id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentence	flesch	summary	cache	txt
crl-12785	Kaplan, Louis	The Literature of Participation: From Optimism to Realism	1975	7	.pdf	application/pdf	3996	257	54	A contrary view, not specifically related to libraries, is expressed by Strauss, who cites four possible dysfunctional aspects of decision making by groups: individuals whose opinions have been rej.ected by the group may be alienated; the ex- pectations aroused by group participa- tion lead to further demands that man- agement cannot always satisfy; the pro- cess of group decision making may prove frustrating to several in the group; though participation niay bring about group cohesiveness, cohesiveness might be turned against, as well as in favor of, management.24 Bundy sees relief from tension through the formation in academic li- braries of departments modeled on those found elsewhere in academic in- stitutions. Though participation is easily misunderstood, is costly to introduce properly, and sometimes has led to ex- pectations that cannot be met, its use by management in the United States (and elsewhere) has grown; in fact, to a large number of managers participation is old hat, except that managemenf s un- derstanding of participation is seldom the same as Likert's.	cache/crl-12785.pdf	txt/crl-12785.txt