ; Friend, Woodrow ; Schnobrich, Maria ; Prado, Tulio (2022) - Age of the mare did not influence foal sex ratio. Other possible factors (sire, age of dam, method of insemination, size of ovu- lated primary follicle, or use of ovulation inducing hormones) may not impact foal sex ratio. Keywords: breeding; foal; hours; ovulation; pbbo; ratio; sex
• Veterinary genetic counseling service: a preliminary report by Withowski, Katie ; Helms, Alyssa ; Stora, Victor ; Meurs, Kathryn (2021) - Introduction Improvement of offspring genetic health begins with an understanding of the selection tools that are available and the ethical responsibilities to use these tools in assisting with breeding decisions.1 Discovery of genetic markers of disease in companion animals and the advent of readily available at-home testing kits increased testing for genetic disease in companion animals.2 Dog’s breed identification testing is performed to fulfill owner’s interest and curiosity. Although the ability to estimate an individual animal’s risk of genetic disease has become increasingly available,3,4 accessible resources to navigate test interpretation and clinical implications of the findings might be inadequate, leaving owners and veterinarians with many unanswered questions.5,6 Veterinarians, especially those working in general practice or having an interest in theriogenology, are often the first line of contact for evaluation of an animal suspected for a familial disease or a genetic problem. Keywords: animal; breed; breeding; canine; disease; health; inquiries; testing
• Successful pregnancies in a mare after laparoscopic unilateral ovariohysterectomy by Clulow, Jennifer ; Nugent, Samuel ; Adkins, Angus (2021) - Furthermore, inability of the embryo to move between uterine horns can cause failure of maternal recognition.2 During embryo collection on day 7 postovulation, failure of appropriate dilation of left uterine horn was noticed after embryo collecting medium was infused. Keywords: breeding; embryo; horn; hysteroscopy; infertility; laparoscopic; mare
• Practical review of diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic indicators of acquired conditions of the penis and prepuce in the bull by Koziol, Jennifer (2023) - It is the intent of this review to be helpful to the practitioner in the diagnosis, medical treatment and communicating a future prognosis for breeding bulls that are diagnosed with one of the following acquired conditions. Keywords: Bovine, penis, prepuce, preputial trauma Introduction Breeding bulls can present to the veterinarian for a variety of issues and concerns involving the penis and prepuce. Keywords: breeding; bulls; deviation; edema; injury; penile; penis; prepuce; preputial; sheath; tunica

• Hormonal, Biochemical And Hematological Changes During Gestation In Rabbit Does Synchronized With Prostaglandin F2 Alpha by Ajadi, Temitope A.; Abioja, Monsuru O.; Ndehedehe, Mercy; Smith, Olusiji F. (2017) - References 1. Ajala MK, Balogun JK: Economics of rabbit production in Zaria. Mailafia S, Onakpa MM, Owoleke OE: Problems and prospects of rabbit production in Nigeria. Keywords: changes; days; different; figure; gestation; mating; plasma; post; rabbit
• Use Of Etonogestrel Implants To Suppress Estrous Behavior In Mares by Dujovne, Ghislaine A.; Johnson, Aime K.; Wilborn, Robyn R.; Palomares, Roberto A.; Wooldridge, Anne A.; Braden, Tim D. (2015) - If etonogestrel is effective at inhibiting estrous behavior in mares, the implant may provide a long-term, safe, easy, and potentially reversible treatment to suppress estrous behavior in performance mares. USE OF ETONOGESTREL IMPLANTS TO SUPPRESS ESTROUS BEHAVIOR IN MARES Use of etonogestrel implants to suppress estrous behavior in mares* Ghislaine A. Dujovne,a Aime K. Johnson,b Robyn R. Wilborn,b Roberto A. Palomares,c Anne A. Wooldridge,b Tim D. Bradend aPopulation Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA; bDepartment of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL; cDepartment of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA; dDepartment of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate a human contraceptive subcutaneous implant (Implanon®) as a method to suppress behavioral estrus in mares. Keywords: control; days; estrus; etonogestrel; group; iei; implant; mares; progesterone; study
• Retained Fetal Membranes In An African Elephant (Loxodanta Africana) by Kottwitz, Jack; Lopes da Cruz Torres Alpino, Carolina; Roberts, John F.; Munsterman, Amelia S. (2013) - Retained fetal membranes in an African elephant (Loxodanta africana) Retained fetal membranes in an African elephant (Loxodanta africana) Discussion There are few reports of retained fetal membranes in elephants, with this case representing the first report in an African elephant. Keywords: cells; count; cow; days; elephant; membranes; parturition
• Case report: successful foaling in a Warmblood mare with uterus unicornis by Gallacher, Kirsty ; Gilbert, Robert O. (2018) - Keywords: Mare, uterus, unicornis, pregnancy, placenta Case description History A 6 year old maiden Warmblood mare was admitted to the Cornell University Equine Park, at 306 days after ovulation for supervised foaling. Mares at the center for supervised foaling were also under continuous video surveillance and were visually monitored by a student foal watch crew who covered overnight periods. Keywords: case; days; foal; horn; mare; theriogenology; unicornis; uterine; uterus
• Preliminary insemination trial to determine the fertility of stallion sperm stored for 3 and 7 days at 17ºC in a long term liquid storage medium by Clulow, Jennifer ; Swegen, Aleona ; Aitken, John ; Gibb, Zamira (2019) - Liquid storage in this synthetic medium for up to 7 days at 17˚C did not affect fertility of stallion sperm. Preliminary insemination trial to determine the fertility of stallion sperm stored for 3 and 7 days at 17ºC in a long term liquid storage medium Preliminary insemination trial to determine the fertility of stallion sperm stored for 3 and 7 days at 17ºC in a long term liquid storage medium Jennifer Clulow,a Aleona Swegen,b John Aitken,b Zamira Gibbb aScone Equine Group, Scone, New South Wales, Australia bUniversity of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia Keywords: days; stallion
• A case report on the use of domperidone for management of agalactia in a queen by Jensen, Rochelle L. ; Johnson, Aime K. ; Wilborn, Robyn R. ; Fraser, Natalie S. (2016) - Plante I, Stewart MK, Laird DW: Evaluation of mammary gland development and function in mouse models. 5. Nandi S: Endocrine control of mammary gland development and function in the C3H/He Crg1 mouse. Keywords: agalactia; days; development; domperidone; gland; growth; kittens; lactation; milk; prolactin; queen
• Clinical management of postpartum hemorrhage following failure of cervical dilation in an alpaca by Pearson, Lisa K. ; Tibary, Ahmed (2014) - Periparturient hemorrhage events represent a significant cause of death in the broodmare.9,12 In a study of mares which presented to a referral hospital postpartum, not only did mares with postpartum hemorrhage present significantly sooner after foaling, but represented significantly older mares (average age 13 years, range 8 to 21) compared to other postpartum complications such as metritis or large colon volvulus.13 CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE FOLLOWING FAILURE OF CERVICAL DILATION IN AN ALPACA Clinical management of postpartum hemorrhage following failure of cervical dilation in an alpaca Lisa K. Pearson, Ahmed Tibary Comparative Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA Summary A 9 year old female Huacaya alpaca was maintained on exogenous progesterone (hydroxyprogesterone caproate) during pregnancy due to previous pregnancy loss. Keywords: acid; alpaca; days; female; gestation; hemorrhage; hours; mares; postpartum; progesterone; use
• Camelid parasitology by Cebra, Christopher K. (2014) - Infected camelids pose no risk to other camelids, and can only spread the disease through their meat. With most parasites, we try to quantify the fecal egg count, an estimate of the concentration of worm eggs in the feces. Keywords: camelids; days; disease; eggs; larvae; number; parasites; prepatent
• Estrous cycle manipulation in dogs by McRae, Gail ; Runcan, Erin ; Johnson, Aime (2025) - In dogs, this process takes ~ 120 days to ensure a fertile cycle.1 Anestrus is defined as the period between estrous cycles and can range from 5-14 months (average 7 months).1 If the dog is not cycling regularly, owners may wish to induce an estrous cycle sooner than what is physiologically normal for that individual. The primary benefit of this altered protocol is to reduce the side effect of vomiting.7 Cabergoline works similar to bromocriptine and is less likely to induce mailto:runcan.1@osu.edu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v17.11647 Citation: Clinical Theriogenology 2025, 17, 11647, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v17.11647 83 vomiting; however, 23% of dogs that received cabergoline for at least 14 days also had reversible coat color changes.8 Keywords: anestrus; cycle; days; dogs; doi; estrus; gnrh; suppression; use
• Neonatology by Davidson , A. P. (2009) - Increased mortality in low birth weight puppies is most 195 133 likely associated with negative effects of chilling (higher body surface area: mass) and the ability 196 to nurse and maintain glucose concentrations. Neonatology Neonatology 1 2 A. P. Davidson 3 School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA 4 5 Neonatal survival 6 Average reported neonatal puppy and kitten mortality rates (greatest during the first week of life) 7 vary, ranging from 9-26%.1 Prudent veterinary intervention in the prenatal, parturient and postpartum 8 periods can increase neonatal survival by controlling or eliminating factors contributing to puppy and 9 kitten morbidity and mortality. Keywords: adult; age; birth; blood; canine; days; dog; life; neonate; puppies; puppy; system; therapy; weeks; weight
• Pilot studies on mare reproductive loss syndrome by Burns, Stuart; Harrison, Lenn; Sheerin, Peter (2020) - Pilot studies on mare reproductive loss syndrome Pilot studies on mare reproductive loss syndrome Stuart Burns,a Lenn Harrison,b Peter Sheerinc aBurns Equine Veterinary Service, Paris, KY bUniversity of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington, KY cRood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY Abstract Past investigations utilized administration of either whole eastern tent caterpillars or their integument, to pregnant mares to study mare reproductive loss syndrome. An unusual abortion storm in pregnant mares in Ohio river valley region of US in 2001 and 2002 was recognized as mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS). Keywords: days; echogenicity; etc; etcs; exposure; fluid; loss; mandelonitrile; mare; mrls; setae; syndrome; water
• Adenoviral-vectored gonadotropin releasing hormone vaccine for estrus suppression in mares by Jensen, Rochelle; Johnson, Aime; Wilborn, Robyn; Braden, Timothy; Kutzler, Michelle; Roberts, Scot; Van Kampen, Kent; Trumble, Joshua; Baker, Henry (2020) - It is already known that P-GnRH vaccination at the labeled dose results in antiGnRH antibody production and suppression of cyclicity.29 At the dose used in the current study (25% of labeled initial dose), transient low- level anti-GnRH antibodies were produced in control mares, which had no effect on cyclicity. Additionally, all control mares continued to cycle at the time of year that treatment mares first experienced a cessation in reproductive cyclicity. Keywords: antibody; antignrh; control; cyclicity; days; gnrh; mares; study; suppression; vaccination; vaccine
• Abnormalities of the estrous cycle by Smith, Frances O. ; Lawrence, John C. (2018) - This author recommends that the owner of a bitch with suspected silent heat blot the vulvar area daily for any signs of discharge and began vaginal cytology and progesterone measurement as soon as any signs are recognized. Alternatively progesterone measurements can be performed monthly to detect an unrecognized cycle. Keywords: adobe; bitch; cycle; days; estrus; progesterone

• Pregnancy loss following twin ablation on a Thoroughbred breeding farm in Beijing by Gunn, Allan ; Jones, Elizabeth ; Brookes, Victoria (2018) - Keywords: Mare, twin ablation, pregnancy loss, progestagens Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 10, Number 3 • September 2018335 We hypothesised that a higher rate of pregnancy loss would occur in this group of mares. Keywords: ablation; mares
• Evaluating the efficacy of a silicone Y-design intrauterine device as a horse contraceptive in a captive breeding trial by Lyman, C.C. ; Baldrighi, J.M. ; Yanos, M.; Germaine, S.S. ; Kane, A. ; Holyoak, G.R. (2018) - Also, that co-administration of progesterone helps overcome the initial 14-day loss rate: none of the mares that received progesterone at the time of IUD placement lost their IUD, whether she received a 50 or 60 durometer IUD. Therefore in the next phase of this study we hypothesized that co-administration of a long-acting progesterone at the time of IUD insertion would increase IUD retention by preventing these aftereffects. Keywords: iud; mares
• Reproductive and health outcomes of horses affected by focal mucoid placentitis by Bailey, Scott; Leite, Thalita; Troedsson, Mats (2024) - And Crosiella equi abortion 2 chronic focal placentitis branching bacilli nonpath not performed normal foal 3 placentitis branching bacilli not diagnostic Crosiella equi abortion 4 not performed not performed G+ branching bacillus Crosiella equi stillbirth 5 placentitis branching bacilli G+ branching bacillus Amycolatopsis sp. normal foal 6 placentitis branching bacilli G+ branching bacillus Amycolatopsis sp. normal foal 7 avillous placenta normal no growth not performed normal foal 8 placentitis not performed G+ branching bacillus Crosiella equi abortion 9 focal placentitis normal nonpath not detected normal foal 10 placentitis branching bacilli G+ branching bacillus Amycolatopsis sp. normal foal 11 placentitis not performed G+ branching bacillus Crosiella equi abortion 12 placentitis branching bacilli G+ branching bacillus Amycolatopsis sp. abortion 13 chronic focal placentitis normal nonpath not performed normal foal 14 not performed branching bacilli nonpath Amycolatopsis sp. normal foal 15 not performed branching bacilli G+ branching bacillus Crosiella equi normal foal 16 not performed branching bacilli nonpath not detected normal foal 17 not performed branching bacilli nonpath not detected normal foal 18 not performed branching bacilli G+ branching bacillus Crosiella equi normal foal 19 not performed branching bacilli not performed not performed normal foal 20 placentitis normal nonpath not detected normal foal 21 not performed branching bacilli G+ branching bacillus not detected normal foal 22 not performed normal not performed not performed normal foal 23 not performed normal nonpath Crosiella equi normal foal 24 not performed branching bacilli G+ branching bacillus Crosiella equi normal foal 25 not performed branching bacilli not performed not performed normal foal 26 not performed branching bacilli G+ branching bacillus Amycolatopsis sp. normal foal 27 not performed branching bacilli not performed not performed normal foal 28 not performed normal Acinetobacter wolfii not performed normal foal 29 not performed branching bacilli not performed not performed normal foal 30 not performed branching bacilli not performed not performed normal foal 31 not performed branching bacilli nonpath Crosiella equi normal foal 32 not performed branching bacilli Rhizobium radiobacter not detected normal foal 33 not performed branching bacilli nonpath not detected normal foal 34 not performed branching bacilli not performed not performed normal foal 35 not performed branching bacilli G+ branching bacillus Amycolatopsis sp. normal foal 36 not performed normal not performed not performed normal foal http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v16.10536 Citation: Clinical Theriogenology 2024, 16, 10416, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v16.10536 5 healthy mares produced $886,073 with an average of $7,638.5 for each horse that survived to December 2022 (p = 0.26). Objective was to quantify the effects of focal mucoid placentitis on a farm during spring 2020 out- break. Keywords: bacilli; branching; foal; foaling; mares; mucoid; nocardioform; placentitis
• Endometrial tissue concentrations of ceftiofur derivatives following intrauterine infusion in both non-infected mares and mares with experimentally induced endometritis by Scott, Camilla J. ; Dujovne, Ghislaine A. ; Christensen, Bruce W. (2016) - While the use of systemic antimicrobials has been discussed to overcome these issues, Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 8 Number 2 • June 2016 116 DCA concentrations in endometrial tissue following intrauterine infusion were higher in this study in non-infected mares (873.3± 81.1 μg/g) and in endometritis mares (173.7 ± 57.0μg/g) compared to those reported following systemic treatment (1.7 ± 0.5μg/g).26 Results Non-infected mares Following intrauterine ceftiofur infusion, endometrial tissue concentrations of DCA declined from mean concentration of 873.3 μg/g (± 81.1) at 4 h, to 43.4 μg/g (± 23.6) at 48 h (Graph 1). Keywords: ceftiofur; concentrations; dca; endometritis; infusion; intrauterine; mares; tissue; zooepidemicus
• Plasma altrenogest concentrations in mares after intrarectal or intravaginal administration by Hornberger, K. ; Lyman, C. C. ; Baldrighi, J. M. ; Holyoak, G.R. (2019) - Vaginal administration mares For VG mares Subsequently, altrenogest was expelled from the vulva shortly thereafter, a problem made worse by clitoral eversion that occurred soon after vaginal drug administration. Keywords: administration; altrenogest; concentrations; drug; estrus; mares; minutes; plasma; rectal; vaginal
• Pathology of the mare reproductive system by Del Piero, Fabio (2010) - Prolapse may involve pregnant uterine horn, body, urinary bladder and intestine, also leading to hypoxia, infarction, and shock. Retained fetal membranes can be associated with fescue toxicity, abortion, dystocia, placentitis, uterine inertia, and twin pregnancy, but can also be seen following an otherwise normal delivery. Keywords: cysts; gonadal; mares; ovary; uterine
• Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus resides deep in the chronically infected endometrium of mares by Petersen, M.R.; Nielsen, J.M.; Lehn-Jensen, H.; Bojesen, A.M. (2009) - Mares experimentally infected with S. zooepidemicus presented clinical signs as expected (Table 1). Recently, however, attention has been directed towards alternative detection methods after Nielsen6 found that a high proportion of infertile mares that were negative for Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) based on culture from swabs (21/84=25%), were positive based on culture from endometrial biopsies (61/84=73 %) (p<0,0001). Keywords: bacteria; biopsies; culture; endometritis; endometrium; fish; hybridization; inoculation; mares; tissue; uterine; zooepidemicus
• Non-ovulatory follicles: characteristics, causes, and solutions? by Paccamonti , Dale (2012) - From a retrospective study of breeding records, it has been proposed that the dose of CLO affects the chance of HAF development, with higher doses more likely to result in HAF formation.4 A factor which may play a role but was not described in these reports linking CLO usage and HAF formation is what stage of follicular development was present at the time of CLO administration. However in mares which formed a HAF in response to flunixin meglumine administration, the concentration of progesterone on days 5 and 9 after HAF formation was lower than in control mares on corresponding days after ovulation.7 Consequently, most mares with an HAF will respond to a luteolytic dose of prostaglandin (PG) administered at the appropriate interval after formation of the HAF, with a return to estrus and normal ovulation.2 However, as discussed below, treating an HAF with a luteolytic dose of CLO may in some cases not be the best course of action, especially in mares prone to forming HAFs. Keywords: anovulatory; follicles; haf; mares
• Evaluation of an equine multi-antigen rabies combination vaccine in pregnant mares by Blodgett, Glenn ; Morrow, Chris ; Bailey, Scott ; McCracken, Jaye ; Nieman, Natanya ; Amodie, Deborah ; Morgan, Kenton (2023) - Findings indicated that incorporation of new core antigens vaccines had no impact on live foaling rate or per cycle pregnancy rate; however, these results do not consti- tute a safety claim for use in pregnant mares. Findings indicated that the use of a new multi-antigen rabies combination vaccine had no impact on live foaling rate nor per cycle pregnancy rates. Keywords: antigens; core; foaling; mares; rate; virus
• Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin treatment on the duration of oxytocin-induced prolonged corpus luteum function in mares by Vanderwall, Dirk ; Kinney, Dustin ; Clement, Holly ; Rigas, Johanna ; Wilson, David (2023) - In contrast, oxytocin treatment further and beyond day 60 rendered a more robust PGF2α secretory response and CL function was more likely to decline rapidly after treatment.12 Considering that prolonged CL function occurs spontaneously in mares,11 return of the luteolytic process may have developed naturally as a means of ensuring that these mares return to a cyclic state allowing them to have an opportunity for breeding and establishment of pregnancy, which is otherwise precluded during the period of prolonged CL function. Although there was no dif- ference in the duration of CL function, daily blood progester- one concentrations were higher (p < 0.0001) in hCG-treated mares compared to control mares (Figure 1; 7.8 ± 4.1 vs. 5.1 ± 2.7 ng/ml Keywords: day; function; hcg; mares; oxytocin
• Impact of transrectal palpation on teaching mares: a retrospective study* by Megehee, Sheila ; Lyman, Candace ; Holyoak, Reed (2023) - This study had 3 objectives: 1. identify the incidence of mare rectal injury associated with TRP in teaching mares, 2. identify the number of intravenous sedation utilized for averse behaviors (i.e. behaviors inter- preted as ‘dislike’), and 3. identify the length of individual mares’ use/cited reasons for retirement. Citation line: Clinical Theriogenology 2023, 15, 9597, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9597 Research Report Impact of transrectal palpation on teaching mares: a retrospective study* Sheila Megehee,a Candace Lyman,b Reed Holyoaka aDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Stillwater, OK, USA, bDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA Abstract Transrectal palpation (TRP) in mares is considered a noxious and potentially life-threatening procedure, particularly if performed by inexperienced individuals. Keywords: aqha; blood; injury; mares; students; teaching; trp; veterinary; years
• Biofilm and latent bacteria in equine uterus by Ferris, Ryan (2022) - Additionally, acute and chronic nonheal- ing wounds on the distal equine limb contained a significant- ly greater incidence of biofilm producing bacteria compared to a skin sample near the wound.17 Biofilms in the horse Evaluation of bacteria isolated from the equine uterus suggests that the majority of isolates of Streptococcus equi subsp. Brown MR, Allison DG, Gilbert P: Resistance of bacterial biofilms to antibiotics: A growth rate related effect? Keywords: antibiotics; bacteria; biofilm; infection; latent; mares; mls; uterine
• Immune system’s role in placental detachment by Rosales, Cristina ; Tennent-Brown, Brett ; Hanlon, David ; Marth, Christina ; Stevenson, Mark ; Krekeler, Natali (2019) - In fetal membranes, IL8 expression was 14 times higher (p < 0.001) in foaling mares, whereas IL6 expression was nearly 3 times greater in control mares. Based on presence of fetal leukocytes within fetal membranes and increased expression of pro inflammatory cytokine genes by the endometrium, we inferred that both maternal and fetal immune systems contributed to an inflammatory reaction at the site of placental detachment during parturition. Keywords: mares; membranes
• Doxycycline diffused to fetoplacental unit and with no apparent complications to resulting foal by Dantas, Fernand ; Canisso, Igor ; Li, Zhong ; Feijó, Lorena ; Nogueira, Carlos ; Postal, Augusto ; Feijó, Josiane ; Curcio, Bruna R (2019) - Although longitudinal studies assessing the potential side effects of doxycycline to foals born from treated mares are necessary, based on our findings, doxycycline can be used to treat various infections in pregnant mares. None of treated mares or their respective foals developed any clinical signs suggestive of doxycycline toxicity (e.g. diarrhea and jaundice). Keywords: blood; doxycycline; mares
• Reproductive hormones of pregnant mares in early aluteal cycles and reproductive parameters of cycles following treatment by Mak, Chun ; Oberhaus, Erin ; Medina, Victor ; Pinto, Carlos (2019) - We hypothesized that: 1) pregnant mares sustain concentrations of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) in early aluteal cycles; 2) occurrence of multiple ovulations are greater in post treatment cycles of aluteal cycle mares compared to control cycle mares; 3) interovulatory interval (IOI) of aluteal cycle mares is shorter than the IOI of control cycle mares. Occurrence of multiple ovulations in aluteal cycle mares was greater than aluteal supplemented cycle mares and the following IOI in aluteal cycle mares was shortened. Keywords: cycles; mares

• Effect of omega 3, 6 and 9 fatty acids and vitamin E on canine semen motility, morphology and cryopreservation by Barstow, C. ; Wilborn, R. ; Johnson, A. ; Brendemuehl, J. ; Zhao, Y. ; Willian, K. (2018) - There are few documented studies in stud dogs investigating the efficacy of these supplements, most notably those containing fatty acids. It has been found that supplementation with Vitamin E, which has a similar action as fatty acids, did show some success in dogs. Keywords: auburn; dogs
• Pilot Study: Serum Concentration Of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 In Intact And Spayed Dogs by Root Kustritz, Margaret V. (2017) - Hypothesis #1 was supported in this study as spayed dogs had significantly lower serum concentrations of IGF-1 than intact dogs in this sample. Overlap in serum IGF-1 concentrations in the groups in this study was too great to permit a single sample to be used to differentiate spayed from intact dogs. Keywords: age; concentrations; cross; dogs; factor; growth; igf-1; insulin; serum; study
• In Search Of A Strategic Disturbance: Some Thoughts On The Timing Of Spaying by Waters, David J. (2012) - Further, this sort of discourse implies that gonads might be the germ of such sex differences and that disposal of these endocrine organs might disturb the organism in a clinically significant way. This implies that sex differences in biology can lead to clinically significant differences between males and females, and that gonad removal might re-set the system in important ways. Keywords: differences; dogs; exposure; health; longevity; ovary; spaying; timing
• Case Report: Do Peripheral Testosterone Concentrations Differ Between Dogs With Abdominal Testicles And Scrotal Testicles? Clinical Implications by Zwingelberg, Amy; Heckler, Stephen; Peter, Augustine (2011) - Testosterone concentrations increased to 400 ng/dL after hCG injection in this cryptorchid dog. It is not clear how much of an increase in testosterone concentrations one can expect and the best time to detect such an increase. Keywords: concentrations; cryptorchid; dogs; production; testicles; testicular; testosterone
• Long term reproductive effects of 3 dogs given deslorelin acetate at birth by Faya, Marcela ; Marchetti, Cynthia ; Priotto, Marcelo ; Grisolía, Mariela ; Lapuente, Camila ; Conlon, Thomas ; Gobello, Cristina (2019) - The high and low proportions of the 2 former follicles may indicate enhanced recruitment due to low AMH concentrations. After blood sampling for hormone concentrations and pregnancy diagnosis, they were gonadectomized. Keywords: concentrations; dogs; female
• Luteinizing hormone receptor is immunoexpressed within the canine thyroid by Zwida, Khawla H. ; Kutzler, Michelle A. (2019) - In prepubertal Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 11 Number 1 • March 2019 24 rats with PTU (6-N-propyl-2-thiouracil) induced hypothyroidism, thyroid LH receptor gene expression was not significantly different from controls.25 In humans, there was increased thyroid LHR expression in women with high serum LH Kiefel C, Kutzler M: Luteinizing hormone receptor expression in canine anterior cruciate and femoral head ligaments. Keywords: canine; cells; dogs; expression; hormone; hypothyroidism; lhr; luteinizing; receptor; thyroid; tissue
• Scrotal swelling with suppurative and necrotizing epididymitis, and funiculitis in a dog by Shelby, Alyssa ; Agnew, Dalen; Christensen, Bruce (2025) - Characterization of epididymal and testicular histologic lesions and use of immunohistochemistry and PCR on formalin-fixed tissues to detect Brucella canis  in male dogs.  The chronicity of the infection will frequently cause the epididy- mis to become fibrotic and the testis to degenerate and scar.2,5 Organisms commonly associated with orchitis/epididymitis are E. coli (the most common), Brucella canis, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Mycoplasma canis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and canine distemper virus.2-5 As the preputial cavity and urethra are not sterile, it should be noted many of the above-mentioned bacteria are normal flora in the male reproductive tract.1,3,5 Bacterial prostatitis is one of the most prevalent diseases in intact male dogs, secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia/ hypertrophy.6,7 Keywords: cord; dog; dogs; epididymitis; orchitis; scrotum; testis; torsion
• Non-surgical methods of contraception and sterilization in select domestic and wildlife species by Wikler, Meredith ; Pearson, Lisa K. ; Campbell, Alexis J. ; Tibary, A. (2014) - Keywords: GnRH vaccine, zona pellucida vaccine, immunocontraceptive, zinc gluconate, infertility Introduction Regulation of population size in pet and free-roaming populations is an important consideration for veterinarians and wildlife management organizations. GnRH vaccine The goal of the GnRH vaccine is to stimulate the formation of antibodies against this hormone, and therefore inhibit the downstream release of gonadotropins (LH, FSH) from the pituitary gland. Keywords: animals; cats; contraception; dogs; effects; gnrh; hormone; horses; methods; population; species; sterilization; use; vaccination; vaccine; wildlife; zona
• Histopathologic changes in testes three days after administration of zinc gluconate neutralized with arginine as an intratesticular injection for contraception by Root Kustritz, Margaret V. ; Brazzell, Jennifer ; Swanson, Jonna ; Brayshaw, Graham (2014) - The manufacturer recommends that treated dogs not be permitted near bitches in estrus for at least 60 days after injection.22 Change in serum testosterone is variable but generally is described as being decreased by about 50%; significance of this decline in regards to development of testosterone-dependent disease and exhibition of testosterone-dependent behavior is unknown.25,27 This is a report documenting acute histopathologic changes in the testes, epididymes, and spermatic cords after administration of zinc arginine as a contraceptive agent administered by intratesticular injection in dogs. Levy JK, Crawford PC, Appel LD, et al: Comparison of intratesticular injection of zinc gluconate versus surgical castration to sterilize male dogs. Keywords: administration; castration; dogs; epididymis; gluconate; injection; intratesticular; testis; theriogenology; zinc
• Value of specific history and physical examination findings and diagnostic test results for differentiation of benign from malignant prostate disease in dogs by Root Kustritz, Margaret V. (2012) - Value of specific history and physical examination findings and diagnostic test results for differentiation of benign from malignant prostate disease in dogs Value of specific history and physical examination findings and diagnostic test results for differentiation of benign from malignant prostate disease in dogs Margaret V. Root Kustritz College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN Abstract Electronic medical records with a final diagnosis of prostate disease were retrieved from the electronic medical record system of a veterinary academic referral hospital. In humans, evaluation for prostate disease by a physician is recommended for all men between the ages of 50 and 75 who have a life expectancy of at least ten years.34 The recommended diagnostic tests are a complete history; digital rectal examination to evaluate prostate size, shape, and consistency, and to assess for pain; urinalysis; and assessment for serum concentration of prostate specific antigen (PSA).35 This is recommended for all men, whether or not they are symptomatic, and further diagnostic testing, such as ultrasound and aspirate or biopsy of the prostate, are recommended only in men with symptoms of prostate disease or elevated PSA concentrations. Keywords: bph; canine; carcinoma; disease; dogs; neoplasia; number; prostate; theriogenology; volume
• Survey of owners of dogs with prostate carcinoma for identification of risk factors by Root Kustritz, Margaret V. (2012) - It has been shown that prostatic neoplasms from castrated dogs are more anaplastic than are those from intact dogs; frequency and pattern of metastases may or may not vary between these groups.5,9 At present, it can be stated that castration is not preventative against development of prostatic neoplasia and that lifelong exposure to androgens or non-androgen secretory products of the testes is not required for initiation or progression of prostatic neoplasia. One could argue that castrated dogs live longer than intact dogs so predisposition to neoplasia is only due to increased longevity of these animals. Keywords: dogs; neoplasia; prostate; risk
• Neonatal and pediatric ultrasonography-part II by Davidson , A. P.; Baker, T.W. (2009) - The condition is usually hopeless in small pediatric patients presented to the 116 veterinarian hours after birth; however, a 30-70% survival rate is reported in humans with 117 immediate post partum surgical intervention. Urinary bladder 173 calculi (radiolucent and radiopaque) produce a strong acoustic shadow when viewed 174 ultrasongraphically.1 (fig 14) 175 Post operatively, ultrasound can be used to evaluate portal blood flow following 176 surgical banding or coil embolization. Keywords: abdominal; bladder; diagnosis; dogs; fig; tract; ultrasonography; ultrasound
• Use of an impact score to guide client decision-making about timing of spay-castration of dogs and cats by Root Kustritz, Margaret V. (2012) - 5. Dorn CR, Taylor DO, Frye FL, et al: Survey of animal neoplasms in Alameda and Contra Costa counties, California. Richards HG, McNeil PE, Thompson H, et al: An epidemiological analysis of a canine biopsies database compiled by a diagnostic histopathology service. Keywords: cats; dogs; gonadectomy; impact; incidence; mean; morbidity
• Ovarian remnant syndrome in small animals: case series by Mullikin, Kiki ; Byron, Michael ; Chen, Janice ; Cheong, Soon Hon ; Gartley, Cathy ; Diel de Amorim, Mariana (2022) - Number of affected animals and percentage of affected cases out of total number of cases by presenting clinical signs Clinical sign Number affected Percent affected Dogs (n = 31) However, AMH results can be inconclusive in remnant ovarian tissues that have corpora lutea. Keywords: concentrations; dogs; midline; ors; ovary; remnant; right; signs; surgery
• Perinatal mortality in dogs and cats by Premanandan, Christopher ; Agnew, Dalen (2022) - Feline endometrial disease Clinical Theriogenology 2022; 14: 70 Perinatal mortality in dogs and cats Christopher Premanandan,a Dalen Agnewb aCollege of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH bCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Abstract Canine and feline perinatal loss is a frequent and frustrating event for practitioners and breeders. Keywords: canine; death; disease; dogs; feline; loss; placental
• A retrospective review of canine benign prostatic hyperplasia with and without prostatitis by Ruetten, Hannah ; Wehber, Marlyse ; Murphy, Mary ; Cole, Clara ; Sandhu, Simran ; Oakes, Steven ; Bjorling, Dale ; Waller III, Kenneth ; Viviano, Katrina ; Vezina, Chad (2021) - We hypothesized that BPH is often asymptomatic in intact male dogs, prostatic size does not correlate with clinical signs, and concurrent bacteriuria is an uncommon clinical complication of BPH. There is a need for future studies to develop additional diagnostic tests for BPH in dogs that do not rely so heavily on prostatic size, determine the influence of prostatic inflammation on severity of clinical signs, and determine treatments that not only reduce prostate size but also alleviate concurrent clinical signs including urinary dysfunction. Keywords: bph; cases; dogs; prostate; severity; signs; size; ultrasonographic
• Medical control of reproduction in the male dog with deslorelin subcutaneous implants by Fontbonne, Alain ; Maenhoudt, Cindy (2021) - In this article, we review the potential uses of deslorelin subcutaneous implants in male dogs and share our experience at Alfort National Veterinary College, Paris. Keywords: Male dog, fertility control, prostate, unwanted behavior, hair loss, deslorelin by the gonads, mainly testosterone in males, and estrogen in females and in males. Keywords: concentrations; deslorelin; dogs; gnrh; implant; male; months; testosterone
• Luteinizing hormone receptor expression in lymphoma is not affected by body weight, sex, immunophenotype, or tumor stage in gonadectomized dogs by Zwida, Khawla ; Vedus, Alyssa ; Kutzler, Michelle (2021) - Although canine lymphoma is typically treated by chemotherapy, B cell lymphomas become resistant to chemotherapy after subsequent treatments and T cell lymphomas often do not respond well to chemotherapy from the onset of treatment.5 Prognosis following diagnosis with canine lymphoma is also dependent on the immunophenotype of lymphoma, with average survival times shorter for T cell than B cell lymphomas (183 versus 365 days).6 In general, T cell lymphomas also have shorter remissions than B cell lymphomas.7-9 Based on canine lymphoma findings,6-10,14,15 it was hypothesized that greater body weight male dogs in advanced tumor stages with T cell lymphomas have higher LHR expression than lesser body weight female dogs in earlier tumor stages with B cell lymphomas. Keywords: body; breed; canine; cell; dogs; expression; lhr; lymphoma; tumor
• Canine Sertoli cell tumor: anti-Müllerian hormone, inhibin B, and estrone sulphate by Herzog, Fiona ; Adams, Daniella; St. Blanc, Alissa; Lee, Jeongha; Langohr, Ingeborg; Pinto, Carlos (2023) - Mischke R, Meurer D, Hoppen HO, et al: Blood plasma concentra- tions of oestradiol-17β, testosterone and testosterone/oestradiol ratio in dogs with neoplastic and degenerative testicular disease. Ruel Y, Barthez PY, Mailles A, et al: Ultrasonographic evaluation of the prostate in healthy intact dogs. Keywords: amh; canine; cells; concentrations; dogs; doi; hormone; inhibin; sct; sertoli; serum; testicular; testis; tumor
• Current state of spay/neuter programs in United States and effect on overall animal numbers by Haworth, David (2019) - Estimates vary widely, from 6.5 million animals according to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)5 to 2.7 million animals according to the most definitive web-based data collection site, Shelters Animals Count.6 Even with that relatively large discrepancy, the number of animals entering shelters over the past several decades has been on a steady and dramatic decline, which can be at least partially attributed to spay/neuter programs. Current state of spay/neuter programs in United States and effect on overall animal numbers Current state of spay/neuter programs in United States and effect on overall animal numbers David Haworth, Two Dogs Veterinary Consulting, LLC Abstract Surgically altering (spaying/ovariohysterectomy and neutering/orchidectomy) of companion dogs and cats is a culturally enforced phenomenon in the United States. Keywords: animals; cats; dogs; neuter; number; programs; shelters; spay
• How outdated perceptions have reshaped dog marketplace by Strand, Patti ; Smith, Frances ; New, John ; Reichman, Barbara (2019) - “Don’t breed or buy while shelter dogs die” became a campaign mantra, and is still prominent in popular culture today.17 Cause marketing campaigns to end dog overpopulation coupled with a lack of awareness about the status of shelter dog euthanasia and dog importation programs provide context for why so many prospective dog owners view shelters and rescues as the most ethical locations to get their next dog. In the case of dog acquisition, the adoption of a rescue or shelter dog is marketed as the 226Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 11, Number 3 • September 2019 most humane choice, as a choice that will prevent shelter dogs from being euthanized. Keywords: animal; breed; dog; dogs; number; owners; pet; rescue; respondents; shelter; sources
• Best age for spay and neuter: a new paradigm by Hart, Benjamin ; Hart, Lynette ; Thigpen, Abbey ; Willits, Neil (2019) - Considering joint disorders, it is evident that the vulnerability to early neutering similar to the retrievers is related to body size, with small dog breeds showing no vulnerability. The increased risks of cancers with neutering, is breed specific, except that small dog breeds are generally not affected. Keywords: age; breeds; cancers; disorders; dogs; months; neutering
• Growing interest in hormone sparing dog sterilization and recommendations for standard identification methods by Brent, Linda (2019) - Brent L, Kutzler M: Alternatives to traditional spay and neuter – evolving best practices in dog sterilization. Growing interest in hormone sparing dog sterilization and recommendations for standard identification methods Growing interest in hormone sparing dog sterilization and recommendations for standard identification methods Linda Brent Parsemus Foundation, San Francisco, CA Abstract Sterilization methods for pets have been around for more than a century, but the practice of spaying and neutering dogs varies globally, from being considered a standard of responsible care in some countries to an infringement of animal welfare in others. Keywords: cats; dogs; hormone; identification; methods; neuter; sparing; spay; sterilization; tattoo; veterinarians; veterinary

• A Case of Uterine Inertia in an Unobstructed Birth Canal of Normal Litter Size in a Flemish Giant Rabbit (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) Corrected by Repeated Oxytocin Treatment and Supportive Care by Arizmendi, S.; Peter, A.T.; Thompson, S.B. (2017) - 2017 - A case of uterine inertia in an unobstructed birth canal of normal litter size in a Flemish giant rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) corrected by repeated oxytocin treatment and supportive care A case of uterine inertia in an unobstructed birth canal of normal litter size in a Flemish giant rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) corrected by repeated oxytocin treatment and supportive care S. Arizmendi, A.T. Peter, S.B. Thompson Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Summary A one-year-old female Flemish giant rabbit that never kindled before was presented forty-eight hours after delivery of three kits. Certain husbandry and nutrition practices have been associated with decreased fertility of does, stillbirths, and decreased survival of kits. Keywords: doe; fetus; inertia; oxytocin; rabbit; uterine
• Endometrial cyst ablation using uterine alligator forceps in three broodmares by Radny, B.D. ; Klabnik-Bradford, J.L. ; Prado, T.M. (2018) - Cyst ablation was recommended to allow establishment of pregnancy. Following cyst ablation, two of the mares bred on the next estrous cycle, became pregnant, and are expected to foal in the spring of 2018. Keywords: cyst; uterine
• Pyometra And Cervical Wedge Resection In A Mare by Pasch, Lauren R.; Parente, Eric J.; Dobbie, Tamara (2017) - Keywords: Mare, pyometra, cervical wedge resection, ovariohysterectomy Background Pyometra is an infrequent diagnosis in the mare and is rarely associated with systemic illness, however mares may become uncomfortable and colicky when the uterus becomes grossly distended. Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 9, Number 2 • June 2017219   Discussion Pyometra in the mare is seldom accompanied by systemic clinical signs2,4,5 and mares with transluminal cervical adhesions and concurrent pyometra are often clinically stable for years until the uterus becomes severely distended. Keywords: mare; pyometra; uterine; uterus
• Surgical removal of a retained fetus and subsequent ovariohysterectomy in a sow by Wu, Eleas ; Estill, Charles ; Whitler, William (2019) - Keywords: Porcine, sow, retained fetus, ovariohysterectomy Background Fetal mummification in swine is highest amongst domesticated species, ranging from 1.5 - 6.8%.1,2 This is likely due to large litter sizes reducing uterine space for adequate fetal growth and development in the final trimester. Retained fetus after removal from uterine horn. Keywords: adobe; case; ethicon; fetus; mummification; patient; sow; uterine
• Reproductive emergencies in camelids by Tibary, A.; Pearson, L.K. (2014) - In addition to the main genital problems that may alarm the owner (i.e. traumatic injuries, bleeding, uterine prolapse, persistent straining and retained placenta) some of these cases present with ataxia, prolonged recumbency and various degrees of anorexia or depression as the primary complaint. If a uterine tear is detected in the early postpartum period by direct vaginal palpation, an attempt could be made to induce uterine prolapse after treatment with epinephrine and epidural anesthesia. Keywords: alpacas; blood; camelids; camels; cases; complications; emergencies; female; fluid; llamas; prolapse; theriogenology; torsion; uterine; vaginal; volume
• Population characteristics of 453 bitches undergoing 510 cesarean section procedures between 1999 and 2009–a retrospective study by Ayres, Stephanie E. ; Thomas, Philip G.A. (2010) - When the study population was altered so that multiple bitches of the same breed were excluded if they were presented by the same breeder, the proportions of bitches of different head conformations remained significantly different than those of the control population (p < 0.0001) and the same trends were noted. Population characteristics of 453 bitches undergoing 510 cesarean section procedures between 1999 and 2009-a retrospective study Population characteristics of 453 bitches undergoing 510 cesarean section procedures between 1999 and 2009–a retrospective study* Stephanie E. Ayres,a Philip G.A. Thomasb aPet Emergency and Specialist Centre, 1103 Dandenong Rd, Malvern East, VIC, Australia; bQueensland Veterinary Specialists, Stafford Heights, QLD, Australia Abstract Objective: To evaluate the characteristics of a population of bitches undergoing cesarean section and report the associated etiological diagnoses. Keywords: abnormalities; bitches; breeds; cases; cesarean; dystocia; fetal; labor; population; rates; section; study; terrier; uterine
• Uterine torsion in the mare* by Blanchard, T.L.; Taylor, T.S.; Varner, D.D.; Brinsko, S.P. (2010) - Kweywords: Uterine torsion, dystocia, mare, parturition Diagnosis Diagnosis of uterine torsion is confirmed by detection of displacement in either direction, since clockwise and counterclockwise torsions occur. Uterine torsion in the mare* Uterine torsion in the mare* T.L. Blanchard, T.S. Taylor, D.D. Varner, S.P. Brinsko Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Introduction Uterine torsion is less common in mares than in cows, perhaps due to a more stable anatomical suspension of the equine reproductive tract (i.e., sublumbar ovarian attachment, dorsally attached uterine broad ligaments). Keywords: mare; torsion; uterine; uterus
• Colonic displacements and uterine artery hemorrhage in two postpartum mares by Bray, Briony; Gomes, Viviane; Cruz-Sanabria, Jonuel; Knott, Lindsay; Mirza, Mustajab; McCauley, Charles; Leise, Britta; Sones, Jennifer (2020) - A study reported that mares that did not experience colic, had very little change in their hindgut bacteria postfoaling; however, mares that displayed signs of colic postpartum had significant alterations in their microbiome, particularly associated with presence of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria.15 These findings suggest that evaluation of fecal microbiome in postpartum mare could allow for identification of at risk mares, thereby allowing caretakers to change management practices, eliminate mare’s fecal microbiota dysbiosis and possibly minimize chances of colic. Therefore, it is imperative that postpartum mare is fully assessed, as foaling associated hemorrhage may be masked by alimentary anomalies or vice versa. Keywords: /bicubic; /namespace; /qfactor; /quality; /vsamples; adobe; hours; iec61966; mare; postpartum; srgb; uterine
• Double cervices in a Gypsy Vanner mare by Kania, Joanna ; Wilson, Katie; Raudsepp, Terje; Castaneda, Caitlin; Jevit, Matthew; Horteloup, Maria; Saklou, Nadia; Jula, Catherine; Funk, Rebecca (2023) - Compromised fertility was noted in an Irish cob mare with congenital cervical abnormality and concurrent chromo- somal aberration (mosaic aneuploidy of the X chromo- some).5 This case report describes double cervices in a 7-year mare with no other reproductive tract, chromosomal, or karyotype abnormalities. Keywords: Mare, reproductive anomaly, double cervices, fluorescence in situ hybridization, karyotyping Background Any deviation from normal sexual development, whether chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical, is referred to as disorders in sexual development (DSD).1 In horses, DSDs are understudied but not uncommon and clinical manifesta- tions are often associated with reproductive problems. Keywords: abnormalities; cervices; chromosome; doi; karyotype; mare; uterine; uterus
• Nonpuerperal chronic endometritis with pyometra causing systemic illness in a production sow by Morris, Celeste; Watson, Katherine; Schwartz, Diana; Pereira, Richard (2023) - Gross photo of the sow’s uterus and uterine fluid. Systemically affected cows with metritis are usually termed as having septic and/or toxic metritis, which has different treat- ments and implications than a metritis localized to the uterus.12 In female dogs, metritis is a disease of the puerperal period and occurs 0–7 days after whelping frequently result- ing in systemic illness.18 In mares, metritis also extends through the uterine wall, making equids more prone to devel- oping perimetritis and peritonitis which can lead to laminitis and septicemia.19 Diagnosis of metritis in sows is based on the accumulation of uterine fluid and increased uterine size during the involution process.20 It is usually observed within 24–48 hours after parturition16 with fetid, malodorous vaginal discharge. Keywords: cells; chronic; disease; doi; endometritis; figure; fluid; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v15.9806; lymphocytes; pyometra; sow; sows; theriogenology; uterine; uterus
• Anatomical location of bovine embryos following superstimulation in beef heifers by Wiley, Caitlin ; Jahnke, Marianna ; Gunn, Patrick J. ; Dohlman, Tyler (2018) - Despite thousands of embryo recoveries performed annually, there is limited research describing embryo location 6-7 d after ovulation in cattle subjected to a superstimulation protocol. Although research has focused on the environment of the uterine tube and uterus during embryo formation and development,13-15 little is known about embryo location after entering the uterus relative to time of embryo recovery for multiple ovulation embryo transfer. Keywords: embryos; heifers; horn; number; recovery; sections; theriogenology; tube; uterine; uterus

• Medical and surgical management of a case of chronic mastitis in a mare by Benningfield, L.M. ; Wilborn, R.R. ; Johnson, A.K. ; Jensen, R.L. ; Boone, L.H. (2018) - 3. Smiet E, Grinwis GC, van den Top JG, et al: Equine mammary gland disease with a focus on botryomycosis: a review and case study. Brendemuehl JP: Mammary gland enlargement in the mare. Keywords: gland; mare
• Management of dystocia and fetotomy in a miniature horse mare by Thomas, R. ; Johnson, A. ; Pinaffi, F. (2018) - 2. Carluccio A, Contri A, Tosi U, et al: Survival rate and short term fertility rate associated with the use of fetotomy for resolution of dystocia in mares: 72 cases (1991-2005). Freeman DE, Hungerford LL, Schaeffer D, et al: Caesarean section and other methods for assisted delivery: comparison of effects on mare mortality and complications. Keywords: dystocia; mare
• Mixed germ cell tumor in the placenta of an Arabian mare by Ikard, C. ; Johnson, A.K. ; Varga, K. (2018) - Placental germ cell tumors rarely metastasize to the foal. Equine placental mixed germ cell tumor with metastasis to the foal. Keywords: mare
• Body wall tear in a Standardbred mare with live foal outcome by Cox, O.F. ; Cheong, S.H. ; Diel de Amorim, M. (2018) - Medical management of abdominal wall disease was elected in attempt to save both foal and mare. A year following discharge, both the filly and mare are alive. Keywords: mare
• Fetal Mummification Of A 270 Day Fetus In A Mare by Agnew, Morgan E.; Sertich, Patricia L. (2017) - A 15 year old mare was evaluated at 375 days gestation for vaginal discharge and a history of abdominal discomfort 17 days prior to admission.8 The mare had retained a dead fetus that could not be removed transvaginally due to size of fetus and inelasticity of uterine wall.8 A term, partially mummified fetus was removed via cesarean section; the fetus was in transverse position and had never engaged in the cervix.8 The mare recovered uneventfully from surgery.8 This case describes a retained mummified fetus that had developed after 200 d of gestation with no systemic signs other than slight mammary gland development. Threlfall W: Singleton mummified fetus in a Standardbred mare. Keywords: fetus; mare; mummification; uterus
• Complications Associated With The Use Of Intrauterine Glass Marbles To Suppress Estrus In A Standardbred Mare by Runcan, Erin E.; Burnett, John; de Sousa, Gabriela C.; Coutinho da Silva, Marco A. (2017) - 7. Freeman CE, Lyle SK: Chronic intermittent colic in a mare attributed to uterine marbles. Complications associated with the use of intrauterine glass marbles to suppress estrus in a Standardbred mare Complications associated with the use of intrauterine glass marbles to suppress estrus in a Standardbred mare Erin E. Runcan, John Burnett, Gabriela C. de Sousa, Marco A. Coutinho da Silva Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Keywords: embryo; estrus; fluid; glass; lavage; marble; mare; uterus
• Hemoperitoneum In A Mare Following Rupture Of A Granulosa-Theca Cell Tumor by Scott, Camilla J.; Christensen, Bruce W.; Gray, Sarah N. (2015) - Although reports exist,8 colic is not a typical sign associated with granulosa cell tumors. While the vast majority of cases of granulosa cell tumors in the horse are benign neoplasms, the growth rate of these tumors cannot be predicted. Keywords: cell; examination; granulosa; mare; mass; tumor
• Pregnancy outcome of a mare with renal failure by de Aguiar, Luis ; Gomes, Viviane ; Paul, Linda ; Andrews, Frank ; Sones, Jenny (2019) - Fetal membranes were assessed via transabdominal ultrasound and were edematous with a combined thickness of uterus and placenta (CTUP) of 17.7 and 16.0 mm on the cranial and mid ventral abdomen, respectively. Foaling was uneventful, fetal membranes were passed 1 hour after foaling and the foal stood and nursed within 2 hours. Keywords: mare
• Prostaglandin facilitated mare foal bonding in a pregnant nurse mare by McNaughten, Justin (2019) - Although pharmacologically induced lactation can reduce the number of nurse mare foals, some nurse mare owners stipulate that a nurse mare must be rebred and returned in foal. Mare foal bonding was achieved following prostaglandin administration. Keywords: mare
• Equine placentitis caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, a multiple drug resistant organism by Gomes, Viviane ; Piero, Fabio ; Aguiar, Luis ; Anderson, Amanda ; Sones, Jennifer ; Pinto, Carlos (2019) - In the reproductive tract, S. maltophilia has been isolated from a clinical and an experimental case of focal mucoid placentitis in mares affected by equine amnionitis and fetal loss syndrome, associated with ingestion of Processionary caterpillars (Ochrogaster lunifer) or their exoskeletons.1 S. maltophilia has been associated with chronic respiratory disease in 10 horses. Keywords: maltophilia; mare; placentitis
• Congenital hydrocephalus in a stillborn Haflinger foal by McRae, Gail; Coutinho da Silva, Marco; Runcan, Erin; Koilpillai, Joanna ; Premanandan, Christopher (2024) - Discussion Congenital hydrocephalus is reported to affect 0.6 out of 1,000 births in horses.6 Currently, there is only 1 commercial test available for Friesian mares with the identified nonsense muta- tion of B3GALNT2.1,2,4 Congenital hydrocephalus is present in multiple species, with 40% of human cases stemming from a genetic cause.7 In ruminants, hydrocephalus is often associated with teratogenic viruses, whereas in felids and birds there are reports associating hydrocephalus with vitamin A deficiency. Mare was transvaginally palpated at the farm by the referring veterinarian; foal was in craniolongitudinal presentation, dorsosacral position with extended forelimbs in the vaginal vault and head just cranial to cervix, and a cranial abnormality of the foal prevented assisted vaginal delivery. Keywords: b3galnt2; doi; foal; horses; hydrocephalus; mare; mutation
• Vaginal prolapse in an American Quarter Horse mare by Chisholm, Carolyn ; Walters, Kevin ; Christiansen, David ; King, Heath ; Hopper, Richard ; Sidelinger, Darcie (2021) - Vaginal prolapse was diagnosed that was manually reduced and an episioplasty procedure was performed. Keywords: Mare, vaginal prolapse, episioplasty vulva (Figure). Keywords: case; foal; mare; parturition; prolapse; tissue; vaginal
• Mare reproductive loss syndrome: septic setae or toxin? by Burns, Stuart; Harrison, Lenn (2020) - Setae Urticating agents associated with Lepidopteran setae may reduce ability of gastrointestinal mucosa and epithelial barriers of placenta to prevent bacteraemia.11 Septic setae hypothesis suggests that ETC setae serve as mechanism that breaches oral mucosal epithelium and vascular endothelium to allow bacteria to move from mare’s oral cavity to fetus. Fifteen to 20% of MRLS late pregnancy losses had no identifiable lesions (Harrison 2005 review of MRLS case records of University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory ([UKVDL] in 2001 and 2002, unpublished data). Keywords: alpha; bacteria; cells; endothelial; inflammation; loss; mare; mrls; response; setae; syndrome; tissue
• Utilization of colpotomy in the mare by Draheim, Peyton ; Hopper, Richard (2023) - While transvaginal NOTES and flank laparoscopy are also performed in the standing mare, the key difference between these approaches and conventional colpotomy is that the only specialized instrumentation required for conventional colpotomy is a chain ecraseur, while NOTES and laparoscopy require more advanced instrumentation.5 Additionally, external scarring may be avoided with the use of the NOTES or colpotomy approaches. Keywords: Mare, colpotomy, ovariectomy, bladder, twin reduction, urogenital surgery Introduction As early as 1903, colpotomy has been reported as a surgical approach in the mare.1 Colpotomy can be used to gain access to the mare abdomen without the need for general anesthesia. Keywords: approach; bladder; chain; colpotomy; doi; incision; mare; ovariectomy; surgeon; surgery
• 64,XY (SRY-negative) phenotypic mare by McCue, P.M. ; Ferris, R.A. ; Storme, J.A. (2018) - Hormone analysis indicated low concentrations of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) (0.01 ng/ml; normal range 0.1 to 3.8 ng/ml), inhibin (0.21 ng/ml; normal range 0.1 to 0.7 ng/ml), testosterone (27.6 pg/ml; normal range 20 to 45 pg/ml) and progesterone (0.12 ng/ml). A chromosomal abnormality should be suspected in adult mares with bilaterally small, inactive ovaries during the physiologic breeding season that have not been treated with exogenous hormones or vaccinated against gonadotropin releasing hormone. Keywords: mare
• When and how to perform a transvaginal ovarian biopsy in a mare by Card, Claire (2019) - Keywords: Transvaginal ovary biopsy, mare, ovarian tumor Introduction Investigators have developed a variety of transvaginal ultrasound guided clinical techniques that have been applied to the equine ovary, e.g. follicle aspiration for oocyte collection (TUGA), trans- follicular oocyte transfer, luteal biopsy (TVLB) and ovarian biopsy (TVOB).1-3 Transvaginal ultrasound guided aspiration (TUGA) of follicles in the mare was reported in 1988.1 The TUGA procedure is repeatedly performed in mares to recover oocytes; ovaries of mares that had undergone many TUGA had fibrosis in the ovarian stroma, but there were no reported effects of repeated TUGA on fertility.4 Luteal biopsies in the mare and cow were described by Slough et al. and Aerts et al.5,6 Health and fertility effects of transvaginal ultrasound guided luteal biopsy (TVLB) along with transvaginal ultrasound guided ovarian biopsy (TVOB) in mares was reported, with fertility unaffected.3 The clinician should integrate results of transrectal palpation and ultrasonography, ovarian tumor biomarker analysis and ovarian biopsy in cases where the diagnosis is not straight forward. Keywords: biopsy; gtct; mare; needle; ovaries; ovary; tissue; transvaginal; tumor; tvob

• Effects Of Different Applications Of Pyrethrins And Cyfluthrin, A Synthetic Pyrethroid, On Bull Reproductive Parameters by Stewart, Jamie L.; Shipley, Clifford F.; Ireland, Frank A.; Felix, Tara L.; Jarrell, Vickie L.; Jimenez Poveda, Sandra C.; Shikeb, Daniel W. (2015) - Serum testosterone concentrations were reduced (P = 0.05) at week one in EXP; however, concentrations did not differ again until week nine when EXP bulls had a two-fold decrease (P < 0.01) in serum testosterone concentrations when compared to CONT bulls. Serum testosterone concentrations were decreased (P = 0.05) by week one in EXP bulls when compared to CONT; however, concentrations did not differ again until week nine when EXP bulls had a two-fold decrease (P < 0.01) in serum testosterone concentrations when compared to CONT bulls (Fig. 3). Keywords: bulls; concentrations; cyfluthrin; effects; exp; fly; motility; pour; pyrethroid; testosterone; week
• Granulosa Cell Tumor In A Heifer: Clinical, Ultrasonographic, Endocrine And Pathologic Findings by Severt, Marsha M.; Romano, Juan E.; Edwards, John F.; Eberhart, Timothy E.; Neil Hooper, R. (2011) - Elmore RG: Focus on bovine reproductive disorders: granulosa cell tumors. Malignant granulosa cell tumor in an Angus cow. Keywords: case; cattle; cell; concentrations; gcts; granulosa; heifer; inhibin; mass; ovary; progesterone; testosterone
• Maternal serum and allantoic fluid concentrations of activin A in experimentally induced equine placentitis by Murase, Harutaka ; Scoggin, Kristen ; Ball, Barry (2019) - Maternal serum and allantoic fluid concentrations of activin A in experimentally induced equine placentitis Maternal serum and allantoic fluid concentrations of activin A in experimentally induced equine placentitis Harutaka Murase, Kristen Scoggin, Barry Ball Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY Activins belong to transforming growth factor ² superfamily. Objective was to determine maternal serum and allantoic fluid concentrations of activin A in mares with experimentally induced placentitis. Keywords: activin; concentrations
• Thyroid dysfunction and iodine deficiency in a miniature jenny associated with neonatal congenital hypothyroidism dysmaturity syndrome by López-Rodríguez, Maria ; Rhodes, Mike ; Diel de Amorim, Mariana ; Starrak, Gregory ; Card, Claire (2019) - Mendoza FJ, Perez-Ecija RA, Toribio RE, et al: Thyroid hormone concentrations differ between donkeys and horses. Postpartum and lactation status can influence circulating thyroid hormones. Keywords: carpal; concentrations; foal; hypothyroidism; iodine; jenny; mustard; ppm; selenium; serum; tarsal; thyroid
• Serum anti-Müllerian hormone concentrations in female alpacas: variations during the reproductive cycle and correlation with ovarian superstimulation response by Patino, Cristian ; Arroyo, Eduardo ; Ciccarelli, Michela ; Rodriguez, Jacobo ; Conley, Alan ; Tibary, Ahmed (2022) - Furthermore, a significant correlation between serum AMH serum concentrations and response to su- perstimulation suggested that estimation of serum AMH concentrations may be valuable in determining ovarian follicular reserve. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone concentrations during cycle Female alpacas (n = 11) were evaluated via transrectal ultraso- nography (Exago®, Universal Imaging, New York) using a 7.5 MHz linear array transducer mounted on a polyvinyl chloride extension handle. Keywords: alpacas; amh; concentrations; correlation; day; follicles; hormone; kit; number; serum; serum amh
• Sample handling has minimal effect on blood progesterone concentrations in jennies by Ambrosia, Rachael; Gilbert, Robert; Bergfelt, Donald; Samper, Juan; Peterson, Erik; French, Hilari (2020) - Sample handling has minimal effect on blood progesterone concentrations in jennies Sample handling has minimal effect on blood progesterone concentrations in jennies Rachael Ambrosia, Robert Gilbert, Donald Bergfelt, Juan Samper, Erik Peterson, Hilari French Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies Abstract Consistency of assay results is important for practitioners and investigators. However, plasma progesterone concentrations remained stable throughout 5 hours of storage at 4 or 22°C.4 Keywords: blood; concentrations; progesterone; temperature; time
• Elective caesarean in bitch by Mason, Stuart ; Rous, Nicole (2019) - The use of oxytocin in humans shows promise for diseases associated with persistent fear, repetitive behaviour, reduced trust and avoidance of social interactions, with promise for diseases associated with reduced oxytocin concentrations and altered oxytocin metabolism such as autism and schizophrenia.28 Mothers diagnosed with postnatal depression, then given intranasal oxytocin and subsequently exposed to an intrusive stranger, had greater protective behaviour of offspring than those given a placebo.25 For 6 years, the author has administered 10 IU of oxytocin intranasally either every 2 hours or before each feed (2 - 6 hours) to all nulliparous bitches after elective caesarean until good maternal behaviour is noted by the owner. Extrapolations have been made to humans, with reports of oxytocin concentrations related to postnatal depression in new mothers.24,29 Oxytocin, a neuropeptide consisting of 9 amino acids,30 is synthesized in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei.28 Oxytocin is transported and stored in the posterior pituitary, or via specific projections from the paraventricular nucleus, transported to other structures in the brain including the amyglada, hypothalamus and hippocampus.28 Oxytocin is well known for its functions on milk let down and uterine contractions, subsequent to release from the posterior pituitary. Keywords: bitch; bitches; caesarean; concentrations; intranasal; ovulation; oxytocin; progesterone; puppies; reprod; theriogenology; time

• Luteinizing hormone receptor expression in canine t-lymphoma cell lines by Gust, Sabrina ; Ettinger, Alyssa ; Mizuno, Takuya ; Kutzler, Michelle (2018) - Abdelbaset-Ismail A, Borkowska S, Janowska-Wieczorek A, et al: Novel evidence that pituitary gonadotropins directly stimulate human leukemic cells-studies of myeloid cell lines and primary patient AML and CML cells. Keywords: Cell culture, dog, flow cytometry, luteinizing hormone, lymphoma Acknowledgment Research funded by Oregon State University Incentives Program References 1. Keywords: canine; cell; lines
• Luteinizing hormone receptor mediated proliferation of isolated canine T lymphoma cells by Flint, Camryn ; Gust, Sabrina ; Kutzler, Michelle (2019) - Luteinizing hormone receptor mediated proliferation of isolated canine T lymphoma cells Luteinizing hormone receptor mediated proliferation of isolated canine T lymphoma cells Camryn Flint, Sabrina Gust, Michelle Kutzler Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR Luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been identified in nonreproductive tissues, including in canine lymphoma and isolated canine T lymphoma cells.1 The objective was to determine if the LHR in canine T lymphoma cells was functional. It was hypothesized that stimulation of the LHR by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or canine LH (cLH) induces proliferation of canine T lymphoma cells in vitro. Keywords: canine
• Topics in canine neonatology and pediatrics by O’Connor , Cynthia (2012) - Nursing care of neonatal puppies and kittens. In addition to the above, a low birth weight is a significant risk factor for neonatal puppy death. Keywords: adults; age; birth; canine; neonate; puppies; puppy; risk; weeks; weight
• Canine nomograph evaluation improves puppy immunization by Larson, Laurie; Thiel, Bliss; Santana, Vanessa; Schultz, Ronald (2020) - Active colostrum production time is avoided, as circulating antibody titers are decreased due to sequestration of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in mammary gland. Regardless of whether nomograph was done for a dam, authors support WSAVA guidelines in urging that all puppies are tested for antibody titers by 6 months to detect failure of immunization during this highest risk period. Keywords: age; antibody; canine; cdv; group; nomograph; puppies; testing; vaccine; weeks
• Vaginal microbiome: what not to do by Lyman, Candace (2019) - Groppetti D, Pecile A, Barbero C, et al: Vaginal bacterial flora and cytology in proestrous bitches: role on fertility. Owners of breeding bitches and stud dogs frequently take this even one step further in presuming that both the uterus and vagina of a fertile bitch is sterile and, in efforts to assess prospective fertility of a breeding bitch, will request that vaginal cultures be obtained by the veterinarian providing cycle management services for the bitch. Keywords: bacteria; canine; culture; reproductive; results; tract; vaginal
• Monitoring microbiome health using cytology and histopathology by Premanandan, Christopher ; Runcan, Erin (2019) - In terms of biopsy procedures, most common methods of obtaining endometrial tissue are excisional or punch biopsies typically obtained during a caesarian section. This review will cover microscopic endometrial structure of bitch, including a review of endometrial histology, sampling techniques, application of microscopic evaluation, and relationship of these methods to microbiome health. Keywords: canine; cycle; evaluation; methods; microbiome; tissue
• Canine placentation: normal gross and histologic structure, and confounding features of evaluation by Premanandan, Christopher ; Runcan, Erin (2019) - However, if fetal loss takes place prior to projected parturition date and an endometrial biopsy is taken between the time of fetal death and predicted date of parturition, then the pathologist must contend with endometrial changes associated with uterine involution. In addition, myriad of changes that occur within canine endometrium during involution should be kept in mind when interpreting endometrial biopsies, especially when these biopsies are taken postpartum or following fetal loss. Keywords: canine; evaluation; placenta; placentation

• The early conceptus and circulating blood progesterone concentrations in Caribbean jennies by Roberts, B.N. ; Gilbert, R.O. ; Bergfelt, D.R. ; Peterson, E.W. ; Samper, J.C. ; French, H.M. (2018) - The early conceptus and circulating blood progesterone concentrations in Caribbean jennies B.N. Roberts, R.O. Gilbert, D.R. Bergfelt, E.W. Peterson, J.C. Samper, H.M. French Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St Kitts, West Indies Donkeys are essential in many parts of the world. Additionally, this study compared circulating blood progesterone during non-pregnant and pregnant cycles in relation to corpus luteum (CL) volume and EV diameter. Keywords: day; progesterone
• Development of a subjective scoring system for evaluating corpus luteum function in beef cattle by Funnell, Bethany J. ; Egloff, Austin; Taylor, Emily G.; Stewart, Kara (2018) - In addition, some researchers are attempting to utilize CL blood flow as a very early indicator of pregnancy status (day 16-20 after estrus),3,7-9,17 which is especially valuable in the identification of pregnant and non-pregnant dairy cows, so that appropriate interventions can be implemented in a timely manner (prior to the onset of the next standing estrus).3,17-19 Likewise, the greatest expense in an embryo transfer program is recipient costs, and the early identification of pregnant and non-pregnant recipients can aid in the economic management of the herd.8 Some researchers have shown reliability and repeatability in open versus not open diagnoses.3,7,8 Scores assigned to CL blood flow were repeatable between scanning individuals, and repeatability implies a degree of reliability, or consistency across individuals in the evaluation of CL function. Keywords: blood; color; corpus; day; doppler; flow; function; luteum; progesterone; score; ultrasound
• Synchronization of estrus and ovulation: a practitioner’s perspective by Maxwell, H. (2009) - 274 Following the commercial introduction, PGF2ά protocols rapidly became popular 275 in estrus synchronization protocols both for artificial insemination and in synchronizing 276 estrous cycles for recipients in embryo transfer programs. 322 MGA plus prostaglandin F2ά 323 The availability of PGF2ά products led to estrus synchronization protocols which 324 combined feeding MGA for various lengths of time with injections of prostaglandin. Keywords: cycle; dominant; estrus; follicle; gnrh; injection; insemination; mga; ovulation; pgf2ά; phase; progesterone; prostaglandin; protocols; synchronization
• Advances in ovulation timing in the bitch by Lopate , Cheryl (2012) - Type of insemination recommended Natural breeding is recommended for fertile bitches and dogs with normal semen quality. Bitches are typically examined every one to three days until ovulation is confirmed. Keywords: bitches; cells; ovulation; proestrus; progesterone
• Art of measuring progesterone: understanding immunoassays by Schooley, Elizabeth ; Bilbrough, Graham ; Glavan, Tiffany (2019) - The new method of Catalyst® Progesterone had a total CV of < 10% at both concentration levels. Sample types and handling for the progesterone assays Hospital Samples CLIA Catalyst® Progesterone LC-MS A 32 bitches; 52 comparisons • CLIA1 (IMMULITE 1, Siemens Medical Solutions Diagnostics, Los Angeles, CA; IMMULITE®/ IMMULITE 1000 Progesterone [catalog number: LKPW1]) • Serum • Gel barrier tubes were not used as the package insert details a time-dependent decrease in progesterone concentrations • Keywords: catalyst; line; method; progesterone; samples
• Lactational anestrus in Caribbean donkeys by Peterson, Erik W. ; Roberts, Brandi N. ; Cameron-Blake, Ninian J. ; Gilbert, Robert O. ; French, Hilari M. (2018) - Weekly serum progesterone concentrations in eight jennies with lactational anestrus. Weekly serum progesterone concentrations in 13 normally cycling jennies. Keywords: anestrus; case; donkeys; jennies; lactational; progesterone; serum
• Validation of an in-clinic immunoassay for measurement of canine progesterone by Schooley, Elizabeth ; Obare, Edward ; Yerramilli, Maha ; Li, Jun ; Glavan, Tiffany (2019) - Objectives were to: (1) validate LC MS for measurement of canine plasma progesterone concentrations; (2) evaluate accuracy of the in-clinic Catalyst® Progesterone test compared to results obtained by LC MS; and (3) evaluate repeatability of the Catalyst® Progesterone test across multiple analyzers. Catalyst® Progesterone test can be used for in clinic measurement of canine plasma progesterone concentrations, due to its good correlation to the reference method, LC MS, and good precision in the range of clinical interest. Keywords: progesterone

• Induction of ovulation in donkeys using GnRH or hCG by Kent, Ava ; Nester, Shelby ; Peterson, Erik ; Gilbert, Robert ; French, Hilari (2019) - A pilot study was designed to develop a protocol for inducing ovulation in jennies to determine the interval from administration of induction agents, hCG (Chorulon®) and GnRH analogue (SucroMateTM) to observed ovulation. Waiting until the dominant follicle was larger may improve response to induction agents, but increases the risk of spontaneous ovulation. Keywords: ovulation
• Fate Of The Unfertilized Oocytes In Alpacas by Picha, Yessenia ; Sumar, Julio ; Memon, Mushtaq A. (2013) - The main objective of the study was to determine the fate of unfertilized oocyte in alpacas. Our findings contradict earlier hypothesis that camelids may have selective transport of fertilized ova through the UTJ as seen in the mare.4 The results show that unfertilized oocytes reach the uterine horns on day 6 after ovulation demonstrating that there is no selective transport. Keywords: alpacas; day; experiment; females; oocytes; ova; ovulation
• Investigation of ovulation induction in alpacas with acupuncture by Memon, M.A.; Liu, C.M.; Rodriguez, J.; Sandoval, S.; Tibary, A. (2009) - Keywords: Acupuncture, ovulation induction, alpaca 534 << /ASCII85EncodePages false /AllowTransparency false /AutoPositionEPSFiles true /AutoRotatePages /All /Binding /Left /CalGrayProfile Investigation of ovulation induction in alpacas with acupuncture Investigation of ovulation induction in alpacas with acupuncture M.A. Memona,b, C.M. Liua, J. Rodrigueza, S. Sandovala, A. Tibarya,b aDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine bCenter for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA Acupuncture has been used to induce ovulation in several animal species, including induced ovulators such as the rabbit. Keywords: acupuncture; alpacas; induction; ovulation
• Ovulation induction in Caribbean jennies in the tropics by French, Hilari ; Segabinazzi, Lorenzo ; Kent, Ava ; Nester, Shelby ; Peterson, Erik ; Gilbert, Robert (2022) - Rota A, Panzani D, Sabatini C, et al: Donkey jack (Equus asinus) semen cryopreservation: Studies of seminal parameters, post breeding inflammatory response, and fertility in donkey jennies. Deslorelin acetate induced ovulation within 48 hours more consistently than hCG at a follicular diameter between 27 and 30 mm in jennies in the present study. Keywords: control; cycle; gnrh; hcg; hours; jennies; ovulation
• Zoo clinical challenge - gorilla infertility by Moresco, Anneke ; Cutchin, Elizabeth ; Larsen, Scott ; Stern, Michael ; Penfold, Linda ; Han, Sushan ; Stringer, Betsy ; Vallois, Michelle ; Barfield, Jennifer (2021) - Lukas K, Elsner R, Moyse J, et al: Population Analysis & Breeding and Transfer Plan, Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). 2. Robbins MM, Bermejo M, Cipolletta C, et al: Social structure and life‐history patterns in western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Keywords: cycles; examination; female; figure; gorilla; menses; ovary; ovulation; urine; zoo

• Occurrence of proximal droplets in performance-tested beef bulls by Bartenslager, Z.J. ; Strickland, L. ; Kirkpatrick, F.D. ; Schneider, L. ; Saxton, A.M. ; Edwards, J.L. ; Pohler, K.G. ; Smith, J.K. ; Schrick, F.N. (2018) - In summary, bull age and scrotal circumference growth during the test period were important factors associated with unsatisfactory classification due to sperm morphology and occurrence of proximal droplets. 2018: OCCURRENCE OF PROXIMAL DROPLETS IN PERFORMANCE-TESTED BEEF BULLS Occurrence of proximal droplets in performance-tested beef bulls Z.J. Bartenslager, L. Strickland, F.D. Kirkpatrick, L. Schneider, A.M. Saxton, J.L. Edwards, K.G. Pohler, J.K. Smith, F.N. Schrick Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Keywords: bulls; droplets
• Association Of Carcass Quality Traits, Genetic And Management Factors On Scrotal Circumference Development In Yearling Angus Bulls by Kasimanickam, R.; Greiner, S.P.; Tibary, A.; Inman, B.; Whittier, W.D. (2011) - In summary, the current study shows significant but moderate to poor positive associations among yearling bull SC and various growth and carcass quality traits, so we conclude that the best method to increase SC in Angus bulls would be by independent bull selection based on the sire SC-EPD trait. In summary, the current study shows significantly positive but moderate to poor strength of associations among yearling bull SC and various growth and carcass quality traits. Keywords: age; bulls; carcass; fat; growth; p=0.0001; selection; traits; yearling
• Tranrectal massage of the accessory glands in bulls prior to electroejaculation does not affect interval to penile extension and ejaculation by Koziol, Jennifer H.; Moore, George E. (2018) - Keywords: Bull, bovine, transrectal massage, semen collection, electroejaculation Introduction Bull breeding soundness examinations should be an integral part of every cattle operation’s management plan as it represents the best currently available predictor of bull breeding potential for pasture breeding. The present study was performed to test the hypothesis that transrectal massage reduces the time for extension of the penis and ejaculation to occur and to determine the optimal length of stimulation between 15 and 60 seconds. Keywords: accessory; ampullae; bulls; electroejaculation; groups; massage; seconds; time
• Injectable trace minerals increase mRNA expression of some Toll like receptors in testes of bulls with heat induced testicular degeneration by Ibrahim, Mohammad; Ferrer, Maria S.; Palomares, Roberto A.; Bullington, Annie ; Hoyos-Jaramillo, Alejandro ; Bittar, João (2019) - Objectives were to characterize mRNA expression of TLRs in bulls with testicular degeneration and after treatment with ITM. Treatment with 1 dose of injectable trace minerals (ITM; 1 ml/150 lb, Multimin 90, Multimin North America, Fort Collins, CO) resulted in a more pronounced decrease in semen quality in bulls with testicular degeneration. Keywords: bulls; testicular
• Twenty year trends of bull breeding soundness examimations at a teaching hospital by Carson, Robert ; Koziol, Jennifer ; Wenzel, James ; Armstrong, Chance ; Edmondson, Jason ; Maxwell, Herris (2014) - The population consisted of bulls consigned to sales, recent purchases, bulls offered for sale at private treaty and herd bulls. Bull breeding soundness examination. Keywords: bulls; period; table; time
• Management of common surgical problems of the bull genitalia by Wolfe, Dwight F. (2014) - Bulls with preputial laceration and prolapse may sustain considerable and possibly deep necrosis and slough of preputial skin and elastic tissues after the first few bandage changes. Since no elastic tissue or preputial skin is removed first intention healing should reduce the risk of preputial stenosis and allow subsequent penile extension. Keywords: bulls; penile; penis; prepuce; preputial; tissue
• Increase in average scrotal circumference of Canadian beef bulls by Barth, Albert (2014) - Therefore, for yearlings, birth dates must be recorded, or at the very least, bull age must be known to be accurate within two weeks. Lunstra DD, Gregory KE, Cundiff LV: Heritability estimates and adjustment factors for the effects of bull age and age of dam on yearling testicular size in breeds of bulls. Keywords: age; beef; breeds; bulls; circumference; data; puberty
• Diagnosis of bovine trichomoniasis by Ondrak, Jeff (2021) - Sampling devices A variety of sampling devices and sampling techniques have been used to collect preputial samples for T. foetus testing including preputial lavage, cotton swabs, washing of artificial vaginas, specialized collection devices, and uterine infusion pipettes.5 However, without strong evidence supporting 1 method over another, the technique of utilizing a uterine infusion pipette and syringe has become the most widely accepted method for T. foetus sample collection in the US. Sample quality Determining what constitutes a quality preputial sample for T. foetus testing is a challenge considering the variety of poten- tial contaminates present in the prepuce including soil, feces, urine, semen, blood, and other organisms. Keywords: bulls; foetus; pcr; sample; test; trichomoniasis; tritrichomonas
• Management and control of bovine trichomoniasis by Ondrak, Jeff (2021) - A human study identified an interaction between Lactobacillus acidophius and T vaginalis in vitro6 whereas others have demonstrated an association between the vaginal microbiome of women and their risk for developing sexually transmitted diseases including trichomo- niasis, suggesting that the microbiome of the reproductive tract may provide opportunities for prevention and treatment.7-10 With development of next generation sequencing technology, the microbiome of the bovine reproductive tract has been described11 in an attempt to understand the host-microbiome relationship and its influence on the reproductive efficiency of cattle.12 Additional studies have explored the specific relationship between the vaginal microbiome and reproductive outcomes and disease that hold the potential for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of reproductive tract disease in cows.13-15 Although culture-dependent studies have reported routine isolates from the preputial cavity of bulls, there is a lack of information regarding the preputial microbiome utilizing next generation sequencing technology.16 The path to bovine trichomoniasis infection in males and females is most likely multifactorial. Ondrak JD, Keen JE, Rupp GP, et al: Repeated sampling and testing by culture and PCR to detect Tritrichomonas foetus carrier bulls in an infected Nebraska herd. Keywords: bulls; control; disease; foetus; herd; trichomoniasis
• Ultrasonography of the bull genital system by Momont, Harry (2022) - Le- sions may be more focal in nature or radiate outward from the mediastinum testis in a pattern, suggesting involvement of in- dividual seminiferous tubules.18 These lesions may represent Figure 3. Sagittal (left) and transverse (right) views of a year- ling dairy bull testis with mild testicular fibrosis. A mental and digital library of normal sonograms can be obtained by re- peatedly examining the reproductive tracts of normal bulls. Keywords: bulls; doppler; image; lesions; mode; testis; transducer; ultrasonography; ultrasound

• Reproductive Anatomy And Physiology Of Whitetail Deer And Other Select Cervids, Sheep And Goats by Clark, Sherrie G. (2011) - 12-24 h 18 d 230-236 days †Age at puberty is dependent on nutrition and can be delayed until they are 2 ½ years old Physiology of the female sheep or goat From a pure physiologic point of view, sheep and goats are quite similar to female cervids in their seasonality of breeding and responsiveness to decreased day length. The white tailed deer is seasonally polyestrous and breeds during short day length. Keywords: cervids; deer; estrus; female; length; penis; species
• Successful treatment of presumptive cystic ovarian disease in okapi (Okapia johnstonii) by Moresco, Anneke ; Jankowski, Gwen ; Berry, Loren ; Rodríguez, Jacobo (2019) - Successful treatment of presumptive cystic ovarian disease in okapi (Okapia johnstonii) Successful treatment of presumptive cystic ovarian disease in okapi (Okapia johnstonii) Anneke Moresco,a Gwen Jankowski,a Loren Berry,a Jacobo Rodríguezb aDenver Zoo, Denver CO, bVista Equine Colorado, Fort Collins, CO A 7 year old parous, female okapi was presumptively diagnosed with cystic ovarian disease (COD) based on persistent estrus behavior and a lack of conception, despite continued breeding. Keywords: Okapia johnstonii, cystic ovarian disease, ultrasonography, ovulation, induction 523 Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 11, Number 3 • September 2019 524Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 11, Number 3 • September 2019 OMNIBLANK: Keywords: estrus
• Uterine flush fluid proteome of mares in estrus and diestrus: qualitative differences and functional classification by Khan, Firdous ; Chenier, Tracey (2019) - Functional classification of identified proteins into gene ontology (GO) categories [cellular component (CC), molecular function (MF) and biological process (BP)] was performed using protein analysis through evolutionary relationships (www.pantherdb.org) classification system version 11.0.1 Mares were 3 - 8 years of age and reproductively healthy, based on transrectal examination, gross appearance of uterine flush fluid and endometrial cytology, culture and biopsy. Keywords: diestrus; estrus
• Medical contraception in cat: new and old drugs by Maenhoudt, Cindy ; Fontbonne, Alain (2021) - Melatonin Suppression of estrus in female domestic cats by melatonin mimics the physiological events of seasonality observed in many animals (e.g. horse, sheep, and hamsters). 5. Furthner E, Maenhoudt C, Amiriantz S, et al: Oral melatonin supple- mentation in female domestic cats, a double blinded prospective study. Keywords: cats; contraceptive; estrus; female; gnrh; implant; melatonin; suppression

• Vaginal Stricture As An Unusual Case Of Dystocia In A Dairy Cow by Gunn, Allan J. (2017) - 2017: Vaginal stricture as an unusual case of dystocia in a dairy cow   Vaginal stricture as an unusual case of dystocia in a dairy cow Allan J. Gunn School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, and the Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia This report adds another previously unreported differential diagnosis to the list of reasons for dystocia due to caudal reproductive tract obstruction in the cow. Keywords: case; cow; dystocia; stricture
• Case Report Of Two Bitches With Second Degree Perineal Laceration by Pipe-Martin, H.N.; Thomas, P. (2013) - Second degree perineal laceration was diagnosed on examination. Australia Summary This report describes the history, presenting clinical signs and treatment of two bitches that presented with perineal laceration associated with whelping. Keywords: bitch; case; laceration; perineal; volume
• Seminomas and an interstitial cell tumor in an 8 year old male Husky by Ontiveros, Mary ; Hanlon, Dave ; Anderson, Alice ; Hollinshead, Fiona (2018) - Other thorough reports have been either retrospective histopathologic studies,1-6 lesions in retained testes,7-10 or single testicular tumors.11 There is significant variation in the literature in regards to the incidence rate of the different types of canine testicular tumors. Canine testicular tumors are the second most common type of tumor to occur in the dog second to skin tumors.12 They are generally a disease of older dogs with different ages reported at the time of first diagnosis (mean age range: 9-11 years old; actual range: 2-19 years).12 Testicular tumors occur more often in undescended testes and retained testes are 10- 13 times more likely to develop neoplasia.12,13 Tumors can present unilaterally or bilaterally. Keywords: case; cells; dog; right; seminoma; testicular; testis; theriogenology; tumor
• Fetal anasarca in an Abyssinian kitten by Brough, Abigail Rosemary ; Llewellyn, Rachael-Kate ; Nakahara, Nima ; Aveston Thomas, Philip George (2016) - The aim of this case report is to provide a detailed case description of fetal anasarca in an Abyssinian kitten to establish a database and contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of the condition in cats. Over 80 conditions associated with these four mechanisms have been identified to cause hydrops fetalis in humans.18 The pathophysiology of fetal anasarca in domestic animals remains largely undetermined when compared to human medicine. Keywords: anasarca; case; fetal; fetalis; fluid; hydrops; kitten; queen
• Disorders of sexual development in small ruminants by Paredes, Joaquin; Czochara, Lukasz; Villagomez, Daniel; King, Allan (2024) - Menezes Paz G De, Das N, Dorneles Coelho G, et al: Piometra associada a criptorquidismo em cão pseudo-hermafrodita mascu- lino com síndrome da persistência dos ductos de Müller Pyometra associated to cryptorchidism in a male pseudohermaphrodite dog with persistent Müllerian duct syndrome. Histology revealed testicular tissue and uterus alongside vas deferens were consistent with persistent Müllerian duct syndrome. Keywords: blood; case; doi; features; figure; freemartinism; male; sheep; syndrome; tissue
• X chromosomal monosomy with bilateral ovotestes in a Labrador Retriever dog by Hunt, Hayley; Yaeger, Michael; Fales-Williams, Amanda; Wagner, Sharon; Wu, Eleas; Beachler, Theresa (2025) - Ovariohysterectomy and karyotyping diagnoses were bilateral ovotestis and X chromosomal monosomy (77, XO). X chromosomal monosomy (77, XO) or a single X chromosome has been diagnosed in multiple breeds, including Doberman Pinschers, Miniature American Eskimos, and Miniature Poodles, and mosaicism of the condition in a limited number of others.1–7 X chromo- somal monosomy, also referred as Turner’s Syndrome in peo- ple; common clinical findings were small stature, webbing on the skin of the neck, congenital heart disease, metabolic and endocrine disturbances, and infertility due to hypergonado- tropic hypogonadism.8 Affected dogs with X chromosomal monosomy were infertile with frequent hypoplastic afollicular gonads, small stature, and excessive skin along the ventrum.1,2 Keywords: case; dog; fluid; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v17.11198; monosomy; serum; vaginal
• Female pseudohermaphroditism in a Dorset sheep: a case report by McNabb, Bret R. ; Conley, Alan J. ; Maclachlan, N. James (2014) - A CASE REPORT Female pseudohermaphroditism in a Dorset sheep: a case report Bret R. McNabb,a Alan J. Conley,a N. James Maclachlanb aDepartment of Population Health and Reproduction and bDepartment of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California- Davis, Davis, CA Summary A four-month old Dorset lamb was presented to the University of California-Davis (UCD) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH) for correction of an inguinal hernia and castration. In livestock, freemartinism and male pseudohermaphrodites are more commonly reported, whereas female pseudohermaphroditism is rare. Keywords: case; female; lamb; ovaries; pseudohermaphroditism; sex; sheep; testosterone
• Surgical management of pyometra in a miniature sow by Smith, Joe; Klostermann, Cassandra; Garcia, Jessica; Smith, Christopher; Aviles, Matthew; Prado, Eduardo (2025) - Hampton CE, Kleine SA, Smith JS, et al: Pharmacokinetics of oral clonazepam in growing commercial pigs (Sus scrofa domestica). doi: 10.1111/jvp.13451 3. Smith JS, Gebert JE, Ebner LS, et al: Pharmacokinetics of intra- muscular maropitant in pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). Keywords: anesthesia; case; doi; fluid; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v17.11729; management; pigs; pyometra; sow; surgery; uterus
• Use of a direct-to-consumer genetic screening test for diagnosis of a chromosomal abnormality in a female dog by Dockweiler, Jenna ; Rickard, Valeria; Leon-Frank, Daniel; Premanandan, Christopher; Boyko, Adam; Kawakami, Takeshi (2025) - Bennett NE, Johnson EA, Gray PB: Veterinary care providers recog- nize clinical utility of genetic testing but report limited confidence in interpreting direct-to-consumer results. Hormones Patient Spayed female Intact female Neutered male Intact male Estradiol (pg/ml) 32.1 30.8 – 69.9 31.5 – 65.4 23.1 – 65.1 30.5 – 66.6 Progesterone (ng/ml) < 0.20 < 0.20 – 0.49 < 0.20 – 2.16 < 0.20 < 0.20 – 0.40 Testosterone (ng/ml) < 15.0 < 15.0 – 32.0 < 15.0 < 15.0 – 24.0 19.0 – 2630.0 http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v17.12703 Citation: Clinical Theriogenology 2025, 17, 12703, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v17.12703 3 Cytogenetic analysis in the dog is challenging due to a high diploid chromosome number (78 autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes) and the one-arm morphology of the autosomes.1 Microarrays can assess chromosomal imbal- ances and may detect small anomalies beyond the resolu- tion of routine karyotyping.2 Additionally, microarray technology may detect aneuploidy and the presence of mul- tiple genotypes (such as chimerism or mosaicism).2 Allele frequency plots are utilized to detect these anomalies.2 This plot visualizes the fluorescent signal ratio of reference and nonreference alleles, such that a value 1 or 0 in the plot indicates the complete absence of the alternate allele (a homozygous genotype of either reference or nonreference allele), and a value 0.5 indicates the presence of both alleles (the heterozygous state). Keywords: anomalies; case; chromosome; dog; sex; test; tissue; veterinary
• Fetal abdominoschisis and chondrodysplastic dwarfism in hydroallantoic buffaloes by Sharma, Pururava; Kumar, Pravesh; Sood, Pankaj ; Sharma, Akshay; Yangka, Dawa; Thakur, Depika; Sharma, Amit (2025) - Keywords: Abdominoschisis, buffalo, chondrodysplastic, fetal monsters, hydorallantois Introduction Hydroallantois is a pathological condition of pregnancy characterized by excessive and rapid accumulation of 40-160 litres allantoic fluid within the allantoic cavity,1 typically occurring within 5-20 days prior to parturition.2 This condi- tion arises due to fetal membranes functional or structural abnormalities, particularly allantochorion, and leads to marked bilateral abdominal distension of the dam.3 Hydroallantois is infrequently diagnosed and is observed across multiple species, with the highest incidence reported in cattle and buffaloes.4 Occasional cases have also been docu- mented in mares,5,6 in an ewe,7 and a dog.8 Fetal membranes were manually removed after 42 hours of induction of parturition with gentle teasing and avoiding uterine hemorrhage; had numerous small-sized cotyledons and hypoplasia. Keywords: buffaloes; case; fluid; hours; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v17.12822; hydroallantois; sharma
• A case of unilateral hydrocele in a dog secondary to inapparent inguinal hernia by Draheim, Peyton ; Hlusko, Katelyn ; Cole, Robert ; Douglas, Jamie ; Withers, Cornelius ; Graff, Emily ; Wilborn, Robyn (2022) - In indirect inguinal hernia in males, abdominal viscera pass through vaginal process cavity and into scrotum, resulting in scrotal hernia as observed in this case. Clinical Theriogenology 2022; 14: 362 A case of unilateral hydrocele in a dog secondary to inapparent inguinal hernia Peyton Draheim,a Katelyn Hlusko,a Robert Cole,a Jamie Douglas,a Cornelius Withers,b Emily Graff,b,c Robyn Wilborna aDepartment of Clinical Sciences, bDepartment of Pathobiology, cScott-Ritchey Research Center Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL Abstract A 6-year, male intact Coonhound, was presented for unilateral scrotal enlargement of roughly 3 months’ duration. Keywords: case; dog; fluid; hernia; scrotum; testis
• Management of hematometra in a Boer doe by Poirier, Nicole; Smith, Joe; Breuer, Ryan; Farrell, Alanna; Klostermann, Cassandra; Tseng, Chia; Kreuder, Amanda; Wiley, Caitlin (2020) - Due to the extent of the hernia in this doe, an elective Cesarean section was recommended, due to the risk of complications with vaginal delivery as a gravid uterus can become entrapped in an abdominal hernia, making vaginal delivery difficult.6 Presence of an abdominal hernia can pose the risk of uterine incarceration or strangulation.7 Other risks that have been reported in humans with a gravid uterus and abdominal hernia include abortion, preterm or dysfunctional labor, and intrauterine growth retardation leading to fetal death.7 Risk of uterine strangulation is an indication for early hospitalization and elective Cesarean section, with subsequent hernia repair.8 By performing an elective Cesarean section, these complications may be avoided. Twelve hours after Cesarean section, the patient was dull and on further examination was tachycardic, tachypneic and anemic with a packed cell volume of 10%. Keywords: acid; alfaxalone; aminocaproic; blood; case; doe; hematometra; hernia; patient; section; transfusion
• Fetal mummification in a goat by Whitt, Elizabeth ; Patrick, Hope; Jarrin, Pablo; Prado, Tulio (2023) - Differential diagnoses were fetal mummification or maceration. Lefebvre RC: Fetal mummification in the major domestic species: current perspectives on causes and management. Keywords: case; doe; fetus; mummification
• News from Society for Theriogenology and American College of Theriogenologists by News, Theriogenology (2019) - Dr. Sheerin has exemplified standards of excellence in his leadership and promotion of theriogenology. (L to R): Sicilia Grady-Newark, Delaware; Mary Ontiveros-Matamata, New Zealand; Mohammad Ibrahim-Athens, Georgia; Elena Martinez de Andino-College Station, Texas; Babiche Alida Heil-Scone, NSW, Australia; Julia Baldrighi-Stillwater, Oklahoma; Pouya Dini-Lexington, Kentucky; and Anna Mitchell-Ithaca, New York Student Case Presentation Winners (L to R): Colleen Kutzler-University of Minnesota (third place), Lindsay Hilburger-Cornell University (fifth place), Nichole Whitfill-Auburn University (fourth place), Breanthony Baker-Texas A&M University (first place), Gabrielle Montone-Auburn University (sixth place), and Katelyn Kimble-Texas A&M University (second place) Dr. Sheerin was born and raised in New York City. Keywords: abstracts; animal; award; case; conference; grants; place; presentation; president; research; sft; society; student; submission; therio conference; theriogenology; university; veterinary; year
• Paraphimosis of 7 years’ duration in a Percheron stallion by Draheim, Peyton ; Boorman, Sophie ; Hanson, Reid ; Lyman, Candace (2023) - The scrotum and penis were aseptically prepared and a stallion urinary catheter was placed (Figure 2). Schumacher, J: Penis and prepuce. Keywords: case; figure; horse; paraphimosis; penile; penis; phallectomy; prepuce; stallion
• Case report: bilateral indirect inguinal herniation in a male alpaca by Nobre, Humberto ; Rush, Jessica ; Jensen, Rochelle ; Stockler, Jenna ; Edmondson, Misty ; Gard, Julie (2018) - Inguinal hernias occur in camelids, more often in male llamas than male alpacas, but more commonly than in female camels.6 Correction is performed in cattle via either a standing flank laparotomy or inguinal approach and simple interrupted or continuous suture patterns used.4 Due to the age and physical presentation of this alpaca’s hernias, the diagnosis was acquired indirect inguinal hernias. Keywords: Alpaca, inguinal hernia, chronic weight loss Case presentation History An 8-year-old male alpaca was presented to the Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine Small Ruminant Service with a 6-week history of depression, decreased body condition score (thinner than herd mates), diarrhea, and intermittent left rear lameness. Keywords: alpaca; case; december; hernias; herniation; male; sacs
• Vaginopexy: a new look at an old technique by Sidelinger, Darcie R. ; Walters, F. Kevin ; Hopper, Richard M. ; King, E. Heath (2018) - A discontinuous prolapse of vaginal tissue with increased abdominal pressure (i.e. lying down) would be considered grade I. Grade II describes a persistence of vaginal prolapse that may or may not include the bladder. Although overall occurrence of vaginal prolapse is low, with reports of less than 2% among several populations,1,2 breeds predisposed to vaginal prolapse include Herefords, Charolais, Limousin, and Shorthorns, as well as Bos indicus breeds3 and composites. Keywords: case; gerlach; minchev; needle; prolapse; technique

• Cattle Handling Pointers: Stockmanship And Low-Stress Handling by Gill, Ron; Machen, Rick (2015) - Pressure cattle from behind only when absolutely necessary. There are five basic principles of cattle behavior that when used properly can improve the ease and speed of working cattle while reducing stress and increasing efficiency. Keywords: box; cattle; movement; point; pressure
• Application of gene-editing in livestock – updates and prospects by Lee, Kiho ; Uh, Kyungjun ; Ryu, Junghyun (2018) - Yokoyama T, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, et al: Reversal of left-right asymmetry: a situs inversus mutation. Wu H, Wang Y, Zhang Y, et al: TALE nickase-mediated SP110 knockin endows cattle with increased resistance to tuberculosis. Keywords: cas9; cattle; cells; crispr; dna; editing; et al; gene; genome; livestock; nat; pigs; production; sci; system; zfns

• Incidence, severity and factors associated with intrauterine fluid accumulation in mares after insemination with cooled or frozen semen by Vanderwall, Dirk K. ; Schmidt, Andrew R. ; Boston, Raymond C. (2012) - Incidence, severity and factors associated with intrauterine fluid accumulation in mares after insemination with cooled or frozen semen Incidence, severity and factors associated with intrauterine fluid accumulation in mares after insemination with cooled or frozen semen Dirk K. Vanderwall,a Andrew R. Schmidt,b Raymond C. Bostona aDepartment of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA; bWisconsin Equine Clinic and Hospital, Oconomowoc, WI Introduction Under commercial breeding farm conditions the incidence of post-breeding intrauterine fluid accumulation in Thoroughbred mares bred with natural service was approximately 15% and the incidence and severity of intrauterine fluid accumulation increased significantly with mare age.1 In intensively managed mares inseminated with frozen-thawed semen the incidence of post-breeding intrauterine fluid accumulation varied from 16%2 to 25%,3 and mare age was again found to be a significant factor, since the incidence of intrauterine fluid accumulation in mares aged 3 to 9 years, 10 to 16 years and greater than 16 years was 17%, 28% and 68%, respectively.3 To our knowledge, the incidence of intrauterine fluid accumulation following insemination with cooled semen has not been reported. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence, severity and factors associated with intrauterine fluid accumulation in commercial broodmares inseminated with cooled or frozen semen. Keywords: fluid; insemination
• Meeting the demand for laparoscopic artificial insemination in sheep and goats by Gately, Rachael (2022) - Artificial insemination procedure Artificial insemination table is inverted. Clinical Theriogenology 2022; 14: 209 Meeting the demand for laparoscopic artificial insemination in sheep and goats Rachael Gately Department of Environmental and Population Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University, North Grafton, MA Abstract Demand for laparoscopic artificial insemination in small ruminants is growing exponentially. Keywords: day; insemination; laparoscopic

• Current Genomic Applications For Improved Reproductive Performance In Beef And Dairy by Andersen, Kent J.; Osterstock, Jason B. (2013) - In dairy genetic evaluations including Holstein, marker genotypes are primarily used along with recorded and verified parentage and production data to more precisely quantify pedigree relationships and gene sampling in the computation of Genomic Predicted Transmitting Abilities (GPTA). NA NA NA NA Lower Number, More Efficient Yearling Height (YH) .70 (49) 0.13 .35 9 Lower Number, Taller YH Scrotal Circumference (SC) .73 (53) 0.23 .36 11 Lower Number, Larger SC Docility (Doc) .67 (45) 5.0 .30 10 Lower Number, Calmer Doc Heifer Pregnancy (HP) Keywords: accuracy; angus; calving; dairy; genomic; information; number
• Anti Müllerian hormone concentrations and antral follicle number in dairy and beef heifers subjected to a modified 5 day CoSynch + CIDR protocol by Stanley, Sarah ; Fishman-Holland, Heidi ; Bittar, Joao ; Hoyos-Jaramillo, Alejandro ; Ferrer, Maria ; Norton, Natalie ; Gutierrez-Añez, Juan ; Camacho, Adriana ; Berghaus, Roy ; Graham, Justin ; Rizzo, Renato ; Palomares, Roberto (2019) - Anti Müllerian hormone concentrations and antral follicle number in dairy and beef heifers subjected to a modified 5 day CoSynch + CIDR protocol Anti Müllerian hormone concentrations and antral follicle number in dairy and beef heifers subjected to a modified 5 day CoSynch + CIDR protocol Sarah Stanley,a Heidi Fishman-Holland,b Joao Bittar,a Alejandro Hoyos-Jaramillo,a Maria Ferrer,b Natalie Norton,a Juan Gutierrez-Añez,a Adriana Camacho,a Roy Berghaus,a Justin Graham,c Renato Rizzo,c Roberto Palomaresa Departments of aPopulation Health and bLarge Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA, cBrooksCo Dairy, Quitman, GA Anti Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentration is associated with ovarian antral follicle count (AFC) and ovulatory response and is a potential biomarker for ovarian status of replacement heifers.1,2 However, only a few studies have compared AMH concentrations and AFC between beef and dairy heifers, under commercial management conditions. The objective was to compare AMH concentration and AFC between dairy and beef heifers subjected to 5 day CoSynch + CIDR protocol and to evaluate the possible association between AMH and AFC with pregnancy rate to fixed time artificial insemination (FTAT). Keywords: beef; dairy; heifers

• Balanoposthitis And Paraphimosis In The Stallion. A Novel Support For An Inflamed Penis And Prepuce by Gunn, A.J.; Brookes, V.J.; Hodder, A.D.J.; Rodger, J.; Chopin, J.B. (2013) - The “underpants support mechanism” was applied. Attached “underpants support mechanism”. Keywords: number; penis; prepuce; preputial; stallion; support; theriogenology; volume
• Neutrophil Prevalence In Dismount Semen Samples Of Thoroughbred Stallions by Gunn, Allan J.; Brookes, Victoria J. (2011) - Sample category according to number of neutrophils in stallion semen dismount sample.                                                              Number and percent of stallion semen dismount samples in each neutrophil score category. Keywords: neutrophils; number; samples; stallion
• Is stallion age related to dystocia or neonatal foal morbidity? by Thompson, James ; Brinsko, Steven (2019) - Is stallion age related to dystocia or neonatal foal morbidity? Is stallion age related to dystocia or neonatal foal morbidity? Keywords: age; stallion
• Unilateral epididymo-orchitis with coagulative and liquefactive necrosis of the spermatic cord, epididymis, and testis of a Friesian stallion caused by Salmonella spp. serotype Hartford by Hall, Sabrina ; Mauk, Page ; Schumacher, Jim ; Klabnik-Bradford, Jessica ; Prado, Tulio (2019) - Doppler ultrasonographic examination revealed a lack of blood flow in vessels in the distal aspect of right spermatic cord. During surgery, it was apparent that the right testis and distal portion of the spermatic cord were necrotic, but there was no evidence of torsion of spermatic cord. Keywords: cord; epididymo; necrosis; orchitis; right; salmonella; stallion; testis

• Comparison Of Teaching Paradigms In Theriogenology Among Schools Of Veterinary Medicine By Use Of A Uniform Assessment Tool by Root Kustritz, Margaret V.; Bailey, C. Scott (2015) - Hypotheses are the following: (1) Students from institutions with theriogenology programs mandating focus on at least two species will have higher scores than those with species-focused programs, (2) Students from institutions with dedicated boarded faculty members and residency or graduate student training will have higher scores than those with limited theriogenology programs, (3) Number of required contact hours will be positively correlated with student scores, (4) Students who take required didactic courses in all species will have higher scores than students who take required species-specific courses or only have elective didactic multi-species courses available to them, (5) Students from institutions that teach theriogenology as a stand-alone discipline will have higher scores than those with integration of theriogenology material into medicine or surgery courses, (6) Students who are exposed to active learning methodologies will have higher scores than those in traditional lectures, ( It has been demonstrated that student interests are driven by their classmates and faculty mentors and it may well be that some schools, with very engaging faculty members and peer support for learning, provide a rich educational experience even with limited contact time and other resources.28,29 Conclusion This study used a uniform assessment tool to gauge the amount of variance in student scores due to differing teaching methodologies between institutions. Keywords: animal; curriculum; hours; laboratory; learning; lecture; number; schools; species; students; teaching; theriogenology; training; veterinary; year
• Anesthesia Of White-Tailed Deer And Other Cervids by Boesch, M. (2011) - Anesthetic complications Hypoxemia (arterial blood partial pressure of oxygen [PaO2] less than 80 mm Hg) is probably the most common complication in deer and can be caused by a combination of 1) hypoventilation caused by anesthetic drug effects on the medullary ventilatory center and respiratory muscle relaxation and 2) ventilation-perfusion (V:Q) mismatching. Anesthesia of white-tailed deer and other cervids Anesthesia of white-tailed deer and other cervids Jordyn M. Boesch College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL Introduction White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and other cervids such as mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and elk (Cervus elaphus) may require sedation or anesthesia for a variety of procedures in theriogenology practice, such as semen collection and standing or laparoscopic artificial insemination. Keywords: anesthesia; animal; cervids; deer; drug; immobilization; xylazine
• Lameness in the pasture bull by Warner, Gary D. ; Box, Justin (2014) - Injuries of the upper limb Upper limb injuries, particularly of the shoulder and stifle, are probably the most common cause of lameness in the breeding bull after problems with the hoof. Limbs trapped in cattle guards will often luxate one or both of these joints during attempts to dislodge. Keywords: animal; bull; cast; hoof; injuries; joint; lameness; limb; splint
• Legal and ethical veterinary compounding by Stanley, S.D (2009) - Many commercial websites market directly to the owner offering subjective treatments based on testimonials and compounded therapies that are not permitted by the criteria established for compounded drugs. Compounded drugs are not the same as generic drugs. Keywords: animal; compounding; drug; fda; product; use; veterinary
• Neonatal and pediatric ultrasonography- part I by Baker, T.W.; Davidson , A.P. (2009) - Abdominal ultrasound 9 provides valuable clinical information about the peritoneal cavity, great vessels, 10 abdominal viscera and lymph nodes obtained in a non invasive fashion, with no 11 confirmed adverse biologic effects, and usually not necessitating sedation or 12 anesthesia. Small animal diagnostic ultrasound, 2nd ed. Keywords: animal; fig; left; plane; right; ultrasound
• Legal issues in the pharmaceutical management of bovine reproduction by Riddel, Jr., M.G. (2009) - Extra-label drug 10 use (ELDU) allowed under the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act was not 11 extended to drugs used for production purposes, such as reproduction. The current situation has resulted in any extra-label use 28 of reproductive drugs being illegal. Keywords: animal; drugs; label; management; use
• The 2022 Bartlett address: David E. Bartlett award for lifetime achievement in theriogenology by Sertich, Patricia (2022) - I had the good fortune to still qualify for work study and was promptly able to land a student work study job at the Hofmann Center that continued for 3 years. I would meet Dr. Marx at the hospital at 7 am and we would head out driving around southwestern PA doing large animal farm calls which included a lot of equine work throughout the day. Keywords: animal; pennsylvania; reproduction; school; university; work
• Development and validation of an ovine cesarean surgery model and rubric by Gibbons, Philippa ; Devine, Elizabeth ; Dutton, David ; Pulliam, Tiffany ; Anderson, Stacy ; Hunt, Julie (2022) - Ovine cesarean surgery model: A) the ovine mannikin with uterus installed in the abdomen, B) the lamb inside the uterus, C) the lamb mannikin with its spine and articulated limbs After model’s completion, a convenience sample of 14 veteri- narians who were experienced in performing ruminant cesarean surgery tested the model and provided survey feedback about its features. Studies have confirmed the superiority of veterinary surgical models com- pared to learning surgical skills using laboratory manuals and/ or videos,11,14 cadavers,15 and live animals.16 Keywords: animal; checklist; evidence; med; model; ovine; skills; students; surgery; uterus; veterinarians
• The American College of Theriogenologists, from its pedigree to the neonatal period by Kastelic, John (2021) - In the spring of 1970, Dr. Lloyd Faulkner (Colorado State University) initiated a new Organizing Committee that included: Raimunds Zemjanis (University of Minnesota), Stephen Roberts (Cornell University), Fayne Oberst (Michigan State University), John Kendrick (University of California-Davis) and David Bartlett (American Breeders Service, DeForest, WI).477-478 Drafts of previous constitutions for an “American Veterinary Board of Animal Reproduction” and an “American Veterinary College of Animal Reproduction,” originally drafted by the AVSSBS, were modified to better match the expectations of the Advisory Board on Veterinary Specialties. At the ACT Executive Board meeting on 6 October 1971, the commitment of the ACT to work with the AVSSBS was emphasized and it was noted that the latter organization would revise its constitution and by-laws to include the word theriogenology or theriogenologists.218 In presentation to the AVSSBS in 1971,209-215 Bartlett noted that “It is the intention that this College will be very closely related to the Society and it is the intention that the members of the College will maintain dual membership. Keywords: act; american; animal; bartlett; board; book; college; meeting; reproduction; theriogenology; veterinary
• Guidelines for the use and reuse of animals for teaching within veterinary medical education programs by Cavalieri, John ; Dowling, Brad ; Foyle, Leo ; Godfrey, Craig ; Lloyd, Janice ; Penny, Josephine ; Tranter, William ; Watts, Sally ; Wearn, Jamie ; Willis, Graham (2023) - Given the need to maintain animal welfare and to satisfy increasing community concerns for the usage and quality of care of animals, it is imperative that educational institutions operate within frame- works that maintain appropriate standards of animal welfare.4 Increasing use of alternatives to animal use through the use of models, mannequins, simulators, multimedia software, virtual reality, and cadavers has reduced the reliance on live animals.5,6 Mandatory reporting of adverse and unexpected events is also part of the normal pro- cess for managing research studies involving the use of ani- mals.25 Nevertheless, these guidelines could provide additional reference to ethics committees and researchers and serve as a guide as to when animal usage is exceeding limits that could adversely impact on animal welfare. Keywords: animal; c o; co n; io n; m o; n b; n d; o n; o r; ti o
• Practical clinical genetics by Meurs, Kathryn (2022) - Breed specific lists of known and presumed inherited diseases for dogs and cats are available at the following web sites: Cats: http://www.fabcats.org/breeders/inherited_disorders/ index.php Dogs: http://www.vet.cam.ac.uk/idid/ and http://www.upei. ca/~cidd/intro.htm Although the number of genetic diseases in small animals is substantial, the actual genetic cause is not commonly known. Genetic diseases are most commonly observed in purebred animals. Keywords: animal; disease; trait
• Funding opportunities at the National Institute of Food and Agriculture: program priorities and tips for successful grant writing by Mirando, Mark A. ; Turzillo, Adele M. (2018) - As with most Federal grant programs, NIFA grant programs are highly competitive; thus, skill and experience in grant writing are essential to secure grant funding. Several grant programs exist in this agency that support both basic and applied research in bovine reproduction, the most notable of which is the animal reproduction program area priority within the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative. Keywords: agriculture; animal; education; food; funding; grant; program; proposal; research; veterinary

• Improving neonatal survivability in swine* by Smith, C.A. (2010) - The interval between stillborn piglets tends to be greater, as does the interval between the next to last and last piglet of the litter. The interval preceding stillborn piglets, while highly variable, tends to be longer than the interval preceding liveborn piglets. Keywords: birth; farrowing; hours; parturition; piglets; sow; swine

• Diagnosis And Clinical Management Of A Spontaneous Pre-Partum Uterine Rupture In An Angus Heifer Carrying Twins by Phillips, P.E.; Plummer, P.J.; Krull, A.C.; Dohlman, T.A.; Kreuder, A.J. (2015) - Keywords: Uterine rupture, twinning, ultrasound, abdominocentesis, cesarean section Background Little information is available concerning pre-partum uterine rupture in the bovine. While peri- parturient uterine rupture is common, especially during stage II of labor, pre-partum rupture is rare and usually from an unknown cause.1 When pre-partum uterine rupture occurs, it is often diagnosed at necropsy, rather than antemortem. Keywords: abdomen; fluid; heifer; rupture; uterus
• Uterus didelphys in an ewe as a cause of dystocia by Herrera, Estrella; Marshall, Tessa (2025) - DVF: dorsoventral fold; LC: left cervix; LH: left uterine horn; RC: right cervix; RH: right uterine horn; UT: uterine tear http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v17.12651 Citation: Clinical Theriogenology 2025, 17, 12651, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v17.12651 3 numbers associated with a unicornual pregnancy. Learning points • Reproductive tract should be completely examined in dys- tocia cases • Congenital anomalies of the reproductive tract can support pregnancy to term • During caesarean surgery in primiparous ewes, examine the uterus for normal anatomy References 1. Keywords: cervix; didelphys; ewe; uterus; vagina

• A delayed fixed time artificial insemination 78 hours after CIDR removal does not affect pregnancy outcomes in dairy heifers treated with a 4 day CoSynch + CIDR protocol by Palomares, Roberto ; Ferrer, Maria ; Bittar, João ; Hoyos-Jaramillo, Alejandro ; Gutierrez-Añez, Juan ; Fishman-Holland, Heidi ; Camacho, Adriana ; Graham, Justin ; Rizzo, Renato (2019) - A delayed timed artificial insemination 78 hours after CIDR removal does not affect pregnancy outcomes in dairy heifers treated with a 4 day CoSynch + CIDR protocol A delayed fixed time artificial insemination 78 hours after CIDR removal does not affect pregnancy outcomes in dairy heifers treated with a 4 day CoSynch + CIDR protocol Roberto Palomares,ab Maria Ferrer,b João Bittar,a Alejandro Hoyos-Jaramillo,a Juan Gutierrez-Añez,a Heidi Fishman-Holland,b Adriana Camacho,a Justin Graham,c Renato Rizzoc Departments of aPopulation Health and bLarge Animal Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA cBrooksCo Dairy, Quitman GA Use of 4 day CoSynch + CIDR + FTAI (fixed time artificial insemination) at 72 hour after CIDR removal in dairy heifers has resulted in adequate pregnancy per FTAI (55.0%), not significantly different from that in the 5 day CoSynch + CIDR (63.3%). These results supported our hypothesis that FTAI at 78 hours after CIDR removal within the 4 day CoSynch + CIDR protocol does not affect pregnancy per FTAI and recapitulated previous findings, suggesting that this protocol may represent a promising tool for ovulation synchronization of dairy heifers and would facilitate breeding programs by making it suitable for a Monday - Friday schedule. Keywords: cidr; day
• Early pregnancy loss in a mare due to possible acute uterine bacterial infection by Khan, Younis; El-Shalofy, Amr ; Gautier, Camille ; Aurich, Christine (2025) - On day 14, endometrial culture (with antibiogram) and cytology (cyto- brush) were collected. S. zooepidemicus was only determined by endometrial culture once the mare developed acute endometritis during early pregnancy. Keywords: day
• Comparison of intramuscular vehicles, with or without progesterone, on serum progesterone concentrations in noncycling mares by Kaczor, Jamie ; Scoggin, Charles ; Cromer, Cassandra ; Hersey, Holly ; Ferris, Ryan ; Bradecamp, Etta ; Schnobrich, Maria (2019) - Serum P4 concentrations were determined using the clinical enzyme immunoassay analyzer, TOSOH A1A 900. Serum P4 concentrations were higher (p < 0.003) by Day 7 in the BR + P4 group compared to all other groups (Table). Keywords: day

• Metastatic ovarian stromal tumor in a young bitch by Helms, Alyssa ; Frieden, Elizabeth ; Fowler, Kayla ; Sponenberg, Phillip ; Baik, Nam ; Clapp, Kemba ; Cecere, Julie (2019) - Final diagnosis was malignant ovarian stromal tumor with a tendency of differentiation towards luteal cells. Metastatic ovarian stromal tumor in a young bitch Metastatic ovarian stromal tumor in a young bitch Alyssa Helms,a Elizabeth Frieden,a Kayla Fowler,a Phillip Sponenberg,b Nam Baik,a Kemba Clapp,a Julie Cecerea aDepartment of Small Animal Clinical Sciences bDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Virginia-Maryland, Blacksburg, VA A 2 year old, nulliparous, intact female mixed breed dog was initially presented to the primary care veterinarian for evaluation of 2 week history of hyporexia, abdominal distension, lethargy and acute weight loss. Keywords: cells; tumor
• Sexual development disorder in a dog by Wright, Sarah ; Lago-Alvarez, Yalmika; Champion, Christopher; Folk, Christian; Rivard, Benjamin; Back, Bradley; Aguiar, Luis Henrique; Diel de Amorim, Mariana (2024) - • Sex chromosome disorders of sexual development are uncommon in dogs. Citation line: Clinical Theriogenology 2024, 16, 10439, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v16.10439 Case Report Sexual development disorder in a dog Sarah Wright,a Yamilka Lago–Alvarez,a Christopher Champion,b Christian Folk,a Benjamin Rivard,a Bradley Back,a Luis Henrique de Aguiar,a Mariana Diel de Amorima aDepartment of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA bDepartment of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Abstract A 1-year intact, phenotypic female Doberman Pinscher dog, was evaluated for suspected sexual development disorder. Keywords: cells; chromosome; development; disorders; dog; doi; sex
• An ultrasonographic technique to locate retained testes in swine by Clark, Sherrie G. (2019) - 2019 An ultrasonographic technique to locate retained testes in swine An ultrasonographic technique to locate retained testes in swine Sherrie G. Clark Department of Large Animal Medicine Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA Abstract Cryptorchidism is apparently more common in boars than most other domesticated mammals. Surgical Correction Removal of retained testis or testes is important for animal health and for economics of commercial pork production. Keywords: adobe; cells; cryptorchidism; incision; pigs; surgery; swine; testis
• A unique phenotypical presentation of a male pseudohermaphrodite in a dairy bull calf by Bond, Randall ; Premanandan, Christopher (2016) - In conclusion, this case report describes an unusual presentation of a bovine male PH in which male gonadal tissue was present in the scrotum as well as portions of the aberrant female reproductive tract. Hence, in cases of male pseudohermaphroditism it must always be a consideration when evaluating an indirect inguinal hernia in a bull calf. Keywords: calf; cells; female; figure; gonadal; male; right; scrotum; testicle; tissue
• The future is coming! New technologies being applied to reproduction in animals and humans by Hinrichs, Katrin (2020) - 3. Cong L, Ran FA, Cox D, et al: Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems. Wu Y, Liang D, Wang Y, et al: Correction of a genetic disease in mouse via use of CRISPR-Cas9. Keywords: cells; development; dna; editing; embryo; gene; genome; oocytes; production; selection; species; stem; use
• Stem Cells: what, how, and why? by Carlisle, Diane (2023) - Pluripotent stem cells are the most versatile of stem cells. When embryonic stem cells, somatic cell transfer stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells are examined side-by-side, there are phenotypic differences among them. Keywords: cells; doi; pluripotent; pmid; pubmed; stem; stem cells
• Follicle stimulating hormone receptors are expressed in ewe’s reproductive and nonreproductive tissues by Kleditz, Logan ; Habeeb, Hayder ; Kutzler, Michelle (2020) - In addition, follicle stimulating hormone receptors (FSHR) are present in the bovine uterine tube and ovine uterus, placenta, and cervix.6-8 Besides the reproductive tract, FSHR are present in the skin and adipose tissue, bone and cartilage, thyroid tissue, bladder and urethra, monocytes and endothelial cells within colon, pancreas, kidney, lung, liver, and stomach cancer.9-17 Expression of FSHR is well documented outside of the reproductive tract in other species, but not in sheep. Christensen A, Bentley GE, Cabrera R, et al: Hormonal regulation of female reproduction. Keywords: cells; endothelial; expression; follicle; fshr; hormone; muscle; tissues
• Steps toward the generation of ovarian somatic cells from pluripotent stem cells by Bothun, Alisha ; Woods, Dori (2020) - and it was not until 2012 that functional oocytes capable of maturation, fertilization, and the ability to give rise to live offspring were realized.3 Notably, the protocol that was used to accomplish this feat, as well as a subsequent report by the same group, relied on the innate ability of PSC-derived primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs) to interact with endogenous fetal ovarian tissue, providing the microenvironment and granulosa cells that enabled follicle growth and maturation, and with it oocyte development.3-5 An additional recent report in which functional eggs were generated from induced PSCs (iPSCs) derived from granulosa cells similarly used fetal ovarian tissue.6 Together, these reports highlighted the notion that the fetal ovarian somatic microenvironment is not only nurturing, but likely requisite for the development of functional eggs from PSC sources. Generating large numbers of granulosa cells by this method that are capable of hormone synthesis would require healthy granulosa cells to generate iPSCs, a lengthy and costly endeavor to complete on a per person basis. Keywords: amhr2; cells; differentiation; expression; foxl2; granulosa; pluripotent; stem; stem cells

• Curriculum integration within the context of veterinary education by Cavalieri, John (2010) - There, however, appear to be few reports addressing the topic of holistic curriculum integration within veterinary science education programs although a number of reports detail experiences with elements of integration, for example integration of communication and problem solving skills,8,9 specific disciplines10-12 and technologies.13 The aims of this report are to develop a definition and a holistic model of integration that could apply to veterinary education, as well as to examine some of the advantages and disadvantages of curriculum integration. This illustration conveys the broad educational environment in which an integrated curriculum aims to embed veterinary students. Keywords: curriculum; development; disciplines; education; integration; knowledge; learning; science; skills; students; teaching; veterinary
• Disorders of sexual development: a case of XX sex reversal in a mixed breed dog negative for SRY (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome) gene by Martin, Kelsey ; Parsons, Agata ; Burns, Greg ; Bouma, Gerrit ; Hollinshead, Fiona (2022) - Approximately 90% of XX sex reversal cases occur with bilat- eral ovotestes and the remainder (10%) with bilateral testes. Clinical Theriogenology 2022; 14: 110 Disorders of sexual development: a case of XX sex reversal in a mixed breed dog negative for SRY (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome) gene Kelsey Martin,a Agata Parsons,b Greg Burns,a Gerrit Bouma,b Fiona Hollinsheada aDepartment of Clinical Sciences, bDepartment of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO Abstract An 8-month mixed breed dog (from shelter) was evaluated for its abnormal external genital (enlarged os clitoris protruding exter- nally from the vulva) condition. Keywords: development; dog; figure; gene; pcr; seconds; sex; sry
• Disorders of sexual development: a case of XX sex reversal in a mixed breed dog negative for SRY (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome) gene by Martin, Kelsey ; Parsons, Agata ; Burns, Greg ; Bouma, Gerrit ; Hollinshead, Fiona (2022) - Approximately 90% of XX sex reversal cases occur with bilat- eral ovotestes and the remainder (10%) with bilateral testes. Clinical Theriogenology 2022; 14: 110 Disorders of sexual development: a case of XX sex reversal in a mixed breed dog negative for SRY (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome) gene Kelsey Martin,a Agata Parsons,b Greg Burns,a Gerrit Bouma,b Fiona Hollinsheada aDepartment of Clinical Sciences, bDepartment of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO Abstract An 8-month mixed breed dog (from shelter) was evaluated for its abnormal external genital (enlarged os clitoris protruding exter- nally from the vulva) condition. Keywords: development; dog; figure; gene; pcr; seconds; sex; sry
• Single cell transcriptomics to define germ cell function in livestock by Oatley, Jon M. ; Robbins, Colton ; Ciccarelli, Michela (2021) - Overview of single cell RNA-sequencing workflow: A. Schematic of mRNA collection, cDNA amplification, barcoding and demultiplexing of reads for single cells. Recent emergence of single cell RNA sequencing analysis (transcriptomics) opened a new avenue to explore reproductive biology by defining heterogeneity and crosstalk within complex cell lineages (e.g. male germline). Keywords: cell; development; germ; rna; sequencing; spermatogenesis; stem; testicular
• Embryonic diapause: a unique stage of development by Beachler, Theresa (2024) - Keywords: Embryonic diapause, development, blastocyst, pregnancy Introduction Embryonic diapause, also known as delayed implantation, is a temporary state of arrested development that occurs in some mammals at the blastocyst stage. Embryonic diapause is an evolutionary strategy to delay parturition to ensure the optimal seasonal, nutritional, environmental, and physio- logic conditions occur for both survivability and the rearing of offspring. Keywords: development; diapause; doi; factor; implantation; mice; mink; prolactin
• Effects of bovine ova density and culture supplements on cleavage and blastocyst development rates of in vitro embryos by Looman, Jessica; Rodriguez, Zowie; Waugh, Lyric; Gibbons, John (2024) - Keywords: Single embryo culture, group embryo culture, cleavage, blastocyst Introduction In vitro fertilization (IVF) is an important tool in the cattle industry. At present, there is limited research on reutilization of spent media in the new media for embryo culture. Keywords: blastocyst; bovine; culture; density; development; doi; drop; effect; embryos; experiment; groups; media

• Personalized medicine: the future of veterinary medicine? by Casal, Margret ; Werner, Petra (2019) - Personalized medicine: the future of veterinary medicine? Personalized medicine implies not just treating clinical signs (i.e. reducing blood glucose concentrations to a physiologic range, as in this case), but genetically dissecting cause of disease, considering genomic variability and t developing a more focused treatment. Keywords: disease; medicine
• Infectious diseases in new world camelids by Cebra, Christopher (2014) - Treatment of PI camelids may not be in the herd’s best interest. Early research at Oregon State University suggested that most camelids were exposed, based on antibody titers, but evidence of clinical disease was rare. Keywords: camelids; crias; disease; infection; signs; virus
• Role of genetic testing for diseases of companion animals and genetic counseling in modern veterinary medicine by Meurs, Kathryn (2022) - If the mutant gene exists in 40% of a cat or dog population, a sudden reduction Role of genetic testing for diseases of companion animals and genetic counseling in modern veterinary medicine Kathryn Meurs Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC Abstract Several hundred genetic mutations have now been associated with development of clinical diseases in dogs and cats. Additionally, due to complicated genetic phenomenons noted in many genetic diseases, not all animals that have the muta- tion will develop a clinical form of the disease. Keywords: animals; disease

• Induction of parturition in swine* by Smith, Craig A. (2010) - Furthermore, the addition of dexamethasone to PGF2a-induced farrowing does not suggest a beneficial role for the use of corticosteroids in farrowing induction.11 Development of new compounds and regimens The increased use of drugs for parturition induction and synchronous farrowing will depend in large part on governmental approval of compounds. Conclusions The routine use of parturition induction is a valuable tool in modern swine production. Keywords: farrowing; induction; oxytocin; parturition; prostaglandin; swine; use

• Assessment of fertility in male cats through cytologic evaluation of testicular aspirates by Cordero Aponte, Camille ; Horvath, Stephen ; Pontius, David ; Garabed, Rebecca ; Premanandan, Christopher (2018) - It has been proven that testicular fine needle aspiration (FNA) serve as a tool for evaluation of fertility in reproductive settings.1 Compared to testicular biopsies, FNA has been proven to be a less invasive, quicker, and easier approach to obtaining valuable information regarding fertility in multiple species, including dogs, bulls and stallions.1-3 In dogs, in particular, the use of testicular fine needle aspiration and cytology has a role in analyzing canine fertility.1 In this study, testicles were collected after orchiectomy from fifty cats ranging from six months to six years of age. Cytological identification and quantification of testicular cell types using fine needle aspiration in horses. Keywords: group; testicular
• Preservation, Handling, And Common Artifacts Of The Endometrial And Testicular Biopsy by Premanandan, Christopher; Runcan, Erin; Coutinho Da Silva, Marco (2017) - Equine and canine endometrial biopsies and canine testicular biopsies are the most common tissue submitted for evaluation to The Ohio State University Theriogenology and Veterinary Reproductive Pathology Service. This review will cover the ideal methods of tissue fixation and preservation and will focus on the common artifacts, idiosyncracies and difficulties unique to the interpretation of endometrial biopsies and testicular biopsies. Keywords: biopsies; biopsy; bouin; davidson; evaluation; fixation; fixative; nbf; testicular; theriogenology; tissue
• Unilateral scrotal enlargement and cryptorchidism in two boars by Schwartz, Dane; Stockler, Jenna; Saucedo, Miguel ; Huertas, Oscar; Cole, Robert; Passler, Thomas; Waters, Katelyn ; Stockler, Ricardo; Michael, Alyona (2025) - Purdue MP, Rhee J, Denic-Roberts H, et al: A nested case–con- trol study of serum per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and testicular germ cell tumors among U.S. air force servicemen. Ausejo R, Falceto MV, Mitjana O, Garrido AM, Badiola JJ, Moreno B: Testicular tumors in commercial boars with infertility: A gross, histologic, and immunohistochemical study. Keywords: boars; cell; doi; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v17.12245; neoplasia; testicular; testis
• Avian reproductive tract diseases and surgical resolutions by Echols, Scott ; Speer, Brian (2022) - This manuscript focuses on recognition and treatment (emphasizing surgical management) of avian reproductive tract diseases. Egg binding and dystocia Egg binding, dystocia and other reproductive tract diseases (e.g. egg yolk peritonitis and cystic ovary) are common prob- lems in pet bird medicine. Keywords: artery; birds; blood; caudal; cavities; cranial; diseases; egg; lateral; left; ovariectomy; ovary; oviduct; result; right; species; surgery; testicular; testis; tissue; tract

• Incidence Of Post-Surgical Complications Of Ovariohysterectomy And Orchiectomy In Field Conditions by Baltodano, Laura A.; Memon, Mushtaq A.; King, Cathy (2013) - INCIDENCE OF POST-SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS OF OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY AND ORCHIECTOMY IN FIELD CONDITIONS Incidence of post-surgical complications of ovariohysterectomy and orchiectomy in field conditions Laura A. Baltodano,a Mushtaq A. Memon,a Cathy Kingb aDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA; bWorld Vets, Fargo, ND Abstract The objective of the current study was to determine the incidence of post-surgical complications arising from ovariohysterectomy and orchiectomy surgery in Nicaragua under clean field conditions. Keywords: animals; cat; dog; hrs; number; post; surgery
• Hermaphroditism in a Miniature Schnauzer by Haller, John M. ; Smith, Jack D. ; Fabiani, Michelle H. (2014) - Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS) is a syndrome in which these derivatives do not regress in individuals having normal male chromosomal composition (XY karyotype) and bilateral testicles.2 Several cases and case series involving PMDS in Miniature Schnauzers have been reported.2-8 A case of persistent mullerian duct syndrome with sertoli cell tumor and hydrometra in a dog. Keywords: dog; duct; hermaphroditism; mass; miniature; schnauzer; sertoli; syndrome
• Unilateral epididymitis associated with salmonella bacteremia in a dog by Pérez, Cristina ; Whitacre, Michael D. ; Thakur, Siddhartha ; Keelara, Shivaramu ; Fauls, Megan ; Breitschwerdt, Edward B. (2012) - In humans, involvement of the genito-urinary tract is also rare, but can occur as a complication of enteric salmonellosis, or in association with congenital urogenital abnormalities, malignancy or immune suppression.6-8 In a review of more than 700 cases of human extra-intestinal infections caused by Salmonella spp., Cohen et al found only 12 cases (1.4%) of orchitis and epididymitis.6 In dogs, clinical salmonellosis is rare compared to the prevalence of subclinical intestinal infection, as Salmonella spp. have been isolated from the feces of up to 36% of healthy dogs.5 Ingestion of contaminated food, water or fomites are the most common sources of Salmonella.5 Raw and improperly cooked cat or dog food products prepared from contaminated meat and meat by-products have a higher prevalence of bacterial contamination than heat-processed foods. Salmonella spp is a gram negative organism that can cause a variety of extra-gastrointestinal signs in dogs, including epididymitis. Keywords: culture; dog; epididymitis; infection; number; salmonella; theriogenology; volume

• Managing the problem beef embryo donor by shull, J.W. (2009) - These 98 are not true problems but normal occurrences in the cow’s life. The average number of viable embryos recovered per collection from stimulated beef 31 donors as reported by the American Embryo Transfer Association (AETA) in 2007 was 32 6.52.1 In 2006 embryo production was 6.501 and review of the past averages reveals there 33 have not been appreciable changes since the reporting began. Keywords: donor; embryo; owner; practitioner; problem; production
• Programming of development during embryonic and fetal life in cattle and its consequences for subsequent production: Introduction – capacity for health and productive function begins to form in utero by Hansen, Peter J. (2018) - In mice, the specific culture system used to produce embryos can affect the nature of developmental programming (Fernández-Gonzalez et al., 2004; Donjacour et al. 2014; Rexhaj et al., 2015) and effects observed by Siqueira et al. (2017) might not be observed with other IVP systems. Not surprisingly, then, the IVP embryo differs from the embryo produced in vivo in terms of morphology, gene expression, cryotolerance and competence to establish pregnancy (see review by Hansen, 2015 and recent data on competence to establish pregnancy by Ferraz et al., 2016). Keywords: birth; dams; embryo; growth; heifers; ivp; programming; protein

• A case of impaired fertility in a Large White boar with sex chromosome chimerism by Paredes, Joaquin; Lambert, Lauren; Czochara, Lukasz; Charagu, Patrick; Griffin, Darren; Magee, Megan; Favetta, Laura; King, Allan; Villagomez, Daniel (2024) - We report a case study involving a Large White boar with sex chromosome chimerism (2n = 38, XX/XY) identified by conventional karyotyping and fluorescence in-situ hybridization. Progeny of this boar was evaluated; there was reduction (p < 0.001) in litter size demonstrating the potential impact of sex chromosome chimerism on herd productivity in pigs. Keywords: boar; chimerism; chromosome; doi; fertility; litter

• Squamous cell carcinoma and papilloma virus in the prepuce of a Boer buck by Grimmer, E.D.; Canisso, I.F.; Hsiao, S.H.; Garrett, E.F. (2017) - Photographs of a 4.5-year-old Boer buck presented with preputial squamous cell carcinoma. Ruslander D, Kaser-Hotz B, Sardinas, JC: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in cats. Keywords: buck; carcinoma; cell; infection; prepuce; preputial; scc
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma Of The Vulva And Perineum In A Katahdin Ewe by Klabnik-Bradford, Jessica; Guynn, Sierra R.; Clark-Deener, Sherrie; Saunders, Geoffrey (2017) - Keywords: Squamous cell carcinoma, vulva, perineum, ewe Background In sheep, squamous cell carcinoma is an uncommon lesion typically found on the ears and muzzle, but is well documented on the vuvla, perineum, and tail. 2017: Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva and perineum in a Katahdin ewe   Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva and perineum in a Katahdin ewe Jessica Klabnik-Bradford,a* Sierra R. Guynn,a Sherrie Clark-Deener,a Geoffrey Saundersb aDepartment of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; and bDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Keywords: carcinoma; cell; ewe; lesion; perineum; sheep
• Seeking stem cell efficacy – immunogenicity matters! by Watts, Ashlee (2023) - TX Abstract Despite hundreds of publications and registered clinical trials, definitive evidence of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) efficacy does not exist. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a regenerative therapy used to mitigate chronic pain and slow the progression of osteoarthritis. Keywords: cell; efficacy; fbs; mesenchymal; mscs; stem

• Ruminations from the back 40 by Johnson, Walter (2018) - /SVE /TUR /UKR /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. 2018: THE 2018 BARTLETT ADDRESS: RUMINATIONS FROM THE BACK 40 The 2018 Bartlett Address Ruminations from the back 40 Walter Johnson Professor (retired), Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada Keywords: college; experience; faculty; graduate; ovc; program; theriogenology; veterinary

• Diagnosis and management of cystic endometrial hyperplasia in a potbellied pig by Strachota, Julie ; Jacobs, Carrie ; Agnew, Dalen ; Roberts, Jennifer (2019) - The incidence of uterine pathology in potbellied pigs is high because these animals are long lived and often nulliparous pets. Keywords: Cystic endometrial hyperplasia, potbellied pig, reproduction, uterus 487 Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 11, Number 3 • September 2019 488Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 11, Number 3 • September 2019 OMNIBLANK: Keywords: tissue
• Adrenal rest tissue in domestic cats: a case series by Root Kustritz, Margaret V. ; Brazzell, Jennifer L. ; Culbertson, Kim (2016) - Ovarian cortical tissue readily revascularizes in the abdomen and it has been suggested that because the feline ovary is not in a bursa, cortical cells are more easily knocked away or caught in a clamp and left behind.8,15 Ovarian remnant syndrome is not associated with difficulty of the surgery, experience of the veterinarian, or age or breed of the cat.4 Use of a left flank approach for OHE has been hypothesized as a cause of retention of ovarian tissue at the right pedicle.16 Surgeon error is a reported cause.5 Removal of adrenal rest tissue in these cats was not associated with increased surgical time or increased complications of surgery. Adrenal rest tissue in domestic cats: a case series Adrenal rest tissue in domestic cats: a case series Margaret V. Root Kustritz, Jennifer L. Brazzell, Kim Culbertson College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN Summary Paraovarian masses were identified in cats presented to a high-quality, high-volume spay and neuter clinic. Keywords: cats; masses; remnant; rest; syndrome; tissue
• Uterine rupture with connection to an ectopic fetus in a doe by Whitler, William ; Scully, Clare ; Estill, Charles (2019) - 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> /DEU /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. /ETI /FRA /GRE /HEB /HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke. Keywords: adobe; doe; fetus; mass; tissue; wall
• Pregnancy and perinatal losses: general concepts by Premanandan, Christopher (2022) - However, the owner, clinician and diagnostician should consider the value of negative findings in any abortion investigation in light of the clinical circumstances, condition of fetal tissues, diagnostic tests performed, and the gross and histologic findings. Infectious disease is often of primary concern in the evaluation of fetal tissues and fetal membranes and perinatal losses. Keywords: abortion; cases; collection; culture; examination; loss; pcr; postmortem; species; testing; tissue

• Diagnosis Of Canine And Feline Neonatal Death: A Retrospective Study Of 107 Cases (2000-2010) by Young, Chaley N.; Haldorson, Gary; Memon, Mushtaq A. (2015) - The information gained from the study gives insight on the most common causes of neonatal deaths and facilitates the understanding of how to prevent neonatal deaths in small animal populations. Fading puppy or kitten syndrome is a name given to describe a combination of several clinical signs, which can lead to neonatal deaths but is not specific for one disease entity.4 In this study, necropsy records of canine and feline neonates age 0 to 7 days submitted to WADDL over a ten year period between 2000 and 2010 were reviewed. Keywords: aspiration; cause; death; diagnosis; neonate; pneumonia; study
• Reproductive challenges in pet birds and reptiles by Sladky, Kurt K. (2018) - Common reproductive disorders: diagnosis and management Males and females Cloacal prolapse and flaccid cloaca are among the most common clinical conditions in pet birds, particularly cockatoo species due to excessive reproductive behavior. 4. Di Girolamo N, Selleri P: Reproductive disorders in snakes. Keywords: behavior; birds; diagnosis; egg; eggs; female; imaging; management; phallus; reptiles; species

• Atrophy of a bull testis resulting from hypertrophy of a scrotal lymph node by Schumacher, O. J. ; Klabnik-Bradford, J.L. ; Mulon, P.Y. ; Prado, T.M. (2018) - Diagnostic approach and treatment A 2 year-old Angus bull was presented because of abnormal scrotal shape first noted 4 months previously. Keywords: Bull, testis, lymph node References 1. Ribeiro MG, Risseti RM, Bolaños CAD, et al: Trueperella pyogenes multispecies infections in domestic animals: a retrospective study of 144 cases (2002 to 2012). Keywords: bull; testis
• A case of testicular torsion in an intact Cane Corso by Whitfill, Nichole ; Johnson, Aime ; Wilborn, Robyn ; Greer, Marty (2019) - Testicular torsions of scrotal testes are less common.1 Regardless of origin, rotation of testis compromises venous return and leads to interstitial hemorrhage, local ischemia, testicular infarction, and eventual necrosis of the gonad.2 Clinical signs of testicular torsion can include lethargy, stiffness or lameness of the hind limbs, pyrexia, pain, enlarged testis, and visible scrotal swelling.2,3 Ultrasonography with Doppler is useful in diagnosing testicular torsion via identification of compromised blood flow to affected testis.1-3 Client expressed no interest in preserving the patient’s breeding capacity and a bilateral orchiectomy was performed. A case of testicular torsion in an intact Cane Corso A case of testicular torsion in an intact Cane Corso Nichole Whitfill, Aime Johnson, Robyn Wilborn, Marty Greera College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL aVeterinary Village, Lomira, WI A 1.5 year old intact male Cane Corso presented with bilateral hind limb lameness of 3 days duration and scrotal swelling of 1.5 days duration. Keywords: testis; torsion
• Laparoscopic-assisted cryptorchidectomy in South American camelids and Nigerian dwarf goats by Schwartz, Dane; Waqas, Muhammad-Salman ; Arroyo, Eduardo ; Ruiz, Agustin; Tibary, Ahmed (2023) - Material and methods Records of South American camelids (14 alpacas and 2 lla- mas) and Nigerian dwarf goats (n = 18) that presented for cryptorchidectomy to the Comparative Theriogenology ser- vice at Washington State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital were included in this retrospective study. Conclusion Laparoscopic-assisted cryptorchidectomy is a safe, quick, and effective method for cryptorchidectomy in South American camelids and Nigerian dwarf goats. Keywords: camelids; cases; cryptorchidectomy; cryptorchidism; goats; incision; testis
• Common swine field reproductive surgeries by Ciccarelli, Michela; Catone, Giuseppe ; Vullo, Cecilia (2023) - Fan X, Liu Y, Yue M, et al: Effect of cryptorchidism on the histomorphometry, proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy in boar testes. Ultrasonographic images of pig cryptorchid testes. Keywords: anesthesia; animals; castration; cord; figure; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v15.9645; incision; pigs; skin; swine; testis

• Atypical spontaneous lymphoma affecting the testicles and nasal cavity of a one-year-old bull by Koziol, Jennifer H. ; Martinez Romero, Esther G. ; Koehler, Jennifer W. ; Wolfe, Dwight F. ; Maxwell, Herris S. (2016) - Nonetheless, this case highlights the importance of adding neoplasia due to enzootic bovine lymphoma or sporadic bovine lymphoma to differential lists when examining bulls for scrotal enlargement. Histopathological examination of sections supported a diagnosis of sporadic multicentric bovine lymphoma. Keywords: bovine; form; leukosis; lymphoma; nasal

• Theriogenologist of the year by Hopper, Richard (2016) - Working only 45-50 hours a week at Mississippi State, in addition to allowing more family time, also allowed me the time to prepare to sit our boards through the alternate route. I had a horse, bird dogs and at different times dabbled in cattle, hog raising ventures. Keywords: mississippi; practice; state; theriogenology; time; years
• Ex utero intrapartum correction of omphalocele in an English bulldog fetus by Von Dollen, Karen A. ; Scharf, Valery F. ; Posner, Lysa P. ; Luckring, Emilee J. ; Oda, Ayako ; Hedgepeth, Shelby ; Ellis, Katelyn E. ; Beachler, Theresa M. ; Bailey, C. Scott ; Lyle, Sara K. (2019) - Keywords: Abdominal wall defect, omphalocele, prenatal ultrasonography, neonatal surgery Introduction Prenatal diagnosis of abdominal wall defects is common in human medicine, with potential to identify defects as early as 12 weeks of gestation.1 Figure 1 (A-D): Transverse ultrasound images of fetal abdominal wall defect obtained during C-section staging. Keywords: anesthesia; bitch; correction; dam; defect; figure; neonate; omphalocele; repair; section; time; wall
• 2015 Theriogenologist of the year by Gilbert, R.O. (2016) - The backbone of our great profession consists of the men and women who take care of animals and their owners every day, in the front lines of veterinary practice. Many routine practices lack evidence that they are efficacious, even some that are very common. Keywords: knowledge; people; practice; species; theriogenology; time

• Effect Of Increasing Student Engagement On Multiple-Choice Test Scores In The Theriogenology Diagnostics Course by Root Kustritz, Margaret V. (2013) - The instructor then compiled an example of that completed take-home assignment with some correct and some incorrect responses, with the incorrect responses those most commonly seen on student assignments, and all students were required to “grade” that second assignment, with the instructor assessing their effort as pass or fail. The study design did not permit identification of which aspects of the assignments were most beneficial in increasing student test scores. Keywords: assignment; group; learning; students; test
• Determination Of Core Content Throughout The Curriculum by Danielson, Jared (2011) - A test could be designed and administered to theriogenology students at multiple schools at similar points of the curriculum, or identical clinical assessments could be implemented in clinical rotations. First, we assume that there is a definable set of important theriogenology knowledge and skills relevant to the general practitioner, and not specific to a specialty. Keywords: analysis; core; knowledge; learning; skills; students; task; theriogenology
• Alternative assessment tools by Root Kustritz, Margaret V. (2010) - Students are offered diagnostic test results or other information and asked whether those results make the hypothesis more or less likely (Figure 2).17- 19 In human medicine, script concordance testing results have been shown to correlate well with performance on clinics and with board examination testing when used with medical students, residents, and practicing physicians.20,21 It is recommended that students be permitted to explain the rationale behind their answer. Students may benefit from use of the assessment technique in a formative manner before it is used for summative assessment, to make it clear to the instructor how well students understand the testing technique and to help the students understand how the questions will be scored. Keywords: assessment; choice; learning; level; mcqs; questions; students
• Use of abstract reflection to enhance student learning from theriogenology practical classes by Gunn, Allan ; Harper, John ; Condon, Jason (2023) - The hope from this reflective experience was not only to increase the value of laboratory sessions to student learning, but to set the stage for professional lifelong learning. Practical sessions throughout the curriculum are considered vital aspects of pro- fessional training and consume large amounts of time, space, and human resources and are not without risks to human and animal health. Keywords: learning; process; professional; reflection; sessions; students; teaching
• Comparison of accuracy of machine-generated or human-generated captions of Zoom live lectures in a comparative theriogenology course by Root Kustritz, Margaret ; Rupprecht, Ryan ; Zhitnitskiy, Perle (2023) - Lecture capture systems vary from simple cameras on a tripod with a microphone to pick up the speaker’s voice; to a webcam and computer microphone to capture lectures in a digital conference system; to extensive systems that capture audio, a video following the speaker as they move or demon- strate things, and the visual displayed through the lecture hall projector. However, speakers can improve student engagement and decrease cognitive load by watching how quickly they speak, by practicing their speech to minimize the number of filler words used, and to encourage students to use caption transcripts when reviewing captured lectures. Keywords: captioning; captions; doi; errors; human; learning; lectures; number; students; study; system

• Effect of attitudes toward study, study behaviors, and use of study aids on successful completion of the certifying examination of the American College of Theriogenologists by Root Kustritz, Margaret V. (2010) - Study attitudes varied slightly between successful and unsuccessful candidates, with successful candidates more likely to strive for perfection on all tasks and unsuccessful candidates more likely to view completion of the examination necessary for future success. Successful candidates exhibited more self-directed study behaviors and to a greater extent than did unsuccessful candidates. Keywords: candidates; examination; self; study; value
• How to perform neurological examination in a neonatal foal by Aleman, Monica (2022) - Normal neonatal foal is bright alert, curious and responds to environment, bonds with mare, draws closer to mare, seeks ud- der, nurses, and sleeps. However, as preco- cious species, neonatal foals must rapidly transition to extra- uterine life.1 Neonatal foals are able to stand and nurse in a rel- atively short interval after birth compared to predator species. Keywords: examination; foals; reflex; response; stimuli

• Urogenital surgery in camelids by Tibary, Ahmed ; Campbell, Alexis ; Rodriguez, Jacobo ; Patino, Cristian (2020) - However, these complications are minimal when the surgery is performed early in dystocia.7-9 The most common complications seen in camel cesarean sections, performed by the authors in the field, were incisional infections (myasis) and herniation. Al-Sobayil FA, Ahmed AF: Surgery of the injured dulla in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Keywords: alpacas; anesthesia; approach; camelids; camels; cesarean; figure; incision; laparoscopic; llamas; number; ovary; prolapse; section; surgery; suture; theriogenology; tibary; volume

• Management Of The Pregnant Doe: General Caprine Health by Pugh, D.G. (2013) - Although a major concern in production animals, this can be quiet devastating for pet animal owners. Pregnant animals should be vaccinated 30 days before kidding. Keywords: animals; deworming; goats; parasite; pasture

• A preliminary study comparing pregnancy rates and live foal rates using individually sheathed or nonsheathed insemination pipettes by McNaughten, Justin ; Wallace, Ross (2019) - A preliminary study comparing pregnancy rates and live foal rates using individually sheathed or nonsheathed insemination pipettes A preliminary study comparing pregnancy rates and live foal rates using individually sheathed or nonsheathed insemination pipettes Justin McNaughten,a Ross Wallaceb aRhinebeck Equine L.L.P, Rhinebeck, NY bMurray Objective was to investigate if the amount of plastic waste generated during the artificial insemination of mares could be decreased without negatively affecting pregnancy rate. Keywords: rates
• Tauroursodeoxycholic acid supplementation improves bovine in vitro fertilization rates by Lee, Y.L. ; Kennedy, E.K. ; Chung, Y.J. ; Graham, J.E. ; Roberson, M.S. ; Cheong, S.H. (2018) - Embryos were evaluated on days 3, 7 and 10 after fertilization to determine cleavage, blastocyst, and hatched blastocyst rates, respectively. The effects of treatment on cleavage, blastocysts and hatched blastocyst rates were determined using a mixed-model ANOVA (PROC GLIMMIX) of SAS version 9.4. Keywords: group; rates

• Perineal Laceration Following Obstructive Dystocia In A Bitch by Dockweiler, Jenna C.; Cheong, Soon Hon; Gilbert, Robert O. (2017) - Perineal laceration following obstructive dystocia in a bitch   Perineal laceration following obstructive dystocia in a bitch Jenna C. Dockweiler, Soon Hon Cheong, Robert O. Gilbert* Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Summary A three-year-old longhaired Whippet was presented after whelping for evaluation of vaginal hemorrhage. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of perineal laceration and the first description of its repair in a bitch. Keywords: bitch; degree; dystocia; laceration; perineal

• Reproductive remnants, mammary sequelae, and renal agenesis in a domestic short hair cat by Kelleman, Audrey (2019) - Ipsilateral presence of an ovary, but with renal agenesis, has previously been reported in cats with discovery of uterine anatomic anomalies at laparotomy, e.g. segmental aplasia or hypoplasia.1 Identification and removal of the ovary is important in these cases, so that ovarian remnant syndrome does not occur. McIntyre RL, Levy JK, Roberts JF, et al: Developmental uterine anomalies in cats and dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Keywords: cat; ovary

• Factors associated with bulls not classified as satisfactory potential breeders by Conkey, Nancy ; Okafor, Chika ; Strickland, Lew ; Whitlock, Brian (2019) - So far, this study has demonstrated the possible human bias of the examining veterinarian on the outcome of bull BSE. If consistent in the multivariable analysis, this shows that bull BSE should be performed by veterinarians with training in theriogenology. Keywords: bse; bull
• A case of polioencephalomalacia in a breeding bull by Pelletier, Madelyn ; Wenzel, James ; Edmondson, M ; Rush, J ; Stockler, J ; Passler, Thomas ; Gard, Julie (2019) - Inciting factors responsible for polioencephalomalacia can result in severe clinical disease involving neurological and reproductive systems. A case of polioencephalomalacia in a breeding bull A case of polioencephalomalacia in a breeding bull Madelyn Pelletier, James Wenzel, M Edmondson, J Rush, J Stockler, Thomas Passler, Julie Gard College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL A 16 month old Angus bull was presented with a history of being off feed. Keywords: bull
• Diagnosis of penile denervation in the bull: a review by Waters, Katelyn; Hopper, Richard; Douglas, Jamie M. (2023) - http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9643 https://clinicaltheriogenology.net/index.php/CT/article/view/9643/15537 Citation line: Clinical Theriogenology 2023, 15, 9643, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9643 3 been properly stimulated to cause protrusion and erection, an artificial vagina may be placed over the penis.2 Normal bulls ejaculate soon after the placement of the artificial vagina. Keywords: Bull, penile, denervation, nerve, conduction, velocity Introduction Keywords: bull; dorsal; mating; nerve; penile; penis; test
• Review of surgical procedures for creating bovine estrus detector males by Armstrong, Chance L. (2023) - Citation line: Clinical Theriogenology 2023, 15, 9644, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9644 Review Report Review of surgical procedures for creating bovine estrus detector males Chance L. Armstrong Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA Abstract This article reviews the most common, effective, and currently recommended surgical techniques for preparing teaser bulls that maintain libido. Keywords: Estrus detector males, teaser bulls, gomer, sidewinder Introduction Estrus detection plays a vital role in the success of any artificial insemination program. Keywords: bull; flank; incision; penis; prevent; procedure; skin

• Next generation DNA sequencing, culture and cytology results in 29 mares with suspected endometritis by Schnobrich, M.R. ; Bradecamp, E.A. ; Scoggin, C.F. (2018) - Interestingly only 6.8% (2/9) of NGS samples identified beta-hemolytic Streptococcus, and of these only 50% (1/2) were also isolated with culture. Keywords: Endometritis, equine, next generation sequencing Reference 1. Riddle WT, LeBlanc MM, Stromberg AJ: Relationships between uterine culture, cytology and pregnancy rates in a Thoroughbred practice. Keywords: culture; ngs

• Influence of delivery method on neonatal canine viability parameters by Beall, B.B.; Casal, M.L. (2009) - false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false /IncludeProfiles true /MarksOffset The aim of this study was to develop a database on neonatal puppies delivered via vaginal delivery, elective cesarean section, and emergency cesarean section and correlate the values with subjective assessment of viability. Keywords: cesarean; group; puppies

• Position statement on the use of megestrol acetate for population control in feral cats by and the American College of Theriogenologists, Boards of Directors of the Society for Theriogenology (2010) - Position statement on the use of megestrol acetate for population control in feral cats Position statement on the use of megestrol acetate for population control in feral cats Boards of Directors of the Society for Theriogenology and the American College of Theriogenologists Montgomery, AL The Diplomates of the American College of Theriogenologists (ACT) and members of the Society for Theriogenology (SFT) support population control of feral cats, but do not endorse the use of synthetic progestogens for contraception in feral cat colonies. Inadvertent administration to pregnant female cats may induce teratogenic changes in developing fetuses, and may prevent onset of normal labor. Keywords: cats
• Congenital peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia in a family of Persian cats by Margolis, Carol A. ; Zakosek Pipan, Maja ; Casal, Margret L. (2018) - Other reports described Weimaraner dogs and longhaired cat breeds as being overrepresented suggesting an inherited trait and over 63% of affected cats were males. However, a published report of 58 cases of PPDH revealed that about half of affected dogs and about a quarter of affected cats also had umbilical hernias, abdominal wall hernias, or sternal defects, suggesting that omphalocele is associated with PPDH. Keywords: cats; ppdh

• Fetal Loss In Goats by Pugh, D.G. (2013) - Malnutrition (energy/protein/vitamin/mineral deficiencies, excesses, or inappropriate nutrient ratios) can in some instances result in fetal wastage. Does infected prior to breeding usually do not abort, while those infected between one and three months of gestation undergo fetal wastage or mummification. Keywords: abortion; goats; infected; loss; placenta; wastage

• Genetic improvement of feed efficiency by Weaber, Bob (2014) - Genetic improvement of feed efficiency Genetic improvement of feed efficiency Bob Weaber Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS Improvement of the economic position of the farm or ranch is an ongoing process for many commercial cow-calf producers. So, why is improvement in feed efficiency important and why does the beef industry focus on it? Keywords: cow; efficiency; feed; heterosis; production; selection; traits

• Paraphimosis and partial phallectomy in a French Bulldog by Sanders, C.E. ; Barstow, C. ; Johnson, A.K. ; Wilborn, R.R. (2018) - This case demonstrates how canine paraphimosis is considered as an emergency condition to prevent severe necrotic damage to the penis requiring surgical correction. 2018: PARAPHIMOSIS AND PARTIAL PHALLECTOMY IN A FRENCH BULLDOG Paraphimosis and partial phallectomy in a French Bulldog College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University. Keywords: paraphimosis; penis
• Nerve dysfunction in the penis of an Angus bull by Pelletier, M. ; Edmondson, M. ; Gard, J. (2018) - A nerve stimulation test to evaluate nerve function in the penis determined no sensation to be present in the glans penis. The stimuli in the glans penis are conducted over the dorsal nerves of the penis to the pudendal nerves, which connect to the spinal cord and transfer stimulation to the brain. Keywords: penis
• Removal of an ovarian mass from the pelvic cavity in a Guernsey cow by Reeves, A.M. ; Klabnik-Bradford, J.L. ; Mulon, P.Y. ; Schumacher, J. ; Prado, T.M. (2018) - A nerve stimulation test to evaluate nerve function in the penis determined no sensation to be present in the glans penis. The stimuli in the glans penis are conducted over the dorsal nerves of the penis to the pudendal nerves, which connect to the spinal cord and transfer stimulation to the brain. Keywords: penis

• Hemorrhagic anovulatory follicle in a tropical jenny by Hughes, E. ; Ambrosia, R. ; Gilbert, R.O. ; French, H. (2018) - Background There are no reports of hemorrhagic anovulatory follicle (HAF) development in tropical jennies and it is believed that this is the first documented case. Graph of progesterone concentrations by estrous cycle. Keywords: cycle; follicle; haf; jenny

• Genomic tools: genetic testing for genetic defects in various breeds by Weaber, Bob (2014) - The fact that the normal animals and heterozygotes are indistinguishable makes phenotypic selection to eliminate defect carriers ineffective. Genomic tools: genetic testing for genetic defects in various breeds Genomic tools: genetic testing for genetic defects in various breeds Bob Weaber Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS Over the last several years the beef seedstock sector has had to deal with a number of recessive genetic defects. Keywords: carriers; dna; test
• A crash course in veterinary microbiomics by Lyman, Candace (2019) - 16S rRNA vs 16S rDNA: rDNA, or “ribosomal DNA”: DNA sequence that codes for ribosomal RNA. PCR 16S rDNA sequencing process: Isolation of an unknown bacteria, bacterial DNA extraction, amplification of the 16S rRNA gene (i.e. PCR), sequencing of a portion of the 16S rRNA gene, comparison of sequenced gene with previously logged database sequences to identify a match (and therefore, bacterial identity). Keywords: 16s; dna; information

• Vaginal lipoma with cervicovaginal and rectal prolapse in a cow by Prado, Eduardo; Prado, Tulio; Whitt, Elizabeth; Bradley, Alison; Mulon, Pierre-Yves (2024) - Rectal prolapse was resolved; however, vaginal mass prevented reduction of vaginal prolapse. Next day, vaginal mass was resected that made vaginal prolapse reduction and vulval closure (Bühner stich) possible. Keywords: cow; lipoma; mass; prolapse; vaginal
• Non-surgical management of vaginal prolapse in a late gestation alpaca (Lamos pacos) by McNaughten, Justin W. ; Pozor, Malgorzata A. ; Mallicote, Martha F. ; Stieler, Amy L. ; Kelleman, Audrey A. ; Macpherson, Margo L. (2014) - Non-surgical management of vaginal prolapse in a late gestation alpaca (Lamos pacos) Non-surgical management of vaginal prolapse in a late gestation alpaca (Lamos pacos) Keywords: Camelid, reproductive emergency, fetal assessment, ultrasound, vagina Background Vaginal prolapse is a condition that may affect lamoids in late gestation, similar to the condition in cattle and sheep.1,2 There are multiple theories regarding the etiology of vaginal prolapse in camelids, but the accepted predisposing factors include age, parity, and obesity.1 While early recognition and treatment usually carries a good prognosis for the dam and fetus, it is speculated that the condition may reoccur during subsequent pregnancies and that there may be a genetic component. Keywords: alpaca; device; hembra; prolapse; retention; vaginal

• Cesarean section in camelids: indications, technique, survival, and postoperative fertility by Waqas, Muhammad-Salman ; Campbell, Alexis; Arroyo, Eduardo ; Bott, Isaac; Anouassi, Abdelhak ; Tibary, Ahmed (2023) - Herniation and incisional infection due to myasis are espe- cially common in camel cesarean sections performed in the field conditions.7 Overall dam survival rate was 91.38% (n = 106) and was simi- lar for SAC (90.6%; n = 29) and camels (91.7%; n = 77). Conclusion This retrospective study demonstrates that survival of the dam and neonate is excellent following cesarean section if inter- vention is early. Keywords: camelids; camels; cases; cesarean; dystocia; sac; section; survival

• Retrospective review of dystocia in South American camelids by Nussbaum, Julianne; Malla, Grace; Griffin, Caroline; Templeton, Sarah; Lear, Andrea; Prado, Eduardo; Prado, Tulio; Smith, Joe (2025) - http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v17.12629 Citation: Clinical Theriogenology 2025, 17, 12629, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v17.12629 5 Conclusion Effective case management of SACs dystocia requires swift action, appropriate knowledge of species anatomy and physiology, and species-specific approaches; when these practices are put into place, a favorable outcome is likely. The sooner a cesarian surgery is performed (recommended max- imum 20-minutes of fetal vaginal manipulation), the fewer complications and better tissue viability.11 Cria survival was not affected by delivery method, with 67% (6/9) of cria delivered via cesarian survived to discharge in this case review. Keywords: alpacas; cesarian; cria; dam; delivery; doi; dystocia; llamas; sacs

• David E. Bartlett award for lifetime achievement in theriogenology by Blanchard, Terry (2023) - David E. Bartlett award for lifetime achievement in theriogenology The 2020 Bartlett address Terry Blanchard Professor Emeritus, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University, College Station, TX I wish to thank the American College of Theriogenologists, Society for Theriogenology, and Theriogenology Foundation for bestowing this award on me. This was the beginning of a long and storied career shared with Dickson. Keywords: college; theriogenology

• Dystocia because of uterine torsion complicated by perosomus elumbis in a stillborn Angus calf resulting from a consanguineous mating by Thompson, Riley E. ; Lawton, Sam ; Petersen, Jessica L. ; Helms, Alyssa B. ; Watson, Allison ; Sula, Mee-Ja ; Steffen, David ; Whitlock, Brian K. (2018) - BECAUSE OF UTERINE TORSION COMPLICATED BY PEROSOMUS ELUMBISIN A STILLBORN ANGUS CALF RESULTING FROM A CONSANGUINEOUS MATING Dystocia because of uterine torsion complicated by perosomus elumbis in a stillborn Angus calf resulting from a consanguineous mating Riley E. Thompson,a Sam Lawton,a Jessica L. Petersen,c Alyssa B. Helms,a Allison Watson,b Mee-Ja Sula,b David Steffen,c Brian K. Whitlocka aDepartment of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, and bDepartment of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; cUniversity of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, NE A six-year-old female multiparous Angus cow (~ 700 kg BW; five parities) was presented on emergency for dystocia. Keywords: Perosomus elumbis, Angus, calf, congenital abnormality, consanguineous mating Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 10, Number 3 • September 2018331 Keywords: calf; cow
• A molar pregnancy in a Hereford donor cow by Merritt, Lauren ; Wenzel, James ; Rush, Jessica ; Cofield, Lawrence ; Waqas, Salman ; Stockler, Jenna ; Gard, Julie (2019) - Keywords: Cystic ovaries, molar pregnancy, ultrasonography 533 Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 11, Number 3 • September 2019 534Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 11, Number 3 • September 2019 OMNIBLANK: Molar pregnancies are rare and characterized by abnormal growth of trophoblastic cells leading to formation of intrauterine cystic masses. Keywords: cervix; cow

• Acupuncture increases matrix metalloproteinase activity in bovine caruncles after calving by Hiebel, Katrina ; Menino, Alfred ; Kutzler, Michelle (2018) - If MMP activity is absent or diminished placental retention can result due to lack of collagenase activity.1 Acupuncture has been used as a treatment for other reproductive disorders in dairy cattle including delayed uterine involution, repeat breeding, and uterine infections.2 The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of acupuncture in dairy cows on caruncular MMP activity at 0, 2, and 4 hours after calving. 2018: ACUPUNCTURE INCREASES MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE ACTIVITY IN BOVINE CARUNCLES AFTER CALVING Acupuncture increases matrix metalloproteinase activity in bovine caruncles after calving Katrina Hiebel,a Alfred Menino,b Michelle Kutzlerb aDepartment of Integrated Science and bDepartment of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR Introduction Placental release is a complex physiological process involving matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) lysis to separate cotyledon from caruncle. Keywords: activity; acupuncture; calving
• Telemetric monitoring of calving using a novel calf alert device by Stephen, Cyril ; Menzies, Don ; Swain, David ; Patison, Kym ; Corbet, Nicholas ; Norman, Scott (2019) - Modified devices functioned without interruption throughout the trial period and 83% of inserted devices provided locations throughout the data collection period. Precision of calving location was within 100 metres in a 150 hectare network, and 200 metres in a 1050 hectare network. Keywords: calving; device; location

• Canine pyometra: a retrospective study of 21 cases by Kim, Daesik ; Kang, Hoyoung ; Han, Cheolkyu ; So, Hyunsuk ; Park, Donghee ; Kim, Youngung ; Kim, Namsoo (2018) - Conclusion We checked statistics of various features of pyometra, such as percent ratio of ovaries and uterus to body weight, antibiotic susceptibility, open or closed type, age and type of fluid discharged. Criteria evaluated included the percent ratio of ovaries and uterus to body weight, antibiotic susceptibility, open or closed type, age, and type of fluid discharged. Keywords: pyometra
• Amputation of the mare’s cervix for the treatment of pyometra by Brinsko, Steven (2023) - It can be used prior to cervical wedge resection for removal of excessive distorted tissue or as a stand- alone procedure. For mares with pyometra secondary to transluminal cervical adhesions, cervical wedge resection enables treatment of pyometra and has allowed for production of foals via embryo transfer in at least one mare.4 Keywords: cervix; figure; pyometra; resection; wedge

• Pharmacokinetics of intra-rectal altrenogest administration in horses by Ellis, K.E. ; Von Dollen, K.A.; Mirandi, K. ; Beachler, T.M. ; Bailey, C.S. ; Davis, J.L. ; Lyle, S.K. (2018) - Plasma concentrations only persisted above presumed therapeutic concentrations (0.5 ng/mL) for a mean of 5.5 h (range 3-8 h) following PR administration, while serum concentrations remained > 0.5 ng/mL for at least 24 h in all horses following PO administration. The calculated half-life (T½) of PR administration (2.82 + 1.07 h) was correspondingly decreased when compared to PO administration (7.01 + 3.13 h). Keywords: administration

• Localized uterine body pyometra causing urinary obstruction in an American Bully bitch by Rosenberg, Lacey ; Barrientos, Rocio ; Lopez, Daniel ; Mitchell, Anna ; Robbins, Sarah ; McDonough, Sean ; Cheong, Soon; Amorim, Mariana (2019) - Localized uterine body pyometra causing urinary obstruction in an American Bully bitch Localized uterine body pyometra causing urinary obstruction in an American Bully bitch Lacey Rosenberg,a Rocio Barrientos,b Daniel Lopez,a Anna Mitchell,a Sarah Robbins,a Sean McDonough,b Soon Cheong,a Mariana Amorima aDepartment of Clinical Sciences bDepartment of Biomedical sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY A 10 month old female intact American Bully was presented as an emergency case with a 3 day history of stranguria, hyporexia, and vomiting. On gross evaluation the mucosal folds of the vagina, cervix and uterine body were severely thickened (edema), the mucosal surface was diffusely white and rough, resembling the keratinized epithelium of the vagina. Keywords: bladder; body

• Transcutaneous ultrasound-guided twin reduction in a Quarter Horse mare by Grissom, S.R. ; De Solis, C. Navas ; Ripley, A.M. ; Love, C.C. (2018) - 2. Tan DKS, Krekeler N: Success rates of various techniques for reduction of twin pregnancy in mares. Miller A, Woods GL: Diagnosis and correction of twin pregnancy in the mare. Keywords: twin; ultrasound

• Editor’s note by Peter, Augustine T. (2022) - We are especially grateful to the leadership of our organizations, conference chair, session chairs, symposium chair, abstract committee and chair, and student abstracts chair. A few years ago, it was Dr. Robyn Wilborn, past president of SFT, along with Dr. Charles Franz and SFT leaders, streamlined the process of gathering abstracts and conference papers, and compiling them for the editor. Keywords: conference
• Editorial by Peter, Augustine T. (2019) - false /ShrinkContent true /TreatColorsAs /Preserve /UsePrologue false /ColorSettingsFile () /AlwaysEmbed [ true ] /NeverEmbed [ true ] /AntiAliasColorImages false /CropColorImages false /ColorImageMinResolution 150 /ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy Keywords: /vsamples; conference
• Editor’s note by Peter, Augustine T. (2023) - This award intended to cement the efforts of the Society for  Theriogenology, American College of Theriogenologists (ACT), and Theriogenology Foundation towards common goals in animal reproduction, to reward and inspire excel- lence, improve the visibility of theriogenology, and to annu- ally recognize the efforts of the founders: particularly honors Dr. David E. Bartlett, the ACT’s first president. Among his many accomplishments, Dr. Bartlett was responsible for deriv- ing the terms ‘theriogenology’ and ‘theriogenologists’ and was instrumental in gaining AVMA recognition for the ACT in 1971. Keywords: conference; theriogenology

• Impact of age and castration on canine prostate collagen organization by Ruetten, H. ; Wegner, K. ; Colopy, S. ; Zhang, H. ; Sandhu, S. ; Romero, M. ; Vezina, C. (2018) - Prostatic peripheral region collagen fibers were denser and the capsular collagen fibers thicker in old intact male prostates compared to compared to young intact males (p = 0.0251 and 0.0470, respectively). The present study tested whether canine prostatic collagen increases with advancing age and whether castration reduces prostatic collagen content. Keywords: collagen; prostate

• Direct effects of nerve growth factor β, purified from bull seminal plasma, on steroidogenesis and angiogenic markers of the bovine preovulatory follicle by Stewart, Jamie ; Gao, Liying ; Flaws, Jodi ; Mercadante, Vitor ; Dias, Nicholas ; Canisso, Igor; Lima, Fabio (2019) - Follicle tissue pieces were incubated (37oC, 5% CO2:95% air) in 0.5 ml of Eagle’s MEM culture media supplemented with 1% L glutamine, 1% nonessential amino acids, 1% penicillin streptomycin, 1% insulin-transferrin-selenium, 10% fetal bovine serum, 40 ng/ml cortisol, 4 ng/ml LH, and 4 ng/ml FSH. After 72 hours, follicle tissue pieces were flash frozen to measure steroidogenic and angiogenic gene expression using qPCR. Keywords: follicle; ngf; preovulatory

• Testosterone decreases to basal values within 24 hours following castration in alpacas by Kutzler, M.; Fiamengo, T.; Lamb, S. (2009) - false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false /IncludeProfiles true /MarksOffset false /ShrinkContent true /TreatColorsAs Keywords: hcg; post

• Foundered! Why Many Practices Never Reach Their Full Potential And How To Ensure Yours Does by Eddleman, D. Kirk (2015) - Why many practices never reach their full potential and how to ensure yours does D. Kirk Eddleman Weatherford, TX Let’s face it, great businesses are managed differently than the majority of veterinary practices. Founder’s syndrome can affect businesses of any size but is extremely common in small to mid-sized companies, including veterinary practices, which have grown rapidly. Keywords: founders; practice

• Controlled internal drug release device, another tool for the transitional mare by Broman, Ashton ; Tanner, Brad ; Scoggin, Charlie (2019) - In conclusion, CIDR devices were regarded as an effective alternative strategy for use in transitional mares, and response rates appeared better in mares more advanced in the transitional stage relative to anestrus and early transitional mares. Keywords: Mare, transitional mare, CIDR, progesterone releasing intravaginal device Reference 1. Keywords: cidr; transition

• Fetal and maternal immune response to ascending placentitis by Fedorka, Carleigh ; Ball, Barry ; Scoggin, Kirsten ; Loux, Shavahn ; Troedsson, Mats ; Adams, Amanda (2019) - Substantial work has been done on disease pathology and diagnostics, but minimal on the role of the fetal immune system in utero and its effect on fetal fluids. Therefore, objectives were to assess cytokine protein synthesis in fetal fluids and circulation after induction of disease and to determine fetal immune system responses to this reproductive tract inflammation. Keywords: il1ß; placentitis

• Ramblings of an itinerant theriogenologist by Kastelic, J. P (2009) - Many working people have challenges maintaining a healthy work-life balance; veterinarians are no exception, and for many, emergency calls may make it even more difficult, particularly for those who have few or no associates who share emergency duty. Veterinarians spend many years in school, learning a myriad of facts. Keywords: activities; education; knowledge; life; people; science; training; world; writing

• Comparison of short-term complications following Cesarean section or Cesarean section with concurrent ovariohysterectomy in bitches and queens: a pilot study by Root Kustritz, Margaret V. (2018) - Animal signalment, history upon presentation, medical and anesthetic management of dystocia, and incidence of short-term complications were compared between bitches and queens undergoing Cesarean section alone and those undergoing concurrent Cesarean section and ovariohysterectomy. Complete data were available for two queens undergoing Cesarean section alone and two queens undergoing concurrent Cesarean section and ovariohysterectomy, and for 20 bitches undergoing Cesarean section alone and 22 bitches undergoing concurrent Cesarean section and ovariohysterectomy. Keywords: ra ph; section

• Causes of newborn mortality in Devon Rex kittens by Omoto, Holly ; Kutzler, Michelle Anne (2018) - Devon Rex kittens. Introduction Even in well-managed catteries, up to 16% of kittens may be stillborn and up to 20% of kittens may die before weaning.1 Keywords: causes; kittens

• In-vitro equine embryo production: an adventure in multi-unit collaboration by Lyman, C.C. ; Coy, R. ; Bailey, J.W. ; Holyoak, G.R. (2018) - With TVA services being offered with increasing frequency in densely equine populated areas it is increasingly common for TVA to be offered as an outpatient procedure even if ICSI laboratories are not present at that location. A cumulative pregnancy rate after TVA and ICSI were performed on immature oocytes, with shipment of blastocysts to an off-site recipient herd has been reported at 72% with a 52% foaling rate.1 In 2017, in collaboration with an exclusively equine reproduction veterinary practice, we worked together to provide TVA services for client-owned mares. Keywords: icsi; tva

• Uterine perforation secondary to metritis and placenta percreta in a Labradoodle bitch by Rosenberg, Lacey ; Marinoff, Jacqueline ; Crouch, Esther ; Valenzano, Dominick ; Peters-Kennedy, Jeanine ; Cheong, Soon; Amorim, Mariana (2019) - Keywords: Canine, dystocia, metritis, placenta percreta, uterine perforation 475 Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 11, Number 3 • September 2019 476Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 11, Number 3 • September 2019 OMNIBLANK: On initial evaluation, the patient was dull but responsive, dehydrated, and in poor body condition (BCS of 2/9). Keywords: percreta; placenta

• The 2021 Bartlett address : Find your niche by Schlafer, Donald (2021) - With time, my niche continued to evolve with a greater focus on placentation, placental pathology, and placental pathophysio- logy. He was an authority on placentation and placental pathology. Keywords: delivery; figure; niche; pathology; placental; research; years

• Unilateral segmental aplasia of the uterine horn in a Labrador Retriever by Greer, Marthina (2018) - UNILATERAL SEGMENTAL APLASIA OF THE UTERINE HORN IN A LABRADORRETRIEVER Unilateral segmental aplasia of the uterine horn in a Labrador Retriever Marthina Greer Veterinary Village and International Canine Semen Bank WI/IL, Lomira, WI A 4 year old intact female Labrador Retriever was presented pregnant with one fetus. The opposite horn was incomplete, ending in a blind pouch approximately 10 cm proximal to the cervix containing purulent material suggestive of pyometra. Keywords: horn

• Genomic testing does not correlate with performance trait phenotype in crossbred calves by Roberts, Mackenzie ; Kutzler, Michelle (2019) - Genomic testing does not correlate with performance trait phenotype in crossbred calves Genomic testing does not correlate with performance trait phenotype in crossbred calves Mackenzie Roberts, Michelle Kutzler Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR Interest in genetic improvement of performance traits in beef cattle using genomic testing is increasing. However, research in crossbred cattle validating accuracy of genomic testing results when compared to actual traits expressed by individual animals (phenotype) is lacking. Keywords: genomic

• Diet And Parasite Association (In 15 Minutes Or Less) by Pugh, D.G. (2013) - Rotate pastures, allowing small ruminants access to tannin and/or protein rich forages (legumes); use proper pasture fertilization techniques, and administer dewormers to maximize herd production while minimizing the harmful effects of internal parasites. Some dietary/herbal modifications of the diet include: Feeding small ruminants sericea lespedeza hay or pelleted sericea lespedeza. Keywords: fec; feeding; parasite

• Revisiting subcutaneous fetotomy for removal of forelimb by Mays, Glennon; Brinsko, Steven (2020) - Although this fetotomy process enabled vaginal removal of decomposing fetal remains countless times, the authors have never experienced chisel penetration through fetal skin, resulting in damaged maternal tissues. This simple technique provides limb removal including the shoulder thereby creating substantial reduction in size of remaining fetus to allow vaginal delivery and avoiding Caesarian section. Keywords: chisel; fetotomy; figure; limb; removal; skin

• Surgical management of bovine inguinal herniation by Sidelinger, Darcie ; Hopper, Richard ; King, Heath (2023) - The peritoneum can be damaged and torn by the bull fighting with other bulls or attempting to jump over a fence resulting in the viscera escaping retroperito- neally into the neck of the scrotum.5 Direct inguinal hernias are emergent as incarceration of the intestine is a common sequela.4 Diagnosis of inguinal hernias can be achieved through tran- srectal palpation of the dilated inguinal ring or body wall defect while appreciating intestine exiting through the ring or body wall. Indirect inguinal hernia is the most common and occurs when abdominal contents exit through the normal, but dilated opening of the inguinal ring. Keywords: approach; authors; contents; figure; hernia; ring

• A note of appreciation by Clinical Theriogenology Editorial Team, The (2022) - The Editor, Copy Editor (John Kastelic), Editorial Board mem- bers, theriogenology associations (Society for Theriogenology, American College of Theriogenologists, Theriogenology Founda- tion), and Hannah Steet Consulting, thank them for their time and effort. Divakar Ambrose* Annett Annandale Henry Annandale Orsolya Balogh Theresa Beachler Margret Casal Peter Chenoweth Gail Colbern* (2) Jill Colloton* Mariana Diel de Amorim Marthina Greer Tiago Guimarães Allan Gunn* (2) Camilo Hernández-Avilés Jason Herrick Milan Hess Fiona Hollinshead Reed Holyoak Vanmathy Kasimanickam* (5) Dale Kelley Kara Kolster Michelle Kutzler* (5) Réjean Lefebvre* Catharina Linde Forsberg Charles Love Sara Lyle Candace Lyman Herris Maxwell Pat McCue Justin McNaughten Lynda Miller Jim Morehead Jennifer Nagashima Jen Roberts* Xavier Schneider Lorenzo Segabinazzi Jack Smith Jenny Sones Cyril Stephen* (2) Riley Thompson Lindsey Vansandt Dawna Voelki Karen Von Dollen William Whitler Brain Whitlock* *Editorial Board member Numbers within parentheses indicate manuscripts reviewed Keywords: board; editor; theriogenology

• Primary hypothyroidism in a miniature jenny associated with neonatal congenital hypothyroidism by Lopez-Rodriguez, M.F. ; Rhodes, M. ; Diel de Amorim, M. ; Starrak, G. ; Card, C. (2018) - The T3 pre-TRH level was 1.83 nmol/L and post-TRH levels was 4.05 nmol/L (fold change 2.2). An adequate response to TRH is a doubling or more of pre-thyroid hormones by 4 h. Keywords: hypothyroidism; trh

• Life threatening complications of a third degree perineal laceration in a Quarter Horse mare by Gomes, Viviane ; Bernstein, Natalia ; Souza, Nathan ; de Almeida, Hugo ; Mota, Clara ; Botelho, Poliana (2019) - Keywords: Third degree perineal laceration, urethritis 491 Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 11, Number 3 • September 2019 492Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 11, Number 3 • September 2019 OMNIBLANK: At 16 days, despite responding moderately to the palliative care, the mare suddenly exhibited severe contractions that led to bladder eversion and rupture, accompanied by evisceration and sudden death. Keywords: perineal

• Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from canine pyometra and its relationship to biofilm formation by Fiamengo, Tessa ; Runcan, Erin ; Diaz-Campos, Dubraska ; Premanandan, Christopher ; Coutinho da Silva, Marco (2019) - Moreover, multiple virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes have been identified in this microorganism which play a role in its pathogenesis. Whole genome sequencing of isolates was performed at the Ohio Department of Agriculture, Animal Disease and Diagnostic Laboratory to determine presence of known virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes. Keywords: biofilm; resistance

• Can we preserve immunoglobulin G in frozen colostrum of mares for three years? by Lemirre, Thibaut ; Josson-Schramme, Anne ; Buff, Samuel (2019) - Objective was to evaluate IgG concentrations in frozen colostrum and to compare RID and refractometry methods to measure IgG in frozen colostrum. However, to our knowledge, there are no data in the literature regarding long term preservation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in frozen mare colostrum. Keywords: colostrum

• Spermatic cord enlargement due to lymphangioma by Baker, Breanthony ; Love, Charles (2019) - Spermatic cord enlargement due to lymphangioma Spermatic cord enlargement due to lymphangioma Breanthony Baker, Charles Love Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, College Station, TX Enlargements of spermatic cord are rare, but have the potential to affect testes health and fertility. As part of the manual evaluation of the scrotum and contents, a mass was identified in spermatic cord, just dorsal to right testis. Keywords: cord; lymphangioma

• Association between inter puppy interval at whelping and stillbirth risk by Cornelius, A.J. ; Cheong, S.H. (2018) - Puppies that were born live had lower median and mean IPI (32 and 47 minutes) compared with stillborn puppies (65 and 102 minutes). ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INTER PUPPY INTERVAL AT WHELPING ANDSTILLBIRTH RISK Association between inter puppy interval at whelping and stillbirth risk A.J. Cornelius, S.H. Cheong College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Prolonged interval between puppy births increases the risk of the subsequent puppy being stillborn. Keywords: ipi; puppy

• A note of appreciation by Csemiczky, The Clinical Theriogenology Editorial Team (2021) - The Editor, Copy Editor (John Kastelic), Design Editor (Ahmed Tibary), Editorial Board members, theriogenology associations (Society for Theriogenology, American College of Theriogenologists, and Theriogenology Foundation), and Franz Management thank them for their time and effort. Michelle Kutzler James Kumi-Diaka Jen Langan Anne Lichtenwalner Bret McNabb Lisa Metcalf Lara Metrione Lynda Miller* Anneke Moresco Javier Nevarez Cynthia O’Connor Colin Palmer* Christopher Premanandan Bonnie Raphael Jan Ramer Jen Roberts Juan Samper Charlie Scoggin Scott Stahl Nucharin Songasen Cyril Stephen Kim Thompson Dickson Varner Brian Whitlock* Caitlin Wiley Karen Wolfsdorf* Enrique Yarto *Editorial Board Member List is not complete for 2021; some scholars helped after the December issue had gone to press (their names will appear in 2022 note). Keywords: editor; note; theriogenology
• Editor's report: A note of appreciation by Peter, Augustine T. (2020) - The Editor, Copy Editor (John Kastelic), Editorial Board members, theriogenology associations (Society for Theriogenology, American College of Theriogenologists, and Theriogenology Foundation), and Franz Management thank them for their time and effort. Editor™s Note A note of appreciation Despite their busy schedules, the following scholars graciously accepted invitations to review manuscripts submitted to Clinical Theriogenology in 2020 and provided timely and thoughtful evaluations. Keywords: editor; theriogenology
• A note of appreciation by Peter, Augustine T. (2019) - 2019 Editor™s Note A note of appreciation The Editor and Editorial Board members of Clinical Theriogenology, theriogenology associations (Society for Theriogenology, American College of Theriogenologists, and Theriogenology Foundation), and Franz Management thank following scholars for their time and effort in reviewing submitted manuscripts in 2018 - 2019. Michelle Kutzler and Jennifer Sones for formatting and Dr. John Kastelic for copy editing submitted manuscripts. Keywords: editor; number; theriogenology

• Editor’s note by Peter, Augustine (2024) - Citation: Clinical Theriogenology 2024, 16, 11053, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v16.11053 Editorial Editor’s note Dear theriogenology friends, Clinical Theriogenology is making good progress with strong support from the leadership and membership of our organi- zations (Society for Theriogenology, American College of Theriogenologists, Theriogenology Foundation) and Hannah Street Consulting, Inc. As decided, we also published manuscripts (after peer review) created by presenters at the 2023 conference (Vol. 16 (2024): Issue in progress | Clinical Theriogenology). Keywords: abstracts; theriogenology

• Acupuncture and herbals in equine reproduction by Lu, Kristina ; Javernick, Lauren (2021) - Cun (anatomical Chinese inch) is a unit of measurement relative to the scale of the body used to locate acupuncture points. Acupuncture points can include:2 BL-18 (back shu association point for liver meridian) – a pair of points at the 13th and 14th intercostal spaces, 3 cun lateral from midline BL-21 (back shu association point for stomach, to move Qi) – caudal to last rib, 3 cun lateral from midline BL-23 (back shu association point for kidney meridian) – 3 Clinical Theriogenology 2021; 13: 257 cun lateral to L2-L3 vertebral space BL-26 (gates of Yuan source Qi) – 3 cun lateral to lumbosacral space BL-52 (paired with BL-23) – 3 cun lateral to BL-23 LIV-1 (for liver Qi stagnation) – craniomedial hind limb coronary band LIV-3 (for liver Qi stagnation) – on craniomedial hind cannon bone, 1/3 of distance from tarsus to fetlock GB-34 (to soothe liver Qi) – cranial and distal to the head of fibula in the interosseus space between tibia and fibula, between long and lateral digital extensor tendons GB-44 (gallbladder Ting point) – craniolateral hind limb coronary band LI-4 (to move Qi and clear heat) – between second and third metacarpal 1/3 of distance from carpus to fetlock ST-40 (to move Qi) – 8 cun proximal and 0.5 cun lateral to lateral malleolus A useful herbal formulation is Lotus formula, a formula based on the classical formula Huo Zue Yu Zi Tang. Keywords: acupuncture; cun; deficiency; kidney; lateral; points; yang; yin

• New and recurrent hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles in tropical jennies by Hughes, E. ; Ambrosia, R. ; Landers, M. ; Gilbert, R.O. ; French, H. (2018) - Including these and other donkeys monitored for several different experiments, this group has followed approximately 210 cycles in 25 donkeys over a period of 2 years without encountering other cases, suggesting that occurrence of HAFs in tropical jennies is rare. NEW AND RECURRENT HEMORRHAGIC ANOVULATORY FOLLICLES IN TROPICAL JENNIES New and recurrent hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles in tropical jennies E. Hughes, R. Ambrosia, M. Landers, R.O. Gilbert, H. French Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies A group of eight mature, cycling jennies were examined regularly via transrectal ultrasonography during various trials characterizing reproductive behavior in donkeys in a tropical environment. Keywords: haf

• Body pregnancy twin reduction in the mare by colpotomy by Hall, Sabrina ; Klabnik-Bradford, Jessica ; Prado, Tulio (2019) - Previously established techniques for twin reduction could not be used due to the location of the fetus (uterine body). Body pregnancy twin reduction in the mare by colpotomy Body pregnancy twin reduction in the mare by colpotomy Sabrina Hall, Jessica Klabnik-Bradford, Tulio Prado Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN Previously established techniques for twin reduction are not well suited for pregnancies in the uterine body > 60 days of pregnancy. Keywords: twin

• Fetal mummification due to Neospora caninum in an Angus cow by Hegg, C.A. ; Koziol, J.H. ; Powers, A. ; Tinkler, S. (2018) - FETAL MUMMIFICATION DUE TO NEOSPORA CANINUM IN AN ANGUS COW Fetal mummification due to Neospora caninum in an Angus cow College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN A mature Angus cow was presented to the Purdue University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for a suspected abortion. The fetus was found to be positive for Neospora caninum by PCR testing with no other bacteria or viral organisms isolated. Keywords: neospora

• Management of abortion and mummification due to T-cell lymphoma in a Labrador retriever by Shumack, B.E. ; Wilborn, R.R. ; Johnson, A.K. ; Barstow, C.L. (2018) - The frequency and pathology of neoplasia causing canine abortions and fetal mummification is not often discussed.1,2 This case represents the importance of management of undiagnosed abortion and fetal demise, with an outcome resulting in healthy offspring, but Fetal kidney definition and intestinal peristalsis were present on ultrasonography. Keywords: discharge; lymphoma

• Ovarian abscess caused by transvaginal oocyte aspiration in a Quarter Horse mare by Grissom, Stephanie ; Arnold, Carolyn ; Major, Dustin ; Edwards, John ; Perry, A. ; Love, Charles (2019) - An apparently healthy, 15 year old Quarter Horse mare was referred for transvaginal oocyte aspiration. Ovarian abscess caused by transvaginal oocyte aspiration in a Quarter Horse mare Ovarian abscess caused by transvaginal oocyte aspiration in a Quarter Horse mare Stephanie Grissom, Carolyn Arnold, Dustin Major, John Edwards, A. Perry, Charles Love Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Assisted reproductive technologies, such as transvaginal oocyte aspiration (TVA), are common in the equine industry. Keywords: abscess; aspiration

• Colic Associated With Bilateral Seminoma In A Cryptorchid American Miniature Horse Stallion by Smith, R.A.; Pearson, L.K.; Wise, L.N.; Tibary, A. (2011) - This case also raised issues of welfare in cryptorchid stallions and reinforces the importance of client education to seek removal of cryptorchid testes. The most commonly reported testicular tumor in older (11 to 22 years, mean 16.5 years) cryptorchid stallions is seminoma.1 Most reported cryptorchid seminomas are incidental findings after cryptorchidectomy. Keywords: colic; cryptorchid

• Nerve growth factor β increases small luteal cell number and enhances steroidogenic activity in bovine corpus luteum by Stewart, Jamie ; Mercadante, Vitor ; Dias, Nicholas ; Stella, Stephanie ; Cunha, Laís ; Canisso, Igor ; Lima, Fabio (2019) - Our hypothesis was that systemic administration of NGF to heifers with a pre-ovulatory follicle increases vascularity and steroidogenic function of follicle, decreases the time to ovulation, and improves subsequent luteotrophic function through increased vascularity and small luteal cell number in the CL. There was a higher (p < 0.01) percentage of small luteal cells and a tendency for increased LH receptor gene expression (p = 0.09) in the CL of NGF treated heifers. Keywords: ngf

• Enrofloxacin administration to late pregnant mares does not cause articular lesions or decrease tendon strength in the resulting foals by Ellerbrock, R.E. ; Canisso, I.F. ; Roady, P.J. ; Podico, G. ; Curcio, B. ; Lima, F.S. ; Li, Z. (2018) - ENROFLOXACIN ADMINISTRATION TO LATE PREGNANT MARES DOES NOT CAUSE ARTICULAR LESIONS OR DECREASE TENDON STRENGTH IN THE RESULTING FOALS Enrofloxacin administration to late pregnant mares does not cause articular lesions or decrease tendon strength in the resulting foals R.E. Ellerbrock,a I.F. Canisso,a P.J. Roady,a G. Podico,a B. Curcio,a F.S. Lima,a Z. Lib aDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, bRoy Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL Enrofloxacin would be an excellent antimicrobial to treat bacterial infections in pregnant mares if proven safe. We hypothesized that enrofloxacin administration to late-term pregnant mares would not produce cartilaginous lesions or tendonopathies in the resulting foal. Keywords: ciprofloxacin; enrofloxacin

• Hatching artefacts in Hermann’s tortoise (Testudo hermanni) after artificial incubation by Stvarnik, Mateja ; Klobucar, Igor ; Knific, Renata ; Gračner, Gordana; Dovč, Alenka (2019) - Embryos in first third of development phase were present in 2.2%, in second third in 5.4% and in last third phase in 7.3% of total number of unhatched eggs. Eggs were harvested at the farm and immediately put into hatcheries. Keywords: eggs; hatching

• Accuracy of whelping date calculator based on fetal ultrasonographic measurements by Fefer, Gilad ; Lerer, Assaf ; First, Erika ; Yeager, Amy ; Diel de Amorim, Mariana ; Cheong, Soon Hon (2018) - In this preliminary study population, the accuracy to predict whelping date within the 3-day due date window was 40% for progesterone based due date and 64.3% based on ultrasonographic based due date. Discussion/conclusions Ultrasonographic measurement is significantly correlated with progesterone based due dates and can be a very useful tool to predict whelping dates especially in cases where progesterone monitoring was not performed. Keywords: date; whelping

• Prolonged estrus in an intact Doberman by Montone, Gabrielle ; Wilborn, Robyn ; Moon, Rachel (2019) - Differential diagnoses included follicular cyst, exogenous estrogen exposure and neoplasia. Diagnosis of follicular cysts is based on observation of prolonged vulvar discharge, persistent estrous behavior, increased blood estrogen concentrations as evidenced by vaginal cytology findings, and abdominal ultrasonography.2 Ovariohysterectomy was performed. Keywords: cyst; estrogen

• Safety and efficacy of intrauterine kerosene infusions to enhance endometrial cup regression in mares by Podico, Giorgia ; Canisso, Igor ; Kaplan, Claire ; Ellerbrock, Robyn ; Mercadante, Vitor ; Dias, Nicholas ; Austin, Scott ; Roady, Patrick ; Douglas, Robert ; Lima, Fabio (2019) - Safety and efficacy of intrauterine kerosene infusions to enhance endometrial cup regression in mares Safety and efficacy of intrauterine kerosene infusions to enhance endometrial cup regression in mares Giorgia Podico,a Igor Canisso,a Claire Kaplan,a Robyn Ellerbrock,b Vitor Mercadante,c Nicholas Dias,c Scott Austin,a Patrick Roady,a Robert Douglas,d Fabio Limaa aDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; bDepartment of Large Animal Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA cDepartment of Animal and Poultry Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VI; dBET Laboratory, Lexington, KY Endometrial cup retention after early abortion can result in immediate or long term reproductive failure. Objectives were to evaluate side effects and efficacy of intrauterine kerosene infusions to enhance regression of endometrial cups. Keywords: infusions; kerosene

• Retraction—Necrosis Of The Spermatic Cord, Epididymis, And Testis Of A Friesian Stallion Caused By Salmonella Abortus-Equi by Bouchard, AP; Prado, TM; Schumacher, J.; Donnell, RL (2015) - An issue raised by this report concerns the histological identification of S. abortus equi as the cause of suppurative orchitis and epididymitis in a stallion. S. abortus equi, on the other hand, is classified in the B serogroup. Keywords: abortus

• Clinical assessment and treatment of infertility in a greater one horned rhinoceros by Stoops, Monica ; Moresco, Anneke ; Larsen, Scott (2019) - Ovulation was induced on the day of AI and based on confirmation by urinary hormone concentrations, occurred 48 hours later. Ovarian dynamics and uterine appearance were monitored 2 times/week and urinary hormones were measured 3 times/week. Keywords: rhinoceros

• Dystocia due to a schistosomus reflexus in a miniature Dachshund by Kutzler, Collen ; Root-Kustritz, Margret ; Kutzler, Michelle (2019) - Bárcenas-Ibarra A, Rojas-Lleonart I, Lozano-Guzmán RI, et al: Schistosomus Reflexus Syndrome in Olive Ridley Sea Turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea). Laughton KW, Fisher KR, Halina WG, et al: Schistosomus reflexus syndrome: a heritable defect in ruminants. Keywords: reflexus; schistosomus

• Congenital hypospadias and vertebral malformation in a Barbados Blackbelly neonate by Diehl, Brittany ; Grosso, Federico ; Iredale, Marley ; Dark, Michael ; Cabrera, Catalina (2022) - To authors’ knowledge, hypospadias and vertebral malformation in the Barbados Blackbelly breed has not been reported. Note multiple shortened, misshapen and fused vertebrae (braces) with mid to caudal thoracic rib crowding and throacolumbar scoliosis (asterisks) secondary to vertebral malformations, and markedly widened multiple vertebrae (wide arrows). Keywords: barbados; figure; hypospadias; lamb; malformations; thoracic; vertebrae

• A note of appreciation by Editorial Team, The Clinical Theriogenology (2024) - 1 A note of appreciation Editorial team thanks the following scholars for reviewing manuscripts published in Volume 16 *Editorial Board member Numbers within parentheses indicate manuscripts reviewed Anum Ahmed *Divakar Ambrose (3) Chance Armstrong Christine Aurich *Scott Bailey *Orsolya Balogh James Barrett Fernando Campos-Chillon Claire Card Elaine Carnevale Michelle Caissie Jorge Chacon Tracey Chenier *Sherrie Clark-Deener *Gail Colebern *Jill Colloton Dinesh Dadarwal Lionel Dawson Daniela Demetrio Callum Donnelly Peyton Draheim *Ivan Filho Jacques Fuselier Edgar Garrett Mohanthas Gobikrushanth *Allan Gunn Camilo Hernandez-Aviles (2) Milan Hess Mohmmad Ibrahim Peter Irons Claudia Jimenez-Escobar *Khalid El Allali *Vanmathy Kasimanickam (2) John Kastelic Dale Kelley Jessica Klabnik *Kara Kolster Jennifer Koziol Chun Kuen Mak *Michelle Kutzler *Réjean Lefebvre Rasa Levstein Paul Loomis Patrick McCue Celeste Morris Amber Nebel-Karp Scott Norman Malgorzata Pozor Jo Randall Jessica Rush Maria Schnobrich Claire Scully Harald Sieme Brittany Southern Edward Squires *Cyril Stephen (2) Nicole Sugai *Masa Tanuguchi (2) Dan Tracy Stephanie Walbornn *Brian Whitlock Keywords: editorial; manuscripts; michelle
• Editor’s note by Peter, Augustine T. (2022) - Current issue covers projects in domestic and exotic species. I thank our colleagues who worked on these projects and created manuscripts. Keywords: manuscripts

• Effect of feeding glucosinolates to mares on triiodothyronine levels by Lopez-Rodriguez, M.F. ; Cymbaluk, N. ; Laarveld, B. ; Serrano-Recalde, E.C. ; Card, C.E. (2018) - There was a significant effect of group on T3 median: pre values (p<0.001), with PTU group less than control (p<0.001), low GSL (p<0.001) and high GSL (p=0.002); post values (p=0.002), with PTU group less than control (p=0.002), low GSL (p=0.02) and high GSL (p=0.024), and control values were greater than (p=0.046) the high GSL group; post-pre median values (p=0.001), with control greater than PTU (p=0.002), low GSL (p=0.039) and high GSL groups (p=0.046); and T3/T4 ratio (p<0.001) with control greater than the PTU (p=0.031) group. In conclusion, PTU and GSL groups resulted in lower T3 values over time, with the PTU group more dramatically affected compared to the GSL group, with control group having greater median T3 post values than High GSL mares, as well as greater T3 post-pre levels than high and low GSL mares. Keywords: gsl

• The use of iSperm technology for on-farm measurement of equine sperm motility and by Moraes, Christa R. ; Blawut, Bryan ; Coutinho da Silva, Marco A. (2018) - The aim of this study was to compare iSperm® values for sperm motility and sperm concentration to current acceptable methods for semen analysis and to determine the agreement with these methods using statistical methods. Means for both TM and VAP were different between CASA and iSperm® readings (P<0.001). Keywords: isperm

• A comparison of two protocols for pregnancy termination in mares by Podico, Giorgia ; Ellerbrock, Robyn E. ; Kaplan, Claire ; Lima, Fabio ; Canisso, Igor F. (2018) - Immediately before cloprostenol administration, and then at 6-hour intervals, mares were assessed for pregnancy fluids appearance and fetal heart rates using a sectorial convex rectal transducer (5.5 MHz Ivo Ibex). Plasma samples were collected immediately (0h) before and after (1 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h) cloprostenol administration for progesterone determination with an immunoassay. Keywords: cloprostenol

• In Memorium: Dr. Stanley Mark Dennis by Carleton, Carla L. (2015) - Dr. Dennis earned Fellowships in the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (FRCVS), the Royal College of Pathologists (FRCPath) in England, and from the Australian College of Veterinary Scientists (FACVSc). Dr. Dennis was Professor and Head of the Department of Veterinary Pathology at Kansas State University. Keywords: dennis; university

• Pricing Strategies And The Perceptions That Drive Them by Eddleman, D. Kirk (2015) - Given that successful practices typically see 80% of their income come from just 20% of their customers, it is vital that we learn to focus on customer loyalty especially with our top customers. One of the three key determinates of customer loyalty is the total cost of using a practice’s products or services. Keywords: customer; loyalty

• International Teaching And Research Opportunities Sponsored By Fulbright Scholar Program by Memon, Mushtaq A. (2011) - Unfortunately, only 28 faculty members from the US veterinary colleges have used Fulbright Scholar opportunities in the last 20 years (1989–2009). Veterinarians who wish to contribute to internationalization of the curricula and their campuses should consider applying for Fulbright Scholar support to launch their career in this pivotal direction. Keywords: fulbright

• A note of appreciation by Editorial Team, The Clinical Theriogenology (2024) - *Jill Colloton (2) Dinesh Dadarwal Freitas Dell’Aqua Mariana Diel de Amorim Hilary French *Allan Gunn *Vanmathy Kasimanickam (3) Dale Kelley *Kara Kolster (2) *Michelle Kutzler (3) *Réjean Lefebvre (2) Catharina Lindeforsberg Charles Love Jim Morehead Szaboles Nagy Christopher Premanandan Jo Randall *Jen Roberts (2) *Cyril Stephen Dawna Voelki *Brian Whitlock William Whitler (2) *Editorial Board member Numbers within parentheses indicate manuscripts reviewed http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.10521 Keywords: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/; http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v15.10521

• Microsatellite-based characterization of Nigerian indigenous Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) in Southwest Nigeria by Ajala, Oluwatoyin ; Osunkoya, D. ; Fagbohun, O. ; Olumide, A. (2019) - Objective was to identify genetic diversity of indigenous dogs in Southwest Nigeria. Keywords: Microsatellite, genetic variability, southwest Nigeria 527 Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 11, Number 3 • September 2019 528Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 11, Number 3 • September 2019 OMNIBLANK: Keywords: nigeria

• Surface Architectural Anatomy Of The Penile And Preputial Epithelium Of Bulls by Strickland, Lew ; Edmondson, Misty ; Maxwell, Herris ; Newton, Joseph ; Wright, James ; Rodning, Soren ; Carson, Robert ; Wolfe, Dwight (2014) - Image J software (NIH.gov) was used to determine epithelial surface area, the area of epithelial folds, and the number of epithelial folds per section. The objectives of this study were to determine: 1) the changes in the thickness of the surface epithelium of the penis and prepuce, 2) the size of epithelial folds, 3) the location and distribution of epithelial folds in the surface epithelium, and 4) examination for the presence of crypts on the penis and prepuce of two groups of beef bulls (Bos taurus and Bos indicus). Keywords: area; epithelium; folds; number; surface

• Editor’s note by Peter, Augustine T. (2022) - Ri- ley Thompson [committee chair], Divakar Ambrose, and Brian Whitlock) for their hard work and approv- al of our leadership to move our journal to its next stage of its growth (open access) with the ultimate goal of getting recognized (PubMed indexing) in the scientific world. Yes, our journal will become ‘open access’, inci- dentally, this will be the last hard copy issue! Keywords: access; journal

• Editor’s note by Peter, Augustine T. (2021) - Dr. Charles Franz, Executive Director, invites me to participate in the executive board meetings, places the suggestions of the editorial board members of Clinical Theriogenology for consideration, and implements them after approval by the leaders. Editor’s note Dear theriogenology friends, It has been a privilege and pleasure to work with the leaders of our 3 organizations (Society for Theriogenology, American College of Theriogenologists, and Theriogenology Foundation) and our journal is able to grow under the watchful eyes and support of our leaders. Keywords: layout

• Granulosa cell tumor in a double yellow-headed Amazon parrot (Amazona oratrix) by Bumberry, Julia ; Holyoak, Reed ; Schmidt, Lauren ; Kanda, Ian ; Brandão, João (2019) - Granulosa cell tumor in a double yellow-headed Amazon parrot (Amazona oratrix) Granulosa cell tumor in a double yellow-headed Amazon parrot (Amazona oratrix) Julia Bumberry,a Reed Holyoak,a Lauren Schmidt,a Ian Kanda,a João Brandão,a aCenter for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK A 25 year old, intact female, double yellow-headed Amazon parrot (Amazona oratrix) presented with acute diarrhea, coelomic distention, respiratory distress and reluctance to perch. Cytology of coelomic fluid indicated exudative effusion containing macrophages and heterophils, but no infectious organisms. Keywords: amazon

Epilogue

For more detail, about this study carrel, see the computed home page. For more detail about study carrels in general, see the read me file.

Created: 2025-12-25