id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentence	flesch	summary	cache	txt
cjrl-14169	Braxton, T.J.	Deconstructing the Gang Menace: Gang Policing and Police “Expert” Testimony in New York City 	2025	45	.pdf	application/pdf	19020	769	50	Police Gang Experts vs. Nonpolice Gang Experts Police officers are qualified as gang experts due to their specialized knowledge, skills, training, or experience.234 However, under this same legal standard, many others are also qualified to be experts on gangs, including community workers, former gang members, friends or family of gang members, and even gang members themselves.235 Not only do these individuals meet the requisite legal standard for expertise, but they can also provide unique and more reliable testimony about gangs and gang members than police gang experts.236 Unlike police officers, these nonpolice experts understand gangs from the inside. L. J. 155, 168– 78 (2022) (arguing that judges are excessively deferent to police gang experts and that these experts frequently provide overbroad opinions); Anne Lvovsky, The Judicial Presumption of Police Expertise, 130 HARV.	cache/cjrl-14169.pdf	txt/cjrl-14169.txt