id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentence	flesch	summary	cache	txt
cblr-13859	Heck, Christopher J.	Concerted Action and the Preemption of State Fair Trade Provisions After Leegin	2009	51	.pdf	application/pdf	17492	674	51	This part also suggests that, assuming as applied challenges to state statutes creating vertical price restraints are still possible, litigants must now prove anticompetitive effects from such restraints and states (or litigants attempting to argue that state restraints should be upheld) should be able to introduce procompetitive justifications for those restraints. Nevertheless, as will be explained, because the state created the machinery for establishing the pro-rate program, the Court deemed its actions immune from antitrust scrutiny.18 In upholding the statute, the Court observed that the Sherman Act makes no mention of the state as such, and gives no hint that it was intended to restrain state action or official action directed by a state,19 and said it found nothing in the language of the Sherman Act or in its history	cache/cblr-13859.pdf	txt/cblr-13859.txt