



































 

  

 

 
Cluj Vet J 2025, vol 30, issue 2 http://clujveterinaryjournal.ro 

Article 

The First Spermatological Examination of New Commercial Fish 
Species of the Mediterranean: Randall’s Threadfin Bream, 
Nemipterus randalli Russell, 1986  
Şükrü Güngör1,*, Feyzanur Mart1, Muhammed Enes İnanç1 and Deniz İnnal2 

1 Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Istiklal Campus, 15030, Burdur, 
Türkiye; sukrugungor@mehmetakif.edu.tr, feyzanurmart@gmail.com, enesinanc@mehmetakif.edu.tr  

2 Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Department of Biology, Istiklal Campus, 15030, Burdur, Türkiye;  
denizinnal@mehmetakif.edu.tr    

* Correspondence: sukrugungor@mehmetakif.edu.tr; Tel.: +90 248 2132183 

Abstract: Determining spermatological characteristics in fish is critical for understanding species' reproductive biology, protecting 
fish stocks, increasing reproductive success, and ensuring fish farming efficiency. While reproductive biology research on native fish 
species of Mediterranean is restricted, there is no information on the spermatological characteristics of invasive Mediterranean 
species. Samples were collected from trawl surveys conducted in the Gulf of Antalya (Mediterranean-Turkey) between March and 
April 2024. The fish samples were promptly transported to the laboratory at the Department of Biology, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy 
University. The individuals' sex determination, lengths, and weights were recorded. 17 (65.38%) males, 9 (34.62%) females were 
determined. Male specimens of N. randalli, ranging in size from 19 to 27.2 cm in total length and weighing between 80 and 270.5 g, 
were analyzed. Nemipterus randalli sperm viability and concentration were evaluated.  Male fish gonads were handled, and testes 
were dissected in a tube containing 1 ml PBS. Sperm concentration was done with haemocytometric method. The viability of 
spermatozoa was analysed using a Cytoflex Flow Cytometry device and a Sybr-14/PI double staining method. Spermatozoa 
concentration of male individuals obtained from the Gulf of Antalya was 160.0±45.63 × 106 spz/ml and the viability rate were 
51.71±17.01%. As a result, some spermatological characteristics of Nemipterus randalli, which is recorded as an invasive species and 
has a serious economic value, were revealed for the first time. 

Keywords: Commercial species; Nemipteridae; Lessepsian fish; sperm parameters 
 

1. Introduction 

The recruitment of wild fish populations and the controlled production in 
aquaculture systems are biological processes intrinsically linked to reproductive 
success, specifically through the fertilization of mature oocytes. Following this, 
further stages of the life cycle, such as successful larval development, particularly 
during critical periods like the initial intake of food, play a key role in recruitment 
dynamics. Typically, fish undergo seasonal gametogenesis and exhibit synchronized 
reproductive behaviors, resulting in the release of gametes into the aquatic 
environment for external fertilization. The success of fertilization is influenced by 
both the intrinsic characteristics of the gametes, such as quality and quantity and the 
environmental conditions at the site of gamete fusion. Consequently, fertilization 
serves as a complex integrative outcome of multiple interacting factors, potentially 
masking variations in the inherent quality of sperm. Recent comprehensive reviews 
Cabrita, Engrola [1], Bobe and Labbé [2] have demonstrated that while various sperm 
characteristics collectively influence overall sperm quality, none of these attributes 

Received: 14.03.2025 

Accepted: 27.03.2025 

Published: 15.07.2025 

DOI:10.52331/v30i2881 

 

 

 

Copyright: © 2025 by the authors. 

Submitted for possible open access 

publication under the terms and con-

ditions of the Creative Commons At-

tribution (CC BY) license (http://crea-

tivecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 

mailto:sukrugungor@mehmetakif.edu.tr
mailto:feyzanurmart@gmail.com
mailto:enesinanc@mehmetakif.edu.tr
mailto:denizinnal@mehmetakif.edu.tr


Cluj Vet J 2025, vol 30, issue 2 46 of 66 
 

 

alone is sufficient to fully describe the fertilization potential of spermatozoa. Additionally, the 
evaluation of sperm quality can significantly benefit from the standardization of analytical 
methodologies and techniques.  

In mammals, alterations in sperm structure, including changes in flagellum length or head size, 
have been observed under various conditions. During the 1990s, image analysis techniques were 
adapted for the study of mammalian sperm morphology, leading to the development of Automated 
Sperm Morphology Analysis (ASMA). This approach was first utilized to evaluate fish sperm by Van 
Look and Kime [3], who examined the impact of increasing mercury concentrations on sperm quality. 
Subsequently, ASMA has been applied in diverse contexts, such as evaluating the influence of HCG 
on spermiation in European eel [4], and exploring potential correlations between sperm morphology 
and swimming performance [5]. In thıs study we also observed N. randalli spermatozoa under the 
light microscobe (Figure 2). 

Spermatozoa concentration in semen can be measured using various techniques, including 
microscopic counting, spectrophotometry, flow cytometry, and spermatocrit evaluation (as reviewed 
by Alavi, Psenicka [6]). However, each of these methods has certain limitations. Microscopic counting, 
considered the fundamental approach, provides sperm counts with reasonable accuracy, though 
subject to variability stemming from dilution and counting errors. For instance, an error margin of 
approximately 6% has been reported when counting 300 spermatozoa per observation using a 1/500 
diluted sample over three repetitions [7]. While this method is the most cost-effective for measuring 
sperm concentration, its primary drawback is its labor-intensive nature, which makes it less practical 
for downstream applications such as sperm preservation or partitioning for genetic cross-breeding 
studies. 

At the subcellular level, sperm quality is often evaluated based on the integrity of the 
spermatozoa's plasma membrane, which plays a crucial role in regulating ion and water exchange 
between the intracellular and extracellular environment, thereby influencing axonemal motion as 
described by Cosson, Groison [8] and Inaba [9]. Practically, membrane integrity has been examined 
using dye-penetration assays such as eosin/nigrosin or eosin staining alone, followed by microscopic 
observation, particularly in studies on mammals [10] and fish [11]. More recent approaches involve 
the use of fluorescent DNA-binding dyes like Hoechst 33258 and Propidium Iodide (PI), or more 
sophisticated kits with markers such as Sybr-14/PI, which enable concurrent visualization of both live 
and dead sperm cells. Viability percentages have been determined through direct counting or image 
analysis under the microscope [4, 12], flow cytometric analysis [13, 14]. 

The colonization of Red Sea species in the Mediterranean began sometime after the opening of 
the Suez Canal in 1869, a process that has had bioecological and economic impacts that continue today 
[15-18]. 

Nemipterus randalli Russell, 1986 is a Red Sea Lessepsian species [19]. It has a wide 
geographical distribution from the coasts of eastern and western India to Pakistan, the Persian Gulf, 
the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, East Africa, Seychelles and Madagascar in the western Indian Ocean 
[17, 20-22]. Golani and Sonin [23] recorded first time in the Mediterranean under the name N. 
japonicus in Israel. After a short time, it spread westward and was discovered in Lebanon by Lelli, 
Colloca [24], in Iskenderun Bay [20, 21], in Antalya Bay [25], in Gökova Bay [26], in the Mediterranean 
coast of Egypt [27], and in Greece [28].  



Cluj Vet J 2025, vol 30, issue 2 47 of 66 
 

 

Nemipterus randalli is a bottom fish that lives on sandy or muddy bottoms at depths ranging 
from 22 to 225 meters. It has an ellipsoid body shape and a silvery pink tint with three or four faint 
yellow stripes. The upper rays are recognized by a forked caudal fin with a long filament [29]. It feeds 
mostly on crustaceans, with minor amounts of small fish, polychaetes, molluscs, and spiny skins [21, 
30, 31]. 

The number of studies on the distribution and ecology of N. randalli in the Mediterranean has 
increased in recent years [17, 20, 21, 23-27, 30-40]. 

There are limited studies on the reproductive biology of N. randalli [22, 31, 41]. In these studies, 
information on important reproductive parameters such as sex ratios, gonadasomatic index (GSI) 
values, fecundity values, etc. were presented. Ozen [42] provided histological information on male 
and female gonads. There are no studies on sperm parameters. Determination of sperm parameters is 
an important biological phenomenon in terms of understanding invasion biology. At the same time, 
this economically important species will also contribute to the evaluation of aquaculture potentials in 
the future. With this study, spermatological parameters will be determined for the first time in N. 
randalli species.  

2. Materials and Methods 
2.1. Ethics statement 

This study follows all relevant international, national, and institutional guidelines for the 
collection and experimental use of fish samples. The fish species examined are not listed in the IUCN 
Red List of Threatened Species and are not classified as endangered, vulnerable, rare, or protected in 
Türkiye. Additionally, the sampling sites are situated outside of any designated protected areas, 
making an ethics statement unnecessary. 

2.2 Study design 

Samples were collected from trawl surveys conducted in the Gulf of Antalya (Mediterranean-
Turkey) between March and April 2024. The fish samples were promptly transported to the laboratory 
at the Department of Biology, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University. The individuals' lengths (total 
length, TL; measured to a precision of 1 mm) and weights (total weight, W; measured to the nearest 
0.1 g) were recorded (Figure 1). Gonads were examined macroscopically and microscopically, and sex 
was determined. After sex determination, sperm concentration and flow cytometric dead-live analysis 
were performed in terms of spermatological parameters with samples taken from males at Mehmet 
Akif Ersoy University Reproduction and Artificial Insemination Clinic. Gonads were separated from 
the fish by dissection and the weights of the gonads were recorded. A total of 9 male fish were 
analyzed. Testes were dissected in a tube containing 1 ml PBS and allowed to stand for two minutes 
to allow semen to come out of the tissue into the liquid. 



Cluj Vet J 2025, vol 30, issue 2 48 of 66 
 

 

 
Figure 1. A specimen of Nemipterus randalli 

2.3 Sperm Concentration 

The concentration of semen was determined using the haemocytometric method [43]. The testis 
was trimmed in 1 ml PBS and incubated in an incubator at 37°C for 2 hours. Subsequently, 10 µl of 
sperm sample was added to 490 µl of Hayem's solution, and the number of spermatozoa was counted 
using a Thoma counting chamber. The sperm concentration was expressed as the number of 
spermatozoa per ml. (spz. / ml) (Figure 3). 

 
Figure 2. Sections of N. randalli spermatozoon  



Cluj Vet J 2025, vol 30, issue 2 49 of 66 
 

 

 
Figure 3. N. randalli sperm concentration analysis 

2.4. Sperm Viability 

The viability of spermatozoa was analysed using a Cytoflex Flow Cytometry device (Beckman 
Coulter, CA, USA) and a Sybr-14/PI (L7011, Invitrogen, CA, USA) double staining method. 50 µL of 
sperm sample, and 5 µL of Sybr-14 and 3 µL of PI stain were added to 442 µL of PBS solution. The 
mixture was then incubated in a dark room at 37 °C in a water bath for 5 minutes. The ratio of live to 
dead sperm was determined using CytExpert 2.3 software (Figure 4). 

 
Figure 4. N. randalli flow cytometry viability analysis 

2.5 Statistical analysis 

All parameters, statistical analyses were performed using IBM Corp.’s SPSS (v.22, New York, 
NY, USA). Datas were given as MEAN±SEM. 

3. Result 

Based on the sex determination of N. randalli, we recorded 17 (65.38%) males, 9 (34.62%) 
females. The male–female ratio for all fish combined was 1.89:1 and differed statistically from the 
expected 1:1 (P <0.05). During the study period, 17 male specimens of N. randalli, ranging in size from 
19 to 27.2 cm in total length and weighing between 80 and 270.5 g, were analyzed. 



Cluj Vet J 2025, vol 30, issue 2 50 of 66 
 

 

 
Figure 5. Length and weight distribution of N. randalli male specimens 

The spermatozoa concentration was determined to be 160.0±45.63×106 spz/ml. The flow 
cytometric determination of the sperm viability was 51.71±17.01% (Table 1). 

Table 1. Total length (TL), total weight (W), sperm concentration, sperm viability values of male N. randalli species 
(Mean±SEM). 

Mean Total length (mm) 21.75±0.50 
Mean Weight (g) 131.31±10.75 

Sperm Concentration (x106/ml) 160.0±45.63 
Sperm Viability (%) 51.71±17.01 

4. Discussion 

N. randalli, an Indo-Pacific fish migrating to the Mediterranean Sea, has established a 
sustainable population in the Gulf of Antalya, Turkey. No data on spermatological parameters of N. 
randalli were found in the literature. Therefore, in this study, the mean viability and concentration 
values of spermatozoa of N. randalli were investigated for the first time. 

Reproductive biology studies on N. randalli, which has recently entered the Mediterranean Sea, 
revealed that reproductive periods differ according to habitats. Ozen [42] showed that the breeding 
period of N. randalli in the Gulf of Antalya is between June and October and the peak breeding period 
is between July and August. Taylan and Yapıcı [22] indicated that the reproductive activity of both 
female and male N. randalli occurs during the spring and summer months, with females being active 

!"#$

%&#'

(!#%

!!#)

'#*

+#+

'#+

!+#+

!'#+

%+#+

%'#+

&+#+

&'#+

(+#+

('#+

!) %+ %% %( %$

,
-.

/01234-5678

&'#&

("#!

!!#)

+#+

'#*

+#+

'#+

!+#+

!'#+

%+#+

%'#+

&+#+

&'#+

(+#+

('#+

'+#+

"% !!% !'% !*% %(%

,
.

90:243-528



Cluj Vet J 2025, vol 30, issue 2 51 of 66 
 

 

from April to August and males from April to July. Uyan [44], determine the spawning period of the 
species between May and June. Demirci, Demirci and Şimşek [41], in their study to determine the 
reproductive period, showed that the gonadosomatic index value of the species increased in February 
and reached the highest value in April and May.  The result of this study that male individuals of N. 
randalli are dominant over female individuals is similar to other studies [17, 21, 22, 31, 35, 44, 45]. To 
better understand the importance of sperm quality in N. randalli reproductive performance, it should 
be compared with many parameters. In this study, viability and sperm concentrations were revealed. 
N. randalli sperm concentration was found to be 160.0±45.63×106 spz/ml. Flow cytometric analysis of 
sperm viability resulted in a value of 51.71±17.01%. In the literature, spermatozoa concentration values 
are given for some species. The spermatozoa concentration of Barbus barbus (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) 
decreased from 18.81× 109 spz/ml to 12.45 × 109 spz/ml in March  to in May and decreased towards the 
end of the breeding season [6]. Hatipoğlu [46] determined that the average concentration of Abant 
trout was 17.85x109 spz/ml. While the concentration of spermatozoa in rainbow trout was found to be 
11.80x109 spz/ml, reported it as 6.90 x 109 spz/ml by hemacytometric method in their study on the same 
species[47]. 

In N. randalli viability analysis by flow cytometric method was found 51.71±17.01%.  There are 
some studies on spermatozoa viability rates in natural fish stocks. Trigo, Merino [48] was found the 
spermatozoa viability in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 95.1 ± 0.68%. Also Nynca, Dietrich 
[49] reported that rainbow trout sperm viability was 97.00 ± 0.99% by flow cytometry and 86.22 ± 
1.16% by fluorescence microscopy analyse. In a study conducted on Galaxias argenteus, a giant cockle 
grown in farms, sperm viability was determined to have 4.621 live cells and 1.168 dead cells by flow 
cytometry [50]. In these studies, it was determined that spermatozoa viability rates differed between 
species. 

Differences in sperm concentration and sperm viability between species may be due to 
changing habitat conditions and abiotic parameters such as temperature, pH, salinity and dissolved 
oxygen. For some populations, sperm analyses cover a single sampling period. This may alter sperm 
values. In addition to seasonality and habitat conditions, the observed variation in sperm parameters 
may be due to biological characteristics of fish species, sex ratio, invasiveness, reproductive strategies, 
sampling and analysis methods. 

Ozen [42] showed that the breeding period of N. randalli in the Gulf of Antalya is between June 
and October and the peak breeding period is between July and August. Taylan and Yapıcı [22] stated 
that both female and male N. randalli are reproductively active during the spring and summer, with 
the spawning season for females lasting from April to August and for males from April to July. 
Likewise, Demirci, Demirci and Şimşek [41] observed in their study on the species' reproductive 
period that the gonadosomatic index started rising in February and reached its highest levels in April 
and May. 

During the present study males were more abundant in the catch of N. randalli. In the N. randalli 
populations under study, the sex ratio which varies from population to population within the same 
species was 1.89 males to 1 females. The small sample size prevented a clear determination of the 
gender ratio. According to Bohlen, Freyhof and Nolte [51], the sex ratio in a population can change 
from year to year, suggesting that genetics or environmental variables play a role in its determination. 
There are a variety of potential causes for this variation, such as seasonal variations, feeding and 



Cluj Vet J 2025, vol 30, issue 2 52 of 66 
 

 

maturation schedules, disparities in male and female growth rates, mortality differences between the 
sexes, and potentially size-selective impacts of fishing gear. 

5. Conclusions 

Determining fish sperm parameters is a crucial scientific phenomenon that helps comprehend 
the biology of invasion. The first information on spermatological characteristics of N. randalli, such as 
spermatozoa concentration and viability, was reported in this study. These data will help determine 
the invasion ecology, assess the possibility for aquaculture in the future, and comprehend the 
reproductive biology of this commercially significant species. The normospermic traits of this species 
will be determined in part by analyzing spermatological traits over time and with a larger number of 
individuals. 

 
Supplementary Materials: Figure S1: A specimen of Nemipterus randalli, Figure S2: Sections of N. randalli 
spermatozoon, Figure S3: N. randalli sperm concentration analysis, Figure S4: N. randalli flow cytometry 
viability analysis, Figure S: Length and weight distribution of N. randalli male specimens, Table S1: Total 
length (TL), total weight (W), sperm concentration, sperm viability values of male N. randalli species 
(Mean±SEM)  
Author Contributions: Gungor S.: Conceptualization, sampling, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, 
writing—original draft, writing—review and editing. Mart F.: Methodology, validation, formal analysis,  
writing—original draft. Inanc ME: Formal analysis, original draft, writing—review and editing. Innal D.: 
Conceptualization, sampling, methodology, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing. 
Funding: This research received no external funding.  
Institutional Review Board Statement: This study follows all relevant international, national, and 
institutional guidelines for the collection and experimental use of fish samples. The fish species examined are 
not listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and are not classified as endangered, vulnerable, rare, 
or protected in Türkiye. Additionally, the sampling sites are situated outside of any designated protected 
areas, making an ethics statement unnecessary. 
Acknowledgments: The authors have no support to report. 
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

 

References 
 

1. Cabrita, E., et al., Successful Cryopreservation of sperm from sex-reversed dusky grouper, Epinephelus marginatus. 
Aquaculture, 2009. 287: p. 152-157. 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.10.019 

2. Bobe, J. and C. Labbé, Egg and sperm quality in fish. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 2010. 165(3): p. 535-548. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.02.011 

3. Van Look, K.J.W. and D.E. Kime, Automated sperm morphology analysis in fishes: the effect of mercury on goldfish sperm. 
Journal of Fish Biology, 2003. 63(4): p. 1020-1033. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00226.x 

4. Asturiano, J.F., et al., Effects of hCG as spermiation inducer on European eel semen quality. Theriogenology, 2006. 66(4): p. 
1012-20. 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.02.041 

5. Tuset, V.M., E.A. Trippel, and J. De Monserrat, Sperm morphology and its influence on swimming speed in Atlantic cod. 
Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2008. 24(4): p. 398-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2008.01125.x 

6. Alavi, S.M.H., et al., Changes of sperm morphology, volume, density and motility and seminal plasma composition in Barbus 
barbus (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) during the reproductive season. Aquat Living Resour, 2008. 21(1): p. 75-80. 
https://doi.org/10.1051/alr:2008011 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.02.011
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00226.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2008.01125.x
https://doi.org/10.1051/alr:2008011


Cluj Vet J 2025, vol 30, issue 2 53 of 66 
 

 

7. Suquet, M., M.H. Omnes, Y. Normant, and C. Fauvel, Assessment of sperm concentration and motility in turbot 
(Scophthalmus maximus). Aquaculture, 1992. 101(1): p. 177-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(92)90241-C 

8. Cosson, J., et al., Marine fish spermatozoa: racing ephemeral swimmers. Reproduction, 2008. 136(3): p. 277-94. 10.1530/rep-07-
0522 

9. Inaba, K., Molecular mechanisms of the activation of flagellar motility in sperm. 2008; 267-279.  
10. Björndahl, L., I. Söderlund, and U. Kvist, Evaluation of the one-step eosin-nigrosin staining technique for human sperm 

vitality assessment. Hum Reprod, 2003. 18(4): p. 813-6. 10.1093/humrep/deg199 
11. Zilli, L., et al., Adenosine Triphosphate Concentration and β-d-Glucuronidase Activity as Indicators of Sea Bass Semen 

Quality. Biology of Reproduction, 2004. 70(6): p. 1679-1684. 10.1095/biolreprod.103.027177 
12. Flajšhans, M., J. Cosson, M. Rodina, and O. Linhart, The application of image cytometry to viability assessment in dual 

fluorescence-stained fish spermatozoa. Cell Biology International, 2004. 28(12): p. 955-959. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellbi.2004.07.014 

13. De Baulny, B.O., Y. Le Vern, D. Kerboeuf, and G. Maisse, Flow cytometric evaluation of mitochondrial activity and membrane 
integrity in fresh and cryopreserved rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) spermatozoa. Cryobiology, 1997. 34(2): p. 141-149.  

14. Cabrita, E., et al., Evaluation of DNA damage in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) 
cryopreserved sperm. Cryobiology, 2005. 50(2): p. 144-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2004.12.003 

15. Galil, B.S., et al., ‘Double trouble’: the expansion of the Suez Canal and marine bioinvasions in the Mediterranean Sea. Biol 
Invasions, 2015. 17: p. 973-976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2016.7.2.01 

16. Golani, D., The marine ichthyofauna of the Eastern Levant—history, inventory, and characterization. Isr J Ecol Evol, 1996. 
42(1): p. 15-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/00212210.1996.10688830 

17. Innal, D., et al., Age and growth of Nemipterus randalli from Antalya Gulf-Turkey. Int J Fish Aquat Stud, 2015. 2(4): p. 299-
303.  

18. Spanier, E. and B.S. Galil, Lessepsian migration: a continuous biogeographical process. Endeavour, 1991. 15: p. 102-106. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(91)90152-2 

19. Tikochinski, Y., et al., Reduced genetic variation of the Red Sea fish, Randall’s threadfin bream Nemipterus randalli, invasive 
in the Mediterranean Sea. Aquat Invasions, 2019. 14(4): p. 716-723. https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2019.14.4.10 

20. Bilecenoglu, M. and B.C. Russell, Record of Nemipterus randalli Russell, 1986 (Nemipteridae) from Iskenderun Bay, Turkey. 
Cybium, 2008. 32(3): p. 279-280. https://doi.org/10.26028/cybium/2008-323-014 

21. Erguden, D., et al., Age and growth of the Randall’s threadfin bream Nemipterus randalli (Russell, 1986), a recent Lessepsian 
migrant in Iskenderun Bay, northeastern Mediterranean. J Appl Ichthyol, 2010. 26(3): p. 441-444. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-
0426.2009.01387.x 

22. Taylan, B. and S. Yapıcı, Reproductive biology of non-native Nemipterus randalli Russell, 1986 and native Pagellus erythrinus 
(Linnaeus, 1758) from the Aegean Sea. 2021.  

23. Golani, D. and O. Sonin, The Japanese threadfin bream Nemipterus japonicus, a new Indo‐Pacific fish in the Mediterranean  
24. Lelli, S., F. Colloca, P. Carpentieri, and B. Russell, The threadfin bream Nemipterus randalli (Perciformes: Nemipteridae) in 

the eastern Mediterranean Sea. J Fish Biol, 2008. 73(3): p. 740-745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01962.x 
25. Gökoglu, M., et al., First records of Nemichthys scolopaceus and Nemipterus randalli and second record of Apterichthus 

caecus from Antalya Bay, Southern Turkey. Mar Biodivers Rec, 2009. 2: p. e29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S175526720800033X 
26. Gülşahin, A. and A. Kara, Record of Nemipterus randalli Russell, 1986 from the southern Aegean Sea (Gokova Bay, Turkey). 

J. Appl. Ichthyol, 2013. 29( ): p. 933–934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jai.12187 
27. ElHaweet, A.E.A., Biological studies of the invasive species Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch, 1791) as a Red Sea immigrant into 

the Mediterranean. Egypt J Aquat Res, 2013. 39(4): p. 267-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2013.12.008 
28. Kampouris, T.E., N. Doumpas, I. Giovos, and I.E. Batjakas, First record of the Lessepsian Nemipterus randalli Russell, 1986 

(Perciformes, Nemipteridae) in Greece. Cah Biol Mar, 2019. 60(6): p. 559-561. http://dx.doi.org/10.21411/CBM.A.53CEC126 
29. Russell, B.C., FAO Species Catalogue: Nemipterid Fishes of the World (Threadfin Breams, Whip Tail Breams, Monocle Breams, Dwarf 

Monocle Breams and Coral Breams; FAO, 1990.  
30. Gurlek, M., et al., Feeding habits of indo-pacific species Nemipterus randalli Russel, 1986 (Nemipteridae) in Iskenderun bay, 

Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Rapp p.-v. réun - Cons. int. explor mer, 2010. 39: p. 539.  
31. Yapıcı, S. and H. Filiz, Biological aspects of two coexisting native and nonnative fish species in the Aegean Sea: Pagellus 

erythrinus vs. Nemipterus randalli. Mediterr Mar Sci, 2019. 20(3): p. 594-602. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.19658 

https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(92)90241-C
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellbi.2004.07.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2004.12.003
http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2016.7.2.01
https://doi.org/10.1080/00212210.1996.10688830
https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(91)90152-2
https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2019.14.4.10
https://doi.org/10.26028/cybium/2008-323-014
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01387.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01387.x
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01962.x
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S175526720800033X
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jai.12187
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2013.12.008
http://dx.doi.org/10.21411/CBM.A.53CEC126
https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.19658


Cluj Vet J 2025, vol 30, issue 2 54 of 66 
 

 

32. Akgun, Y. and E. Akoglu, Randall’s Threadfin Bream (Nemipterus randalli, Russell 1986) Poses a Potential Threat to the 
Northeastern Mediterranean Sea Food Web. Fishes, 2023. 8(8): p. 402.  

33. Ali, M., A. Saad, C. Reynaud, and C. Capapé. Fırst Records Of Randall's Threadfın Bream Nemıpterus Randallı (Osteıchthyes: 
Nemıpterıdae) Off The Syrıan Coast (Eastern Medıterranean)/Prıme Segnalazıonı Dı Nemıpterus Randallı (Osteıchthyes: 
Nemıpterıdae) Al Largo Della Costa Della Sırıa (Medıterraneo Orıentale). in Ann Ser Hist Nat. 2013. Scientific and Research 
Center of the Republic of Slovenia.  

34. Aydın, İ. and O. Akyol, Occurrence of Nemipterus randalli Russell, 1986 (Nemipteridae) off Izmir Bay, Turkey. Egypt J Aquat 
Res, 2016. 18(39): p. 267-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13331 

35. Özen, M.R. and O. Çetinkaya, Population Composition, Growth and Fisheries of Nemipterus randalli Russell, 1986 in Antalya 
Gulf, Mediterranean Sea, Turkey. Acta Aquat Turc, 2020. 16(3): p. 330-337. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.681309 

36. Tartar, Ü. and H. Yeldan, Some population dynamic parameters of Northeastern Mediterranean (Iskenderun Bay) threadfin 
bream, Nemipterus randalli Russell, 1986. Acta Aquat Turc, 2022. 35(3): p. 3-1-7.  

37. Uyan, U., et al., Fish length and otolith size of in Nemipterus randalli Russel, 1986 (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Nemipteridae) 
collected from Gökova Bay, Turkey. Thalass Sal, 2019. 41: p. 137-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1285/i15910725v41p137 

38. Yazıcı, R., et al., The length-weight (LWR) and length-length (LLR) relationships of Nemipterus randalli (Russel, 1986), an 
invasive species in Iskenderun Bay. Acta Bio Turc, 2024. 37(1): p. 7-1-7.  

39. Yazici, R., Sex‐linked variations in the sagittal otolith biometry of Nemipterus randalli (Russell, 1986) from the eastern 
Mediterranean Sea. J Fish Biol, 2023. 102(1): p. 241-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.15256 

40. Stern, N., et al., Distribution and population structure of the alien Indo‐Pacific Randall's threadfin bream Nemipterus 
randalli in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. J Fish Biol, 2014. 85(2): p. 394-406. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.12421 

41. Demirci, S., A. Demirci, and E. Şimşek, Spawning season and size at maturity of a migrated fish, Randall’s Threadfin Bream 
(Nemipterus randalli) in Iskenderun Bay, Northeastern Mediterranean, Turkey. Fresenius Environ Bull, 2018. 27(1): p. 503-507. 
https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20180327130349 

42. Ozen, M.R., Some histological reveals on reproduction of one of the lessepsian species, Nemipterus randalli in Antalya 
(Turkey). 2021. https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-2007-96 

43. Caille, N., et al., Quantity, motility and fertility of tench Tinca tinca (L.) sperm in relation to LHRH analogue and carp pituitary 
treatments. Aquac Int, 2006. 14(1): p. 75-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-005-9015-0 

44. Uyan, U., Nemipterus Randalli Russell, 1986nin Gökova Körfezinde bazı biyolojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. PhD Thesis, 
PhD Thesis, University of Muğla Sıtkı Koçman, Muğla, 2017.  

45. Al-Kiyumi, F., S. Mehanna, and N. Al-Bulush, Growth, mortality and yield per recruit of the Randall’s threadfin bream 
Nemipterus randalli (Russell, 1986) from the Arabian Sea off Oman. Thalassas, 2014. 30(1): p. 67-73.  

46. Hatipoğlu, T., Abant Alabalığında (salmo trutta abanticus) bazı reprodüktif özelliklerin saptanması, spermanın kısa süreli 
saklanması ve dölverimi. 2007.  

47. Seçer, S., E. Akçay, Y. Bozkurt, and S. Kayam, Gökkuşağı Alabalıklarında (Oncorhynchus mykiss W., 1792) Yaşın 
Spermatolojik Özellikler Üzerine Etkisi. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 2003. 27: p. 37-44.  

48. Trigo, P., et al., Effect of short‐term semen storage in salmon (O ncorhynchus mykiss) on sperm functional parameters 
evaluated by flow cytometry. Andrologia, 2015. 47(4): p. 407-411. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12276 

49. Nynca, J., et al., Usefulness of a portable flow cytometer for sperm concentration and viability measurements of rainbow trout 
spermatozoa. Aquaculture, 2016. 451: p. 353-356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.09.027 

50. Pearce, J., et al., Assessing sperm membrane viability using flow cytometry in farmed New Zealand giant kokopu Galaxias 
argenteus. N Z J Mar Freshw Res, 2018. 52(3): p. 362-371. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2017.1394883 

51. Bohlen, J., J. Freyhof, and A. Nolte, Sex ratio and body size in Cobitis elongatoides and Sabanejewia balcanica (Cypriniformes, 
Cobitidae) from a thermal spring. Folia Zool, 2008. 57(1/2): p. 191.  
 

1 

https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13331
https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.681309
http://dx.doi.org/10.1285/i15910725v41p137
https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.15256
https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.12421
https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20180327130349
https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-2007-96
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-005-9015-0
https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12276
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.09.027
https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2017.1394883

