2012: The American College of Theriogenologists - First forty years The American College of Theriogenologists – First forty years Augustine Peter Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Abstract The past 40 years of the history of the American College of Theriogenologists (ACT) is summarized. The ACT became a recognized veterinary specialty organization in 1971. From 28 charter diplomats, currently, it has grown to 441 diplomates. The growth of the ACT, its contribution to the veterinary profession and society, its future and challenges, and its sister-organizations are described under appropriate headings. Regardless of the changing times in the profession and society, technology, and challenges, the future for the ACT diplomates is very promising in practice, industry, government, and institutions of professional education because of its committed members and their contributions to the veterinary profession, humanity, and the animal kingdom. Keywords: Theriogenology, American College of Theriogenologists, Society for Theriogenology, Theriogenology Foundation, Clinical Theriogenology Introduction The American College of Theriogenologists became a recognized veterinary specialty organization at the 108th annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) in Detroit, Michigan in July of 1971 and was chartered under the laws of the State of Illinois. The ACT came into existence to fill a long-recognized need to unify, identify, and advance that branch of veterinary medicine concerned with the multitudinous phases of reproduction with which veterinarians are involved. It was organized (http://www.theriogenology.org/) to promote the advancement of knowledge; to encourage excellence in undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate education; and to increase capacities for research and service in theriogenology. The name theriogenology (therio = beast or animal + gen/genesis = beginning, birth, reproduction + ology = study of) was coined by Professor Herbert Howe, Department of Classics, University of Wisconsin and has replaced the phrase veterinary obstetrics, gynecology, and andrology (semenology) from the veterinary vocabulary. Dr. David Bartlett (American Breeders Service, DeForest, Wisconsin) was instrumental in accomplishing this process and gave life to this term by his untiring effort. The subject theriogenology has become an integral part of the veterinary curriculum. As theACT celebrates its 40 year anniversary, it is appropriate to reflect on its vibrant life today and consider future issues facing the College under following headings: purpose, progress, and pride. Purpose The ACT was established as a certifying agency to develop a mechanism for veterinarians to become specialists in animal reproduction via residency programs (with or without a graduate component) or extensive clinical experience in theriogenology. Other purposes included encouraging research and clinical investigation in theriogenology with publication of findings and developing continuing-education programs for disseminating information and increasing practitioner’s knowledge in theriogenology. Founding fathers The ACT organizing committee consisted of David Bartlett (American Breeders Service), Clarence Bierschwal (University of Missouri), Lloyd Faulkner (Colorado State University), John Kendrick (University of California), Fayne Oberst (Michigan State University), Stephen Roberts (Cornell University), and Raimunds Zemjanis (University of Minnesota). The 28 charter diplomates included the organizing committee and Drs. Bill Adams, Les Ball, Cliff Barker, Bill Brown, Jim Callahan, Ed Carroll, Bill Cates, Tracy Clark, John Hughes, Don Lamond, Les Larson, Charles Martin, Bill McGee, Douglas Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 3 Number 4 • December 2011Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 201267 Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 2012 Mitchell, Elmer Wo Progress The impo Figure 1: T adequate e candidate enables th F shall have 1) a le th 2) be 3) A large m clinical re residency/ T or its equi have com experienc diplomate Australian considere In Prior to th Theriogen veterinary Dave Morrow oelffer. rtant mileston Historical dat The ACT has l experience in s. 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Honora ortunities, ser nts, participat he literature), ontributed to enology, or o of the ACT (s executive boa riched by its h CUTIVE BOARD M Co (12 * ific tion/ mmittee bers) t Vice Directo nology includ oved and inclu e in 1993, rep ying examinat for alternativ rnative route entorship prog certification ntor and subm org/. ttees is provid ield of theriog ary members rvice on gradu tion in journa , attended and o the advancem other unique a see Appendix ard and affirm honorary mem D Mission ommittee* members) * Ad Hoc e President ors at Large (3) ding successfu ude a diploma placed the qua tion with a stu ve route appli candidates fo gram has also in the ACT. mit a plan of st ded in Figure genology duri have particip uate committe al clubs, parti d/or presented ment of scien and significan x V) were nom med by a majo mbers’ contrib Nominating Committee (4 members) Immedi Presi ) Executive ul completion ate of either A alifying udy and icants was or the certifyi o served to cre Individuals tudy for appro 2. ing their caree pated in ees, teaching cipation on th d at the Societ ntific or clinic nt contribution minated by at ority vote of t butions to Awards Nom Committ (7 memb * Ad H ate Past ident e Director n of a ACT ing eate oval. er he ty for cal n to t least the minating tee* bers) oc Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 3 Number 4 • December 2011Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 201269 Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 2012 Internationalization and diversity One of the wishes of the founding fathers was to avoid provincialism in the organization.1 Thankfully, the ACT has been and is being greatly enriched by graduates of veterinary schools from other parts of the world. As indicated in Table 1, ACT diplomates serve in many countries. It is worth noting that the ACT has become a leader in internationalization and diversity as evidenced by its membership as well as its leadership. The ACT has developed a working relationship with ECAR by way of board- member exchange visiting to participate in each other’s board meetings. It is expected ACT will continue to develop additional working relationships as other theriogenology programs develop across the globe, particularly on the continents of Australia and Asia. Table 1. Distribution of ACT diplomates by geography and type of employment Country Active Emeritus Honorary Total United States 281 49 17 347 Canada 43 3 1 47 Argentina 1 1 Australia 14 14 Brazil 1 1 Colombia 1 1 Denmark 1 1 France 1 1 Germany 2 2 Jordan 3 3 Malaysia 1 1 Netherlands 1 1 2 New Zealand 6 6 South Africa 7 7 Sweden 1 1 2 Switzerland 1 1 United Kingdom 2 1 3 Venezuela 1 1 Totals 366 54 21 441 Breakdown By Employment Type Academia 152 Private practice 124 Government 13 Retired 56 Industry 24 Not noted 58 Other 14 Sister organizations Society for Theriogenology The first official meeting of the group was known, at the time, as the "Rocky Mountain Society for the Study of Breeding Soundness of Bulls." The organization was founded by a small group of veterinarians for the purpose of collecting and disseminating information related to evaluation of bulls for breeding soundness. During the 1956 meeting, the organization’s official name was changed to "The Society for the Study of Breeding Soundness of Bulls", as its membership expanded beyond the Rocky Mountain region. The society was chartered under the laws of Colorado in 1961. Between 1960 and 1962, the society experienced rapid growth as it wrestled with the challenge of training and certifying its members. The original constitution stated members would undergo a training session followed by a subsequent Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 3 Number 4 • December 2011Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 2012 70Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 2012 evaluation of bulls under the supervision of a member of the board of directors. The Society was given a charter under the laws of Colorado in 1961. Regional groups formed first in Texas followed by the Southeast group, the Montana group, the Missouri Valley group and the California group. In 1963 the board adopted a new constitution with modifications resolving the issue of requirements for members and establishing dues. During the same meeting the name was again changed to “The American Veterinary Society for the Study of Breeding Soundness." In 1974, the name was changed one final time to the "Society for Theriogenology" (SFT) and its annual conferences began (Appendix VI). The diplomates of the ACT have regularly contributed to these conferences since their inception. The scope of the SFT was broadened to include all species served by veterinary medicine. Currently SFT (http://www.therio.org) membership includes 1881 veterinarians and 732 veterinary students. Student members also belong to their respective student chapters in veterinary schools across the U.S. and Canada. Each student chapter is supervised by theriogenology faculty at the institution (see Appendix VII). Growth of the ACT has been assisted immensely by the SFT and many ACT diplomates are also members of the SFT. Theriogenology Foundation The Theriogenology Foundation, formed in 2009 as a collaborative effort of ACT and SFT, is working to secure and allocate resources dedicated to advancing the science and practice of animal reproductive medicine. The Foundation is committed to providing educational opportunities for students, interns, residents, and new faculty through travel grants and sponsorship of guest lecturers. Individual donors can direct their contribution to support research in equine, food/production animal, wildlife/exotic and companion animal reproductive medicine (http://therio.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=346). Official journal In 2009, the journal, Clinical Theriogenology (http://st.omnibooksonline.com/index.html) was launched to promote scholarship in the clinical aspect of theriogenology. The purpose of the journal is to publish, in a timely manner, peer-reviewed manuscripts relevant to the clinical practice of theriogenology in livestock, companion animals, and wildlife for veterinary practitioners, academic clinicians, animal scientists, and veterinary students. Until 2005 the proceedings (presentations, abstracts, and posters) of the annual SFT conferences were published by the management office. From 2006 until 2008 they were published in the journal Theriogenology. Since 2009 the proceedings are published in this newly created official journal of ACT and SFT. The journal is growing under the editorship of ACT diplomate, Robert Youngquist, the founding editor. Management Prior to 1990, the ACT was administered by volunteer diplomates. Since 1990, the ACT has utilized the services of a professional management company including GMO, Inc. (1990-1998), Walker Associates (1998-2003), and Franz Management Services (2003-present). Dr. Charles Franz, a veterinarian and owner of Franz Management Services, currently serves as the Executive Director for ACT and SFT. As Executive Director, Dr. Franz represents both groups in a number of professional organizations including the American Society of Veterinary Medical Association Executives (http://vmaexecs.org/index.cfm) and the American Board of Veterinary Specialties (ABVS) of the AVMA as the ACT’s permanent alternate member. Franz Management Services has been instrumental in helping both organizations create greater visibility for theriogenology. Pride The ACT continuously strives to maintain a standard of excellence among its members through its certification process. Candidates must possess a broad knowledge of theriogenology in order to achieve diplomate status. Credentialed candidates demonstrate a documentable competency in animal Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 3 Number 4 • December 2011Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 201271 Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 2012 reproduction and sit the certifying examination. Certification is awarded to those candidates demonstrating a mastery of theriogenology. Contributions to the profession Having established a culture of excellence, focusing on the reproductive system, the ACT provides the veterinary profession a unique, multi-species specialty. Through their respective curriculum committees, the vast majority of veterinary medical schools and colleges have established separate and identifiable courses devoted to the study of theriogenology. These actions are in large part, based upon a need in the veterinary medical education for a thorough understanding of reproductive behavior and function. Through their scholarly endeavors, diplomates of the ACT have distinguished themselves in educational, investigational, and clinical programs. These efforts include, but have not been limited to, development of educational courses for undergraduate, professional, and graduate-level curricula; continuing-education opportunities for graduate veterinarians and the general public; publication of manuscripts in critically-reviewed scientific journals on all aspects of basic and applied reproductive research; service on editorial advisory boards of veterinary medical journals; and development and/or maintenance of residency and graduate-training programs which focus on reproductive processes. Many institutions of higher learning have and continue to utilize the talents of diplomates to serve as administrators and academic leaders. Though a relatively small group, the ACT diplomates are widely involved in international, national, state and regional veterinary conferences. Capacity attendance and consistently high approval ratings from participants at these events are testimony the ACT is meeting a definitive need of the profession. In addition to the annual SFT meeting in which a majority of the speakers are diplomates of the ACT, diplomates are extensively involved with other organizations including species-focused groups (American Association of Equine Practitioners, American Association of Bovine Practitioners, American Association of Swine Practitioners, etc.). A comfortable degree of convergence, interchange of programs and activities between the system-specialty and species-specialty is very important for the profession.1 The diplomates are frequently called on to lecture and teach laboratories at these meetings, as well as to serve in leadership roles in these professional associations. A Speaker’s Bureau is available on the ACT website (http://www.theriogenology.org/) with contact information for diplomates willing to speak on various topics in a variety of species. In partnership with the SFT, members of the ACT have worked to establish basic standards for evaluating and maintaining reproductive performance of both male and female animals. This is demonstrated by the development and maintenance of current standards and forms for evaluating male animals for breeding soundness. To hasten technology transfer to practicing veterinarians, the ACT and SFT conceptualized, developed and distributed manuals for breeding soundness examination and fact sheets (1988-1992) detailing assorted topics in animal reproduction. Subsequently symposia were developed as a more effective means of disseminating information in greater depth. Copies of all symposia proceedings are annually distributed to the entire membership of the ACT and SFT. New information, which often results from research conducted by diplomats is disseminated to professional (veterinary medical) and graduate students, or clinical residents in formal training programs, and to private practitioners. Diplomates serve the general public and practicing veterinarians through medical/surgical care and diagnostic support for individual animals with reproductive problems, as well as reproductive assessment/management of healthy animals. Diplomates also serve in the federal and state food inspection regulatory bodies and as state veterinarians. The ACT continually seeks to raise awareness of the college and to encourage veterinary students to aspire to diplomate status after graduation. As part of these goals, ACT established a student outreach fund to help student organizations cover the costs of inviting diplomates to speak at local events. The fund helps facilitate ACT diplomate visits and interaction at veterinary schools. It is hoped these visits will stimulate student interest and enthusiasm for the ACT by broadening students’ awareness of the many opportunities open to our diplomates. Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 3 Number 4 • December 2011Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 2012 72Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 2012 Educational forums Educational forums are conducted at the annual conference with a goal of bringing interested dipolmates together in discussion of ways to improve/strengthen our educational contribution to societal and institutional needs. Scholarship Consistent with the rise of theriogenology have been numerous technical and scientific advances in knowledge and new technical products applicable to veterinary practice.2,3 More than 7000 peer- reviewed publications have been published (Pubmed search) by the members of the ACT. The ACT has excellent rapport with scientists in other areas of study such as animal science, biology, economics, and other fields of science. This collaboration has resulted in the completion of many research projects with scientists in other disciplines. Some diplomates work in non-clinical departments to enable them to fully commit to research. Other ACT diplomates serve as editors of journals and provide assistance to researchers in the developing world in the art of scientific writing. Many theriogenology books have been edited (Appendix VIII) by diplomates over the years with or without chapter contributions from scientists from related areas. Many more diplomates have contributed chapters to other related areas in veterinary medicine. In the 1980’s, 16 comprehensive manuals dealing with different aspects of theriogenology in different species were published. Subsequently, fact-sheets dealing with specific theriogenology topics were created. Since January 1996, a “Theriogenology Question of the Month” has regularly appeared in the journal of the AVMA. As of today 82 contributions have been made by theriogenologists (Appendix IX), most of which originated from theriogenologists and theriogenology residents while in a training program. It has become yet another great source of information for practitioners and veterinary students. As unique means of preserving scholarship, one ACT diplomate, Dr. Maarten Drost is cataloging digital contributions of visual images in theriogenology in a collection known as, “The Drost Project Visual Guides” (http://drostproject.org/drost_information.html), a resource that is helping many. Contribution to society The ACT recognizes the importance of heightening public relations, in order that the public will be more aware of the contributions Theriogenology makes to society. The diplomates of the ACT are uniquely qualified to assist with a host of societal concerns raised by the general public, including the preservation of endangered species, overpopulation of animals and mankind, as well as animal welfare. The favorability of the specialty of theriogenology by the veterinary profession and public remains high. As consultants, diplomates of the ACT receive scores of telephone calls and referred cases annually from general practitioners. The diplomates of the ACT function in many capacities within society, ranging from teaching and research in both basic and clinical programs, to employment by governmental agencies, industry, or private practice. Many diplomates serve as reproductive consultants to practicing veterinarians or industry. Other diplomates are helping plan for and meet the future needs of society by addressing numerous issues facing our world including 1) food production for an ever- expanding human population (by increasing reproductive efficiency in food-producing animals), 2) the preservation of endangered species (by studying reproductive physiology of numerous species, preservation of gametes, cloning, and the effect of captivity on reproductive performance), 3) population control of certain wildlife, feral, and companion animals (through development of sterilants, contraceptives, and methods to terminate pregnancy), and 4) studying the impact of environmental toxicologic problems on reproductive systems. The diplomates are also addressing the economic viability of farmers, ranchers, and breeders who depend on animal reproduction for their livelihood. Efforts to diagnose treat, and control diseases affecting the reproductive system and the neonate are unending, and require the impact/usefulness of emerging biotechnological advancements on reproductive performance remain a high priority area of study. Position Statements on a number of issues developed jointly by the ACT and SFT are posted at http://www.theriogenology.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=53 and these include: Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 3 Number 4 • December 2011Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 201273 Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 2012 • Position Statement on Mandatory Spay-Neuter • Basis for Position on Mandatory Spay/Neuter in the Canine and Feline • Position Statement on the Definition of Theriogenology in Veterinary Practice • Position Statement on the Use of Ultrasonography Imaging to Determine Reproductive Status • Position Statement on the Evaluation for the Breeding Soundness of Animals It is expected that the list will expand based on societal and professional needs. Assistance to international veterinarians working in theriogenology The Zemjanis Outreach Fund was established in 1994 to honor the memory of (http://therio.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=345) Raimunds Zemjanis, a longtime member of the SFT, and a charter diplomate of the ACT. The fund is supported by donations from members and corporate sponsors and is intended for partial support of veterinarians traveling from developing countries to the United States for educational purposes. Future The future of the ACT is bright. The ACT’s membership reflects a broad cross-section of the profession including private practice, academia, industry, and government. Over the years the ACT membership and leadership have been quite diverse, signifying health and vigor. Twenty one percent of the ACT Diplomates reside and practice outside the USA and graduates of international veterinary schools regularly serve in leadership positions of the ACT. These trends bode well for the global growth of the ACT. Demonstrating a commitment to quality training for individuals seeking diplomate certification, the ACT recently established a Training and Credentialing Committee (TCC). In addition to reviewing applicants for credentialing, the TCC is charged with developing and maintaining appropriate standards for credentialing and certification. Just as ACT strives to assure the public and profession through its rigorous and comprehensive certifying examination that its diplomates possess and demonstrate a mastery of theriogenology, ACT will soon provide assurances of continued mastery among its diplomates. To prove this assurance, in the immediate future, ACT will initiate two important tasks based, in part, on recommendations from the Advisory Board on Veterinary Specialties (ABVS) including maintenance of certification and a job-task analysis. Maintenance of certification is scheduled to begin for the college by 2015. The ACT will continue to expand its educational efforts in order to keep the profession well- informed about theriogenology-related topics. The diplomates of the ACT will continue to organize, contribute, and participate in symposia and annual scientific meetings in conjunction with the SFT. Similarly, members of the ACT will continue to present information in the local, state, national, and international organizations. The progress of the ACT depends on the ability of its members to provide basic education in theriogenology to undergraduate students while training veterinarians aspiring to attain diplomate status. It is imperative that the ACT continues to contribute to scholarship by encouraging quality post-graduate programs in theriogenology. In this regard, research (scholarly or scientific investigation or inquiry) and graduate education (the knowledge or skill obtained or developed by a learning process) should be major components of residency programs and residents should be expected to generate new knowledge not just the users of the old.4 A collaborative approach with departments of animal science will immensely help to address the research training needs of residents. Further specialized training in specific areas will enable the ACT members to participate in developing the farm-animal economy of the country. The objectives for training theriogenologists in the farm-animal production have been outlined.5 In two ways this need can be met; the ACT with support from the SFT can find ways to improve and increase diplomates participation in cattle consultation services6 and also plan to provide a dairy theriogenology program as a subspecialty of ACT. It has to be clearly noted that this subspecialty should follow after Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 3 Number 4 • December 2011Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 2012 74Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 2012 successful certification in comparative theriogenology. A close working relationship with production medicine programs7 and when ACT grows into a larger College these goals can be easily accomplished. Regarding undergraduate training, the legitimate inclusion of comparative theriogenology in the DVM core curriculum and post-graduate training cannot be overemphasized8,9 and the need is felt more than ever. In this regard, a core Comparative Theriogenology curriculum was created and provided to all AVMA-accredited colleges of veterinary medicine. This document was intended to act as a guide for the curriculum committees and to support the role of diplomates in the veterinary colleges. In just ten short years, the ACT will reach its 50 year anniversary and the ACT leadership will likely have considered implementing some of the proposals listed in these pages. The future for the ACT diplomates is very promising in practice, industry, government, and institutions of professional education because of its committed members and their contributions to the veterinary profession, humanity, and the animal kingdom. A final point to ponder In general, the discipline of theriogenology has not fared well in some teaching institutions. Two common scenarios resulting in declining numbers of theriogenologists positions in academia include; retirement of an ACT diplomate is followed by either replacement with another specialty individual or not replaced at all or replaced by ‘part-time’ theriogenologists. Second, the educational training that ought to be rightfully provided by a theriogenologist to student clinicians is given by specialists from other disciplines due to lack of a critical mass in theriogenology programs.10 Considering the scope of benefits provided by ACT diplomates as described in this article, it is imperative that schools and colleges of veterinary medicine find the value in theriogenologists and continue to make them a part of the resources available at academic institutions. Dedication The manuscript is dedicated to two renowned theriogenologists, Dr. David Bartlett, founding president of the American College of Theriogenologists for making theriogenology a reality in the veterinary profession and Professor William Bosu for his contribution to comparative theriogenology and for nurturing the author. Acknowledgments The author enjoys the support and friendship of Gary Nie, an erudite scholar, whose assistance with this manuscript is appreciated. Drs. Bob Hudson, Dale Paccamonti, Willis Parker, and Bob Youngquist are recognized for their help with this manuscript. Thanks to Ms. Chanda Siler for creating the figures. Some of the information is borrowed from the five-year reports to the ABVS prepared by the ACT representatives to the ABVS; the author thanks these diplomates for their leadership. The author extends special thanks to Dr. Charles Franz and Franz Management Services staff for providing needed information in the compilation of historical and current facts. References 1. Bartlett DE: Theriogenology: from concept to actuality. Theriogenology 1985;24:131-145. 2. Bartlett DE: Factors influencing the evolution of Theriogenology. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989;195:51-55. 3. Kenney RM: Thirty seven years working with cattle, horses, and other creatures. What do the next thirty seven hold? Proc Annu Meet Soc Therio;1991. 4. Archbald LF: Potpourri and lagniappe from a comparative theriogenologist. Proc Annu Meet Soc Therio; 2005. 5. Lamond DR: Theriogenology in veterinary training in relation to animal production. Theriogenolgoy 1974;2:161-166 6. Rice L: Where now, brown cow? Proc Annu Meet Soc Therio; 2006. 7. Whitmore HL: Dairy theriogenology: practitioner, professor and producer perspectives. Theriogenology 2008;70:262- 269. 8. Root Kustritz MV, Chenoweth PJ, Tibary A: Efficacy of training in theriogenology as determined by a survey of veterinarians. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006;229:514-521. 9. Root Kustritz MV, Tibary A, Chenoweth PJ: Availability of theriogenology training at North American and Caribbean veterinary colleges. J Vet Med Educ 2006;33:140-144. 10. Peter AT: From the president of the American College of Theriogenologists (letter). Clin Therio 2011;3:9-10. Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 3 Number 4 • December 2011Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 201275 Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 2012 Appendix i: Presidents of ACT 1971-1973: David Bartlett 1973-1974: Fayne Oberst 1974-1975: Lloyd Faulkner 1975-1976: William Adams 1976-1977: Barton Gledhill 1977-1978: William Wagner 1978-1979: Clarence Bierschwal 1979-1980: Edward Mather 1980-1981: Richard McFeely 1981-1982: Robert Hudson 1982-1983: Maarten Drost 1983-1984: Willis Parker 1984-1985: Robert Youngquist 1985-1986: Charles Martin 1986-1987: Brad Seguin 1987-1988: Howard Whitmore 1988-1989: Ronnie Elmore 1989-1990: Shirley Johnston 1990-1991: Stanley Dennis 1991-1992: Alfred Caudle 1992-1993: Theodore Lock 1993-1994: Patricia Olson 1994-1995: Chester Rawson 1995-1996: Walter Threlfall 1996-1997: Dwight Wolfe 1997-1998: Michelle LeBlanc 1998-1999: Dickson Varner 1999-2000: Louis Archbald 2000-2001: Carla Carleton 2001-2002: Richard Fayrer-Hosken 2002-2003: Dale Paccamonti 2003-2004: Douglas Freeman 2004-2005: Margo Macpherson 2005-2006: John Steiner 2006-2007: Margaret Root Kustritz 2007-2008: Gary Nie 2008-2009: Ahmed Tibary 2009-2010: Charles Estill 2010-2011: Augustine Peter Appendix ii: Bartlett Award Winners 1984: David Bartlett 1985: Stephen Roberts 1986: Elmer Woelffer 1987: Raimunds Zemjanis 1988: Lloyd Faulkner 1989: Clarence Bierschwal 1990: Les Ball 1991: Robert Kenney 1992: Victor Shille 1993: Robert Hudson 1994: Donald Walker 1995: William Wagner 1996: Willis Parker 1997: A. C. Asbury 1998: Borje Gusstafsson 1999: Charles Martin 2000: Shirley Johnston 2001: Robert Youngquist 2002: Patricia Olson 2003: Robert Hillman 2004: Maarten Drost 2005: Louis Archbald 2006: Lawrence Rice 2007: Irwin Liu 2008: Harold Whitmore 2009: Bradley Seguin 2010: Robert Carson 2011: Dwight Wolfe Appendix iii: Theriogenology Symposia 1992: Equine Reproduction Symposium 1993: Canine Theriogenology Short Course 1994: Small Ruminant Short Course 1995: Bovine Theriogenology Short Course 1996: Mare Reproduction Symposium Swine Reproduction Symposium 1997: The Canine Male Reproduction Symposium Reproductive Pathology Symposium 1998: Stallion Reproduction Symposium Canine Female Reproduction Symposium 1999: Cryobiology Symposium Canine Reproduction Symposium 2000: The Periparturient Mare & Neonate Symposium 2001: Canine Symposium (Comment: The annual conference was to start September 12, 2001. The ACT/SFT annual conference was cancelled, but the proceedings were distributed later) 2002: Technician/Breeder’s Symposium (small animal) Toxicology Symposium 2003: Small Ruminant Symposium (sheep, goats, camelids) Bovine Symposium (dairy and beef) Feline Symposium (primarily female) 2004: Small Animal Neonatology Symposium Equine Neonatology Wet Laboratory Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 3 Number 4 • December 2011Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 2012 76Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 2012 2005: Pharmacology Symposium Small Animal Symposium Equine Symposium and Wet Laboratory 2006: Bovine Symposium (dairy) Small Animal Symposium (contraception methods) and Wet Laboratory (early spay/neuter techniques) 2007: No symposia 2008: Bovine Symposium (beef) Small Animal Symposium and Wet Laboratory (ultrasonography) 2009: Small Animal Symposium Small Animal Breeders Session 2010: Reproductive Pathology Symposium Small Animal Breeders Session Small Animal Laparoscopic Surgery Wet Laboratory 2011: Small Ruminant Symposium Canine Breeders Symposium Dairy Symposium Appendix iv: Theriogenologist of the Year Award Winners 1999: Richard Fayrer-Hosken 2000: Michelle LeBlanc 2001: Robert Youngquist 2002: Dickson Varner 2003: Katrin Hinrichs 2004: Donald Schlafer 2005: Dirk Vanderwall 2006: Terry Blanchard 2008: Ina Dobrinski 2009: John Kastelic 2010: Margaret Root Kustritz 2011: Ahmed Tibary Appendix v: Honorary Members of ACT Harold Amstutz Fuller Bazer William Bosu Patrick Concannon C. de Bois Stig Einarsson Melvyn Fahning Borje Gustafsson John Herrick Cleon Kimberling Clyde Kirkbride Duane Kraemer Reuben Mapletoft Sue McDonnell Richard Saacke John Simons John Spitzer Edward Squires William Thatcher Walter Zent Appendix vi: SFT Annual Meetings 1974 Columbia, Missouri 1975 Cheyenne, Wyoming 1976 Lexington, Kentucky 1977 St. Paul, Minnesota 1978 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 1979 Mobile, Alabama (hurricane cancelled) 1980 Omaha, Nebraska 1981 Spokane, Washington 1982 Milwaukee, Wisconsin 1983 Nashville, Tennessee 1984 Denver, Colorado 1985 Sacramento, California 1986 Rochester, New York 1987 Austin, Texas 1988 Gainesville, Florida 1989 Coeur d' Alene, Idaho 1990 Toronto, Ontario, Canada Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 3 Number 4 • December 2011Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 201277 Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 2012 1991 San Diego, California 1992 San Antonio, Texas 1993 Jacksonville, Florida 1994 Kansas City, Missouri 1995 San Antonio, Texas 1996 Kansas City, Missouri 1997 Montreal, Quebec, Canada 1998 Baltimore, Maryland 1999 Nashville, Tennessee 2000 San Antonio, Texas 2001 Vancouver, British Columbia (cancelled) 2002 Colorado Springs, Colorado 2003 Columbus, Ohio 2004 Lexington, Kentucky 2005 Charleston, South Carolina 2006 St. Paul, Minnesota 2007 Monterey, California 2008 St. Louis, Missouri 2009 Albuquerque, New Mexico 2010 Seattle, Washington 2011 Milwaukee, Wisconsin Appendix vii: Faculty Supervisors for SFT Student Chapters Aime Johnson - Alabama Stuart Meyers and Wendell Cole - California Patrick Meyers - Colorado Audrey Kelleman - Florida Richard Fayrer-Hosken - Georgia Cliff Shipley - Illinois Augustine Peter - Indiana Bruce Christensen - Iowa Robert Larson - Kansas Bruce Eilts - Louisiana Sandra Ayres and Carlos Gradil - Massachusetts Carla Carleton - Michigan Peggy Root Kustritz - Minnesota Kevin Walters - Mississippi Dietrich Volkmann - Missouri Sylvia Bedford-Guaus - New York Carlos Pinto - Ohio Lionel Dawson - Oklahoma Tracey Chenier - Ontario Michelle Kutzler- Oregon Patricia Sertich - Pennsylvania Rob Lofstedt - Prince Edward Island Refean LeFebvre - Quebec Claire Card - Saskatchewan John Dascanio - St. Kitts Tulio Prado - Tennessee Charles Love - Texas Rick Bridges - Tuskegee Beverly Purswell - Virginia Ahmed Tibary - Washington Harry Momont – Wisconsin Appendix viii: Partial List of Recent Theriogenology Texts Reproductive Biology of the Mare, 1st edition, Ginther OJ, 1979. Current Therapy in Theriogenology, 1st edition, Morrow DA, 1980. Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital Diseases (Theriogenology), 3rd edition, Roberts SJ, 1986. Current Therapy in Theriogenology 2nd edition, Morrow DA, 1986. Reproductive Biology of the Mare, 2nd edition, Ginther OJ, 1992. Equine Reproduction, 1st edition McKinnon AO, Voss JL, 1992. Ultrasonic Imaging and Animal Reproduction: Fundamentals – Book 1, Ginther OJ, 1995. Ultrasonic Imaging and Animal Reproduction: Horses – Book 2, Ginther OJ, 1995. Allen’s Fertility and Obstetrics in the Horse, 2nd edition, England GCW, 1996. Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology, 1st edition, Youngquist RS, 1997. Manual of Equine Reproduction, 1st edition, Blanchard TL, Varner DD, Schumacher J, 1997. Ultrasonic Imaging and Animal Reproduction: Cattle - Book 3, Ginther OJ, 1998 Large Animal Urogenital Surgery, Wolfe DF, Moll HD, 1999. Equine Breeding Management and Artificial Insemination, 1st edition, Samper JC, McKinnon AO, Pycock J, 1999. Canine and Feline Theriogenology, Johnston SD, Root Kustritz MV, Olson PNS, 2001. Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 3 Number 4 • December 2011Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 2012 78Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 2012 Arthur’s Veterinary Reproduction & Obstetrics, 8th edition, Noakes DE, Parkinson TJ, England GCW, 2001. Sheep & Goat Medicine, Pugh DG, 2002. Manual of Equine Reproduction. 2nd edition Blanchard TL, Varner DD, Schumacher J, Love CC, Brinsko SP, Rigby SL, 2002. Small Animal Theriogenology (Practical Veterinarian), Root Kustritz MV, 2003. Allen’s Fertility and Obstetrics in the Horse, 3rd edition, England GCW, 2005. The Dog Breeder's Guide to Successful Breeding and Health Management, Root Kustritz MV, 2005. Current Therapy in Equine Reproduction, Samper JC, McKinnon AO, Pycock J, 2006. Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology, 2nd edition Youngquist RS, Threlfall WR 2007. Ultrasonic Imaging and Animal Reproduction: Color-Doppler Ultrasongraphy - Book 4, Ginther OJ, 2007. Equine Breeding Management and Artificial Insemination, 2nd edition Samper JC, 2008. Clinical Canine and Feline Reproduction, an Evidence-based Text, Root Kustritz MV, 2010. Manual of Equine Reproduction, 3rd edition, Brinsko SP, Blanchard TL, Varner DD, Schumacher J Love CC, Hinrichs K, Hartman D, 2010. Equine Reproduction, 2nd edition, McKinnon AO, Squires EL, Vaala WE, Varner DD, 2011. Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion: Equine Theriogenology, Carleton CL, 2011. Appendix xi: Theriogenology Question of the Month Globosus amorphus. Pearson LK, Rodriguez JS, Tibary A. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011;15;238:1261-1263. Trauma-induced paraphimosis. Beltaire KA, Tanco VM, Bedford-Guaus SJ. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011;238:161-164. Pregnancy, pyometra, mucometra, hydrometra, hemorrhage, and urometra in Quarter Horse-Paint mare. Tranquillo GG, Kelleman AA, Sertich PL. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009;235:1161-1164. Scoliosis. Occhipinti LL, Carleton CL, Holcombe SJ, Chaney KP, Agnew DW. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009;234:751-753. Neonatal ingestion. Holmes SP, Memon MA, Fite CL. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009;234:205-207. Unilateral anorchidism. Burns JG, Petersen NK. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;233:1553-1554. Follicular cysts. Schwarze RA, Threlfall WR. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;233:235-237. Endometrial polyp. Estrada A, Ferrer MS, Brounts SH, Milligan MA, Lillich JD, Debey B. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;232:1473- 1475. Cause of postestral vulvar discharge. Kustritz MV. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;232:841-843. Fetal hydrocephalus. Hodder AD, Ball BA. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008;232:211-213. Sertoli cell tumor. Luby CD, Middleton JR, Youngquist RS, Kim DY, Evans AT. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007;231:1503-1505. The infected bitch should be euthanized. The other dogs in the kennel should be quarantined. Marley MS, Rynders PE. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007;231:867-869. Bilateral testicular neoplasia. Roberson JR, Andrews GA. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007;231:531-534. Remnants of paramesonephric ducts. Kutzler MA, Hofmaster IL. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007;231:213-215. Abscess in the left hemiscrotum, septic urethritis, and inflammation of the right vas deferens. Chenier TS, Estrada AT, Koenig JB. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007;230:1469-1472. Bilateral testicular neoplasia. Roberson JR, Andrews GA. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007;230:827-829. Neoplasia of the os penis. Root Kustritz MV, Fick JL; J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007;230:197-198. Hypovolemic shock. Scoggin CF, McCue PM. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006;229:1571-1575. Unilateral abdominal cryptorchidism. Zacharias JR, Baird AN, Hawkins JF. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006;229:937-939. Behavior problems in a stallion caused by a nephrolith. Dallmeyer MD, Turner RM, McDonnell SM, Sertich PL, Dolente BA, Parente EJ, Diaz OM; J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006 ;229:511-513. Large ossified remnant of the yolk sac. Harbo JM, Mausling RD, Schlafer DH, Vanderwall DK. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;229:215-217. Bleeding varicose veins. Christensen BW, Troedsson MH, Roberts JF, Pozor MA, Macpherson ML, Eichelberger AC. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006;228:1507-1510. Sexual immaturity in a prepubertal dog. Corrada Y, Hermo G, Gobello C.J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006 ;228:855-856. What are the 3 management options for a mare with twin fetuses at this stage of gestation? Gray GA, Dascanio JJ, Kolster KA. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006;228:207-209. Cystic remnants of the mesonephric (wolffian) ducts (ie, Gartner cyst). Lefebvre RC, Bélanger AM. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;227:1565-1567. Hypospadias. Hardy RM, Kustritz MV. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;227:887-888. Urospermia. Dascanio JJ, Witonsky SG. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;227:225-227. Seminoma, spermatocele, sustentacular cell tumor.Threlfall WR, Robertson JT, Munsterman AS, Oglesbee MJ, Hubbell JA. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;226:1649-1650. Endometrial cups. Willis LA, Riddle WT. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;226:877-879. Persistence of an intact hymen (imperforate hymen). Raggio I, Lefebvre R, Vaillancourt D. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;226:205- 207. Acute peritonitis secondary to intra-abdominal semen deposition. Slater LA, Davidson AP, Dahlinger J. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;225:1535-1537. How would you confirm a diagnosis of mycotic infection in an aborted fetus? Allison N. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;225:849- 851. Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 3 Number 4 • December 2011Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 201279 Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 2012 Theriogenology question of the month. Gobello C, Baschar H, Arias D, Tortora M, Giordano A. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;225:207-208. Lymphosarcoma infiltrating the uterus, cervix, and vagina. Aljarrah AH, Gill MS, Sod GA. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;224:1591-1593. Acute metritis secondary to retained fetal membranes and a retained nonviable fetus. Grundy SA, Davidson AP. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;224:844-847. What is the importance of the fetal bronchopneumonia? Strelow L. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;223:1423-1425. Leiomyosarcoma. Hinojosa AM, Holyoak GR, Moll D, Ritchey JW. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;223:786-788. In utero infection of the doe by CVV. Edwards JF, Angulo AB, Pannill EC. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222:1361-1362 Inguinal hernia or hydrocele. Bentley VA, Rashmir-Raven A. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:1409-1411. Treatment options for erosive seminal vesiculitis caused by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Blanchard TL, Woods JA, Brinsko SP, Varner DD, Boothe DM. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:793-795. Measurement of serum progresterone concentrations during diestrus. progresterone concentrations during diestrus. Pacchiana PD, Kustritz MV. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:1465-1467. Mineralization of the puppies was suggestive that the bitch would whelp in approximately 11 days. Root Kustritz MV. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:747-748. Histologic examination of tissue sections of the mass. Edens MS, Heath AM. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;219:1683-1685. Torsion of the spermatic cord. Pinto CR, Paccamonti DL, Partington B, McFadden K. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;219:1343- 1345. Functional ovarian remnant containing estrogen-secreting follicles or ovarian remnant containing an estrogen-secreting neoplasm. Kustritz MV, Rudolph KD. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;219:1065-1066. X-chromosome monosomy (XO syndrome). Kutzler MA. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;219:751-752. Laparotomy to assist replacement of the uterus. Garcia-Seco E, Gill MS, Paccamonti DL.J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;219:443- 444. Differential diagnosis of ovarian tumor, ovarian hematoma and ovarian abscess. Peavey CL, Trostle SS, Bosu WT, Cooley AJ. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;218:861-863. Endometrial cups. Kutzler MA. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;218:205-206. Azoospermia attributable to bilateral epididymal hypoplasia. Blanchard TL, Woods JA, Brinsko SP. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;217:825-826. An ectopic fetus. Nack RA. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;217:182-184. Bacterial placentitis attributable to a gram-positive filamentous branching bacillus organism. Wolfsdorf KE, Williams NM, Donahue JM. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;216:1915-1916. Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT). Hasler AH, Weber WT. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;216:1557-1559. Erratum in: J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;217:42. Pyometra, hydrometra, or mucometra. von Reitzenstein M, Archbald LF, Newell SM. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;216:1221- 1223. Specific aversion to handling for semen collection and to personal approaching the genital area. Bedford SJ, McDonnell SM. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;216:491-493. Agarose gel immunodiffusion (AGID) serologic testing for brucellosis. Kustritz MV. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;216:181-182. Cryptorchid testis. Bodri MS. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;217:1465-1466. Scrotal enlargement caused by lymphosarcoma associated with bovine leukemia virus. McCain D, Estill CT. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:1777-1779. Septic orchitis-periorchitis and epididymitis. Kasaback CM, Rashmir-Raven AM, Black SS. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:787- 789. Persistent estrus caused by functional granulosa cell tumor of the left ovary. Purswell BJ, Parker NA, Bailey TL, Dascanio JJ, Sponenberg DP. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:193-195. Priapism or paraphimosis. Kustritz MV, Olson PN. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1483-1484. Malignant teratoma of the ovary. Trasti SL, Schlafer DH. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:785-786. The goat is pseudopregnant (hydrometra). Waldow D. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:195-196. Toxicosis associated with fescue grass infected with the endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum (formerly Acremonium coenophialum). Mirza MH, Costa LR, Paccamonti D, Seahorn TL. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:1405-1406. Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), prostatitis, and prostatic neoplasia. Root Kustritz M, Merkel L. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:807-809. Torsion of the spermatic cord of the right testis. Pinto CR, Eilts BE, Paccamonti DL, Burba DJ.J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:205-206. Azoospermia associated with 79,XXY chromosome complement (canine Klinefelter's syndrome). Nie GJ, Johnston SD, Hayden DW, Buoen LC, Stephens M. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1545-1547. Confirmation of fetal viability via ultrasonography. Estill CT. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:817-818. Conservative medical management, using cold-water hydrotherapy. Sedrish S, Seahorn T. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:197- 198. Rupture of the prepubic tendon with additional tearing of the abdominal tunic. Mirza MH, Paccamonti D, Martin GS, Ramirez S, Pinto C.J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1237-1238. Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 3 Number 4 • December 2011Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 2012 80Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 2012 Imperforate hymen. Buote PL, Ragle CA, Memon MA. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:703-704. Induction of parturition. Hawkins JF, Sertich P, Dallap BL, Pozor MA. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:163-164. Endometrial polyp in a beagle. Schlafer DH, Yeager AE, Concannon PW. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:759-761. Excessive hemorrhaging from ovarian hematomas on both ovaries. Sedrish SA, Johnson PJ. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:179- 180. Scrotal hematocele. Blanchard TL, Varner DD, Brinsko SP. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:2013-2014. Cryptorchidism. Burba DJ, Sedrish SA, Paccamonti DL. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1705-1706. Transrectal palpation used to diagnose uterine torsion in a horse. Perkins NR, Hardy J, Frazer GS, Threlfall WR. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1395-1396. Unilateral scrotal hydrocele. Pinto C, Paccamonti D, Eilts B, Angel KL. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1073-1074. Histologic examination of ovarian tissue to confirm the diagnosis of a granulosa cell tumor. Sedrish SA, Valdes-Vazquez MA, Oliver J. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:731-732. Vaginal constriction, probably a congenital malformation. Archbald LF, Wolfsdorf K. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:1651- 1652. Uterine rupture. Waldow D. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:831-832. Placental insufficiency, probably the result of twin fetuses. Wolfsdorf K. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:201-202. Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 3 Number 4 • December 2011Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 201281 Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 2012 Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 3 Number 4 • December 2011Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 2012 82Clinical Theriogenology • Volume 4 Number 1 • March 2012 OMNIBLANK: