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C&RL News February 2013 104

Joni R. Roberts is associate university librarian for public 
services and collection development at Willamette 
University, e-mail: jroberts@willamette.edu, and Carol 
A. Drost is associate university librarian for technical 
services at Willamette University, e-mail: cdrost@
willamette.edu 

I n t e r n e t  R e v i e w sJoni R. Roberts and Carol A. Drost

EPA’s Enforcement and Compliance History 
Online (ECHO). Access: http://www.epa 
-echo.gov/echo/.
For researchers needing access to historical 

EPA reports, ECHO is an extraordinary re-
source. Developed and maintained by EPA’s 
Office of Enforcement and Compliance As-
surance, ECHO “provides compliance and 
enforcement information for approximately 
800,000 regulated facilities nationwide.” Un-
less a user has some familiarity with EPA and 
the way it collects and reports information, the 
site does have a steep learning curve. 

The main report categories are: air, water, 
hazardous waste, drinking water, criminal, and 
enforcement cases. Unfortunately searching 
is not uniform across all the data categories. 
Familiarity with EPA IDs, SIC codes, NAICS 
codes, and the range of federal agencies is 
definitely a plus. Once a user retrieves a 
report, one helpful feature is the “Data Dic-
tionary” linked above each report heading. At 
the bottom of the homepage, the “Search for 
Facilities” more or less mirrors the information 
on the left navigation, but it has a feature that 
allows cross searching.

From the homepage, three features in 
particular warrant exploration. “Analytics 
and Trends” provides data on each of the 
different categories for which it has reports. 
For example, the multiyear data on the Clean 
Water Act for each state provides information 
about the metrics used as well as exceptional 
graphs. “Reports and Resources” links to Web 
sites related to each of the different report 
categories. For example, the Clean Water Act 
portal links to legislation and data sources 
about clean water. 

Finally, the ECHO In My Community sec-
tion allows a user to search by city/state or by 

ZIP Code to locate any report for a particular 
location either in a map or table view. Unless 
one knows the name of a particular report, 
this is probably the easiest way to locate 
reports for a particular locality. 

Map results are not as complete as those 
in the tables, since only reports that include 
GPS coordinates are listed in the map result 
page. However, starting with the map will 
give you a quick overview of the type of 
reports issued for a particular location, and 
the color-coded results will make it easy 
to locate reports where compliance issues 
have been reported. 

Environmental science and public policy 
students will find ECHO a valuable site.—
Susanne K. Clement, Utah State University, 
susanne.clement@usu.edu 

University of Wisconsin Digital Collections. 
Access: http://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/.
The University of Wisconsin Digital Col-

lections (UWDC) site is a beautiful resource, 
well designed, easy to navigate and very 
comprehensive. It exposes collections that, 
if not hidden, may be a surprise to the 
general user unfamiliar with the breadth of 
UW’s digital collections. 

UWDC was created in 2001 to provide 
faculty, staff, students, and state and global 
learners, high-quality access to UW library 
materials. UWDCC was formed to digitize, 
provide access to, and maintain these digital 
materials; since 2001, UWDCC has digitized 
more than 1 million objects.

Visitors to the UWDC homepage can 
browse a drop-down list of digitized col-
lections, use a full-text search box for those 
same collections, or go directly to featured 
collections, which include materials from 
the state of Wisconsin, the UW archives, the 
extensive Ecology and Natural Resources 
Collection, and the signature Aldo Leopold 
collection. Additional collections are show-
cased each month under the Latest News 
section and then archived for later perusing. 



February 2013 105 C&RL News

Items in each collection are represented 
through high-resolution images, full meta-
data records, and links to related material. 
Users will also find a “Learning Resources” 
tab, which takes them to subject guides 
and lesson plans covering many subject 
areas, including agriculture, ecology, Native 
Americans, and women.

The site is an impressive resource for 
many reasons. It provides extensive infor-
mation on a large number of subjects using 
text, image and media files, and descrip-
tive data. For those researching the state 
of Wisconsin, there are amazing regional 
materials to be found and explored. For 
teachers, both in and out of Wisconsin, the 
curriculum development materials cover a 
wide range of topics and are well-designed 
and simple to use. 

The site introduces and promotes UW 
library collections to a global audience, and 
its ease of use tempts visitors to dig deeper 
and learn more about the robust collections 
of the UW Libraries. And for those of us 
looking for inspiration, design ideas, and a 
standards-based, sustainable digital collec-
tion model, the UWDC site is a great dis-
covery.—Sarah Goodwin Thiel, University 
of Kansas Libraries, sgthiel@ku.edu

USAspending.gov. Access: http://usaspending. 
gov/.
The Office of Management and Budget 

(OMB) launched USAspending.gov in 
December 2007 to meet requirements of 
the 2006 Federal Funding Accountability 
and Transparency Act, which establishes 
a single searchable and freely accessible 
Web site listing federal agencies’ contracts, 
grants, loans, and spending. 

Some spending is currently not includ-
ed, such as amounts smaller than $25,000, 
federal retirement and disability benefits, 
and Troubled Asset Relief Program, but 
OMB is working with agencies to include 
these. Data are provided from 2000 for-
ward. Agencies are encouraged to provide 
award information at least weekly; the site 
is updated daily. 

Given the federal budget’s complexity, 
OMB has done an admirable job of making 
federal spending data accessible, under-
standable, and thus transparent. However, 
the site is still very complex. The advanced 
search screen is intended for expert search-
ers, and librarians helping patrons might 
not want to jump immediately to it. For 
example, agencies and product/service 
categories are listed by code rather than 
alphabetically; additionally, neither list 
drops down; and three agencies/catego-
ries are displayed at a time, which makes 
browsing difficult. 

Instead, librarians new to the site 
should direct patrons either to the “Sum-
maries” page or to the basic search box. 
“Summaries” opens with a display of 
agency spending for the current fiscal year, 
sorted by dollar amount. A tab for “prime 
awardee” shows top recipients; a tab by 
location shows federal spending by state. 
Each display has a “list view” or “view 
all” option; all agency, recipient, and state 
names link to summary pages about that 
entity, showing the top five recipient states, 
sub agencies, contractors, and products or 
services purchased. 

Some patrons will want to view infor-
mation for a sub agency not included in 
the top five, and should turn to the basic 
search box, which allows a keyword search 
of all text fields; phrases can be entered 
in quotation marks but truncation is not 
available. The site suggests searches as 
the patron types. Some agency names are 
rotated so that a search on “bureau” or 
“Indian affairs” finds the Bureau of Indian 
Affairs. However, “affairs” does not return 
suggestions; librarians will want to search 
cautiously. 

As a publicly available representation 
of federal outlays to various public and 
private entities, USAspending.gov will 
appeal most to political science students, 
but students of public policy in many dis-
ciplines will find it useful to track spend-
ing by relevant agencies.—Heidi Senior, 
University of Portland, senior@up.edu