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Case Report 

Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty for management of 
pulmonic stenosis in four dogs: First experience in Veterinary 
Medicine in Romania 

Florin Leca 3, Altin Cala 2, , Stefan A. Geanta3, Mihaela C. Ivanciu3, Alina Nechifor4, Ana Maria Vlas3*, Luigi 
Venco1 

1 Ospedale Veterinario Città di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; luigivenco@libero.it 
2 The Ralph Veterinary Referral Centre, Marlow, Buckinghamshire, UK 
3  Doctor’s Vet Univers Clinic , Bucharest, Romania, leca_florin2000@yahoo.com 
4  Dr. Bercaru Veterinary Clinic, Bucharest, Romania 
 
* Correspondence: leca_florin2000@yahoo.com  

Abstract:  Pulmonic stenosis (PS) is one of the most common congenital heart diseases (CHD) in dogs, accounting for approximately 
32% of all congenital cardiac defects diagnosed in this species [9]. If severe and left undiagnosed or untreated, PS can lead to signs 
of right-sided congestive heart failure (R-CHF) and, ultimately, death [7]. This paper describes aspects of the palliative management 
of PS using percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty (BVP) in four dogs, which, to the authors' knowledge, has not been previously 
performed in Romania. The minimally invasive procedures were performed between December 2021 and February 2023, at the first 
Interventional Veterinary Radiology Laboratory in Romania., specialized and optimised for Interventional Veterinary Cardiology 
(Doctor's Vet Univers Clinic, Bucharest). All patients were referred for signs of exercise intolerance or syncope due to haemodinamic 
effects of PS. The population included 2 females and 2 males aged between 18 and 72 months. Three dogs who underwent BVP 
showed a reduction in pressure gradient between 28 and 50 percent and a positive outcome. In one dog, the BPV failed to reduce the 
pressure gradient, and the patient subsequently suffered a sudden cardiac death (SCD). These findings are comparable with 
previously reported data in the literature and support the use of BVP as an effective palliative option for managing PS in dogs. 
Although the learning curve is important for improving outcomes, continued experience remains crucial for achieving consistent 
success. 

Keywords: BVP, minimally invasive, catheterisation, Veterinary Interventional Cardiology 
 

1. Introduction 
Pulmonic stenosis is a congenital heart disease, characterized by an obstruction 

localized at the level of the right ventricular outflow tract. Pulmonic stenosis is the most 
commonly diagnosed congenital malformation in dogs [2,8,9], accounting for up to 32% 
of all congenital conditions. In some studies it surpasses subaortic stenosis and patent 
ductus arteriosus. It can affect both sexes equally and is more commonly described in 
certain breeds: Boxer, Mongrel, English Bulldog, French Bulldog, Pincher, German 
Shepherd, Beagle, West Highland White Terrier. [4] 

Depending on the location of the stenotic lesion, PS can be classified as subvalvular, 
valvular and supravalvular. The most common of these is the valvular form and its 
classified itself into 3 types. Type A is characterized by a normal annulus, but fusion of 
the cusps with a dome-like appearance during systole. Type B includes valves with 
thickened cusps and reduced mobility and annulus hypoplasia. The mixed/intermediate 
type is used to describe condition that have common characters of both types A and B 
[8,7,4] 
     

Received: 12.07.2025 

Accepted: 14.07.2025 

Published: 15.07.2025 

DOI:10.52331/v30i2d79 

 

 

 

Copyright: © 2025 by the authors. 

Submitted for possible open access 

publication under the terms and con-

ditions of the Creative Commons At-

tribution (CC BY) license (http://crea-

tivecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 

mailto:leca_florin2000@yahoo.com
mailto:leca_florin2000@yahoo.com


Cluj Vet J 2025, vol 30, issue 2 62 of 66 
 

 

The clinical signs observed in dogs with PS are usually related to their severity. In mild forms, 
clinical signs may be absent, while in moderate to severe forms exercise intollerance, syncope, and signs of 
R-CHF, such as ascites, pleural effusion and subcutaneous oedema are frequently detected. In most severe 
cases with marked ventricular hypertrophy leading to myocardial hypoxia, arrhythmias as well as sudden 
cardiac death may occur [10]. 

The diagnosis and assessment of the severity of stenosis is achieved by echocardiography, based on 
morphologic changes of the valve and pressure gradient at this level, in conjunction with other associated 
changes (right ventricular concentric hypertrophy due to pressure overload, right atrial dilatation frequently 
associated with tricuspid valve regurgitation and/or post-stenotic dilatation of the pulmonary trunk [10,2] 

The most widely used guidelines for classifying the severity of PS were established by Bussadori et 
al. in 2000. These guidelines define three severity categories based on the maximum pressure gradient 
measured across the pulmonary valve: mild stenosis corresponds to a peak pressure gradient between 20–
49 mmHg, moderate stenosis is defined by a gradient of 50–80 mmHg, and severe stenosis is diagnosed 
when the pressure gradient exceeds 80 mmHg [4]. 

Currently, in veterinary medicine, two types of procedures are relatively commonly performed to 
palliate or alleviate PS: balloon valvuloplasty using different types of catheters, including cutting and high-
pressure balloons and transpulmonary stent implantation. Other minimally invasive techniques described 
in dogs include pulmonary valve implantation, such as the Melody valve. In addition to interventional 
approaches, some cardiologists employ beta-blocker therapy with the aim of improving diastolic function, 
reducing right ventricular inotropism and the transvalvular pressure gradient, and thereby decreasing 
myocardial oxygen consumption [1,3,5,6]. 

 
2. Cases 

 
2.1 Case description 

Four dogs aged between 18 and 72 months, two males and two females, from three different breeds 
(one German Shepherd, two West Highland White Terriers and one Lagotto Romagnolo), were included in 
the present case study. They were diagnosed with valvular pulmonary stenosis type A. Three of them 
showed syncope on physical efforts at the time of diagnosis.   

 

(a)         (b)  
 
Fig 1. (Case 1): (a) Right parasternal, short axis view, Continuous wave Doppler at the pulmonary 

valve level, showing high pressure gradient, suggestive pulmonic stenosis; (b) Right parasternal, short axis 
view, 2D image and color Doppler during ventricular diastole, showing the presence two pulmonary regur-
gitation jets and the thickened and fused appearance of the sigmoids.      



Cluj Vet J 2025, vol 30, issue 2 63 of 66 
 

 

 

(a)                                               (b) 
Fig 2. (Case 2): (a) Right parasternal, short axis view, Continuous wave Doppler at the pulmonary 

valve level, showing high pressure gradient; (b) Left parasternal, short axis view, 2D image and during ven-
tricular diastole, showing thickened valve sigmoids.         

(a)                                         (b) 
Fig 3. (Case 3): (a) Right parasternal, short axis view, Continuous wave Doppler at the pulmonary 

valve level, showing the increased pressure gradient; (b) Right parasternal, short axis view, 2D image and 
color Doppler during ventricular systole, showing the turbulent flow across the pulmonary valve. 

(a)                 (b) 
 

Fig 4. (Case 4): (a) Right parasternal, short axis view, Continuous wave Doppler at the pulmonary 
valve level, showing the increased pressure gradient; (b) Right parasternal, short axis view, 2D image and 
color Doppler during ventricular systole, showing the turbulent flow across the pulmonary valve. 

 



Cluj Vet J 2025, vol 30, issue 2 64 of 66 
 

 

2.2 Procedure description 

The vascular access was performed using the surgical cut-down technique, exposing the right exter-
nal jugular vein, under general anesthesia, with the patient positioned in left lateral recumbency. Using the 
modified Seldinger technique or venotomy (the vein is exposed and the temporary haemostasis is obtained 
by placing two - cranially and caudally - umbilical tapes, silk or sterile rubber band in a single loop tech-
nique), an introducer sheath is placed and an angiography catheter was inserted through in order to perform 
angiography, aiming to localize the stenosis and to exclude coronary malformations. Either a diagnostic 
catheter or a hydrophilic guidewire (inserted through the lumen of the catheter) was advanced to the pul-
monary trunk. The hydrophilic guidewire was then replaced with a rigid Rosen guidewire or a rigid guide-
wire was inserted through the diagnostic catheter into the pulmonary arteries. Subsequently (after removal 
of the angiography catheter, if necessary) the pressure balloon was inserted "over the wire". The balloon was 
selected individually according to the diastolic diameter of the stenosis (using the ratio Balloon/ring diame-
ter = 1.2 or 1.3 and taking into account the size of the access port required for the balloon in relation to the 
patient's size). After positioning the pressure balloon at the stenosis level, the balloon inflation procedure 
followed. In each case the balloon was inflated 5 times successively, aiming for the "waist" appearance of the 
balloon to completely disappear during the last series of dilations. Finally, after the final emptying of the 
contrast solution from the balloon, the balloon and guidewire were withdrawn from the heart and then from 
the blood vessel, followed by the removal of the access port, ligation of the blood vessel or venoplasty and 
suture of the skin. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
Fig. 5:  Fluoroscopic image showing the angiogram taken during the procedure. The stenosis is 

indicated by an arrow (original) 
 

 



Cluj Vet J 2025, vol 30, issue 2 65 of 66 
 

 

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

Fig. 6:  Fluroscopic image showing the "waist" aspect of the pressure balloon when inflated at the level 
of the stenotic valve (original) 

3. Results 
 
Table 1. Echocardiographic values of each case, measured before and after the procedure 
 

 

Three patients who underwent balloon valvuloplasty showed a reduction in pressure gradient 
between 28 and 50 percent. This reduction was also associated with an improvement in clinical signs, in 2 
of these patients the symptomatology completely resolved, while another patient continued to show 
episodes of lipotimia/syncope with onset triggered by hyperadrenergic episodes. 

For the other patient, balloon valvuloplasty did not reduce significantly the pressure gradient of the 
stenotic valve. The patient continued to present clinical signs of syncope/lipothymia and cardiac 
medication was maintained. 

 

Discussions 
Balloon valvuloplasty, while generally considered safe, is not without risks. Although complications 

were rare in our group, it is important to recognize that balloon valvuloplasty carries risks, such as 
arrhythmias or valvular rupture.  

Ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) were commonly observed during right heart 
catheterization. In one case, however, a severe bradycardia occurred immediately after balloon dilatation. 

 

Pulmonic valve  
peak pressure gra-
dient 
before balloon  
valvuloplasty 

Pulmonic valve  
peak velocity     
before balloon  
valvuloplasty  

Pulmonic valve 
peak pressure gra-
dient 
after balloon 
valvuloplasty 

Pulmonic valve  peak 
velocity   after balloon 
valvuloplasty  

Pressure peak 
gradient reduc-
tion percentage 

Case 1  130,42 mmHg 5,71 m/s 82,81 mmHg 4,55 m/s 36,50 % 

Case 2  123,21 mmHg 5,55 m/s 88,36 mmHg 4,7 m/s 28,28 % 
Case 3  212,58 mmHg 7,29 m/s 194,88 mmHg 6,98 m/s 8,32% 
Case 4  172,11 mmHg 6,56 m/s 85,75 mmHg 4,63 m/s 50,17 % 



Cluj Vet J 2025, vol 30, issue 2 66 of 66 
 

 

The patient exhibited a favorable response to atropine, and anesthesia recovery proceeded uneventfully, 
with no subsequent complications." 

A key post-procedural pitfall was the difficulty in ensuring timely ultrasound follow-ups, not 
necessarily due to lack of compliance, but rather due to the considerable distance that owners were 
required to travel. 

The outcome of the procedure depends on many factors. As regards clinical evolution, it is necessary 
to take into consideration: age of the subject, degree of right ventricular hypertrophy, presence of fibrosis, 
possible concomitant tricuspid regurgitation. 

As far as the dilation of the stenotic valve and the reduction of the transvalvular peak velocity are 
concerned, it is necessary to consider the type of stenosis (A. B or mixed form), the level of fibrosis of the 
valvular leaflets and any dynamic components of the stenosis as well as the concomitant presence of 
stenosing elements above or below the valve. 

As regards the balloons used, it is important to evaluate the balloon diameter/valve diameter ratio. 
The use of compliant or non-compliant balloons, inflation of the balloon manually or with an inflator 
device and pressure reached inside the balloon are critical factors that influence procedural success and 
the possible risk of complications such as balloon rupture. 

 

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