C&RL News October 2014 532 Gary Pattillo is reference librarian at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, e-mail: pattillo@email. unc.edu G a r y P a t t i l l o Educational testing “Leading education researchers like Harvard’s Daniel Koretz, a psychometrician, and John Hattie of the University of Auckland, who conducts meta-analyses of education studies, have demonstrated that the most authentic use of achievement tests is to diagnose what students know and can do so teachers can better target instruction toward them. When testing practices are set up to select teachers to fire, educators are incented to raise test scores at any cost, not to use tests to help children learn.” Dana Goldstein, 2014, The teacher wars: A history of America’s most embattled profession, First edition, New York: Doubleday. Google copyright removal requests “Google regularly receives requests from copyright owners and reporting or- ganizations that represent them to remove search results that link to material that allegedly infringes copyrights.” During the month of August 2014, Google received requests for nearly 32 million URLs to be removed. The organization with the most requests was BPI (British Recorded Music Industry) Ltd. Google, “Google Transparency Report,” www.google.com/transparencyreport/removals/copyright (retrieved September 2, 2014). Social class and elite colleges “A series of federal surveys of selective colleges found virtually no change from the 1990s to 2012 in enrollment of students who are less well off—less than 15 percent by some measures—even though there was a huge increase over that time in the number of such students going to college.” Richard Pérez-Peña, “Generation Later, Poor Are Still Rare at Elite Colleges,” The New York Times, August 25, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/08/26/education/despite-promises-little-progress-in-drawing-poor-to-elite-colleges.html (re- trieved August 28, 2014). Education payoff Average earnings of full-time, year-round workers 18 and older with an advanced degree (bachelor’s degree or higher) in 2012 was $82,720. Workers whose highest degree was a bachelor’s had mean earnings of $70,432. Mean earnings for full-time, year-round workers with a high school diploma (includes GED certificate) was $41,248, while workers with less than a ninth grade education had $26,679 average earnings. U.S. Department of Commerce, Current Population Survey, “Table PINC-04. Educational Attainment—People 18 Years Old and Over, by Total Money Earnings in 2012, Work Experience in 2012, Age, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex.” http:// www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstables/032013/perinc/pinc04_000.htm (retrieved September 9, 2014). College enrollment Total undergraduate enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions was 17.7 million in Fall 2012, an increase of 48 percent from 1990, when total undergraduate enrollment was 12.0 million students. By 2023, undergraduate enrollment is projected to increase to 20.2 million. Total enrollment in postbac- calaureate degree programs was 2.9 million in 2012, an increase of 57 percent since 1990. Postbaccalaureate enrollment is projected to increase to 3.6 million by 2023. Grace Kena, Susan Aud, Frank Johnson, et al., “The Condition of Education 2014,” (NCES 2014-083), U.S. Depart- ment of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, D.C., http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo. asp?pubid=2014083 (retrieved September 9, 2014).