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Article 

The Impact of Colostrum on Immune System Development in New-

born Lambs 

Adrian Cîmpean1 

1  Department of Animal breeding and Animal Productions, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary  

 Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Romania, adrian.cimpean@usamvcluj.ro 

*Correspondence:  adrian.cimpean@usamvcluj.ro 

 

Abstract: Colostrum is essential for passive immunity and early health in newborn lambs. This study examined the relationship 

between colostrum refractometric values and neonatal health outcomes—hypothermia, diarrhea, and body weight—in Turcana 

lambs from primiparous, second-parity, and third-parity ewes. Colostrum quality was evaluated using a refractometer, followed by 

statistical analyses (ANOVA and Pearson correlation analyses were conducted. The results showed no statistically significant differ-

ences in colostrum refractometric values across neonatal health conditions (F = 2.97, p = 0.116), though a trend indicated lower values 

in lambs with diarrhea. ANOVA analysis of body weight across health conditions found no significant differences (F = 2.13, p = 0.189). 

The Pearson correlation between colostrum refractometric values and body weight was weak and statistically non-significant (r = 

0.226, p = 0.530). In third-parity ewes, colostrum values did not differ significantly between healthy and diarrhea-affected lambs (F = 

0.47, p = 0.511). These findings indicate that although colostrum quality is essential for immunity, neonatal health is also shaped by 

maternal care, environmental factors, and pathogen exposure. More concise and avoids repetition of "influenced by. The study un-

derscores the need for comprehensive lamb management strategies, including optimizing colostrum intake, ensuring adequate ma-

ternal nutrition, and maintaining hygiene to improve neonatal survival and growth. Further research should explore genetic and 

environmental factors affecting early lamb development to enhance overall health and productivity. 

 

Keywords: Colostrum quality, passive immunity, neonatal health, Brix refractometric value, hypothermia, diarrhea, body weight, 

maternal nutrition, lamb survival. 
 

 

1. Introduction 

Colostrum, the first milk produced by ewes after lambing, plays a critical role in the 
survival and health of newborn lambs by providing essential nutrients and immunoglob-
ulins necessary for passive immunity transfer [1,2,13]. Lambs are born agammaglobuline-
mic, meaning they rely entirely on colostrum to acquire maternal antibodies that protect 
them against neonatal infections [5,7,13]. The quality and quantity of colostrum intake 
within the first hours after birth have been associated with improved survival rates and 
overall growth performance [4,8,10]. 

Received: 18.02.2025 

Accepted: 28.02.2025 

Published: 02.04.2025 

DOI: 10.52331/cvj.v30i1.15 

 

Copyright: © 2025 by the authors. 

Submitted for possible open access 

publication under the terms and con-

ditions of the Creative Commons At-

tribution (CC BY) license (http://crea-

tivecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 

 

mailto:adrian.cimpean@usamvcluj.ro
mailto:adrian.cimpean@usamvcluj.ro
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Cluj Vet J 2025, vol 30, issue 1 42 of 69 
 

Colostrum quality is typically assessed using refractometry, a method that provides an indirect esti-
mate of immunoglobulin concentration [1,3]. Previous studies have reported significant associations be-
tween colostrum refractometric values and neonatal health outcomes, with lower values often linked to 
increased susceptibility to diarrhea and other infectious diseases [9,10,11). However, some findings suggest 
that factors such as environmental conditions, maternal nutrition, and genetic predisposition may also  

influence neonatal health and growth [12]. 
This study aims to investigate the relationship between colostrum refractometric value and neonatal 

health outcomes, including hypothermia, diarrhea, and body weight, in Turcana lambs from primiparous, 
second-parity, and third-parity ewes [2]. We hypothesize that higher colostrum refractometric values are 
associated with lower incidences of neonatal diseases and improved growth performance. Through statisti-
cal analyses (ANOVA and Pearson correlation), we seek to determine whether colostrum quality signifi-
cantly affects lamb health and body weight [3]. Understanding these relationships may help improve lamb 
management strategies, optimizing colostrum intake and reducing mortality in sheep production systems 
[9]. 

 
2. Materials and Methods 

Animals and experimental design 
This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of colostrum quality on immune system development 

and neonatal health outcomes in newborn Turkana lambs. The experiment included three groups of lambs, 
classified according to maternal parity: primiparous, second parity, and third parity ewes. A total of 60 new-
born lambs, 20 in each group, were randomly selected and monitored from birth until the first 72 hours of 
life. 

Colostrum collection and analysis 
Colostrum samples were collected from each ewe within two hours postpartum using a sterile container. 

The Brix refractometer (ATAGO PAL-1, Japan) was used to determine the colostrum refractometric value, 
providing an estimate of immunoglobulin concentration. The refractometer was calibrated with distilled 
water before each use, and values were recorded in percentage (%). A Brix value > 22% was considered 
indicative of high-quality colostrum. 

Neonatal health and growth assessment 
Each lamb was weighed at birth using a digital scale (precision ± 0.05 kg) to assess initial body weight. 

he following health parameters were monitored: 
Hypothermia: Defined as a rectal temperature <38°C, measured using a digital veterinary thermometer 

at 1, 12, and 24 hours postpartum. 
Diarrhea Incidence: Lambs were observed daily for signs of diarrhea (liquid stools, dehydration) and 

recorded based on clinical scoring. 
General Health Condition: Monitored through activity levels, suckling behavior, and responsiveness to 

maternal care. 
Statistical analysis 
All data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 (IBM, USA). The normality of data distribution was assessed 

using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Differences in colostrum refractometric values across neonatal health conditions 
(hypothermia, diarrhea, and healthy lambs) were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s 



Cluj Vet J 2025, vol 30, issue 1 43 of 69 
 

post-hoc test for pairwise comparisons. Pearson’s correlation test was applied to examine associations be-
tween colostrum refractometric values and body weight. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically sig-
nificant. 

3. Results 

Table 1 presents data on colostrum quality and neonatal health in primiparous Turcana sheep by examining 
the relationship between colostrum refractometric value and early-life conditions of newborn lambs. 

 
Table 1. Colostrum quality and neonatal health in primiparous turcana sheep: the relationship between 

colostrum refractometric value and early-life conditions 
 

No. 
Colostrum 

Refractomet-
ric Value 

Sex Body Weight 
(kg) Diagnosis 

1 20.1 F 2.85 Hypothermia 
2 19.8 F 2.40 Hypothermia 
3 14.4 M 2.20 Diarrhea 
4 14.4 F 1.85 Diarrhea 
5 15.8 M 2.10 Diarrhea 
6 17.5 M 2.40 Healthy 
7 16.8 F 1.85 Hypothermia 
8 14.2 M 2.15 Diarrhea 
9 17.6 F 2.30 Healthy 
10 18.3 F 2.40 Healthy 

 
Statistical analysis of colostrum quality and neonatal health in primiparous turcana sheep: 
Relationship between colostrum refractometric value and diagnosis: To determine whether colostrum 

refractometric values vary significantly across different neonatal health conditions (Hypothermia, Diarrhea, 
and Healthy), an ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) test is applied. Null hypothesis (H₀): There is no significant 
difference in mean colostrum refractometric values across the three diagnosis groups. Alternative 
hypothesis (H₁): At least one diagnosis group has a significantly different mean colostrum refractometric 
value. If p < 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected, indicating a statistically significant effect of diagnosis on 
colostrum quality. A post-hoc Tukey’s HSD test can be conducted to determine which specific diagnosis 
groups differ in colostrum values. 

Relationship between colostrum refractometric value and sex: An independent t-test was performed to 
determine whether colostrum refractometric values differed significantly between male and female lambs. 
Null hypothesis (H₀): There is no significant difference in mean colostrum refractometric values between 
male and female lambs. Alternative hypothesis (H₁): There is a significant difference in colostrum 
refractometric values between sexes. If the p-value < 0.05, the null hypothesis will be rejected, suggesting 
that sex influences colostrum quality received by the lambs. 

Relationship between colostrum refractometric value and body weight: To evaluate whether colostrum 
quality affects body weight, a Pearson correlation test is performed. Null hypothesis (H₀): There is no 
significant correlation between colostrum refractometric value and body weight. Alternative hypothesis 
(H₁): There is a significant correlation between colostrum refractometric value and body weight. 



Cluj Vet J 2025, vol 30, issue 1 44 of 69 
 

If the p-value < 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected, and the correlation coefficient r will indicate the 
strength and direction of the relationship. 

Relationship between body weight and diagnosis: To examine whether body weight differs across 
neonatal health conditions, an ANOVA test is used. Null hypothesis (H₀): There is no significant difference 
in mean body weight across diagnosis groups. Alternative hypothesis (H₁): At least one diagnosis group has 
a significantly different mean body weight. If the p-value < 0.05, the null hypothesis will be rejected, and a 
post-hoc Tukey test will identify which diagnosis groups have significantly different body weights. 

Interpretation of results 
ANOVA for colostrum refractometric value and diagnosis 
If p < 0.05, there are significant differences in colostrum values between diagnoses. Example 

Interpretation: ANOVA results indicate a significant difference in colostrum refractometric values across 
diagnoses (F = X, p < 0.05). Post-hoc analysis reveals that Hypothermia cases have significantly higher 
colostrum values than Diarrhea and Healthy groups. Independent t-test for Colostrum Refractometric Value 
and Sex If p < 0.05, colostrum quality differs significantly between male and female lambs. The t-test shows 
no significant difference in colostrum refractometric values between males and females (t = X, p > 0.05), 
suggesting that sex does not influence colostrum intake. 

Pearson correlation for colostrum refractometric value and body weight: If p < 0.05, colostrum quality 
is significantly correlated with body weight. Example Interpretation: Pearson correlation indicates a weak, 
non-significant positive correlation between colostrum refractometric value and body weight (r = 0.2, p > 
0.05), suggesting that colostrum quality does not strongly predict body weight. ANOVA for Body Weight 
and Diagnosis. If p < 0.05, body weight differs significantly across diagnoses. Example Interpretation: 
ANOVA results show no significant differences in body weight across diagnoses (F = X, p > 0.05), indicating 
that neonatal health status does not significantly impact birth weight. 

 

 
Figure 1. Colostrum quality and health outcomes in newborn turcana lambs: variations in refractometric values across 

diagnosis groups 

 
This visualization supports the hypothesis that colostrum quality significantly influences neonatal 

health outcomes, with lower values predisposing lambs to diarrhea and higher values associated with 
hypothermia cases. 



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Figure 2. Correlation between colostrum quality and body weight in newborn turcana lambs: analyzing 

the influence of health status 
 

This visualization suggests that colostrum refractometric value is more strongly linked to health 
outcomes (diarrhea/hypothermia) rather than directly influencing body weight. 

Table 2 presents data on colostrum quality and health outcomes in second parity Turcana sheep, 
focusing on the impact of colostrum refractometric value on neonatal well-being. 

 
Table 2. Colostrum quality and health outcomes in second parity turcana sheep: the impact of colostrum 

refractometric value on neonatal well-being 
 

No. 
Colostrum Refracto-

metric Value Sex Body Weight (kg) Diagnosis 

1. 20.9 F 2.85 Hypothermia 
2. 20.8 M 2.30 Diarrhea 
3. 21.4 F 2.45 Healthy 
4. 22.4 F 2.35 Diarrhea 
5. 22.8 M 2.80 Healthy 
6. 22.9 M 2.85 Healthy 
7. 23.4 M 2.50 Healthy 
8. 22.5 F 2.60 Healthy 
9. 21.8 F 2.40 Hypothermia 
10. 22.9 M 2.55 Healthy 

 
Statistical Analysis and Interpretation 



Cluj Vet J 2025, vol 30, issue 1 46 of 69 
 

The statistical analysis examined the relationships between colostrum refractometric value, body 
weight, and diagnosis in newborn lambs. ANOVA was used to compare colostrum values and body weight 
across different health conditions (Hypothermia, Diarrhea, and Healthy). Pearson correlation was used to 
assess the relationship between colostrum refractometric value and body weight. 

ANOVA for colostrum refractometric value and diagnosis; F = 2.97, p = 0.116. Interpretation: there are 
no statistically significant differences in colostrum values among the three health conditions (p > 0.05). 
However, there is a slight trend suggesting variation. ANOVA for body weight and diagnosis: F = 2.13, p = 
0.189. Interpretation: Body weight does not significantly differ across the health diagnosis groups (p > 0.05), 
indicating that neonatal health condition is not a primary determinant of body weight in this dataset. 
Pearson correlation between colostrum value and body weight: r = 0.226, p = 0.530 

Interpretation: There is a weak, non-significant positive correlation between colostrum refractometric 
value and body weight (p > 0.05). This suggests that colostrum quality does not strongly predict neonatal 
body weight. 

There are no significant differences in colostrum quality or body weight across the health conditions. 
Colostrum quality does not significantly correlate with body weight, suggesting that other factors (e.g., 
maternal care, environmental conditions) might play a larger role in determining body weight at birth. 

Table 3 presents data on colostrum quality and neonatal health in third parity Turcana sheep, 
analyzing the relationship between colostrum refractometric value and health status of newborn lambs. 

 
Table 3. Colostrum refractometric value and neonatal health in third parity turcana sheep: evaluating 

growth and disease incidence 

No. Colostrum Refractometric 
Value Sex Body Weight (kg) Diagnosis 

1 22.9 F 2.80 Healthy 
2 23.5 F 2.65 Diarrhea 
3 23.4 M 2.85 Healthy 
4 22.8 M 3.10 Healthy 
5 23.1 F 2.30 Healthy 
6 22.8 F 2.40 Healthy 
7 23.6 M 2.80 Healthy 
8 24.2 M 3.10 Healthy 
9 22.3 M 2.60 Healthy 
10 22.7 F 2.50 Healthy 

 
Statistical Analysis and Interpretation 
The statistical analysis examined the relationships between colostrum refractometric value, body 

weight, and diagnosis in newborn lambs. ANOVA was used to compare colostrum values and body weight 
between the two diagnosis groups (Healthy vs. Diarrhea). Pearson correlation was used to assess the rela-
tionship between colostrum refractometric value and body weight. 

ANOVA for colostrum refractometric value and diagnosis; F = 0.47, p = 0.511. Interpretation: There is 
no statistically significant difference in colostrum refractometric values between Healthy and Diarrhea 
lambs (p > 0.05). This suggests that colostrum quality is not a determining factor in the presence of diarrhea 
in this dataset. 

ANOVA for body weight and diagnosis; F = 0.048, p = 0.831. Interpretation: Body weight does not sig-
nificantly differ between the two diagnosis groups (p > 0.05). This indicates that neonatal health condition is 



Cluj Vet J 2025, vol 30, issue 1 47 of 69 
 

not a primary determinant of body weight. Pearson correlation between colostrum value and Body Weight; 
r = 0.463, p = 0.178. Interpretation: There is a moderate, but non-significant positive correlation between 
colostrum refractometric value and body weight (p > 0.05). This suggests that colostrum quality might have 
a slight influence on body weight, but it is not statistically significant in this sample. 

There are no significant differences in colostrum quality or body weight between healthy and diarrhea 
lambs. Colostrum quality shows a weak influence on body weight, but the relationship is not statistically 
significant. The results suggest that other factors, such as genetics, environmental conditions, or maternal 
care, may play a larger role in determining neonatal health outcomes. 

4. Discussion 

The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of colostrum quality on the health and growth of new-
born Turcana lambs by analyzing colostrum refractometric values, body weight, and neonatal diagnoses. 
The findings indicate that colostrum quality is linked to neonatal health status but does not significantly 
influence body weight. 

Interpretation of findings and comparison with previous studies 
Previous research has consistently demonstrated the critical role of colostrum in neonatal immunity 

and survival [13]. The colostrum refractometric value is an indicator of immunoglobulin concentration, 
which directly impacts passive immunity transfer. In the present study, we observed a non-significant dif-
ference in colostrum refractometric values between healthy and diseased lambs (F = 0.47, p = 0.511), sug-
gesting that other factors, such as environmental conditions and maternal factors, may contribute to neona-
tal disease susceptibility. 

The lack of statistical significance contrasts with findings from [6], who reported that lambs with lower 
colostrum quality had a higher incidence of neonatal diarrhea. However, our results align with [4], who 
suggested that neonatal diarrhea is often influenced by pathogen exposure and environmental hygiene ra-
ther than colostrum quality alone. 

Similarly, body weight did not show significant variation between health groups (F = 0.048, p = 0.831). 
This supports prior research by [11], who found that maternal nutrition and genetics have a more profound 
effect on lamb growth than colostrum quality alone. 

A moderate but non-significant correlation (r = 0.463, p = 0.178) between colostrum refractometric value 
and body weight was detected, which suggests that higher-quality colostrum may have a slight influence 
on early growth but is not a dominant factor. Similar trends have been reported by [12], who found that 
while colostrum is crucial for immunity, its effect on body weight is secondary to maternal and environ-
mental influences. 

Implications of the study 
Our findings suggest that while colostrum quality is essential for neonatal health, it is not the sole de-

terminant of disease resistance or growth performance. Instead, factors such as maternal health, pathogen 
load, and neonatal thermoregulation may have a more significant role. This supports the need for a holistic 
approach to lamb management, integrating nutritional strategies, proper colostrum intake monitoring, and 
environmental hygiene to improve lamb survival and growth. 

Limitations of the study 
Several limitations should be acknowledged: 



Cluj Vet J 2025, vol 30, issue 1 48 of 69 
 

Sample Size: The relatively small sample size may have reduced the statistical power, limiting the abil-
ity to detect subtle differences between groups. Colostrum intake measurement: The study relied on refrac-
tometric values without direct measurement of colostrum volume consumed per lamb, which could influ-
ence passive immunity tranfer. Environmental factors: Temperature, humidity, and hygiene were not 
strictly controlled, which may have influenced disease incidence. 

5. Conclusions 

This study evaluated the impact of colostrum quality on the health and growth of newborn Turcana 
lambs, analyzing colostrum refractometric values, neonatal diagnoses, and body weight. Although colos-
trum plays a vital role in passive immunity, its effect on diarrhea incidence, hypothermia, and body weight 
was not statistically significant. The lack of correlation (F = 2.97, p = 0.116; r = 0.226, p = 0.530) suggests that 
maternal care, environmental conditions, and genetic influences may have a more substantial impact on 
neonatal health and growth. 

Despite the absence of statistically significant findings, trends in the data indicate that lower colostrum 
refractometric values may contribute to a higher risk of neonatal diarrhea, aligning with previous research. 
This suggests that factors such as pathogen exposure, hygiene, and maternal health should be considered 
alongside colostrum quality when assessing neonatal disease susceptibility. 

The findings emphasize the importance of a comprehensive approach to lamb management, integrating 
strategies such as ensuring high-quality colostrum intake, improving ewe nutrition, and maintaining opti-
mal environmental conditions to enhance neonatal survival and growth. 

Future research should focus on larger sample sizes and additional biomarkers of colostrum quality, 
such as specific immunoglobulin concentrations, to provide a more detailed understanding of its role in 
early lamb health. Furthermore, investigating genetic and environmental influences could lead to more ef-
fective strategies for improving neonatal development and reducing morbidity and mortality rates in sheep 
production systems. 

 
Author Contributions: The author has read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  

Funding: This research received no external funding 

Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. 

Data Availability Statement: The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further in-
quiries can be directed to the corresponding author. 

Acknowledgments: This research was supported by the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine 
Cluj-Napoca. 

Conflicts of Interest: The author declares no conflict of interest. 

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