3 CONTACT Margaret V. Root Kustritz rootk001@umn.edu © 2023 The Author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Citation line: Clinical Theriogenology 2023, 15, 9589, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9589 Review Report Year-one knowledge and skills in theriogenology: a preliminary study Margaret Root Kustritz,a Patricia Sertich,b Aime Johnson,c Scott Madilld aDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA, bDepartment of Clinical Studies – New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA, cDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA, dDepartment of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA Abstract Veterinary practitioners who had just completed their first postgraduate year of work were surveyed to determine what knowledge and skills in theriogenology were used in that first year with the goal of helping veterinary schools prioritize components of the model core curriculum in their curricular offerings. The survey was based on a core curriculum created by the American College of Theriogenologists. Forty-eight surveys were returned; response rate could not be calculated. The majority of participants were in small animal practice but a wide range of employment experiences was represented. The only component listed as very commonly used in all practice types was ‘reproductive anatomy in any species.’ Reproductive work in general was not managed by small animal practitioners, reflecting current caseload in most small animal primary care clinics in the United States, which focuses on sterilized small animal patients. Reproductive work was more common among large animal practitioners, particularly those in mixed and food animal practices. The core curriculum is comparative and in this study many of the components rated as being used very commonly required input from disciplines outside of theriogenology for training, including anesthesia, surgery, and medical imag- ing. It is important for those teaching theriogenology to be an active part of all conversations about curriculum at academic insti- tutions and that the comparative nature of theriogenology be stressed to ensure all necessary components are being taught to prepare graduates for theriogenology work in practice. Keywords: Curriculum, theriogenology, competencies Introduction There is a growing interest in use of competencies to guide medical education. Competency frameworks for veterinary medical education have been created locally and as part of an international consortium.1,2 The American Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges endorses the competency-based veterinary education framework of 32 competencies divided into 9 domains.a The domains are clinical reasoning and deci- sion-making, individual animal care and management, animal population care and management, public health, communica- tion, collaboration, professionalism and professional identity, financial and practice management, and scholarship. Competencies of this type are general and do not address what specific content and skills should be included for each a. https://www.aavmc.org/programs/cbve/ discipline in veterinary medical training. Individual educa- tional researchers and colleges and organized medicine coop- eratives have created lists of knowledge and skills required of veterinary students at graduation.b,3,4 Often these are created with extensive input from practicing veterinarians. The American College of Theriogenologists has developed a model core curriculum (Appendix) and completed a survey of veterinarians across the United States to determine what knowledge and which skills in theriogenology were most commonly used in all types of veterinary practice.5 The model core curriculum was the basis of this study that surveyed veter- inary school graduates who had just completed a year of vet- erinary practice. The survey attempted to determine what knowledge and skills in theriogenology were used in that first year with the goal of helping veterinary schools prioritize b. https://aaep.org/core-competencies mailto:rootk001@umn.edu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9589 https://www.aavmc.org/programs/cbve/ https://aaep.org/core-competencies 4 Citation line: Clinical Theriogenology 2023, 15, 9589, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9589 components of the model core curriculum in their curricular offerings. Materials and methods Graduates from the veterinary class of 2021 from Auburn University, University of Minnesota, and University of Pennsylvania were invited to complete a survey based on the model core curriculum. Surveys were anonymous. Graduates were asked from which school they had graduated and what kind of veterinary employment they had in their first year after graduation (May 2021–May 2022). For each component of the model core curriculum, participants were asked to identify how frequently they used that information or skill in their first year of practice with ratings of never, rarely (less than once a month), commonly (at least once a month), and very com- monly (at least weekly). For basic science components, partic- ipants were asked to extrapolate how frequently they used that information as clinicians. For those who do reproductive work seasonally, they were asked to select the option that was most accurate during the breeding season. Descriptive data are pre- sented, with no statistical analysis. Results Forty-eight surveys were returned, with 40 from University of Minnesota, 6 from University of Pennsylvania, and 2 from Auburn University. The survey was offered to multiple schools for distribution and the authors do not know the complete population to which this may have been distributed so response rate cannot be calculated. The majority of partici- pants were in small animal practice, but a wide range of employment experiences was represented (Table 1). Frequency of use of information or skill by employment type is tabulated (Tables 2–9). Components are listed by category Table 1. Employment during the first year of veterinary practice Designation Number of responses Small animal practice 17 Internship – small animal 10 Mixed animal practice with common domestic species 4 Internship – equine 3 Equine practice 2 Food animal practice 2 Residency 2 Equine and food animal practice 1 Internship – large animal 1 Internship – small animal in shelter medicine 1 Small animal, equine and food animal practice 1 Small animal, equine, food animal, and exotics practice 1 Small animal and exotics practice 1 Small animal and food animal practice 1 Small animal and mixed animal practice 1 Table 2. Small animal clinician* – general content Very commonly used Reproductive anatomy in any species Commonly used — Rarely used Reproductive endocrinology in any species Reproductive biology in any species (folliculogenesis, spermatogenesis, fertilization, placentation, mammary gland development) Histology of reproductive tissues in any species * Small animal = Small animal practice, internship – small animal, internship – small animal in shelter medicine, small animal and mixed practice, small animal and exotics practice (n = 30). Table 3. Small animal clinician* – theriogenology content Very commonly used Small animal general anesthesia Commonly used Small animal sterilization – surgical Small animal ovariohysterectomy/ovariectomy/ hysterectomy Small animal castration (descended or cryptorchid) Small animal mammary neoplasia Small animal estrous cycle Rarely used Small animal pregnancy diagnosis/pregnancy management Small animal dystocia management/obstetrics Small animal infectious diseases of the reproductive tract Small animal breeding management Small animal mastitis Small animal female neoplasia of the reproductive tract Small animal male neoplasia of the reproductive tract Small animal neonatal resuscitation Small animal cesarean section Small animal periparturient disorders (metritis, hypocalce- mia/eclampsia, subinvolution of placental sites) Small animal pregnancy termination Small animal male infectious diseases of the reproductive tract Small animal testing for heritable disorders, breeding planning * Small animal = Small animal practice, internship – small animal, internship – small animal in shelter medicine, small animal and mixed practice, small animal and exotics practice (n = 30). http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9589 Citation line: Clinical Theriogenology 2023, 15, 9589, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9589 5 Table 4. Equine clinician** – general content Very commonly used Reproductive anatomy in any species Reproductive endocrinology in any species Reproductive biology in any species (folliculogenesis, spermatogenesis, fertilization, placentation, mammary gland development) Commonly used Histology of reproductive tissues in any species ** Equine = equine practice, internship – equine (n = 5). Table 5. Equine clinician** – theriogenology content Very commonly used Equine standing anesthesia Equine breeding management Equine manipulation of estrus (pharmacologic, lighting, etc.) Equine pregnancy diagnosis/pregnancy management Equine artificial insemination/embryo transfer Equine transrectal palpation Equine ultrasound Equine passage of pipette/biopsy instrument/insemination pipette into uterus Commonly used Equine estrous cycle Equine causes of abnormal cycling including anestrus Equine periparturient disorders (metritis, retained fetal membranes) Equine castration (descended or cryptorchid) Equine Caslick’s surgery Equine endometritis Equine breeding soundness examination/semen collection and evaluation Equine recumbent (general) anesthesia Rarely used Equine abortion Equine female infectious diseases of the reproductive tract Equine dystocia management/obstetrics Equine herd health/performance goals/economic / record-keeping Equine mastitis Equine male infertility Equine neoplasia of the male reproductive tract Equine perineal reconstruction Equine male infectious diseases of the reproductive tract Equine testing for heritable disorders, creating a breeding plan Equine neoplasia of the female reproductive tract Equine neonatal resuscitation Equine cesarean section Equine ovariectomy ** Equine = Equine practice, internship – equine (n = 5). Table 6. Food animal clinician† – theriogenology content Very commonly used Bovine estrous cycle Bovine breeding management Bovine pharmacologic manipulation of estrus Bovine causes of abnormal cycling including anestrus Bovine pregnancy diagnosis/pregnancy management Bovine dystocia management (obstetrics, fetotomy) Bovine periparturient disorders (hydrops, vaginal/uterine prolapse, metritis, retained fetal membranes, endometritis, hypocalcemia) Bovine female infectious diseases of the reproductive tract Bovine mastitis Bovine male infertility Bovine male infectious diseases of the reproductive tract Bovine herd health / performance goals / economics / record-keeping Bovine transrectal palpation Bovine ultrasonography Bovine breeding soundness examination / Semen collection and evaluation Bovine standing anesthesia Bovine artificial insemination / embryo transfer Bovine testing for heritable disease / breeding planning Bovine neonatal resuscitation Small ruminant parturition / obstetrics Commonly used Bovine teat surgery Bovine castration Small ruminant breeding management Small ruminant pregnancy diagnosis / pregnancy management Small ruminant abortion Bovine neoplasia of the female reproductive tract Bovine neoplasia of the male reproductive tract Bovine cesarean section Small ruminant estrous cycle Small ruminant breeding soundness examination / Semen collection and evaluation Rarely used Bovine passage of pipette / biopsy instrument / insemination pipette into uterus Bovine Caslick’s surgery Bovine ovariectomy † Food animal = Food animal practice (n = 2). http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9589 6 Citation line: Clinical Theriogenology 2023, 15, 9589, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9589 Table 7. Food animal clinician – theriogenology content Very commonly used Bovine estrous cycle Bovine breeding management Bovine pharmacologic manipulation of estrus Bovine causes of abnormal cycling including anestrus Bovine pregnancy diagnosis/pregnancy management Bovine dystocia management (obstetrics, fetotomy) Bovine periparturient disorders (hydrops, vaginal/uterine eversions, metritis, retained fetal membranes, endometritis, hypocalcemia) Bovine female infectious diseases of the reproductive tract Bovine mastitis Bovine male infertility Bovine male infectious diseases of the reproductive tract Bovine herd health/performance goals/economics/ record-keeping Bovine transrectal palpation Bovine ultrasonography Bovine breeding soundness examination/semen collection and evaluation Bovine standing anesthesia Bovine artificial insemination/embryo transfer Bovine testing for heritable disease/breeding planning Bovine neonatal resuscitation Small ruminant parturition/obstetrics Commonly used Bovine teat surgery Bovine castration Small ruminant breeding management Small ruminant pregnancy diagnosis/pregnancy management Small ruminant abortion Bovine neoplasia of the female reproductive tract Bovine neoplasia of the male reproductive tract Bovine cesarean section Small ruminant estrous cycle Small ruminant breeding soundness examination/semen collection and evaluation Rarely used Bovine passage of pipette/biopsy instrument/insemination pipette into uterus Bovine Caslick’s surgery Bovine ovariectomy † Food animal = Food animal practice (n = 2). Table 8. Mixed animal clinician†† – general content Very commonly used Reproductive anatomy in any species Commonly used Reproductive endocrinology in any species Reproductive biology in any species (folliculogenesis, spermatogenesis, fertilization, placentation, mammary gland development) Rarely used Histology of reproductive tissues in any species †† Mixed animal = Mixed animal practice with common domestic species; small animal, equine and food animal practice; small animal, equine, food animal and exotics practice; small animal and food animal practice; equine and food animal practice; internship – large animal; residency (n = 11). components were listed as never used in any practice type; these were ‘small animal male infertility’, ‘small animal artifi- cial insemination’, small animal contraception – pharmaco- logic’, ‘small animal breeding soundness examination/semen collection and evaluation’, ‘porcine breeding management’, ‘porcine breeding soundness examination/semen collection and evaluation’, and ‘porcine artificial insemination’. Two or more participants suggested that more should be taught about ovariohysterectomy and castration in rabbits, reproductive issues including dystocia in small mammals and reptiles, egg binding in birds (including commercial poultry) and reptiles, and small animal ultrasonography. Several small animal par- ticipants spontaneously noted that dystocia was the most common clinical presentation managed. Discussion Variation in use of knowledge and skills by employment type was similar to other studies. A study describing veterinarians’ perceptions of skills, knowledge, and attributes of new veter- inary graduates suggested that large animal theriogenology was not considered valuable by small animal practitioners whereas canine and large animal theriogenology were con- sidered valuable by large animal practitioners.6 This is likely because only a few small animal practitioners do any large animal work whereas many large animal practitioners do some small animal work. Within small animal, only 1 partic- ipant noted that they worked in a practice that worked with dog breeders so the scoring in this study was reflective of the average small animal practitioner, with a much greater focus on sterilization and treatment of disease of spayed female dogs than on breeding work. That large animal practice was much more likely to have a significant focus on breeding work (only in some species) was reflected in the ratings pro- vided by mixed animal and food animal practitioners. Ratings for large animal topics may reflect ability of nonvet- erinarians to perform some of this work. A survey of over 1,000 veterinarians representing training at all but 3 schools in North America identified basic proce- dures as most valuable in training (e.g. transrectal palpation in cows and mares and interpretation of vaginal cytology specimens in dogs).5 In that survey, dystocia management and from highest to lowest weighted score within that category. The only component listed as very commonly used in all prac- tice types was ‘reproductive anatomy in any species.’ Seven http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9589 Citation line: Clinical Theriogenology 2023, 15, 9589, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9589 7 Table 9. Mixed animal clinician †† – theriogenology content Very commonly used --- Commonly used Bovine estrous cycle Bovine pharmacologic manipulation of estrus Bovine pregnancy diagnosis/pregnancy management Bovine transrectal palpation Bovine breeding management Bovine dystocia management (obstetrics, fetotomy) Bovine periparturient disorders (hydrops, vaginal/uterine eversions, metritis, retained fetal membranes, endometritis, hypocalcemia) Bovine castration Small animal general anesthesia Small animal ovariohysterectomy/ovariectomy/ hysterectomy Small animal castration (descended or cryptorchid) Bovine causes of abnormal cycling including anestrus Bovine ultrasonography Bovine standing anesthesia Small animal sterilization – surgical Small ruminant parturition/obstetrics Rarely used Bovine female infectious diseases of the reproductive tract Bovine mastitis Small animal estrous cycle Small animal mammary neoplasia Bovine breeding soundness examination/semen collection and evaluation Bovine neonatal resuscitation Equine estrous cycle Equine standing anesthesia Small ruminant pregnancy diagnosis/pregnancy management Bovine male infertility Bovine cesarean section Equine periparturient disorders (metritis, retained fetal membranes) Small animal pregnancy diagnosis /pregnancy management Bovine herd health/performance goals/economics/ record-keeping Bovine artificial insemination/embryo transfer Equine pregnancy diagnosis/pregnancy management Small animal periparturient disorders (metritis, hypocalce- mia/eclampsia, subinvolution of placental sites) Small ruminant abortion Bovine passage of pipette/biopsy instrument/insemination pipette into uterus Equine transrectal palpation Equine ultrasound Equine castration (descended or cryptorchid) Small animal dystocia management/obstetrics Small animal male neoplasia of the reproductive tract Small animal cesarean section Small ruminant estrous cycle Bovine male infectious diseases of the reproductive tract Equine breeding management Equine manipulation of estrus (pharmacologic, lighting, and others) Small animal infectious diseases of the reproductive tract Small animal mastitis Small animal female neoplasia of the reproductive tract Small animal neonatal resuscitation Small ruminant breeding management Equine artificial insemination/embryo transfer Small animal breeding management Small ruminant breeding soundness examination/semen collection and evaluation Bovine testing for heritable disease / breeding planning Bovine neoplasia of the female reproductive tract Equine causes of abnormal cycling including anestrus Equine endometritis Small animal pregnancy termination Small animal testing for heritable disorders, breeding planning Equine dystocia management/obstetrics Equine female infectious diseases of the reproductive tract Equine passage of pipette/biopsy instrument/insemination pipette into uterus Equine recumbent (general) anesthesia Porcine parturition/obstetrics Bovine neoplasia of the male reproductive tract Bovine teat surgery Bovine Caslick’s surgery Equine neoplasia of the female reproductive tract Equine breeding soundness examination / Semen collec- tion and evaluation Equine neonatal resuscitation Equine Caslick’s surgery Small animal spontaneous abortion Porcine estrous cycle Porcine infectious causes of reproductive loss †† Mixed animal = Mixed animal practice with common domestic species; small animal, equine and food animal practice; small animal, equine, food animal and exotics practice; small animal and food animal practice; equine and food animal practice; Internship – large animal; residency (n = 11). http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9589 8 Citation line: Clinical Theriogenology 2023, 15, 9589, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9589 was rated as highly important in all species and a paucity of training in small animal and in exotics was noted. The latter still appears to be true. Among basic science topics, reproductive anatomy in any spe- cies was identified as very commonly used regardless of type of employment in the first year. Reproductive biology and repro- ductive endocrinology were commonly or very commonly used in all large animal employment and were rarely used in small animal; this again reflects lack of regular breeding work in most small animal practice situations. Knowledge of reproductive tis- sue histology was less common in all employment types. The core curriculum on which this was based (Appendix) clearly demonstrated the comparative nature of theriogenology teach- ing. In a survey of dairy veterinarians, reproductive knowledge and skills for individual animals in theriogenology, surgery, and nutrition were noted as valuable.7 In this study, many of the components rated as being used very commonly required input from disciplines outside of theriogenology for training, including anesthesia, surgery, and medical imaging. It is import- ant for those teaching theriogenology to be an active part of all conversations about curriculum at academic institutions and that the comparative nature of theriogenology is stressed to ensure all necessary components are taught to prepare gradu- ates for theriogenology work in practice. A recent publication reported that 95% of students surveyed felt that their clinical development was negatively impacted due to restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic.8 The students in the current study were in a cohort that completed their training under those restrictions and that may have altered results of this survey. The other obvious limitation of this study was the relative lack of response from dedicated large animal practitioners. Further research must be conducted to fully understand the impacts of tracking on capabilities of new graduates and to provide a more accurate list of required knowledge and skills in the first year by practice type. Competency frameworks include many aspects of veterinary medicine outside of clinical knowledge and skills, including teamwork, communications, and lifelong learning (footnote a). Recent graduates in a study noted that a focus purely on veterinary knowledge was less important in practice than were nontechnical attributes, when comparing their employment to their clinical training.9 Graduates must be employable at graduation and must also have skills that will permit them to be successful and satisfied as veterinary practitioners.10 Data from this study can be used to guide curriculum development, with incorporation of work from other disciplines and non- technical skill development to help create new graduates who can perform all the aspects of theriogenology required in their chosen employment. Conflict of interest None. Authors’ contribution Dr. Root Kustritz conceptualized the study, created the survey and sent it out to graduates of the University of Minnesota, drafted the paper, and completed revisions requested by the reviewer. Drs. Sertich and Johnson sent out the survey to graduates at their respective schools. Drs. Sertich, Johnson, and Madill reviewed the draft and provided input for improvement of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final ver- sion of the manuscript and have agreed to the submission. References 1. Bok HGJ, Jaarsma DADC, Teunissen PW, et al: Development and validation of a competency framework for veterinarians. J Vet Med Educ 2011;38:262–268. doi: 10.3138/jvme.38.3.262 2. Matthew SM, Bok HGJ, Chaney KP, et al: Collaborative develop- ment of a shared framework for competency-based veterinary education. J Vet Med Educ 2020;47:579–593. doi: 10.3138/ jvme.2019-0082 3. Duncan C, Dale VHM, Pead MJ: Clinical veterinary students’ per- ceptions of a ‘Day one’ skills guide. Vet Rec 2011;169:13–18. doi: 10.1136/vr.d1437 4. Welsh PJK, Jones LM, May SA, et al: Approaches to defining day- one competency: a framework for learning veterinary skills. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz 2009;28:771–777. doi: 10.20506/ rst.28.2.1921 5. Root Kustritz MV, Chenoweth PJ, Tibary A: Efficacy of training in theriogenology as determined by a survey of veterinarians. J Amer Vet Med Assoc 2006;229:514–521. doi: 10.2460/ javma.229.4.514 6. Kreisler RE, Stackhouse NL, Graves TK: Arizona veterinarians’ per- ceptions and consensus regarding skills, knowledge, and attri- butes of day one veterinary graduates. J Vet Med Educ 2020;47:365–377. doi: 10.3138/jvme.1117-166r2 7. Luby CD, McIntyre K, Jelinski MD: Skills required of dairy veteri- narians in western Canada: A survey of practicing veterinarians. Can Vet J 2013;54:267–270. 8. Thompson JL, Mackay J, Blacklock KB: Veterinary students’ views on surgical entrustable professional activities and the impact of COVID-19 on clinical competence development. Vet Rec 2022;191(9):e1978. doi: 10.1002/vetr.1978 9. Rhind SM, Baillie S, Kinnison T, et al: The transition into veter- inary practice: Opinions of recent graduates and final year students. BMC Med Educ 2011;11:64–73. doi: 10.1186/1472-6920-11-64 10. Bell MA, Cake MA, Mansfield CF: Beyond competence: Why we should talk about employability in veterinary education. J Vet Med Educ 2018;45:27–37. doi: 10.3138/jvme.0616-013r1 http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9589 https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme.38.3.262 https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme.2019-0082 https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme.2019-0082 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.d1437 https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.28.2.1921 https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.28.2.1921 https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.229.4.514 https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.229.4.514 https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme.1117-166r2 https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.1978 https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-11-64 https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme.0616-013r1 Citation line: Clinical Theriogenology 2023, 15, 9589, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9589 9 Appendix Theriogenology core curriculum for nontracking or mixed animal track students Suggested prerequisites to veterinary school - Medical terminology - Endocrinology - Genetics Topics in veterinary curriculum Basic sciences Anatomy Male and female, representative large and small animal species Histology Gonads Uterus Uterine tubes Mammary tissue Endocrinology Hypothalamus Pituitary Gonads Uterus Placenta Thyroid Adrenal  Embryology and placentation  Reproductive biology Sex determination and differentiation Estrous cycle, representative species (cow?) Folliculogenesis/oogenesis/ovulation/luteinization Seasonal, environmental, nutritional effects Puberty Pharmacologic manipulation of estrus Introduction to advanced reproductive technologies (e.g. semen cryopreservation, cloning, and embryo manipulation) Spermatogenesis/sperm maturation Emission/ejaculation Fertilization/embryo movement /maternal recognition of pregnancy pregnancy/parturition Artificial insemination Contraception – surgical, pharmacological, immunological Mammary gland development/lactation/milk biology Pharmacology Use of reproductive hormones and analogues Use of antibiotics/withdrawal times Behavior Clinical sciences Bovine Female Estrous cycle/breeding management Pharmacologic manipulation of estrus Anestrus Cyclical aberrations Pregnancy diagnosis/pregnancy management Dystocia management/obstetrics, fetotomy Abortion Periparturient disorders – hydrops, vaginal/uterine eversion, metritis, retained fetal membranes, endometritis http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9589 10 Citation line: Clinical Theriogenology 2023, 15, 9589, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9589 Infectious diseases/disorders of the reproductive tract Mastitis Male Infertility, male Infectious diseases/disorders of the reproductive tract General Herd health/reproductive performance goals/economics/record keeping Artificial insemination, embryo transfer Testing for heritable disorders/creation of breeding plans to minimize genetic disorders Neoplasia of the reproductive tract Techniques History taking/physical examination/creation of a diagnostic and treatment scheme Transrectal reproductive examination Ultrasonography Breeding soundness examination/semen collection and evaluation Passage of pipette/biopsy instrument/insemination pipette into uterus Neonatal resuscitation Anesthesia Surgery Cesarean surgery Teat surgery Caslick’s surgery Ovariectomy Castration  Equine Female Estrous cycle/breeding management Manipulation of estrus Anestrus Cyclical aberrations Pregnancy diagnosis/pregnancy management Dystocia management/obstetrics Abortion Periparturient disorders – metritis, retained fetal membranes Endometritis Infectious diseases/disorders of the reproductive tract Mastitis Male Infertility, male Infectious diseases/disorders of the reproductive tract General Herd health/reproductive performance goals/economics/record keeping Artificial insemination, embryo transfer Testing for heritable disorders/creation of breeding plans to minimize genetic disorders Neoplasia of the reproductive tract Techniques History taking/physical examination/creation of a diagnostic and treatment scheme Transrectal reproductive examination Ultrasonography Breeding soundness examination/semen collection and evaluation Passage of pipette/biopsy instrument/insemination pipette into uterus Neonatal resuscitation Anesthesia Surgery Cesarean surgery http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9589 Citation line: Clinical Theriogenology 2023, 15, 9589, http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9589 11 Castration (descended and cryptorchid) Caslick’s surgery Perineal reconstruction Ovariectomy Small animal Female Estrous cycle/breeding management Pregnancy diagnosis/pregnancy management Dystocia management/obstetrics Abortion Periparturient disorders – metritis, SIPS, eclampsia Infectious diseases/disorders of the reproductive tract Mastitis Mammary neoplasia Male Infertility, male Infectious diseases/disorders of the reproductive tract General Artificial insemination Contraception Testing for heritable disorders/creation of breeding plans to minimize genetic disorders Neoplasia of the reproductive tract Techniques History taking/physical examination/creation of a diagnostic and treatment scheme Breeding soundness examination/semen collection and evaluation Neonatal resuscitation Anesthesia Surgery Cesarean section Ovariohysterectomy/ovariectomy  Castration (descended and cryptorchid) Porcine Estrous cycle/breeding management Parturition/obstetrics Infectious causes of reproductive loss Breeding soundness examination, male Artificial insemination Ovine/caprine Estrous cycle/breeding management Pregnancy diagnosis/pregnancy management Abortion Parturition/obstetrics Breeding soundness examination, male http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/CT.v15.9589