College and Research Libraries such areas of librarianship as developing collections, legal deposit, the growth of li- braries, cataloging, union catalogs, the use of materials, rare and precious materials, li- braries, types of libraries (public, university, technical university, special, and national), and special - s~bjects (buildings, mechaniza- tion, international exchange of publications, and copyright problems). In general, the monograph provides an interesting basis on which to consider the extension of library services on a worldwide basis. In the present world struggle for bal- ance, with nuclear war as a persistent possi- bility, libraries may seem to be somewhat on a low level of importance. The truth of the matter is that only thro\].gh international cooperation on all matters, including library services, can there be developed solutions to many national and international prob- lem~. IFLA's program is designed to help libraries extend their services, and to direct attention to steps that may be taken that will be beneficial to libraries as a group.- Maurice F. Tauber, Columbia University. Italian Studies Con11egno di Studi sulle Biblioteche Univer- sitarie, 16-17 Maggio 1!;60. (Pubblicazioni della Soprintendenza Bibliografica per la Campania e la Calabria, n.8.) Napoli: 1962. 67p. This small collection of papers and record- ed discussions is a byproduct of the profes- sional activities of Robert Vosper in Italy during the short period he spent there as a Fulbright lecturer from March through May 1960 (see CRL 22: 199-210). These papers w.ere presented during a two-day regional conference organized under the auspices of the Italian Library Association (AlB) and the local USIS in Naples. Following an in- troductory statement by Dr. Guerriera Guer- rieri, regional chairman of the AlB, Mr. Vosper read the opening paper. After pay- ing due tribute to the great names and wis- dom of early Italian giants such as Panizzi, and some allusions to earlier American- Italian professional exchanges, he swiftly sketched the pattern of growth in American university libraries. His outline of current developments is devoted to three areas of library work, (1) services to students, (2) services for research, and (3) cooperative services. He traces the use of libraries by students from early days in American aca- demic libraries to the recent trend toward undergraduate libraries and completely open shelves. As a disciple of Powell, he could not fail to nod in the direction of free read- ing with the inclusion of competitions for the best student personal library. His re- view of services to research starts with the growth of the great academic collections and goes on to the usual aids of interlibrary loan and microcopy. This leads naturally to the third subject, cooperation. As a chairman of the Farmington Plan Committee of Amer- ican Research Libraries, Robert Vosper was well qualified to speak on this subject. He ends his paper with comments on national programs designed to coordinate United States resources and suggests that interna- tional programs of similar scope cannot be far behind. The second paper, by the director of the University library of Naples, presents a lu- cid picture of the principal academic li- brary organization of Italy. Vosper's article contains an extensive description of this fairly complex system, so very different from ours. On reading Professor Lanzara's paper, one feels a most striking contrast between the Italian pattern and ours. While the his- toric development of Italian institutions is much different from ours, it still is difficult for us to conceive of the great academic institutions in Italy with libraries as poorly supported, staffed, and housed as they are. In fact , however, they differ little from other European libraries, and the same diffuse or- ganization exists in many other non-Euro- pean countries. One cannot help but be im- pressed by the obviously high level of intelli- gence and dignity exhibited in this paper expressing the frustration of able people limited by minimal support and administra- tive understanding. The third paper, offered by an academic, not a librarian, brings to view a stark pic- ture of the modest level of support assigned to the academic libraries. This paper is thor- oughly documented with statistical tables. The professor illuminates the weaknesses of the old and even present systematics of Italian academic libraries, deploring the modest level of support they are able to offer 524 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES to research. He calls for better organization, both local and national, for better control and management of all resources, and finally, for better funding. His paper should make good reading for some of our own faculty, many of whom do not appreciate how much they have. On the second day of the conference, the opening paper was given by Professor Fran- cesco Ghiretti, who has had experience as a researcher in both Italian and American libraries, particularly in his field, biology. He paints a grim picture of the trials of research in the typical academic constella- tion of little libraries attached to the "insti- 'tutes" of a university in Italy. In contrast, he describes his experiences in American li- braries and finally asks why Italian libraries . cannot at least match those of other Euro- pean countries, such as Sweden, Denmark, or England, if not America. He answers his own question with a stirring protest against the continuing proliferation of autonomous institutes and individual research and a plea for enforced collaboration, unification, or centralization. A short series of statements follow by three librarians responsible for small institute li- braries of the type earlier mentioned. In each of these there is evident an intelligent appreciation of the changes needed and an awareness of the hazards of the course. In the discussion period a group of librarians who had visited libraries in the United States made short statements. Among these were Alberto Guarino, Ernesto Giangrasso, and Angela Daneu Lattanzi. The latter suggests a direct attack by the regional library as- sociation in many of the areas mentioned. She speaks of microcopy as a means of cen- tralizing little-used books, of cooperation in acquisitions within a university, if not on a larger scale, of improved and more numerous bibliographic tools in book form, of catalog cards, and of union catalogs. She also com- ments on pers_onnel and training for profes- sional librarianship. In brief, those who may still look back to the "great" libraries of Western Europe as our sources should find this little com- pilation an eye-opening bit of reading. At the same time, the reader will undoubtedly be greatly affected by the obviously intense eagerness of the capable people here record- ed to carry out a program which should en- NOVEMBER 1963 able them to meet their problems. Their problems are, in fact, different from ours only in degree, and we can all profit by studying what they produce.-]errold Orne, University of North Carolina. Photocopies Photocopies from Abroad, Directory of Photocopying and Microcopying Services. (Publication No. 347.) The Hague, Neth- erlands: International Federation for Documentation, n.d. 25p. 5 guilders. In 1950 the FID published its Directory of Microfilm and Photocopying Services (Publication No. 244). This sixty-five-page booklet listed some 177 institutions in eighty- five countries. By 1955 there were enough changes to justify a new edition: Directory of Photocopying and Microcopying Services (Publication No. 278). Growing from a 5y2 x 8Y2 inch size to roughly 8Y2 x 11, it covered in fifty pages 192 services in ninety- four countries. This second edition included useful chapters on the copyright problem, a survey of processes, recommended sizes for photocopies, and the use of UNESCO cou- pons. A new edition has been needed for some time. Rising costs and the advent of new copying processes have increased the normal rate of change in photocopying prices and services. In the Foreword to the present volume there is a suggestion that publica- tion be at more frequent intervals. A ques- tionnaire sheet (two copies) is appended at the end .of the booklet to enable informa- tion to be brought up to date. One can hope that we will not have to wait eight years for the next issue. The present edition updates the previous one, but it does not supplant it, so that one should not discard the second edition. This one covers 155 services in thirty-eight coun- tries, and is based on a survey carri~d out in 1962. It no longer notes reference insti- tutions in each country, listing only those institutions that offer photoduplication ser- vice. Neither does it include the helpful expository chapters added to the second edi- tion. It notes national directories when these are available. A check of institutions listed for the United States discloses one new one 525