id	sid	tid	token	lemma	pos
cjrl-14169	1	1	columbia	columbia	PROPN
cjrl-14169	1	2	journal	journal	PROPN
cjrl-14169	1	3	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	1	4	race	race	NOUN
cjrl-14169	1	5	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	1	6	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	1	7	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	1	8	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	2	1	15	15	NUM
cjrl-14169	2	2	may	may	PROPN
cjrl-14169	2	3	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	2	4	no	no	NOUN
cjrl-14169	2	5	.	.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	2	6	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	2	7	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	2	8	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	2	9	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	2	10	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	2	11	menace	menace	NOUN
cjrl-14169	2	12	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	2	13	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	2	14	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	2	15	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	2	16	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	2	17	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	2	18	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	2	19	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	2	20	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	2	21	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	2	22	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	2	23	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	2	24	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	2	25	t.j	t.j	PROPN
cjrl-14169	2	26	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	2	27	braxton1	braxton1	PROPN
cjrl-14169	3	1	abstract	abstract	PROPN
cjrl-14169	3	2	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	3	3	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	3	4	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	3	5	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	3	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	3	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	3	8	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	3	9	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	3	10	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	3	11	feared	fear	VERB
cjrl-14169	3	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	3	13	vilified	vilify	VERB
cjrl-14169	3	14	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	3	15	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	3	16	romanticized	romanticize	VERB
cjrl-14169	3	17	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	4	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	4	2	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	4	3	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	4	4	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	4	5	police	police	PROPN
cjrl-14169	4	6	department	department	PROPN
cjrl-14169	4	7	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	4	8	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	4	9	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	4	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	4	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	4	12	media	medium	NOUN
cjrl-14169	4	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	4	14	elected	elect	VERB
cjrl-14169	4	15	officials	official	NOUN
cjrl-14169	4	16	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	4	17	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	4	18	courts	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	4	19	have	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	4	20	all	all	ADV
cjrl-14169	4	21	played	play	VERB
cjrl-14169	4	22	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	4	23	part	part	NOUN
cjrl-14169	4	24	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	4	25	casting	cast	VERB
cjrl-14169	4	26	street	street	NOUN
cjrl-14169	4	27	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	4	28	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	4	29	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	4	30	some	some	PRON
cjrl-14169	4	31	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	4	32	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	4	33	most	most	ADV
cjrl-14169	4	34	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ
cjrl-14169	4	35	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	4	36	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	4	37	society	society	NOUN
cjrl-14169	4	38	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	5	1	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	5	2	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	5	3	exactly	exactly	ADV
cjrl-14169	5	4	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	5	5	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	5	6	so	so	ADV
cjrl-14169	5	7	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	5	8	called	call	VERB
cjrl-14169	5	9	gangsters	gangster	NOUN
cjrl-14169	5	10	?	?	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	6	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	6	2	answer	answer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	6	3	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	6	4	highly	highly	ADV
cjrl-14169	6	5	racialized	racialize	VERB
cjrl-14169	6	6	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	6	7	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	6	8	overwhelming	overwhelming	ADJ
cjrl-14169	6	9	ninety	ninety	NUM
cjrl-14169	6	10	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	6	11	seven	seven	NUM
cjrl-14169	6	12	percent	percent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	6	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	6	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	6	15	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	6	16	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	6	17	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	6	18	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	6	19	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	6	20	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	6	21	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	6	22	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	6	23	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	6	24	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	6	25	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	6	26	latino	latino	ADJ
cjrl-14169	6	27	men	man	NOUN
cjrl-14169	6	28	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	7	1	although	although	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	7	2	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	7	3	disparity	disparity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	7	4	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	7	5	harmful	harmful	ADJ
cjrl-14169	7	6	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	7	7	itself	itself	PRON
cjrl-14169	7	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	7	9	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	7	10	represents	represent	VERB
cjrl-14169	7	11	only	only	ADV
cjrl-14169	7	12	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	7	13	part	part	NOUN
cjrl-14169	7	14	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	7	15	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	7	16	problem	problem	NOUN
cjrl-14169	7	17	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	7	18	men	man	NOUN
cjrl-14169	7	19	face	face	VERB
cjrl-14169	7	20	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	8	1	alleged	allege	VERB
cjrl-14169	8	2	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	8	3	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	8	4	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	8	5	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	8	6	arrested	arrest	VERB
cjrl-14169	8	7	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	8	8	wish	wish	VERB
cjrl-14169	8	9	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	8	10	contest	contest	VERB
cjrl-14169	8	11	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	8	12	criminality	criminality	NOUN
cjrl-14169	8	13	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	8	14	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	8	15	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	8	16	faced	face	VERB
cjrl-14169	8	17	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	8	18	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	8	19	insidious	insidious	ADJ
cjrl-14169	8	20	prosecutorial	prosecutorial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	8	21	practice	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	8	22	—	—	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	8	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	8	24	admission	admission	NOUN
cjrl-14169	8	25	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	8	26	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	8	27	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	8	28	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	8	29	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	8	30	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	8	31	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	8	32	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	8	33	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	9	1	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	9	2	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	9	3	infect	infect	VERB
cjrl-14169	9	4	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	9	5	courtroom	courtroom	NOUN
cjrl-14169	9	6	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	9	7	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	9	8	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	9	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	9	10	while	while	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	9	11	judges	judge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	9	12	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	9	13	exceedingly	exceedingly	ADV
cjrl-14169	9	14	deferential	deferential	ADJ
cjrl-14169	9	15	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	9	16	them	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	9	17	despite	despite	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	9	18	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	9	19	problematic	problematic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	9	20	methods	method	NOUN
cjrl-14169	9	21	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	9	22	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	9	23	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	9	24	surveillance	surveillance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	9	25	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	10	1	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	10	2	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	10	3	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	10	4	both	both	PRON
cjrl-14169	10	5	unfairly	unfairly	ADV
cjrl-14169	10	6	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	10	7	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	10	8	unreliable	unreliable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	10	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	10	10	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	10	11	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	10	12	feeds	feed	VERB
cjrl-14169	10	13	off	off	ADP
cjrl-14169	10	14	implicit	implicit	ADJ
cjrl-14169	10	15	biases	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	10	16	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	10	17	couples	couple	NOUN
cjrl-14169	10	18	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	10	19	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	10	20	stigmatization	stigmatization	NOUN
cjrl-14169	10	21	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	10	22	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	10	23	overbroad	overbroad	NOUN
cjrl-14169	10	24	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	10	25	extremely	extremely	ADV
cjrl-14169	10	26	suspect	suspect	ADJ
cjrl-14169	10	27	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	10	28	encapsulated	encapsulate	VERB
cjrl-14169	10	29	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	10	30	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	10	31	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	10	32	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	11	1	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	11	2	exploring	explore	VERB
cjrl-14169	11	3	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	11	4	issue	issue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	11	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	11	6	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	11	7	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	11	8	will	will	AUX
cjrl-14169	11	9	proceed	proceed	VERB
cjrl-14169	11	10	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	11	11	three	three	NUM
cjrl-14169	11	12	parts	part	NOUN
cjrl-14169	11	13	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	12	1	part	part	NOUN
cjrl-14169	12	2	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	12	3	provides	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	12	4	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	12	5	overview	overview	NOUN
cjrl-14169	12	6	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	12	7	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	12	8	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	12	9	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	12	10	prosecution	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	12	11	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	12	12	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	12	13	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	12	14	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	12	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	12	16	highlighting	highlight	VERB
cjrl-14169	12	17	changes	change	NOUN
cjrl-14169	12	18	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	12	19	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	12	20	tactics	tactic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	12	21	over	over	ADP
cjrl-14169	12	22	time	time	NOUN
cjrl-14169	12	23	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	12	24	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	12	25	current	current	ADJ
cjrl-14169	12	26	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	12	27	around	around	ADP
cjrl-14169	12	28	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	12	29	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	12	30	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	12	31	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	12	32	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	13	1	part	part	NOUN
cjrl-14169	13	2	ii	ii	PROPN
cjrl-14169	13	3	outlines	outline	VERB
cjrl-14169	13	4	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	13	5	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	13	6	implications	implication	NOUN
cjrl-14169	13	7	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	13	8	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	13	9	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	13	10	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	13	11	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	13	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	13	13	focusing	focus	VERB
cjrl-14169	13	14	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	13	15	prejudice	prejudice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	13	16	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	13	17	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	13	18	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	14	1	part	part	NOUN
cjrl-14169	14	2	iii	iii	NUM
cjrl-14169	14	3	advocates	advocate	NOUN
cjrl-14169	14	4	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	14	5	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	14	6	admission	admission	NOUN
cjrl-14169	14	7	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	14	8	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	14	9	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	14	10	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	14	11	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	14	12	counteract	counteract	VERB
cjrl-14169	14	13	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	14	14	negative	negative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	14	15	effects	effect	NOUN
cjrl-14169	14	16	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	14	17	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	14	18	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	14	19	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	15	1	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	15	2	j.d	j.d	PROPN
cjrl-14169	15	3	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	15	4	candidate	candidate	NOUN
cjrl-14169	15	5	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	15	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	15	7	columbia	columbia	PROPN
cjrl-14169	15	8	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	15	9	school	school	NOUN
cjrl-14169	15	10	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	16	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	16	2	author	author	NOUN
cjrl-14169	16	3	would	would	AUX
cjrl-14169	16	4	like	like	VERB
cjrl-14169	16	5	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	16	6	thank	thank	VERB
cjrl-14169	16	7	professor	professor	PROPN
cjrl-14169	16	8	amber	amber	PROPN
cjrl-14169	16	9	baylor	baylor	PROPN
cjrl-14169	16	10	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	16	11	supervising	supervise	VERB
cjrl-14169	16	12	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	16	13	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	16	14	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	16	15	as	as	ADV
cjrl-14169	16	16	well	well	ADV
cjrl-14169	16	17	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	16	18	professor	professor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	16	19	rebecca	rebecca	NOUN
cjrl-14169	16	20	wexler	wexler	PROPN
cjrl-14169	16	21	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	16	22	her	her	PRON
cjrl-14169	16	23	guidance	guidance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	16	24	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	16	25	instruction	instruction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	16	26	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	16	27	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	16	28	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	17	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	17	2	author	author	NOUN
cjrl-14169	17	3	would	would	AUX
cjrl-14169	17	4	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	17	5	like	like	VERB
cjrl-14169	17	6	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	17	7	thank	thank	VERB
cjrl-14169	17	8	saguna	saguna	PROPN
cjrl-14169	17	9	raina	raina	PROPN
cjrl-14169	17	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	17	11	ajée	ajée	PROPN
cjrl-14169	17	12	robinson	robinson	PROPN
cjrl-14169	17	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	17	14	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	17	15	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	17	16	entire	entire	ADJ
cjrl-14169	17	17	editorial	editorial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	17	18	staff	staff	NOUN
cjrl-14169	17	19	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	17	20	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	17	21	columbia	columbia	PROPN
cjrl-14169	17	22	journal	journal	PROPN
cjrl-14169	17	23	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	17	24	race	race	NOUN
cjrl-14169	17	25	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	17	26	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	17	27	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	1	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	18	2	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	3	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	18	4	1338	1338	NUM
cjrl-14169	18	5	introduction	introduction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	18	6	...................................................................................................................	...................................................................................................................	PROPN
cjrl-14169	18	7	1339	1339	NUM
cjrl-14169	18	8	i.	i.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	18	9	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	18	10	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	18	11	prosecuting	prosecute	VERB
cjrl-14169	18	12	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	18	13	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	18	14	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	18	15	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	18	16	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	18	17	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	18	18	...............................	...............................	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	19	1346	1346	NUM
cjrl-14169	18	20	a.	a.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	18	21	history	history	NOUN
cjrl-14169	18	22	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	18	23	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	18	24	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	18	25	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	18	26	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	18	27	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	18	28	............................................................	............................................................	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	29	1346	1346	NUM
cjrl-14169	18	30	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	18	31	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	32	20th	20th	ADJ
cjrl-14169	18	33	century	century	NOUN
cjrl-14169	18	34	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	18	35	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	18	36	cycles	cycle	NOUN
cjrl-14169	18	37	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	18	38	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	18	39	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	18	40	differing	differ	VERB
cjrl-14169	18	41	responses	response	NOUN
cjrl-14169	18	42	1346	1346	NUM
cjrl-14169	18	43	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	18	44	.	.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	18	45	21st	21st	ADJ
cjrl-14169	18	46	century	century	NOUN
cjrl-14169	18	47	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	18	48	policing	police	VERB
cjrl-14169	18	49	floyd	floyd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	18	50	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	18	51	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	18	52	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	18	53	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	18	54	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	18	55	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	18	56	operation	operation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	18	57	crew	crew	NOUN
cjrl-14169	18	58	cut	cut	VERB
cjrl-14169	18	59	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	60	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	61	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	62	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	63	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	64	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	65	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	66	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	67	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	68	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	69	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	70	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	71	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	72	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	73	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	74	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	75	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	76	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	77	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	78	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	79	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	80	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	81	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	82	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	83	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	84	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	85	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	86	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	87	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	18	88	…	…	SYM
cjrl-14169	18	89	1350	1350	NUM
cjrl-14169	18	90	3	3	NUM
cjrl-14169	18	91	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	19	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	19	2	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	19	3	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	19	4	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	19	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	19	6	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	19	7	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	19	8	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	19	9	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	19	10	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	19	11	department	department	NOUN
cjrl-14169	19	12	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	19	13	investigations	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	19	14	report	report	VERB
cjrl-14169	19	15	........................................................................................................	........................................................................................................	PROPN
cjrl-14169	19	16	1353	1353	NUM
cjrl-14169	19	17	b.	b.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	19	18	gang	gang	PROPN
cjrl-14169	19	19	prosecutions	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	19	20	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	19	21	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	19	22	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	19	23	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	19	24	.............................................	.............................................	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	20	1	1357	1357	NUM
cjrl-14169	20	2	1	1	X
cjrl-14169	20	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	20	4	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	20	5	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	20	6	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	20	7	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	20	8	prosecutions	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	20	9	.....................................................	.....................................................	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	21	1	1357	1357	NUM
cjrl-14169	21	2	2	2	X
cjrl-14169	21	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	22	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	22	2	admissibility	admissibility	NOUN
cjrl-14169	22	3	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	22	4	scope	scope	NOUN
cjrl-14169	22	5	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	22	6	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	22	7	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	22	8	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	22	9	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	22	10	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	22	11	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	22	12	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	22	13	............	............	NUM
cjrl-14169	22	14	1360	1360	NUM
cjrl-14169	22	15	ii	ii	NOUN
cjrl-14169	22	16	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	23	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	23	2	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	23	3	effect	effect	NOUN
cjrl-14169	23	4	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	23	5	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	23	6	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	23	7	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	23	8	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	23	9	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	23	10	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	23	11	........	........	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	23	12	1362	1362	NUM
cjrl-14169	23	13	c.	c.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	23	14	police	police	PROPN
cjrl-14169	23	15	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	23	16	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	23	17	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	23	18	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	23	19	unfairly	unfairly	ADV
cjrl-14169	23	20	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	23	21	.....................................	.....................................	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	23	22	1364	1364	NUM
cjrl-14169	23	23	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	23	24	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	24	1	implicit	implicit	ADJ
cjrl-14169	24	2	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	24	3	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	24	4	testifying	testify	VERB
cjrl-14169	24	5	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	24	6	..............................................................	..............................................................	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	25	1	1365	1365	NUM
cjrl-14169	25	2	2	2	X
cjrl-14169	25	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	25	4	implicit	implicit	ADJ
cjrl-14169	25	5	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	25	6	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	25	7	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	25	8	...................................................................................	...................................................................................	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	26	1	1366	1366	NUM
cjrl-14169	26	2	d.	d.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	26	3	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	26	4	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	26	5	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	26	6	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	26	7	unreliable	unreliable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	26	8	.............................................................	.............................................................	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	26	9	1369	1369	NUM
cjrl-14169	26	10	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	26	11	.	.	X
cjrl-14169	26	12	overbroad	overbroad	VERB
cjrl-14169	26	13	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	26	14	identifications	identification	NOUN
cjrl-14169	26	15	....................................................................	....................................................................	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	27	1	1370	1370	NUM
cjrl-14169	27	2	2	2	X
cjrl-14169	27	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	27	4	problematic	problematic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	27	5	indicators	indicator	NOUN
cjrl-14169	27	6	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	27	7	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	27	8	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	27	9	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	27	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	27	11	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	27	12	............................	............................	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	27	13	1371	1371	NUM
cjrl-14169	27	14	3	3	NUM
cjrl-14169	27	15	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	27	16	potential	potential	NOUN
cjrl-14169	27	17	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	27	18	convict	convict	VERB
cjrl-14169	27	19	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	27	20	innocent	innocent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	27	21	under	under	ADP
cjrl-14169	27	22	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	27	23	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	27	24	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	27	25	label	label	NOUN
cjrl-14169	27	26	..............	..............	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	27	27	1372	1372	NUM
cjrl-14169	27	28	iii	iii	NOUN
cjrl-14169	27	29	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	28	1	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	28	2	effective	effective	ADJ
cjrl-14169	28	3	counterbalance	counterbalance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	28	4	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	28	5	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	28	6	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	28	7	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	28	8	..................................	..................................	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	29	1	1374	1374	NUM
cjrl-14169	29	2	e.	e.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	30	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	30	2	value	value	NOUN
cjrl-14169	30	3	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	30	4	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	30	5	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	30	6	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	30	7	.............................................................	.............................................................	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	30	8	1376	1376	NUM
cjrl-14169	30	9	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	30	10	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	30	11	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	30	12	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	30	13	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	30	14	vs.	vs.	ADP
cjrl-14169	30	15	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	30	16	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	30	17	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	30	18	........................................	........................................	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	30	19	1376	1376	NUM
cjrl-14169	30	20	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	30	21	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	30	22	nonpolice	nonpolice	PROPN
cjrl-14169	30	23	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	30	24	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	30	25	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	30	26	mitigates	mitigate	VERB
cjrl-14169	30	27	prejudice	prejudice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	30	28	..............................	..............................	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	31	1	1377	1377	NUM
cjrl-14169	31	2	3	3	X
cjrl-14169	31	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	31	4	nonpolice	nonpolice	PROPN
cjrl-14169	31	5	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	31	6	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	31	7	expose	expose	VERB
cjrl-14169	31	8	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	31	9	.............................................	.............................................	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	31	10	1378	1378	NUM
cjrl-14169	31	11	f.	f.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	31	12	limitations	limitation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	31	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	31	14	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	31	15	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	31	16	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	31	17	....................................................	....................................................	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	31	18	1379	1379	NUM
cjrl-14169	31	19	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	31	20	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	32	1	issues	issue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	32	2	finding	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	32	3	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	32	4	funding	funding	NOUN
cjrl-14169	32	5	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	32	6	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	32	7	...........................................	...........................................	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	32	8	1379	1379	NUM
cjrl-14169	32	9	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	32	10	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	33	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	33	2	ineffectiveness	ineffectiveness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	33	3	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	33	4	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	33	5	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	33	6	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	33	7	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	33	8	broader	broad	ADJ
cjrl-14169	33	9	context	context	NOUN
cjrl-14169	33	10	.................	.................	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	33	11	1380	1380	NUM
cjrl-14169	33	12	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	33	13	....................................................................................................................	....................................................................................................................	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	33	14	1380	1380	NUM
cjrl-14169	33	15	1339	1339	NUM
cjrl-14169	33	16	colum	colum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	33	17	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	34	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	34	2	race	race	PROPN
cjrl-14169	34	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	34	4	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	35	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	35	2	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	35	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	36	1	15:1337	15:1337	ADJ
cjrl-14169	36	2	introduction	introduction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	36	3	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	36	4	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	36	5	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	36	6	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	36	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	36	8	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	36	9	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	36	10	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	36	11	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	36	12	feared	fear	VERB
cjrl-14169	36	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	36	14	vilified	vilify	VERB
cjrl-14169	36	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	36	16	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	36	17	romanticized	romanticize	VERB
cjrl-14169	36	18	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	37	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	37	2	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	37	3	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	37	4	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	37	5	police	police	PROPN
cjrl-14169	37	6	department	department	PROPN
cjrl-14169	37	7	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	37	8	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	37	9	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	37	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	37	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	37	12	media	medium	NOUN
cjrl-14169	37	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	37	14	elected	elect	VERB
cjrl-14169	37	15	officials	official	NOUN
cjrl-14169	37	16	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	37	17	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	37	18	courts	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	37	19	have	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	37	20	all	all	ADV
cjrl-14169	37	21	played	play	VERB
cjrl-14169	37	22	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	37	23	role	role	NOUN
cjrl-14169	37	24	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	37	25	casting	cast	VERB
cjrl-14169	37	26	street	street	NOUN
cjrl-14169	37	27	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	37	28	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	37	29	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	37	30	some	some	PRON
cjrl-14169	37	31	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	37	32	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	37	33	most	most	ADV
cjrl-14169	37	34	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ
cjrl-14169	37	35	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	37	36	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	37	37	society.2	society.2	NOUN
cjrl-14169	37	38	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	37	39	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	37	40	exactly	exactly	ADV
cjrl-14169	37	41	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	37	42	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	37	43	so	so	ADV
cjrl-14169	37	44	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	37	45	called	call	VERB
cjrl-14169	37	46	gangsters	gangster	NOUN
cjrl-14169	37	47	?	?	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	38	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	38	2	answer	answer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	3	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	38	4	highly	highly	ADV
cjrl-14169	38	5	racialized	racialize	VERB
cjrl-14169	38	6	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	38	7	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	38	8	overwhelming	overwhelming	ADJ
cjrl-14169	38	9	ninety	ninety	NUM
cjrl-14169	38	10	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	38	11	seven	seven	NUM
cjrl-14169	38	12	percent	percent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	38	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	38	15	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	38	16	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	38	17	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	38	18	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	19	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	20	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	38	21	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	38	22	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	38	23	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	38	24	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	38	25	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	38	26	latino	latino	ADJ
cjrl-14169	38	27	men.3	men.3	PROPN
cjrl-14169	38	28	young	young	ADJ
cjrl-14169	38	29	men	man	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	38	31	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	38	32	particular	particular	ADJ
cjrl-14169	38	33	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	38	34	have	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	38	35	been	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	38	36	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	38	37	primary	primary	ADJ
cjrl-14169	38	38	subjects	subject	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	39	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	38	40	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	41	surveillance	surveillance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	42	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	38	43	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	38	44	prosecution	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	45	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	38	46	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	38	47	seventy	seventy	NUM
cjrl-14169	38	48	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	38	49	eight	eight	NUM
cjrl-14169	38	50	percent	percent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	51	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	38	52	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	38	53	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	54	included	include	VERB
cjrl-14169	38	55	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	38	56	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	38	57	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	38	58	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	38	59	twenty	twenty	NUM
cjrl-14169	38	60	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	38	61	seven	seven	NUM
cjrl-14169	38	62	years	year	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	63	old	old	ADJ
cjrl-14169	38	64	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	38	65	younger	young	ADJ
cjrl-14169	38	66	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	38	67	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	38	68	time	time	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	69	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	38	70	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	38	71	entry	entry	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	72	into	into	ADP
cjrl-14169	38	73	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	38	74	database.4	database.4	PROPN
cjrl-14169	38	75	recent	recent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	38	76	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	77	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	38	78	related	relate	VERB
cjrl-14169	38	79	indictments	indictment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	80	have	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	38	81	included	include	VERB
cjrl-14169	38	82	children	child	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	83	as	as	ADV
cjrl-14169	38	84	young	young	ADJ
cjrl-14169	38	85	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	38	86	sixteen.5	sixteen.5	PROPN
cjrl-14169	38	87	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	38	88	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	38	89	defines	define	VERB
cjrl-14169	38	90	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	38	91	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	92	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	38	93	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	38	94	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	38	95	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	96	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	38	97	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	38	98	common	common	ADJ
cjrl-14169	38	99	name	name	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	100	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	38	101	identifying	identify	VERB
cjrl-14169	38	102	symbol.6	symbol.6	PROPN
cjrl-14169	38	103	despite	despite	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	38	104	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	38	105	clear	clear	ADJ
cjrl-14169	38	106	criminality	criminality	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	107	requirement	requirement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	108	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	38	109	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	38	110	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	38	111	adds	add	VERB
cjrl-14169	38	112	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	113	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	38	114	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	38	115	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	38	116	without	without	ADP
cjrl-14169	38	117	any	any	DET
cjrl-14169	38	118	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	119	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	38	120	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	38	121	behavior.7	behavior.7	ADJ
cjrl-14169	38	122	while	while	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	38	123	many	many	ADJ
cjrl-14169	38	124	sociologists	sociologist	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	125	agree	agree	VERB
cjrl-14169	38	126	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	38	127	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	38	128	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	129	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	38	130	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	38	131	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	132	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	38	133	e.s.b	e.s.b	NOUN
cjrl-14169	38	134	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	38	135	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	39	1	126	126	NUM
cjrl-14169	39	2	n.y.s.3d	n.y.s.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	39	3	615	615	NUM
cjrl-14169	39	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	39	5	618	618	NUM
cjrl-14169	39	6	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	39	7	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	39	8	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	39	9	ct	ct	PROPN
cjrl-14169	39	10	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	39	11	cl	cl	NOUN
cjrl-14169	39	12	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	39	13	2020	2020	NUM
cjrl-14169	39	14	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	39	15	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	39	16	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	39	17	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	39	18	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	39	19	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	39	20	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	39	21	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	39	22	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	39	23	issue	issue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	39	24	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	39	25	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	39	26	becoming	become	VERB
cjrl-14169	39	27	increasingly	increasingly	ADV
cjrl-14169	39	28	worrisome	worrisome	ADJ
cjrl-14169	39	29	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	39	30	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	39	31	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	39	32	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	39	33	large	large	ADJ
cjrl-14169	39	34	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	39	35	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	39	36	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	39	37	lisa	lisa	PROPN
cjrl-14169	39	38	evers	ever	NOUN
cjrl-14169	39	39	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	39	40	nyc	nyc	PROPN
cjrl-14169	39	41	's	's	PART
cjrl-14169	39	42	new	new	ADJ
cjrl-14169	39	43	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	39	44	culture	culture	NOUN
cjrl-14169	39	45	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	39	46	'	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	39	47	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	39	48	body	body	NOUN
cjrl-14169	39	49	count	count	NOUN
cjrl-14169	39	50	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	39	51	never	never	ADV
cjrl-14169	39	52	enough	enough	ADJ
cjrl-14169	39	53	'	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	39	54	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	39	55	fox	fox	PROPN
cjrl-14169	39	56	5	5	NUM
cjrl-14169	39	57	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	39	58	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	39	59	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	39	60	apr	apr	PROPN
cjrl-14169	39	61	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	39	62	21	21	NUM
cjrl-14169	39	63	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	39	64	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	39	65	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	39	66	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	39	67	https://www.fox5ny.com/news/street-soldiers-thenew-gang-culture	https://www.fox5ny.com/news/street-soldiers-thenew-gang-culture	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	40	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	40	2	https://perma.cc/3brt-zx6	https://perma.cc/3brt-zx6	PROPN
cjrl-14169	40	3	t	t	PROPN
cjrl-14169	40	4	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	40	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	40	6	suggesting	suggest	VERB
cjrl-14169	40	7	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	40	8	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	40	9	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	40	10	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	40	11	gang	gang	PROPN
cjrl-14169	40	12	culture	culture	NOUN
cjrl-14169	40	13	promotes	promote	VERB
cjrl-14169	40	14	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	40	15	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	40	16	shoot	shoot	NOUN
cjrl-14169	40	17	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	40	18	site	site	NOUN
cjrl-14169	40	19	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	40	20	attitude	attitude	NOUN
cjrl-14169	40	21	where	where	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	40	22	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	40	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	40	24	body	body	NOUN
cjrl-14169	40	25	count	count	NOUN
cjrl-14169	40	26	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	40	27	never	never	ADV
cjrl-14169	40	28	enough	enough	ADJ
cjrl-14169	40	29	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	40	30	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	40	31	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	40	32	fighting	fight	VERB
cjrl-14169	40	33	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	40	34	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	40	35	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	40	36	nyc	nyc	PROPN
cjrl-14169	40	37	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	40	38	city	city	NOUN
cjrl-14169	40	39	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	40	40	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	40	41	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	40	42	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	40	43	https://www.nyc.gov/content/getstuffdone/pages/fighting-gang-violence	https://www.nyc.gov/content/getstuffdone/pages/fighting-gang-violence	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	40	44	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	40	45	https://perma.cc/cv4f-upem	https://perma.cc/cv4f-upem	X
cjrl-14169	40	46	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	40	47	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	40	48	last	last	ADV
cjrl-14169	40	49	visited	visit	VERB
cjrl-14169	40	50	jan	jan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	40	51	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	40	52	5	5	NUM
cjrl-14169	40	53	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	40	54	2024	2024	NUM
cjrl-14169	40	55	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	40	56	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	40	57	highlighting	highlight	VERB
cjrl-14169	40	58	mayor	mayor	PROPN
cjrl-14169	40	59	eric	eric	PROPN
cjrl-14169	40	60	adams	adams	PROPN
cjrl-14169	40	61	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	40	62	pledge	pledge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	40	63	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	40	64	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	40	65	take	take	VERB
cjrl-14169	40	66	down	down	ADP
cjrl-14169	40	67	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	40	68	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	40	69	enterprises	enterprise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	40	70	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	40	71	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	40	72	creating	create	VERB
cjrl-14169	40	73	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	40	74	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	40	75	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	40	76	death	death	NOUN
cjrl-14169	40	77	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	40	78	our	our	PRON
cjrl-14169	40	79	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	40	80	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	40	81	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	40	82	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	41	1	3	3	NUM
cjrl-14169	41	2	n.y.c	n.y.c	NOUN
cjrl-14169	41	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	41	4	dep’t	dep’t	PROPN
cjrl-14169	41	5	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	41	6	investigation	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	41	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	41	8	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	41	9	investigation	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	41	10	into	into	ADP
cjrl-14169	41	11	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	41	12	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	41	13	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	41	14	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	41	15	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	41	16	34	34	NUM
cjrl-14169	41	17	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	41	18	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	41	19	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	41	20	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	41	21	https://www.nyc.gov/assets/doi/reports/pdf/2023/16cgdrpt.release04.18.2023.pdf	https://www.nyc.gov/assets/doi/reports/pdf/2023/16cgdrpt.release04.18.2023.pdf	X
cjrl-14169	42	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	42	2	https://perma.cc/7ps5ztmd	https://perma.cc/7ps5ztmd	X
cjrl-14169	42	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	42	4	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	43	1	4	4	NUM
cjrl-14169	43	2	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	43	3	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	43	4	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	43	5	35	35	NUM
cjrl-14169	43	6	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	43	7	5	5	NUM
cjrl-14169	43	8	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	43	9	samantha	samantha	PROPN
cjrl-14169	43	10	max	max	PROPN
cjrl-14169	43	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	43	12	bronx	bronx	PROPN
cjrl-14169	43	13	district	district	NOUN
cjrl-14169	43	14	attorney	attorney	NOUN
cjrl-14169	43	15	charges	charge	VERB
cjrl-14169	43	16	12	12	NUM
cjrl-14169	43	17	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	43	18	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	43	19	shootings	shooting	NOUN
cjrl-14169	43	20	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	43	21	carjackings	carjacking	NOUN
cjrl-14169	43	22	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	43	23	armed	armed	ADJ
cjrl-14169	43	24	robberies	robbery	NOUN
cjrl-14169	43	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	43	26	gothamist	gothamist	NOUN
cjrl-14169	43	27	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	43	28	sept	sept	PROPN
cjrl-14169	43	29	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	43	30	21	21	NUM
cjrl-14169	43	31	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	43	32	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	43	33	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	43	34	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	43	35	https://gothamist.com/news/bronx-district-attorney-charges-12-peoplewith-shootings-carjackings-armed-robberies	https://gothamist.com/news/bronx-district-attorney-charges-12-peoplewith-shootings-carjackings-armed-robberie	VERB
cjrl-14169	44	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	44	2	https://perma.cc/4jg2-mpnb	https://perma.cc/4jg2-mpnb	X
cjrl-14169	44	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	44	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	44	5	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	44	6	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	44	7	dozen	dozen	NOUN
cjrl-14169	44	8	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	44	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	44	10	ranging	range	VERB
cjrl-14169	44	11	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	44	12	16	16	NUM
cjrl-14169	44	13	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	44	14	22	22	NUM
cjrl-14169	44	15	years	year	NOUN
cjrl-14169	44	16	old	old	ADJ
cjrl-14169	44	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	44	18	have	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	44	19	been	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	44	20	indicted	indict	VERB
cjrl-14169	44	21	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	44	22	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	44	23	bronx	bronx	NOUN
cjrl-14169	44	24	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	44	25	connection	connection	NOUN
cjrl-14169	44	26	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	44	27	23	23	NUM
cjrl-14169	44	28	violent	violent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	44	29	incidents	incident	NOUN
cjrl-14169	44	30	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	44	31	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	44	32	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	44	33	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	44	34	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	44	35	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	44	36	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	45	1	6	6	NUM
cjrl-14169	45	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	45	3	n.y.c	n.y.c	NOUN
cjrl-14169	45	4	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	46	1	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	46	2	dep’t	dep’t	PROPN
cjrl-14169	46	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	46	4	patrol	patrol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	46	5	guide	guide	NOUN
cjrl-14169	46	6	procedure	procedure	NOUN
cjrl-14169	46	7	number	number	NOUN
cjrl-14169	46	8	212	212	NUM
cjrl-14169	46	9	-	-	SYM
cjrl-14169	46	10	13	13	NUM
cjrl-14169	46	11	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	46	12	reporting	report	VERB
cjrl-14169	46	13	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	46	14	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	46	15	related	relate	VERB
cjrl-14169	46	16	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	46	17	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	46	18	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	46	19	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	46	20	2019	2019	NUM
cjrl-14169	46	21	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	46	22	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	46	23	https://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/downloads/pdf/public_information/public-pguide2.pdf	https://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/downloads/pdf/public_information/public-pguide2.pdf	PROPN
cjrl-14169	47	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	47	2	https://perma.cc/vxb3-kew3	https://perma.cc/vxb3-kew3	NOUN
cjrl-14169	47	3	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	47	4	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	48	1	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	48	2	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	48	3	full	full	ADJ
cjrl-14169	48	4	definition	definition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	48	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	48	6	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	48	7	infra	infra	NOUN
cjrl-14169	48	8	text	text	NOUN
cjrl-14169	48	9	accompanying	accompany	VERB
cjrl-14169	48	10	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	48	11	85	85	NUM
cjrl-14169	48	12	.	.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	48	13	7	7	NUM
cjrl-14169	48	14	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	48	15	jasmine	jasmine	PROPN
cjrl-14169	48	16	johnson	johnson	PROPN
cjrl-14169	48	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	48	18	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	48	19	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	48	20	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	48	21	databases	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	48	22	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	48	23	race	race	NOUN
cjrl-14169	48	24	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	48	25	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	48	26	constitutional	constitutional	ADJ
cjrl-14169	48	27	failures	failure	NOUN
cjrl-14169	48	28	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	48	29	contemporary	contemporary	ADJ
cjrl-14169	48	30	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	48	31	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	48	32	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	48	33	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	48	34	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	48	35	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	48	36	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	48	37	94	94	NUM
cjrl-14169	48	38	st	st	PROPN
cjrl-14169	48	39	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	48	40	john	john	PROPN
cjrl-14169	48	41	’s	’s	PROPN
cjrl-14169	48	42	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	48	43	rev	rev	PROPN
cjrl-14169	48	44	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	48	45	1033	1033	NUM
cjrl-14169	48	46	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	48	47	1038	1038	NUM
cjrl-14169	48	48	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	48	49	2020	2020	NUM
cjrl-14169	48	50	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	48	51	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	48	52	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	49	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	49	2	t]he	t]he	X
cjrl-14169	49	3	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	49	4	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	49	5	definition	definition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	49	6	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	49	7	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	49	8	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	49	9	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	49	10	has	have	VERB
cjrl-14169	49	11	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	49	12	requirement	requirement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	49	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	49	14	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	49	15	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	49	16	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	49	17	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	49	18	one	one	NOUN
cjrl-14169	49	19	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	49	20	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	49	21	included	include	VERB
cjrl-14169	49	22	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	49	23	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	49	24	‘	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	49	25	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	49	26	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	49	27	’	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	49	28	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	49	29	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	49	30	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	49	31	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	49	32	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	49	33	without	without	ADP
cjrl-14169	49	34	proof	proof	NOUN
cjrl-14169	49	35	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	49	36	any	any	DET
cjrl-14169	49	37	such	such	ADJ
cjrl-14169	49	38	criminality	criminality	NOUN
cjrl-14169	49	39	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	49	40	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	50	1	infra	infra	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	2	text	text	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	3	accompanying	accompanying	ADJ
cjrl-14169	50	4	notes	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	5	85–86	85–86	ADJ
cjrl-14169	50	6	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	50	7	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	50	8	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	50	9	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	50	10	1340	1340	NUM
cjrl-14169	50	11	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	50	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	50	13	premier	premier	ADJ
cjrl-14169	50	14	source	source	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	15	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	50	16	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	50	17	cohesion	cohesion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	18	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	50	19	gangs,8	gangs,8	ADJ
cjrl-14169	50	20	alternative	alternative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	50	21	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	22	definitions	definition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	23	intentionally	intentionally	ADV
cjrl-14169	50	24	omit	omit	VERB
cjrl-14169	50	25	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	50	26	criminality	criminality	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	27	criterion.9	criterion.9	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	28	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	50	29	decoupling	decouple	VERB
cjrl-14169	50	30	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	31	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	50	32	criminality	criminality	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	33	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	50	34	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	50	35	conception	conception	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	36	allows	allow	VERB
cjrl-14169	50	37	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	38	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	50	39	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	50	40	viewed	view	VERB
cjrl-14169	50	41	through	through	ADP
cjrl-14169	50	42	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	50	43	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	50	44	constructionist	constructionist	ADJ
cjrl-14169	50	45	framework.10	framework.10	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	46	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	50	47	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	50	48	perspective	perspective	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	49	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	50	50	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	51	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	50	52	better	well	ADV
cjrl-14169	50	53	understood	understand	VERB
cjrl-14169	50	54	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	50	55	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	50	56	form	form	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	57	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	50	58	safety	safety	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	59	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	50	60	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	50	61	form	form	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	62	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	50	63	resistance	resistance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	64	deployed	deploy	VERB
cjrl-14169	50	65	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	50	66	marginalized	marginalize	VERB
cjrl-14169	50	67	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	68	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	50	69	combat	combat	VERB
cjrl-14169	50	70	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	50	71	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	50	72	disempowerment.11	disempowerment.11	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	73	rather	rather	ADV
cjrl-14169	50	74	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	50	75	being	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	50	76	defined	define	VERB
cjrl-14169	50	77	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	50	78	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	50	79	behavior	behavior	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	80	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	50	81	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	82	offer	offer	VERB
cjrl-14169	50	83	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	84	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	50	85	sense	sense	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	86	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	50	87	belonging	belonging	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	88	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	50	89	opportunity	opportunity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	90	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	50	91	impoverished	impoverished	ADJ
cjrl-14169	50	92	families	family	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	93	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	50	94	underfunded	underfunded	ADJ
cjrl-14169	50	95	schools	school	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	96	do	do	VERB
cjrl-14169	50	97	not.12	not.12	PROPN
cjrl-14169	50	98	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	50	99	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	100	conceptualization	conceptualization	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	101	recognizes	recognize	VERB
cjrl-14169	50	102	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	50	103	oppressive	oppressive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	50	104	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	50	105	structures	structure	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	106	create	create	VERB
cjrl-14169	50	107	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	50	108	conditions	condition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	109	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	50	110	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	111	association	association	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	112	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	50	113	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	50	114	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	50	115	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	50	116	avoids	avoid	VERB
cjrl-14169	50	117	further	far	ADV
cjrl-14169	50	118	criminalizing	criminalize	VERB
cjrl-14169	50	119	minority	minority	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	120	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	50	121	disadvantaged	disadvantaged	ADJ
cjrl-14169	50	122	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	123	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	50	124	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	50	125	perceived	perceive	VERB
cjrl-14169	50	126	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	50	127	whether	whether	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	50	128	accurately	accurately	ADV
cjrl-14169	50	129	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	50	130	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	50	131	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	50	132	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	50	133	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	50	134	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	135	members.13	members.13	PROPN
cjrl-14169	50	136	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	50	137	2022	2022	NUM
cjrl-14169	50	138	study	study	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	139	conducted	conduct	VERB
cjrl-14169	50	140	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	50	141	rachel	rachel	PROPN
cjrl-14169	50	142	swaner	swaner	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	143	sheds	shed	VERB
cjrl-14169	50	144	light	light	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	145	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	50	146	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	50	147	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	50	148	constructionist	constructionist	ADJ
cjrl-14169	50	149	theory	theory	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	150	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	50	151	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	152	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	50	153	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	50	154	role	role	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	155	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	50	156	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	157	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	158	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	50	159	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	50	160	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	50	161	city.14	city.14	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	162	interviews	interview	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	163	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	50	164	287	287	NUM
cjrl-14169	50	165	young	young	ADJ
cjrl-14169	50	166	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	50	167	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	50	168	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	50	169	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	170	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	171	revealed	reveal	VERB
cjrl-14169	50	172	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	50	173	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	50	174	participants	participant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	175	used	use	VERB
cjrl-14169	50	176	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	177	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	50	178	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	50	179	means	means	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	180	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	50	181	survival	survival	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	182	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	50	183	8	8	NUM
cjrl-14169	50	184	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	50	185	caylin	caylin	PROPN
cjrl-14169	50	186	louis	louis	PROPN
cjrl-14169	50	187	moore	moore	PROPN
cjrl-14169	50	188	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	50	189	forrest	forrest	PROPN
cjrl-14169	50	190	stuart	stuart	PROPN
cjrl-14169	50	191	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	50	192	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	193	research	research	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	194	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	50	195	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	50	196	twenty	twenty	NUM
cjrl-14169	50	197	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	50	198	first	first	ADJ
cjrl-14169	50	199	century	century	NOUN
cjrl-14169	50	200	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	50	201	5	5	NUM
cjrl-14169	50	202	ann	ann	PROPN
cjrl-14169	50	203	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	51	1	rev	rev	PROPN
cjrl-14169	51	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	51	3	criminology	criminology	NOUN
cjrl-14169	51	4	299	299	NUM
cjrl-14169	51	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	51	6	303	303	NUM
cjrl-14169	51	7	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	51	8	2022	2022	NUM
cjrl-14169	51	9	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	51	10	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	51	11	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	51	12	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	51	13	most	most	ADJ
cjrl-14169	51	14	scholars	scholar	NOUN
cjrl-14169	51	15	define	define	VERB
cjrl-14169	51	16	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	51	17	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	51	18	relation	relation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	51	19	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	51	20	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	51	21	criminality	criminality	NOUN
cjrl-14169	51	22	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	51	23	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	52	1	malcolm	malcolm	PROPN
cjrl-14169	52	2	klein	klein	PROPN
cjrl-14169	52	3	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	52	4	cheryl	cheryl	PROPN
cjrl-14169	52	5	maxson	maxson	PROPN
cjrl-14169	52	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	52	7	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	52	8	example	example	NOUN
cjrl-14169	52	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	52	10	define	define	VERB
cjrl-14169	52	11	street	street	NOUN
cjrl-14169	52	12	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	52	13	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	52	14	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	52	15	any	any	DET
cjrl-14169	52	16	durable	durable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	52	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	52	18	street	street	NOUN
cjrl-14169	52	19	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	52	20	oriented	orient	VERB
cjrl-14169	52	21	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	52	22	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	52	23	whose	whose	DET
cjrl-14169	52	24	involvement	involvement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	52	25	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	52	26	illegal	illegal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	52	27	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	52	28	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	52	29	part	part	NOUN
cjrl-14169	52	30	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	52	31	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	52	32	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	52	33	identity	identity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	52	34	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	52	35	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	53	1	street	street	NOUN
cjrl-14169	53	2	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	53	3	patterns	pattern	NOUN
cjrl-14169	53	4	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	53	5	policies	policy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	53	6	4	4	NUM
cjrl-14169	53	7	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	53	8	2006	2006	NUM
cjrl-14169	53	9	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	53	10	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	54	1	9	9	NUM
cjrl-14169	54	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	54	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	54	4	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
cjrl-14169	54	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	54	6	james	james	PROPN
cjrl-14169	54	7	f.	f.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	54	8	short	short	PROPN
cjrl-14169	54	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	54	10	jr	jr	PROPN
cjrl-14169	54	11	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	54	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	54	13	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	54	14	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	54	15	adolescent	adolescent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	54	16	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	54	17	3	3	NUM
cjrl-14169	54	18	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	54	19	1996	1996	NUM
cjrl-14169	54	20	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	54	21	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	54	22	https://www.researchgate.net/publication/246286976_gangs_and_adolescent_violence	https://www.researchgate.net/publication/246286976_gangs_and_adolescent_violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	55	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	55	2	https://perma.cc/p5smtxux	https://perma.cc/p5smtxux	X
cjrl-14169	55	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	55	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	55	5	defining	define	VERB
cjrl-14169	55	6	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	55	7	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	55	8	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	55	9	non	non	ADJ
cjrl-14169	55	10	-	-	ADJ
cjrl-14169	55	11	adult	adult	NOUN
cjrl-14169	55	12	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	55	13	sponsored	sponsor	VERB
cjrl-14169	55	14	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	55	15	self	self	NOUN
cjrl-14169	55	16	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	55	17	determining	determine	VERB
cjrl-14169	55	18	groups	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	55	19	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	55	20	demonstrate	demonstrate	VERB
cjrl-14169	55	21	continuity	continuity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	55	22	over	over	ADP
cjrl-14169	55	23	time	time	NOUN
cjrl-14169	55	24	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	55	25	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	55	26	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	56	1	10	10	NUM
cjrl-14169	56	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	56	3	moore	moore	PROPN
cjrl-14169	56	4	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	56	5	stuart	stuart	PROPN
cjrl-14169	56	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	56	7	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	56	8	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	56	9	7	7	NUM
cjrl-14169	56	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	56	11	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	56	12	304	304	NUM
cjrl-14169	56	13	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	56	14	observing	observe	VERB
cjrl-14169	56	15	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	56	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	56	17	noncriminal	noncriminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	56	18	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	56	19	conceptualization	conceptualization	NOUN
cjrl-14169	56	20	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	56	21	facilitates	facilitate	VERB
cjrl-14169	56	22	novel	novel	ADJ
cjrl-14169	56	23	explanations	explanation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	56	24	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	56	25	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	56	26	formation	formation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	56	27	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	56	28	behavior	behavior	NOUN
cjrl-14169	56	29	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	56	30	particularly	particularly	ADV
cjrl-14169	56	31	those	those	PRON
cjrl-14169	56	32	rooted	root	VERB
cjrl-14169	56	33	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	56	34	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	56	35	constructionist	constructionist	NOUN
cjrl-14169	56	36	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	56	37	interactionist	interactionist	ADJ
cjrl-14169	56	38	frameworks	framework	NOUN
cjrl-14169	56	39	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	56	40	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	56	41	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	57	1	11	11	NUM
cjrl-14169	57	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	57	3	i	i	PROPN
cjrl-14169	57	4	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	57	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	57	6	citing	cite	VERB
cjrl-14169	57	7	robert	robert	PROPN
cjrl-14169	57	8	garot	garot	PROPN
cjrl-14169	57	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	57	10	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	57	11	you	you	PRON
cjrl-14169	57	12	claim	claim	VERB
cjrl-14169	57	13	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	57	14	performing	perform	VERB
cjrl-14169	57	15	identity	identity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	57	16	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	57	17	schools	school	NOUN
cjrl-14169	57	18	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	57	19	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	57	20	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	57	21	streets	street	NOUN
cjrl-14169	57	22	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	57	23	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	57	24	2010	2010	NUM
cjrl-14169	57	25	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	57	26	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	57	27	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	57	28	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	57	29	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	57	30	g[ang	g[ang	PROPN
cjrl-14169	57	31	association	association	PROPN
cjrl-14169	57	32	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	57	33	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	57	34	form	form	NOUN
cjrl-14169	57	35	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	57	36	performance	performance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	57	37	deployed	deploy	VERB
cjrl-14169	57	38	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	57	39	marginalized	marginalize	VERB
cjrl-14169	57	40	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	57	41	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	57	42	resist	resist	VERB
cjrl-14169	57	43	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	57	44	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	57	45	statuses	status	NOUN
cjrl-14169	57	46	imposed	impose	VERB
cjrl-14169	57	47	upon	upon	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	57	48	them	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	57	49	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	57	50	dominant	dominant	ADJ
cjrl-14169	57	51	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	57	52	institutions	institution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	57	53	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	57	54	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	57	55	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	57	56	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	58	1	12	12	NUM
cjrl-14169	58	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	58	3	robert	robert	PROPN
cjrl-14169	58	4	garot	garot	PROPN
cjrl-14169	58	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	58	6	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	58	7	you	you	PRON
cjrl-14169	58	8	claim	claim	VERB
cjrl-14169	58	9	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	58	10	performing	perform	VERB
cjrl-14169	58	11	identity	identity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	58	12	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	58	13	schools	school	NOUN
cjrl-14169	58	14	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	58	15	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	58	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	58	17	streets	street	NOUN
cjrl-14169	58	18	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	58	19	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	58	20	2010	2010	NUM
cjrl-14169	58	21	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	58	22	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	58	23	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	58	24	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	58	25	g]angs	g]ang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	58	26	offer	offer	VERB
cjrl-14169	58	27	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	58	28	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	58	29	street	street	NOUN
cjrl-14169	58	30	family	family	NOUN
cjrl-14169	58	31	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	58	32	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	58	33	sense	sense	NOUN
cjrl-14169	58	34	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	58	35	belonging	belong	VERB
cjrl-14169	58	36	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	58	37	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	58	38	hope	hope	NOUN
cjrl-14169	58	39	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	58	40	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	58	41	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	58	42	‘	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	58	43	decisive	decisive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	58	44	risk	risk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	58	45	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	58	46	taking	taking	NOUN
cjrl-14169	58	47	’	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	58	48	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	58	49	impoverished	impoverished	ADJ
cjrl-14169	58	50	families	family	NOUN
cjrl-14169	58	51	struggling	struggle	VERB
cjrl-14169	58	52	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	58	53	addictions	addiction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	58	54	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	58	55	under	under	ADV
cjrl-14169	58	56	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	58	57	funded	fund	VERB
cjrl-14169	58	58	schools	school	NOUN
cjrl-14169	58	59	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	58	60	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	58	61	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	58	62	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	58	63	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	58	64	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	59	1	13	13	NUM
cjrl-14169	59	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	59	3	moore	moore	PROPN
cjrl-14169	59	4	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	59	5	stuart	stuart	PROPN
cjrl-14169	59	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	59	7	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	59	8	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	59	9	7	7	NUM
cjrl-14169	59	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	59	11	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	59	12	305	305	NUM
cjrl-14169	59	13	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	59	14	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	59	15	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	59	16	c]ritics	c]ritic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	59	17	warn	warn	VERB
cjrl-14169	59	18	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	59	19	definitions	definition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	59	20	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	59	21	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	59	22	delinquency	delinquency	NOUN
cjrl-14169	59	23	risk	risk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	59	24	further	far	ADV
cjrl-14169	59	25	net	net	NOUN
cjrl-14169	59	26	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	59	27	widening	widen	VERB
cjrl-14169	59	28	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	59	29	criminalization	criminalization	NOUN
cjrl-14169	59	30	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	59	31	minority	minority	NOUN
cjrl-14169	59	32	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	59	33	disadvantaged	disadvantaged	ADJ
cjrl-14169	59	34	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	59	35	perceived	perceive	VERB
cjrl-14169	59	36	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	59	37	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	59	38	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	60	1	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	60	2	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	60	3	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	60	4	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	60	5	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	60	6	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	60	7	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	60	8	citing	cite	VERB
cjrl-14169	60	9	g.	g.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	60	10	david	david	PROPN
cjrl-14169	60	11	curry	curry	PROPN
cjrl-14169	60	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	60	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	60	14	logic	logic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	60	15	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	60	16	defining	define	VERB
cjrl-14169	60	17	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	60	18	revisited	revisit	VERB
cjrl-14169	60	19	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	60	20	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	60	21	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	60	22	handbook	handbook	NOUN
cjrl-14169	60	23	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	60	24	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	60	25	7	7	NUM
cjrl-14169	60	26	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	60	27	14	14	NUM
cjrl-14169	60	28	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	60	29	scott	scott	PROPN
cjrl-14169	60	30	h.	h.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	60	31	decker	decker	PROPN
cjrl-14169	60	32	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	60	33	david	david	PROPN
cjrl-14169	60	34	c.	c.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	60	35	pyrooz	pyrooz	VERB
cjrl-14169	60	36	eds	eds	PROPN
cjrl-14169	60	37	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	60	38	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	60	39	2015	2015	NUM
cjrl-14169	60	40	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	60	41	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	60	42	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	61	1	14	14	NUM
cjrl-14169	61	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	61	3	rachel	rachel	PROPN
cjrl-14169	61	4	swaner	swaner	PROPN
cjrl-14169	61	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	61	6	‘	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	61	7	we	we	PRON
cjrl-14169	61	8	ca	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	61	9	n’t	not	PART
cjrl-14169	61	10	get	get	VERB
cjrl-14169	61	11	no	no	DET
cjrl-14169	61	12	nine	nine	NUM
cjrl-14169	61	13	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	61	14	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	61	15	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	61	16	five	five	NUM
cjrl-14169	61	17	’	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	61	18	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	61	19	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	61	20	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	61	21	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	61	22	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	61	23	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	61	24	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	61	25	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	61	26	response	response	NOUN
cjrl-14169	61	27	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	61	28	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	61	29	structural	structural	ADJ
cjrl-14169	61	30	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	61	31	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	61	32	everyday	everyday	ADJ
cjrl-14169	61	33	life	life	NOUN
cjrl-14169	61	34	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	61	35	30	30	NUM
cjrl-14169	61	36	critical	critical	ADJ
cjrl-14169	61	37	criminology	criminology	NOUN
cjrl-14169	61	38	95	95	NUM
cjrl-14169	61	39	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	61	40	2022	2022	NUM
cjrl-14169	61	41	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	61	42	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	62	1	1341	1341	NUM
cjrl-14169	62	2	colum	colum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	62	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	63	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	63	2	race	race	PROPN
cjrl-14169	63	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	63	4	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	64	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	64	2	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	64	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	64	4	15:1337	15:1337	NUM
cjrl-14169	64	5	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	64	6	strictly	strictly	ADV
cjrl-14169	64	7	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	64	8	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	64	9	means	means	NOUN
cjrl-14169	64	10	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	64	11	engaging	engage	VERB
cjrl-14169	64	12	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	64	13	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	64	14	activity.15	activity.15	NOUN
cjrl-14169	64	15	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	64	16	decision	decision	NOUN
cjrl-14169	64	17	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	64	18	join	join	VERB
cjrl-14169	64	19	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	64	20	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	64	21	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	64	22	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	64	23	largely	largely	ADV
cjrl-14169	64	24	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	64	25	reaction	reaction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	64	26	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	64	27	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	64	28	inequities	inequity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	64	29	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	64	30	humiliations	humiliation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	64	31	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	64	32	face	face	VERB
cjrl-14169	64	33	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	64	34	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	64	35	daily	daily	ADJ
cjrl-14169	64	36	basis	basis	NOUN
cjrl-14169	64	37	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	64	38	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	64	39	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	64	40	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	64	41	unemployment	unemployment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	64	42	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	64	43	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	64	44	poverty	poverty	NOUN
cjrl-14169	64	45	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	65	1	”16	”16	NOUN
cjrl-14169	65	2	although	although	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	65	3	joining	join	VERB
cjrl-14169	65	4	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	65	5	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	65	6	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	65	7	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	65	8	effort	effort	NOUN
cjrl-14169	65	9	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	65	10	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	65	11	survive	survive	VERB
cjrl-14169	65	12	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	65	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	65	14	face	face	NOUN
cjrl-14169	65	15	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	65	16	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	65	17	daily	daily	ADJ
cjrl-14169	65	18	injustices	injustice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	65	19	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	65	20	threats	threat	NOUN
cjrl-14169	65	21	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	65	22	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	65	23	existence	existence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	65	24	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	65	25	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	65	26	doing	do	VERB
cjrl-14169	65	27	so	so	ADV
cjrl-14169	65	28	only	only	ADV
cjrl-14169	65	29	compounded	compound	VERB
cjrl-14169	65	30	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	65	31	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	65	32	vulnerability	vulnerability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	65	33	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	65	34	being	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	65	35	discriminated	discriminate	VERB
cjrl-14169	65	36	against	against	ADP
cjrl-14169	65	37	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	65	38	getting	getting	AUX
cjrl-14169	65	39	caught	catch	VERB
cjrl-14169	65	40	up	up	ADP
cjrl-14169	65	41	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	65	42	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	65	43	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	65	44	legal	legal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	65	45	system	system	NOUN
cjrl-14169	65	46	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	65	47	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	65	48	experiencing	experience	VERB
cjrl-14169	65	49	interpersonal	interpersonal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	65	50	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	65	51	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	66	1	”17	”17	PROPN
cjrl-14169	66	2	while	while	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	66	3	some	some	PRON
cjrl-14169	66	4	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	66	5	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	66	6	participants	participant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	66	7	did	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	66	8	resort	resort	VERB
cjrl-14169	66	9	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	66	10	selling	sell	VERB
cjrl-14169	66	11	drugs	drug	NOUN
cjrl-14169	66	12	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	66	13	carrying	carry	VERB
cjrl-14169	66	14	weapons	weapon	NOUN
cjrl-14169	66	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	66	16	many	many	ADJ
cjrl-14169	66	17	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	66	18	them	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	66	19	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	66	20	sought	seek	VERB
cjrl-14169	66	21	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	66	22	better	well	ADJ
cjrl-14169	66	23	lives	life	NOUN
cjrl-14169	66	24	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	66	25	lives	live	VERB
cjrl-14169	66	26	without	without	ADP
cjrl-14169	66	27	guns	gun	NOUN
cjrl-14169	66	28	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	66	29	lives	live	VERB
cjrl-14169	66	30	where	where	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	66	31	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	66	32	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	66	33	get	get	VERB
cjrl-14169	66	34	jobs	job	NOUN
cjrl-14169	66	35	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	66	36	allow	allow	VERB
cjrl-14169	66	37	them	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	66	38	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	66	39	support	support	VERB
cjrl-14169	66	40	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	66	41	families	family	NOUN
cjrl-14169	66	42	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	66	43	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	66	44	lives	live	VERB
cjrl-14169	66	45	where	where	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	66	46	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	66	47	reside	reside	VERB
cjrl-14169	66	48	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	66	49	safe	safe	ADJ
cjrl-14169	66	50	communities	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	66	51	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	67	1	”18	”18	PROPN
cjrl-14169	67	2	swaner	swaner	NOUN
cjrl-14169	67	3	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	67	4	study	study	NOUN
cjrl-14169	67	5	illustrates	illustrate	VERB
cjrl-14169	67	6	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	67	7	one	one	PRON
cjrl-14169	67	8	could	could	AUX
cjrl-14169	67	9	seek	seek	VERB
cjrl-14169	67	10	out	out	ADP
cjrl-14169	67	11	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	67	12	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	67	13	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	67	14	protection	protection	NOUN
cjrl-14169	67	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	67	16	opportunity	opportunity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	67	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	67	18	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	67	19	belonging	belong	VERB
cjrl-14169	67	20	without	without	ADP
cjrl-14169	67	21	necessarily	necessarily	ADV
cjrl-14169	67	22	engaging	engage	VERB
cjrl-14169	67	23	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	67	24	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	67	25	activity.19	activity.19	ADP
cjrl-14169	67	26	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	67	27	criminal	criminal	PROPN
cjrl-14169	67	28	justice	justice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	67	29	system	system	NOUN
cjrl-14169	67	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	67	31	however	however	ADV
cjrl-14169	67	32	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	67	33	continues	continue	VERB
cjrl-14169	67	34	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	67	35	reinforce	reinforce	VERB
cjrl-14169	67	36	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	67	37	hostile	hostile	ADJ
cjrl-14169	67	38	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	67	39	punitive	punitive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	67	40	world	world	NOUN
cjrl-14169	67	41	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	67	42	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	67	43	members.20	members.20	NOUN
cjrl-14169	67	44	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	67	45	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	67	46	would	would	AUX
cjrl-14169	67	47	benefit	benefit	VERB
cjrl-14169	67	48	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	67	49	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	67	50	more	more	ADV
cjrl-14169	67	51	nuanced	nuanced	ADJ
cjrl-14169	67	52	understanding	understanding	NOUN
cjrl-14169	67	53	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	67	54	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	67	55	if	if	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	67	56	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	67	57	wanted	want	VERB
cjrl-14169	67	58	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	67	59	address	address	VERB
cjrl-14169	67	60	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	67	61	root	root	NOUN
cjrl-14169	67	62	cause	cause	NOUN
cjrl-14169	67	63	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	67	64	any	any	DET
cjrl-14169	67	65	real	real	ADJ
cjrl-14169	67	66	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	67	67	perceived	perceive	VERB
cjrl-14169	67	68	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	67	69	problem	problem	NOUN
cjrl-14169	67	70	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	68	1	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	68	2	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	68	3	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	68	4	unclear	unclear	ADJ
cjrl-14169	68	5	whether	whether	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	68	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	68	7	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	68	8	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	68	9	goal	goal	NOUN
cjrl-14169	68	10	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	68	11	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	68	12	prevention	prevention	NOUN
cjrl-14169	68	13	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	68	14	merely	merely	ADV
cjrl-14169	68	15	intelligence	intelligence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	68	16	gathering.21	gathering.21	NOUN
cjrl-14169	68	17	there	there	PRON
cjrl-14169	68	18	is	be	VERB
cjrl-14169	68	19	no	no	DET
cjrl-14169	68	20	question	question	NOUN
cjrl-14169	68	21	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	68	22	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	68	23	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	68	24	devastates	devastate	VERB
cjrl-14169	68	25	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	68	26	communities	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	68	27	where	where	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	68	28	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	68	29	takes	take	VERB
cjrl-14169	68	30	place.22	place.22	NOUN
cjrl-14169	68	31	however	however	ADV
cjrl-14169	68	32	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	68	33	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	68	34	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	68	35	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	68	36	response	response	NOUN
cjrl-14169	68	37	15	15	NUM
cjrl-14169	68	38	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	68	39	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	68	40	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	68	41	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	68	42	103	103	NUM
cjrl-14169	68	43	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	68	44	finding	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	68	45	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	68	46	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	68	47	participants	participant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	68	48	joined	join	VERB
cjrl-14169	68	49	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	68	50	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	68	51	physical	physical	ADJ
cjrl-14169	68	52	protection	protection	NOUN
cjrl-14169	68	53	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	68	54	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	68	55	fulfillment	fulfillment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	68	56	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	68	57	economic	economic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	68	58	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	68	59	emotional	emotional	ADJ
cjrl-14169	68	60	needs	need	NOUN
cjrl-14169	68	61	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	68	62	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	69	1	16	16	NUM
cjrl-14169	70	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	70	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	70	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	70	4	107	107	NUM
cjrl-14169	70	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	71	1	17	17	NUM
cjrl-14169	72	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	72	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	72	3	18	18	NUM
cjrl-14169	72	4	i	i	PROPN
cjrl-14169	72	5	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	72	6	19	19	NUM
cjrl-14169	72	7	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	72	8	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	72	9	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	72	10	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	72	11	104	104	NUM
cjrl-14169	72	12	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	72	13	highlighting	highlight	VERB
cjrl-14169	72	14	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	72	15	participant	participant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	72	16	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	72	17	statement	statement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	72	18	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	72	19	he	he	PRON
cjrl-14169	72	20	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	72	21	love[s	love[s	PROPN
cjrl-14169	72	22	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	72	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	72	24	brotherhood	brotherhood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	72	25	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	72	26	being	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	72	27	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	72	28	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	72	29	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	72	30	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	72	31	because	because	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	72	32	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	72	33	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	72	34	actually	actually	ADV
cjrl-14169	72	35	look	look	VERB
cjrl-14169	72	36	out	out	ADP
cjrl-14169	72	37	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	72	38	each	each	DET
cjrl-14169	72	39	other	other	ADJ
cjrl-14169	72	40	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	72	41	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	72	42	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	72	43	try	try	VERB
cjrl-14169	72	44	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	72	45	find	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	72	46	support	support	NOUN
cjrl-14169	72	47	systems	system	NOUN
cjrl-14169	72	48	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	72	49	each	each	DET
cjrl-14169	72	50	other	other	ADJ
cjrl-14169	72	51	outside	outside	ADP
cjrl-14169	72	52	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	72	53	just	just	ADV
cjrl-14169	72	54	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	72	55	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	72	56	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	72	57	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	72	58	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	73	1	20	20	NUM
cjrl-14169	74	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	74	2	d.	d.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	74	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	74	4	107	107	NUM
cjrl-14169	74	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	75	1	21	21	NUM
cjrl-14169	75	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	75	3	erik	erik	PROPN
cjrl-14169	75	4	nelson	nelson	PROPN
cjrl-14169	75	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	75	6	rap	rap	NOUN
cjrl-14169	75	7	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	75	8	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	75	9	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	75	10	race	race	NOUN
cjrl-14169	75	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	75	12	lyrics	lyric	NOUN
cjrl-14169	75	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	75	14	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	75	15	guilt	guilt	NOUN
cjrl-14169	75	16	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	75	17	america	america	PROPN
cjrl-14169	75	18	145	145	NUM
cjrl-14169	75	19	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	75	20	2019	2019	NUM
cjrl-14169	75	21	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	75	22	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	75	23	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	75	24	both	both	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	75	25	research	research	NOUN
cjrl-14169	75	26	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	75	27	case	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	75	28	studies	study	NOUN
cjrl-14169	75	29	reveal	reveal	VERB
cjrl-14169	75	30	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	75	31	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	75	32	units	unit	NOUN
cjrl-14169	75	33	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	75	34	primarily	primarily	ADV
cjrl-14169	75	35	focused	focus	VERB
cjrl-14169	75	36	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	75	37	intelligence	intelligence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	75	38	gathering	gathering	NOUN
cjrl-14169	75	39	rather	rather	ADV
cjrl-14169	75	40	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	75	41	say	say	INTJ
cjrl-14169	75	42	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	75	43	prevention	prevention	NOUN
cjrl-14169	75	44	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	75	45	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	75	46	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	75	47	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	76	1	22	22	NUM
cjrl-14169	76	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	76	3	ashley	ashley	PROPN
cjrl-14169	76	4	southall	southall	PROPN
cjrl-14169	76	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	76	6	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	76	7	shootings	shooting	NOUN
cjrl-14169	76	8	increased	increase	VERB
cjrl-14169	76	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	76	10	n.y.c	n.y.c	ADV
cjrl-14169	76	11	returned	return	VERB
cjrl-14169	76	12	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	76	13	disputed	dispute	VERB
cjrl-14169	76	14	tactic	tactic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	76	15	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	76	16	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	76	17	takedowns	takedown	NOUN
cjrl-14169	76	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	76	19	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	76	20	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	76	21	times	times	PROPN
cjrl-14169	76	22	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	76	23	aug	aug	PROPN
cjrl-14169	76	24	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	76	25	26	26	NUM
cjrl-14169	76	26	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	76	27	2021	2021	NUM
cjrl-14169	76	28	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	76	29	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	76	30	https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/26/nyregion/nypd-shootings-gang-arrests.html	https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/26/nyregion/nypd-shootings-gang-arrests.html	PROPN
cjrl-14169	76	31	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	76	32	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	76	33	file	file	NOUN
cjrl-14169	76	34	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	76	35	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	76	36	columbia	columbia	PROPN
cjrl-14169	76	37	law	law	PROPN
cjrl-14169	76	38	review	review	PROPN
cjrl-14169	76	39	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	76	40	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	76	41	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	76	42	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	76	43	many	many	ADJ
cjrl-14169	76	44	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	76	45	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	76	46	shootings	shooting	NOUN
cjrl-14169	76	47	committed	commit	VERB
cjrl-14169	76	48	during	during	ADP
cjrl-14169	76	49	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	76	50	pandemic	pandemic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	76	51	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	76	52	spike	spike	NOUN
cjrl-14169	76	53	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	76	54	linked	link	VERB
cjrl-14169	76	55	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	76	56	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	76	57	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	76	58	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	76	59	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	76	60	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	76	61	shootings	shooting	NOUN
cjrl-14169	76	62	sometimes	sometimes	ADV
cjrl-14169	76	63	resulted	result	VERB
cjrl-14169	76	64	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	76	65	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	76	66	deaths	death	NOUN
cjrl-14169	76	67	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	76	68	innocent	innocent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	76	69	bystanders	bystander	NOUN
cjrl-14169	76	70	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	76	71	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	77	1	despite	despite	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	77	2	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	77	3	significant	significant	ADJ
cjrl-14169	77	4	decline	decline	NOUN
cjrl-14169	77	5	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	77	6	shootings	shooting	NOUN
cjrl-14169	77	7	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	77	8	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	77	9	first	first	ADJ
cjrl-14169	77	10	half	half	NOUN
cjrl-14169	77	11	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	77	12	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	77	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	77	14	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	77	15	recent	recent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	77	16	state	state	NOUN
cjrl-14169	77	17	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	77	18	wide	wide	ADJ
cjrl-14169	77	19	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	77	20	yet	yet	ADV
cjrl-14169	77	21	very	very	ADV
cjrl-14169	77	22	small	small	ADJ
cjrl-14169	77	23	sample	sample	NOUN
cjrl-14169	77	24	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	77	25	sized	sized	ADJ
cjrl-14169	77	26	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	77	27	poll	poll	NOUN
cjrl-14169	77	28	found	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	77	29	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	77	30	seventy	seventy	NUM
cjrl-14169	77	31	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	77	32	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	77	33	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	77	34	1342	1342	NUM
cjrl-14169	77	35	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	77	36	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	77	37	devastation	devastation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	77	38	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	77	39	equally	equally	ADV
cjrl-14169	77	40	destructive	destructive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	77	41	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	77	42	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	77	43	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	77	44	upholds	uphold	VERB
cjrl-14169	77	45	longstanding	longstanding	ADJ
cjrl-14169	77	46	practices	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	77	47	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	77	48	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	77	49	surveillance	surveillance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	77	50	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	77	51	criminalization	criminalization	NOUN
cjrl-14169	77	52	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	78	1	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	78	2	only	only	ADV
cjrl-14169	78	3	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	78	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	78	5	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	78	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	78	7	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	78	8	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	78	9	flawed	flawed	ADJ
cjrl-14169	78	10	conception	conception	NOUN
cjrl-14169	78	11	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	78	12	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	78	13	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	78	14	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	78	15	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	78	16	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	78	17	given	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	78	18	"	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	78	19	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	78	20	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	78	21	authority	authority	NOUN
cjrl-14169	78	22	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	78	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	78	24	courtroom	courtroom	NOUN
cjrl-14169	78	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	78	26	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	78	27	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	78	28	wealth	wealth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	78	29	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	78	30	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	78	31	intelligence	intelligence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	78	32	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	78	33	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	78	34	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	78	35	gathers	gather	NOUN
cjrl-14169	78	36	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	78	37	weaponized	weaponize	VERB
cjrl-14169	78	38	against	against	ADP
cjrl-14169	78	39	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	78	40	defendants	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	78	41	without	without	ADP
cjrl-14169	78	42	constraint	constraint	NOUN
cjrl-14169	78	43	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	79	1	while	while	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	79	2	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	79	3	admission	admission	NOUN
cjrl-14169	79	4	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	79	5	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	79	6	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	79	7	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	79	8	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	79	9	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	79	10	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	79	11	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	79	12	powerful	powerful	ADJ
cjrl-14169	79	13	prosecutorial	prosecutorial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	79	14	tool	tool	NOUN
cjrl-14169	79	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	79	16	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	79	17	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	79	18	tainted	taint	VERB
cjrl-14169	79	19	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	79	20	prejudice	prejudice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	79	21	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	79	22	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	79	23	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	80	1	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	80	2	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	80	3	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	80	4	another	another	DET
cjrl-14169	80	5	way	way	NOUN
cjrl-14169	80	6	racism	racism	NOUN
cjrl-14169	80	7	makes	make	VERB
cjrl-14169	80	8	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	80	9	home	home	NOUN
cjrl-14169	80	10	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	80	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	80	12	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	80	13	justice	justice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	80	14	system	system	NOUN
cjrl-14169	80	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	80	16	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	80	17	another	another	DET
cjrl-14169	80	18	tactic	tactic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	80	19	used	use	VERB
cjrl-14169	80	20	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	80	21	criminalize	criminalize	VERB
cjrl-14169	80	22	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	80	23	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	80	24	latino	latino	ADJ
cjrl-14169	80	25	men	man	NOUN
cjrl-14169	80	26	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	80	27	virtue	virtue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	80	28	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	80	29	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	80	30	identity	identity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	80	31	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	80	32	associations	association	NOUN
cjrl-14169	80	33	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	81	1	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	81	2	suggested	suggest	VERB
cjrl-14169	81	3	previously	previously	ADV
cjrl-14169	81	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	81	5	surveillance	surveillance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	81	6	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	81	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	81	8	foundation	foundation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	81	9	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	81	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	81	11	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	81	12	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	81	13	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	81	14	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	81	15	model.23	model.23	PROPN
cjrl-14169	81	16	although	although	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	81	17	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	81	18	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	81	19	touts	tout	VERB
cjrl-14169	81	20	itself	itself	PRON
cjrl-14169	81	21	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	81	22	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	81	23	pioneer	pioneer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	81	24	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	81	25	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	81	26	precision	precision	NOUN
cjrl-14169	81	27	policing,”24	policing,”24	VERB
cjrl-14169	81	28	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	81	29	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	81	30	surveillance	surveillance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	81	31	methods	method	NOUN
cjrl-14169	81	32	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	81	33	far	far	ADV
cjrl-14169	81	34	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	81	35	precise	precise	ADJ
cjrl-14169	81	36	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	82	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	82	2	identification	identification	NOUN
cjrl-14169	82	3	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	82	4	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	82	5	individual	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	82	6	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	82	7	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	82	8	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	82	9	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	82	10	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	82	11	facilitated	facilitate	VERB
cjrl-14169	82	12	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	82	13	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	82	14	profiling	profiling	NOUN
cjrl-14169	82	15	akin	akin	ADJ
cjrl-14169	82	16	to	to	AUX
cjrl-14169	82	17	stop	stop	VERB
cjrl-14169	82	18	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	82	19	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	82	20	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	82	21	frisk,25	frisk,25	NOUN
cjrl-14169	82	22	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	82	23	underlying	underlying	ADJ
cjrl-14169	82	24	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	82	25	investigations	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	82	26	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	82	27	corrupted	corrupt	VERB
cjrl-14169	82	28	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	82	29	problematic	problematic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	82	30	tools	tool	NOUN
cjrl-14169	82	31	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	82	32	such	such	ADJ
cjrl-14169	82	33	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	82	34	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	82	35	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	82	36	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	83	1	after	after	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	83	2	audits	audits	NOUN
cjrl-14169	83	3	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	83	4	similar	similar	ADJ
cjrl-14169	83	5	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	83	6	databases	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	83	7	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	83	8	los	los	PROPN
cjrl-14169	83	9	percent	percent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	83	10	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	83	11	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	83	12	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	83	13	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	83	14	residents	resident	NOUN
cjrl-14169	83	15	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	83	16	concerned	concerned	ADJ
cjrl-14169	83	17	about	about	ADP
cjrl-14169	83	18	becoming	become	VERB
cjrl-14169	83	19	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	83	20	victim	victim	NOUN
cjrl-14169	83	21	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	83	22	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	83	23	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	83	24	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	84	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	84	2	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	84	3	announces	announce	VERB
cjrl-14169	84	4	citywide	citywide	PROPN
cjrl-14169	84	5	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	84	6	statistics	statistic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	84	7	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	84	8	july	july	PROPN
cjrl-14169	84	9	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	84	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	84	11	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	84	12	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	84	13	aug	aug	PROPN
cjrl-14169	84	14	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	84	15	3	3	NUM
cjrl-14169	84	16	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	84	17	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	84	18	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	84	19	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	84	20	https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/news/p00088/nypdcitywide-crime-statistics-july-2023	https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/news/p00088/nypdcitywide-crime-statistics-july-2023	PROPN
cjrl-14169	85	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	85	2	https://perma.cc/xv72-28uh	https://perma.cc/xv72-28uh	X
cjrl-14169	85	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	85	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	85	5	stating	state	VERB
cjrl-14169	85	6	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	85	7	there	there	PRON
cjrl-14169	85	8	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	85	9	been	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	85	10	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	85	11	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	85	12	26.5	26.5	NUM
cjrl-14169	85	13	%	%	NOUN
cjrl-14169	85	14	decrease	decrease	NOUN
cjrl-14169	85	15	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	85	16	shooting	shoot	VERB
cjrl-14169	85	17	incidents	incident	NOUN
cjrl-14169	85	18	citywide	citywide	ADJ
cjrl-14169	85	19	through	through	ADP
cjrl-14169	85	20	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	85	21	first	first	ADJ
cjrl-14169	85	22	seven	seven	NUM
cjrl-14169	85	23	months	month	NOUN
cjrl-14169	85	24	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	85	25	calendar	calendar	NOUN
cjrl-14169	85	26	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	85	27	compared	compare	VERB
cjrl-14169	85	28	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	85	29	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	85	30	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	85	31	period	period	NOUN
cjrl-14169	85	32	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	85	33	year	year	NOUN
cjrl-14169	85	34	ago	ago	ADV
cjrl-14169	85	35	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	85	36	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	85	37	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	85	38	siena	siena	PROPN
cjrl-14169	85	39	college	college	PROPN
cjrl-14169	85	40	research	research	PROPN
cjrl-14169	85	41	institute	institute	PROPN
cjrl-14169	85	42	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	85	43	siena	siena	PROPN
cjrl-14169	85	44	college	college	PROPN
cjrl-14169	85	45	poll	poll	PROPN
cjrl-14169	85	46	conducted	conduct	VERB
cjrl-14169	85	47	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	85	48	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	85	49	siena	siena	PROPN
cjrl-14169	85	50	college	college	PROPN
cjrl-14169	85	51	research	research	PROPN
cjrl-14169	85	52	institute	institute	PROPN
cjrl-14169	85	53	june	june	PROPN
cjrl-14169	85	54	4	4	NUM
cjrl-14169	85	55	12	12	NUM
cjrl-14169	85	56	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	85	57	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	85	58	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	85	59	https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/ics0623-crosstabs.pdf	https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/ics0623-crosstabs.pdf	PROPN
cjrl-14169	86	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	86	2	https://perma.cc/7p68-vtzl	https://perma.cc/7p68-vtzl	X
cjrl-14169	86	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	86	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	86	5	last	last	ADV
cjrl-14169	86	6	visited	visit	VERB
cjrl-14169	86	7	jan	jan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	86	8	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	86	9	6	6	NUM
cjrl-14169	86	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	86	11	2024	2024	NUM
cjrl-14169	86	12	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	86	13	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	86	14	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	86	15	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	86	16	seventy	seventy	NUM
cjrl-14169	86	17	percent	percent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	86	18	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	86	19	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	86	20	polled	poll	VERB
cjrl-14169	86	21	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	86	22	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	86	23	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	86	24	residents	resident	NOUN
cjrl-14169	86	25	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	86	26	concerned	concerned	ADJ
cjrl-14169	86	27	about	about	ADP
cjrl-14169	86	28	becoming	become	VERB
cjrl-14169	86	29	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	86	30	victim	victim	NOUN
cjrl-14169	86	31	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	86	32	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	86	33	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	86	34	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	86	35	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	87	1	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	87	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	87	3	ginia	ginia	PROPN
cjrl-14169	87	4	bellafante	bellafante	PROPN
cjrl-14169	87	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	87	6	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	87	7	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	87	8	down	down	ADV
cjrl-14169	87	9	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	88	1	why	why	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	88	2	do	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	88	3	n’t	not	PART
cjrl-14169	88	4	new	new	ADJ
cjrl-14169	88	5	yorkers	yorker	NOUN
cjrl-14169	88	6	feel	feel	VERB
cjrl-14169	88	7	safe	safe	ADJ
cjrl-14169	88	8	?	?	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	88	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	88	10	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	88	11	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	88	12	times	times	PROPN
cjrl-14169	88	13	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	88	14	aug	aug	PROPN
cjrl-14169	88	15	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	88	16	5	5	NUM
cjrl-14169	88	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	88	18	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	88	19	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	88	20	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	88	21	https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/04/nyregion/new-york-crime-bernhard-goetz.html	https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/04/nyregion/new-york-crime-bernhard-goetz.html	PROPN
cjrl-14169	88	22	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	88	23	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	88	24	file	file	NOUN
cjrl-14169	88	25	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	88	26	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	88	27	columbia	columbia	PROPN
cjrl-14169	88	28	law	law	PROPN
cjrl-14169	88	29	review	review	PROPN
cjrl-14169	88	30	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	88	31	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	88	32	suggesting	suggest	VERB
cjrl-14169	88	33	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	88	34	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	88	35	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	88	36	question	question	NOUN
cjrl-14169	88	37	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	88	38	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	88	39	bad	bad	ADJ
cjrl-14169	88	40	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	88	41	actually	actually	ADV
cjrl-14169	88	42	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	88	43	versus	versus	ADP
cjrl-14169	88	44	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	88	45	bad	bad	ADJ
cjrl-14169	88	46	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	88	47	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	88	48	perceived	perceive	VERB
cjrl-14169	88	49	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	88	50	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	88	51	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	88	52	complicated	complicate	VERB
cjrl-14169	88	53	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	88	54	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	88	55	occurrence	occurrence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	88	56	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	88	57	rare	rare	ADJ
cjrl-14169	88	58	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	88	59	terrifying	terrifying	ADJ
cjrl-14169	88	60	incidents	incident	NOUN
cjrl-14169	88	61	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	88	62	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	88	63	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	89	1	23	23	NUM
cjrl-14169	89	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	89	3	k.	k.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	89	4	babe	babe	PROPN
cjrl-14169	89	5	howell	howell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	89	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	89	7	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	89	8	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	89	9	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	89	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	89	11	post	post	NOUN
cjrl-14169	89	12	stop	stop	VERB
cjrl-14169	89	13	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	89	14	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	89	15	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	89	16	frisk	frisk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	89	17	justification	justification	NOUN
cjrl-14169	89	18	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	89	19	profile	profile	NOUN
cjrl-14169	89	20	basedpolicing	basedpolicing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	89	21	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	89	22	5	5	NUM
cjrl-14169	89	23	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	89	24	u.	u.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	89	25	denv	denv	PROPN
cjrl-14169	89	26	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	90	1	crim	crim	PROPN
cjrl-14169	90	2	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	91	1	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	91	2	rev	rev	PROPN
cjrl-14169	91	3	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	91	4	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	91	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	91	6	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	91	7	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	91	8	observing	observe	VERB
cjrl-14169	91	9	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	91	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	91	11	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	91	12	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	91	13	adopted	adopt	VERB
cjrl-14169	91	14	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	91	15	surveillance	surveillance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	91	16	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	91	17	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	91	18	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	91	19	model	model	NOUN
cjrl-14169	91	20	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	91	21	regard	regard	NOUN
cjrl-14169	91	22	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	91	23	suspect	suspect	VERB
cjrl-14169	91	24	populations	population	NOUN
cjrl-14169	91	25	since	since	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	91	26	2001	2001	NUM
cjrl-14169	91	27	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	91	28	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	92	1	24	24	NUM
cjrl-14169	92	2	n.y.c	n.y.c	NOUN
cjrl-14169	92	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	92	4	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	92	5	dep’t	dep’t	PROPN
cjrl-14169	92	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	92	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	92	8	way	way	NOUN
cjrl-14169	92	9	forward	forward	ADV
cjrl-14169	92	10	9	9	NUM
cjrl-14169	92	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	92	12	https://www.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/publications/nypd-the-way-forward.pdf	https://www.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/publications/nypd-the-way-forward.pdf	NOUN
cjrl-14169	93	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	93	2	https://perma.cc/5w5mhp57	https://perma.cc/5w5mhp57	X
cjrl-14169	93	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	93	4	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	93	5	hereinafter	hereinafter	NOUN
cjrl-14169	93	6	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	93	7	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	93	8	police	police	PROPN
cjrl-14169	93	9	dep’t	dep’t	PROPN
cjrl-14169	93	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	93	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	93	12	way	way	NOUN
cjrl-14169	93	13	forward	forward	ADV
cjrl-14169	93	14	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	93	15	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	93	16	last	last	ADV
cjrl-14169	93	17	visited	visit	VERB
cjrl-14169	93	18	jan	jan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	93	19	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	93	20	6	6	NUM
cjrl-14169	93	21	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	93	22	2024	2024	NUM
cjrl-14169	93	23	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	93	24	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	93	25	stating	state	VERB
cjrl-14169	93	26	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	93	27	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	93	28	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	93	29	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	93	30	pioneered	pioneer	VERB
cjrl-14169	93	31	precision	precision	NOUN
cjrl-14169	93	32	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	93	33	since	since	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	93	34	2014	2014	NUM
cjrl-14169	93	35	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	93	36	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	94	1	25	25	NUM
cjrl-14169	94	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	94	3	dorothy	dorothy	PROPN
cjrl-14169	94	4	e.	e.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	94	5	roberts	roberts	PROPN
cjrl-14169	94	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	94	7	foreward	foreward	NOUN
cjrl-14169	94	8	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	94	9	race	race	NOUN
cjrl-14169	94	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	94	11	vagueness	vagueness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	94	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	94	13	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	94	14	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	94	15	meaning	meaning	NOUN
cjrl-14169	94	16	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	94	17	order	order	NOUN
cjrl-14169	94	18	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	94	19	maintenance	maintenance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	94	20	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	94	21	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	94	22	49	49	NUM
cjrl-14169	94	23	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	94	24	crim	crim	PROPN
cjrl-14169	94	25	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	94	26	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	94	27	criminology	criminology	PROPN
cjrl-14169	94	28	775	775	NUM
cjrl-14169	94	29	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	94	30	786	786	NUM
cjrl-14169	94	31	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	94	32	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	94	33	identification	identification	NOUN
cjrl-14169	94	34	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	94	35	someone	someone	PRON
cjrl-14169	94	36	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	94	37	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	94	38	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	94	39	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	94	40	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	94	41	highly	highly	ADV
cjrl-14169	94	42	associated	associate	VERB
cjrl-14169	94	43	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	94	44	his	his	PRON
cjrl-14169	94	45	race	race	NOUN
cjrl-14169	94	46	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	94	47	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	94	48	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	94	49	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	94	50	johnson	johnson	PROPN
cjrl-14169	94	51	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	94	52	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	94	53	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	94	54	6	6	NUM
cjrl-14169	94	55	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	94	56	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	94	57	1047–48	1047–48	NUM
cjrl-14169	94	58	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	94	59	highlighting	highlight	VERB
cjrl-14169	94	60	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	94	61	similarities	similarity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	94	62	between	between	ADP
cjrl-14169	94	63	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	94	64	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	94	65	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	94	66	stop	stop	VERB
cjrl-14169	94	67	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	94	68	frisk	frisk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	94	69	practices	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	94	70	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	94	71	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	94	72	use	use	NOUN
cjrl-14169	94	73	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	94	74	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	94	75	databasing	databasing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	94	76	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	94	77	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	95	1	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	95	2	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	95	3	discussion	discussion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	95	4	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	95	5	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	95	6	databasing	databasing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	95	7	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	95	8	outgrowth	outgrowth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	95	9	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	95	10	stop	stop	NOUN
cjrl-14169	95	11	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	95	12	frisk	frisk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	95	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	95	14	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	95	15	infra	infra	NOUN
cjrl-14169	95	16	section	section	NOUN
cjrl-14169	95	17	i.a.2	i.a.2	NOUN
cjrl-14169	95	18	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	96	1	1343	1343	NUM
cjrl-14169	96	2	colum	colum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	96	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	97	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	97	2	race	race	PROPN
cjrl-14169	97	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	97	4	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	98	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	98	2	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	98	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	99	1	15:1337	15:1337	NUM
cjrl-14169	99	2	angeles	angeles	PROPN
cjrl-14169	99	3	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	99	4	chicago	chicago	PROPN
cjrl-14169	99	5	revealed	reveal	VERB
cjrl-14169	99	6	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	99	7	myriad	myriad	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	8	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	99	9	fundamental	fundamental	ADJ
cjrl-14169	99	10	deficiencies	deficiency	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	99	12	including	include	VERB
cjrl-14169	99	13	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	99	14	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	99	16	falsified	falsified	ADJ
cjrl-14169	99	17	data	datum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	99	19	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	99	20	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	99	21	lack	lack	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	22	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	99	23	procedural	procedural	ADJ
cjrl-14169	99	24	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	25	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	99	26	challenge	challenge	VERB
cjrl-14169	99	27	one	one	NUM
cjrl-14169	99	28	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	99	29	identification	identification	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	30	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	99	31	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	99	32	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	33	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	99	34	numerous	numerous	ADJ
cjrl-14169	99	35	groups	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	36	called	call	VERB
cjrl-14169	99	37	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	99	38	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	99	39	audit	audit	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	40	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	99	41	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	99	42	cgd.26	cgd.26	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	43	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	99	44	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	99	45	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	99	46	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	99	47	department	department	PROPN
cjrl-14169	99	48	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	99	49	investigation	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	50	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	99	51	doi	doi	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	52	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	99	53	agreed	agree	VERB
cjrl-14169	99	54	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	99	55	conduct	conduct	VERB
cjrl-14169	99	56	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	99	57	audit	audit	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	58	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	99	59	2018.27	2018.27	NUM
cjrl-14169	99	60	after	after	ADP
cjrl-14169	99	61	months	month	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	62	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	99	63	delay,28	delay,28	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	64	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	99	65	doi	doi	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	66	released	release	VERB
cjrl-14169	99	67	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	99	68	report	report	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	69	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	99	70	april	april	PROPN
cjrl-14169	99	71	2023.29	2023.29	NUM
cjrl-14169	99	72	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	99	73	report	report	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	74	identifies	identify	VERB
cjrl-14169	99	75	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	99	76	number	number	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	77	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	99	78	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ
cjrl-14169	99	79	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	99	80	alarming	alarming	ADJ
cjrl-14169	99	81	practices	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	82	around	around	ADP
cjrl-14169	99	83	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	99	84	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	99	85	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	99	86	use	use	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	87	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	99	88	operation	operation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	89	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	99	90	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	99	91	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	92	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	99	93	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	99	94	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	99	95	makes	make	VERB
cjrl-14169	99	96	seventeen	seventeen	NUM
cjrl-14169	99	97	recommendations	recommendation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	98	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	99	99	address	address	VERB
cjrl-14169	99	100	problems	problem	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	101	related	relate	VERB
cjrl-14169	99	102	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	99	103	public	public	ADJ
cjrl-14169	99	104	transparency	transparency	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	105	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	99	106	criteria	criterion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	107	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	99	108	inclusion	inclusion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	109	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	99	110	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	99	111	inclusion	inclusion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	112	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	99	113	minors	minor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	114	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	99	115	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	99	116	more.30	more.30	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	117	although	although	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	99	118	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	99	119	report	report	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	120	implicitly	implicitly	ADV
cjrl-14169	99	121	recognizes	recognize	VERB
cjrl-14169	99	122	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	99	123	ways	way	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	124	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	99	125	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	99	126	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	99	127	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	99	128	facilitates	facilitate	VERB
cjrl-14169	99	129	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	99	130	racialized	racialize	VERB
cjrl-14169	99	131	surveillance	surveillance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	132	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	99	133	oppression	oppression	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	134	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	99	135	new	new	ADJ
cjrl-14169	99	136	yorkers	yorkers	PROPN
cjrl-14169	99	137	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	99	138	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	99	139	concludes	conclude	VERB
cjrl-14169	99	140	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	99	141	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	99	142	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	99	143	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	99	144	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	99	145	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	99	146	source	source	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	147	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	99	148	harm.31	harm.31	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	149	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	99	150	critics	critic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	151	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	99	152	however	however	ADV
cjrl-14169	99	153	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	99	154	argue	argue	VERB
cjrl-14169	99	155	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	99	156	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	99	157	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	158	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	99	159	utterly	utterly	ADV
cjrl-14169	99	160	false	false	ADJ
cjrl-14169	99	161	—	—	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	99	162	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	99	163	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	99	164	truth	truth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	165	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	99	166	simple	simple	ADJ
cjrl-14169	99	167	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	99	168	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	99	169	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	99	170	must	must	AUX
cjrl-14169	99	171	abolish	abolish	VERB
cjrl-14169	99	172	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	99	173	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	99	174	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	100	1	”32	”32	ADJ
cjrl-14169	100	2	as	as	ADV
cjrl-14169	100	3	flawed	flawed	ADJ
cjrl-14169	100	4	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	100	5	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	100	6	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	100	7	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	100	8	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	100	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	100	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	100	11	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	100	12	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	100	13	only	only	ADV
cjrl-14169	100	14	part	part	NOUN
cjrl-14169	100	15	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	100	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	100	17	larger	large	ADJ
cjrl-14169	100	18	problem	problem	NOUN
cjrl-14169	100	19	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	100	20	targeted	target	VERB
cjrl-14169	100	21	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	100	22	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	100	23	latino	latino	ADJ
cjrl-14169	100	24	men	man	NOUN
cjrl-14169	100	25	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	100	26	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	100	27	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	100	28	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	100	29	face	face	NOUN
cjrl-14169	100	30	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	101	1	alleged	allege	VERB
cjrl-14169	101	2	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	101	3	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	101	4	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	101	5	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	101	6	arrested	arrest	VERB
cjrl-14169	101	7	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	101	8	wish	wish	VERB
cjrl-14169	101	9	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	101	10	contest	contest	VERB
cjrl-14169	101	11	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	101	12	criminality	criminality	NOUN
cjrl-14169	101	13	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	101	14	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	101	15	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	101	16	faced	face	VERB
cjrl-14169	101	17	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	101	18	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	101	19	insidious	insidious	ADJ
cjrl-14169	101	20	prosecutorial	prosecutorial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	101	21	practice	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	101	22	—	—	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	101	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	101	24	admission	admission	NOUN
cjrl-14169	101	25	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	101	26	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	101	27	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	101	28	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	101	29	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	101	30	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	101	31	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	101	32	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	101	33	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	102	1	under	under	ADP
cjrl-14169	102	2	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	102	3	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	102	4	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	102	5	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	102	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	102	7	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	102	8	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	102	9	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	102	10	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	102	11	admitted	admit	VERB
cjrl-14169	102	12	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	102	13	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	102	14	wide	wide	ADJ
cjrl-14169	102	15	variety	variety	NOUN
cjrl-14169	102	16	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	102	17	reasons	reason	NOUN
cjrl-14169	102	18	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	102	19	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	102	20	few	few	ADJ
cjrl-14169	102	21	restrictions.33	restrictions.33	NOUN
cjrl-14169	102	22	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	102	23	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	102	24	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	102	25	scope	scope	NOUN
cjrl-14169	102	26	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	102	27	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	102	28	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	102	29	officer	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	102	30	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	102	31	testimonial	testimonial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	102	32	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	102	33	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	102	34	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	102	35	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	102	36	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	102	37	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	102	38	speak	speak	VERB
cjrl-14169	102	39	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	102	40	anything	anything	PRON
cjrl-14169	102	41	beyond	beyond	ADP
cjrl-14169	102	42	26	26	NUM
cjrl-14169	102	43	groups	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	102	44	urge	urge	VERB
cjrl-14169	102	45	groups	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	102	46	urge	urge	VERB
cjrl-14169	102	47	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	102	48	inspector	inspector	PROPN
cjrl-14169	102	49	general	general	ADJ
cjrl-14169	102	50	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	102	51	audit	audit	VERB
cjrl-14169	102	52	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	102	53	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	102	54	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	102	55	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	102	56	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	102	57	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	102	58	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	103	1	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	103	2	human	human	ADJ
cjrl-14169	103	3	rights	right	NOUN
cjrl-14169	103	4	watch	watch	NOUN
cjrl-14169	103	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	103	6	sept	sept	PROPN
cjrl-14169	103	7	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	103	8	22	22	NUM
cjrl-14169	103	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	103	10	2020	2020	NUM
cjrl-14169	103	11	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	103	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	104	1	https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/09/22/groups-urge-nypd-inspector-general-auditnypd-gang-database	https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/09/22/groups-urge-nypd-inspector-general-auditnypd-gang-database	PROPN
cjrl-14169	104	2	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	104	3	https://perma.cc/497z-xmll	https://perma.cc/497z-xmll	X
cjrl-14169	104	4	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	104	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	105	1	27	27	NUM
cjrl-14169	105	2	arya	arya	PROPN
cjrl-14169	105	3	sundaram	sundaram	PROPN
cjrl-14169	105	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	105	5	report	report	NOUN
cjrl-14169	105	6	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	105	7	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	105	8	's	's	PART
cjrl-14169	105	9	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	105	10	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	105	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	105	12	promised	promise	VERB
cjrl-14169	105	13	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	105	14	months	month	NOUN
cjrl-14169	105	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	105	16	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	105	17	been	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	105	18	delayed	delay	VERB
cjrl-14169	105	19	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	105	20	gothamist	gothamist	NOUN
cjrl-14169	105	21	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	105	22	jan	jan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	105	23	9	9	NUM
cjrl-14169	105	24	.	.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	105	25	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	105	26	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	105	27	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	105	28	https://gothamist.com/news/report-on-nypds-gang-database-promised-for-months-has-been-delayed	https://gothamist.com/news/report-on-nypds-gang-database-promised-for-months-has-been-delaye	VERB
cjrl-14169	106	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	106	2	https://perma.cc/cv5b-gfq4	https://perma.cc/cv5b-gfq4	NOUN
cjrl-14169	106	3	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	106	4	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	107	1	28	28	NUM
cjrl-14169	108	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	108	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	108	3	29	29	NUM
cjrl-14169	108	4	n.y.c	n.y.c	PROPN
cjrl-14169	108	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	108	6	dep’t	dep’t	PROPN
cjrl-14169	108	7	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	108	8	investigation	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	108	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	108	10	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	108	11	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	108	12	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	108	13	.	.	SYM
cjrl-14169	108	14	30	30	NUM
cjrl-14169	109	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	109	2	d.	d.	VERB
cjrl-14169	109	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	109	4	8–10	8–10	NOUN
cjrl-14169	109	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	110	1	31	31	NUM
cjrl-14169	111	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	111	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	111	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	111	4	3	3	NUM
cjrl-14169	111	5	.	.	X
cjrl-14169	111	6	32	32	NUM
cjrl-14169	111	7	ldf	ldf	PROPN
cjrl-14169	111	8	responds	respond	NOUN
cjrl-14169	111	9	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	111	10	department	department	PROPN
cjrl-14169	111	11	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	111	12	investigation	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	111	13	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	111	14	findings	finding	NOUN
cjrl-14169	111	15	regarding	regard	VERB
cjrl-14169	111	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	111	17	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	111	18	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	111	19	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	111	20	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	111	21	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	111	22	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	111	23	naacp	naacp	PROPN
cjrl-14169	111	24	legal	legal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	111	25	defense	defense	NOUN
cjrl-14169	111	26	fund	fund	NOUN
cjrl-14169	111	27	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	111	28	apr	apr	PROPN
cjrl-14169	111	29	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	111	30	18	18	NUM
cjrl-14169	111	31	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	111	32	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	111	33	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	111	34	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	111	35	https://www.naacpldf.org/press-release/ldf-responds-todepartment-of-investigations-findings-regarding-the-nypds-criminal-group-database/	https://www.naacpldf.org/press-release/ldf-responds-todepartment-of-investigations-findings-regarding-the-nypds-criminal-group-database/	NOUN
cjrl-14169	112	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	112	2	https://perma.cc/5x9t-p6jp	https://perma.cc/5x9t-p6jp	X
cjrl-14169	112	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	112	4	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	113	1	33	33	NUM
cjrl-14169	113	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	113	3	infra	infra	NOUN
cjrl-14169	113	4	section	section	NOUN
cjrl-14169	113	5	i.b.1	i.b.1	NOUN
cjrl-14169	113	6	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	114	1	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	114	2	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	114	3	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	114	4	1344	1344	NUM
cjrl-14169	114	5	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	114	6	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	114	7	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	114	8	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	114	9	ordinary	ordinary	ADJ
cjrl-14169	114	10	juror.34	juror.34	NOUN
cjrl-14169	114	11	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	114	12	generous	generous	ADJ
cjrl-14169	114	13	standard	standard	NOUN
cjrl-14169	114	14	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	114	15	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	114	16	more	more	ADV
cjrl-14169	114	17	alarming	alarming	ADJ
cjrl-14169	114	18	considering	consider	VERB
cjrl-14169	114	19	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	114	20	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	114	21	rely	rely	VERB
cjrl-14169	114	22	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	114	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	114	24	suspect	suspect	ADJ
cjrl-14169	114	25	information	information	NOUN
cjrl-14169	114	26	contained	contain	VERB
cjrl-14169	114	27	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	114	28	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	114	29	cgd,35	cgd,35	ADJ
cjrl-14169	114	30	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	114	31	approximately	approximately	ADV
cjrl-14169	114	32	10,000	10,000	NUM
cjrl-14169	114	33	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	114	34	have	have	VERB
cjrl-14169	114	35	access	access	NOUN
cjrl-14169	114	36	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	114	37	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	114	38	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	114	39	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	114	40	activation	activation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	114	41	data.36	data.36	NOUN
cjrl-14169	114	42	overall	overall	ADV
cjrl-14169	114	43	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	114	44	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	114	45	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	114	46	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	114	47	use	use	NOUN
cjrl-14169	114	48	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	114	49	operation	operation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	114	50	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	114	51	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	114	52	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	114	53	combined	combine	VERB
cjrl-14169	114	54	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	114	55	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	114	56	courtroom	courtroom	NOUN
cjrl-14169	114	57	practice	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	114	58	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	114	59	admitting	admit	VERB
cjrl-14169	114	60	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	114	61	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	114	62	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	114	63	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	114	64	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	114	65	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	114	66	created	create	VERB
cjrl-14169	114	67	serious	serious	ADJ
cjrl-14169	114	68	criminalization	criminalization	NOUN
cjrl-14169	114	69	concerns	concern	NOUN
cjrl-14169	114	70	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	114	71	particularly	particularly	ADV
cjrl-14169	114	72	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	114	73	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	114	74	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	114	75	latino	latino	ADJ
cjrl-14169	114	76	men	man	NOUN
cjrl-14169	114	77	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	115	1	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	115	2	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	115	3	pretext	pretext	NOUN
cjrl-14169	115	4	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	115	5	widespread	widespread	ADJ
cjrl-14169	115	6	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	115	7	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	115	8	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	115	9	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	115	10	public	public	ADJ
cjrl-14169	115	11	misconception	misconception	NOUN
cjrl-14169	115	12	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	115	13	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	115	14	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	115	15	alone	alone	ADV
cjrl-14169	115	16	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	115	17	indicative	indicative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	115	18	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	115	19	violent	violent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	115	20	criminality	criminality	NOUN
cjrl-14169	115	21	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	115	22	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	115	23	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	115	24	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	115	25	utilized	utilize	VERB
cjrl-14169	115	26	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	115	27	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	115	28	tactic	tactic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	115	29	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	115	30	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	115	31	race	race	NOUN
cjrl-14169	115	32	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	115	33	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	115	34	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	115	35	practice	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	115	36	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	115	37	yet	yet	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	115	38	race	race	NOUN
cjrl-14169	115	39	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	115	40	neutral	neutral	ADJ
cjrl-14169	115	41	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	115	42	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	115	43	face.37	face.37	NOUN
cjrl-14169	115	44	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	115	45	further	far	ADV
cjrl-14169	115	46	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	115	47	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	115	48	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	115	49	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	115	50	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	115	51	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	115	52	then	then	ADV
cjrl-14169	115	53	translated	translate	VERB
cjrl-14169	115	54	into	into	ADP
cjrl-14169	115	55	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	115	56	courtroom	courtroom	NOUN
cjrl-14169	115	57	via	via	ADP
cjrl-14169	115	58	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	115	59	use	use	NOUN
cjrl-14169	115	60	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	115	61	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	115	62	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	115	63	witnesses	witness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	115	64	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	116	1	judges	judge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	116	2	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	116	3	exceedingly	exceedingly	ADV
cjrl-14169	116	4	deferential	deferential	ADJ
cjrl-14169	116	5	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	116	6	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	116	7	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	116	8	despite	despite	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	116	9	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	116	10	inherently	inherently	ADV
cjrl-14169	116	11	suspect	suspect	ADJ
cjrl-14169	116	12	methods	method	NOUN
cjrl-14169	116	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	116	14	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	116	15	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	116	16	surveillance	surveillance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	116	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	116	18	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	116	19	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	116	20	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	116	21	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	116	22	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	116	23	cover	cover	VERB
cjrl-14169	116	24	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	116	25	exceedingly	exceedingly	ADV
cjrl-14169	116	26	wide	wide	ADJ
cjrl-14169	116	27	scope	scope	NOUN
cjrl-14169	116	28	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	116	29	information.38	information.38	PROPN
cjrl-14169	116	30	this	this	PRON
cjrl-14169	116	31	creates	create	VERB
cjrl-14169	116	32	two	two	NUM
cjrl-14169	116	33	major	major	ADJ
cjrl-14169	116	34	problems	problem	NOUN
cjrl-14169	116	35	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	117	1	first	first	ADV
cjrl-14169	117	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	117	3	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	117	4	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	117	5	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	117	6	unfairly	unfairly	ADV
cjrl-14169	117	7	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	117	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	117	9	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	117	10	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	117	11	allows	allow	VERB
cjrl-14169	117	12	prosecutors	prosecutor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	117	13	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	117	14	capitalize	capitalize	VERB
cjrl-14169	117	15	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	117	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	117	17	implicit	implicit	ADJ
cjrl-14169	117	18	biases	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	117	19	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	117	20	both	both	PRON
cjrl-14169	117	21	testifying	testify	VERB
cjrl-14169	117	22	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	117	23	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	117	24	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	117	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	117	26	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	117	27	further	far	ADV
cjrl-14169	117	28	fuel	fuel	VERB
cjrl-14169	117	29	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	117	30	racialized	racialize	VERB
cjrl-14169	117	31	stigma	stigma	NOUN
cjrl-14169	117	32	surrounding	surround	VERB
cjrl-14169	117	33	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	117	34	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	117	35	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	117	36	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	117	37	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	118	1	second	second	ADJ
cjrl-14169	118	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	118	3	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	118	4	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	118	5	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	118	6	unreliable	unreliable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	118	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	118	8	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	118	9	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	118	10	risks	risk	VERB
cjrl-14169	118	11	supporting	support	VERB
cjrl-14169	118	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	118	13	conviction	conviction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	118	14	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	118	15	potentially	potentially	ADV
cjrl-14169	118	16	innocent	innocent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	118	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	118	18	non	non	ADJ
cjrl-14169	118	19	-	-	ADJ
cjrl-14169	118	20	gang	gang	ADJ
cjrl-14169	118	21	34	34	NUM
cjrl-14169	118	22	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	118	23	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	118	24	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	118	25	inoa	inoa	NOUN
cjrl-14169	118	26	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	118	27	34	34	NUM
cjrl-14169	118	28	n.e.3d	n.e.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	118	29	839	839	NUM
cjrl-14169	118	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	118	31	845	845	NUM
cjrl-14169	118	32	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	118	33	holding	hold	VERB
cjrl-14169	118	34	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	118	35	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	118	36	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	118	37	officer	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	118	38	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	118	39	expert	expert	ADJ
cjrl-14169	118	40	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	118	41	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	118	42	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	118	43	meaning	meaning	NOUN
cjrl-14169	118	44	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	118	45	uncoded	uncoded	ADJ
cjrl-14169	118	46	language	language	NOUN
cjrl-14169	118	47	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	118	48	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	118	49	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	118	50	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	118	51	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	118	52	ordinary	ordinary	ADJ
cjrl-14169	118	53	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	118	54	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	118	55	thus	thus	ADV
cjrl-14169	118	56	amounted	amount	VERB
cjrl-14169	118	57	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	118	58	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	118	59	usurpation	usurpation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	118	60	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	118	61	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	118	62	jury	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	118	63	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	118	64	factfinding	factfinde	VERB
cjrl-14169	118	65	role	role	NOUN
cjrl-14169	118	66	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	118	67	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	118	68	infra	infra	NOUN
cjrl-14169	118	69	section	section	NOUN
cjrl-14169	118	70	i.b.2	i.b.2	VERB
cjrl-14169	118	71	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	119	1	35	35	NUM
cjrl-14169	119	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	119	3	joshua	joshua	PROPN
cjrl-14169	119	4	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	119	5	wright	wright	PROPN
cjrl-14169	119	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	119	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	119	8	constitutional	constitutional	ADJ
cjrl-14169	119	9	failures	failure	NOUN
cjrl-14169	119	10	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	119	11	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	119	12	databases	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	119	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	119	14	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	119	15	stan	stan	NOUN
cjrl-14169	119	16	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	120	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	120	2	civ	civ	PROPN
cjrl-14169	120	3	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	120	4	rts	rts	PROPN
cjrl-14169	120	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	120	6	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	120	7	civ	civ	PROPN
cjrl-14169	120	8	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	121	1	liberties	liberty	NOUN
cjrl-14169	121	2	115	115	NUM
cjrl-14169	121	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	121	4	117	117	NUM
cjrl-14169	121	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	121	6	2005	2005	NUM
cjrl-14169	121	7	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	121	8	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	121	9	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	121	10	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	121	11	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	121	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	121	13	expert	expert	ADJ
cjrl-14169	121	14	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	121	15	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	121	16	peace	peace	NOUN
cjrl-14169	121	17	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	121	18	testifying	testify	VERB
cjrl-14169	121	19	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	121	20	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	121	21	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	121	22	documented	document	VERB
cjrl-14169	121	23	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	121	24	typically	typically	ADV
cjrl-14169	121	25	sufficient	sufficient	ADJ
cjrl-14169	121	26	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	121	27	establish	establish	VERB
cjrl-14169	121	28	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	121	29	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	122	1	prosecutors	prosecutor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	122	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	122	3	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	122	4	witnesses	witness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	122	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	122	6	judges	judge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	122	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	122	8	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	122	9	juries	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	122	10	rely	rely	VERB
cjrl-14169	122	11	heavily	heavily	ADV
cjrl-14169	122	12	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	122	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	122	14	accuracy	accuracy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	122	15	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	122	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	122	17	information	information	NOUN
cjrl-14169	122	18	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	122	19	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	122	20	databases	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	122	21	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	122	22	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	122	23	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	122	24	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	123	1	36	36	NUM
cjrl-14169	123	2	n.y.c	n.y.c	NOUN
cjrl-14169	123	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	123	4	dep’t	dep’t	NOUN
cjrl-14169	123	5	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	123	6	investigation	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	123	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	123	8	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	123	9	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	123	10	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	123	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	123	12	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	123	13	4	4	NUM
cjrl-14169	123	14	.	.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	123	15	37	37	NUM
cjrl-14169	123	16	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	123	17	johnson	johnson	PROPN
cjrl-14169	123	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	123	19	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	123	20	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	123	21	6	6	NUM
cjrl-14169	123	22	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	123	23	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	123	24	1042	1042	NUM
cjrl-14169	123	25	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	123	26	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	123	27	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	123	28	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	123	29	façade	façade	NOUN
cjrl-14169	123	30	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	123	31	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	123	32	neutrality	neutrality	NOUN
cjrl-14169	123	33	shields	shield	VERB
cjrl-14169	123	34	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	123	35	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	123	36	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	123	37	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	123	38	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	123	39	tactics	tactic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	123	40	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	123	41	public	public	ADJ
cjrl-14169	123	42	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	123	43	judicial	judicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	123	44	scrutiny	scrutiny	NOUN
cjrl-14169	123	45	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	123	46	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	123	47	citing	cite	VERB
cjrl-14169	123	48	k.	k.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	123	49	babe	babe	PROPN
cjrl-14169	123	50	howell	howell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	123	51	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	123	52	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	123	53	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	123	54	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	123	55	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	123	56	post	post	NOUN
cjrl-14169	123	57	stop	stop	VERB
cjrl-14169	123	58	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	123	59	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	123	60	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	123	61	frisk	frisk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	123	62	justification	justification	NOUN
cjrl-14169	123	63	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	123	64	profile	profile	ADV
cjrl-14169	123	65	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	123	66	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	123	67	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	123	68	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	123	69	5	5	NUM
cjrl-14169	123	70	u.	u.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	123	71	denv	denv	NOUN
cjrl-14169	123	72	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	124	1	crim	crim	PROPN
cjrl-14169	124	2	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	125	1	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	125	2	rev	rev	PROPN
cjrl-14169	125	3	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	125	4	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	125	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	125	6	4	4	NUM
cjrl-14169	125	7	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	125	8	2015	2015	NUM
cjrl-14169	125	9	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	125	10	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	125	11	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	126	1	38	38	NUM
cjrl-14169	126	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	126	3	sara	sara	PROPN
cjrl-14169	126	4	hildebrand	hildebrand	PROPN
cjrl-14169	126	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	126	6	racialized	racialize	VERB
cjrl-14169	126	7	implications	implication	NOUN
cjrl-14169	126	8	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	126	9	officer	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	126	10	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	126	11	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	126	12	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	126	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	126	14	92	92	NUM
cjrl-14169	126	15	miss	miss	NOUN
cjrl-14169	126	16	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	127	1	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	127	2	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	127	3	155	155	PROPN
cjrl-14169	127	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	127	5	168	168	NUM
cjrl-14169	127	6	–	–	SYM
cjrl-14169	127	7	78	78	NUM
cjrl-14169	127	8	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	127	9	2022	2022	NUM
cjrl-14169	127	10	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	127	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	127	12	arguing	argue	VERB
cjrl-14169	127	13	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	127	14	judges	judge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	127	15	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	127	16	excessively	excessively	ADV
cjrl-14169	127	17	deferent	deferent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	127	18	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	127	19	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	127	20	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	127	21	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	127	22	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	127	23	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	127	24	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	127	25	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	127	26	frequently	frequently	ADV
cjrl-14169	127	27	provide	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	127	28	overbroad	overbroad	NOUN
cjrl-14169	127	29	opinions	opinion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	127	30	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	127	31	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	127	32	anne	anne	PROPN
cjrl-14169	127	33	lvovsky	lvovsky	PROPN
cjrl-14169	127	34	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	127	35	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	127	36	judicial	judicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	127	37	presumption	presumption	NOUN
cjrl-14169	127	38	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	127	39	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	127	40	expertise	expertise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	127	41	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	127	42	130	130	NUM
cjrl-14169	127	43	harv	harv	NOUN
cjrl-14169	127	44	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	128	1	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	128	2	rev	rev	PROPN
cjrl-14169	128	3	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	128	4	1995	1995	NUM
cjrl-14169	128	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	128	6	2001	2001	NUM
cjrl-14169	128	7	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	128	8	2017	2017	NUM
cjrl-14169	128	9	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	128	10	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	128	11	suggesting	suggest	VERB
cjrl-14169	128	12	that	that	DET
cjrl-14169	128	13	judge	judge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	128	14	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	128	15	broad	broad	ADJ
cjrl-14169	128	16	embrace	embrace	NOUN
cjrl-14169	128	17	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	128	18	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	128	19	expertise	expertise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	128	20	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	128	21	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	128	22	reflection	reflection	NOUN
cjrl-14169	128	23	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	128	24	structural	structural	ADJ
cjrl-14169	128	25	biases	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	128	26	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	128	27	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	129	1	1345	1345	NUM
cjrl-14169	129	2	colum	colum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	129	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	130	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	130	2	race	race	PROPN
cjrl-14169	130	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	130	4	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	131	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	131	2	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	131	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	132	1	15:1337	15:1337	NUM
cjrl-14169	132	2	affiliated	affiliate	VERB
cjrl-14169	132	3	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	132	4	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	132	5	coupling	couple	VERB
cjrl-14169	132	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	132	7	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	132	8	stigmatization	stigmatization	NOUN
cjrl-14169	132	9	tactics	tactic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	132	10	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	132	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	132	12	overbroad	overbroad	NOUN
cjrl-14169	132	13	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	132	14	extremely	extremely	ADV
cjrl-14169	132	15	suspect	suspect	ADJ
cjrl-14169	132	16	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	132	17	included	include	VERB
cjrl-14169	132	18	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	132	19	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	132	20	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	132	21	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	133	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	133	2	obvious	obvious	ADJ
cjrl-14169	133	3	solutions	solution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	133	4	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	133	5	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	133	6	problems	problem	NOUN
cjrl-14169	133	7	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	133	8	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	133	9	abolish	abolish	VERB
cjrl-14169	133	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	133	11	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	133	12	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	133	13	prohibit	prohibit	VERB
cjrl-14169	133	14	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	133	15	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	133	16	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	133	17	testifying	testify	VERB
cjrl-14169	133	18	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	133	19	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	133	20	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	133	21	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	134	1	however	however	ADV
cjrl-14169	134	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	134	3	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	134	4	solutions	solution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	134	5	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	134	6	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	134	7	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	134	8	feasible	feasible	ADJ
cjrl-14169	134	9	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	135	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	135	2	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	135	3	has	have	VERB
cjrl-14169	135	4	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	135	5	history	history	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	6	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	135	7	opposing	oppose	VERB
cjrl-14169	135	8	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	135	9	obstructing	obstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	135	10	any	any	DET
cjrl-14169	135	11	meaningful	meaningful	ADJ
cjrl-14169	135	12	reform,39	reform,39	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	13	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	135	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	135	15	doi	doi	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	16	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	135	17	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	135	18	no	no	DET
cjrl-14169	135	19	harm	harm	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	20	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	135	21	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	22	regarding	regard	VERB
cjrl-14169	135	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	135	24	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	135	25	likely	likely	ADV
cjrl-14169	135	26	protects	protect	VERB
cjrl-14169	135	27	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	135	28	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	135	29	further	further	ADJ
cjrl-14169	135	30	government	government	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	31	scrutiny.40	scrutiny.40	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	32	additionally	additionally	ADV
cjrl-14169	135	33	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	135	34	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	135	35	admission	admission	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	36	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	135	37	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	38	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	39	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	135	40	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	41	witnesses	witness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	42	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	135	43	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	135	44	deeply	deeply	ADV
cjrl-14169	135	45	rooted	root	VERB
cjrl-14169	135	46	practice	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	47	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	135	48	judges	judge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	49	will	will	AUX
cjrl-14169	135	50	likely	likely	ADV
cjrl-14169	135	51	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	135	52	unwilling	unwilling	ADJ
cjrl-14169	135	53	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	135	54	change	change	VERB
cjrl-14169	135	55	given	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	135	56	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	135	57	professional	professional	ADJ
cjrl-14169	135	58	status	status	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	59	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	135	60	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	135	61	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	62	force	force	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	63	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	135	64	structural	structural	ADJ
cjrl-14169	135	65	biases	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	66	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	135	67	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	135	68	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	135	69	justice	justice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	70	system.41	system.41	ADV
cjrl-14169	135	71	there	there	PRON
cjrl-14169	135	72	is	be	VERB
cjrl-14169	135	73	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	135	74	however	however	ADV
cjrl-14169	135	75	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	135	76	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	135	77	solution	solution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	78	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	135	79	mitigates	mitigate	VERB
cjrl-14169	135	80	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	135	81	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	135	82	effect	effect	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	83	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	135	84	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	85	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	86	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	87	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	88	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	135	89	exposes	expose	VERB
cjrl-14169	135	90	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	135	91	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	92	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	135	93	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	135	94	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	135	95	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	135	96	introduction	introduction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	97	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	135	98	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	99	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	100	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	101	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	135	102	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	135	103	defense	defense	NOUN
cjrl-14169	135	104	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	136	1	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	136	2	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	136	3	will	will	AUX
cjrl-14169	136	4	proceed	proceed	VERB
cjrl-14169	136	5	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	136	6	three	three	NUM
cjrl-14169	136	7	parts	part	NOUN
cjrl-14169	136	8	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	137	1	part	part	NOUN
cjrl-14169	137	2	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	137	3	provides	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	137	4	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	137	5	overview	overview	NOUN
cjrl-14169	137	6	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	137	7	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	137	8	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	137	9	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	137	10	prosecution	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	137	11	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	137	12	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	137	13	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	137	14	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	137	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	137	16	highlighting	highlight	VERB
cjrl-14169	137	17	changes	change	NOUN
cjrl-14169	137	18	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	137	19	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	137	20	tactics	tactic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	137	21	over	over	ADP
cjrl-14169	137	22	time	time	NOUN
cjrl-14169	137	23	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	137	24	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	137	25	current	current	ADJ
cjrl-14169	137	26	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	137	27	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	137	28	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	137	29	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	137	30	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	137	31	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	137	32	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	138	1	part	part	NOUN
cjrl-14169	138	2	ii	ii	PROPN
cjrl-14169	138	3	outlines	outline	VERB
cjrl-14169	138	4	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	138	5	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	138	6	implications	implication	NOUN
cjrl-14169	138	7	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	138	8	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	138	9	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	138	10	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	138	11	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	138	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	138	13	focusing	focus	VERB
cjrl-14169	138	14	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	138	15	prejudice	prejudice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	138	16	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	138	17	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	138	18	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	139	1	part	part	NOUN
cjrl-14169	139	2	iii	iii	NUM
cjrl-14169	139	3	advocates	advocate	NOUN
cjrl-14169	139	4	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	139	5	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	139	6	admission	admission	NOUN
cjrl-14169	139	7	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	139	8	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	139	9	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	139	10	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	139	11	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	139	12	counteract	counteract	VERB
cjrl-14169	139	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	139	14	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	139	15	effect	effect	NOUN
cjrl-14169	139	16	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	139	17	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	139	18	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	139	19	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	139	20	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	139	21	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	140	1	39	39	NUM
cjrl-14169	140	2	victor	victor	PROPN
cjrl-14169	140	3	dempsey	dempsey	PROPN
cjrl-14169	140	4	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	140	5	alex	alex	PROPN
cjrl-14169	140	6	s.	s.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	140	7	vitale	vitale	PROPN
cjrl-14169	140	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	140	9	why	why	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	140	10	we	we	PRON
cjrl-14169	140	11	should	should	AUX
cjrl-14169	140	12	abolish	abolish	VERB
cjrl-14169	140	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	140	14	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	140	15	's	's	PART
cjrl-14169	140	16	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	140	17	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	140	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	140	19	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	140	20	reform	reform	VERB
cjrl-14169	140	21	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	140	22	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	140	23	gotham	gotham	PROPN
cjrl-14169	140	24	gazette	gazette	PROPN
cjrl-14169	140	25	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	140	26	may	may	PROPN
cjrl-14169	140	27	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	140	28	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	140	29	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	140	30	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	140	31	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	140	32	https://www.gothamgazette.com/130-opinion/11976-abolish-nypd-gang-databasereform	https://www.gothamgazette.com/130-opinion/11976-abolish-nypd-gang-databasereform	NOUN
cjrl-14169	140	33	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	140	34	https://perma.cc/ps85-bxza	https://perma.cc/ps85-bxza	X
cjrl-14169	140	35	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	140	36	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	141	1	40	40	NUM
cjrl-14169	141	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	141	3	n.y.c	n.y.c	PROPN
cjrl-14169	141	4	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	142	1	dep’t	dep’t	PROPN
cjrl-14169	142	2	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	142	3	investigation	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	142	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	142	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	142	6	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	142	7	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	142	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	142	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	142	10	3	3	NUM
cjrl-14169	142	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	142	12	56–7	56–7	NUM
cjrl-14169	142	13	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	142	14	finding	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	142	15	no	no	DET
cjrl-14169	142	16	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	142	17	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	142	18	harm	harm	NOUN
cjrl-14169	142	19	stemming	stem	VERB
cjrl-14169	142	20	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	142	21	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	142	22	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	142	23	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	142	24	explicitly	explicitly	ADV
cjrl-14169	142	25	refuting	refute	VERB
cjrl-14169	142	26	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	142	27	contention	contention	NOUN
cjrl-14169	142	28	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	142	29	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	142	30	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	142	31	targets	target	VERB
cjrl-14169	142	32	categories	category	NOUN
cjrl-14169	142	33	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	142	34	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	142	35	rather	rather	ADV
cjrl-14169	142	36	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	142	37	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	142	38	perpetrators	perpetrator	NOUN
cjrl-14169	142	39	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	142	40	specific	specific	ADJ
cjrl-14169	142	41	crimes	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	142	42	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	142	43	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	143	1	41	41	NUM
cjrl-14169	143	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	143	3	lvovsky	lvovsky	ADJ
cjrl-14169	143	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	143	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	143	6	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	143	7	37	37	NUM
cjrl-14169	143	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	143	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	143	10	1999–2001	1999–2001	NUM
cjrl-14169	143	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	143	12	observing	observe	VERB
cjrl-14169	143	13	that	that	DET
cjrl-14169	143	14	judicial	judicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	143	15	deference	deference	NOUN
cjrl-14169	143	16	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	143	17	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	143	18	expertise	expertise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	143	19	expanded	expand	VERB
cjrl-14169	143	20	significantly	significantly	ADV
cjrl-14169	143	21	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	143	22	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	143	23	twentieth	twentieth	ADJ
cjrl-14169	143	24	century	century	NOUN
cjrl-14169	143	25	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	143	26	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	143	27	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	143	28	force	force	NOUN
cjrl-14169	143	29	professionalized	professionalize	VERB
cjrl-14169	143	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	143	31	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	143	32	bolstered	bolster	VERB
cjrl-14169	143	33	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	143	34	discretion	discretion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	143	35	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	143	36	widened	widen	VERB
cjrl-14169	143	37	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	143	38	scope	scope	NOUN
cjrl-14169	143	39	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	143	40	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	143	41	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	143	42	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	143	43	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	143	44	reinforced	reinforce	VERB
cjrl-14169	143	45	structural	structural	ADJ
cjrl-14169	143	46	biases	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	143	47	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	143	48	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	144	1	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	144	2	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	144	3	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	144	4	1346	1346	NUM
cjrl-14169	144	5	i.	i.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	144	6	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	144	7	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	144	8	prosecuting	prosecute	VERB
cjrl-14169	144	9	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	144	10	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	144	11	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	144	12	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	144	13	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	144	14	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	144	15	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	144	16	noted	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	144	17	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	144	18	leading	lead	VERB
cjrl-14169	144	19	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	144	20	scholar	scholar	NOUN
cjrl-14169	144	21	k.	k.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	144	22	babe	babe	PROPN
cjrl-14169	144	23	howell	howell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	144	24	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	144	25	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	144	26	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	144	27	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	144	28	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	144	29	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	144	30	always	always	ADV
cjrl-14169	144	31	had	have	VERB
cjrl-14169	144	32	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	144	33	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	144	34	will	will	AUX
cjrl-14169	144	35	likely	likely	ADV
cjrl-14169	144	36	always	always	ADV
cjrl-14169	144	37	have	have	VERB
cjrl-14169	144	38	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	144	39	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	145	1	”42	”42	VERB
cjrl-14169	145	2	yet	yet	ADV
cjrl-14169	145	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	145	4	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	145	5	though	though	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	145	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	145	7	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	145	8	claims	claim	VERB
cjrl-14169	145	9	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	145	10	gun	gun	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	11	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	12	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	145	13	driven	drive	VERB
cjrl-14169	145	14	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	145	15	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	16	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	145	17	street	street	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	18	crews,43	crews,43	PROPN
cjrl-14169	145	19	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	145	20	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	145	21	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	145	22	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	145	23	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	24	problem	problem	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	25	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	145	26	minimal	minimal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	145	27	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	145	28	comparison	comparison	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	29	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	145	30	other	other	ADJ
cjrl-14169	145	31	large	large	ADJ
cjrl-14169	145	32	cities.44	cities.44	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	33	scholars	scholar	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	34	have	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	145	35	noted	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	145	36	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	145	37	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	145	38	city	city	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	39	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	145	40	lack	lack	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	41	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	145	42	organized	organize	VERB
cjrl-14169	145	43	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	44	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	145	45	minimal	minimal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	145	46	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	47	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	48	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	145	49	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	145	50	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	145	51	result	result	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	52	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	145	53	non	non	ADJ
cjrl-14169	145	54	-	-	ADJ
cjrl-14169	145	55	law	law	ADJ
cjrl-14169	145	56	enforcement	enforcement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	57	responses	response	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	58	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	145	59	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	60	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	61	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	145	62	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	145	63	past	past	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	64	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	145	65	such	such	ADJ
cjrl-14169	145	66	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	145	67	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	145	68	worker	worker	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	69	intervention	intervention	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	70	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	145	71	mediation.45	mediation.45	VERB
cjrl-14169	145	72	nevertheless	nevertheless	ADV
cjrl-14169	145	73	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	145	74	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	75	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	76	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	145	77	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	145	78	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	145	79	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	145	80	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	145	81	evolved	evolve	VERB
cjrl-14169	145	82	into	into	ADP
cjrl-14169	145	83	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	145	84	system	system	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	85	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	145	86	surveillance	surveillance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	87	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	145	88	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	145	89	oppression	oppression	NOUN
cjrl-14169	145	90	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	146	1	extending	extend	VERB
cjrl-14169	146	2	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	146	3	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	146	4	system	system	NOUN
cjrl-14169	146	5	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	146	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	146	7	practice	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	146	8	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	146	9	admitting	admit	VERB
cjrl-14169	146	10	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	146	11	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	146	12	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	146	13	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	146	14	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	146	15	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	146	16	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	146	17	prosecutions	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	146	18	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	147	1	through	through	ADP
cjrl-14169	147	2	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	147	3	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	147	4	expertise	expertise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	147	5	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	147	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	147	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	147	8	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	147	9	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	147	10	flawed	flawed	ADJ
cjrl-14169	147	11	conceptions	conception	NOUN
cjrl-14169	147	12	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	147	13	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	147	14	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	147	15	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	147	16	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	147	17	life	life	NOUN
cjrl-14169	147	18	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	147	19	weaponized	weaponize	VERB
cjrl-14169	147	20	against	against	ADP
cjrl-14169	147	21	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	147	22	defendants	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	147	23	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	148	1	section	section	PROPN
cjrl-14169	148	2	i.a	i.a	PROPN
cjrl-14169	148	3	outlines	outline	VERB
cjrl-14169	148	4	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	148	5	history	history	NOUN
cjrl-14169	148	6	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	148	7	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	148	8	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	148	9	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	148	10	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	148	11	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	148	12	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	148	13	beginning	begin	VERB
cjrl-14169	148	14	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	148	15	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	148	16	postwar	postwar	ADJ
cjrl-14169	148	17	era	era	NOUN
cjrl-14169	148	18	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	149	1	section	section	NOUN
cjrl-14169	149	2	i.b	i.b	PROPN
cjrl-14169	149	3	explains	explain	VERB
cjrl-14169	149	4	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	149	5	role	role	NOUN
cjrl-14169	149	6	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	149	7	scope	scope	NOUN
cjrl-14169	149	8	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	149	9	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	149	10	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	149	11	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	149	12	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	149	13	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	149	14	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	149	15	prosecutions	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	149	16	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	150	1	a.	a.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	150	2	history	history	NOUN
cjrl-14169	150	3	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	150	4	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	150	5	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	150	6	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	150	7	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	150	8	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	150	9	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	150	10	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	150	11	20th	20th	ADJ
cjrl-14169	150	12	century	century	NOUN
cjrl-14169	150	13	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	150	14	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	150	15	cycles	cycle	NOUN
cjrl-14169	150	16	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	150	17	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	150	18	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	150	19	differing	differ	VERB
cjrl-14169	150	20	responses	response	NOUN
cjrl-14169	150	21	over	over	ADP
cjrl-14169	150	22	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	150	23	last	last	ADJ
cjrl-14169	150	24	century	century	NOUN
cjrl-14169	150	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	150	26	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	150	27	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	150	28	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	150	29	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	150	30	experienced	experience	VERB
cjrl-14169	150	31	successive	successive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	150	32	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	150	33	pronounced	pronounce	VERB
cjrl-14169	150	34	cycles	cycle	NOUN
cjrl-14169	150	35	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	150	36	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	150	37	violence.46	violence.46	NOUN
cjrl-14169	150	38	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	150	39	each	each	DET
cjrl-14169	150	40	cycle	cycle	NOUN
cjrl-14169	150	41	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	150	42	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	150	43	enforcement	enforcement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	150	44	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	150	45	response	response	NOUN
cjrl-14169	150	46	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	150	47	varied	vary	VERB
cjrl-14169	150	48	significantly	significantly	ADV
cjrl-14169	150	49	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	151	1	one	one	NUM
cjrl-14169	151	2	such	such	ADJ
cjrl-14169	151	3	cycle	cycle	NOUN
cjrl-14169	151	4	occurred	occur	VERB
cjrl-14169	151	5	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	151	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	151	7	mid-1940s	mid-1940	NOUN
cjrl-14169	151	8	through	through	ADP
cjrl-14169	151	9	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	151	10	mid-1960s	mid-1960	NOUN
cjrl-14169	151	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	151	12	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	151	13	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	151	14	segregation	segregation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	151	15	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	151	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	151	17	42	42	NUM
cjrl-14169	151	18	howell	howell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	151	19	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	151	20	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	151	21	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	151	22	22	22	NUM
cjrl-14169	151	23	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	151	24	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	151	25	5	5	NUM
cjrl-14169	151	26	.	.	X
cjrl-14169	151	27	43	43	NUM
cjrl-14169	151	28	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	151	29	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	151	30	announces	announce	VERB
cjrl-14169	151	31	citywide	citywide	PROPN
cjrl-14169	151	32	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	151	33	statistics	statistic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	151	34	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	151	35	march	march	PROPN
cjrl-14169	151	36	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	151	37	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	151	38	n.y.c	n.y.c	NOUN
cjrl-14169	151	39	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	151	40	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	151	41	dep’t	dep’t	NOUN
cjrl-14169	151	42	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	151	43	apr	apr	PROPN
cjrl-14169	151	44	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	151	45	6	6	NUM
cjrl-14169	151	46	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	151	47	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	151	48	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	151	49	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	152	1	https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/news/p00077/nypd-citywide-crime-statistics-march-2023	https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/news/p00077/nypd-citywide-crime-statistics-march-2023	PROPN
cjrl-14169	152	2	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	152	3	https://perma.cc/5lxwjp2l	https://perma.cc/5lxwjp2l	X
cjrl-14169	152	4	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	152	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	152	6	stating	state	VERB
cjrl-14169	152	7	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	152	8	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	152	9	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	152	10	d]ata	d]ata	PRON
cjrl-14169	152	11	shows	show	VERB
cjrl-14169	152	12	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	152	13	gun	gun	NOUN
cjrl-14169	152	14	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	152	15	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	152	16	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	152	17	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	152	18	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	152	19	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	152	20	been	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	152	21	driven	drive	VERB
cjrl-14169	152	22	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	152	23	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	152	24	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	152	25	street	street	NOUN
cjrl-14169	152	26	crews	crew	NOUN
cjrl-14169	152	27	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	152	28	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	152	29	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	153	1	44	44	NUM
cjrl-14169	153	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	153	3	howell	howell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	153	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	153	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	153	6	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	153	7	22	22	NUM
cjrl-14169	153	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	153	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	153	10	5	5	NUM
cjrl-14169	153	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	153	12	observing	observe	VERB
cjrl-14169	153	13	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	153	14	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	153	15	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	153	16	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	153	17	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	153	18	has	have	VERB
cjrl-14169	153	19	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	153	20	far	far	ADV
cjrl-14169	153	21	smaller	small	ADJ
cjrl-14169	153	22	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	153	23	problem	problem	NOUN
cjrl-14169	153	24	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	153	25	other	other	ADJ
cjrl-14169	153	26	large	large	ADJ
cjrl-14169	153	27	cities	city	NOUN
cjrl-14169	153	28	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	153	29	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	153	30	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	153	31	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	153	32	offense	offense	NOUN
cjrl-14169	153	33	data	data	PROPN
cjrl-14169	153	34	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	153	35	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	154	1	45	45	NUM
cjrl-14169	155	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	155	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	155	3	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	155	4	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	155	5	infra	infra	VERB
cjrl-14169	155	6	text	text	NOUN
cjrl-14169	155	7	accompanying	accompanying	ADJ
cjrl-14169	155	8	notes	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	155	9	50–52	50–52	NUM
cjrl-14169	155	10	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	156	1	46	46	NUM
cjrl-14169	156	2	judith	judith	PROPN
cjrl-14169	156	3	green	green	PROPN
cjrl-14169	156	4	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	156	5	kevin	kevin	PROPN
cjrl-14169	156	6	pranis	pranis	PROPN
cjrl-14169	156	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	156	8	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	156	9	wars	war	NOUN
cjrl-14169	156	10	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	156	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	156	12	failure	failure	NOUN
cjrl-14169	156	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	156	14	enforcement	enforcement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	156	15	tactics	tactic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	156	16	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	156	17	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	156	18	need	need	NOUN
cjrl-14169	156	19	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	156	20	effective	effective	ADJ
cjrl-14169	156	21	public	public	ADJ
cjrl-14169	156	22	safety	safety	NOUN
cjrl-14169	156	23	strategies	strategy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	156	24	15	15	NUM
cjrl-14169	156	25	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	156	26	2007	2007	NUM
cjrl-14169	156	27	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	156	28	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	156	29	https://justicepolicy.org/wp	https://justicepolicy.org/wp	ADP
cjrl-14169	156	30	content	content	NOUN
cjrl-14169	156	31	/	/	SYM
cjrl-14169	156	32	uploads	uploads	PROPN
cjrl-14169	156	33	/	/	SYM
cjrl-14169	156	34	justicepolicy	justicepolicy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	156	35	/	/	SYM
cjrl-14169	156	36	documents/0707_rep_gangwars_gc	documents/0707_rep_gangwars_gc	PROPN
cjrl-14169	156	37	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	156	38	ps	ps	NOUN
cjrl-14169	156	39	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	156	40	ac	ac	NOUN
cjrl-14169	156	41	-	-	ADJ
cjrl-14169	156	42	jj.pdf	jj.pdf	PROPN
cjrl-14169	156	43	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	156	44	https://perma.cc/2x6p-89jg	https://perma.cc/2x6p-89jg	X
cjrl-14169	156	45	]	]	SYM
cjrl-14169	156	46	.	.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	157	1	1347	1347	NUM
cjrl-14169	157	2	colum	colum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	157	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	158	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	158	2	race	race	PROPN
cjrl-14169	158	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	158	4	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	159	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	159	2	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	159	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	160	1	15:1337	15:1337	NUM
cjrl-14169	160	2	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	160	3	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	160	4	postwar	postwar	ADJ
cjrl-14169	160	5	economic	economic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	160	6	transformation	transformation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	160	7	contributed	contribute	VERB
cjrl-14169	160	8	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	160	9	widespread	widespread	ADJ
cjrl-14169	160	10	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	160	11	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	160	12	violence.47	violence.47	NOUN
cjrl-14169	160	13	similar	similar	ADJ
cjrl-14169	160	14	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	160	15	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	160	16	circumstances	circumstance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	160	17	contributing	contribute	VERB
cjrl-14169	160	18	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	160	19	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	160	20	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	160	21	today	today	NOUN
cjrl-14169	160	22	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	160	23	many	many	ADJ
cjrl-14169	160	24	minority	minority	NOUN
cjrl-14169	160	25	families	family	NOUN
cjrl-14169	160	26	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	160	27	excluded	exclude	VERB
cjrl-14169	160	28	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	160	29	well	well	ADV
cjrl-14169	160	30	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	160	31	paying	pay	VERB
cjrl-14169	160	32	jobs	job	NOUN
cjrl-14169	160	33	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	160	34	forced	force	VERB
cjrl-14169	160	35	into	into	ADP
cjrl-14169	160	36	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	160	37	poorest	poor	ADJ
cjrl-14169	160	38	neighborhoods.48	neighborhoods.48	ADJ
cjrl-14169	160	39	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	160	40	oppression	oppression	NOUN
cjrl-14169	160	41	created	create	VERB
cjrl-14169	160	42	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	160	43	competing	compete	VERB
cjrl-14169	160	44	groups	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	160	45	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	160	46	cynical	cynical	ADJ
cjrl-14169	160	47	youngsters	youngster	NOUN
cjrl-14169	160	48	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	160	49	color	color	NOUN
cjrl-14169	160	50	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	160	51	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	160	52	well	well	ADV
cjrl-14169	160	53	aware	aware	ADJ
cjrl-14169	160	54	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	160	55	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	160	56	class	class	NOUN
cjrl-14169	160	57	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	160	58	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	160	59	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	160	60	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	160	61	ethnic	ethnic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	160	62	barriers	barrier	NOUN
cjrl-14169	160	63	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	160	64	stood	stand	VERB
cjrl-14169	160	65	between	between	ADP
cjrl-14169	160	66	them	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	160	67	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	160	68	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	160	69	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	160	70	good	good	ADJ
cjrl-14169	160	71	jobs	job	NOUN
cjrl-14169	160	72	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	160	73	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	160	74	future	future	NOUN
cjrl-14169	160	75	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	161	1	”49	”49	ADP
cjrl-14169	161	2	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	161	3	rate	rate	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	4	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	161	5	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	6	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	161	7	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	161	8	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	161	9	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	10	killings	killing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	11	increased	increase	VERB
cjrl-14169	161	12	remarkably	remarkably	ADV
cjrl-14169	161	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	161	14	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	161	15	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	161	16	response	response	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	161	18	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	161	19	city	city	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	20	turned	turn	VERB
cjrl-14169	161	21	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	161	22	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	161	23	work	work	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	24	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	161	25	street	street	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	26	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	161	27	level	level	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	28	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	29	intervention	intervention	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	30	rather	rather	ADV
cjrl-14169	161	31	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	161	32	harsh	harsh	ADJ
cjrl-14169	161	33	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	34	enforcement	enforcement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	35	tactics.50	tactics.50	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	36	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	161	37	only	only	ADV
cjrl-14169	161	38	did	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	161	39	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	161	40	workers	worker	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	41	conduct	conduct	VERB
cjrl-14169	161	42	mediation	mediation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	43	sessions	session	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	44	between	between	ADP
cjrl-14169	161	45	rival	rival	ADJ
cjrl-14169	161	46	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	47	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	161	48	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	161	49	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	161	50	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	161	51	organized	organize	VERB
cjrl-14169	161	52	athletic	athletic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	161	53	programs	program	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	54	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	161	55	provided	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	161	56	resources	resource	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	57	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	161	58	neighborhood	neighborhood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	59	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	161	60	events	event	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	61	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	161	62	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	161	63	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	161	64	located	locate	VERB
cjrl-14169	161	65	job	job	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	66	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	67	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	161	68	individual	individual	ADJ
cjrl-14169	161	69	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	70	members.51	members.51	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	71	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	161	72	strategies	strategy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	73	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	161	74	successful	successful	ADJ
cjrl-14169	161	75	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	161	76	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	161	77	1966	1966	NUM
cjrl-14169	161	78	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	161	79	serious	serious	ADJ
cjrl-14169	161	80	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	81	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	82	had	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	161	83	largely	largely	ADV
cjrl-14169	161	84	abated	abate	VERB
cjrl-14169	161	85	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	161	86	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	161	87	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	161	88	city	city	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	89	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	161	90	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	91	intervention	intervention	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	92	programs	program	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	93	had	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	161	94	proven	prove	VERB
cjrl-14169	161	95	effective	effective	ADJ
cjrl-14169	161	96	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	161	97	keeping	keep	VERB
cjrl-14169	161	98	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	99	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	161	100	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	161	101	minimum	minimum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	102	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	161	103	diverting	divert	VERB
cjrl-14169	161	104	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	105	away	away	ADV
cjrl-14169	161	106	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	161	107	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	108	membership.52	membership.52	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	109	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	161	110	1970s	1970	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	111	saw	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	161	112	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	161	113	revival	revival	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	114	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	161	115	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	116	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	117	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	161	118	particularly	particularly	ADV
cjrl-14169	161	119	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	161	120	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	161	121	south	south	PROPN
cjrl-14169	161	122	bronx.53	bronx.53	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	123	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	161	124	intractable	intractable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	161	125	poverty	poverty	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	126	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	161	127	segregation	segregation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	128	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	161	129	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	161	130	south	south	ADJ
cjrl-14169	161	131	bronx	bronx	PROPN
cjrl-14169	161	132	made	make	VERB
cjrl-14169	161	133	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	161	134	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	161	135	breeding	breeding	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	136	ground	ground	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	137	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	161	138	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	139	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	140	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	161	141	drug	drug	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	142	use	use	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	143	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	161	144	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	161	145	overall	overall	ADJ
cjrl-14169	161	146	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	147	decay.54	decay.54	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	148	while	while	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	161	149	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	150	enforcement	enforcement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	151	proponents	proponent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	152	believe	believe	VERB
cjrl-14169	161	153	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	161	154	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	161	155	return	return	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	156	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	161	157	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	161	158	quality	quality	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	159	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	161	160	life	life	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	161	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	161	162	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	163	restored	restore	VERB
cjrl-14169	161	164	peace	peace	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	165	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	161	166	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	161	167	south	south	ADJ
cjrl-14169	161	168	bronx	bronx	NOUN
cjrl-14169	161	169	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	161	170	former	former	ADJ
cjrl-14169	161	171	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	162	1	47	47	NUM
cjrl-14169	163	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	163	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	163	3	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	163	4	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	163	5	more	more	ADJ
cjrl-14169	163	6	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	163	7	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	163	8	depth	depth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	163	9	exploration	exploration	NOUN
cjrl-14169	163	10	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	163	11	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	163	12	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	163	13	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	163	14	postwar	postwar	ADJ
cjrl-14169	163	15	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	163	16	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	163	17	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	163	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	163	19	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	163	20	generally	generally	ADV
cjrl-14169	163	21	eric	eric	PROPN
cjrl-14169	163	22	c.	c.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	163	23	schneider	schneider	PROPN
cjrl-14169	163	24	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	163	25	vampires	vampire	NOUN
cjrl-14169	163	26	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	163	27	dragons	dragon	NOUN
cjrl-14169	163	28	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	163	29	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	163	30	egyptians	egyptians	PROPN
cjrl-14169	163	31	kings	king	NOUN
cjrl-14169	163	32	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	163	33	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	163	34	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	163	35	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	163	36	postwar	postwar	ADJ
cjrl-14169	163	37	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	163	38	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	163	39	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	163	40	1999	1999	NUM
cjrl-14169	163	41	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	163	42	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	164	1	48	48	NUM
cjrl-14169	164	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	164	3	green	green	PROPN
cjrl-14169	164	4	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	164	5	pranis	pranis	PROPN
cjrl-14169	164	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	164	7	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	164	8	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	164	9	45	45	NUM
cjrl-14169	164	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	164	11	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	164	12	15	15	NUM
cjrl-14169	164	13	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	164	14	swaner	swaner	NOUN
cjrl-14169	164	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	164	16	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	164	17	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	164	18	13	13	NUM
cjrl-14169	164	19	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	164	20	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	164	21	107	107	NUM
cjrl-14169	164	22	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	164	23	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	164	24	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	164	25	unemployment	unemployment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	164	26	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	164	27	poverty	poverty	NOUN
cjrl-14169	164	28	contribute	contribute	VERB
cjrl-14169	164	29	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	164	30	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	164	31	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	164	32	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	164	33	modern	modern	ADJ
cjrl-14169	164	34	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	164	35	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	164	36	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	164	37	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	164	38	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	165	1	49	49	NUM
cjrl-14169	165	2	green	green	PROPN
cjrl-14169	165	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	165	4	pranis	pranis	PROPN
cjrl-14169	165	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	165	6	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	165	7	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	165	8	45	45	NUM
cjrl-14169	165	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	165	10	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	165	11	15	15	NUM
cjrl-14169	165	12	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	165	13	50	50	NUM
cjrl-14169	166	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	166	2	d.	d.	VERB
cjrl-14169	166	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	166	4	15–17	15–17	NUM
cjrl-14169	166	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	167	1	51	51	NUM
cjrl-14169	168	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	168	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	168	3	52	52	NUM
cjrl-14169	169	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	169	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	169	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	169	4	17	17	NUM
cjrl-14169	169	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	170	1	53	53	NUM
cjrl-14169	170	2	i	i	PROPN
cjrl-14169	170	3	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	170	4	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	170	5	18	18	NUM
cjrl-14169	170	6	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	170	7	54	54	NUM
cjrl-14169	171	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	171	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	171	3	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	171	4	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	171	5	john	john	PROPN
cjrl-14169	171	6	surico	surico	PROPN
cjrl-14169	171	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	171	8	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	171	9	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	171	10	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	171	11	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	171	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	171	13	1970s	1970	NOUN
cjrl-14169	171	14	came	come	VERB
cjrl-14169	171	15	together	together	ADV
cjrl-14169	171	16	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	171	17	end	end	VERB
cjrl-14169	171	18	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	171	19	wars	war	NOUN
cjrl-14169	171	20	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	171	21	vice	vice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	171	22	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	171	23	june	june	PROPN
cjrl-14169	171	24	18	18	NUM
cjrl-14169	171	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	171	26	2015	2015	NUM
cjrl-14169	171	27	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	171	28	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	171	29	https://www.vice.com/en/article/kwxwzv/how-the-gangs-of-1970s-new-york-came-together-to-end-theirwars-618	https://www.vice.com/en/article/kwxwzv/how-the-gangs-of-1970s-new-york-came-together-to-end-theirwars-618	NOUN
cjrl-14169	172	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	172	2	https://perma.cc/fg8e-98el	https://perma.cc/fg8e-98el	X
cjrl-14169	172	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	172	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	172	5	suggesting	suggest	VERB
cjrl-14169	172	6	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	172	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	172	8	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	172	9	seemed	seem	VERB
cjrl-14169	172	10	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	172	11	too	too	ADV
cjrl-14169	172	12	scared	scared	ADJ
cjrl-14169	172	13	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	172	14	go	go	VERB
cjrl-14169	172	15	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	172	16	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	172	17	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	172	18	south	south	ADJ
cjrl-14169	172	19	bronx	bronx	PROPN
cjrl-14169	172	20	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	172	21	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	172	22	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	172	23	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	172	24	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	173	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	173	2	i]f	i]f	ADP
cjrl-14169	173	3	someone	someone	PRON
cjrl-14169	173	4	died	die	VERB
cjrl-14169	173	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	173	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	173	7	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	173	8	would	would	AUX
cjrl-14169	173	9	show	show	VERB
cjrl-14169	173	10	up	up	ADP
cjrl-14169	173	11	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	173	12	riot	riot	NOUN
cjrl-14169	173	13	gear	gear	NOUN
cjrl-14169	173	14	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	173	15	haul	haul	VERB
cjrl-14169	173	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	173	17	body	body	NOUN
cjrl-14169	173	18	off	off	ADP
cjrl-14169	173	19	’	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	173	20	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	173	21	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	174	1	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	174	2	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	174	3	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	174	4	1348	1348	NUM
cjrl-14169	174	5	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	174	6	believe	believe	VERB
cjrl-14169	174	7	peace	peace	NOUN
cjrl-14169	174	8	resulted	result	VERB
cjrl-14169	174	9	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	174	10	internal	internal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	174	11	cooperation	cooperation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	174	12	rather	rather	ADV
cjrl-14169	174	13	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	174	14	external	external	ADJ
cjrl-14169	174	15	force.55	force.55	NOUN
cjrl-14169	174	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	174	17	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	174	18	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	174	19	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	174	20	present	present	ADJ
cjrl-14169	174	21	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	174	22	prevent	prevent	VERB
cjrl-14169	174	23	frequent	frequent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	174	24	clashes	clash	NOUN
cjrl-14169	174	25	between	between	ADP
cjrl-14169	174	26	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	174	27	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	174	28	nor	nor	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	174	29	could	could	AUX
cjrl-14169	174	30	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	174	31	address	address	VERB
cjrl-14169	174	32	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	174	33	underlying	underlie	VERB
cjrl-14169	174	34	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	174	35	conditions	condition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	174	36	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	174	37	allowed	allow	VERB
cjrl-14169	174	38	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	174	39	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	174	40	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	174	41	flourish	flourish	VERB
cjrl-14169	174	42	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	175	1	instead	instead	ADV
cjrl-14169	175	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	175	3	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	175	4	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	5	themselves	themselves	PRON
cjrl-14169	175	6	filled	fill	VERB
cjrl-14169	175	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	175	8	void	void	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	9	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	175	10	resulted	result	VERB
cjrl-14169	175	11	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	175	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	175	13	lack	lack	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	14	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	175	15	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	16	enforcement	enforcement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	17	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	175	18	organizing	organize	VERB
cjrl-14169	175	19	against	against	ADP
cjrl-14169	175	20	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	175	21	drug	drug	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	22	trade	trade	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	23	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	175	24	responding	respond	VERB
cjrl-14169	175	25	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	175	26	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	175	27	issues	issue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	28	raised	raise	VERB
cjrl-14169	175	29	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	175	30	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	31	members.56	members.56	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	32	eager	eager	ADJ
cjrl-14169	175	33	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	175	34	put	put	VERB
cjrl-14169	175	35	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	175	36	end	end	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	37	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	175	38	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	175	39	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	40	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	175	41	one	one	NUM
cjrl-14169	175	42	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	175	43	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	175	44	larger	large	ADJ
cjrl-14169	175	45	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	46	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	175	47	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	175	48	ghetto	ghetto	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	49	brothers	brother	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	50	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	175	51	began	begin	VERB
cjrl-14169	175	52	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	175	53	free	free	ADJ
cjrl-14169	175	54	breakfast	breakfast	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	55	program	program	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	56	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	175	57	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	175	58	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	175	59	modeled	model	VERB
cjrl-14169	175	60	after	after	ADP
cjrl-14169	175	61	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	175	62	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	175	63	panther	panther	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	64	party	party	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	65	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	175	66	organized	organize	VERB
cjrl-14169	175	67	clothing	clothing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	68	drives	drive	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	69	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	175	70	cleaned	clean	VERB
cjrl-14169	175	71	apartment	apartment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	72	buildings	building	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	73	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	175	74	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	175	75	advocated	advocate	VERB
cjrl-14169	175	76	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	175	77	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	78	employment	employment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	79	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	175	80	better	well	ADJ
cjrl-14169	175	81	healthcare.57	healthcare.57	ADV
cjrl-14169	175	82	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	175	83	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	175	84	recruited	recruit	VERB
cjrl-14169	175	85	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	175	86	peace	peace	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	87	counselor	counselor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	88	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	175	89	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	175	90	benjie	benjie	PROPN
cjrl-14169	175	91	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	175	92	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	175	93	interrupt	interrupt	VERB
cjrl-14169	175	94	impending	impending	ADJ
cjrl-14169	175	95	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	96	between	between	ADP
cjrl-14169	175	97	gangs.58	gangs.58	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	98	tragically	tragically	ADV
cjrl-14169	175	99	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	175	100	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	175	101	late	late	ADJ
cjrl-14169	175	102	1971	1971	NUM
cjrl-14169	175	103	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	175	104	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	175	105	benjie	benjie	PROPN
cjrl-14169	175	106	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	175	107	murdered	murder	VERB
cjrl-14169	175	108	while	while	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	175	109	attempting	attempt	VERB
cjrl-14169	175	110	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	175	111	stop	stop	VERB
cjrl-14169	175	112	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	175	113	brawl	brawl	NOUN
cjrl-14169	175	114	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	176	1	his	his	PRON
cjrl-14169	176	2	death	death	NOUN
cjrl-14169	176	3	led	lead	VERB
cjrl-14169	176	4	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	176	5	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	176	6	lasting	last	VERB
cjrl-14169	176	7	peace	peace	NOUN
cjrl-14169	176	8	treaty	treaty	NOUN
cjrl-14169	176	9	between	between	ADP
cjrl-14169	176	10	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	176	11	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	176	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	176	13	south	south	ADJ
cjrl-14169	176	14	bronx	bronx	NOUN
cjrl-14169	176	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	176	16	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	176	17	many	many	ADJ
cjrl-14169	176	18	faded	fade	VERB
cjrl-14169	176	19	going	go	VERB
cjrl-14169	176	20	into	into	ADP
cjrl-14169	176	21	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	176	22	1980s.59	1980s.59	NUM
cjrl-14169	176	23	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	176	24	decline	decline	NOUN
cjrl-14169	176	25	reflects	reflect	VERB
cjrl-14169	176	26	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	176	27	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	176	28	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	176	29	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	176	30	recognized	recognize	VERB
cjrl-14169	176	31	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	176	32	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	176	33	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	176	34	all	all	DET
cjrl-14169	176	35	brothers	brother	NOUN
cjrl-14169	176	36	living	live	VERB
cjrl-14169	176	37	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	176	38	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	176	39	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	176	40	neighborhoods	neighborhood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	176	41	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	176	42	having	have	VERB
cjrl-14169	176	43	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	176	44	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	176	45	problems,”60	problems,”60	NOUN
cjrl-14169	176	46	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	176	47	sentiment	sentiment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	176	48	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	176	49	shared	share	VERB
cjrl-14169	176	50	experience	experience	NOUN
cjrl-14169	176	51	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	176	52	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	176	53	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	176	54	remains	remain	VERB
cjrl-14169	176	55	relevant	relevant	ADJ
cjrl-14169	176	56	today	today	NOUN
cjrl-14169	176	57	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	177	1	55	55	NUM
cjrl-14169	177	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	177	3	surico	surico	NOUN
cjrl-14169	177	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	177	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	177	6	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	177	7	53	53	NUM
cjrl-14169	177	8	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	177	9	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	177	10	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	177	11	you	you	PRON
cjrl-14169	177	12	hear	hear	VERB
cjrl-14169	177	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	177	14	pro	pro	ADJ
cjrl-14169	177	15	-	-	ADJ
cjrl-14169	177	16	cop	cop	ADJ
cjrl-14169	177	17	crowd	crowd	NOUN
cjrl-14169	177	18	talk	talk	VERB
cjrl-14169	177	19	about	about	ADP
cjrl-14169	177	20	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	177	21	bad	bad	ADJ
cjrl-14169	177	22	old	old	ADJ
cjrl-14169	177	23	days	day	NOUN
cjrl-14169	177	24	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	177	25	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	177	26	tend	tend	VERB
cjrl-14169	177	27	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	177	28	say	say	VERB
cjrl-14169	177	29	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	177	30	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	177	31	broken	break	VERB
cjrl-14169	177	32	windows	window	NOUN
cjrl-14169	177	33	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	177	34	saved	save	VERB
cjrl-14169	177	35	everything	everything	PRON
cjrl-14169	177	36	—	—	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	177	37	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	177	38	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	177	39	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	177	40	"	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	177	41	quality	quality	NOUN
cjrl-14169	177	42	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	177	43	life	life	NOUN
cjrl-14169	177	44	"	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	177	45	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	177	46	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	177	47	restored	restore	VERB
cjrl-14169	177	48	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	177	49	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	177	50	order	order	NOUN
cjrl-14169	177	51	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	177	52	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	177	53	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	177	54	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	178	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	178	2	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	178	3	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	178	4	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	178	5	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	178	6	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	178	7	internal	internal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	178	8	peace	peace	NOUN
cjrl-14169	178	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	178	10	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	178	11	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	178	12	external	external	ADJ
cjrl-14169	178	13	force	force	NOUN
cjrl-14169	178	14	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	178	15	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	178	16	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	178	17	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	179	1	56	56	NUM
cjrl-14169	179	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	179	3	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	179	4	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	179	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	179	6	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	179	7	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	179	8	kicked	kick	VERB
cjrl-14169	179	9	out	out	ADP
cjrl-14169	179	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	179	11	junkies	junkie	NOUN
cjrl-14169	179	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	179	13	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	179	14	most	most	ADJ
cjrl-14169	179	15	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	179	16	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	179	17	if	if	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	179	18	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	179	19	had	have	VERB
cjrl-14169	179	20	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	179	21	problem	problem	NOUN
cjrl-14169	179	22	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	179	23	would	would	AUX
cjrl-14169	179	24	go	go	VERB
cjrl-14169	179	25	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	179	26	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	179	27	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	179	28	leaders	leader	NOUN
cjrl-14169	179	29	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	179	30	say	say	VERB
cjrl-14169	179	31	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	179	32	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	179	33	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	180	1	whatever	whatever	PRON
cjrl-14169	180	2	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	180	3	issues	issue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	180	4	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	180	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	180	6	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	180	7	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	181	1	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	181	2	green	green	PROPN
cjrl-14169	181	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	181	4	pranis	pranis	PROPN
cjrl-14169	181	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	181	6	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	181	7	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	181	8	45	45	NUM
cjrl-14169	181	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	181	10	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	181	11	18	18	NUM
cjrl-14169	181	12	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	181	13	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	181	14	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	181	15	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	181	16	carried	carry	VERB
cjrl-14169	181	17	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	181	18	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	181	19	customary	customary	ADJ
cjrl-14169	181	20	battles	battle	NOUN
cjrl-14169	181	21	over	over	ADP
cjrl-14169	181	22	turf	turf	NOUN
cjrl-14169	181	23	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	181	24	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	181	25	course	course	NOUN
cjrl-14169	181	26	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	181	27	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	181	28	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	181	29	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	181	30	organized	organize	VERB
cjrl-14169	181	31	against	against	ADP
cjrl-14169	181	32	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	181	33	drug	drug	NOUN
cjrl-14169	181	34	trade	trade	NOUN
cjrl-14169	181	35	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	181	36	mounting	mount	VERB
cjrl-14169	181	37	aggressive	aggressive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	181	38	campaigns	campaign	NOUN
cjrl-14169	181	39	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	181	40	drive	drive	VERB
cjrl-14169	181	41	heroin	heroin	NOUN
cjrl-14169	181	42	dealers	dealer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	181	43	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	181	44	junkies	junkie	NOUN
cjrl-14169	181	45	out	out	ADP
cjrl-14169	181	46	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	181	47	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	181	48	neighborhoods	neighborhood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	181	49	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	181	50	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	181	51	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	181	52	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	182	1	57	57	NUM
cjrl-14169	182	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	182	3	jonathan	jonathan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	182	4	custodio	custodio	PROPN
cjrl-14169	182	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	182	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	182	7	‘	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	182	8	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	182	9	benjie	benjie	PROPN
cjrl-14169	182	10	way	way	NOUN
cjrl-14169	182	11	’	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	182	12	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	182	13	bronx	bronx	PROPN
cjrl-14169	182	14	peacemaker	peacemaker	NOUN
cjrl-14169	182	15	whose	whose	DET
cjrl-14169	182	16	killing	killing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	182	17	led	lead	VERB
cjrl-14169	182	18	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	182	19	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	182	20	truce	truce	NOUN
cjrl-14169	182	21	honored	honor	VERB
cjrl-14169	182	22	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	182	23	street	street	NOUN
cjrl-14169	182	24	naming	naming	NOUN
cjrl-14169	182	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	182	26	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	182	27	city	city	NOUN
cjrl-14169	182	28	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	182	29	june	june	PROPN
cjrl-14169	182	30	3	3	NUM
cjrl-14169	182	31	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	182	32	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	182	33	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	182	34	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	182	35	https://www.thecity.nyc/2023/06/03/black-benjie-ghettobrothers-gangs-hoe-avenue-peace-treaty-south-bronx-longwood/	https://www.thecity.nyc/2023/06/03/black-benjie-ghettobrothers-gangs-hoe-avenue-peace-treaty-south-bronx-longwood/	PROPN
cjrl-14169	183	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	183	2	https://perma.cc/r7cp-s458	https://perma.cc/r7cp-s458	X
cjrl-14169	183	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	183	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	183	5	last	last	ADJ
cjrl-14169	183	6	updated	update	VERB
cjrl-14169	183	7	oct	oct	PROPN
cjrl-14169	183	8	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	183	9	12	12	NUM
cjrl-14169	183	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	183	11	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	183	12	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	183	13	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	184	1	58	58	NUM
cjrl-14169	185	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	185	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	185	3	59	59	NUM
cjrl-14169	186	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	186	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	186	3	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	186	4	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	186	5	compelling	compelling	ADJ
cjrl-14169	186	6	documentary	documentary	NOUN
cjrl-14169	186	7	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	186	8	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	186	9	benjie	benjie	PROPN
cjrl-14169	186	10	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	186	11	legacy	legacy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	186	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	186	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	186	14	hoe	hoe	ADJ
cjrl-14169	186	15	avenue	avenue	PROPN
cjrl-14169	186	16	peace	peace	NOUN
cjrl-14169	186	17	treaty	treaty	NOUN
cjrl-14169	186	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	186	19	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	186	20	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	186	21	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	186	22	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	186	23	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	186	24	culture	culture	NOUN
cjrl-14169	186	25	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	186	26	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	186	27	1970s	1970	NOUN
cjrl-14169	186	28	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	186	29	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	186	30	rubble	rubble	NOUN
cjrl-14169	186	31	kings	king	NOUN
cjrl-14169	186	32	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	186	33	michael	michael	PROPN
cjrl-14169	186	34	aguilar	aguilar	PROPN
cjrl-14169	186	35	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	186	36	jim	jim	PROPN
cjrl-14169	186	37	carrey	carrey	PROPN
cjrl-14169	186	38	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	186	39	cristina	cristina	PROPN
cjrl-14169	186	40	esteras	esteras	PROPN
cjrl-14169	186	41	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	186	42	dito	dito	PROPN
cjrl-14169	186	43	montiel	montiel	PROPN
cjrl-14169	186	44	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	186	45	shan	shan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	186	46	nicholson	nicholson	PROPN
cjrl-14169	186	47	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	186	48	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	186	49	ben	ben	PROPN
cjrl-14169	186	50	velez	velez	PROPN
cjrl-14169	186	51	2015	2015	NUM
cjrl-14169	186	52	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	186	53	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	187	1	60	60	NUM
cjrl-14169	187	2	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	187	3	hoe	hoe	ADJ
cjrl-14169	187	4	avenue	avenue	PROPN
cjrl-14169	187	5	peace	peace	NOUN
cjrl-14169	187	6	treaty	treaty	NOUN
cjrl-14169	187	7	stated	state	VERB
cjrl-14169	187	8	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	187	9	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	187	10	we	we	PRON
cjrl-14169	187	11	realize	realize	VERB
cjrl-14169	187	12	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	187	13	we	we	PRON
cjrl-14169	187	14	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	187	15	all	all	PRON
cjrl-14169	187	16	brothers	brother	NOUN
cjrl-14169	187	17	living	live	VERB
cjrl-14169	187	18	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	187	19	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	187	20	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	187	21	neighborhoods	neighborhood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	187	22	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	187	23	having	have	VERB
cjrl-14169	187	24	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	187	25	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	187	26	problems	problem	NOUN
cjrl-14169	187	27	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	188	1	we	we	PRON
cjrl-14169	188	2	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	188	3	realize	realize	VERB
cjrl-14169	188	4	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	188	5	fighting	fight	VERB
cjrl-14169	188	6	amongst	amongst	ADP
cjrl-14169	188	7	ourselves	ourselves	PRON
cjrl-14169	188	8	will	will	AUX
cjrl-14169	188	9	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	188	10	solve	solve	VERB
cjrl-14169	188	11	our	our	PRON
cjrl-14169	188	12	common	common	ADJ
cjrl-14169	188	13	problems	problem	NOUN
cjrl-14169	188	14	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	188	15	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	188	16	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	189	1	peace	peace	NOUN
cjrl-14169	189	2	between	between	ADP
cjrl-14169	189	3	all	all	DET
cjrl-14169	189	4	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	189	5	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	189	6	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	189	7	powerful	powerful	ADJ
cjrl-14169	189	8	unity	unity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	189	9	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	189	10	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	190	1	jeff	jeff	PROPN
cjrl-14169	190	2	chang	chang	PROPN
cjrl-14169	190	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	190	4	ca	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	190	5	n’t	not	PART
cjrl-14169	190	6	stop	stop	VERB
cjrl-14169	190	7	wo	will	AUX
cjrl-14169	190	8	n’t	not	PART
cjrl-14169	190	9	stop	stop	VERB
cjrl-14169	190	10	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	190	11	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	190	12	history	history	NOUN
cjrl-14169	190	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	190	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	190	15	hip	hip	NOUN
cjrl-14169	190	16	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	190	17	hop	hop	NOUN
cjrl-14169	190	18	generation	generation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	190	19	60–61	60–61	NUM
cjrl-14169	190	20	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	190	21	2005	2005	NUM
cjrl-14169	190	22	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	190	23	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	191	1	1349	1349	NUM
cjrl-14169	191	2	colum	colum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	191	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	192	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	192	2	race	race	PROPN
cjrl-14169	192	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	192	4	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	193	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	193	2	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	193	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	194	1	15:1337	15:1337	NUM
cjrl-14169	194	2	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	194	3	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	194	4	early	early	ADJ
cjrl-14169	194	5	1980s	1980s	NUM
cjrl-14169	194	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	194	7	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	194	8	appeared	appear	VERB
cjrl-14169	194	9	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	194	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	194	11	sustained	sustained	ADJ
cjrl-14169	194	12	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	13	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	14	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	194	15	plagued	plague	VERB
cjrl-14169	194	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	194	17	city	city	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	18	since	since	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	194	19	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	194	20	end	end	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	21	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	194	22	world	world	PROPN
cjrl-14169	194	23	war	war	PROPN
cjrl-14169	194	24	ii	ii	PROPN
cjrl-14169	194	25	would	would	AUX
cjrl-14169	194	26	begin	begin	VERB
cjrl-14169	194	27	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	194	28	subside.61	subside.61	VERB
cjrl-14169	194	29	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	194	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	194	31	poverty	poverty	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	32	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	194	33	lack	lack	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	34	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	194	35	employment	employment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	36	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	37	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	194	38	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	194	39	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	194	40	stratification	stratification	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	41	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	194	42	all	all	DET
cjrl-14169	194	43	forces	force	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	44	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	194	45	drew	draw	VERB
cjrl-14169	194	46	young	young	ADJ
cjrl-14169	194	47	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	48	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	194	49	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	50	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	194	51	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	194	52	largely	largely	ADV
cjrl-14169	194	53	unchanged,62	unchanged,62	ADJ
cjrl-14169	194	54	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	194	55	deadly	deadly	ADJ
cjrl-14169	194	56	gun	gun	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	57	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	58	reached	reach	VERB
cjrl-14169	194	59	epidemic	epidemic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	194	60	levels	level	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	61	among	among	ADP
cjrl-14169	194	62	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	194	63	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	194	64	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	194	65	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	66	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	194	67	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	194	68	late	late	ADJ
cjrl-14169	194	69	1980s.63	1980s.63	NUM
cjrl-14169	194	70	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	194	71	upsurge	upsurge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	72	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	194	73	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	74	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	194	75	however	however	ADV
cjrl-14169	194	76	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	194	77	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	194	78	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	194	79	entirely	entirely	ADV
cjrl-14169	194	80	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	81	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	194	82	related	relate	VERB
cjrl-14169	194	83	—	—	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	194	84	scholars	scholar	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	85	have	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	194	86	suggested	suggest	VERB
cjrl-14169	194	87	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	194	88	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	194	89	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	194	90	fueled	fuel	VERB
cjrl-14169	194	91	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	194	92	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	194	93	widespread	widespread	ADJ
cjrl-14169	194	94	availability	availability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	95	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	194	96	guns	gun	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	97	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	194	98	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	194	99	development	development	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	100	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	194	101	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ
cjrl-14169	194	102	behavioral	behavioral	ADJ
cjrl-14169	194	103	norms	norm	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	104	around	around	ADP
cjrl-14169	194	105	them.64	them.64	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	106	nevertheless	nevertheless	ADV
cjrl-14169	194	107	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	194	108	media	medium	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	109	coverage	coverage	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	110	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	194	111	nationally	nationally	ADV
cjrl-14169	194	112	renowned	renowned	ADJ
cjrl-14169	194	113	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	194	114	supergangs	supergang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	115	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	194	116	such	such	ADJ
cjrl-14169	194	117	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	194	118	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	194	119	crips	crip	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	120	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	194	121	bloods	blood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	122	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	194	123	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	194	124	latin	latin	ADJ
cjrl-14169	194	125	kings	king	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	126	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	194	127	exploded	explode	VERB
cjrl-14169	194	128	during	during	ADP
cjrl-14169	194	129	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	194	130	last	last	ADJ
cjrl-14169	194	131	decade	decade	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	132	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	194	133	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	194	134	20th	20th	ADJ
cjrl-14169	194	135	century	century	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	136	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	194	137	leading	lead	VERB
cjrl-14169	194	138	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	194	139	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	194	140	wave	wave	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	141	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	194	142	moral	moral	ADJ
cjrl-14169	194	143	panic.65	panic.65	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	144	during	during	ADP
cjrl-14169	194	145	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	194	146	time	time	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	147	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	194	148	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	194	149	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	194	150	adopted	adopt	VERB
cjrl-14169	194	151	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	152	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	153	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	194	154	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	194	155	guiding	guide	VERB
cjrl-14169	194	156	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	157	enforcement	enforcement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	158	model.66	model.66	PROPN
cjrl-14169	194	159	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	160	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	161	emphasizes	emphasize	VERB
cjrl-14169	194	162	problem	problem	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	163	solving	solving	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	164	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	194	165	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	166	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	194	167	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	168	relationship	relationship	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	169	61	61	NUM
cjrl-14169	194	170	see	see	NOUN
cjrl-14169	194	171	green	green	PROPN
cjrl-14169	194	172	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	194	173	pranis	pranis	PROPN
cjrl-14169	195	1	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	195	2	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	195	3	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	195	4	45	45	NUM
cjrl-14169	195	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	195	6	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	195	7	18	18	NUM
cjrl-14169	195	8	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	195	9	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	195	10	those	those	PRON
cjrl-14169	195	11	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	195	12	expected	expect	VERB
cjrl-14169	195	13	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	195	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	195	15	problem	problem	NOUN
cjrl-14169	195	16	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	195	17	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	195	18	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	195	19	would	would	AUX
cjrl-14169	195	20	subside	subside	VERB
cjrl-14169	195	21	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	195	22	street	street	NOUN
cjrl-14169	195	23	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	195	24	lost	lose	VERB
cjrl-14169	195	25	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	195	26	widespread	widespread	ADJ
cjrl-14169	195	27	appeal	appeal	NOUN
cjrl-14169	195	28	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	195	29	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	196	1	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	197	1	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	197	2	sorely	sorely	ADV
cjrl-14169	197	3	disappointed	disappointed	ADJ
cjrl-14169	197	4	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	197	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	197	6	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	197	7	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	197	8	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	197	9	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	197	10	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	198	1	62	62	NUM
cjrl-14169	198	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	198	3	august	august	PROPN
cjrl-14169	198	4	benzow	benzow	NOUN
cjrl-14169	198	5	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	198	6	kenan	kenan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	198	7	fikri	fikri	PROPN
cjrl-14169	198	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	198	9	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	198	10	persistence	persistence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	198	11	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	198	12	neighborhood	neighborhood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	198	13	poverty	poverty	NOUN
cjrl-14169	198	14	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	198	15	examining	examine	VERB
cjrl-14169	198	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	198	17	power	power	NOUN
cjrl-14169	198	18	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	198	19	inertia	inertia	NOUN
cjrl-14169	198	20	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	198	21	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	198	22	rarity	rarity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	198	23	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	198	24	neighborhood	neighborhood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	198	25	turnaround	turnaround	NOUN
cjrl-14169	198	26	across	across	ADP
cjrl-14169	198	27	u.s	u.s	PROPN
cjrl-14169	198	28	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	198	29	cities	city	NOUN
cjrl-14169	198	30	13	13	NUM
cjrl-14169	198	31	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	198	32	2020	2020	NUM
cjrl-14169	198	33	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	198	34	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	198	35	https://eig.org/wpcontent/uploads/2020/04/persistence-of-neighborhood-poverty.pdf	https://eig.org/wpcontent/uploads/2020/04/persistence-of-neighborhood-poverty.pdf	X
cjrl-14169	199	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	199	2	https://perma.cc/btb3-mjrx	https://perma.cc/btb3-mjrx	X
cjrl-14169	199	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	199	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	199	5	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	199	6	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	199	7	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	199	8	started	start	VERB
cjrl-14169	199	9	down	down	ADP
cjrl-14169	199	10	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	199	11	path	path	NOUN
cjrl-14169	199	12	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	199	13	urban	urban	ADJ
cjrl-14169	199	14	decline	decline	NOUN
cjrl-14169	199	15	beginning	begin	VERB
cjrl-14169	199	16	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	199	17	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	199	18	1960s	1960	NOUN
cjrl-14169	199	19	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	200	1	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	200	2	1980	1980	NUM
cjrl-14169	200	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	200	4	one	one	NUM
cjrl-14169	200	5	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	200	6	quarter	quarter	NOUN
cjrl-14169	200	7	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	200	8	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	200	9	city	city	NOUN
cjrl-14169	200	10	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	200	11	population	population	NOUN
cjrl-14169	200	12	lived	live	VERB
cjrl-14169	200	13	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	200	14	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	200	15	high	high	ADJ
cjrl-14169	200	16	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	200	17	poverty	poverty	NOUN
cjrl-14169	200	18	neighborhood	neighborhood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	200	19	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	200	20	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	200	21	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	200	22	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	200	23	mark	mark	PROPN
cjrl-14169	200	24	k.	k.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	200	25	levitan	levitan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	200	26	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	200	27	susan	susan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	200	28	s.	s.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	200	29	wieler	wieler	PROPN
cjrl-14169	200	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	200	31	poverty	poverty	NOUN
cjrl-14169	200	32	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	200	33	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	200	34	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	200	35	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	200	36	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	200	37	1969	1969	NUM
cjrl-14169	200	38	-	-	SYM
cjrl-14169	200	39	99	99	NUM
cjrl-14169	200	40	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	200	41	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	200	42	influence	influence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	200	43	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	200	44	demographic	demographic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	200	45	change	change	NOUN
cjrl-14169	200	46	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	200	47	income	income	NOUN
cjrl-14169	200	48	growth	growth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	200	49	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	200	50	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	200	51	income	income	NOUN
cjrl-14169	200	52	inequality	inequality	NOUN
cjrl-14169	200	53	22	22	NUM
cjrl-14169	200	54	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	200	55	2008	2008	NUM
cjrl-14169	200	56	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	200	57	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	200	58	https://www.newyorkfed.org/medialibrary/media/research/epr/08v14n1/0807levi.pdf	https://www.newyorkfed.org/medialibrary/media/research/epr/08v14n1/0807levi.pdf	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	201	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	201	2	https://perma.cc/k7fc-fy8y	https://perma.cc/k7fc-fy8y	X
cjrl-14169	201	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	201	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	201	5	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	201	6	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	201	7	sharp	sharp	ADJ
cjrl-14169	201	8	rise	rise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	201	9	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	201	10	poverty	poverty	NOUN
cjrl-14169	201	11	rates	rate	NOUN
cjrl-14169	201	12	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	201	13	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	201	14	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	201	15	latino	latino	ADJ
cjrl-14169	201	16	communities	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	201	17	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	201	18	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	201	19	1970s	1970	NOUN
cjrl-14169	201	20	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	201	21	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	201	22	richard	richard	PROPN
cjrl-14169	201	23	b.	b.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	201	24	freeman	freeman	PROPN
cjrl-14169	201	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	201	26	cutting	cut	VERB
cjrl-14169	201	27	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	201	28	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	201	29	unemployment	unemployment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	201	30	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	201	31	create	create	VERB
cjrl-14169	201	32	jobs	job	NOUN
cjrl-14169	201	33	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	201	34	pay	pay	VERB
cjrl-14169	201	35	as	as	ADV
cjrl-14169	201	36	well	well	ADV
cjrl-14169	201	37	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	201	38	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	201	39	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	201	40	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	201	41	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	201	42	times	times	PROPN
cjrl-14169	201	43	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	201	44	july	july	PROPN
cjrl-14169	201	45	20	20	NUM
cjrl-14169	201	46	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	201	47	1986	1986	NUM
cjrl-14169	201	48	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	201	49	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	201	50	https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/20/business/cutting-black-youth-unemployment-create-jobs-that-pay-as-well-ascrime.html	https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/20/business/cutting-black-youth-unemployment-create-jobs-that-pay-as-well-ascrime.html	X
cjrl-14169	201	51	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	201	52	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	201	53	file	file	NOUN
cjrl-14169	201	54	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	201	55	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	201	56	columbia	columbia	PROPN
cjrl-14169	201	57	law	law	PROPN
cjrl-14169	201	58	review	review	PROPN
cjrl-14169	201	59	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	201	60	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	201	61	observing	observe	VERB
cjrl-14169	201	62	that	that	DET
cjrl-14169	201	63	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	201	64	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	201	65	unemployment	unemployment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	201	66	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	201	67	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	201	68	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	201	69	disastrous	disastrous	ADJ
cjrl-14169	201	70	levels	level	NOUN
cjrl-14169	201	71	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	201	72	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	201	73	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	201	74	forty	forty	NUM
cjrl-14169	201	75	percent	percent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	201	76	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	201	77	those	those	PRON
cjrl-14169	201	78	aged	aged	ADJ
cjrl-14169	201	79	twenty	twenty	NUM
cjrl-14169	201	80	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	201	81	twenty	twenty	NUM
cjrl-14169	201	82	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	201	83	four	four	NUM
cjrl-14169	201	84	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	201	85	unemployed	unemployed	ADJ
cjrl-14169	201	86	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	201	87	1985	1985	NUM
cjrl-14169	201	88	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	201	89	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	202	1	63	63	NUM
cjrl-14169	202	2	green	green	PROPN
cjrl-14169	202	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	202	4	pranis	pranis	PROPN
cjrl-14169	202	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	202	6	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	202	7	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	202	8	45	45	NUM
cjrl-14169	202	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	202	10	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	202	11	18	18	NUM
cjrl-14169	202	12	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	203	1	64	64	NUM
cjrl-14169	203	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	203	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	203	4	e.g	e.g	PROPN
cjrl-14169	203	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	203	6	jeffrey	jeffrey	PROPN
cjrl-14169	203	7	fagan	fagan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	203	8	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	203	9	deanna	deanna	PROPN
cjrl-14169	203	10	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	203	11	wilkinson	wilkinson	PROPN
cjrl-14169	203	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	203	13	guns	gun	NOUN
cjrl-14169	203	14	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	203	15	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	203	16	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	203	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	203	18	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	203	19	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	203	20	identity	identity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	203	21	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	203	22	inner	inner	ADJ
cjrl-14169	203	23	cities	city	NOUN
cjrl-14169	203	24	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	203	25	24	24	NUM
cjrl-14169	203	26	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	203	27	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	203	28	just	just	ADV
cjrl-14169	203	29	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	204	1	105	105	NUM
cjrl-14169	204	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	204	3	107	107	NUM
cjrl-14169	204	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	204	5	1998	1998	NUM
cjrl-14169	204	6	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	204	7	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	204	8	suggesting	suggest	VERB
cjrl-14169	204	9	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	204	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	204	11	widespread	widespread	ADJ
cjrl-14169	204	12	availability	availability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	204	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	204	14	firearms	firearm	NOUN
cjrl-14169	204	15	led	lead	VERB
cjrl-14169	204	16	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	204	17	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	204	18	pervasive	pervasive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	204	19	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	204	20	ecology	ecology	NOUN
cjrl-14169	204	21	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	204	22	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	204	23	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	204	24	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	204	25	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	204	26	beliefs	belief	NOUN
cjrl-14169	204	27	about	about	ADP
cjrl-14169	204	28	guns	gun	NOUN
cjrl-14169	204	29	being	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	204	30	protection	protection	NOUN
cjrl-14169	204	31	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	204	32	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	204	33	dangers	danger	NOUN
cjrl-14169	204	34	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	204	35	everyday	everyday	ADJ
cjrl-14169	204	36	life	life	NOUN
cjrl-14169	204	37	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	204	38	internalized	internalize	VERB
cjrl-14169	204	39	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	204	40	early	early	ADJ
cjrl-14169	204	41	childhood	childhood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	204	42	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	204	43	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	205	1	65	65	NUM
cjrl-14169	205	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	205	3	green	green	PROPN
cjrl-14169	205	4	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	205	5	pranis	pranis	PROPN
cjrl-14169	205	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	205	7	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	205	8	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	205	9	45	45	NUM
cjrl-14169	205	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	205	11	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	205	12	18	18	NUM
cjrl-14169	205	13	–	–	SYM
cjrl-14169	205	14	9	9	NUM
cjrl-14169	205	15	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	205	16	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	205	17	newspaper	newspaper	NOUN
cjrl-14169	205	18	references	reference	NOUN
cjrl-14169	205	19	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	205	20	[	[	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	205	21	supergangs	supergang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	205	22	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	205	23	surged	surge	VERB
cjrl-14169	205	24	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	205	25	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	205	26	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	206	1	raising	raise	VERB
cjrl-14169	206	2	fears	fear	NOUN
cjrl-14169	206	3	about	about	ADP
cjrl-14169	206	4	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	206	5	impending	impending	ADJ
cjrl-14169	206	6	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	206	7	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	206	8	related	relate	VERB
cjrl-14169	206	9	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	206	10	wave	wave	NOUN
cjrl-14169	206	11	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	207	1	yet	yet	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	207	2	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	207	3	reports	report	NOUN
cjrl-14169	207	4	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	207	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	207	6	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	208	1	indicate	indicate	VERB
cjrl-14169	208	2	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	208	3	serious	serious	ADJ
cjrl-14169	208	4	violent	violent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	208	5	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	208	6	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	208	7	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	208	8	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	208	9	decline	decline	NOUN
cjrl-14169	208	10	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	208	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	208	12	city	city	NOUN
cjrl-14169	208	13	well	well	ADV
cjrl-14169	208	14	before	before	ADV
cjrl-14169	208	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	208	16	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	208	17	long	long	ADV
cjrl-14169	208	18	after	after	ADV
cjrl-14169	208	19	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	208	20	media	medium	NOUN
cjrl-14169	208	21	reports	report	NOUN
cjrl-14169	208	22	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	208	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	208	24	emergence	emergence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	208	25	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	208	26	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	208	27	new	new	ADJ
cjrl-14169	208	28	generation	generation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	208	29	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	208	30	violent	violent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	208	31	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	208	32	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	208	33	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	208	34	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	208	35	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	209	1	66	66	NUM
cjrl-14169	209	2	n.y.c	n.y.c	ADJ
cjrl-14169	209	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	209	4	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	209	5	dep’t	dep’t	PROPN
cjrl-14169	209	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	209	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	209	8	history	history	NOUN
cjrl-14169	209	9	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	209	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	209	11	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	209	12	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	209	13	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	209	14	police	police	PROPN
cjrl-14169	209	15	department	department	PROPN
cjrl-14169	209	16	10	10	NUM
cjrl-14169	209	17	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	209	18	1993	1993	NUM
cjrl-14169	209	19	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	209	20	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	209	21	https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/digitization/145539ncjrs.pdf	https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/digitization/145539ncjrs.pdf	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	210	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	210	2	https://perma.cc/ky4e-sgyd	https://perma.cc/ky4e-sgyd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	210	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	210	4	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	211	1	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	211	2	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	211	3	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	211	4	1350	1350	NUM
cjrl-14169	211	5	building	building	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	211	7	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	211	8	organizational	organizational	ADJ
cjrl-14169	211	9	management	management	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	10	designed	design	VERB
cjrl-14169	211	11	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	211	12	support	support	VERB
cjrl-14169	211	13	neighborhood	neighborhood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	14	partnerships.67	partnerships.67	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	15	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	211	16	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	211	17	's	's	PART
cjrl-14169	211	18	adoption	adoption	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	19	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	211	20	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	21	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	22	led	lead	VERB
cjrl-14169	211	23	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	211	24	organizational	organizational	ADJ
cjrl-14169	211	25	ambiguity	ambiguity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	26	about	about	ADP
cjrl-14169	211	27	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	211	28	objectives	objective	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	29	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	211	30	functions	function	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	31	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	211	32	specifically	specifically	ADV
cjrl-14169	211	33	tasked	task	VERB
cjrl-14169	211	34	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	35	units	unit	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	36	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	211	37	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	211	38	raised	raise	VERB
cjrl-14169	211	39	questions	question	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	40	around	around	ADP
cjrl-14169	211	41	whether	whether	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	211	42	such	such	DET
cjrl-14169	211	43	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	211	44	model	model	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	45	could	could	AUX
cjrl-14169	211	46	adequately	adequately	ADV
cjrl-14169	211	47	combat	combat	VERB
cjrl-14169	211	48	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	211	49	perceived	perceive	VERB
cjrl-14169	211	50	rise	rise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	51	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	211	52	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	211	53	number	number	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	54	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	211	55	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	56	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	211	57	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	211	58	city.68	city.68	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	59	despite	despite	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	211	60	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	211	61	success	success	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	62	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	211	63	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	64	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	211	65	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	211	66	approaches	approach	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	67	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	211	68	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	69	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	211	70	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	211	71	2000	2000	NUM
cjrl-14169	211	72	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	211	73	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	211	74	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	211	75	separated	separate	VERB
cjrl-14169	211	76	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	211	77	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	78	units	unit	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	79	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	211	80	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	211	81	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	82	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	83	program	program	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	84	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	211	85	consolidated	consolidate	VERB
cjrl-14169	211	86	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	211	87	anti	anti	ADJ
cjrl-14169	211	88	-	-	ADJ
cjrl-14169	211	89	gang	gang	ADJ
cjrl-14169	211	90	efforts	effort	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	91	into	into	ADP
cjrl-14169	211	92	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	211	93	single	single	ADJ
cjrl-14169	211	94	division.69	division.69	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	95	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	211	96	shift	shift	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	97	laid	lay	VERB
cjrl-14169	211	98	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	211	99	groundwork	groundwork	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	100	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	211	101	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	211	102	massive	massive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	211	103	transformation	transformation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	104	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	211	105	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	106	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	107	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	211	108	would	would	AUX
cjrl-14169	211	109	take	take	VERB
cjrl-14169	211	110	place	place	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	111	only	only	ADV
cjrl-14169	211	112	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	211	113	decade	decade	NOUN
cjrl-14169	211	114	later	later	ADV
cjrl-14169	211	115	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	212	1	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	212	2	.	.	NUM
cjrl-14169	212	3	21st	21st	ADJ
cjrl-14169	212	4	century	century	NOUN
cjrl-14169	212	5	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	212	6	policing	police	VERB
cjrl-14169	212	7	floyd	floyd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	212	8	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	212	9	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	212	10	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	212	11	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	212	12	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	212	13	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	212	14	operation	operation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	212	15	crew	crew	NOUN
cjrl-14169	212	16	cut	cut	VERB
cjrl-14169	212	17	although	although	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	212	18	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	212	19	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	212	20	continues	continue	VERB
cjrl-14169	212	21	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	212	22	tout	tout	VERB
cjrl-14169	212	23	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	212	24	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	212	25	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	212	26	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	212	27	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	212	28	cornerstone	cornerstone	NOUN
cjrl-14169	212	29	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	212	30	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	212	31	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	212	32	department,70	department,70	NOUN
cjrl-14169	212	33	much	much	ADJ
cjrl-14169	212	34	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	212	35	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	212	36	work	work	NOUN
cjrl-14169	212	37	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	212	38	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	212	39	twenty	twenty	NUM
cjrl-14169	212	40	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	212	41	first	first	ADJ
cjrl-14169	212	42	century	century	NOUN
cjrl-14169	212	43	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	212	44	been	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	212	45	surveillance	surveillance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	212	46	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	212	47	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	212	48	rather	rather	ADV
cjrl-14169	212	49	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	212	50	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	212	51	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	212	52	based.71	based.71	NOUN
cjrl-14169	212	53	prior	prior	ADV
cjrl-14169	212	54	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	212	55	2012	2012	NUM
cjrl-14169	212	56	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	212	57	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	212	58	surveillance	surveillance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	212	59	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	212	60	conducted	conduct	VERB
cjrl-14169	212	61	through	through	ADP
cjrl-14169	212	62	stop	stop	VERB
cjrl-14169	212	63	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	212	64	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	212	65	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	212	66	frisk	frisk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	212	67	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	212	68	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	212	69	practice	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	212	70	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	212	71	allowed	allow	VERB
cjrl-14169	212	72	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	212	73	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	212	74	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	212	75	surveil	surveil	VERB
cjrl-14169	212	76	high	high	ADJ
cjrl-14169	212	77	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	212	78	areas	area	NOUN
cjrl-14169	212	79	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	212	80	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	212	81	stop	stop	VERB
cjrl-14169	212	82	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	212	83	detain	detain	VERB
cjrl-14169	212	84	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	212	85	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	212	86	pat	pat	X
cjrl-14169	212	87	down	down	ADP
cjrl-14169	212	88	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	212	89	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	212	90	deemed	deem	VERB
cjrl-14169	212	91	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	212	92	suspicious	suspicious	ADJ
cjrl-14169	212	93	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	213	1	”72	”72	PROPN
cjrl-14169	213	2	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	213	3	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	213	4	developed	develop	VERB
cjrl-14169	213	5	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	213	6	addiction	addiction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	213	7	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	213	8	profile	profile	ADV
cjrl-14169	213	9	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	213	10	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	213	11	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	213	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	213	13	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	213	14	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	213	15	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	213	16	latino	latino	ADJ
cjrl-14169	213	17	residents	resident	NOUN
cjrl-14169	213	18	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	213	19	low	low	ADJ
cjrl-14169	213	20	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	213	21	income	income	NOUN
cjrl-14169	213	22	areas	area	NOUN
cjrl-14169	213	23	frequently	frequently	ADV
cjrl-14169	213	24	fit	fit	VERB
cjrl-14169	213	25	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	213	26	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	213	27	67	67	NUM
cjrl-14169	213	28	u.s	u.s	PROPN
cjrl-14169	213	29	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	213	30	dep’t	dep’t	PROPN
cjrl-14169	213	31	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	213	32	justice	justice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	213	33	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	213	34	oriented	orient	VERB
cjrl-14169	213	35	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	213	36	services	service	NOUN
cjrl-14169	213	37	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	213	38	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	213	39	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	213	40	defined	define	VERB
cjrl-14169	213	41	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	213	42	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	213	43	2012	2012	NUM
cjrl-14169	213	44	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	213	45	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	213	46	https://portal.cops.usdoj.gov/resourcecenter/ric/publications/cops-p157-pub.pdf	https://portal.cops.usdoj.gov/resourcecenter/ric/publications/cops-p157-pub.pdf	PRON
cjrl-14169	214	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	214	2	https://perma.cc/4yx9-2eyn	https://perma.cc/4yx9-2eyn	PROPN
cjrl-14169	214	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	214	4	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	215	1	68	68	NUM
cjrl-14169	215	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	215	3	deborah	deborah	PROPN
cjrl-14169	215	4	lamm	lamm	PROPN
cjrl-14169	215	5	weisel	weisel	PROPN
cjrl-14169	215	6	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	215	7	tara	tara	PROPN
cjrl-14169	215	8	o’connor	o’connor	PROPN
cjrl-14169	215	9	shelley	shelley	PROPN
cjrl-14169	215	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	215	11	specialized	specialized	ADJ
cjrl-14169	215	12	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	215	13	units	unit	NOUN
cjrl-14169	215	14	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	215	15	form	form	NOUN
cjrl-14169	215	16	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	215	17	function	function	NOUN
cjrl-14169	215	18	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	215	19	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	215	20	policing	police	VERB
cjrl-14169	215	21	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	215	22	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	215	23	2004	2004	NUM
cjrl-14169	215	24	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	215	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	215	26	https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/207204.pdf	https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/207204.pdf	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	216	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	216	2	https://perma.cc/h9ry-f5de	https://perma.cc/h9ry-f5de	X
cjrl-14169	216	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	216	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	216	5	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	216	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	216	7	convergence	convergence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	216	8	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	216	9	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	216	10	divergent	divergent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	216	11	movements	movement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	216	12	during	during	ADP
cjrl-14169	216	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	216	14	1990s	1990s	NUM
cjrl-14169	216	15	−	−	NOUN
cjrl-14169	216	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	216	17	explosive	explosive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	216	18	growth	growth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	216	19	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	216	20	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	216	21	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	216	22	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	216	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	216	24	dramatic	dramatic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	216	25	rise	rise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	216	26	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	216	27	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	216	28	number	number	NOUN
cjrl-14169	216	29	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	216	30	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	216	31	−	−	PROPN
cjrl-14169	216	32	contributed	contribute	VERB
cjrl-14169	216	33	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	216	34	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	216	35	organizational	organizational	ADJ
cjrl-14169	216	36	ambiguity	ambiguity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	216	37	about	about	ADP
cjrl-14169	216	38	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	216	39	objectives	objective	NOUN
cjrl-14169	216	40	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	216	41	structure	structure	NOUN
cjrl-14169	216	42	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	216	43	functions	function	NOUN
cjrl-14169	216	44	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	216	45	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	216	46	units	unit	NOUN
cjrl-14169	216	47	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	216	48	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	216	49	agencies	agency	NOUN
cjrl-14169	216	50	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	216	51	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	216	52	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	216	53	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	217	1	69	69	NUM
cjrl-14169	218	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	218	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	218	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	218	4	12	12	NUM
cjrl-14169	218	5	70	70	NUM
cjrl-14169	218	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	218	7	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	218	8	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	218	9	model	model	NOUN
cjrl-14169	218	10	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	218	11	now	now	ADV
cjrl-14169	218	12	referred	refer	VERB
cjrl-14169	218	13	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	218	14	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	218	15	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	218	16	neighborhood	neighborhood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	218	17	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	218	18	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	218	19	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	219	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	219	2	neighborhood	neighborhood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	219	3	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	219	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	219	5	n.y.c	n.y.c	ADJ
cjrl-14169	219	6	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	219	7	dep’t	dep’t	NOUN
cjrl-14169	219	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	219	9	https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/neighborhood-coordinationofficers.page	https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/neighborhood-coordinationofficers.page	NOUN
cjrl-14169	220	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	220	2	https://perma.cc/7u5h-84cg	https://perma.cc/7u5h-84cg	X
cjrl-14169	220	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	220	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	220	5	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	220	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	220	7	cornerstone	cornerstone	NOUN
cjrl-14169	220	8	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	220	9	today	today	NOUN
cjrl-14169	220	10	's	's	PART
cjrl-14169	220	11	nypd	nypd	NOUN
cjrl-14169	220	12	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	220	13	neighborhood	neighborhood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	220	14	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	220	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	220	16	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	220	17	comprehensive	comprehensive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	220	18	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	220	19	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	220	20	fighting	fight	VERB
cjrl-14169	220	21	strategy	strategy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	220	22	built	build	VERB
cjrl-14169	220	23	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	220	24	improved	improved	ADJ
cjrl-14169	220	25	communication	communication	NOUN
cjrl-14169	220	26	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	220	27	collaboration	collaboration	NOUN
cjrl-14169	220	28	between	between	ADP
cjrl-14169	220	29	local	local	ADJ
cjrl-14169	220	30	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	220	31	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	220	32	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	220	33	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	220	34	residents	resident	NOUN
cjrl-14169	220	35	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	220	36	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	220	37	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	220	38	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	221	1	71	71	NUM
cjrl-14169	221	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	221	3	howell	howell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	221	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	221	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	221	6	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	221	7	22	22	NUM
cjrl-14169	221	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	221	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	221	10	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	221	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	221	12	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	221	13	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	221	14	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	221	15	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	221	16	s]ince	s]ince	NOUN
cjrl-14169	221	17	2001	2001	NUM
cjrl-14169	221	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	221	19	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	221	20	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	221	21	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	221	22	adopted	adopt	VERB
cjrl-14169	221	23	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	221	24	surveillance	surveillance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	221	25	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	221	26	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	221	27	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	221	28	model	model	NOUN
cjrl-14169	221	29	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	221	30	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	221	31	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	222	1	72	72	NUM
cjrl-14169	223	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	223	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	223	3	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	223	4	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	223	5	floyd	floyd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	223	6	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	223	7	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	223	8	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	223	9	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	223	10	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	223	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	223	12	959	959	NUM
cjrl-14169	223	13	f.	f.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	223	14	supp	supp	PROPN
cjrl-14169	223	15	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	224	1	2d	2d	PROPN
cjrl-14169	224	2	540	540	NUM
cjrl-14169	224	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	224	4	558	558	NUM
cjrl-14169	224	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	224	6	s.d.n.y	s.d.n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	224	7	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	224	8	2013	2013	NUM
cjrl-14169	224	9	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	224	10	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	224	11	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	224	12	between	between	ADP
cjrl-14169	224	13	january	january	PROPN
cjrl-14169	224	14	2004	2004	NUM
cjrl-14169	224	15	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	224	16	june	june	PROPN
cjrl-14169	224	17	2012	2012	NUM
cjrl-14169	224	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	224	19	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	224	20	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	224	21	conducted	conduct	VERB
cjrl-14169	224	22	over	over	ADP
cjrl-14169	224	23	4.4	4.4	NUM
cjrl-14169	224	24	million	million	NUM
cjrl-14169	224	25	terry	terry	PROPN
cjrl-14169	224	26	stops	stop	VERB
cjrl-14169	224	27	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	224	28	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	224	29	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	224	30	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	225	1	terry	terry	PROPN
cjrl-14169	225	2	stops	stop	NOUN
cjrl-14169	225	3	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	225	4	named	name	VERB
cjrl-14169	225	5	after	after	ADP
cjrl-14169	225	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	225	7	case	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	225	8	terry	terry	PROPN
cjrl-14169	225	9	v.	v.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	225	10	ohio	ohio	PROPN
cjrl-14169	225	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	225	12	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	225	13	held	hold	VERB
cjrl-14169	225	14	stop	stop	NOUN
cjrl-14169	225	15	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	225	16	frisks	frisk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	225	17	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	225	18	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	225	19	constitutional	constitutional	ADJ
cjrl-14169	225	20	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	226	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	226	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	226	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	226	4	558	558	NUM
cjrl-14169	226	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	226	6	565	565	NUM
cjrl-14169	226	7	.	.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	226	8	1351	1351	NUM
cjrl-14169	226	9	colum	colum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	226	10	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	227	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	227	2	race	race	PROPN
cjrl-14169	227	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	227	4	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	228	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	228	2	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	228	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	229	1	15:1337	15:1337	NUM
cjrl-14169	229	2	profile.73	profile.73	NOUN
cjrl-14169	229	3	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	229	4	2008	2008	NUM
cjrl-14169	229	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	229	6	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	229	7	blatant	blatant	ADJ
cjrl-14169	229	8	practice	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	229	9	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	229	10	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	229	11	profiling	profiling	NOUN
cjrl-14169	229	12	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	229	13	challenged	challenge	VERB
cjrl-14169	229	14	before	before	ADP
cjrl-14169	229	15	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	229	16	southern	southern	ADJ
cjrl-14169	229	17	district	district	NOUN
cjrl-14169	229	18	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	229	19	new	new	ADJ
cjrl-14169	229	20	york.74	york.74	NOUN
cjrl-14169	229	21	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	229	22	floyd	floyd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	229	23	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	229	24	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	229	25	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	229	26	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	229	27	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	229	28	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	229	29	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	229	30	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	229	31	ultimately	ultimately	ADV
cjrl-14169	229	32	found	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	229	33	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	229	34	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	229	35	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	229	36	deliberately	deliberately	ADV
cjrl-14169	229	37	targeted	target	VERB
cjrl-14169	229	38	young	young	ADJ
cjrl-14169	229	39	men	man	NOUN
cjrl-14169	229	40	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	229	41	color	color	NOUN
cjrl-14169	229	42	without	without	ADP
cjrl-14169	229	43	any	any	DET
cjrl-14169	229	44	objective	objective	ADJ
cjrl-14169	229	45	suspicion	suspicion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	229	46	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	229	47	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	229	48	behavior	behavior	NOUN
cjrl-14169	229	49	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	229	50	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	229	51	thus	thus	ADV
cjrl-14169	229	52	violated	violate	VERB
cjrl-14169	229	53	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	229	54	plaintiffs	plaintiff	NOUN
cjrl-14169	229	55	'	'	PART
cjrl-14169	229	56	fourth75	fourth75	NOUN
cjrl-14169	229	57	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	229	58	fourteenth76	fourteenth76	ADJ
cjrl-14169	229	59	amendment	amendment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	229	60	rights	right	NOUN
cjrl-14169	229	61	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	230	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	230	2	2013	2013	NUM
cjrl-14169	230	3	decision	decision	NOUN
cjrl-14169	230	4	effectively	effectively	ADV
cjrl-14169	230	5	changed	change	VERB
cjrl-14169	230	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	230	7	stop	stop	VERB
cjrl-14169	230	8	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	230	9	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	230	10	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	230	11	frisk	frisk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	230	12	tactics	tactic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	230	13	employed	employ	VERB
cjrl-14169	230	14	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	230	15	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	230	16	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	230	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	230	18	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	230	19	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	230	20	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	230	21	ordered	order	VERB
cjrl-14169	230	22	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	230	23	immediate	immediate	ADJ
cjrl-14169	230	24	changes	change	NOUN
cjrl-14169	230	25	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	230	26	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	230	27	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	230	28	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	230	29	policies	policy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	230	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	230	31	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	230	32	joint	joint	ADJ
cjrl-14169	230	33	remedial	remedial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	230	34	process	process	NOUN
cjrl-14169	230	35	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	230	36	consider	consider	VERB
cjrl-14169	230	37	further	further	ADJ
cjrl-14169	230	38	reforms	reform	NOUN
cjrl-14169	230	39	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	230	40	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	230	41	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	230	42	appointment	appointment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	230	43	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	230	44	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	230	45	independent	independent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	230	46	monitor	monitor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	230	47	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	230	48	oversee	oversee	VERB
cjrl-14169	230	49	compliance	compliance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	230	50	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	230	51	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	230	52	remedies	remedy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	230	53	ordered	order	VERB
cjrl-14169	230	54	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	230	55	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	230	56	case	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	230	57	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	230	58	”77	”77	NOUN
cjrl-14169	231	1	during	during	ADP
cjrl-14169	231	2	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	231	3	time	time	NOUN
cjrl-14169	231	4	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	231	5	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	231	6	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	231	7	floyd	floyd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	231	8	analyzed	analyze	VERB
cjrl-14169	231	9	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	231	10	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	231	11	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	231	12	use	use	NOUN
cjrl-14169	231	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	231	14	stop	stop	VERB
cjrl-14169	231	15	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	231	16	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	231	17	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	231	18	frisk	frisk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	231	19	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	231	20	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	231	21	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	231	22	represented	represent	VERB
cjrl-14169	231	23	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	231	24	extremely	extremely	ADV
cjrl-14169	231	25	small	small	ADJ
cjrl-14169	231	26	percentage	percentage	NOUN
cjrl-14169	231	27	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	231	28	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	231	29	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	231	30	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	231	31	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	231	32	city.78	city.78	PROPN
cjrl-14169	231	33	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	231	34	such	such	ADJ
cjrl-14169	231	35	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	231	36	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	231	37	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	231	38	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	231	39	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	231	40	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	231	41	priority	priority	NOUN
cjrl-14169	231	42	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	231	43	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	231	44	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	231	45	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	231	46	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	231	47	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	231	48	became	become	VERB
cjrl-14169	231	49	one	one	NUM
cjrl-14169	231	50	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	231	51	stop	stop	VERB
cjrl-14169	231	52	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	231	53	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	231	54	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	231	55	frisk	frisk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	231	56	came	come	VERB
cjrl-14169	231	57	under	under	ADP
cjrl-14169	231	58	attack	attack	NOUN
cjrl-14169	231	59	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	232	1	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	232	2	2012	2012	NUM
cjrl-14169	232	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	232	4	just	just	ADV
cjrl-14169	232	5	ten	ten	NUM
cjrl-14169	232	6	months	month	NOUN
cjrl-14169	232	7	before	before	ADP
cjrl-14169	232	8	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	232	9	floyd	floyd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	232	10	decision	decision	NOUN
cjrl-14169	232	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	232	12	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	232	13	commissioner	commissioner	NOUN
cjrl-14169	232	14	raymond	raymond	PROPN
cjrl-14169	232	15	kelly	kelly	PROPN
cjrl-14169	232	16	announced	announce	VERB
cjrl-14169	232	17	operation	operation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	232	18	crew	crew	NOUN
cjrl-14169	232	19	cut	cut	NOUN
cjrl-14169	232	20	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	232	21	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	232	22	quadrupled	quadruple	VERB
cjrl-14169	232	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	232	24	number	number	NOUN
cjrl-14169	232	25	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	232	26	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	232	27	assigned	assign	VERB
cjrl-14169	232	28	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	232	29	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	232	30	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	232	31	73	73	NUM
cjrl-14169	232	32	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	232	33	howell	howell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	232	34	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	232	35	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	232	36	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	232	37	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	232	38	22	22	NUM
cjrl-14169	232	39	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	232	40	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	232	41	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	232	42	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	232	43	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	232	44	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	232	45	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	232	46	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	232	47	driven	drive	VERB
cjrl-14169	232	48	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	232	49	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	232	50	statistics	statistic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	232	51	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	232	52	believes	believe	VERB
cjrl-14169	232	53	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	232	54	aggressively	aggressively	ADV
cjrl-14169	232	55	policing	police	VERB
cjrl-14169	232	56	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	232	57	particular	particular	ADJ
cjrl-14169	232	58	suspect	suspect	ADJ
cjrl-14169	232	59	class	class	NOUN
cjrl-14169	232	60	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	232	61	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	232	62	happens	happen	VERB
cjrl-14169	232	63	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	232	64	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	232	65	defined	define	VERB
cjrl-14169	232	66	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	232	67	race	race	NOUN
cjrl-14169	232	68	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	232	69	class	class	NOUN
cjrl-14169	232	70	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	232	71	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	232	72	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	232	73	reason	reason	NOUN
cjrl-14169	232	74	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	232	75	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	232	76	decline	decline	NOUN
cjrl-14169	232	77	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	232	78	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	232	79	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	232	80	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	233	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	233	2	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	233	3	floyd	floyd	ADJ
cjrl-14169	233	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	233	5	959	959	NUM
cjrl-14169	233	6	f.	f.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	233	7	supp	supp	PROPN
cjrl-14169	233	8	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	234	1	2d	2d	NOUN
cjrl-14169	234	2	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	234	3	559	559	NUM
cjrl-14169	234	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	234	5	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	234	6	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	234	7	eighty	eighty	NUM
cjrl-14169	234	8	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	234	9	three	three	NUM
cjrl-14169	234	10	percent	percent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	234	11	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	234	12	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	234	13	stopped	stop	VERB
cjrl-14169	234	14	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	234	15	frisked	frisk	VERB
cjrl-14169	234	16	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	234	17	either	either	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	234	18	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	234	19	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	234	20	latino	latino	ADJ
cjrl-14169	234	21	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	234	22	despite	despite	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	234	23	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	234	24	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	234	25	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	234	26	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	234	27	population	population	NOUN
cjrl-14169	234	28	only	only	ADV
cjrl-14169	234	29	being	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	234	30	fifty	fifty	NUM
cjrl-14169	234	31	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	234	32	two	two	NUM
cjrl-14169	234	33	percent	percent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	234	34	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	234	35	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	234	36	latino	latino	ADJ
cjrl-14169	234	37	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	234	38	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	234	39	time	time	NOUN
cjrl-14169	234	40	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	234	41	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	235	1	74	74	NUM
cjrl-14169	235	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	235	3	floyd	floyd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	235	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	235	5	et	et	PROPN
cjrl-14169	235	6	al	al	PROPN
cjrl-14169	235	7	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	236	1	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	236	2	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	236	3	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	236	4	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	236	5	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	236	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	236	7	et	et	PROPN
cjrl-14169	236	8	al	al	PROPN
cjrl-14169	236	9	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	236	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	236	11	cntr	cntr	NOUN
cjrl-14169	236	12	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	237	1	const	const	ADJ
cjrl-14169	237	2	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	238	1	rights	right	NOUN
cjrl-14169	238	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	238	3	https://ccrjustice.org/home/what-wedo/our-cases/floyd-et-al-v-city-new-york-et-al	https://ccrjustice.org/home/what-wedo/our-cases/floyd-et-al-v-city-new-york-et-al	PROPN
cjrl-14169	238	4	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	238	5	https://perma.cc/57yl-4jf8	https://perma.cc/57yl-4jf8	X
cjrl-14169	238	6	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	238	7	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	238	8	last	last	ADV
cjrl-14169	238	9	visited	visit	VERB
cjrl-14169	238	10	jan	jan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	238	11	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	238	12	8	8	NUM
cjrl-14169	238	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	238	14	2024	2024	NUM
cjrl-14169	238	15	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	238	16	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	239	1	75	75	NUM
cjrl-14169	239	2	floyd	floyd	NOUN
cjrl-14169	239	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	239	4	959	959	NUM
cjrl-14169	239	5	f.	f.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	239	6	supp	supp	PROPN
cjrl-14169	239	7	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	240	1	2d	2d	NOUN
cjrl-14169	240	2	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	240	3	658	658	NUM
cjrl-14169	240	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	240	5	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	240	6	plaintiffs	plaintiff	NOUN
cjrl-14169	240	7	established	establish	VERB
cjrl-14169	240	8	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	240	9	city	city	NOUN
cjrl-14169	240	10	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	240	11	liability	liability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	240	12	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	240	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	240	14	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	240	15	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	240	16	violation	violation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	240	17	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	240	18	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	240	19	fourth	fourth	ADJ
cjrl-14169	240	20	amendment	amendment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	240	21	rights	right	NOUN
cjrl-14169	240	22	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	240	23	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	240	24	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	240	25	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	241	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	241	2	s]enior	s]enior	ADJ
cjrl-14169	241	3	officials	official	NOUN
cjrl-14169	241	4	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	241	5	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	241	6	city	city	NOUN
cjrl-14169	241	7	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	241	8	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	241	9	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	241	10	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	241	11	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	241	12	deliberately	deliberately	ADV
cjrl-14169	241	13	indifferent	indifferent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	241	14	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	241	15	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	241	16	conducting	conduct	VERB
cjrl-14169	241	17	unconstitutional	unconstitutional	ADJ
cjrl-14169	241	18	stops	stop	NOUN
cjrl-14169	241	19	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	241	20	frisks	frisk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	241	21	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	241	22	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	241	23	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	241	24	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	242	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	242	2	u]nconstitutional	u]nconstitutional	ADJ
cjrl-14169	242	3	stops	stop	NOUN
cjrl-14169	242	4	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	242	5	frisks	frisk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	242	6	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	242	7	sufficiently	sufficiently	ADV
cjrl-14169	242	8	widespread	widespread	ADJ
cjrl-14169	242	9	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	242	10	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	242	11	had	have	VERB
cjrl-14169	242	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	242	13	force	force	NOUN
cjrl-14169	242	14	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	242	15	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	242	16	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	242	17	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	242	18	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	242	19	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	243	1	76	76	NUM
cjrl-14169	244	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	244	2	d.	d.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	244	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	244	4	661	661	NUM
cjrl-14169	244	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	244	6	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	244	7	plaintiffs	plaintiff	NOUN
cjrl-14169	244	8	have	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	244	9	established	establish	VERB
cjrl-14169	244	10	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	244	11	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	244	12	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	245	1	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	245	2	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	245	3	city	city	NOUN
cjrl-14169	245	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	245	5	through	through	ADP
cjrl-14169	245	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	245	7	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	245	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	245	9	has	have	VERB
cjrl-14169	245	10	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	245	11	policy	policy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	245	12	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	245	13	indirect	indirect	ADJ
cjrl-14169	245	14	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	245	15	profiling	profiling	NOUN
cjrl-14169	245	16	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	245	17	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	245	18	local	local	ADJ
cjrl-14169	245	19	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	245	20	suspect	suspect	NOUN
cjrl-14169	245	21	data	datum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	245	22	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	245	23	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	245	24	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	245	25	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	246	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	246	2	p]laintiffs	p]laintiff	NOUN
cjrl-14169	246	3	showed	show	VERB
cjrl-14169	246	4	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	246	5	senior	senior	ADJ
cjrl-14169	246	6	officials	official	NOUN
cjrl-14169	246	7	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	246	8	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	247	1	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	248	1	have	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	248	2	been	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	248	3	deliberately	deliberately	ADV
cjrl-14169	248	4	indifferent	indifferent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	248	5	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	248	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	248	7	intentionally	intentionally	ADV
cjrl-14169	248	8	discriminatory	discriminatory	ADJ
cjrl-14169	248	9	application	application	NOUN
cjrl-14169	248	10	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	248	11	stop	stop	NOUN
cjrl-14169	248	12	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	248	13	frisk	frisk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	248	14	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	248	15	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	248	16	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	249	1	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	249	2	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	250	1	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	250	2	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	251	1	77	77	NUM
cjrl-14169	252	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	252	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	252	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	252	4	667	667	NUM
cjrl-14169	252	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	253	1	78	78	NUM
cjrl-14169	253	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	253	3	howell	howell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	253	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	253	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	253	6	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	253	7	22	22	NUM
cjrl-14169	253	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	253	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	253	10	8	8	NUM
cjrl-14169	253	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	253	12	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	253	13	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	253	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	253	15	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	253	16	attributed	attribute	VERB
cjrl-14169	253	17	less	less	ADJ
cjrl-14169	253	18	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	253	19	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	253	20	%	%	NOUN
cjrl-14169	253	21	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	253	22	major	major	ADJ
cjrl-14169	253	23	categories	category	NOUN
cjrl-14169	253	24	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	253	25	felony	felony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	253	26	crimes	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	253	27	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	253	28	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	253	29	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	253	30	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	253	31	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	253	32	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	253	33	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	253	34	through	through	ADP
cjrl-14169	253	35	2012	2012	NUM
cjrl-14169	253	36	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	253	37	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	254	1	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	254	2	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	254	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	254	4	factors	factor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	254	5	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	254	6	influence	influence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	254	7	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	254	8	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	254	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	254	10	like	like	ADP
cjrl-14169	254	11	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	254	12	unemployment	unemployment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	254	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	254	14	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	254	15	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	254	16	higher	high	ADJ
cjrl-14169	254	17	during	during	ADP
cjrl-14169	254	18	that	that	DET
cjrl-14169	254	19	period	period	NOUN
cjrl-14169	254	20	than	than	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	254	21	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	254	22	have	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	254	23	been	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	254	24	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	254	25	recent	recent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	254	26	years	year	NOUN
cjrl-14169	254	27	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	255	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	255	2	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	255	3	unemployment	unemployment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	255	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	255	5	20	20	NUM
cjrl-14169	255	6	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	255	7	24	24	NUM
cjrl-14169	255	8	years	year	NOUN
cjrl-14169	255	9	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	255	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	255	11	keeping	keep	VERB
cjrl-14169	255	12	track	track	NOUN
cjrl-14169	255	13	online	online	ADV
cjrl-14169	255	14	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	255	15	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	255	16	status	status	NOUN
cjrl-14169	255	17	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	255	18	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	255	19	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	255	20	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	255	21	children	child	NOUN
cjrl-14169	255	22	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	255	23	https://data.cccnewyork.org/data/map/1180/youth-unemployment-20-to-24-years#1180/a/3/1312/127/a/a	https://data.cccnewyork.org/data/map/1180/youth-unemployment-20-to-24-years#1180/a/3/1312/127/a/a	PROPN
cjrl-14169	255	24	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	255	25	last	last	ADV
cjrl-14169	255	26	visited	visit	VERB
cjrl-14169	255	27	jan	jan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	255	28	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	255	29	14	14	NUM
cjrl-14169	255	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	255	31	2024	2024	NUM
cjrl-14169	255	32	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	255	33	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	255	34	comparing	compare	VERB
cjrl-14169	255	35	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	255	36	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	255	37	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	255	38	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	255	39	unemployment	unemployment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	255	40	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	255	41	2021	2021	NUM
cjrl-14169	255	42	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	255	43	2012	2012	NUM
cjrl-14169	255	44	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	255	45	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	255	46	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	255	47	14.9	14.9	NUM
cjrl-14169	255	48	percent	percent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	255	49	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	255	50	20.5	20.5	NUM
cjrl-14169	255	51	percent	percent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	255	52	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	255	53	respectively	respectively	ADV
cjrl-14169	255	54	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	255	55	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	256	1	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	256	2	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	256	3	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	256	4	1352	1352	NUM
cjrl-14169	256	5	division.79	division.79	NOUN
cjrl-14169	256	6	kelly	kelly	ADV
cjrl-14169	256	7	told	tell	VERB
cjrl-14169	256	8	newspapers	newspaper	NOUN
cjrl-14169	256	9	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	256	10	thirty	thirty	NUM
cjrl-14169	256	11	percent	percent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	256	12	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	256	13	shootings	shooting	NOUN
cjrl-14169	256	14	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	256	15	recent	recent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	256	16	years	year	NOUN
cjrl-14169	256	17	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	256	18	related	relate	VERB
cjrl-14169	256	19	to	to	AUX
cjrl-14169	256	20	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	256	21	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	256	22	crews	crew	NOUN
cjrl-14169	256	23	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	257	1	”80	”80	PROPN
cjrl-14169	258	1	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	258	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	258	3	this	this	PRON
cjrl-14169	258	4	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	258	5	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	258	6	utterly	utterly	ADV
cjrl-14169	258	7	false	false	ADJ
cjrl-14169	258	8	claim	claim	NOUN
cjrl-14169	258	9	if	if	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	258	10	one	one	PRON
cjrl-14169	258	11	considers	consider	VERB
cjrl-14169	258	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	258	13	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	258	14	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	258	15	own	own	ADJ
cjrl-14169	258	16	reports	report	NOUN
cjrl-14169	258	17	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	258	18	2005	2005	NUM
cjrl-14169	258	19	through	through	ADP
cjrl-14169	258	20	2012.81	2012.81	NUM
cjrl-14169	258	21	operation	operation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	258	22	crew	crew	NOUN
cjrl-14169	258	23	cut	cut	VERB
cjrl-14169	258	24	created	create	VERB
cjrl-14169	258	25	more	more	ADJ
cjrl-14169	258	26	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	258	27	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	258	28	expansion	expansion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	258	29	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	258	30	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	258	31	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	258	32	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	259	1	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	259	2	laid	lay	VERB
cjrl-14169	259	3	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	259	4	foundation	foundation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	259	5	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	259	6	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	259	7	alternative	alternative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	259	8	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	259	9	profiling	profiling	NOUN
cjrl-14169	259	10	practice	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	259	11	under	under	ADP
cjrl-14169	259	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	259	13	guise	guise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	259	14	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	259	15	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	259	16	new	new	ADJ
cjrl-14169	259	17	menace	menace	NOUN
cjrl-14169	259	18	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	259	19	society	society	NOUN
cjrl-14169	259	20	—	—	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	259	21	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	259	22	violent	violent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	259	23	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	259	24	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	259	25	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	259	26	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	260	1	this	this	PRON
cjrl-14169	260	2	created	create	VERB
cjrl-14169	260	3	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	260	4	moral	moral	ADJ
cjrl-14169	260	5	panic	panic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	260	6	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	260	7	where	where	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	260	8	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	260	9	public	public	NOUN
cjrl-14169	260	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	260	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	260	12	media	medium	NOUN
cjrl-14169	260	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	260	14	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	260	15	politicians	politician	NOUN
cjrl-14169	260	16	reinforce[d	reinforce[d	VERB
cjrl-14169	260	17	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	260	18	each	each	DET
cjrl-14169	260	19	other	other	ADJ
cjrl-14169	260	20	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	260	21	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	260	22	escalating	escalate	VERB
cjrl-14169	260	23	pattern	pattern	NOUN
cjrl-14169	260	24	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	260	25	intense	intense	ADJ
cjrl-14169	260	26	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	260	27	disproportionate	disproportionate	ADJ
cjrl-14169	260	28	concern	concern	NOUN
cjrl-14169	260	29	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	260	30	response	response	NOUN
cjrl-14169	260	31	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	260	32	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	260	33	perceived	perceive	VERB
cjrl-14169	260	34	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	260	35	threat	threat	NOUN
cjrl-14169	260	36	posed	pose	VERB
cjrl-14169	260	37	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	260	38	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	260	39	particular	particular	ADJ
cjrl-14169	260	40	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	260	41	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	260	42	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	260	43	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	261	1	”82	”82	VERB
cjrl-14169	261	2	this	this	PRON
cjrl-14169	261	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	261	4	however	however	ADV
cjrl-14169	261	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	261	6	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	261	7	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	261	8	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	261	9	first	first	ADJ
cjrl-14169	261	10	time	time	NOUN
cjrl-14169	261	11	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	261	12	misplaced	misplace	VERB
cjrl-14169	261	13	fear	fear	NOUN
cjrl-14169	261	14	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	261	15	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	261	16	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	261	17	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	261	18	used	use	VERB
cjrl-14169	261	19	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	261	20	justify	justify	VERB
cjrl-14169	261	21	intensive	intensive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	261	22	profile	profile	NOUN
cjrl-14169	261	23	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	261	24	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	261	25	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	261	26	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	262	1	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	262	2	tactic	tactic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	262	3	proved	prove	VERB
cjrl-14169	262	4	successful	successful	ADJ
cjrl-14169	262	5	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	262	6	obscuring	obscure	VERB
cjrl-14169	262	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	262	8	discriminatory	discriminatory	ADJ
cjrl-14169	262	9	effect	effect	NOUN
cjrl-14169	262	10	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	262	11	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	262	12	offender	offender	NOUN
cjrl-14169	262	13	legislation	legislation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	262	14	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	262	15	california	california	PROPN
cjrl-14169	262	16	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	262	17	decade	decade	NOUN
cjrl-14169	262	18	earlier.83	earlier.83	PROPN
cjrl-14169	262	19	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	262	20	guise	guise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	262	21	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	262	22	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	262	23	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	262	24	menace	menace	NOUN
cjrl-14169	262	25	proved	prove	VERB
cjrl-14169	262	26	similarly	similarly	ADV
cjrl-14169	262	27	effective	effective	ADJ
cjrl-14169	262	28	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	262	29	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	262	30	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	262	31	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	262	32	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	262	33	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	262	34	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	262	35	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	262	36	most	most	ADV
cjrl-14169	262	37	outspoken	outspoken	ADJ
cjrl-14169	262	38	critics	critic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	262	39	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	262	40	stop	stop	VERB
cjrl-14169	262	41	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	262	42	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	262	43	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	262	44	frisk	frisk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	262	45	79	79	NUM
cjrl-14169	262	46	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	262	47	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	262	48	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	262	49	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	262	50	.	.	NUM
cjrl-14169	262	51	80	80	NUM
cjrl-14169	262	52	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	262	53	joseph	joseph	PROPN
cjrl-14169	262	54	goldstein	goldstein	PROPN
cjrl-14169	262	55	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	262	56	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	262	57	david	david	PROPN
cjrl-14169	262	58	goodman	goodman	PROPN
cjrl-14169	262	59	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	262	60	frisking	frisk	VERB
cjrl-14169	262	61	tactic	tactic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	262	62	yields	yield	NOUN
cjrl-14169	262	63	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	262	64	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	262	65	focus	focus	NOUN
cjrl-14169	262	66	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	262	67	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	262	68	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	262	69	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	262	70	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	262	71	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	262	72	times	times	PROPN
cjrl-14169	262	73	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	262	74	sept	sept	PROPN
cjrl-14169	262	75	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	262	76	18	18	NUM
cjrl-14169	262	77	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	262	78	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	262	79	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	262	80	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	262	81	https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/19/nyregion/frisking-tactic-yields-to-a-focus-on-youthgangs.html	https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/19/nyregion/frisking-tactic-yields-to-a-focus-on-youthgangs.html	ADV
cjrl-14169	262	82	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	262	83	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	262	84	file	file	NOUN
cjrl-14169	262	85	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	262	86	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	262	87	columbia	columbia	PROPN
cjrl-14169	262	88	law	law	PROPN
cjrl-14169	262	89	review	review	PROPN
cjrl-14169	262	90	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	262	91	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	263	1	kelly	kelly	PROPN
cjrl-14169	263	2	stated	state	VERB
cjrl-14169	263	3	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	263	4	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	263	5	problem	problem	NOUN
cjrl-14169	263	6	stemmed	stem	VERB
cjrl-14169	263	7	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	263	8	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	263	9	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	263	10	large	large	ADJ
cjrl-14169	263	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	263	12	established	establish	VERB
cjrl-14169	263	13	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	263	14	such	such	ADJ
cjrl-14169	263	15	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	263	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	263	17	bloods	blood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	263	18	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	263	19	crips	crip	NOUN
cjrl-14169	263	20	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	263	21	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	263	22	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	263	23	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	263	24	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	264	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	264	2	looser	loose	ADJ
cjrl-14169	264	3	associations	association	NOUN
cjrl-14169	264	4	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	264	5	younger	young	ADJ
cjrl-14169	264	6	men	man	NOUN
cjrl-14169	264	7	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	264	8	identify	identify	VERB
cjrl-14169	264	9	themselves	themselves	PRON
cjrl-14169	264	10	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	264	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	264	12	block	block	NOUN
cjrl-14169	264	13	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	264	14	live	live	VERB
cjrl-14169	264	15	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	264	16	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	264	17	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	264	18	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	264	19	which	which	DET
cjrl-14169	264	20	side	side	NOUN
cjrl-14169	264	21	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	264	22	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	264	23	housing	housing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	264	24	development	development	NOUN
cjrl-14169	264	25	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	264	26	reside	reside	VERB
cjrl-14169	264	27	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	264	28	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	265	1	rocco	rocco	PROPN
cjrl-14169	265	2	parascandola	parascandola	PROPN
cjrl-14169	265	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	265	4	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	265	5	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	265	6	double	double	ADJ
cjrl-14169	265	7	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	265	8	division	division	NOUN
cjrl-14169	265	9	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	265	10	combat	combat	VERB
cjrl-14169	265	11	street	street	NOUN
cjrl-14169	265	12	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	265	13	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	265	14	commissioner	commissioner	PROPN
cjrl-14169	265	15	kelly	kelly	PROPN
cjrl-14169	265	16	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	265	17	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	265	18	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	265	19	daily	daily	PROPN
cjrl-14169	265	20	news	news	PROPN
cjrl-14169	265	21	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	265	22	oct	oct	PROPN
cjrl-14169	265	23	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	265	24	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	265	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	265	26	2012	2012	NUM
cjrl-14169	265	27	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	265	28	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	265	29	http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nypd-double-gang-division-article1.1172347	http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nypd-double-gang-division-article1.1172347	NOUN
cjrl-14169	265	30	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	265	31	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	265	32	file	file	NOUN
cjrl-14169	265	33	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	265	34	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	265	35	columbia	columbia	PROPN
cjrl-14169	265	36	law	law	PROPN
cjrl-14169	265	37	review	review	PROPN
cjrl-14169	265	38	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	265	39	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	266	1	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	266	2	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	266	3	worth	worth	ADJ
cjrl-14169	266	4	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	266	5	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	266	6	feuding	feuding	NOUN
cjrl-14169	266	7	crews	crew	NOUN
cjrl-14169	266	8	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	266	9	already	already	ADV
cjrl-14169	266	10	being	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	266	11	surveilled	surveille	VERB
cjrl-14169	266	12	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	266	13	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	266	14	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	266	15	prosecutors	prosecutor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	266	16	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	266	17	operation	operation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	266	18	crew	crew	NOUN
cjrl-14169	266	19	cut	cut	NOUN
cjrl-14169	266	20	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	266	21	announced	announce	VERB
cjrl-14169	266	22	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	266	23	so	so	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	266	24	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	266	25	increase	increase	NOUN
cjrl-14169	266	26	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	266	27	resources	resource	NOUN
cjrl-14169	266	28	allowed	allow	VERB
cjrl-14169	266	29	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	266	30	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	266	31	intensive	intensive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	266	32	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	266	33	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	266	34	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	266	35	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	266	36	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	266	37	areas	area	NOUN
cjrl-14169	266	38	beyond	beyond	ADP
cjrl-14169	266	39	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	266	40	existing	exist	VERB
cjrl-14169	266	41	conflicts	conflict	NOUN
cjrl-14169	266	42	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	267	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	267	2	howell	howell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	267	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	267	4	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	267	5	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	267	6	18	18	NUM
cjrl-14169	267	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	267	8	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	267	9	12	12	NUM
cjrl-14169	267	10	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	268	1	81	81	NUM
cjrl-14169	268	2	professor	professor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	268	3	howell	howell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	268	4	obtained	obtain	VERB
cjrl-14169	268	5	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	268	6	reports	report	NOUN
cjrl-14169	268	7	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	268	8	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	268	9	legal	legal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	268	10	after	after	ADP
cjrl-14169	268	11	submitting	submit	VERB
cjrl-14169	268	12	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	268	13	freedom	freedom	NOUN
cjrl-14169	268	14	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	268	15	information	information	NOUN
cjrl-14169	268	16	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	268	17	request	request	NOUN
cjrl-14169	268	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	268	19	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	268	20	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	268	21	took	take	VERB
cjrl-14169	268	22	three	three	NUM
cjrl-14169	268	23	years	year	NOUN
cjrl-14169	268	24	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	268	25	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	268	26	lawsuit	lawsuit	NOUN
cjrl-14169	268	27	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	268	28	do	do	VERB
cjrl-14169	268	29	so	so	ADV
cjrl-14169	268	30	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	269	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	269	2	howell	howell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	269	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	269	4	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	269	5	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	269	6	22	22	NUM
cjrl-14169	269	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	269	8	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	269	9	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	269	10	n.	n.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	269	11	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	269	12	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	270	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	270	2	reports	report	NOUN
cjrl-14169	270	3	indicated	indicate	VERB
cjrl-14169	270	4	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	270	5	less	less	ADJ
cjrl-14169	270	6	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	270	7	six	six	NUM
cjrl-14169	270	8	percent	percent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	270	9	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	270	10	shootings	shooting	NOUN
cjrl-14169	270	11	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	270	12	homicides	homicide	NOUN
cjrl-14169	270	13	during	during	ADP
cjrl-14169	270	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	270	15	seven	seven	NUM
cjrl-14169	270	16	year	year	NOUN
cjrl-14169	270	17	period	period	NOUN
cjrl-14169	270	18	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	270	19	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	270	20	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	270	21	motivated	motivate	VERB
cjrl-14169	270	22	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	271	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	271	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	271	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	271	4	9	9	NUM
cjrl-14169	271	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	272	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	272	2	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	272	3	categorizes	categorize	VERB
cjrl-14169	272	4	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	272	5	higher	high	ADJ
cjrl-14169	272	6	percentage	percentage	NOUN
cjrl-14169	272	7	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	272	8	shootings	shooting	NOUN
cjrl-14169	272	9	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	272	10	homicides	homicide	NOUN
cjrl-14169	272	11	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	272	12	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	272	13	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	272	14	related	relate	VERB
cjrl-14169	272	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	272	16	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	272	17	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	272	18	captures	capture	VERB
cjrl-14169	272	19	all	all	DET
cjrl-14169	272	20	incidents	incident	NOUN
cjrl-14169	272	21	involving	involve	VERB
cjrl-14169	272	22	actual	actual	ADJ
cjrl-14169	272	23	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	272	24	suspected	suspect	VERB
cjrl-14169	272	25	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	272	26	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	272	27	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	272	28	if	if	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	272	29	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	272	30	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	272	31	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	272	32	attributable	attributable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	272	33	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	272	34	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	272	35	non	non	ADJ
cjrl-14169	272	36	-	-	ADJ
cjrl-14169	272	37	gang	gang	ADJ
cjrl-14169	272	38	motive	motive	NOUN
cjrl-14169	272	39	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	273	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	273	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	273	3	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	273	4	using	use	VERB
cjrl-14169	273	5	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	273	6	broader	broad	ADJ
cjrl-14169	273	7	category	category	NOUN
cjrl-14169	273	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	273	9	only	only	ADV
cjrl-14169	273	10	fifteen	fifteen	NUM
cjrl-14169	273	11	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	273	12	twenty	twenty	NUM
cjrl-14169	273	13	percent	percent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	273	14	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	273	15	shootings	shooting	NOUN
cjrl-14169	273	16	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	273	17	homicides	homicide	NOUN
cjrl-14169	273	18	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	273	19	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	273	20	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	273	21	related	relate	VERB
cjrl-14169	273	22	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	274	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	274	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	274	3	beyond	beyond	ADP
cjrl-14169	274	4	low	low	ADJ
cjrl-14169	274	5	levels	level	NOUN
cjrl-14169	274	6	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	274	7	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	274	8	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	274	9	related	relate	VERB
cjrl-14169	274	10	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	274	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	274	12	violent	violent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	274	13	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	274	14	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	274	15	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	274	16	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	274	17	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	274	18	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	274	19	reached	reach	VERB
cjrl-14169	274	20	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	274	21	lowest	low	ADJ
cjrl-14169	274	22	level	level	NOUN
cjrl-14169	274	23	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	274	24	recorded	record	VERB
cjrl-14169	274	25	history	history	NOUN
cjrl-14169	274	26	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	275	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	275	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	275	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	275	4	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	275	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	275	6	questioning	question	VERB
cjrl-14169	275	7	why	why	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	275	8	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	275	9	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	275	10	would	would	AUX
cjrl-14169	275	11	quadruple	quadruple	VERB
cjrl-14169	275	12	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	275	13	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	275	14	division	division	NOUN
cjrl-14169	275	15	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	275	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	275	17	two	two	NUM
cjrl-14169	275	18	years	year	NOUN
cjrl-14169	275	19	during	during	ADP
cjrl-14169	275	20	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	275	21	violent	violent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	275	22	crimes	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	275	23	reached	reach	VERB
cjrl-14169	275	24	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	275	25	lowest	low	ADJ
cjrl-14169	275	26	level	level	NOUN
cjrl-14169	275	27	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	275	28	recorded	record	VERB
cjrl-14169	275	29	history	history	NOUN
cjrl-14169	275	30	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	275	31	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	276	1	82	82	NUM
cjrl-14169	276	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	276	3	elizabeth	elizabeth	PROPN
cjrl-14169	276	4	s.	s.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	276	5	scott	scott	PROPN
cjrl-14169	276	6	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	276	7	laurence	laurence	PROPN
cjrl-14169	276	8	steinberg	steinberg	PROPN
cjrl-14169	276	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	276	10	rethinking	rethink	VERB
cjrl-14169	276	11	juvenile	juvenile	ADJ
cjrl-14169	276	12	justice	justice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	276	13	108–12	108–12	PROPN
cjrl-14169	276	14	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	276	15	2008	2008	NUM
cjrl-14169	276	16	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	276	17	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	276	18	linking	link	VERB
cjrl-14169	276	19	moral	moral	ADJ
cjrl-14169	276	20	panic	panic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	276	21	over	over	ADP
cjrl-14169	276	22	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	276	23	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	276	24	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	276	25	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	276	26	adoption	adoption	NOUN
cjrl-14169	276	27	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	276	28	california	california	PROPN
cjrl-14169	276	29	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	276	30	proposition	proposition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	276	31	21	21	NUM
cjrl-14169	276	32	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	276	33	required	require	VERB
cjrl-14169	276	34	many	many	ADJ
cjrl-14169	276	35	juveniles	juvenile	NOUN
cjrl-14169	276	36	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	276	37	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	276	38	tried	try	VERB
cjrl-14169	276	39	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	276	40	adults	adult	NOUN
cjrl-14169	276	41	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	276	42	barred	bar	VERB
cjrl-14169	276	43	sealing	sealing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	276	44	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	276	45	juvenile	juvenile	ADJ
cjrl-14169	276	46	records	record	NOUN
cjrl-14169	276	47	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	276	48	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	276	49	extended	extended	ADJ
cjrl-14169	276	50	prison	prison	NOUN
cjrl-14169	276	51	terms	term	NOUN
cjrl-14169	276	52	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	276	53	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	276	54	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	276	55	related	relate	VERB
cjrl-14169	276	56	crimes	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	276	57	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	276	58	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	277	1	83	83	NUM
cjrl-14169	277	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	277	3	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	277	4	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	277	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	277	6	observing	observe	VERB
cjrl-14169	277	7	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	277	8	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	277	9	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	277	10	menace	menace	NOUN
cjrl-14169	277	11	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	277	12	used	use	VERB
cjrl-14169	277	13	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	277	14	justify	justify	VERB
cjrl-14169	277	15	profile	profile	ADV
cjrl-14169	277	16	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	277	17	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	277	18	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	277	19	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	277	20	california	california	PROPN
cjrl-14169	277	21	following	follow	VERB
cjrl-14169	277	22	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	277	23	passage	passage	NOUN
cjrl-14169	277	24	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	277	25	proposition	proposition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	277	26	21	21	NUM
cjrl-14169	277	27	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	277	28	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	278	1	1353	1353	NUM
cjrl-14169	278	2	colum	colum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	278	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	279	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	279	2	race	race	PROPN
cjrl-14169	279	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	279	4	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	280	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	280	2	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	280	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	280	4	15:1337	15:1337	NUM
cjrl-14169	280	5	expressed	express	VERB
cjrl-14169	280	6	approval	approval	NOUN
cjrl-14169	280	7	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	280	8	increased	increase	VERB
cjrl-14169	280	9	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	280	10	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	280	11	combat	combat	VERB
cjrl-14169	280	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	280	13	perceived	perceive	VERB
cjrl-14169	280	14	threat	threat	NOUN
cjrl-14169	280	15	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	280	16	trigger	trigger	NOUN
cjrl-14169	280	17	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	280	18	happy	happy	ADJ
cjrl-14169	280	19	street	street	NOUN
cjrl-14169	280	20	crews	crew	NOUN
cjrl-14169	280	21	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	280	22	low	low	ADJ
cjrl-14169	280	23	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	280	24	income	income	NOUN
cjrl-14169	280	25	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	280	26	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	280	27	latino	latino	NOUN
cjrl-14169	280	28	neighborhoods.84	neighborhoods.84	VERB
cjrl-14169	281	1	so	so	ADV
cjrl-14169	281	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	281	3	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	281	4	after	after	ADP
cjrl-14169	281	5	floyd	floyd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	281	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	281	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	281	8	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	281	9	continued	continue	VERB
cjrl-14169	281	10	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	281	11	regime	regime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	281	12	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	281	13	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	281	14	profiling	profiling	NOUN
cjrl-14169	281	15	—	—	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	281	16	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	281	17	just	just	ADV
cjrl-14169	281	18	took	take	VERB
cjrl-14169	281	19	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	281	20	new	new	ADJ
cjrl-14169	281	21	form	form	NOUN
cjrl-14169	281	22	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	282	1	3	3	X
cjrl-14169	282	2	.	.	X
cjrl-14169	282	3	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	282	4	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	282	5	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	6	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	7	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	282	8	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	282	9	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	282	10	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	282	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	282	12	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	282	13	department	department	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	14	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	282	15	investigations	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	16	report	report	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	17	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	282	18	2013	2013	NUM
cjrl-14169	282	19	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	282	20	shortly	shortly	ADV
cjrl-14169	282	21	after	after	ADP
cjrl-14169	282	22	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	282	23	announcement	announcement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	24	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	282	25	operation	operation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	26	crew	crew	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	27	cut	cut	VERB
cjrl-14169	282	28	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	282	29	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	282	30	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	282	31	became	become	VERB
cjrl-14169	282	32	operational.85	operational.85	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	33	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	282	34	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	282	35	patrol	patrol	PROPN
cjrl-14169	282	36	guide	guide	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	37	defines	define	VERB
cjrl-14169	282	38	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	282	39	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	282	40	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	41	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	282	42	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	282	43	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	282	44	any	any	DET
cjrl-14169	282	45	ongoing	ongoing	ADJ
cjrl-14169	282	46	organization	organization	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	47	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	282	48	association	association	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	49	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	282	50	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	51	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	282	52	three	three	NUM
cjrl-14169	282	53	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	282	54	more	more	ADJ
cjrl-14169	282	55	persons	person	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	56	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	282	57	whether	whether	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	282	58	formal	formal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	282	59	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	282	60	informal	informal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	282	61	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	282	62	having	have	VERB
cjrl-14169	282	63	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	282	64	one	one	NUM
cjrl-14169	282	65	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	282	66	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	282	67	primary	primary	ADJ
cjrl-14169	282	68	activities	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	69	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	282	70	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	282	71	commission	commission	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	72	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	282	73	one	one	NUM
cjrl-14169	282	74	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	282	75	more	more	ADJ
cjrl-14169	282	76	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	282	77	acts	act	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	78	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	282	79	including	include	VERB
cjrl-14169	282	80	drug	drug	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	81	dealing	dealing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	82	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	282	83	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	282	84	having	have	VERB
cjrl-14169	282	85	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	282	86	common	common	ADJ
cjrl-14169	282	87	name	name	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	88	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	282	89	common	common	ADJ
cjrl-14169	282	90	identifying	identifying	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	91	sign	sign	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	92	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	282	93	symbol	symbol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	94	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	282	95	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	282	96	whose	whose	DET
cjrl-14169	282	97	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	98	individually	individually	ADV
cjrl-14169	282	99	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	282	100	collectively	collectively	ADV
cjrl-14169	282	101	engage	engage	VERB
cjrl-14169	282	102	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	282	103	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	282	104	have	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	282	105	engaged	engage	VERB
cjrl-14169	282	106	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	282	107	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	282	108	pattern	pattern	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	109	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	282	110	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	282	111	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	112	activity.86	activity.86	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	113	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	282	114	definition	definition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	115	requires	require	VERB
cjrl-14169	282	116	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	282	117	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	118	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	282	119	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	282	120	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	121	participate	participate	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	122	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	282	123	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	282	124	pattern	pattern	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	125	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	282	126	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	282	127	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	282	128	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	283	2	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	283	3	patrol	patrol	PROPN
cjrl-14169	283	4	guide	guide	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	5	does	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	283	6	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	283	7	define	define	VERB
cjrl-14169	283	8	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	283	9	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	10	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	11	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	12	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	13	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	283	14	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	15	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	283	16	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	283	17	designated	designate	VERB
cjrl-14169	283	18	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	283	19	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	20	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	21	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	283	22	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	283	23	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	283	24	without	without	ADP
cjrl-14169	283	25	any	any	DET
cjrl-14169	283	26	proof	proof	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	27	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	283	28	criminality.87	criminality.87	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	29	there	there	PRON
cjrl-14169	283	30	are	be	VERB
cjrl-14169	283	31	two	two	NUM
cjrl-14169	283	32	pathways	pathway	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	33	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	283	34	inclusion	inclusion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	35	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	283	36	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	283	37	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	283	38	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	39	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	40	option	option	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	41	a	a	PRON
cjrl-14169	283	42	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	43	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	283	44	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	45	option	option	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	46	b.	b.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	47	”88	”88	ADJ
cjrl-14169	283	48	option	option	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	49	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	283	50	requires	require	VERB
cjrl-14169	283	51	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	283	52	either	either	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	283	53	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	283	54	individual	individual	ADJ
cjrl-14169	283	55	self	self	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	56	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	57	admit	admit	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	58	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	59	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	60	during	during	ADP
cjrl-14169	283	61	debriefing	debriefing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	62	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	283	63	post[ing	post[e	VERB
cjrl-14169	283	64	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	65	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	283	66	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	283	67	personal	personal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	283	68	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	283	69	media	medium	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	70	site	site	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	71	information	information	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	72	such	such	ADJ
cjrl-14169	283	73	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	283	74	language	language	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	75	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	76	symbols	symbol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	77	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	78	picture	picture	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	79	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	80	colors	color	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	81	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	82	etc	etc	X
cjrl-14169	283	83	.	.	X
cjrl-14169	283	84	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	283	85	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	283	86	affiliated	affiliate	VERB
cjrl-14169	283	87	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	283	88	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	283	89	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	283	90	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	91	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	92	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	93	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	283	94	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	283	95	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	96	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	283	97	t]hrough	t]hrough	ADP
cjrl-14169	283	98	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	283	99	course	course	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	100	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	283	101	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	283	102	investigation	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	103	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	283	104	individual	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	105	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	283	106	believed	believe	VERB
cjrl-14169	283	107	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	283	108	84	84	NUM
cjrl-14169	283	109	stephon	stephon	PROPN
cjrl-14169	283	110	johnson	johnson	PROPN
cjrl-14169	283	111	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	112	stop	stop	VERB
cjrl-14169	283	113	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	114	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	283	115	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	116	frisk	frisk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	117	makes	make	VERB
cjrl-14169	283	118	way	way	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	119	for	for	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	283	120	operation	operation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	121	crew	crew	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	122	cut	cut	NOUN
cjrl-14169	283	123	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	124	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	283	125	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	283	126	amsterdam	amsterdam	PROPN
cjrl-14169	283	127	news	news	PROPN
cjrl-14169	283	128	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	129	sept	sept	PROPN
cjrl-14169	283	130	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	283	131	26	26	NUM
cjrl-14169	283	132	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	133	2013	2013	NUM
cjrl-14169	283	134	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	283	135	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	284	1	http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2013/sep/26/stop-and-frisk-makes-way-operation-crew-cut/.	http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2013/sep/26/stop-and-frisk-makes-way-operation-crew-cut/.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	285	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	285	2	https://perma.cc/m57a-fbaq	https://perma.cc/m57a-fbaq	X
cjrl-14169	285	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	285	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	285	5	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	285	6	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	285	7	operation	operation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	285	8	crew	crew	NOUN
cjrl-14169	285	9	cut	cut	VERB
cjrl-14169	285	10	received	receive	VERB
cjrl-14169	285	11	backing	backing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	285	12	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	285	13	stop	stop	VERB
cjrl-14169	285	14	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	285	15	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	285	16	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	285	17	frisk	frisk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	285	18	critics	critic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	285	19	like	like	ADP
cjrl-14169	285	20	former	former	ADJ
cjrl-14169	285	21	mayor	mayor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	285	22	bill	bill	PROPN
cjrl-14169	285	23	de	de	PROPN
cjrl-14169	285	24	blasio	blasio	PROPN
cjrl-14169	285	25	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	285	26	former	former	ADJ
cjrl-14169	285	27	council	council	NOUN
cjrl-14169	285	28	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	285	29	jumaane	jumaane	PROPN
cjrl-14169	285	30	williams	williams	PROPN
cjrl-14169	285	31	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	285	32	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	286	1	85	85	NUM
cjrl-14169	286	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	286	3	n.y.c	n.y.c	NOUN
cjrl-14169	286	4	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	287	1	dep’t	dep’t	PROPN
cjrl-14169	287	2	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	287	3	investigation	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	287	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	287	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	287	6	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	287	7	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	287	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	287	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	287	10	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	287	11	.	.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	287	12	86	86	NUM
cjrl-14169	287	13	n.y.c	n.y.c	ADJ
cjrl-14169	287	14	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	288	1	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	288	2	dep’t	dep’t	PROPN
cjrl-14169	288	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	288	4	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	288	5	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	288	6	5	5	NUM
cjrl-14169	288	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	288	8	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	288	9	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	288	10	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	288	11	87	87	NUM
cjrl-14169	288	12	johnson	johnson	PROPN
cjrl-14169	288	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	288	14	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	288	15	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	288	16	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	288	17	6	6	NUM
cjrl-14169	288	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	288	19	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	288	20	1038	1038	NUM
cjrl-14169	288	21	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	289	1	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	289	2	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	289	3	worth	worth	ADJ
cjrl-14169	289	4	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	289	5	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	289	6	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	289	7	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	289	8	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	289	9	itself	itself	PRON
cjrl-14169	289	10	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	289	11	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	289	12	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	289	13	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	289	14	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	290	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	290	2	lanzetta	lanzetta	NOUN
cjrl-14169	290	3	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	290	4	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	290	5	jersey	jersey	PROPN
cjrl-14169	290	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	290	7	306	306	NUM
cjrl-14169	290	8	u.s	u.s	PROPN
cjrl-14169	290	9	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	290	10	451	451	NUM
cjrl-14169	290	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	290	12	457–58	457–58	NUM
cjrl-14169	290	13	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	290	14	1939	1939	NUM
cjrl-14169	290	15	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	290	16	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	290	17	holding	hold	VERB
cjrl-14169	290	18	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	290	19	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	290	20	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	290	21	jersey	jersey	PROPN
cjrl-14169	290	22	statute	statute	NOUN
cjrl-14169	290	23	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	290	24	criminalized	criminalize	VERB
cjrl-14169	290	25	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	290	26	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	290	27	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	290	28	unconstitutional	unconstitutional	ADJ
cjrl-14169	290	29	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	290	30	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	291	1	88	88	NUM
cjrl-14169	291	2	n.y.c	n.y.c	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	291	4	dep’t	dep’t	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	5	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	291	6	investigation	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	291	8	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	291	9	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	10	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	291	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	291	12	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	291	13	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	291	14	.	.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	15	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	291	16	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	291	17	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	291	18	1354	1354	NUM
cjrl-14169	291	19	belong	belong	VERB
cjrl-14169	291	20	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	291	21	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	291	22	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	291	23	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	24	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	291	25	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	291	26	identified	identify	VERB
cjrl-14169	291	27	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	291	28	such	such	ADJ
cjrl-14169	291	29	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	291	30	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	291	31	two	two	NUM
cjrl-14169	291	32	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	291	33	independent	independent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	291	34	sources	source	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	35	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	291	36	such	such	ADJ
cjrl-14169	291	37	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	291	38	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	291	39	school	school	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	40	safety	safety	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	41	officer	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	42	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	291	43	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	291	44	correctional	correctional	ADJ
cjrl-14169	291	45	officer.89	officer.89	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	46	option	option	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	47	b	b	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	48	requires	require	VERB
cjrl-14169	291	49	two	two	NUM
cjrl-14169	291	50	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	291	51	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	291	52	following	following	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	53	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	291	54	1	1	X
cjrl-14169	291	55	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	291	56	frequent	frequent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	291	57	presence	presence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	58	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	291	59	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	291	60	known	know	VERB
cjrl-14169	291	61	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	291	62	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	63	location	location	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	64	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	291	65	2	2	X
cjrl-14169	291	66	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	291	67	possession	possession	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	68	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	291	69	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	291	70	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	71	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	291	72	related	relate	VERB
cjrl-14169	291	73	documents	document	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	74	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	291	75	3	3	X
cjrl-14169	291	76	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	291	77	association	association	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	78	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	291	79	known	know	VERB
cjrl-14169	291	80	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	291	81	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	82	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	83	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	291	84	4	4	X
cjrl-14169	291	85	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	291	86	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	291	87	media	medium	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	88	posts	post	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	89	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	291	90	known	know	VERB
cjrl-14169	291	91	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	291	92	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	93	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	94	while	while	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	291	95	possessing	possess	VERB
cjrl-14169	291	96	known	know	VERB
cjrl-14169	291	97	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	291	98	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	99	paraphernalia	paraphernalia	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	100	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	291	101	5	5	NUM
cjrl-14169	291	102	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	291	103	scars	scar	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	104	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	291	105	tattoos	tattoo	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	106	associated	associate	VERB
cjrl-14169	291	107	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	291	108	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	291	109	particular	particular	ADJ
cjrl-14169	291	110	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	291	111	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	112	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	291	113	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	291	114	6	6	X
cjrl-14169	291	115	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	291	116	frequent	frequent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	291	117	wearing	wearing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	118	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	291	119	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	291	120	colors	color	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	121	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	291	122	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	291	123	use	use	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	124	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	291	125	hand	hand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	126	signs	sign	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	127	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	291	128	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	291	129	associated	associate	VERB
cjrl-14169	291	130	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	291	131	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	291	132	particular	particular	ADJ
cjrl-14169	291	133	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	291	134	group.90	group.90	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	135	none	none	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	136	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	291	137	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	291	138	criteria	criterion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	139	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	291	140	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	291	141	option	option	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	142	a	a	PRON
cjrl-14169	291	143	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	291	144	option	option	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	145	b	b	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	146	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	291	147	require	require	VERB
cjrl-14169	291	148	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	291	149	conduct	conduct	NOUN
cjrl-14169	291	150	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	292	1	so	so	ADV
cjrl-14169	292	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	292	3	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	292	4	though	though	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	292	5	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	292	6	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	292	7	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	292	8	definition	definition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	292	9	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	292	10	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	292	11	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	292	12	requires	require	VERB
cjrl-14169	292	13	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	292	14	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	292	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	292	16	one	one	PRON
cjrl-14169	292	17	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	292	18	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	292	19	included	include	VERB
cjrl-14169	292	20	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	292	21	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	292	22	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	292	23	without	without	ADP
cjrl-14169	292	24	committing	commit	VERB
cjrl-14169	292	25	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	292	26	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	292	27	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	293	1	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	293	2	most	most	ADJ
cjrl-14169	293	3	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	293	4	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	293	5	existence	existence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	293	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	293	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	293	8	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	293	9	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	293	10	been	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	293	11	shrouded	shroud	VERB
cjrl-14169	293	12	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	293	13	secrecy.91	secrecy.91	NOUN
cjrl-14169	293	14	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	293	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	293	16	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	293	17	secrecy	secrecy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	293	18	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	293	19	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	293	20	shielded	shield	VERB
cjrl-14169	293	21	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	293	22	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	293	23	public	public	ADJ
cjrl-14169	293	24	scrutiny	scrutiny	NOUN
cjrl-14169	293	25	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	294	1	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	294	2	2018	2018	NUM
cjrl-14169	294	3	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	294	4	2019	2019	NUM
cjrl-14169	294	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	294	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	294	7	grassroots	grassroots	ADJ
cjrl-14169	294	8	advocates	advocate	NOUN
cjrl-14169	294	9	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	294	10	neighborhood	neighborhood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	294	11	groups	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	294	12	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	294	13	solutions	solutions	PROPN
cjrl-14169	294	14	coalition	coalition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	294	15	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	294	16	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	294	17	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	294	18	testified	testify	VERB
cjrl-14169	294	19	before	before	ADP
cjrl-14169	294	20	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	294	21	city	city	NOUN
cjrl-14169	294	22	council	council	PROPN
cjrl-14169	294	23	about	about	ADP
cjrl-14169	294	24	numerous	numerous	ADJ
cjrl-14169	294	25	concerns	concern	NOUN
cjrl-14169	294	26	related	relate	VERB
cjrl-14169	294	27	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	294	28	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	294	29	database.92	database.92	NOUN
cjrl-14169	294	30	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	294	31	coalition	coalition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	294	32	insisted	insist	VERB
cjrl-14169	294	33	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	294	34	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	294	35	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	294	36	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	294	37	uses	use	VERB
cjrl-14169	294	38	overly	overly	ADV
cjrl-14169	294	39	vague	vague	ADJ
cjrl-14169	294	40	criteria	criterion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	294	41	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	294	42	inclusion	inclusion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	294	43	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	294	44	lacks	lack	VERB
cjrl-14169	294	45	oversight	oversight	NOUN
cjrl-14169	294	46	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	294	47	includes	include	VERB
cjrl-14169	294	48	juveniles	juvenile	NOUN
cjrl-14169	294	49	without	without	ADP
cjrl-14169	294	50	notifying	notify	VERB
cjrl-14169	294	51	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	294	52	parents	parent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	294	53	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	294	54	does	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	294	55	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	294	56	inform	inform	VERB
cjrl-14169	294	57	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	294	58	if	if	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	294	59	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	294	60	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	294	61	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	294	62	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	294	63	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	294	64	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	294	65	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	294	66	offers	offer	VERB
cjrl-14169	294	67	no	no	DET
cjrl-14169	294	68	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
cjrl-14169	294	69	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	294	70	disputing	dispute	VERB
cjrl-14169	294	71	inclusion	inclusion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	294	72	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	295	1	”93	”93	ADV
cjrl-14169	295	2	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	295	3	response	response	NOUN
cjrl-14169	295	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	295	5	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	295	6	doi	doi	NOUN
cjrl-14169	295	7	agreed	agree	VERB
cjrl-14169	295	8	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	295	9	launch	launch	VERB
cjrl-14169	295	10	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	295	11	report	report	NOUN
cjrl-14169	295	12	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	295	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	295	14	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	295	15	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	295	16	use	use	NOUN
cjrl-14169	295	17	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	295	18	operation	operation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	295	19	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	295	20	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	295	21	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	295	22	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	296	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	296	2	report	report	NOUN
cjrl-14169	296	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	296	4	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	296	5	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	296	6	released	release	VERB
cjrl-14169	296	7	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	296	8	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	296	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	296	10	confirmed	confirm	VERB
cjrl-14169	296	11	all	all	PRON
cjrl-14169	296	12	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	296	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	296	14	concerns.94	concerns.94	NOUN
cjrl-14169	296	15	89	89	NUM
cjrl-14169	296	16	babe	babe	NOUN
cjrl-14169	296	17	howell	howell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	296	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	296	19	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	296	20	narratives	narrative	NOUN
cjrl-14169	296	21	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	296	22	race	race	NOUN
cjrl-14169	296	23	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	296	24	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	296	25	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	296	26	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	296	27	prosecution	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	296	28	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	296	29	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	296	30	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	296	31	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	296	32	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	296	33	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	296	34	routledge	routledge	PROPN
cjrl-14169	296	35	handbook	handbook	PROPN
cjrl-14169	296	36	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	296	37	international	international	ADJ
cjrl-14169	296	38	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	296	39	studies	study	NOUN
cjrl-14169	296	40	177	177	NUM
cjrl-14169	296	41	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	296	42	179	179	NUM
cjrl-14169	296	43	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	296	44	david	david	PROPN
cjrl-14169	296	45	c.	c.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	296	46	brotherton	brotherton	PROPN
cjrl-14169	296	47	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	296	48	rafael	rafael	PROPN
cjrl-14169	296	49	jose	jose	PROPN
cjrl-14169	296	50	gude	gude	VERB
cjrl-14169	296	51	eds	ed	NOUN
cjrl-14169	296	52	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	296	53	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	296	54	2022	2022	NUM
cjrl-14169	296	55	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	297	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	297	2	hereinafter	hereinafter	NOUN
cjrl-14169	297	3	howell	howell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	297	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	297	5	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	297	6	narratives	narrative	NOUN
cjrl-14169	297	7	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	297	8	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	297	9	90	90	NUM
cjrl-14169	297	10	n.y.c	n.y.c	ADJ
cjrl-14169	297	11	dep’t	dep’t	NOUN
cjrl-14169	297	12	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	297	13	investigation	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	297	14	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	297	15	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	297	16	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	297	17	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	297	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	297	19	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	297	20	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	297	21	.	.	NUM
cjrl-14169	297	22	91	91	NUM
cjrl-14169	298	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	298	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	298	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	298	4	12	12	NUM
cjrl-14169	298	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	298	6	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	298	7	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	298	8	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	298	9	npyd	npyd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	298	10	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	298	11	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	298	12	provided	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	298	13	clear	clear	ADJ
cjrl-14169	298	14	responses	response	NOUN
cjrl-14169	298	15	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	298	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	298	17	questions	question	NOUN
cjrl-14169	298	18	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	298	19	concerns	concern	NOUN
cjrl-14169	298	20	raised	raise	VERB
cjrl-14169	298	21	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	298	22	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	298	23	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	298	24	about	about	ADP
cjrl-14169	298	25	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	298	26	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	298	27	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	298	28	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	299	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	299	2	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	299	3	naacp	naacp	PROPN
cjrl-14169	299	4	legal	legal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	299	5	defense	defense	NOUN
cjrl-14169	299	6	fund	fund	NOUN
cjrl-14169	299	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	299	8	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	299	9	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	299	10	31	31	NUM
cjrl-14169	299	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	299	12	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	299	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	299	14	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	299	15	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	299	16	wielded	wield	VERB
cjrl-14169	299	17	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	299	18	secretive	secretive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	299	19	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	299	20	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	299	21	against	against	ADP
cjrl-14169	299	22	new	new	ADJ
cjrl-14169	299	23	yorkers	yorkers	PROPN
cjrl-14169	299	24	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	299	25	years	year	NOUN
cjrl-14169	299	26	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	299	27	while	while	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	299	28	simultaneously	simultaneously	ADV
cjrl-14169	299	29	denying	deny	VERB
cjrl-14169	299	30	them	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	299	31	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	299	32	right	right	NOUN
cjrl-14169	299	33	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	299	34	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	299	35	know	know	VERB
cjrl-14169	299	36	if	if	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	299	37	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	299	38	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	299	39	included	include	VERB
cjrl-14169	299	40	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	299	41	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	299	42	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	299	43	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	299	44	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	299	45	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	300	1	92	92	NUM
cjrl-14169	300	2	dempsey	dempsey	PROPN
cjrl-14169	300	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	300	4	vitale	vitale	PROPN
cjrl-14169	300	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	300	6	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	300	7	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	300	8	38	38	NUM
cjrl-14169	300	9	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	301	1	93	93	NUM
cjrl-14169	302	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	302	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	302	3	94	94	NUM
cjrl-14169	302	4	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	302	5	n.y.c	n.y.c	PROPN
cjrl-14169	302	6	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	303	1	dep’t	dep’t	PROPN
cjrl-14169	303	2	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	303	3	investigation	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	303	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	303	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	303	6	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	303	7	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	303	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	303	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	303	10	3–8	3–8	NUM
cjrl-14169	303	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	303	12	outlining	outline	VERB
cjrl-14169	303	13	various	various	ADJ
cjrl-14169	303	14	issues	issue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	303	15	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	303	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	303	17	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	303	18	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	303	19	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	304	1	1355	1355	NUM
cjrl-14169	304	2	colum	colum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	304	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	305	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	305	2	race	race	PROPN
cjrl-14169	305	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	305	4	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	306	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	306	2	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	306	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	306	4	15:1337	15:1337	NOUN
cjrl-14169	307	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	307	2	report	report	NOUN
cjrl-14169	307	3	notes	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	307	4	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	307	5	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	307	6	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	307	7	december	december	PROPN
cjrl-14169	307	8	2022	2022	NUM
cjrl-14169	307	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	307	10	there	there	PRON
cjrl-14169	307	11	were	be	VERB
cjrl-14169	307	12	over	over	ADP
cjrl-14169	307	13	16,000	16,000	NUM
cjrl-14169	307	14	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	307	15	included	include	VERB
cjrl-14169	307	16	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	307	17	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	307	18	cgd.95	cgd.95	NOUN
cjrl-14169	307	19	ninety	ninety	NUM
cjrl-14169	307	20	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	307	21	nine	nine	NUM
cjrl-14169	307	22	percent	percent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	307	23	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	307	24	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	307	25	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	307	26	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	307	27	nonwhite.96	nonwhite.96	PROPN
cjrl-14169	307	28	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	307	29	statistic	statistic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	307	30	alone	alone	ADV
cjrl-14169	307	31	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	307	32	alarming	alarm	VERB
cjrl-14169	307	33	given	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	307	34	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	307	35	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	307	36	groups	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	307	37	exist	exist	VERB
cjrl-14169	307	38	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	307	39	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	307	40	wide	wide	ADJ
cjrl-14169	307	41	variety	variety	NOUN
cjrl-14169	307	42	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	307	43	neighborhoods	neighborhood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	307	44	throughout	throughout	ADP
cjrl-14169	307	45	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	307	46	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	307	47	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	307	48	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	307	49	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	307	50	solely	solely	ADV
cjrl-14169	307	51	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	307	52	nonwhite	nonwhite	ADJ
cjrl-14169	307	53	communities.97	communities.97	NOUN
cjrl-14169	307	54	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	307	55	beyond	beyond	ADP
cjrl-14169	307	56	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	307	57	clear	clear	ADJ
cjrl-14169	307	58	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	307	59	profiling	profiling	NOUN
cjrl-14169	307	60	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	307	61	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	307	62	report	report	NOUN
cjrl-14169	307	63	highlights	highlight	VERB
cjrl-14169	307	64	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	307	65	number	number	NOUN
cjrl-14169	307	66	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	307	67	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ
cjrl-14169	307	68	nypd	nypd	NOUN
cjrl-14169	307	69	practices	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	307	70	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	307	71	failures	failure	NOUN
cjrl-14169	307	72	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	308	1	notably	notably	ADV
cjrl-14169	308	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	308	3	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	308	4	report	report	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	5	found	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	308	6	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	308	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	308	8	most	most	ADV
cjrl-14169	308	9	common	common	ADJ
cjrl-14169	308	10	reason	reason	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	11	cited	cite	VERB
cjrl-14169	308	12	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	308	13	support	support	VERB
cjrl-14169	308	14	entry	entry	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	15	into	into	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	308	17	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	18	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	308	19	self	self	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	20	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	308	21	admission	admission	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	22	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	23	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	24	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	25	through	through	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	26	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	27	debriefings	debriefing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	28	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	308	29	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	308	30	media	medium	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	31	posts.98	posts.98	VERB
cjrl-14169	308	32	per	per	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	33	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	308	34	policy	policy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	35	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	308	36	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	308	37	self	self	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	38	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	308	39	admission	admission	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	40	must	must	AUX
cjrl-14169	308	41	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	308	42	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	308	43	clearly	clearly	ADV
cjrl-14169	308	44	articulated,”99	articulated,”99	VERB
cjrl-14169	308	45	however	however	ADV
cjrl-14169	308	46	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	308	47	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	308	48	does	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	308	49	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	308	50	define	define	VERB
cjrl-14169	308	51	what	what	PRON
cjrl-14169	308	52	qualifies	qualify	VERB
cjrl-14169	308	53	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	54	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	308	55	self	self	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	56	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	308	57	admission	admission	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	58	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	59	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	308	60	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	308	61	media	medium	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	62	context,100	context,100	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	63	nor	nor	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	308	64	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	308	65	there	there	PRON
cjrl-14169	308	66	written	write	VERB
cjrl-14169	308	67	guidance	guidance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	68	about	about	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	69	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	308	70	level	level	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	71	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	72	detail	detail	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	73	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	308	74	documentation	documentation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	75	required	require	VERB
cjrl-14169	308	76	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	308	77	establish	establish	VERB
cjrl-14169	308	78	selfadmission.101	selfadmission.101	PRON
cjrl-14169	308	79	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	308	80	second	second	ADJ
cjrl-14169	308	81	most	most	ADV
cjrl-14169	308	82	common	common	ADJ
cjrl-14169	308	83	reason	reason	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	84	cited	cite	VERB
cjrl-14169	308	85	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	308	86	support	support	VERB
cjrl-14169	308	87	entry	entry	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	88	into	into	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	89	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	308	90	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	91	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	308	92	associations	association	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	93	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	94	known	know	VERB
cjrl-14169	308	95	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	96	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	97	combined	combine	VERB
cjrl-14169	308	98	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	99	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	308	100	presence	presence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	101	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	102	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	308	103	individual	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	104	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	105	locations	location	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	106	deemed	deem	VERB
cjrl-14169	308	107	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	308	108	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	308	109	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	110	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	308	111	related.102	related.102	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	112	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	113	have	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	308	114	been	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	308	115	added	add	VERB
cjrl-14169	308	116	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	117	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	308	118	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	119	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	120	known	know	VERB
cjrl-14169	308	121	associates	associate	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	122	merely	merely	ADV
cjrl-14169	308	123	due	due	ADJ
cjrl-14169	308	124	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	125	being	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	308	126	friends	friend	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	127	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	128	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	308	129	alleged	allege	VERB
cjrl-14169	308	130	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	131	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	132	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	133	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	308	134	media	medium	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	135	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	308	136	wishing	wish	VERB
cjrl-14169	308	137	them	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	308	138	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	308	139	happy	happy	ADJ
cjrl-14169	308	140	birthday	birthday	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	141	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	308	142	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	143	facebook.103	facebook.103	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	144	similarly	similarly	ADV
cjrl-14169	308	145	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	308	146	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	308	147	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	308	148	treats	treat	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	149	being	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	308	150	present	present	ADJ
cjrl-14169	308	151	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	152	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	308	153	known	know	VERB
cjrl-14169	308	154	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	155	location	location	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	156	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	157	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	308	158	criterion	criterion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	159	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	160	entry	entry	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	161	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	308	162	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	308	163	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	308	164	location	location	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	165	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	308	166	merely	merely	ADV
cjrl-14169	308	167	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	308	168	person	person	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	169	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	308	170	home	home	ADV
cjrl-14169	308	171	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	308	172	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	308	173	public	public	ADJ
cjrl-14169	308	174	housing	housing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	175	complex.104	complex.104	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	176	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	308	177	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	308	178	public	public	ADJ
cjrl-14169	308	179	housing	housing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	180	complex	complex	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	181	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	308	182	deemed	deem	VERB
cjrl-14169	308	183	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	308	184	known	know	VERB
cjrl-14169	308	185	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	308	186	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	308	187	95	95	NUM
cjrl-14169	309	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	309	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	309	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	309	4	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	309	5	.	.	NUM
cjrl-14169	309	6	96	96	NUM
cjrl-14169	310	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	310	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	310	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	310	4	34	34	NUM
cjrl-14169	310	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	311	1	97	97	NUM
cjrl-14169	311	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	311	3	dempsey	dempsey	PROPN
cjrl-14169	311	4	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	311	5	vitale	vitale	PROPN
cjrl-14169	311	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	311	7	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	311	8	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	311	9	38	38	NUM
cjrl-14169	311	10	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	311	11	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	311	12	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	311	13	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	311	14	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	311	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	311	16	drug	drug	NOUN
cjrl-14169	311	17	dealing	dealing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	311	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	311	19	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	311	20	other	other	ADJ
cjrl-14169	311	21	collective	collective	ADJ
cjrl-14169	311	22	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	311	23	behavior	behavior	NOUN
cjrl-14169	311	24	occurs	occur	VERB
cjrl-14169	311	25	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	311	26	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	311	27	wide	wide	ADJ
cjrl-14169	311	28	variety	variety	NOUN
cjrl-14169	311	29	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	311	30	neighborhoods	neighborhood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	311	31	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	311	32	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	311	33	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	312	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	312	2	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	312	3	howell	howell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	312	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	312	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	312	6	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	312	7	22	22	NUM
cjrl-14169	312	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	312	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	312	10	16	16	NUM
cjrl-14169	312	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	312	12	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	312	13	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	312	14	c]riminologist	c]riminologist	ADJ
cjrl-14169	312	15	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	312	16	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	312	17	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	312	18	researchers	researcher	NOUN
cjrl-14169	312	19	find	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	312	20	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	312	21	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	312	22	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	312	23	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	312	24	rare	rare	ADJ
cjrl-14169	312	25	among	among	ADP
cjrl-14169	312	26	all	all	DET
cjrl-14169	312	27	races	race	NOUN
cjrl-14169	312	28	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	312	29	substantially	substantially	ADV
cjrl-14169	312	30	more	more	ADV
cjrl-14169	312	31	common	common	ADJ
cjrl-14169	312	32	among	among	ADP
cjrl-14169	312	33	white	white	ADJ
cjrl-14169	312	34	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	312	35	than	than	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	312	36	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	312	37	enforcement	enforcement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	312	38	statistics	statistic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	312	39	estimates	estimate	NOUN
cjrl-14169	312	40	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	312	41	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	312	42	white	white	ADJ
cjrl-14169	312	43	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	312	44	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	312	45	accounting	account	VERB
cjrl-14169	312	46	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	312	47	25	25	NUM
cjrl-14169	312	48	%	%	NOUN
cjrl-14169	312	49	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	312	50	more	more	ADJ
cjrl-14169	312	51	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	312	52	all	all	DET
cjrl-14169	312	53	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	312	54	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	312	55	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	312	56	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	312	57	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	312	58	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	313	1	98	98	NUM
cjrl-14169	313	2	n.y.c	n.y.c	NOUN
cjrl-14169	313	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	313	4	dep’t	dep’t	NOUN
cjrl-14169	313	5	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	313	6	investigation	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	313	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	313	8	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	313	9	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	313	10	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	313	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	313	12	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	313	13	36	36	NUM
cjrl-14169	313	14	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	314	1	99	99	NUM
cjrl-14169	315	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	315	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	315	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	315	4	25	25	NUM
cjrl-14169	315	5	.	.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	315	6	100	100	NUM
cjrl-14169	316	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	316	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	316	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	316	4	26	26	NUM
cjrl-14169	316	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	317	1	101	101	NUM
cjrl-14169	317	2	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	317	3	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	317	4	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	317	5	8	8	NUM
cjrl-14169	317	6	.	.	X
cjrl-14169	317	7	102	102	NUM
cjrl-14169	318	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	318	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	318	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	318	4	36	36	NUM
cjrl-14169	318	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	318	6	103	103	NUM
cjrl-14169	319	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	319	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	319	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	319	4	48	48	NUM
cjrl-14169	319	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	320	1	104	104	NUM
cjrl-14169	320	2	naacp	naacp	PROPN
cjrl-14169	320	3	legal	legal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	320	4	defense	defense	NOUN
cjrl-14169	320	5	fund	fund	NOUN
cjrl-14169	320	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	320	7	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	320	8	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	320	9	31	31	NUM
cjrl-14169	320	10	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	320	11	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	320	12	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	320	13	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	320	14	1356	1356	NUM
cjrl-14169	320	15	location	location	NOUN
cjrl-14169	320	16	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	320	17	then	then	ADV
cjrl-14169	320	18	those	those	PRON
cjrl-14169	320	19	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	320	20	live	live	VERB
cjrl-14169	320	21	there	there	ADV
cjrl-14169	320	22	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	320	23	whether	whether	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	320	24	involved	involve	VERB
cjrl-14169	320	25	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	320	26	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	320	27	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	320	28	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	320	29	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	320	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	320	31	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	320	32	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	320	33	risk	risk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	320	34	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	320	35	being	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	320	36	classified	classify	VERB
cjrl-14169	320	37	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	320	38	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	320	39	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	320	40	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	320	41	virtue	virtue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	320	42	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	320	43	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	320	44	socioeconomic	socioeconomic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	320	45	status	status	NOUN
cjrl-14169	320	46	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	321	1	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	321	2	practice	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	321	3	exemplifies	exemplify	VERB
cjrl-14169	321	4	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	321	5	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	321	6	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	321	7	criminalizes	criminalize	VERB
cjrl-14169	321	8	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	321	9	only	only	ADJ
cjrl-14169	321	10	race	race	NOUN
cjrl-14169	321	11	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	321	12	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	321	13	class	class	NOUN
cjrl-14169	321	14	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	322	1	furthermore	furthermore	ADV
cjrl-14169	322	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	322	3	contrary	contrary	ADV
cjrl-14169	322	4	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	322	5	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	322	6	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	322	7	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	322	8	governing	govern	VERB
cjrl-14169	322	9	policies	policy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	322	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	322	12	report	report	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	13	found	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	322	14	instances	instance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	15	where	where	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	322	16	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	322	17	single	single	ADJ
cjrl-14169	322	18	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	322	19	staff	staff	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	20	person	person	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	21	served	serve	VERB
cjrl-14169	322	22	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	322	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	322	24	reporting	reporting	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	25	officer	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	26	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	322	27	reviewing	review	VERB
cjrl-14169	322	28	supervisor	supervisor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	29	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	322	30	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	322	31	endorser	endorser	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	32	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	322	33	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	322	34	individual	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	35	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	322	36	activation	activation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	37	into	into	ADP
cjrl-14169	322	38	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	322	39	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	40	—	—	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	322	41	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	322	42	egregious	egregious	ADJ
cjrl-14169	322	43	lack	lack	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	44	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	322	45	oversight.105	oversight.105	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	46	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	322	47	reviewing	review	VERB
cjrl-14169	322	48	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	322	49	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	322	50	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	322	51	active	active	ADJ
cjrl-14169	322	52	profiles	profile	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	53	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	322	54	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	322	55	doi	doi	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	56	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	322	57	found	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	322	58	instances	instance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	59	where	where	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	322	60	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	61	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	322	62	reviewed	review	VERB
cjrl-14169	322	63	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	322	64	approved	approve	VERB
cjrl-14169	322	65	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	322	66	continued	continue	VERB
cjrl-14169	322	67	inclusion	inclusion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	68	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	322	69	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	322	70	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	71	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	322	72	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	322	73	sealed	seal	VERB
cjrl-14169	322	74	arrest	arrest	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	75	records	record	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	76	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	322	77	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	322	78	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	322	79	prohibited	prohibit	VERB
cjrl-14169	322	80	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	322	81	state	state	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	82	law.106	law.106	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	83	despite	despite	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	322	84	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	322	85	legal	legal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	322	86	violation	violation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	87	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	322	88	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	322	89	report	report	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	90	does	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	322	91	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	322	92	mention	mention	VERB
cjrl-14169	322	93	any	any	DET
cjrl-14169	322	94	consequences	consequence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	95	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	322	96	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	322	97	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	322	98	face.107	face.107	VERB
cjrl-14169	322	99	moreover	moreover	ADV
cjrl-14169	322	100	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	322	101	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	322	102	report	report	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	103	claims	claim	VERB
cjrl-14169	322	104	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	322	105	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	322	106	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	322	107	e]vidence	e]vidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	108	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	322	109	harm	harm	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	110	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	322	111	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	322	112	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	322	113	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	322	114	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	322	115	found,”108	found,”108	ADJ
cjrl-14169	322	116	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	322	117	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	322	118	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	322	119	questionable	questionable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	322	120	assertion	assertion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	121	considering	consider	VERB
cjrl-14169	322	122	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	322	123	clear	clear	ADJ
cjrl-14169	322	124	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	322	125	disparity	disparity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	126	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	322	127	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	322	128	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	322	129	included	include	VERB
cjrl-14169	322	130	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	322	131	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	322	132	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	133	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	322	134	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	322	135	numerous	numerous	ADJ
cjrl-14169	322	136	problems	problem	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	137	identified	identify	VERB
cjrl-14169	322	138	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	322	139	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	322	140	report.109	report.109	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	141	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	322	142	claim	claim	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	143	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	322	144	all	all	DET
cjrl-14169	322	145	the	the	PRON
cjrl-14169	322	146	more	more	ADV
cjrl-14169	322	147	questionable	questionable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	322	148	given	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	322	149	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	322	150	prosecutors	prosecutor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	151	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	322	152	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	153	witnesses	witness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	154	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	322	155	judges	judge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	156	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	322	157	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	322	158	juries	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	159	rely	rely	VERB
cjrl-14169	322	160	heavily	heavily	ADV
cjrl-14169	322	161	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	322	162	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	322	163	accuracy	accuracy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	164	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	322	165	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	322	166	information	information	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	167	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	322	168	gang	gang	PROPN
cjrl-14169	322	169	databases.110	databases.110	PROPN
cjrl-14169	322	170	due	due	ADP
cjrl-14169	322	171	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	322	172	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	322	173	decisions	decision	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	174	105	105	NUM
cjrl-14169	322	175	n.y.c	n.y.c	NOUN
cjrl-14169	322	176	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	323	1	dep’t	dep’t	NOUN
cjrl-14169	323	2	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	323	3	investigation	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	323	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	323	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	323	6	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	323	7	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	323	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	323	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	323	10	5	5	NUM
cjrl-14169	323	11	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	324	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	324	2	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	324	3	requires	require	VERB
cjrl-14169	324	4	four	four	NUM
cjrl-14169	324	5	levels	level	NOUN
cjrl-14169	324	6	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	324	7	approval	approval	NOUN
cjrl-14169	324	8	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	324	9	include	include	VERB
cjrl-14169	324	10	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	324	11	individual	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	324	12	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	324	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	324	14	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	324	15	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	324	16	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	324	17	proposal	proposal	NOUN
cjrl-14169	324	18	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	324	19	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	324	20	reporting	reporting	NOUN
cjrl-14169	324	21	officer	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	324	22	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	324	23	level	level	NOUN
cjrl-14169	324	24	one	one	NUM
cjrl-14169	324	25	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	324	26	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	324	27	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	324	28	endorsement	endorsement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	324	29	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	324	30	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	324	31	senior	senior	ADJ
cjrl-14169	324	32	supervisor	supervisor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	324	33	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	324	34	level	level	NOUN
cjrl-14169	324	35	two	two	NUM
cjrl-14169	324	36	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	324	37	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	324	38	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	324	39	review	review	VERB
cjrl-14169	324	40	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	324	41	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	324	42	activating	activate	VERB
cjrl-14169	324	43	detective	detective	NOUN
cjrl-14169	324	44	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	324	45	level	level	NOUN
cjrl-14169	324	46	three	three	NUM
cjrl-14169	324	47	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	324	48	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	324	49	detective	detective	NOUN
cjrl-14169	324	50	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	324	51	supervisor	supervisor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	324	52	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	324	53	level	level	NOUN
cjrl-14169	324	54	four	four	NUM
cjrl-14169	324	55	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	324	56	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	325	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	325	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	325	3	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	325	4	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	325	5	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	325	6	served	serve	VERB
cjrl-14169	325	7	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	325	8	multiple	multiple	ADJ
cjrl-14169	325	9	roles	role	NOUN
cjrl-14169	325	10	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	325	11	approximately	approximately	ADV
cjrl-14169	325	12	ten	ten	NUM
cjrl-14169	325	13	percent	percent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	325	14	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	325	15	entries	entry	NOUN
cjrl-14169	325	16	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	326	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	326	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	326	3	106	106	NUM
cjrl-14169	327	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	327	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	327	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	327	4	41	41	NUM
cjrl-14169	327	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	327	6	107	107	NUM
cjrl-14169	327	7	although	although	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	327	8	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	327	9	discussed	discuss	VERB
cjrl-14169	327	10	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	327	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	327	12	report	report	NOUN
cjrl-14169	327	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	327	14	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	327	15	illegal	illegal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	327	16	use	use	NOUN
cjrl-14169	327	17	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	327	18	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	327	19	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	327	20	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	327	21	expose	expose	VERB
cjrl-14169	327	22	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	327	23	nypd	nypd	NOUN
cjrl-14169	327	24	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	327	25	civil	civil	ADJ
cjrl-14169	327	26	liability	liability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	327	27	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	328	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	328	2	lino	lino	NOUN
cjrl-14169	328	3	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	328	4	n.y.c	n.y.c	PROPN
cjrl-14169	328	5	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	328	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	328	7	958	958	NUM
cjrl-14169	328	8	n.y.s.2d	n.y.s.2d	NUM
cjrl-14169	328	9	11	11	NUM
cjrl-14169	328	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	328	11	15	15	NUM
cjrl-14169	328	12	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	328	13	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	328	14	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	328	15	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	328	16	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	329	1	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	329	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	329	3	2012	2012	NUM
cjrl-14169	329	4	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	330	1	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	330	2	finding	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	330	3	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	330	4	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	330	5	inclusion	inclusion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	330	6	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	330	7	sealed	seal	VERB
cjrl-14169	330	8	records	record	NOUN
cjrl-14169	330	9	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	330	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	330	11	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	330	12	stop	stop	VERB
cjrl-14169	330	13	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	330	14	frisk	frisk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	330	15	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	330	16	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	330	17	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	330	18	sufficient	sufficient	ADJ
cjrl-14169	330	19	harm	harm	NOUN
cjrl-14169	330	20	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	330	21	confer	confer	VERB
cjrl-14169	330	22	standing	stand	VERB
cjrl-14169	330	23	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	330	24	sue	sue	VERB
cjrl-14169	330	25	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	330	26	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	331	1	108	108	NUM
cjrl-14169	331	2	n.y.c	n.y.c	NOUN
cjrl-14169	331	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	331	4	dep’t	dep’t	NOUN
cjrl-14169	331	5	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	331	6	investigation	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	331	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	331	8	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	331	9	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	331	10	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	331	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	331	12	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	331	13	3	3	NUM
cjrl-14169	331	14	.	.	X
cjrl-14169	331	15	109	109	NUM
cjrl-14169	331	16	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	331	17	supra	supra	ADJ
cjrl-14169	331	18	text	text	NOUN
cjrl-14169	331	19	accompanying	accompany	VERB
cjrl-14169	331	20	notes	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	331	21	96–106	96–106	PRON
cjrl-14169	331	22	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	332	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	332	2	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	332	3	no	no	DET
cjrl-14169	332	4	harm	harm	NOUN
cjrl-14169	332	5	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	332	6	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	332	7	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	332	8	flies	fly	VERB
cjrl-14169	332	9	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	332	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	332	11	face	face	NOUN
cjrl-14169	332	12	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	332	13	chicago	chicago	PROPN
cjrl-14169	332	14	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	332	15	audit	audit	NOUN
cjrl-14169	332	16	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	332	17	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	332	18	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	332	19	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	332	20	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	332	21	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	332	22	identified	identify	VERB
cjrl-14169	332	23	multiple	multiple	ADJ
cjrl-14169	332	24	concrete	concrete	ADJ
cjrl-14169	332	25	harms	harm	NOUN
cjrl-14169	332	26	like	like	ADP
cjrl-14169	332	27	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	332	28	misidentifications	misidentification	NOUN
cjrl-14169	332	29	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	332	30	harassment	harassment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	332	31	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	332	32	obstacles	obstacle	NOUN
cjrl-14169	332	33	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	332	34	immigration	immigration	NOUN
cjrl-14169	332	35	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	332	36	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	332	37	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	332	38	profiling	profiling	NOUN
cjrl-14169	332	39	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	332	40	all	all	PRON
cjrl-14169	332	41	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	332	42	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	332	43	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	332	44	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	333	1	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	334	1	furthered	further	VERB
cjrl-14169	334	2	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	334	3	historical	historical	ADJ
cjrl-14169	334	4	divide	divide	NOUN
cjrl-14169	334	5	between	between	ADP
cjrl-14169	334	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	334	7	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	334	8	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	334	9	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	334	10	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	334	11	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	334	12	contributed	contribute	VERB
cjrl-14169	334	13	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	334	14	inequities	inequity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	334	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	334	16	especially	especially	ADV
cjrl-14169	334	17	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	334	18	communities	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	334	19	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	334	20	color	color	NOUN
cjrl-14169	334	21	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	334	22	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	335	1	dempsey	dempsey	PROPN
cjrl-14169	335	2	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	335	3	vitale	vitale	PROPN
cjrl-14169	335	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	335	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	335	6	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	335	7	38	38	NUM
cjrl-14169	335	8	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	336	1	110	110	NUM
cjrl-14169	336	2	wright	wright	PROPN
cjrl-14169	336	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	336	4	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	336	5	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	336	6	34	34	NUM
cjrl-14169	336	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	336	8	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	336	9	117	117	NUM
cjrl-14169	336	10	.	.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	336	11	1357	1357	NUM
cjrl-14169	336	12	colum	colum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	336	13	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	337	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	337	2	race	race	PROPN
cjrl-14169	337	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	337	4	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	338	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	338	2	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	338	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	339	1	15:1337	15:1337	NUM
cjrl-14169	339	2	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	339	3	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	339	4	actors	actor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	339	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	339	6	inclusion	inclusion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	339	7	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	339	8	lead	lead	VERB
cjrl-14169	339	9	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	339	10	false	false	ADJ
cjrl-14169	339	11	identification	identification	NOUN
cjrl-14169	339	12	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	339	13	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	339	14	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	339	15	member,111	member,111	X
cjrl-14169	339	16	inexplicably	inexplicably	ADV
cjrl-14169	339	17	harsh	harsh	ADJ
cjrl-14169	339	18	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	339	19	charges	charge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	339	20	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	339	21	excessive	excessive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	339	22	bond,112	bond,112	ADJ
cjrl-14169	339	23	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	339	24	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	339	25	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	339	26	risk	risk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	339	27	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	339	28	deportation.113	deportation.113	PROPN
cjrl-14169	339	29	b.	b.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	339	30	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	339	31	prosecutions	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	339	32	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	339	33	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	339	34	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	339	35	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	339	36	targeting	target	VERB
cjrl-14169	339	37	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	339	38	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	339	39	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	339	40	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	339	41	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	339	42	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	339	43	does	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	339	44	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	339	45	end	end	VERB
cjrl-14169	339	46	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	339	47	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	339	48	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	340	1	alleged	allege	VERB
cjrl-14169	340	2	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	340	3	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	340	4	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	340	5	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	340	6	charged	charge	VERB
cjrl-14169	340	7	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	340	8	crimes	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	340	9	face	face	VERB
cjrl-14169	340	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	340	11	possibility	possibility	NOUN
cjrl-14169	340	12	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	340	13	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	340	14	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	340	15	officer	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	340	16	testifying	testify	VERB
cjrl-14169	340	17	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	340	18	behalf	behalf	NOUN
cjrl-14169	340	19	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	340	20	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	340	21	state	state	NOUN
cjrl-14169	340	22	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	340	23	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	340	24	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	340	25	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	340	26	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	340	27	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	340	28	”114	”114	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	341	1	prior	prior	ADV
cjrl-14169	341	2	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	341	3	explaining	explain	VERB
cjrl-14169	341	4	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	341	5	role	role	NOUN
cjrl-14169	341	6	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	341	7	scope	scope	NOUN
cjrl-14169	341	8	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	341	9	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	341	10	form	form	NOUN
cjrl-14169	341	11	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	341	12	testimonial	testimonial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	341	13	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	341	14	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	341	15	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	341	16	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	341	17	important	important	ADJ
cjrl-14169	341	18	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	341	19	note	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	341	20	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	341	21	function	function	NOUN
cjrl-14169	341	22	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	341	23	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	341	24	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	341	25	more	more	ADV
cjrl-14169	341	26	broadly	broadly	ADV
cjrl-14169	341	27	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	342	1	1	1	X
cjrl-14169	342	2	.	.	X
cjrl-14169	342	3	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	342	4	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	342	5	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	342	6	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	342	7	prosecutions	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	342	8	contrary	contrary	ADJ
cjrl-14169	342	9	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	342	10	more	more	ADV
cjrl-14169	342	11	nuanced	nuanced	ADJ
cjrl-14169	342	12	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	342	13	definitions	definition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	342	14	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	342	15	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	342	16	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	342	17	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	342	18	court	court	PROPN
cjrl-14169	342	19	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	342	20	appeals	appeals	PROPN
cjrl-14169	342	21	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	342	22	recognized	recognize	VERB
cjrl-14169	342	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	342	24	connection	connection	NOUN
cjrl-14169	342	25	between	between	ADP
cjrl-14169	342	26	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	342	27	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	342	28	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	342	29	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	342	30	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	342	31	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	342	32	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	342	33	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	342	34	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	342	35	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	342	36	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	342	37	commission	commission	NOUN
cjrl-14169	342	38	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	342	39	crimes.115	crimes.115	PROPN
cjrl-14169	342	40	accordingly	accordingly	ADV
cjrl-14169	342	41	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	342	42	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	342	43	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	342	44	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	342	45	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	342	46	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	342	47	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	342	48	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	342	49	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	342	50	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	342	51	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	342	52	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	342	53	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	342	54	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	342	55	frequently	frequently	ADV
cjrl-14169	342	56	admissible	admissible	ADJ
cjrl-14169	342	57	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	342	58	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	342	59	prosecutions.116	prosecutions.116	PROPN
cjrl-14169	342	60	there	there	PRON
cjrl-14169	342	61	are	be	VERB
cjrl-14169	342	62	three	three	NUM
cjrl-14169	342	63	requirements	requirement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	342	64	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	342	65	admissibility	admissibility	NOUN
cjrl-14169	342	66	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	343	1	111	111	NUM
cjrl-14169	343	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	343	3	vaidya	vaidya	PROPN
cjrl-14169	343	4	gullapalli	gullapalli	PROPN
cjrl-14169	343	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	343	6	spotlight	spotlight	NOUN
cjrl-14169	343	7	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	343	8	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	343	9	dangers	danger	NOUN
cjrl-14169	343	10	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	343	11	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	343	12	databasing	databasing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	343	13	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	343	14	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	343	15	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	343	16	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	343	17	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	343	18	appeal	appeal	NOUN
cjrl-14169	343	19	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	343	20	july	july	PROPN
cjrl-14169	343	21	3	3	NUM
cjrl-14169	343	22	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	343	23	2019	2019	NUM
cjrl-14169	343	24	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	343	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	343	26	https://theappeal.org/spotlight-the-dangers-of-gang-databases-and-gang-policing/	https://theappeal.org/spotlight-the-dangers-of-gang-databases-and-gang-policing/	VERB
cjrl-14169	344	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	344	2	https://perma.cc/zm6chvzm	https://perma.cc/zm6chvzm	NOUN
cjrl-14169	344	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	344	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	344	5	telling	tell	VERB
cjrl-14169	344	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	344	7	story	story	NOUN
cjrl-14169	344	8	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	344	9	bronx	bronx	PROPN
cjrl-14169	344	10	native	native	PROPN
cjrl-14169	344	11	kraig	kraig	PROPN
cjrl-14169	344	12	lewis	lewis	PROPN
cjrl-14169	344	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	344	14	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	344	15	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	344	16	falsely	falsely	ADV
cjrl-14169	344	17	identified	identify	VERB
cjrl-14169	344	18	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	344	19	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	344	20	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	344	21	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	344	22	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	344	23	arrested	arrest	VERB
cjrl-14169	344	24	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	344	25	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	344	26	charges	charge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	344	27	due	due	ADP
cjrl-14169	344	28	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	344	29	childhood	childhood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	344	30	interactions	interaction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	344	31	captured	capture	VERB
cjrl-14169	344	32	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	344	33	facebook	facebook	PROPN
cjrl-14169	344	34	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	344	35	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	345	1	112	112	NUM
cjrl-14169	345	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	345	3	alice	alice	PROPN
cjrl-14169	345	4	speri	speri	PROPN
cjrl-14169	345	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	345	6	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	345	7	gang	gang	PROPN
cjrl-14169	345	8	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	345	9	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	345	10	turn	turn	VERB
cjrl-14169	345	11	unsuspecting	unsuspecting	ADJ
cjrl-14169	345	12	new	new	ADJ
cjrl-14169	345	13	yorkers	yorker	NOUN
cjrl-14169	345	14	into	into	ADP
cjrl-14169	345	15	instant	instant	ADJ
cjrl-14169	345	16	felons	felon	NOUN
cjrl-14169	345	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	345	18	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	345	19	intercept	intercept	NOUN
cjrl-14169	345	20	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	345	21	dec	dec	PROPN
cjrl-14169	345	22	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	345	23	5	5	NUM
cjrl-14169	345	24	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	345	25	2018	2018	NUM
cjrl-14169	345	26	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	345	27	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	346	1	https://theintercept.com/2018/12/05/nypd-gang-database/	https://theintercept.com/2018/12/05/nypd-gang-database/	PROPN
cjrl-14169	347	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	347	2	https://perma.cc/n64d-l34	https://perma.cc/n64d-l34	NOUN
cjrl-14169	347	3	g	g	NOUN
cjrl-14169	347	4	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	347	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	347	6	describing	describe	VERB
cjrl-14169	347	7	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	347	8	harlem	harlem	PROPN
cjrl-14169	347	9	resident	resident	NOUN
cjrl-14169	347	10	keith	keith	PROPN
cjrl-14169	347	11	shenry	shenry	PROPN
cjrl-14169	347	12	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	347	13	false	false	ADJ
cjrl-14169	347	14	identification	identification	NOUN
cjrl-14169	347	15	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	347	16	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	347	17	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	347	18	known	know	VERB
cjrl-14169	347	19	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	347	20	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	347	21	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	347	22	led	lead	VERB
cjrl-14169	347	23	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	347	24	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	347	25	unusually	unusually	ADV
cjrl-14169	347	26	severe	severe	ADJ
cjrl-14169	347	27	felony	felony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	347	28	charge	charge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	347	29	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	347	30	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	347	31	whopping	whopping	ADJ
cjrl-14169	347	32	$	$	SYM
cjrl-14169	347	33	10,000	10,000	NUM
cjrl-14169	347	34	bond	bond	NOUN
cjrl-14169	347	35	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	347	36	possession	possession	NOUN
cjrl-14169	347	37	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	347	38	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	347	39	small	small	ADJ
cjrl-14169	347	40	bag	bag	NOUN
cjrl-14169	347	41	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	347	42	marijuana	marijuana	PROPN
cjrl-14169	347	43	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	347	44	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	347	45	folding	fold	VERB
cjrl-14169	347	46	knife	knife	NOUN
cjrl-14169	347	47	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	347	48	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	348	1	113	113	NUM
cjrl-14169	348	2	keegan	keegan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	348	3	stephan	stephan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	348	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	348	5	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	348	6	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	348	7	contemporary	contemporary	ADJ
cjrl-14169	348	8	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	348	9	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	348	10	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	348	11	prosecutions	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	348	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	348	13	40	40	NUM
cjrl-14169	348	14	cardozo	cardozo	PROPN
cjrl-14169	348	15	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	348	16	rev	rev	PROPN
cjrl-14169	348	17	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	348	18	991	991	NUM
cjrl-14169	348	19	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	348	20	1025–26	1025–26	NUM
cjrl-14169	348	21	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	348	22	2018	2018	NUM
cjrl-14169	348	23	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	348	24	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	348	25	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	348	26	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	348	27	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	348	28	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	348	29	o]nce	o]nce	NOUN
cjrl-14169	348	30	detained	detain	VERB
cjrl-14169	348	31	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	348	32	alleged	allege	VERB
cjrl-14169	348	33	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	348	34	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	348	35	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	348	36	immigrants	immigrant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	348	37	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	348	38	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	348	39	deported	deport	VERB
cjrl-14169	348	40	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	348	41	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	348	42	allegation	allegation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	348	43	alone	alone	ADV
cjrl-14169	348	44	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	348	45	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	348	46	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	349	1	114	114	NUM
cjrl-14169	349	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	349	3	fareed	fareed	PROPN
cjrl-14169	349	4	nassor	nassor	PROPN
cjrl-14169	349	5	hayat	hayat	PROPN
cjrl-14169	349	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	349	7	preserving	preserve	VERB
cjrl-14169	349	8	due	due	ADJ
cjrl-14169	349	9	process	process	NOUN
cjrl-14169	349	10	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	349	11	require	require	VERB
cjrl-14169	349	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	349	13	frye	frye	NOUN
cjrl-14169	349	14	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	349	15	daubert	daubert	ADJ
cjrl-14169	349	16	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	349	17	standards	standard	NOUN
cjrl-14169	349	18	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	349	19	state	state	NOUN
cjrl-14169	349	20	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	349	21	cases	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	349	22	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	349	23	51	51	NUM
cjrl-14169	349	24	n.m	n.m	PROPN
cjrl-14169	349	25	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	349	26	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	349	27	rev	rev	PROPN
cjrl-14169	349	28	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	349	29	196	196	NUM
cjrl-14169	349	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	349	31	201	201	NUM
cjrl-14169	349	32	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	349	33	2021	2021	NUM
cjrl-14169	349	34	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	349	35	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	349	36	observing	observe	VERB
cjrl-14169	349	37	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	349	38	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	349	39	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	349	40	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	349	41	commonly	commonly	ADV
cjrl-14169	349	42	offered	offer	VERB
cjrl-14169	349	43	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	349	44	admitted	admit	VERB
cjrl-14169	349	45	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	349	46	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	349	47	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	349	48	state	state	NOUN
cjrl-14169	349	49	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	349	50	prosecutions	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	349	51	despite	despite	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	349	52	admissibility	admissibility	NOUN
cjrl-14169	349	53	standards	standard	NOUN
cjrl-14169	349	54	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	349	55	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	350	1	115	115	NUM
cjrl-14169	350	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	350	3	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	350	4	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	350	5	kims	kims	PROPN
cjrl-14169	350	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	350	7	24	24	NUM
cjrl-14169	350	8	n.e.3d	n.e.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	350	9	573	573	NUM
cjrl-14169	350	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	350	11	585	585	NUM
cjrl-14169	350	12	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	350	13	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	350	14	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	350	15	2014	2014	NUM
cjrl-14169	350	16	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	350	17	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	350	18	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	350	19	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	350	20	regarding	regard	VERB
cjrl-14169	350	21	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	350	22	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	350	23	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	350	24	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	350	25	admitted	admit	VERB
cjrl-14169	350	26	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	350	27	provide	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	350	28	necessary	necessary	ADJ
cjrl-14169	350	29	background	background	NOUN
cjrl-14169	350	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	350	31	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	350	32	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	350	33	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	350	34	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	350	35	‘	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	350	36	inextricably	inextricably	ADV
cjrl-14169	350	37	interwoven	interwoven	ADJ
cjrl-14169	350	38	’	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	350	39	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	350	40	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	350	41	charged	charge	VERB
cjrl-14169	350	42	crimes	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	350	43	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	350	44	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	350	45	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	350	46	explain	explain	VERB
cjrl-14169	350	47	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	350	48	relationships	relationship	NOUN
cjrl-14169	350	49	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	350	50	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	350	51	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	350	52	involved	involve	VERB
cjrl-14169	350	53	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	350	54	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	350	55	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	350	56	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	351	1	see	see	AUX
cjrl-14169	351	2	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	351	3	guide	guide	VERB
cjrl-14169	351	4	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	351	5	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	351	6	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	351	7	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	351	8	rule	rule	VERB
cjrl-14169	351	9	4.34	4.34	NUM
cjrl-14169	351	10	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	352	1	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	352	2	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	352	3	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	352	4	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	352	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	352	6	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	352	7	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	352	8	state	state	PROPN
cjrl-14169	352	9	unified	unify	VERB
cjrl-14169	352	10	ct	ct	PROPN
cjrl-14169	352	11	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	353	1	sys	sys	PROPN
cjrl-14169	353	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	353	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	354	1	https://www.nycourts.gov/judges/evidence/4relevance/4.34_gang_membership_and_activity.pdf	https://www.nycourts.gov/judges/evidence/4relevance/4.34_gang_membership_and_activity.pdf	PROPN
cjrl-14169	354	2	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	354	3	https://perma.cc/jze7-dhjj	https://perma.cc/jze7-dhjj	NUM
cjrl-14169	354	4	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	354	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	354	6	last	last	ADV
cjrl-14169	354	7	visited	visit	VERB
cjrl-14169	354	8	jan	jan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	354	9	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	354	10	9	9	NUM
cjrl-14169	354	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	354	12	2024	2024	NUM
cjrl-14169	354	13	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	354	14	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	354	15	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	354	16	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	354	17	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	354	18	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	354	19	e]vidence	e]vidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	354	20	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	354	21	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	354	22	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	354	23	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	354	24	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	354	25	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	354	26	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	354	27	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	354	28	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	354	29	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	354	30	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	354	31	normally	normally	ADV
cjrl-14169	354	32	will	will	AUX
cjrl-14169	354	33	reveal	reveal	VERB
cjrl-14169	354	34	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	354	35	directly	directly	ADV
cjrl-14169	354	36	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	354	37	indirectly	indirectly	ADV
cjrl-14169	354	38	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	354	39	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	354	40	commission	commission	NOUN
cjrl-14169	354	41	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	354	42	crimes	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	354	43	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	354	44	bad	bad	ADJ
cjrl-14169	354	45	acts	act	NOUN
cjrl-14169	354	46	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	354	47	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	354	48	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	355	1	116	116	NUM
cjrl-14169	355	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	355	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	355	4	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
cjrl-14169	355	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	355	6	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	355	7	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	355	8	benjamin	benjamin	PROPN
cjrl-14169	355	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	355	10	162	162	NUM
cjrl-14169	355	11	n.y.s.3d	n.y.s.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	355	12	726	726	NUM
cjrl-14169	355	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	355	14	726	726	NUM
cjrl-14169	355	15	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	355	16	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	355	17	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	355	18	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	355	19	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	356	1	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	356	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	356	3	2022	2022	NUM
cjrl-14169	356	4	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	356	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	356	6	upholding	uphold	VERB
cjrl-14169	356	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	356	8	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	356	9	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	356	10	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	356	11	ruling	ruling	NOUN
cjrl-14169	356	12	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	356	13	admitted	admit	VERB
cjrl-14169	356	14	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	356	15	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	356	16	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	356	17	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	356	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	356	19	specifically	specifically	ADV
cjrl-14169	356	20	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	356	21	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	356	22	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	356	23	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	356	24	photos	photo	NOUN
cjrl-14169	356	25	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	356	26	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	356	27	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	356	28	making	make	VERB
cjrl-14169	356	29	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	356	30	signs	sign	NOUN
cjrl-14169	356	31	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	356	32	known	know	VERB
cjrl-14169	356	33	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	356	34	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	356	35	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	356	36	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	357	1	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	357	2	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	357	3	hilts	hilt	NOUN
cjrl-14169	357	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	357	5	134	134	NUM
cjrl-14169	357	6	n.y.s.3d	n.y.s.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	357	7	563	563	NUM
cjrl-14169	357	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	357	9	568	568	NUM
cjrl-14169	357	10	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	357	11	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	357	12	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	357	13	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	357	14	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	357	15	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	357	16	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	357	17	2020	2020	NUM
cjrl-14169	357	18	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	357	19	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	357	20	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	357	21	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	357	22	1358	1358	NUM
cjrl-14169	357	23	first	first	ADV
cjrl-14169	357	24	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	357	25	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	357	26	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	357	27	must	must	AUX
cjrl-14169	357	28	connect	connect	VERB
cjrl-14169	357	29	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	357	30	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	357	31	specific	specific	ADJ
cjrl-14169	357	32	material	material	NOUN
cjrl-14169	357	33	issue	issue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	357	34	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	357	35	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	357	36	case.117	case.117	NOUN
cjrl-14169	357	37	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	357	38	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	357	39	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	357	40	appeals	appeals	PROPN
cjrl-14169	357	41	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	357	42	stated	state	VERB
cjrl-14169	357	43	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	357	44	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	357	45	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	357	46	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	357	47	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	357	48	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	357	49	admitted	admit	VERB
cjrl-14169	357	50	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	357	51	provide	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	357	52	necessary	necessary	ADJ
cjrl-14169	357	53	background	background	NOUN
cjrl-14169	357	54	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	357	55	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	357	56	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	357	57	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	357	58	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	357	59	‘	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	357	60	inextricably	inextricably	ADV
cjrl-14169	357	61	interwoven	interwoven	ADJ
cjrl-14169	357	62	’	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	357	63	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	357	64	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	357	65	charged	charge	VERB
cjrl-14169	357	66	crimes	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	357	67	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	357	68	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	357	69	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	357	70	explain	explain	VERB
cjrl-14169	357	71	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	357	72	relationships	relationship	NOUN
cjrl-14169	357	73	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	357	74	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	357	75	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	357	76	involved	involve	VERB
cjrl-14169	357	77	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	358	1	”118	”118	PROPN
cjrl-14169	359	1	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	2	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	3	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	359	4	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	359	5	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	359	6	admitted	admit	VERB
cjrl-14169	359	7	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	359	8	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	359	9	provides	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	359	10	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	359	11	motive	motive	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	12	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	359	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	359	14	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	15	charged.119	charged.119	PROPN
cjrl-14169	359	16	second	second	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	359	18	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	359	19	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	20	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	21	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	359	22	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	359	23	solely	solely	ADV
cjrl-14169	359	24	demonstrate	demonstrate	VERB
cjrl-14169	359	25	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	359	26	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	27	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	359	28	propensity	propensity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	29	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	359	30	commit	commit	VERB
cjrl-14169	359	31	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	359	32	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	33	charged.120	charged.120	ADJ
cjrl-14169	359	34	although	although	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	359	35	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	359	36	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	359	37	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	359	38	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	39	rules	rule	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	40	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	359	41	uncodified,121	uncodified,121	ADJ
cjrl-14169	359	42	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	359	43	requirement	requirement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	44	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	359	45	similar	similar	ADJ
cjrl-14169	359	46	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	359	47	rule	rule	VERB
cjrl-14169	359	48	404	404	NUM
cjrl-14169	359	49	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	359	50	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	359	51	federal	federal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	359	52	rules	rule	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	53	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	359	54	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	55	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	359	56	fre	fre	ADJ
cjrl-14169	359	57	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	359	58	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	359	59	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	359	60	states	state	VERB
cjrl-14169	359	61	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	359	62	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	359	63	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	359	64	e]vidence	e]vidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	65	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	359	66	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	359	67	person	person	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	68	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	359	69	character	character	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	70	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	359	71	character	character	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	72	trait	trait	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	73	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	359	74	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	359	75	admissible	admissible	ADJ
cjrl-14169	359	76	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	359	77	prove	prove	VERB
cjrl-14169	359	78	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	359	79	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	359	80	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	359	81	particular	particular	ADJ
cjrl-14169	359	82	occasion	occasion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	83	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	359	84	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	359	85	person	person	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	86	acted	act	VERB
cjrl-14169	359	87	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	359	88	accordance	accordance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	89	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	359	90	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	359	91	character	character	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	92	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	359	93	trait	trait	NOUN
cjrl-14169	359	94	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	360	1	”122	”122	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	361	1	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	361	2	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	361	3	context	context	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	4	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	361	5	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	6	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	7	under	under	ADP
cjrl-14169	361	8	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	361	9	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	361	10	state	state	PROPN
cjrl-14169	361	11	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	361	13	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	14	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	361	15	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	361	16	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	17	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	361	18	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	19	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	20	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	361	21	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	22	must	must	AUX
cjrl-14169	361	23	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	361	24	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	361	25	offered	offer	VERB
cjrl-14169	361	26	solely	solely	ADV
cjrl-14169	361	27	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	361	28	show	show	VERB
cjrl-14169	361	29	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	361	30	propensity	propensity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	31	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	361	32	predisposition	predisposition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	33	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	361	34	commit	commit	VERB
cjrl-14169	361	35	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	361	36	crimes	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	37	charged.123	charged.123	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	38	rather	rather	ADV
cjrl-14169	361	39	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	361	40	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	361	41	prosecution	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	42	must	must	AUX
cjrl-14169	361	43	offer	offer	VERB
cjrl-14169	361	44	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	361	45	different	different	ADJ
cjrl-14169	361	46	theory	theory	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	47	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	361	48	why	why	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	361	49	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	361	50	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	51	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	361	52	relevant	relevant	ADJ
cjrl-14169	361	53	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	361	54	such	such	ADJ
cjrl-14169	361	55	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	361	56	motive	motive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	361	57	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	361	58	necessary	necessary	ADJ
cjrl-14169	361	59	background.124	background.124	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	60	additionally	additionally	ADV
cjrl-14169	361	61	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	361	62	while	while	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	361	63	there	there	PRON
cjrl-14169	361	64	is	be	VERB
cjrl-14169	361	65	still	still	ADV
cjrl-14169	361	66	danger	danger	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	67	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	361	68	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	361	69	holding	hold	VERB
cjrl-14169	361	70	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	361	71	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	361	72	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	73	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	74	did	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	361	75	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	361	76	err	err	VERB
cjrl-14169	361	77	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	361	78	permitting	permit	VERB
cjrl-14169	361	79	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	80	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	361	81	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	361	82	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	83	affiliations	affiliation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	84	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	361	85	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	361	86	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	87	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	361	88	other	other	ADJ
cjrl-14169	361	89	participants	participant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	90	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	361	91	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	361	92	gun	gun	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	93	sale	sale	NOUN
cjrl-14169	361	94	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	361	95	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	362	1	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	362	2	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	362	3	mccommons	mccommon	NOUN
cjrl-14169	362	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	362	5	40	40	NUM
cjrl-14169	362	6	n.y.s.3d	n.y.s.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	362	7	578	578	NUM
cjrl-14169	362	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	362	9	583	583	NUM
cjrl-14169	362	10	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	362	11	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	362	12	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	362	13	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	362	14	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	362	15	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	362	16	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	362	17	2016	2016	NUM
cjrl-14169	362	18	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	362	19	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	362	20	holding	hold	VERB
cjrl-14169	362	21	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	362	22	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	362	23	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	362	24	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	362	25	did	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	362	26	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	362	27	err	err	VERB
cjrl-14169	362	28	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	362	29	permitting	permit	VERB
cjrl-14169	362	30	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	362	31	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	362	32	establish	establish	VERB
cjrl-14169	362	33	that	that	DET
cjrl-14169	362	34	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	362	35	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	362	36	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	362	37	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	362	38	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	362	39	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	362	40	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	362	41	prosecution	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	362	42	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	362	43	murder	murder	NOUN
cjrl-14169	362	44	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	362	45	other	other	ADJ
cjrl-14169	362	46	crimes	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	362	47	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	362	48	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	363	1	117	117	NUM
cjrl-14169	363	2	kims	kim	NOUN
cjrl-14169	363	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	363	4	24	24	NUM
cjrl-14169	363	5	n.e.3d	n.e.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	363	6	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	363	7	585	585	NUM
cjrl-14169	363	8	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	363	9	118	118	NUM
cjrl-14169	364	1	i	i	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	364	3	119	119	NUM
cjrl-14169	364	4	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	364	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	364	6	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
cjrl-14169	364	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	364	8	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	9	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	364	10	moore	moore	PROPN
cjrl-14169	364	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	364	12	366	366	NUM
cjrl-14169	364	13	n.e.2d	n.e.2d	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	14	1330	1330	NUM
cjrl-14169	364	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	364	16	1337	1337	NUM
cjrl-14169	364	17	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	364	18	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	364	19	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	364	20	1977	1977	NUM
cjrl-14169	364	21	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	364	22	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	364	23	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	364	24	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	364	25	e]vidence	e]vidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	26	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	364	27	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	364	28	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	29	's	's	PART
cjrl-14169	364	30	relationship	relationship	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	31	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	364	32	[	[	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	364	33	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	364	34	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	364	35	liberation	liberation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	36	army	army	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	37	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	364	38	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	364	39	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	364	40	stated	state	VERB
cjrl-14169	364	41	hostility	hostility	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	42	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	364	43	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	364	44	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	45	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	364	46	properly	properly	ADV
cjrl-14169	364	47	admitted	admit	VERB
cjrl-14169	364	48	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	364	49	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	50	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	364	51	show	show	VERB
cjrl-14169	364	52	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	364	53	motive	motive	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	54	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	364	55	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	364	56	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	57	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	364	58	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	364	59	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	364	60	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	364	61	benjamin	benjamin	PROPN
cjrl-14169	364	62	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	364	63	n.y.s.3d	n.y.s.3d	PROPN
cjrl-14169	364	64	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	364	65	726	726	NUM
cjrl-14169	364	66	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	364	67	holding	hold	VERB
cjrl-14169	364	68	that	that	DET
cjrl-14169	364	69	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	70	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	364	71	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	364	72	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	73	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	364	74	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	75	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	76	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	364	77	probative	probative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	364	78	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	364	79	motive	motive	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	80	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	364	81	thus	thus	ADV
cjrl-14169	364	82	admissible	admissible	ADJ
cjrl-14169	364	83	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	364	84	his	his	PRON
cjrl-14169	364	85	confession	confession	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	86	made	make	VERB
cjrl-14169	364	87	no	no	DET
cjrl-14169	364	88	sense	sense	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	89	except	except	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	364	90	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	364	91	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	364	92	context	context	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	93	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	364	94	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	364	95	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	96	rivalry	rivalry	NOUN
cjrl-14169	364	97	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	364	98	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	365	1	120	120	NUM
cjrl-14169	365	2	kims	kim	NOUN
cjrl-14169	365	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	365	4	24	24	NUM
cjrl-14169	365	5	n.e.3d	n.e.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	365	6	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	365	7	585	585	NUM
cjrl-14169	365	8	.	.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	365	9	121	121	NUM
cjrl-14169	365	10	david	david	PROPN
cjrl-14169	365	11	paul	paul	PROPN
cjrl-14169	365	12	horowitz	horowitz	PROPN
cjrl-14169	365	13	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	365	14	katryna	katryna	PROPN
cjrl-14169	365	15	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	365	16	kristoferson	kristoferson	PROPN
cjrl-14169	365	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	365	18	burden	burden	NOUN
cjrl-14169	365	19	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	365	20	proof	proof	NOUN
cjrl-14169	365	21	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	365	22	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	365	23	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	365	24	hard	hard	ADJ
cjrl-14169	365	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	365	26	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	365	27	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	365	28	state	state	PROPN
cjrl-14169	365	29	bar	bar	PROPN
cjrl-14169	365	30	association	association	NOUN
cjrl-14169	365	31	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	365	32	july	july	PROPN
cjrl-14169	365	33	6	6	NUM
cjrl-14169	365	34	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	365	35	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	365	36	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	365	37	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	365	38	https://nysba.org/burden-of-proof-evidence-is-hard/	https://nysba.org/burden-of-proof-evidence-is-hard/	PROPN
cjrl-14169	365	39	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	365	40	https://perma.cc/2fxp-aasz	https://perma.cc/2fxp-aasz	X
cjrl-14169	365	41	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	365	42	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	365	43	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	365	44	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	365	45	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	365	46	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	365	47	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	365	48	one	one	NUM
cjrl-14169	365	49	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	365	50	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	365	51	few	few	ADJ
cjrl-14169	365	52	states	state	NOUN
cjrl-14169	365	53	without	without	ADP
cjrl-14169	365	54	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	365	55	statutory	statutory	ADJ
cjrl-14169	365	56	code	code	NOUN
cjrl-14169	365	57	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	365	58	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	365	59	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	365	60	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	366	1	122	122	NUM
cjrl-14169	366	2	fed	fed	PROPN
cjrl-14169	366	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	367	1	r.	r.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	367	2	evid	evid	PROPN
cjrl-14169	367	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	368	1	404(a)(1	404(a)(1	PROPN
cjrl-14169	368	2	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	368	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	369	1	123	123	NUM
cjrl-14169	369	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	369	3	kims	kim	NOUN
cjrl-14169	369	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	369	5	24	24	NUM
cjrl-14169	369	6	n.e.3d	n.e.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	369	7	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	369	8	585	585	NUM
cjrl-14169	369	9	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	369	10	stating	state	VERB
cjrl-14169	369	11	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	369	12	references	reference	NOUN
cjrl-14169	369	13	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	369	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	369	15	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	369	16	's	's	PART
cjrl-14169	369	17	alleged	allege	VERB
cjrl-14169	369	18	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	369	19	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	369	20	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	369	21	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	369	22	affiliation	affiliation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	369	23	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	369	24	improperly	improperly	ADV
cjrl-14169	369	25	admitted	admit	VERB
cjrl-14169	369	26	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	369	27	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	369	28	did	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	369	29	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	369	30	connect	connect	VERB
cjrl-14169	369	31	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	369	32	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	369	33	various	various	ADJ
cjrl-14169	369	34	drug	drug	NOUN
cjrl-14169	369	35	related	relate	VERB
cjrl-14169	369	36	charged	charge	VERB
cjrl-14169	369	37	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	369	38	thus	thus	ADV
cjrl-14169	369	39	only	only	ADV
cjrl-14169	369	40	tended	tend	VERB
cjrl-14169	369	41	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	369	42	show	show	VERB
cjrl-14169	369	43	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	369	44	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	369	45	's	's	PART
cjrl-14169	369	46	predisposition	predisposition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	369	47	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	369	48	commit	commit	VERB
cjrl-14169	369	49	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	369	50	crimes	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	369	51	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	369	52	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	370	1	124	124	NUM
cjrl-14169	370	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	370	3	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	370	4	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	370	5	faccio	faccio	PROPN
cjrl-14169	370	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	370	7	822	822	NUM
cjrl-14169	370	8	n.y.s.2d	n.y.s.2d	NUM
cjrl-14169	370	9	329	329	NUM
cjrl-14169	370	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	370	11	330	330	NUM
cjrl-14169	370	12	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	370	13	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	370	14	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	370	15	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	370	16	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	371	1	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	371	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	371	3	2006	2006	NUM
cjrl-14169	371	4	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	372	1	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	372	2	holding	hold	VERB
cjrl-14169	372	3	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	372	4	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	372	5	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	372	6	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	372	7	did	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	372	8	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	372	9	err	err	VERB
cjrl-14169	372	10	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	372	11	permitting	permit	VERB
cjrl-14169	372	12	proof	proof	NOUN
cjrl-14169	372	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	372	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	372	15	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	372	16	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	372	17	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	372	18	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	372	19	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	372	20	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	372	21	prosecution	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	372	22	offered	offer	VERB
cjrl-14169	372	23	multiple	multiple	ADJ
cjrl-14169	372	24	alternative	alternative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	372	25	theories	theory	NOUN
cjrl-14169	372	26	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	372	27	1359	1359	NUM
cjrl-14169	372	28	colum	colum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	372	29	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	373	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	373	2	race	race	PROPN
cjrl-14169	373	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	373	4	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	374	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	374	2	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	374	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	375	1	15:1337	15:1337	NUM
cjrl-14169	375	2	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	3	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	375	4	make	make	VERB
cjrl-14169	375	5	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	375	6	improper	improper	ADJ
cjrl-14169	375	7	propensity	propensity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	8	inference	inference	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	9	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	375	10	presented	present	VERB
cjrl-14169	375	11	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	375	12	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	13	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	14	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	375	15	judges	judge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	16	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	375	17	mitigate	mitigate	VERB
cjrl-14169	375	18	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	375	19	danger	danger	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	20	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	375	21	instructing	instruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	375	22	juries	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	23	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	375	24	avoid	avoid	VERB
cjrl-14169	375	25	making	make	VERB
cjrl-14169	375	26	such	such	DET
cjrl-14169	375	27	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	375	28	inference.125	inference.125	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	29	lastly	lastly	ADV
cjrl-14169	375	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	375	31	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	375	32	probative	probative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	375	33	value	value	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	34	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	375	35	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	375	36	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	37	must	must	AUX
cjrl-14169	375	38	outweigh	outweigh	VERB
cjrl-14169	375	39	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	375	40	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	375	41	effect.126	effect.126	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	42	probative	probative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	375	43	value	value	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	44	refers	refer	VERB
cjrl-14169	375	45	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	375	46	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	375	47	strength	strength	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	48	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	375	49	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	375	50	explanation	explanation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	51	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	375	52	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	375	53	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	54	provides,127	provides,127	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	55	while	while	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	375	56	prejudice	prejudice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	57	refers	refer	VERB
cjrl-14169	375	58	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	375	59	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	375	60	tendency	tendency	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	61	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	375	62	suggest	suggest	VERB
cjrl-14169	375	63	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	375	64	factual	factual	ADJ
cjrl-14169	375	65	finding	finding	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	66	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	375	67	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	375	68	improper	improper	ADJ
cjrl-14169	375	69	basis	basis	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	70	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	375	71	like	like	ADP
cjrl-14169	375	72	emotion	emotion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	73	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	375	74	bias.128	bias.128	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	75	while	while	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	375	76	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	77	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	78	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	375	79	trigger	trigger	VERB
cjrl-14169	375	80	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	375	81	emotions	emotion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	82	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	375	83	biases	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	84	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	375	85	jurors,129	jurors,129	PROPN
cjrl-14169	375	86	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	375	87	many	many	ADJ
cjrl-14169	375	88	reasons	reason	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	89	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	90	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	91	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	375	92	support	support	VERB
cjrl-14169	375	93	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	375	94	prosecutor	prosecutor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	95	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	375	96	case	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	97	frequently	frequently	ADV
cjrl-14169	375	98	tip	tip	VERB
cjrl-14169	375	99	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	375	100	scale	scale	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	101	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	375	102	favor	favor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	103	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	375	104	admissibility.130	admissibility.130	PROPN
cjrl-14169	375	105	judges	judge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	106	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	375	107	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	375	108	minimize	minimize	VERB
cjrl-14169	375	109	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	375	110	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	375	111	effect	effect	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	112	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	375	113	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	375	114	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	115	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	375	116	instructing	instruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	375	117	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	375	118	jury	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	119	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	375	120	avoid	avoid	VERB
cjrl-14169	375	121	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	375	122	inferences.131	inferences.131	NUM
cjrl-14169	375	123	relevance	relevance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	124	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	375	125	including	include	VERB
cjrl-14169	375	126	necessary	necessary	ADJ
cjrl-14169	375	127	background	background	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	128	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	375	129	motive	motive	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	130	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	375	131	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	375	132	conspirators	conspirator	NOUN
cjrl-14169	375	133	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	375	134	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	376	1	considering	consider	VERB
cjrl-14169	376	2	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	376	3	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	376	4	non	non	ADJ
cjrl-14169	376	5	-	-	ADJ
cjrl-14169	376	6	propensity	propensity	ADJ
cjrl-14169	376	7	theory	theory	NOUN
cjrl-14169	376	8	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	376	9	often	often	ADV
cjrl-14169	376	10	what	what	PRON
cjrl-14169	376	11	connects	connect	VERB
cjrl-14169	376	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	376	13	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	376	14	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	376	15	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	376	16	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	376	17	material	material	NOUN
cjrl-14169	376	18	issue	issue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	376	19	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	376	20	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	376	21	case	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	376	22	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	376	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	376	24	material	material	NOUN
cjrl-14169	376	25	issue	issue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	376	26	requirement	requirement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	376	27	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	376	28	rather	rather	ADV
cjrl-14169	376	29	superfluous	superfluous	ADJ
cjrl-14169	376	30	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	377	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	377	2	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	377	3	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	377	4	bailey	bailey	NOUN
cjrl-14169	377	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	377	6	110	110	NUM
cjrl-14169	377	7	n.e.3d	n.e.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	377	8	489	489	NUM
cjrl-14169	377	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	377	10	498	498	NUM
cjrl-14169	377	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	377	12	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	377	13	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	377	14	2018	2018	NUM
cjrl-14169	377	15	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	377	16	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	377	17	holding	hold	VERB
cjrl-14169	377	18	that	that	DET
cjrl-14169	377	19	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	377	20	about	about	ADP
cjrl-14169	377	21	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	377	22	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	377	23	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	377	24	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	377	25	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	377	26	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	377	27	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	377	28	improper	improper	ADJ
cjrl-14169	377	29	propensity	propensity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	377	30	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	377	31	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	377	32	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	377	33	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	377	34	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	377	35	probative	probative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	377	36	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	377	37	his	his	PRON
cjrl-14169	377	38	motive	motive	NOUN
cjrl-14169	377	39	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	377	40	join	join	VERB
cjrl-14169	377	41	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	377	42	prison	prison	NOUN
cjrl-14169	377	43	assault	assault	NOUN
cjrl-14169	377	44	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	377	45	provided	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	377	46	necessary	necessary	ADJ
cjrl-14169	377	47	background	background	NOUN
cjrl-14169	377	48	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	377	49	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	377	50	relationship	relationship	NOUN
cjrl-14169	377	51	between	between	ADP
cjrl-14169	377	52	codefendants	codefendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	377	53	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	377	54	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	378	1	125	125	NUM
cjrl-14169	378	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	378	3	i	i	PROPN
cjrl-14169	378	4	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	378	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	378	6	stating	state	VERB
cjrl-14169	378	7	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	378	8	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	378	9	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	378	10	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	378	11	delivered	deliver	VERB
cjrl-14169	378	12	adequate	adequate	ADJ
cjrl-14169	378	13	instructions	instruction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	378	14	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	378	15	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	378	16	jury	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	378	17	regarding	regard	VERB
cjrl-14169	378	18	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	378	19	proper	proper	ADJ
cjrl-14169	378	20	use	use	NOUN
cjrl-14169	378	21	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	378	22	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	378	23	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	378	24	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	378	25	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	378	26	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	379	1	126	126	NUM
cjrl-14169	379	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	379	3	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	379	4	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	379	5	bailey	bailey	NOUN
cjrl-14169	379	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	379	7	110	110	NUM
cjrl-14169	379	8	n.e.3d	n.e.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	379	9	489	489	NUM
cjrl-14169	379	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	379	11	498	498	NUM
cjrl-14169	379	12	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	379	13	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	379	14	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	379	15	2018	2018	NUM
cjrl-14169	379	16	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	379	17	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	379	18	stating	state	VERB
cjrl-14169	379	19	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	379	20	where	where	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	379	21	there	there	PRON
cjrl-14169	379	22	is	be	VERB
cjrl-14169	379	23	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	379	24	proper	proper	ADJ
cjrl-14169	379	25	nonpropensity	nonpropensity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	379	26	purpose	purpose	NOUN
cjrl-14169	379	27	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	379	28	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	379	29	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	379	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	379	31	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	379	32	decision	decision	NOUN
cjrl-14169	379	33	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	379	34	admit	admit	VERB
cjrl-14169	379	35	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	379	36	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	379	37	rests	rest	VERB
cjrl-14169	379	38	upon	upon	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	379	39	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	379	40	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	379	41	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	379	42	's	's	PART
cjrl-14169	379	43	discretionary	discretionary	ADJ
cjrl-14169	379	44	balancing	balancing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	379	45	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	379	46	probative	probative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	379	47	value	value	NOUN
cjrl-14169	379	48	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	379	49	unfair	unfair	ADJ
cjrl-14169	379	50	prejudice	prejudice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	379	51	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	379	52	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	380	1	127	127	NUM
cjrl-14169	380	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	380	3	michael	michael	PROPN
cjrl-14169	380	4	s.	s.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	380	5	pardo	pardo	PROPN
cjrl-14169	380	6	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	380	7	ronald	ronald	PROPN
cjrl-14169	380	8	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	380	9	allen	allen	PROPN
cjrl-14169	380	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	380	11	juridical	juridical	ADJ
cjrl-14169	380	12	proof	proof	NOUN
cjrl-14169	380	13	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	380	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	380	15	best	good	ADJ
cjrl-14169	380	16	explanation	explanation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	380	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	380	18	27	27	NUM
cjrl-14169	380	19	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	380	20	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	380	21	philosophy	philosophy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	380	22	223	223	NUM
cjrl-14169	380	23	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	380	24	242	242	NUM
cjrl-14169	380	25	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	380	26	2008	2008	NUM
cjrl-14169	380	27	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	380	28	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	380	29	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	380	30	probative	probative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	380	31	value	value	NOUN
cjrl-14169	380	32	refers	refer	VERB
cjrl-14169	380	33	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	380	34	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	380	35	strength	strength	NOUN
cjrl-14169	380	36	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	380	37	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	380	38	explanation	explanation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	380	39	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	380	40	the	the	PRON
cjrl-14169	380	41	more	more	ADV
cjrl-14169	380	42	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	380	43	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	380	44	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	380	45	explained	explain	VERB
cjrl-14169	380	46	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	380	47	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	380	48	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	380	49	hence	hence	ADV
cjrl-14169	380	50	justifies	justify	VERB
cjrl-14169	380	51	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	380	52	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	380	53	party	party	NOUN
cjrl-14169	380	54	's	's	PART
cjrl-14169	380	55	explanation	explanation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	380	56	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	380	57	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	380	58	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	380	59	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	380	60	the	the	PRON
cjrl-14169	380	61	greater	great	ADJ
cjrl-14169	380	62	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	380	63	probative	probative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	380	64	value	value	NOUN
cjrl-14169	380	65	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	380	66	hence	hence	ADV
cjrl-14169	380	67	the	the	PRON
cjrl-14169	380	68	stronger	strong	ADJ
cjrl-14169	380	69	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	380	70	inference	inference	NOUN
cjrl-14169	380	71	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	380	72	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	380	73	truth	truth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	380	74	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	380	75	that	that	DET
cjrl-14169	380	76	explanation	explanation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	380	77	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	380	78	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	380	79	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	380	80	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	381	1	128	128	NUM
cjrl-14169	381	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	381	3	fed	fed	PROPN
cjrl-14169	381	4	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	382	1	r.	r.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	382	2	evid	evid	PROPN
cjrl-14169	382	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	383	1	403	403	NUM
cjrl-14169	383	2	adv	adv	PROPN
cjrl-14169	383	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	383	4	comm	comm	NOUN
cjrl-14169	383	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	384	1	notes	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	384	2	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	384	3	stating	state	VERB
cjrl-14169	384	4	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	384	5	unfair	unfair	ADJ
cjrl-14169	384	6	prejudice	prejudice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	384	7	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	384	8	means	mean	VERB
cjrl-14169	384	9	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	384	10	undue	undue	ADJ
cjrl-14169	384	11	tendency	tendency	NOUN
cjrl-14169	384	12	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	384	13	suggest	suggest	VERB
cjrl-14169	384	14	decision	decision	NOUN
cjrl-14169	384	15	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	384	16	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	384	17	improper	improper	ADJ
cjrl-14169	384	18	basis	basis	NOUN
cjrl-14169	384	19	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	384	20	commonly	commonly	ADV
cjrl-14169	384	21	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	384	22	though	though	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	384	23	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	384	24	necessarily	necessarily	ADV
cjrl-14169	384	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	384	26	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	384	27	emotional	emotional	ADJ
cjrl-14169	384	28	one	one	NOUN
cjrl-14169	384	29	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	384	30	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	384	31	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	385	1	129	129	NUM
cjrl-14169	385	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	385	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	385	4	k.	k.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	385	5	babe	babe	PROPN
cjrl-14169	385	6	howell	howell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	385	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	385	8	prosecutorial	prosecutorial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	385	9	misconduct	misconduct	NOUN
cjrl-14169	385	10	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	385	11	mass	mass	ADJ
cjrl-14169	385	12	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	385	13	indictments	indictment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	385	14	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	385	15	inflammatory	inflammatory	ADJ
cjrl-14169	385	16	statements	statement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	385	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	385	18	123	123	NUM
cjrl-14169	385	19	dick	dick	PROPN
cjrl-14169	385	20	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	386	1	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	386	2	rev	rev	PROPN
cjrl-14169	386	3	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	386	4	691	691	NUM
cjrl-14169	386	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	386	6	700	700	NUM
cjrl-14169	386	7	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	386	8	2019	2019	NUM
cjrl-14169	386	9	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	387	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	387	2	hereinafter	hereinafter	NOUN
cjrl-14169	387	3	howell	howell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	387	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	387	5	prosecutorial	prosecutorial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	387	6	misconduct	misconduct	NOUN
cjrl-14169	387	7	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	387	8	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	387	9	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	387	10	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	387	11	g]ang	g]ang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	387	12	allegations	allegation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	387	13	evoke	evoke	VERB
cjrl-14169	387	14	prejudice	prejudice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	387	15	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	387	16	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	387	17	conspiracies	conspiracy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	387	18	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	387	19	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	387	20	alleged	allege	VERB
cjrl-14169	387	21	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	387	22	multiple	multiple	ADJ
cjrl-14169	387	23	defendants	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	387	24	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	387	25	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	387	26	charged	charge	VERB
cjrl-14169	387	27	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	387	28	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	387	29	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	387	30	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	388	1	130	130	NUM
cjrl-14169	388	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	388	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	388	4	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
cjrl-14169	388	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	388	6	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	388	7	v.	v.	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	388	8	argueta	argueta	ADJ
cjrl-14169	388	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	388	10	149	149	NUM
cjrl-14169	388	11	n.y.s.3d	n.y.s.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	388	12	104	104	NUM
cjrl-14169	388	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	388	14	104	104	NUM
cjrl-14169	388	15	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	388	16	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	388	17	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	388	18	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	388	19	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	389	1	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	389	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	389	3	2021	2021	NUM
cjrl-14169	389	4	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	390	1	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	390	2	holding	hold	VERB
cjrl-14169	390	3	that	that	DET
cjrl-14169	390	4	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	390	5	regarding	regard	VERB
cjrl-14169	390	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	390	7	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	390	8	's	's	PART
cjrl-14169	390	9	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	390	10	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	390	11	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	390	12	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	390	13	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	390	14	properly	properly	ADV
cjrl-14169	390	15	admitted	admit	VERB
cjrl-14169	390	16	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	390	17	establish	establish	VERB
cjrl-14169	390	18	motive	motive	NOUN
cjrl-14169	390	19	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	390	20	intent	intent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	390	21	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	390	22	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	390	23	thus	thus	ADV
cjrl-14169	390	24	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	390	25	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	390	26	effect	effect	NOUN
cjrl-14169	390	27	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	390	28	that	that	DET
cjrl-14169	390	29	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	390	30	did	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	390	31	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	390	32	outweigh	outweigh	VERB
cjrl-14169	390	33	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	390	34	probative	probative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	390	35	value	value	NOUN
cjrl-14169	390	36	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	390	37	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	391	1	131	131	NUM
cjrl-14169	391	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	391	3	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	391	4	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	391	5	benjamin	benjamin	PROPN
cjrl-14169	391	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	391	7	162	162	NUM
cjrl-14169	391	8	n.y.s.3d	n.y.s.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	391	9	726	726	NUM
cjrl-14169	391	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	391	11	726	726	NUM
cjrl-14169	391	12	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	391	13	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	391	14	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	391	15	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	391	16	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	392	1	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	392	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	392	3	2022	2022	NUM
cjrl-14169	392	4	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	392	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	392	6	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	392	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	392	8	probative	probative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	392	9	value	value	NOUN
cjrl-14169	392	10	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	392	11	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	392	12	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	392	13	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	392	14	affiliation	affiliation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	392	15	outweighed	outweigh	VERB
cjrl-14169	392	16	any	any	DET
cjrl-14169	392	17	prejudice	prejudice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	392	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	392	19	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	392	20	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	392	21	minimized	minimize	VERB
cjrl-14169	392	22	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	392	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	392	24	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	392	25	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	392	26	limiting	limit	VERB
cjrl-14169	392	27	instructions	instruction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	392	28	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	392	29	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	392	30	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	392	31	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	393	1	one	one	PRON
cjrl-14169	393	2	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	393	3	question	question	VERB
cjrl-14169	393	4	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	393	5	curative	curative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	393	6	value	value	NOUN
cjrl-14169	393	7	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	393	8	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	393	9	instructions	instruction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	393	10	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	394	1	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	394	2	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	394	3	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	394	4	able	able	ADJ
cjrl-14169	394	5	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	394	6	simply	simply	ADV
cjrl-14169	394	7	forget	forget	VERB
cjrl-14169	394	8	what	what	PRON
cjrl-14169	394	9	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	394	10	hear	hear	VERB
cjrl-14169	394	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	394	12	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	394	13	judges	judge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	394	14	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	394	15	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	394	16	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	394	17	drawing	draw	VERB
cjrl-14169	394	18	attention	attention	NOUN
cjrl-14169	394	19	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	394	20	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	394	21	inferences	inference	NOUN
cjrl-14169	394	22	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	394	23	seek	seek	VERB
cjrl-14169	394	24	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	394	25	abate	abate	VERB
cjrl-14169	394	26	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	395	1	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	395	2	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	395	3	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	395	4	1360	1360	NUM
cjrl-14169	395	5	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	395	6	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	396	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	396	2	admissibility	admissibility	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	3	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	396	4	scope	scope	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	5	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	396	6	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	7	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	8	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	396	9	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	10	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	396	11	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	12	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	396	13	beyond	beyond	ADP
cjrl-14169	396	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	396	15	minimal	minimal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	396	16	requirements	requirement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	17	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	396	18	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	396	19	admission	admission	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	20	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	396	21	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	22	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	23	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	396	24	there	there	PRON
cjrl-14169	396	25	are	be	VERB
cjrl-14169	396	26	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	396	27	variety	variety	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	28	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	396	29	forms	form	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	30	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	396	31	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	32	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	396	33	take.132	take.132	VERB
cjrl-14169	396	34	one	one	NUM
cjrl-14169	396	35	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	396	36	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	396	37	most	most	ADV
cjrl-14169	396	38	powerful	powerful	ADJ
cjrl-14169	396	39	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	396	40	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	396	41	most	most	ADV
cjrl-14169	396	42	common	common	ADJ
cjrl-14169	396	43	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	396	44	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	396	45	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	396	46	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	47	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	396	48	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	396	49	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	50	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	51	witness.133	witness.133	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	52	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	396	53	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	396	54	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	396	55	state	state	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	56	courts	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	57	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	396	58	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	396	59	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	60	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	396	61	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	62	witnesses	witness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	63	must	must	AUX
cjrl-14169	396	64	satisfy	satisfy	VERB
cjrl-14169	396	65	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	396	66	requirements	requirement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	67	established	establish	VERB
cjrl-14169	396	68	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	396	69	frye	frye	PROPN
cjrl-14169	396	70	v.	v.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	396	71	united	united	PROPN
cjrl-14169	396	72	states.134	states.134	PROPN
cjrl-14169	396	73	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	396	74	frye	frye	PROPN
cjrl-14169	396	75	test	test	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	76	asks	ask	VERB
cjrl-14169	396	77	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	396	78	whether	whether	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	396	79	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	396	80	accepted	accept	VERB
cjrl-14169	396	81	techniques	technique	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	82	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	396	83	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	396	84	properly	properly	ADV
cjrl-14169	396	85	performed	perform	VERB
cjrl-14169	396	86	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	396	87	generate	generate	VERB
cjrl-14169	396	88	results	result	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	89	accepted	accept	VERB
cjrl-14169	396	90	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	396	91	reliable	reliable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	396	92	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	396	93	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	396	94	scientific	scientific	ADJ
cjrl-14169	396	95	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	96	generally	generally	ADV
cjrl-14169	396	97	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	396	98	”135	”135	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	396	99	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	396	100	short	short	ADJ
cjrl-14169	396	101	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	396	102	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	396	103	only	only	ADJ
cjrl-14169	396	104	inquiry	inquiry	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	105	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	396	106	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	396	107	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	108	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	396	109	whether	whether	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	396	110	other	other	ADJ
cjrl-14169	396	111	scientists	scientist	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	112	generally	generally	ADV
cjrl-14169	396	113	accept	accept	VERB
cjrl-14169	396	114	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	396	115	techniques	technique	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	116	used	use	VERB
cjrl-14169	396	117	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	396	118	forming	form	VERB
cjrl-14169	396	119	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	396	120	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	121	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	396	122	opinion	opinion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	396	123	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	396	124	reliable	reliable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	396	125	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	397	1	given	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	397	2	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	397	3	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	397	4	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	397	5	officer	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	397	6	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	397	7	expertise	expertise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	397	8	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	397	9	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	397	10	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	397	11	related	relate	VERB
cjrl-14169	397	12	matters	matter	NOUN
cjrl-14169	397	13	does	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	397	14	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	397	15	stem	stem	VERB
cjrl-14169	397	16	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	397	17	generally	generally	ADV
cjrl-14169	397	18	accepted	accept	VERB
cjrl-14169	397	19	scientific	scientific	ADJ
cjrl-14169	397	20	techniques,136	techniques,136	NOUN
cjrl-14169	397	21	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	397	22	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	397	23	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	397	24	inadmissible	inadmissible	ADJ
cjrl-14169	397	25	under	under	ADP
cjrl-14169	397	26	frye.137	frye.137	NOUN
cjrl-14169	397	27	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	397	28	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	397	29	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	397	30	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	397	31	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	397	32	appeals	appeals	PROPN
cjrl-14169	397	33	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	397	34	held	hold	VERB
cjrl-14169	397	35	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	397	36	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	397	37	frye	frye	NOUN
cjrl-14169	397	38	rule	rule	NOUN
cjrl-14169	397	39	does	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	397	40	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	397	41	apply	apply	VERB
cjrl-14169	397	42	where	where	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	397	43	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	397	44	base	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	397	45	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	397	46	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	397	47	132	132	NUM
cjrl-14169	397	48	see	see	NOUN
cjrl-14169	397	49	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
cjrl-14169	397	50	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	397	51	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	397	52	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	397	53	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	397	54	photographs	photograph	NOUN
cjrl-14169	397	55	evincing	evince	VERB
cjrl-14169	397	56	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	397	57	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	397	58	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	397	59	affiliation	affiliation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	397	60	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	397	61	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	397	62	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	397	63	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	397	64	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	397	65	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	397	66	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	397	67	hilts	hilt	NOUN
cjrl-14169	397	68	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	397	69	134	134	NUM
cjrl-14169	397	70	n.y.s.3d	n.y.s.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	397	71	563	563	NUM
cjrl-14169	397	72	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	397	73	568	568	NUM
cjrl-14169	397	74	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	397	75	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	397	76	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	397	77	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	397	78	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	398	1	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	398	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	398	3	2020	2020	NUM
cjrl-14169	398	4	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	398	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	398	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	398	7	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	398	8	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	398	9	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	398	10	confidential	confidential	ADJ
cjrl-14169	398	11	informant	informant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	398	12	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	398	13	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	398	14	doyle	doyle	PROPN
cjrl-14169	398	15	v.	v.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	398	16	prack	prack	NOUN
cjrl-14169	398	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	398	18	982	982	NUM
cjrl-14169	398	19	n.y.s.2d	n.y.s.2d	NUM
cjrl-14169	398	20	203	203	NUM
cjrl-14169	398	21	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	398	22	204	204	NUM
cjrl-14169	398	23	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	398	24	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	398	25	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	398	26	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	398	27	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	399	1	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	399	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	399	3	2014	2014	NUM
cjrl-14169	399	4	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	399	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	399	6	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	399	7	wristband	wristband	NOUN
cjrl-14169	399	8	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	399	9	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	399	10	insignia	insignia	NOUN
cjrl-14169	399	11	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	399	12	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	399	13	matter	matter	NOUN
cjrl-14169	399	14	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	399	15	donovan	donovan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	399	16	b.	b.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	399	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	399	18	717	717	NUM
cjrl-14169	399	19	n.y.s.2d	n.y.s.2d	NUM
cjrl-14169	399	20	180	180	NUM
cjrl-14169	399	21	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	399	22	180	180	NUM
cjrl-14169	399	23	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	399	24	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	399	25	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	399	26	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	399	27	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	400	1	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	400	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	400	3	2000	2000	NUM
cjrl-14169	400	4	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	400	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	400	6	lay	lay	VERB
cjrl-14169	400	7	witness	witness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	400	8	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	400	9	about	about	ADP
cjrl-14169	400	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	400	11	color	color	NOUN
cjrl-14169	400	12	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	400	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	400	14	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	400	15	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	400	16	clothing	clothing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	400	17	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	400	18	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	401	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	401	2	use	use	NOUN
cjrl-14169	401	3	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	401	4	rap	rap	NOUN
cjrl-14169	401	5	music	music	NOUN
cjrl-14169	401	6	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	401	7	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	401	8	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	401	9	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	401	10	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	401	11	particularly	particularly	ADV
cjrl-14169	401	12	controversial	controversial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	401	13	topic	topic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	401	14	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	402	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	402	2	kate	kate	PROPN
cjrl-14169	402	3	brumback	brumback	VERB
cjrl-14169	402	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	402	5	judge	judge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	402	6	rules	rule	VERB
cjrl-14169	402	7	rap	rap	NOUN
cjrl-14169	402	8	lyrics	lyric	NOUN
cjrl-14169	402	9	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	402	10	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	402	11	used	use	VERB
cjrl-14169	402	12	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	402	13	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	402	14	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	402	15	young	young	ADJ
cjrl-14169	402	16	thug	thug	NOUN
cjrl-14169	402	17	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	402	18	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	402	19	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	402	20	time	time	NOUN
cjrl-14169	402	21	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	402	22	nov	nov	PROPN
cjrl-14169	402	23	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	402	24	9	9	NUM
cjrl-14169	402	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	402	26	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	402	27	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	402	28	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	403	1	https://time.com/6333558/young-thug-trial-rap-lyrics/	https://time.com/6333558/young-thug-trial-rap-lyrics/	PROPN
cjrl-14169	403	2	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	403	3	https://perma.cc/h87g7qur	https://perma.cc/h87g7qur	X
cjrl-14169	403	4	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	403	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	403	6	discussing	discuss	VERB
cjrl-14169	403	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	403	8	contested	contest	VERB
cjrl-14169	403	9	admission	admission	NOUN
cjrl-14169	403	10	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	403	11	rapper	rapper	ADJ
cjrl-14169	403	12	young	young	ADJ
cjrl-14169	403	13	thug	thug	NOUN
cjrl-14169	403	14	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	403	15	lyrics	lyric	NOUN
cjrl-14169	403	16	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	403	17	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	403	18	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	403	19	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	403	20	his	his	PRON
cjrl-14169	403	21	georgia	georgia	PROPN
cjrl-14169	403	22	racketeering	racketeering	NOUN
cjrl-14169	403	23	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	403	24	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	403	25	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	404	1	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	404	2	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	404	3	captivating	captivating	ADJ
cjrl-14169	404	4	exposé	exposé	NOUN
cjrl-14169	404	5	about	about	ADP
cjrl-14169	404	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	404	7	use	use	NOUN
cjrl-14169	404	8	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	404	9	rap	rap	NOUN
cjrl-14169	404	10	lyrics	lyric	NOUN
cjrl-14169	404	11	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	404	12	convict	convict	VERB
cjrl-14169	404	13	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	404	14	incarcerate	incarcerate	VERB
cjrl-14169	404	15	young	young	ADJ
cjrl-14169	404	16	men	man	NOUN
cjrl-14169	404	17	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	404	18	color	color	NOUN
cjrl-14169	404	19	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	404	20	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	404	21	generally	generally	ADV
cjrl-14169	404	22	nelson	nelson	PROPN
cjrl-14169	404	23	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	404	24	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	404	25	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	404	26	20	20	NUM
cjrl-14169	404	27	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	405	1	133	133	NUM
cjrl-14169	405	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	405	3	hayat	hayat	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	405	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	405	6	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	7	113	113	NUM
cjrl-14169	405	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	405	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	405	10	200	200	NUM
cjrl-14169	405	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	405	12	recognizing	recognize	VERB
cjrl-14169	405	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	405	14	weight	weight	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	15	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	405	16	import	import	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	17	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	405	18	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	19	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	20	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	21	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	22	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	405	23	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	405	24	victor	victor	PROPN
cjrl-14169	405	25	m.	m.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	405	26	rios	rios	PROPN
cjrl-14169	405	27	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	405	28	karlene	karlene	PROPN
cjrl-14169	405	29	navarro	navarro	PROPN
cjrl-14169	405	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	405	31	insider	insider	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	32	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	33	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	34	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	405	35	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	405	36	case	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	37	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	405	38	non	non	ADJ
cjrl-14169	405	39	-	-	ADJ
cjrl-14169	405	40	police	police	ADJ
cjrl-14169	405	41	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	42	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	43	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	405	44	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	405	45	courtroom	courtroom	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	46	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	405	47	18	18	NUM
cjrl-14169	405	48	critical	critical	ADJ
cjrl-14169	405	49	criminology	criminology	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	50	21	21	NUM
cjrl-14169	405	51	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	405	52	24	24	NUM
cjrl-14169	405	53	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	405	54	2010	2010	NUM
cjrl-14169	405	55	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	405	56	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	405	57	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	405	58	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	405	59	legal	legal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	405	60	framework	framework	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	61	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	405	62	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	63	cases	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	64	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	405	65	unique	unique	ADJ
cjrl-14169	405	66	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	405	67	other	other	ADJ
cjrl-14169	405	68	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	69	cases	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	70	because	because	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	405	71	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	405	72	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	405	73	heavy	heavy	ADJ
cjrl-14169	405	74	reliance	reliance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	75	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	405	76	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	77	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	78	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	405	79	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	405	80	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	405	81	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	405	82	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	406	1	134	134	NUM
cjrl-14169	406	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	406	3	293	293	NUM
cjrl-14169	406	4	f.	f.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	406	5	1013	1013	NUM
cjrl-14169	406	6	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	406	7	d.c	d.c	PROPN
cjrl-14169	406	8	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	406	9	cir	cir	PROPN
cjrl-14169	406	10	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	406	11	1923	1923	NUM
cjrl-14169	406	12	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	406	13	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	407	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	407	2	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	407	3	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	407	4	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	407	5	brooks	brooks	PROPN
cjrl-14169	407	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	407	7	96	96	NUM
cjrl-14169	407	8	n.e.3d	n.e.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	407	9	206	206	NUM
cjrl-14169	407	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	407	11	206	206	NUM
cjrl-14169	407	12	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	407	13	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	407	14	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	407	15	2018	2018	NUM
cjrl-14169	407	16	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	407	17	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	407	18	showing	show	VERB
cjrl-14169	407	19	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	407	20	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	407	21	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	407	22	continued	continue	VERB
cjrl-14169	407	23	adherence	adherence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	407	24	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	407	25	frye	frye	NOUN
cjrl-14169	407	26	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	407	27	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	407	28	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	407	29	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	407	30	wesley	wesley	PROPN
cjrl-14169	407	31	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	407	32	633	633	NUM
cjrl-14169	407	33	n.e.2d	n.e.2d	NOUN
cjrl-14169	407	34	451	451	NUM
cjrl-14169	407	35	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	407	36	454	454	NUM
cjrl-14169	407	37	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	407	38	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	407	39	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	407	40	1994	1994	NUM
cjrl-14169	407	41	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	407	42	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	407	43	applying	apply	VERB
cjrl-14169	407	44	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	407	45	frye	frye	NOUN
cjrl-14169	407	46	standard	standard	NOUN
cjrl-14169	407	47	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	407	48	dna	dna	PROPN
cjrl-14169	407	49	profiling	profiling	NOUN
cjrl-14169	407	50	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	407	51	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	407	52	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	408	1	135	135	NUM
cjrl-14169	408	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	408	3	wesley	wesley	NOUN
cjrl-14169	408	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	408	5	633	633	NUM
cjrl-14169	408	6	n.e.2d	n.e.2d	NOUN
cjrl-14169	408	7	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	408	8	454	454	NUM
cjrl-14169	408	9	.	.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	408	10	136	136	NUM
cjrl-14169	408	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	408	12	supreme	supreme	PROPN
cjrl-14169	408	13	court	court	PROPN
cjrl-14169	408	14	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	408	15	stated	state	VERB
cjrl-14169	408	16	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	408	17	science	science	NOUN
cjrl-14169	408	18	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	408	19	defined	define	VERB
cjrl-14169	408	20	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	408	21	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	408	22	use	use	NOUN
cjrl-14169	408	23	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	408	24	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	408	25	scientific	scientific	ADJ
cjrl-14169	408	26	method	method	NOUN
cjrl-14169	408	27	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	408	28	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	408	29	involves	involve	VERB
cjrl-14169	408	30	generating	generate	VERB
cjrl-14169	408	31	hypotheses	hypothesis	NOUN
cjrl-14169	408	32	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	408	33	testing	test	VERB
cjrl-14169	408	34	them	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	408	35	empirically	empirically	ADV
cjrl-14169	408	36	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	408	37	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	408	38	if	if	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	408	39	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	408	40	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	408	41	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	408	42	falsified	falsify	VERB
cjrl-14169	408	43	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	409	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	409	2	daubert	daubert	ADJ
cjrl-14169	409	3	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	409	4	merrell	merrell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	409	5	dow	dow	PROPN
cjrl-14169	409	6	pharm	pharm	PROPN
cjrl-14169	409	7	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	409	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	409	9	inc	inc	PROPN
cjrl-14169	409	10	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	409	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	409	12	509	509	NUM
cjrl-14169	409	13	u.s	u.s	PROPN
cjrl-14169	409	14	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	409	15	579	579	NUM
cjrl-14169	409	16	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	409	17	593	593	NUM
cjrl-14169	409	18	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	409	19	1993	1993	NUM
cjrl-14169	409	20	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	409	21	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	410	1	although	although	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	410	2	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	410	3	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	410	4	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	410	5	argued	argue	VERB
cjrl-14169	410	6	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	410	7	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	410	8	[	[	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	410	9	p]olice	p]olice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	410	10	officer	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	410	11	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	410	12	use	use	VERB
cjrl-14169	410	13	certain	certain	ADJ
cjrl-14169	410	14	criteria	criterion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	410	15	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	410	16	determine	determine	VERB
cjrl-14169	410	17	whether	whether	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	410	18	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	410	19	person	person	NOUN
cjrl-14169	410	20	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	410	21	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	410	22	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	410	23	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	410	24	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	410	25	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	410	26	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	410	27	criteria	criterion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	410	28	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	410	29	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	410	30	falsified	falsify	VERB
cjrl-14169	410	31	depending	depend	VERB
cjrl-14169	410	32	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	410	33	whether	whether	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	410	34	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	410	35	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	410	36	meet	meet	VERB
cjrl-14169	410	37	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	410	38	criteria	criterion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	410	39	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	410	40	always	always	ADV
cjrl-14169	410	41	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	410	42	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	410	43	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	410	44	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	410	45	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	410	46	methods	method	NOUN
cjrl-14169	410	47	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	410	48	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	410	49	generally	generally	ADV
cjrl-14169	410	50	accepted	accept	VERB
cjrl-14169	410	51	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	410	52	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	410	53	scientists	scientist	NOUN
cjrl-14169	410	54	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	410	55	have	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	410	56	studied	study	VERB
cjrl-14169	410	57	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	410	58	objectively	objectively	ADV
cjrl-14169	410	59	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	410	60	decades	decade	NOUN
cjrl-14169	410	61	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	411	1	hayat	hayat	PROPN
cjrl-14169	411	2	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	411	3	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	411	4	113	113	NUM
cjrl-14169	411	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	411	6	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	411	7	209–10	209–10	NUM
cjrl-14169	411	8	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	412	1	137	137	NUM
cjrl-14169	412	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	412	3	hayat	hayat	NOUN
cjrl-14169	412	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	412	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	412	6	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	412	7	113	113	NUM
cjrl-14169	412	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	412	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	412	10	203	203	NUM
cjrl-14169	412	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	412	12	arguing	argue	VERB
cjrl-14169	412	13	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	412	14	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	412	15	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	412	16	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	412	17	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	412	18	amounts	amount	VERB
cjrl-14169	412	19	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	412	20	pseudo	pseudo	NOUN
cjrl-14169	412	21	-	-	NOUN
cjrl-14169	412	22	science	science	NOUN
cjrl-14169	412	23	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	412	24	lacks	lack	VERB
cjrl-14169	412	25	acceptance	acceptance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	412	26	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	412	27	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	412	28	relevant	relevant	ADJ
cjrl-14169	412	29	scientific	scientific	ADJ
cjrl-14169	412	30	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	412	31	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	412	32	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	413	1	1361	1361	NUM
cjrl-14169	413	2	colum	colum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	413	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	414	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	414	2	race	race	PROPN
cjrl-14169	414	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	414	4	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	415	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	415	2	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	415	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	416	1	15:1337	15:1337	NUM
cjrl-14169	416	2	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	416	3	personal	personal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	416	4	training	training	NOUN
cjrl-14169	416	5	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	416	6	experience.138	experience.138	PROPN
cjrl-14169	416	7	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	416	8	loophole	loophole	NOUN
cjrl-14169	416	9	allows	allow	VERB
cjrl-14169	416	10	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	416	11	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	416	12	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	416	13	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	416	14	certified	certify	VERB
cjrl-14169	416	15	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	416	16	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	416	17	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	416	18	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	416	19	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	416	20	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	416	21	virtue	virtue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	416	22	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	416	23	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	416	24	occupation	occupation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	416	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	416	26	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	416	27	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	416	28	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	416	29	logic	logic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	416	30	applies	apply	VERB
cjrl-14169	416	31	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	416	32	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	416	33	unit	unit	NOUN
cjrl-14169	416	34	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	416	35	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	416	36	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	416	37	detectives	detective	NOUN
cjrl-14169	416	38	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	416	39	investigate	investigate	VERB
cjrl-14169	416	40	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	416	41	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	416	42	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	416	43	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	416	44	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	416	45	expertise.139	expertise.139	PROPN
cjrl-14169	416	46	there	there	PRON
cjrl-14169	416	47	are	be	VERB
cjrl-14169	416	48	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	416	49	however	however	ADV
cjrl-14169	416	50	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	416	51	limitations	limitation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	416	52	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	416	53	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	416	54	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	416	55	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	416	56	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	416	57	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	416	58	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	416	59	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	416	60	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	417	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	417	2	issues	issue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	417	3	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	417	4	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	417	5	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	417	6	testify	testify	VERB
cjrl-14169	417	7	must	must	AUX
cjrl-14169	417	8	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	417	9	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	417	10	beyond	beyond	ADP
cjrl-14169	417	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	417	12	ken	ken	NOUN
cjrl-14169	417	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	417	14	ordinary	ordinary	ADJ
cjrl-14169	417	15	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	417	16	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	417	17	so	so	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	417	18	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	417	19	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	417	20	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	417	21	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	417	22	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	417	23	aided	aid	VERB
cjrl-14169	417	24	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	417	25	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	417	26	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	417	27	displaced	displace	VERB
cjrl-14169	417	28	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	417	29	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	417	30	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	417	31	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	417	32	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	417	33	opinion.140	opinion.140	PROPN
cjrl-14169	417	34	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	417	35	primary	primary	ADJ
cjrl-14169	417	36	concern	concern	NOUN
cjrl-14169	417	37	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	417	38	courts	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	417	39	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	417	40	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	417	41	officer	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	417	42	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	417	43	giv[ing	giv[e	VERB
cjrl-14169	417	44	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	417	45	seemingly	seemingly	ADV
cjrl-14169	417	46	authoritative	authoritative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	417	47	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	417	48	directly	directly	ADV
cjrl-14169	417	49	instructive	instructive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	417	50	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	417	51	what	what	PRON
cjrl-14169	417	52	facts	fact	VERB
cjrl-14169	417	53	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	417	54	jury	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	417	55	should	should	AUX
cjrl-14169	417	56	find	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	417	57	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	418	1	”141	”141	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	2	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	418	3	limitations	limitation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	4	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	418	5	outlined	outline	VERB
cjrl-14169	418	6	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	418	7	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	8	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	418	9	inoa	inoa	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	418	11	where	where	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	418	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	418	13	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	14	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	418	15	appeals	appeal	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	16	held	hold	VERB
cjrl-14169	418	17	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	418	18	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	418	19	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	418	20	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	418	21	error	error	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	22	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	418	23	permit	permit	VERB
cjrl-14169	418	24	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	418	25	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	26	officer	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	27	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	418	28	give	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	418	29	expert	expert	ADJ
cjrl-14169	418	30	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	31	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	418	32	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	418	33	meaning	meaning	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	34	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	418	35	uncoded	uncoded	ADJ
cjrl-14169	418	36	phone	phone	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	37	conversations	conversation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	38	between	between	ADP
cjrl-14169	418	39	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	40	members.142	members.142	PRON
cjrl-14169	418	41	while	while	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	418	42	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	418	43	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	418	44	permissible	permissible	ADJ
cjrl-14169	418	45	for	for	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	418	46	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	418	47	officer	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	48	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	418	49	testify	testify	VERB
cjrl-14169	418	50	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	418	51	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	418	52	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	418	53	meaning	meaning	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	54	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	418	55	coded	code	VERB
cjrl-14169	418	56	language	language	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	57	between	between	ADP
cjrl-14169	418	58	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	418	59	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	60	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	61	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	418	62	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	63	about	about	ADP
cjrl-14169	418	64	uncoded	uncoded	ADJ
cjrl-14169	418	65	language	language	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	66	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	418	67	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	418	68	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	418	69	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	70	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	418	71	average	average	ADJ
cjrl-14169	418	72	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	73	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	418	74	thus	thus	ADV
cjrl-14169	418	75	amounted	amount	VERB
cjrl-14169	418	76	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	418	77	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	418	78	usurpation	usurpation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	79	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	418	80	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	418	81	jury	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	82	's	's	PART
cjrl-14169	418	83	factfinding	factfinde	VERB
cjrl-14169	418	84	role.143	role.143	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	85	despite	despite	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	418	86	concerns	concern	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	87	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	418	88	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	418	89	extent	extent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	90	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	418	91	permissible	permissible	ADJ
cjrl-14169	418	92	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	93	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	418	94	excessive	excessive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	418	95	under	under	ADP
cjrl-14169	418	96	inoa,144	inoa,144	PROPN
cjrl-14169	418	97	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	418	98	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	99	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	418	100	reasoning	reasoning	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	101	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	418	102	been	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	418	103	extended	extend	VERB
cjrl-14169	418	104	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	418	105	permit	permit	VERB
cjrl-14169	418	106	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	107	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	108	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	109	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	418	110	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	418	111	wealth	wealth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	112	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	418	113	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	114	138	138	NUM
cjrl-14169	418	115	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	418	116	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	117	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	418	118	oddone	oddone	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	119	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	418	120	3	3	NUM
cjrl-14169	418	121	n.e.3d	n.e.3d	ADP
cjrl-14169	418	122	1160	1160	NUM
cjrl-14169	418	123	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	418	124	1163–64	1163–64	PROPN
cjrl-14169	418	125	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	418	126	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	418	127	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	418	128	2013	2013	NUM
cjrl-14169	418	129	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	418	130	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	418	131	holding	hold	VERB
cjrl-14169	418	132	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	418	133	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	418	134	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	135	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	418	136	bases	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	418	137	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	418	138	opinion	opinion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	139	personal	personal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	418	140	training	training	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	141	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	418	142	experience	experience	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	143	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	418	144	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	418	145	subject	subject	ADJ
cjrl-14169	418	146	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	418	147	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	418	148	frye	frye	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	149	analysis	analysis	NOUN
cjrl-14169	418	150	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	418	151	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	419	1	139	139	NUM
cjrl-14169	419	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	419	3	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	419	4	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	419	5	inoa	inoa	NOUN
cjrl-14169	419	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	419	7	34	34	NUM
cjrl-14169	419	8	n.e.3d	n.e.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	419	9	839	839	NUM
cjrl-14169	419	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	419	11	842	842	NUM
cjrl-14169	419	12	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	419	13	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	419	14	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	419	15	2016	2016	NUM
cjrl-14169	419	16	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	419	17	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	419	18	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	419	19	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	419	20	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	419	21	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	419	22	detective	detective	NOUN
cjrl-14169	419	23	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	419	24	had	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	419	25	previously	previously	ADV
cjrl-14169	419	26	participated	participate	VERB
cjrl-14169	419	27	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	419	28	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	419	29	takedown	takedown	NOUN
cjrl-14169	419	30	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	419	31	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	419	32	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	419	33	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	419	34	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	419	35	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	419	36	qualified	qualified	ADJ
cjrl-14169	419	37	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	419	38	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	419	39	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	419	40	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	419	41	decoding	decode	VERB
cjrl-14169	419	42	code	code	NOUN
cjrl-14169	419	43	conversations	conversation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	419	44	between	between	ADP
cjrl-14169	419	45	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	419	46	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	419	47	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	419	48	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	420	1	140	140	NUM
cjrl-14169	420	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	420	3	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	420	4	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	420	5	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	420	6	842–44	842–44	PROPN
cjrl-14169	420	7	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	421	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	421	2	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	421	3	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	421	4	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	421	5	cronin	cronin	PROPN
cjrl-14169	421	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	421	7	458	458	NUM
cjrl-14169	421	8	n.e.2d	n.e.2d	NOUN
cjrl-14169	421	9	351	351	NUM
cjrl-14169	421	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	421	11	352	352	NUM
cjrl-14169	421	12	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	421	13	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	421	14	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	421	15	1983	1983	NUM
cjrl-14169	421	16	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	422	1	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	422	2	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	422	3	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	422	4	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	422	5	scope	scope	NOUN
cjrl-14169	422	6	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	422	7	expert	expert	ADJ
cjrl-14169	422	8	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	422	9	turns	turn	VERB
cjrl-14169	422	10	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	422	11	whether	whether	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	422	12	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	422	13	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	422	14	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	422	15	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	422	16	facts	fact	NOUN
cjrl-14169	422	17	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	422	18	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	422	19	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	422	20	stated	state	VERB
cjrl-14169	422	21	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	422	22	described	describe	VERB
cjrl-14169	422	23	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	422	24	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	422	25	jury	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	422	26	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	422	27	such	such	DET
cjrl-14169	422	28	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	422	29	manner	manner	NOUN
cjrl-14169	422	30	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	422	31	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	422	32	enable	enable	VERB
cjrl-14169	422	33	them	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	422	34	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	422	35	form	form	VERB
cjrl-14169	422	36	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	422	37	accurate	accurate	ADJ
cjrl-14169	422	38	judgment	judgment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	422	39	thereon	thereon	NOUN
cjrl-14169	422	40	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	422	41	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	422	42	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	423	1	141	141	NUM
cjrl-14169	423	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	423	3	inoa	inoa	NOUN
cjrl-14169	423	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	423	5	34	34	NUM
cjrl-14169	423	6	n.e.3d	n.e.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	423	7	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	423	8	844	844	NUM
cjrl-14169	423	9	.	.	NUM
cjrl-14169	423	10	142	142	NUM
cjrl-14169	423	11	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	423	12	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	423	13	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	423	14	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	423	15	845	845	NUM
cjrl-14169	423	16	.	.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	424	1	143	143	NUM
cjrl-14169	424	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	424	3	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	424	4	d.	d.	VERB
cjrl-14169	424	5	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	424	6	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	424	7	worth	worth	ADJ
cjrl-14169	424	8	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	424	9	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	424	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	424	11	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	424	12	does	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	424	13	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	424	14	discuss	discuss	VERB
cjrl-14169	424	15	if	if	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	424	16	there	there	PRON
cjrl-14169	424	17	is	be	VERB
cjrl-14169	424	18	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	424	19	difference	difference	NOUN
cjrl-14169	424	20	between	between	ADP
cjrl-14169	424	21	coded	code	VERB
cjrl-14169	424	22	language	language	NOUN
cjrl-14169	424	23	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	424	24	slang	slang	PROPN
cjrl-14169	424	25	language	language	NOUN
cjrl-14169	424	26	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	425	1	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	425	2	if	if	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	425	3	one	one	PRON
cjrl-14169	425	4	compares	compare	VERB
cjrl-14169	425	5	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	425	6	examples	example	NOUN
cjrl-14169	425	7	provided	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	425	8	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	425	9	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	425	10	case	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	425	11	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	425	12	popular	popular	ADJ
cjrl-14169	425	13	music	music	NOUN
cjrl-14169	425	14	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	425	15	where	where	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	425	16	artists	artist	NOUN
cjrl-14169	425	17	speak	speak	VERB
cjrl-14169	425	18	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	425	19	slang	slang	PROPN
cjrl-14169	425	20	rather	rather	ADV
cjrl-14169	425	21	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	425	22	intentional	intentional	ADJ
cjrl-14169	425	23	code	code	NOUN
cjrl-14169	425	24	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	425	25	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	425	26	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	425	27	clear	clear	ADJ
cjrl-14169	425	28	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	425	29	coded	code	VERB
cjrl-14169	425	30	language	language	NOUN
cjrl-14169	425	31	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	425	32	interpreted	interpret	VERB
cjrl-14169	425	33	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	425	34	include	include	VERB
cjrl-14169	425	35	slang	slang	PROPN
cjrl-14169	425	36	language	language	PROPN
cjrl-14169	425	37	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	426	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	426	2	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	426	3	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	426	4	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	426	5	842	842	NUM
cjrl-14169	426	6	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	426	7	stating	state	VERB
cjrl-14169	426	8	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	426	9	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	426	10	onion	onion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	426	11	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	426	12	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	426	13	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	426	14	coded	code	VERB
cjrl-14169	426	15	term	term	NOUN
cjrl-14169	426	16	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	426	17	marijuana	marijuana	PROPN
cjrl-14169	426	18	package	package	NOUN
cjrl-14169	426	19	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	426	20	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	426	21	t.i	t.i	AUX
cjrl-14169	426	22	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	426	23	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	426	24	24	24	NUM
cjrl-14169	426	25	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	426	26	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	426	27	cinq	cinq	PROPN
cjrl-14169	426	28	recordings	recording	NOUN
cjrl-14169	426	29	2003	2003	NUM
cjrl-14169	426	30	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	426	31	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	426	32	expressing	express	VERB
cjrl-14169	426	33	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	426	34	artist	artist	NOUN
cjrl-14169	426	35	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	426	36	desire	desire	NOUN
cjrl-14169	426	37	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	426	38	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	426	39	buy	buy	VERB
cjrl-14169	426	40	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	426	41	onion	onion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	426	42	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	426	43	good	good	NOUN
cjrl-14169	426	44	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	426	45	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	426	46	referring	refer	VERB
cjrl-14169	426	47	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	426	48	marijuana	marijuana	PROPN
cjrl-14169	426	49	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	426	50	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	427	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	427	2	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	427	3	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	427	4	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	427	5	goldman	goldman	PROPN
cjrl-14169	427	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	427	7	139	139	NUM
cjrl-14169	427	8	n.y.s.3d	n.y.s.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	427	9	48	48	NUM
cjrl-14169	427	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	427	11	49	49	NUM
cjrl-14169	427	12	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	427	13	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	427	14	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	427	15	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	427	16	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	428	1	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	428	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	428	3	2020	2020	NUM
cjrl-14169	428	4	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	428	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	428	6	permitting	permit	VERB
cjrl-14169	428	7	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	428	8	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	428	9	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	428	10	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	428	11	testify	testify	VERB
cjrl-14169	428	12	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	428	13	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	428	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	428	15	meaning	meaning	NOUN
cjrl-14169	428	16	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	428	17	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	428	18	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	428	19	slang	slang	ADJ
cjrl-14169	428	20	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	428	21	expression	expression	NOUN
cjrl-14169	428	22	uttered	utter	VERB
cjrl-14169	428	23	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	428	24	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	428	25	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	428	26	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	428	27	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	429	1	144	144	NUM
cjrl-14169	429	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	429	3	goldman	goldman	NOUN
cjrl-14169	429	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	429	5	139	139	NUM
cjrl-14169	429	6	n.y.s.3d	n.y.s.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	429	7	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	429	8	49	49	NUM
cjrl-14169	429	9	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	429	10	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	429	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	429	12	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	429	13	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	429	14	argument	argument	NOUN
cjrl-14169	429	15	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	429	16	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	429	17	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	429	18	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	429	19	admitted	admit	VERB
cjrl-14169	429	20	under	under	ADP
cjrl-14169	429	21	inoa	inoa	NOUN
cjrl-14169	429	22	deprived	deprive	VERB
cjrl-14169	429	23	him	he	PRON
cjrl-14169	429	24	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	429	25	his	his	PRON
cjrl-14169	429	26	constitutional	constitutional	ADJ
cjrl-14169	429	27	right	right	NOUN
cjrl-14169	429	28	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	429	29	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	429	30	fair	fair	ADJ
cjrl-14169	429	31	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	429	32	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	429	33	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	430	1	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	430	2	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	430	3	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	430	4	1362	1362	NUM
cjrl-14169	430	5	related	related	ADJ
cjrl-14169	430	6	matters	matter	NOUN
cjrl-14169	430	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	430	8	including	include	VERB
cjrl-14169	430	9	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	430	10	culture	culture	NOUN
cjrl-14169	430	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	430	12	customs	custom	NOUN
cjrl-14169	430	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	430	14	hierarchies	hierarchy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	430	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	430	16	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	430	17	past	past	ADP
cjrl-14169	430	18	violent	violent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	430	19	practices.145	practices.145	NOUN
cjrl-14169	430	20	given	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	430	21	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	430	22	wide	wide	ADJ
cjrl-14169	430	23	scope	scope	NOUN
cjrl-14169	430	24	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	430	25	information	information	NOUN
cjrl-14169	430	26	permitted	permit	VERB
cjrl-14169	430	27	under	under	ADP
cjrl-14169	430	28	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	430	29	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	430	30	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	430	31	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	430	32	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	430	33	databases	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	430	34	like	like	ADP
cjrl-14169	430	35	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	430	36	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	430	37	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	430	38	all	all	DET
cjrl-14169	430	39	the	the	PRON
cjrl-14169	430	40	more	more	ADV
cjrl-14169	430	41	relevant	relevant	ADJ
cjrl-14169	430	42	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	431	1	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	431	2	only	only	ADV
cjrl-14169	431	3	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	431	4	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	431	5	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	431	6	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	431	7	used	use	VERB
cjrl-14169	431	8	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	431	9	support	support	VERB
cjrl-14169	431	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	431	11	finding	finding	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	12	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	431	13	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	431	14	individual	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	15	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	431	16	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	431	17	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	18	member,146	member,146	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	19	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	431	20	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	431	21	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	431	22	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	431	23	provide	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	431	24	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	431	25	basis	basis	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	26	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	431	27	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	431	28	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	29	develop	develop	VERB
cjrl-14169	431	30	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	431	31	broader	broad	ADJ
cjrl-14169	431	32	understanding	understanding	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	33	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	431	34	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	35	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	431	36	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	37	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	431	38	related	relate	VERB
cjrl-14169	431	39	behavior.147	behavior.147	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	40	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	41	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	42	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	43	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	44	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	431	45	evades	evade	VERB
cjrl-14169	431	46	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	431	47	reliability	reliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	48	inquiry	inquiry	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	49	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	431	50	allowing	allow	VERB
cjrl-14169	431	51	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	431	52	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	431	53	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	431	54	suspect	suspect	ADJ
cjrl-14169	431	55	data	datum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	56	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	431	57	undergird	undergird	VERB
cjrl-14169	431	58	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	59	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	431	60	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	61	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	431	62	authority	authority	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	63	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	431	64	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	431	65	courtroom.148	courtroom.148	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	66	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	431	67	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	431	68	factors	factor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	69	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	431	70	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	431	71	broader	broad	ADJ
cjrl-14169	431	72	history	history	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	73	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	431	74	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	431	75	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	431	76	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	431	77	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	78	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	79	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	431	80	mind	mind	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	81	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	431	82	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	431	83	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	84	will	will	AUX
cjrl-14169	431	85	now	now	ADV
cjrl-14169	431	86	turn	turn	VERB
cjrl-14169	431	87	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	431	88	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	431	89	discussion	discussion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	90	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	431	91	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	431	92	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	431	93	effect	effect	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	94	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	431	95	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	96	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	431	97	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	98	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	99	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	100	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	431	101	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	432	1	ii	ii	X
cjrl-14169	432	2	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	433	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	433	2	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	433	3	effect	effect	NOUN
cjrl-14169	433	4	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	433	5	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	433	6	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	433	7	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	433	8	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	433	9	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	433	10	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	433	11	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	433	12	examining	examine	VERB
cjrl-14169	433	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	433	14	connection	connection	NOUN
cjrl-14169	433	15	between	between	ADP
cjrl-14169	433	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	433	17	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	433	18	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	433	19	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	433	20	admission	admission	NOUN
cjrl-14169	433	21	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	433	22	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	433	23	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	433	24	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	433	25	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	433	26	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	433	27	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	433	28	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	433	29	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	433	30	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	433	31	prosecutions	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	433	32	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	433	33	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	433	34	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	433	35	apparent	apparent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	433	36	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	433	37	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	433	38	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	433	39	latino	latino	ADJ
cjrl-14169	433	40	men	man	NOUN
cjrl-14169	433	41	face	face	VERB
cjrl-14169	433	42	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	433	43	unique	unique	ADJ
cjrl-14169	433	44	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	433	45	compounding	compound	VERB
cjrl-14169	433	46	form	form	NOUN
cjrl-14169	433	47	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	433	48	oppression	oppression	NOUN
cjrl-14169	433	49	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	434	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	434	2	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	434	3	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	434	4	own	own	ADJ
cjrl-14169	434	5	data	datum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	434	6	supports	support	VERB
cjrl-14169	434	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	434	8	notion	notion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	434	9	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	434	10	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	434	11	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	434	12	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	434	13	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	434	14	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	434	15	salient	salient	NOUN
cjrl-14169	434	16	issue.149	issue.149	VERB
cjrl-14169	434	17	yet	yet	ADV
cjrl-14169	434	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	434	19	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	434	20	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	434	21	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	434	22	sensationalized	sensationalize	VERB
cjrl-14169	434	23	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	434	24	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	434	25	media	medium	NOUN
cjrl-14169	434	26	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	434	27	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	434	28	145	145	NUM
cjrl-14169	434	29	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	434	30	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	434	31	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	434	32	bailey	bailey	NOUN
cjrl-14169	434	33	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	434	34	50	50	NUM
cjrl-14169	434	35	n.y.s.3d	n.y.s.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	434	36	53	53	NUM
cjrl-14169	434	37	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	434	38	54	54	NUM
cjrl-14169	434	39	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	434	40	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	434	41	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	434	42	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	434	43	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	435	1	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	435	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	435	3	2017	2017	NUM
cjrl-14169	435	4	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	436	1	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	436	2	holding	hold	VERB
cjrl-14169	436	3	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	436	4	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	436	5	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	436	6	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	436	7	providently	providently	ADV
cjrl-14169	436	8	exercised	exercise	VERB
cjrl-14169	436	9	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	436	10	discretion	discretion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	436	11	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	436	12	admitting	admit	VERB
cjrl-14169	436	13	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	436	14	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	436	15	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	436	16	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	436	17	concerning	concern	VERB
cjrl-14169	436	18	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	436	19	customs	custom	NOUN
cjrl-14169	436	20	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	436	21	hierarchies	hierarchy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	436	22	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	436	23	violent	violent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	436	24	practices	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	436	25	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	436	26	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	436	27	bloods	blood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	436	28	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	436	29	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	436	30	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	437	1	146	146	NUM
cjrl-14169	437	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	437	3	n.y.c	n.y.c	PROPN
cjrl-14169	437	4	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	437	5	dep’t	dep’t	NOUN
cjrl-14169	437	6	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	437	7	investigations	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	437	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	437	9	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	437	10	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	437	11	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	437	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	437	13	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	437	14	23–4	23–4	NUM
cjrl-14169	437	15	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	437	16	outlining	outline	VERB
cjrl-14169	437	17	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	437	18	process	process	NOUN
cjrl-14169	437	19	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	437	20	entry	entry	NOUN
cjrl-14169	437	21	into	into	ADP
cjrl-14169	437	22	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	437	23	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	437	24	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	437	25	thus	thus	ADV
cjrl-14169	437	26	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	437	27	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	437	28	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	437	29	designation	designation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	437	30	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	437	31	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	437	32	speri	speri	NOUN
cjrl-14169	437	33	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	437	34	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	437	35	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	437	36	111	111	NUM
cjrl-14169	437	37	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	437	38	describing	describe	VERB
cjrl-14169	437	39	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	437	40	prosecutors	prosecutor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	437	41	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	437	42	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	437	43	courtroom	courtroom	NOUN
cjrl-14169	437	44	accusation	accusation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	437	45	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	437	46	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	437	47	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	437	48	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	437	49	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	437	50	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	437	51	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	437	52	inclusion	inclusion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	437	53	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	437	54	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	437	55	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	437	56	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	438	1	147	147	NUM
cjrl-14169	438	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	438	3	n.y.c	n.y.c	PROPN
cjrl-14169	438	4	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	438	5	dept	dept	PROPN
cjrl-14169	438	6	’s	’s	X
cjrl-14169	438	7	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	438	8	investigations	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	438	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	438	10	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	438	11	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	438	12	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	438	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	438	14	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	438	15	38	38	NUM
cjrl-14169	438	16	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	438	17	describing	describe	VERB
cjrl-14169	438	18	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	438	19	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	438	20	support	support	VERB
cjrl-14169	438	21	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	438	22	individual	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	438	23	's	's	PART
cjrl-14169	438	24	activation	activation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	438	25	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	438	26	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	438	27	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	438	28	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	438	29	narrative	narrative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	438	30	accounts	account	NOUN
cjrl-14169	438	31	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	438	32	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	438	33	individual	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	438	34	's	's	PART
cjrl-14169	438	35	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	438	36	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	438	37	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	438	38	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	439	1	although	although	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	439	2	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	439	3	department	department	NOUN
cjrl-14169	439	4	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	439	5	investigation	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	439	6	found	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	439	7	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	439	8	many	many	ADJ
cjrl-14169	439	9	activations	activation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	439	10	contained	contain	VERB
cjrl-14169	439	11	insufficient	insufficient	ADJ
cjrl-14169	439	12	narrative	narrative	NOUN
cjrl-14169	439	13	support	support	NOUN
cjrl-14169	439	14	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	439	15	those	those	PRON
cjrl-14169	439	16	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	439	17	sufficient	sufficient	ADJ
cjrl-14169	439	18	support	support	NOUN
cjrl-14169	439	19	contained	contain	VERB
cjrl-14169	439	20	information	information	NOUN
cjrl-14169	439	21	about	about	ADP
cjrl-14169	439	22	known	know	VERB
cjrl-14169	439	23	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	439	24	locations	location	NOUN
cjrl-14169	439	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	439	26	colors	color	NOUN
cjrl-14169	439	27	associated	associate	VERB
cjrl-14169	439	28	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	439	29	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	439	30	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	439	31	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	439	32	hand	hand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	439	33	signs	sign	NOUN
cjrl-14169	439	34	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	439	35	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	439	36	media	medium	NOUN
cjrl-14169	439	37	posts	post	NOUN
cjrl-14169	439	38	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	439	39	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	439	40	other	other	ADJ
cjrl-14169	439	41	investigatory	investigatory	NOUN
cjrl-14169	439	42	observations	observation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	439	43	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	440	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	440	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	440	3	148	148	NUM
cjrl-14169	440	4	frye	frye	NOUN
cjrl-14169	440	5	provides	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	440	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	440	7	reliability	reliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	440	8	inquiry	inquiry	NOUN
cjrl-14169	440	9	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	440	10	expert	expert	ADJ
cjrl-14169	440	11	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	440	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	440	13	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	440	14	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	440	15	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	440	16	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	440	17	evades	evade	VERB
cjrl-14169	440	18	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	440	19	inquiry	inquiry	NOUN
cjrl-14169	440	20	due	due	ADP
cjrl-14169	440	21	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	440	22	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	440	23	grounding	grounding	NOUN
cjrl-14169	440	24	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	440	25	personal	personal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	440	26	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	440	27	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	440	28	experience	experience	NOUN
cjrl-14169	440	29	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	441	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	441	2	supra	supra	ADJ
cjrl-14169	441	3	text	text	NOUN
cjrl-14169	441	4	accompanying	accompanying	ADJ
cjrl-14169	441	5	notes	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	441	6	135–36	135–36	NOUN
cjrl-14169	441	7	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	442	1	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	442	2	limiting	limit	VERB
cjrl-14169	442	3	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	442	4	scope	scope	NOUN
cjrl-14169	442	5	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	442	6	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	442	7	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	442	8	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	442	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	442	10	inoa	inoa	PROPN
cjrl-14169	442	11	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	442	12	makes	make	VERB
cjrl-14169	442	13	no	no	DET
cjrl-14169	442	14	mention	mention	NOUN
cjrl-14169	442	15	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	442	16	reliability	reliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	442	17	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	443	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	443	2	inoa	inoa	NOUN
cjrl-14169	443	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	443	4	34	34	NUM
cjrl-14169	443	5	n.e.3d	n.e.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	443	6	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	443	7	842–44	842–44	PROPN
cjrl-14169	443	8	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	443	9	stating	state	VERB
cjrl-14169	443	10	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	443	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	443	12	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	443	13	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	443	14	chief	chief	ADJ
cjrl-14169	443	15	concern	concern	NOUN
cjrl-14169	443	16	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	443	17	limiting	limit	VERB
cjrl-14169	443	18	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	443	19	scope	scope	NOUN
cjrl-14169	443	20	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	443	21	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	443	22	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	443	23	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	443	24	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	443	25	whether	whether	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	443	26	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	443	27	subject	subject	NOUN
cjrl-14169	443	28	matter	matter	NOUN
cjrl-14169	443	29	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	443	30	beyond	beyond	ADP
cjrl-14169	443	31	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	443	32	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	443	33	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	443	34	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	443	35	ordinary	ordinary	ADJ
cjrl-14169	443	36	juror	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	443	37	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	443	38	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	444	1	149	149	NUM
cjrl-14169	444	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	444	3	howell	howell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	444	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	444	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	444	6	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	444	7	22	22	NUM
cjrl-14169	444	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	444	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	444	10	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	444	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	444	12	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	444	13	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	444	14	g]ang	g]ang	X
cjrl-14169	444	15	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	444	16	motivated	motivated	ADJ
cjrl-14169	444	17	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	444	18	do	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	444	19	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	444	20	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	444	21	crimes	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	444	22	account	account	VERB
cjrl-14169	444	23	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	444	24	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	444	25	one	one	NUM
cjrl-14169	444	26	percent	percent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	444	27	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	444	28	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	444	29	crimes	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	444	30	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	444	31	take	take	VERB
cjrl-14169	444	32	place	place	NOUN
cjrl-14169	444	33	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	444	34	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	444	35	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	444	36	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	444	37	each	each	DET
cjrl-14169	444	38	year	year	NOUN
cjrl-14169	444	39	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	444	40	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	444	41	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	444	42	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	445	1	1363	1363	NUM
cjrl-14169	445	2	colum	colum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	445	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	446	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	446	2	race	race	PROPN
cjrl-14169	446	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	446	4	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	447	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	447	2	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	447	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	448	1	15:1337	15:1337	PROPN
cjrl-14169	448	2	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	448	3	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	448	4	invested	invest	VERB
cjrl-14169	448	5	tremendous	tremendous	ADJ
cjrl-14169	448	6	resources	resource	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	7	into	into	ADP
cjrl-14169	448	8	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	448	9	suppression	suppression	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	10	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	448	11	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	12	activity.150	activity.150	PROPN
cjrl-14169	448	13	widespread	widespread	PROPN
cjrl-14169	448	14	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	15	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	16	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	448	17	thus	thus	ADV
cjrl-14169	448	18	pretextual	pretextual	ADJ
cjrl-14169	448	19	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	448	20	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	448	21	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	448	22	public	public	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	23	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	448	24	association	association	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	25	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	448	26	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	27	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	28	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	448	29	violent	violent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	448	30	criminality	criminality	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	31	covers	cover	VERB
cjrl-14169	448	32	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	448	33	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	448	34	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	448	35	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	448	36	profiling	profiling	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	37	practices	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	38	under	under	ADP
cjrl-14169	448	39	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	448	40	façade	façade	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	41	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	448	42	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	448	43	neutrality.151	neutrality.151	PROPN
cjrl-14169	448	44	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	448	45	exemplified	exemplify	VERB
cjrl-14169	448	46	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	448	47	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	448	48	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	448	49	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	448	50	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	448	51	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	52	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	448	53	clearly	clearly	ADV
cjrl-14169	448	54	embedded	embed	VERB
cjrl-14169	448	55	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	448	56	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	448	57	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	448	58	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	448	59	methods	method	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	60	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	448	61	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	62	policing.152	policing.152	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	63	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	448	64	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	448	65	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	448	66	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	67	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	448	68	given	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	448	69	immense	immense	ADJ
cjrl-14169	448	70	evidentiary	evidentiary	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	71	weight	weight	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	72	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	448	73	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	448	74	courtroom	courtroom	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	75	through	through	ADP
cjrl-14169	448	76	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	448	77	admission	admission	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	78	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	448	79	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	448	80	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	81	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	448	82	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	83	experts.153	experts.153	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	448	84	this	this	PRON
cjrl-14169	448	85	creates	create	VERB
cjrl-14169	448	86	two	two	NUM
cjrl-14169	448	87	major	major	ADJ
cjrl-14169	448	88	issues	issue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	448	89	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	449	1	first	first	ADV
cjrl-14169	449	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	449	3	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	449	4	expert	expert	ADJ
cjrl-14169	449	5	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	449	6	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	449	7	unfairly	unfairly	ADV
cjrl-14169	449	8	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	449	9	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	449	10	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	449	11	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	449	12	alleged	allege	VERB
cjrl-14169	449	13	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	449	14	ties	tie	NOUN
cjrl-14169	449	15	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	450	1	second	second	ADV
cjrl-14169	450	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	450	3	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	450	4	expert	expert	ADJ
cjrl-14169	450	5	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	450	6	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	450	7	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	450	8	wholly	wholly	ADV
cjrl-14169	450	9	unreliable	unreliable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	450	10	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	450	11	support	support	VERB
cjrl-14169	450	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	450	13	wrongful	wrongful	ADJ
cjrl-14169	450	14	convictions	conviction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	450	15	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	450	16	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	450	17	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	450	18	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	450	19	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	450	20	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	450	21	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	450	22	affiliated	affiliate	VERB
cjrl-14169	450	23	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	451	1	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	451	2	issues	issue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	451	3	come	come	VERB
cjrl-14169	451	4	together	together	ADV
cjrl-14169	451	5	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	451	6	create	create	VERB
cjrl-14169	451	7	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	451	8	powerful	powerful	ADJ
cjrl-14169	451	9	form	form	NOUN
cjrl-14169	451	10	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	451	11	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	451	12	legal	legal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	451	13	oppression	oppression	NOUN
cjrl-14169	451	14	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	451	15	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	451	16	seemingly	seemingly	ADV
cjrl-14169	451	17	inescapable	inescapable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	451	18	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	451	19	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	451	20	targeted	target	VERB
cjrl-14169	451	21	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	451	22	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	451	23	latino	latino	ADJ
cjrl-14169	451	24	new	new	ADJ
cjrl-14169	451	25	yorkers	yorkers	PROPN
cjrl-14169	451	26	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	452	1	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	452	2	part	part	NOUN
cjrl-14169	452	3	explores	explore	VERB
cjrl-14169	452	4	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	452	5	prejudice	prejudice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	452	6	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	452	7	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	452	8	concerns	concern	NOUN
cjrl-14169	452	9	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	452	10	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	452	11	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	452	12	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	452	13	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	452	14	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	453	1	section	section	NOUN
cjrl-14169	453	2	ii.a	ii.a	PROPN
cjrl-14169	453	3	analyzes	analyze	VERB
cjrl-14169	453	4	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	453	5	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	453	6	effect	effect	NOUN
cjrl-14169	453	7	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	453	8	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	453	9	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	453	10	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	453	11	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	453	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	453	13	taking	take	VERB
cjrl-14169	453	14	into	into	ADP
cjrl-14169	453	15	account	account	NOUN
cjrl-14169	453	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	453	17	implicit	implicit	ADJ
cjrl-14169	453	18	biases	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	453	19	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	453	20	testifying	testify	VERB
cjrl-14169	453	21	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	453	22	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	453	23	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	453	24	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	454	1	section	section	NOUN
cjrl-14169	454	2	ii.b	ii.b	PROPN
cjrl-14169	454	3	examines	examine	VERB
cjrl-14169	454	4	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	454	5	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	454	6	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	454	7	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	454	8	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	454	9	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	454	10	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	454	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	454	12	highlighting	highlight	VERB
cjrl-14169	454	13	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	454	14	overbroad	overbroad	NOUN
cjrl-14169	454	15	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	454	16	definitions	definition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	454	17	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	454	18	harmful	harmful	ADJ
cjrl-14169	454	19	indicators	indicator	NOUN
cjrl-14169	454	20	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	454	21	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	454	22	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	454	23	risk	risk	VERB
cjrl-14169	454	24	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	454	25	conviction	conviction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	454	26	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	454	27	innocent	innocent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	454	28	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	454	29	non	non	ADJ
cjrl-14169	454	30	-	-	ADJ
cjrl-14169	454	31	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	454	32	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	454	33	affiliated	affiliate	VERB
cjrl-14169	454	34	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	454	35	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	455	1	150	150	NUM
cjrl-14169	455	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	455	3	n.y.c	n.y.c	PROPN
cjrl-14169	455	4	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	456	1	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	456	2	dep’t	dep’t	PROPN
cjrl-14169	456	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	456	4	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	456	5	note	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	456	6	42	42	NUM
cjrl-14169	456	7	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	456	8	describing	describe	VERB
cjrl-14169	456	9	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	456	10	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	456	11	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	456	12	major	major	ADJ
cjrl-14169	456	13	case	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	456	14	operations	operation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	456	15	conducted	conduct	VERB
cjrl-14169	456	16	against	against	ADP
cjrl-14169	456	17	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	456	18	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	456	19	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	456	20	first	first	ADJ
cjrl-14169	456	21	three	three	NUM
cjrl-14169	456	22	months	month	NOUN
cjrl-14169	456	23	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	456	24	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	456	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	456	26	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	456	27	resulted	result	VERB
cjrl-14169	456	28	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	456	29	over	over	ADP
cjrl-14169	456	30	200	200	NUM
cjrl-14169	456	31	arrests	arrest	NOUN
cjrl-14169	456	32	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	456	33	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	456	34	tina	tina	PROPN
cjrl-14169	456	35	moore	moore	PROPN
cjrl-14169	456	36	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	456	37	sofia	sofia	PROPN
cjrl-14169	456	38	barnett	barnett	PROPN
cjrl-14169	456	39	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	456	40	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	456	41	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	456	42	ny	ny	PROPN
cjrl-14169	456	43	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	456	44	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	456	45	bronx	bronx	PROPN
cjrl-14169	456	46	unit	unit	NOUN
cjrl-14169	456	47	targets	target	NOUN
cjrl-14169	456	48	killer	killer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	456	49	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	456	50	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	456	51	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	456	52	happy	happy	ADJ
cjrl-14169	456	53	crews	crew	NOUN
cjrl-14169	456	54	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	456	55	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	456	56	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	456	57	post	post	PROPN
cjrl-14169	456	58	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	456	59	july	july	PROPN
cjrl-14169	456	60	22	22	NUM
cjrl-14169	456	61	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	456	62	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	456	63	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	456	64	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	456	65	https://nypost.com/2023/07/22/nypd-bronx-unit-targets-killer-crime-happy-gangs-in-nyc/	https://nypost.com/2023/07/22/nypd-bronx-unit-targets-killer-crime-happy-gangs-in-nyc/	X
cjrl-14169	457	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	457	2	https://perma.cc/zp5kp5zg	https://perma.cc/zp5kp5zg	X
cjrl-14169	457	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	457	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	457	5	describing	describe	VERB
cjrl-14169	457	6	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	457	7	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	457	8	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	457	9	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	457	10	drivers	driver	NOUN
cjrl-14169	457	11	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	457	12	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	457	13	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	457	14	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	457	15	everyday	everyday	ADJ
cjrl-14169	457	16	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	457	17	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	457	18	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	457	19	collateral	collateral	ADJ
cjrl-14169	457	20	damage	damage	NOUN
cjrl-14169	457	21	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	457	22	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	457	23	warfare	warfare	NOUN
cjrl-14169	457	24	raging	rage	VERB
cjrl-14169	457	25	across	across	ADP
cjrl-14169	457	26	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	457	27	city	city	NOUN
cjrl-14169	457	28	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	457	29	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	457	30	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	458	1	151	151	NUM
cjrl-14169	458	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	458	3	howell	howell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	458	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	458	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	458	6	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	458	7	22	22	NUM
cjrl-14169	458	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	458	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	458	10	5–6	5–6	PROPN
cjrl-14169	458	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	458	12	arguing	argue	VERB
cjrl-14169	458	13	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	458	14	rampant	rampant	ADJ
cjrl-14169	458	15	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	458	16	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	458	17	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	458	18	pretext	pretext	NOUN
cjrl-14169	458	19	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	458	20	justify	justify	VERB
cjrl-14169	458	21	broad	broad	ADJ
cjrl-14169	458	22	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	458	23	enforcement	enforcement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	458	24	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	458	25	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	458	26	suppression	suppression	NOUN
cjrl-14169	458	27	strategies	strategy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	458	28	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	458	29	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	458	30	johnson	johnson	PROPN
cjrl-14169	458	31	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	458	32	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	458	33	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	458	34	6	6	NUM
cjrl-14169	458	35	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	458	36	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	458	37	1042	1042	NUM
cjrl-14169	458	38	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	458	39	arguing	argue	VERB
cjrl-14169	458	40	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	458	41	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	458	42	gang	gang	PROPN
cjrl-14169	458	43	policing	policing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	458	44	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	458	45	racebased	racebase	VERB
cjrl-14169	458	46	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	458	47	practice	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	458	48	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	458	49	practice	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	458	50	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	458	51	race	race	NOUN
cjrl-14169	458	52	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	458	53	neutral	neutral	ADJ
cjrl-14169	458	54	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	458	55	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	458	56	face	face	NOUN
cjrl-14169	458	57	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	458	58	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	459	1	152	152	NUM
cjrl-14169	459	2	non	non	ADJ
cjrl-14169	459	3	-	-	ADJ
cjrl-14169	459	4	white	white	ADJ
cjrl-14169	459	5	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	459	6	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	459	7	ninety	ninety	NUM
cjrl-14169	459	8	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	459	9	nine	nine	NUM
cjrl-14169	459	10	percent	percent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	459	11	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	459	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	459	13	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	459	14	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	459	15	yet	yet	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	459	16	white	white	ADJ
cjrl-14169	459	17	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	459	18	account	account	VERB
cjrl-14169	459	19	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	459	20	twenty	twenty	NUM
cjrl-14169	459	21	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	459	22	five	five	NUM
cjrl-14169	459	23	percent	percent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	459	24	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	459	25	more	more	ADJ
cjrl-14169	459	26	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	459	27	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	459	28	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	459	29	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	460	1	johnson	johnson	PROPN
cjrl-14169	460	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	460	3	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	460	4	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	460	5	6	6	NUM
cjrl-14169	460	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	460	7	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	460	8	1041	1041	NUM
cjrl-14169	460	9	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	461	1	153	153	NUM
cjrl-14169	461	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	461	3	hayat	hayat	NOUN
cjrl-14169	461	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	461	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	461	6	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	461	7	113	113	NUM
cjrl-14169	461	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	461	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	461	10	200	200	NUM
cjrl-14169	461	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	461	12	recognizing	recognize	VERB
cjrl-14169	461	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	461	14	power	power	NOUN
cjrl-14169	461	15	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	461	16	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	461	17	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	461	18	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	461	19	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	461	20	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	461	21	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	462	1	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	462	2	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	462	3	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	462	4	1364	1364	NUM
cjrl-14169	462	5	c.	c.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	462	6	police	police	PROPN
cjrl-14169	462	7	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	8	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	9	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	10	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	462	11	unfairly	unfairly	ADV
cjrl-14169	462	12	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	462	13	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	462	14	discussed	discuss	VERB
cjrl-14169	462	15	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	462	16	section	section	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	17	i.b	i.b	PROPN
cjrl-14169	462	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	462	19	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	20	regarding	regard	VERB
cjrl-14169	462	21	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	22	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	23	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	462	24	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	462	25	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	462	26	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	27	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	462	28	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	29	affiliation	affiliation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	30	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	462	31	generally	generally	ADV
cjrl-14169	462	32	deemed	deem	VERB
cjrl-14169	462	33	more	more	ADV
cjrl-14169	462	34	probative	probative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	462	35	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	462	36	prejudicial.154	prejudicial.154	PROPN
cjrl-14169	462	37	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	462	38	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	462	39	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	462	40	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	462	41	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	42	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	462	43	presented	present	VERB
cjrl-14169	462	44	through	through	ADP
cjrl-14169	462	45	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	462	46	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	47	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	462	48	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	462	49	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	50	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	51	witness	witness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	52	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	462	53	there	there	PRON
cjrl-14169	462	54	is	be	VERB
cjrl-14169	462	55	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	462	56	particular	particular	ADJ
cjrl-14169	462	57	capacity	capacity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	58	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	462	59	prejudice	prejudice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	60	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	462	61	courts	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	62	have	have	VERB
cjrl-14169	462	63	yet	yet	ADV
cjrl-14169	462	64	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	462	65	recognize.155	recognize.155	VERB
cjrl-14169	462	66	during	during	ADP
cjrl-14169	462	67	trials	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	68	where	where	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	462	69	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	70	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	71	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	462	72	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	73	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	74	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	462	75	relevant	relevant	ADJ
cjrl-14169	462	76	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	462	77	prosecutors	prosecutor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	78	employ	employ	VERB
cjrl-14169	462	79	inflammatory	inflammatory	ADJ
cjrl-14169	462	80	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	462	81	often	often	ADV
cjrl-14169	462	82	inaccurate	inaccurate	ADJ
cjrl-14169	462	83	narratives	narrative	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	84	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	462	85	highlight	highlight	VERB
cjrl-14169	462	86	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	462	87	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	88	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	462	89	moral	moral	ADJ
cjrl-14169	462	90	turpitude	turpitude	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	91	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	462	92	gang	gang	PROPN
cjrl-14169	462	93	life.156	life.156	PROPN
cjrl-14169	462	94	while	while	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	462	95	claiming	claim	VERB
cjrl-14169	462	96	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	462	97	protect	protect	VERB
cjrl-14169	462	98	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	462	99	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	100	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	462	101	threats	threat	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	102	posed	pose	VERB
cjrl-14169	462	103	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	462	104	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	105	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	462	106	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	462	107	stories	story	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	108	exaggerate	exaggerate	VERB
cjrl-14169	462	109	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	462	110	conduct	conduct	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	111	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	462	112	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	462	113	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	462	114	latino	latino	ADJ
cjrl-14169	462	115	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	116	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	462	117	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	462	118	feed	feed	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	119	society	society	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	120	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	462	121	overt	overt	ADJ
cjrl-14169	462	122	racism	racism	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	123	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	462	124	implicit	implicit	ADJ
cjrl-14169	462	125	biases.157	biases.157	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	126	testifying	testify	VERB
cjrl-14169	462	127	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	128	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	129	play	play	VERB
cjrl-14169	462	130	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	462	131	critical	critical	ADJ
cjrl-14169	462	132	role	role	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	133	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	462	134	supporting	support	VERB
cjrl-14169	462	135	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	462	136	stories	story	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	137	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	462	138	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	462	139	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	462	140	provide	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	462	141	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	462	142	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	143	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	462	144	authority	authority	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	145	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	462	146	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	147	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	148	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	462	149	membership,158	membership,158	PROPN
cjrl-14169	462	150	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	462	151	judges	judge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	152	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	462	153	exceedingly	exceedingly	ADV
cjrl-14169	462	154	deferential	deferential	ADJ
cjrl-14169	462	155	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	462	156	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	462	157	expertise.159	expertise.159	PROPN
cjrl-14169	462	158	154	154	NUM
cjrl-14169	462	159	see	see	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	160	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	462	161	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
cjrl-14169	462	162	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	462	163	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	462	164	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	462	165	angulo	angulo	PROPN
cjrl-14169	462	166	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	462	167	159	159	NUM
cjrl-14169	462	168	n.y.s.3d	n.y.s.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	462	169	427	427	NUM
cjrl-14169	462	170	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	462	171	429	429	NUM
cjrl-14169	462	172	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	462	173	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	462	174	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	462	175	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	462	176	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	463	1	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	463	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	463	3	2022	2022	NUM
cjrl-14169	463	4	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	464	1	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	464	2	holding	hold	VERB
cjrl-14169	464	3	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	464	4	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	464	5	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	464	6	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	464	7	did	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	464	8	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	464	9	abuse	abuse	VERB
cjrl-14169	464	10	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	464	11	discretion	discretion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	464	12	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	464	13	finding	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	464	14	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	464	15	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	464	16	more	more	ADV
cjrl-14169	464	17	probative	probative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	464	18	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	464	19	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	464	20	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	464	21	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	464	22	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	464	23	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	464	24	hilts	hilt	NOUN
cjrl-14169	464	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	464	26	134	134	NUM
cjrl-14169	464	27	n.y.s.3d	n.y.s.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	464	28	563	563	NUM
cjrl-14169	464	29	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	464	30	568	568	NUM
cjrl-14169	464	31	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	464	32	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	464	33	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	464	34	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	464	35	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	465	1	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	465	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	465	3	2020	2020	NUM
cjrl-14169	465	4	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	465	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	465	6	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	465	7	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	465	8	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	466	1	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	466	2	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	466	3	davis	davis	PROPN
cjrl-14169	466	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	466	5	41	41	NUM
cjrl-14169	466	6	n.y.s.3d	n.y.s.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	466	7	160	160	NUM
cjrl-14169	466	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	466	9	160	160	NUM
cjrl-14169	466	10	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	466	11	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	466	12	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	466	13	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	466	14	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	466	15	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	466	16	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	466	17	2016	2016	NUM
cjrl-14169	466	18	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	466	19	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	466	20	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	466	21	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	466	22	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	466	23	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	466	24	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	466	25	wilson	wilson	PROPN
cjrl-14169	466	26	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	466	27	788	788	NUM
cjrl-14169	466	28	n.y.s.2d	n.y.s.2d	NUM
cjrl-14169	466	29	383	383	NUM
cjrl-14169	466	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	466	31	383	383	NUM
cjrl-14169	466	32	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	466	33	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	466	34	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	466	35	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	466	36	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	466	37	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	466	38	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	466	39	2005	2005	NUM
cjrl-14169	466	40	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	466	41	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	466	42	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	466	43	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	466	44	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	466	45	supra	supra	ADJ
cjrl-14169	466	46	text	text	NOUN
cjrl-14169	466	47	accompanying	accompanying	ADJ
cjrl-14169	466	48	notes	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	466	49	123–24	123–24	PROPN
cjrl-14169	466	50	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	466	51	explaining	explain	VERB
cjrl-14169	466	52	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	466	53	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	466	54	many	many	ADJ
cjrl-14169	466	55	ways	way	NOUN
cjrl-14169	466	56	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	466	57	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	466	58	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	466	59	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	466	60	probative	probative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	466	61	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	466	62	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	466	63	use	use	NOUN
cjrl-14169	466	64	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	466	65	limiting	limit	VERB
cjrl-14169	466	66	instructions	instruction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	466	67	tips	tip	NOUN
cjrl-14169	466	68	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	466	69	scales	scale	NOUN
cjrl-14169	466	70	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	466	71	favor	favor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	466	72	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	466	73	admissibility	admissibility	NOUN
cjrl-14169	466	74	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	466	75	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	467	1	155	155	NUM
cjrl-14169	467	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	467	3	hildebrand	hildebrand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	467	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	467	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	467	6	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	467	7	37	37	NUM
cjrl-14169	467	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	467	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	467	10	158–59	158–59	PROPN
cjrl-14169	467	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	467	12	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	467	13	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	467	14	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	467	15	broad	broad	ADJ
cjrl-14169	467	16	judicial	judicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	467	17	deference	deference	NOUN
cjrl-14169	467	18	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	467	19	afforded	afford	VERB
cjrl-14169	467	20	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	467	21	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	467	22	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	467	23	endorsed	endorse	VERB
cjrl-14169	467	24	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	467	25	expert	expert	ADJ
cjrl-14169	467	26	witnesses	witness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	467	27	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	467	28	despite	despite	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	467	29	defendants	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	467	30	being	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	467	31	unfairly	unfairly	ADV
cjrl-14169	467	32	prejudiced	prejudice	VERB
cjrl-14169	467	33	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	467	34	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	468	1	156	156	NUM
cjrl-14169	468	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	468	3	howell	howell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	468	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	468	5	prosecutorial	prosecutorial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	468	6	misconduct	misconduct	NOUN
cjrl-14169	468	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	468	8	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	468	9	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	468	10	128	128	NUM
cjrl-14169	468	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	468	12	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	468	13	704–06	704–06	NUM
cjrl-14169	468	14	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	468	15	outlining	outline	VERB
cjrl-14169	468	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	468	17	inflammatory	inflammatory	ADJ
cjrl-14169	468	18	statements	statement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	468	19	made	make	VERB
cjrl-14169	468	20	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	468	21	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	468	22	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	468	23	county	county	PROPN
cjrl-14169	468	24	district	district	NOUN
cjrl-14169	468	25	attorneys	attorney	NOUN
cjrl-14169	468	26	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	468	27	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	468	28	trials	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	468	29	following	follow	VERB
cjrl-14169	468	30	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	468	31	harlem	harlem	PROPN
cjrl-14169	468	32	housing	housing	PROPN
cjrl-14169	468	33	project	project	NOUN
cjrl-14169	468	34	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	468	35	takedown	takedown	NOUN
cjrl-14169	468	36	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	468	37	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	469	1	157	157	NUM
cjrl-14169	469	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	469	3	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	469	4	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	469	5	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	469	6	708	708	NUM
cjrl-14169	469	7	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	469	8	158	158	NUM
cjrl-14169	469	9	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	469	10	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	469	11	example	example	NOUN
cjrl-14169	469	12	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	469	13	what	what	PRON
cjrl-14169	469	14	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	469	15	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	469	16	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	469	17	look	look	VERB
cjrl-14169	469	18	like	like	ADP
cjrl-14169	469	19	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	469	20	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	469	21	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	469	22	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	469	23	support	support	VERB
cjrl-14169	469	24	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	469	25	prosecutor	prosecutor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	469	26	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	469	27	narrative	narrative	NOUN
cjrl-14169	469	28	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	469	29	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	469	30	hildebrand	hildebrand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	469	31	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	469	32	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	469	33	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	469	34	37	37	NUM
cjrl-14169	469	35	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	469	36	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	469	37	156–58	156–58	NUM
cjrl-14169	469	38	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	470	1	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	470	2	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	470	3	example	example	NOUN
cjrl-14169	470	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	470	5	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	470	6	officer	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	470	7	told	tell	VERB
cjrl-14169	470	8	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	470	9	jury	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	470	10	his	his	PRON
cjrl-14169	470	11	belief	belief	NOUN
cjrl-14169	470	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	470	13	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	470	14	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	470	15	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	470	16	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	470	17	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	470	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	470	19	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	470	20	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	470	21	he	he	PRON
cjrl-14169	470	22	shot	shoot	VERB
cjrl-14169	470	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	470	24	victim	victim	NOUN
cjrl-14169	470	25	out	out	ADP
cjrl-14169	470	26	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	470	27	revenge	revenge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	470	28	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	470	29	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	470	30	shooting	shooting	NOUN
cjrl-14169	470	31	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	470	32	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	470	33	fellow	fellow	ADJ
cjrl-14169	470	34	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	470	35	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	470	36	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	470	37	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	470	38	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	470	39	customary	customary	ADJ
cjrl-14169	470	40	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	470	41	practice	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	470	42	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	471	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	471	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	471	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	471	4	157	157	NUM
cjrl-14169	471	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	472	1	he	he	PRON
cjrl-14169	472	2	went	go	VERB
cjrl-14169	472	3	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	472	4	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	472	5	explain	explain	VERB
cjrl-14169	472	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	472	7	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	472	8	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	472	9	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	472	10	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	472	11	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	472	12	question	question	NOUN
cjrl-14169	472	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	472	14	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	472	15	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	472	16	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	472	17	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	472	18	commit	commit	VERB
cjrl-14169	472	19	crimes	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	472	20	such	such	ADJ
cjrl-14169	472	21	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	472	22	rape	rape	NOUN
cjrl-14169	472	23	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	472	24	murder	murder	NOUN
cjrl-14169	472	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	472	26	assault	assault	NOUN
cjrl-14169	472	27	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	472	28	firearms	firearm	NOUN
cjrl-14169	472	29	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	472	30	car	car	NOUN
cjrl-14169	472	31	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	472	32	narcotics	narcotic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	472	33	thefts	theft	NOUN
cjrl-14169	472	34	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	472	35	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	472	36	burglary	burglary	NOUN
cjrl-14169	472	37	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	472	38	all	all	PRON
cjrl-14169	472	39	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	472	40	enhance	enhance	VERB
cjrl-14169	472	41	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	472	42	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	472	43	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	472	44	reputation	reputation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	472	45	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	472	46	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	472	47	profit	profit	VERB
cjrl-14169	472	48	financially	financially	ADV
cjrl-14169	472	49	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	472	50	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	473	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	473	2	d.	d.	VERB
cjrl-14169	473	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	473	4	157	157	NUM
cjrl-14169	473	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	474	1	despite	despite	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	474	2	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	474	3	credible	credible	ADJ
cjrl-14169	474	4	alibi	alibi	NOUN
cjrl-14169	474	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	474	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	474	7	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	474	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	474	9	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	474	10	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	474	11	man	man	NOUN
cjrl-14169	474	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	474	13	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	474	14	charged	charge	VERB
cjrl-14169	474	15	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	474	16	murder	murder	NOUN
cjrl-14169	474	17	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	474	18	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	474	19	all	all	ADV
cjrl-14169	474	20	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	474	21	white	white	ADJ
cjrl-14169	474	22	jury	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	474	23	after	after	ADP
cjrl-14169	474	24	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	474	25	unusually	unusually	ADV
cjrl-14169	474	26	short	short	ADJ
cjrl-14169	474	27	deliberation	deliberation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	474	28	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	475	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	475	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	475	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	475	4	158	158	NUM
cjrl-14169	475	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	476	1	159	159	NUM
cjrl-14169	476	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	476	3	lvovsky	lvovsky	ADJ
cjrl-14169	476	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	476	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	476	6	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	476	7	37	37	NUM
cjrl-14169	476	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	476	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	476	10	5	5	NUM
cjrl-14169	476	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	476	12	suggesting	suggest	VERB
cjrl-14169	476	13	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	476	14	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	476	15	courts	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	476	16	came	come	VERB
cjrl-14169	476	17	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	476	18	recognize	recognize	VERB
cjrl-14169	476	19	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	476	20	work	work	NOUN
cjrl-14169	476	21	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	476	22	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	476	23	matter	matter	NOUN
cjrl-14169	476	24	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	476	25	professional	professional	ADJ
cjrl-14169	476	26	expertise	expertise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	476	27	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	476	28	large	large	ADJ
cjrl-14169	476	29	part	part	NOUN
cjrl-14169	476	30	through	through	ADP
cjrl-14169	476	31	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	476	32	interconnections	interconnection	NOUN
cjrl-14169	476	33	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	476	34	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	476	35	often	often	ADV
cjrl-14169	476	36	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	476	37	structural	structural	ADJ
cjrl-14169	476	38	biases	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	476	39	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	476	40	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	476	41	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	476	42	justice	justice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	476	43	system	system	NOUN
cjrl-14169	476	44	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	476	45	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	476	46	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	477	1	1365	1365	NUM
cjrl-14169	477	2	colum	colum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	477	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	478	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	478	2	race	race	PROPN
cjrl-14169	478	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	478	4	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	479	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	479	2	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	479	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	480	1	15:1337	15:1337	NUM
cjrl-14169	480	2	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	480	3	virtue	virtue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	4	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	480	5	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	480	6	subconscious	subconscious	ADJ
cjrl-14169	480	7	grounding	grounding	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	480	9	implicit	implicit	ADJ
cjrl-14169	480	10	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	11	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	480	12	particularly	particularly	ADV
cjrl-14169	480	13	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ
cjrl-14169	480	14	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	480	15	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	480	16	influence	influence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	17	over	over	ADP
cjrl-14169	480	18	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	19	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	20	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	21	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	480	22	jury	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	23	decision	decision	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	24	making.160	making.160	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	25	courts	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	26	’	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	480	27	insensitivity	insensitivity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	28	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	480	29	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	480	30	operation	operation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	31	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	480	32	implicit	implicit	ADJ
cjrl-14169	480	33	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	34	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	480	35	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	480	36	scenarios	scenario	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	37	skews	skew	VERB
cjrl-14169	480	38	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	480	39	fairness	fairness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	40	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	480	41	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	480	42	trials	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	43	against	against	ADP
cjrl-14169	480	44	alleged	allege	VERB
cjrl-14169	480	45	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	46	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	47	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	480	48	particularly	particularly	ADV
cjrl-14169	480	49	those	those	PRON
cjrl-14169	480	50	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	480	51	color.161	color.161	VERB
cjrl-14169	480	52	despite	despite	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	480	53	any	any	DET
cjrl-14169	480	54	probative	probative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	480	55	value	value	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	56	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	57	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	58	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	59	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	480	60	provide	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	480	61	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	480	62	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	480	63	case	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	64	outcomes	outcome	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	65	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	480	66	only	only	ADV
cjrl-14169	480	67	as	as	ADV
cjrl-14169	480	68	just	just	ADV
cjrl-14169	480	69	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	480	70	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	480	71	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	72	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	480	73	informs	inform	VERB
cjrl-14169	480	74	them.162	them.162	ADV
cjrl-14169	480	75	therefore	therefore	ADV
cjrl-14169	480	76	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	480	77	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	480	78	biased	biased	ADJ
cjrl-14169	480	79	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	80	leads	lead	VERB
cjrl-14169	480	81	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	480	82	biased	biased	ADJ
cjrl-14169	480	83	outcomes	outcome	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	84	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	480	85	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	480	86	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	480	87	impossible	impossible	ADJ
cjrl-14169	480	88	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	480	89	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	480	90	probative	probative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	480	91	value	value	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	92	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	480	93	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	480	94	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	95	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	480	96	outweigh	outweigh	VERB
cjrl-14169	480	97	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	480	98	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	480	99	effect	effect	NOUN
cjrl-14169	480	100	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	481	1	1	1	X
cjrl-14169	481	2	.	.	X
cjrl-14169	481	3	implicit	implicit	ADJ
cjrl-14169	481	4	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	5	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	481	6	testifying	testify	VERB
cjrl-14169	481	7	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	8	given	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	481	9	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	481	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	481	11	expertise	expertise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	12	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	481	13	testifying	testify	VERB
cjrl-14169	481	14	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	15	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	481	16	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	481	17	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	481	18	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	481	19	personal	personal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	481	20	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	21	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	481	22	experience	experience	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	23	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	481	24	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	25	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	26	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	27	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	481	28	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	29	prosecutions	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	30	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	481	31	typically	typically	ADV
cjrl-14169	481	32	given	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	481	33	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	481	34	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	481	35	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	36	unit	unit	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	37	officer	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	38	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	481	39	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	481	40	detective	detective	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	41	familiar	familiar	ADJ
cjrl-14169	481	42	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	481	43	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	481	44	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	45	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	481	46	similar	similar	ADJ
cjrl-14169	481	47	gangs.163	gangs.163	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	48	there	there	PRON
cjrl-14169	481	49	is	be	VERB
cjrl-14169	481	50	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	481	51	however	however	ADV
cjrl-14169	481	52	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	481	53	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	481	54	high	high	ADJ
cjrl-14169	481	55	risk	risk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	56	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	481	57	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	481	58	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	59	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	481	60	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	481	61	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	62	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	481	63	tainted	taint	VERB
cjrl-14169	481	64	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	481	65	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	481	66	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	481	67	anti	anti	ADJ
cjrl-14169	481	68	-	-	ADJ
cjrl-14169	481	69	gang	gang	ADJ
cjrl-14169	481	70	bias.164	bias.164	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	71	although	although	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	481	72	young	young	ADJ
cjrl-14169	481	73	men	man	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	74	join	join	VERB
cjrl-14169	481	75	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	76	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	481	77	safety	safety	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	78	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	481	79	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	481	80	fulfillment	fulfillment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	81	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	481	82	basic	basic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	481	83	human	human	ADJ
cjrl-14169	481	84	needs,165	needs,165	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	85	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	481	86	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	481	87	g]ang	g]ang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	88	units	unit	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	89	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	481	90	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	91	departments	department	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	92	show	show	VERB
cjrl-14169	481	93	high	high	ADJ
cjrl-14169	481	94	levels	level	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	95	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	481	96	implicit	implicit	ADJ
cjrl-14169	481	97	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	98	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	481	99	seen	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	481	100	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	481	101	other	other	ADJ
cjrl-14169	481	102	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	103	departments	department	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	104	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	481	105	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	481	106	prone	prone	ADJ
cjrl-14169	481	107	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	481	108	think	think	VERB
cjrl-14169	481	109	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	481	110	160	160	NUM
cjrl-14169	481	111	see	see	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	112	hildebrand	hildebrand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	113	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	481	114	supra	supra	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	115	37	37	NUM
cjrl-14169	481	116	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	481	117	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	481	118	190	190	NUM
cjrl-14169	481	119	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	481	120	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	481	121	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	481	122	significant	significant	ADJ
cjrl-14169	481	123	body	body	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	124	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	481	125	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	481	126	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	481	127	neuroscience	neuroscience	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	128	research	research	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	129	shows	show	VERB
cjrl-14169	481	130	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	481	131	implicit	implicit	ADJ
cjrl-14169	481	132	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	133	often	often	ADV
cjrl-14169	481	134	impacts	impact	VERB
cjrl-14169	481	135	juror	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	136	decision	decision	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	137	making	make	VERB
cjrl-14169	481	138	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	481	139	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	481	140	trials	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	141	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	481	142	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	481	143	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	481	144	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	481	145	katheryn	katheryn	PROPN
cjrl-14169	481	146	yetter	yetter	PROPN
cjrl-14169	481	147	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	481	148	brian	brian	PROPN
cjrl-14169	481	149	m.	m.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	481	150	lee	lee	PROPN
cjrl-14169	481	151	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	481	152	judging	judge	VERB
cjrl-14169	481	153	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	481	154	book	book	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	155	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	481	156	more	more	ADJ
cjrl-14169	481	157	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	481	158	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	481	159	cover	cover	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	160	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	481	161	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	481	162	symposium	symposium	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	163	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	481	164	juries	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	165	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	481	166	implicit	implicit	ADJ
cjrl-14169	481	167	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	168	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	481	169	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	481	170	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	481	171	justice	justice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	172	system	system	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	173	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	481	174	response	response	NOUN
cjrl-14169	481	175	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	481	176	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	481	177	2021	2021	NUM
cjrl-14169	481	178	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	481	179	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	481	180	https://www.judges.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/njc_white-paper_web_singlepages-1.pdf	https://www.judges.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/njc_white-paper_web_singlepages-1.pdf	X
cjrl-14169	482	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	482	2	https://perma.cc/ph8p-4u6a	https://perma.cc/ph8p-4u6a	X
cjrl-14169	482	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	482	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	482	5	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	482	6	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	482	7	implicit	implicit	ADJ
cjrl-14169	482	8	biases	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	482	9	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	482	10	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	482	11	affect	affect	VERB
cjrl-14169	482	12	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	482	13	juror	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	482	14	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	482	15	understanding	understanding	NOUN
cjrl-14169	482	16	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	482	17	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	482	18	facts	fact	NOUN
cjrl-14169	482	19	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	482	20	decision	decision	NOUN
cjrl-14169	482	21	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	482	22	making	making	NOUN
cjrl-14169	482	23	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	482	24	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	482	25	behavior	behavior	NOUN
cjrl-14169	482	26	without	without	ADP
cjrl-14169	482	27	them	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	482	28	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	482	29	realizing	realize	VERB
cjrl-14169	482	30	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	482	31	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	482	32	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	482	33	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	482	34	lead	lead	VERB
cjrl-14169	482	35	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	482	36	unfair	unfair	ADJ
cjrl-14169	482	37	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	482	38	unjust	unjust	ADJ
cjrl-14169	482	39	results	result	NOUN
cjrl-14169	482	40	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	482	41	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	482	42	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	482	43	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	483	1	161	161	NUM
cjrl-14169	483	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	483	3	hildebrand	hildebrand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	483	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	483	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	483	6	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	483	7	37	37	NUM
cjrl-14169	483	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	483	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	483	10	178	178	NUM
cjrl-14169	483	11	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	484	1	162	162	NUM
cjrl-14169	484	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	484	3	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	484	4	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	484	5	163	163	NUM
cjrl-14169	484	6	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	484	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	484	8	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
cjrl-14169	484	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	484	10	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	484	11	v.	v.	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	484	12	inoa	inoa	NOUN
cjrl-14169	484	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	484	14	34	34	NUM
cjrl-14169	484	15	n.e.3d	n.e.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	484	16	839	839	NUM
cjrl-14169	484	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	484	18	842	842	NUM
cjrl-14169	484	19	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	484	20	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	484	21	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	484	22	2016	2016	NUM
cjrl-14169	484	23	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	484	24	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	484	25	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	484	26	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	484	27	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	484	28	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	484	29	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	484	30	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	484	31	detective	detective	NOUN
cjrl-14169	484	32	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	484	33	previously	previously	ADV
cjrl-14169	484	34	participated	participate	VERB
cjrl-14169	484	35	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	484	36	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	484	37	takedown	takedown	NOUN
cjrl-14169	484	38	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	484	39	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	484	40	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	484	41	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	484	42	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	484	43	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	484	44	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	485	1	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	485	2	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	485	3	goldman	goldman	PROPN
cjrl-14169	485	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	485	5	139	139	NUM
cjrl-14169	485	6	n.y.s.3d	n.y.s.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	485	7	48	48	NUM
cjrl-14169	485	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	485	9	49	49	NUM
cjrl-14169	485	10	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	485	11	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	485	12	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	485	13	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	485	14	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	485	15	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	485	16	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	485	17	2020	2020	NUM
cjrl-14169	485	18	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	485	19	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	485	20	holding	hold	VERB
cjrl-14169	485	21	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	485	22	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	485	23	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	485	24	detective	detective	NOUN
cjrl-14169	485	25	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	485	26	properly	properly	ADV
cjrl-14169	485	27	permitted	permit	VERB
cjrl-14169	485	28	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	485	29	testify	testify	VERB
cjrl-14169	485	30	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	485	31	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	485	32	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	485	33	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	485	34	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	485	35	language	language	NOUN
cjrl-14169	485	36	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	485	37	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	486	1	164	164	NUM
cjrl-14169	486	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	486	3	hildebrand	hildebrand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	486	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	486	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	486	6	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	486	7	37	37	NUM
cjrl-14169	486	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	486	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	486	10	173	173	NUM
cjrl-14169	486	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	486	12	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	486	13	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	486	14	information	information	NOUN
cjrl-14169	486	15	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	486	16	various	various	ADJ
cjrl-14169	486	17	sources	source	NOUN
cjrl-14169	486	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	486	19	including	include	VERB
cjrl-14169	486	20	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	486	21	federal	federal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	486	22	bureau	bureau	PROPN
cjrl-14169	486	23	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	486	24	investigation	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	486	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	486	26	shows	show	VERB
cjrl-14169	486	27	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	486	28	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	486	29	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	486	30	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	486	31	pervasive	pervasive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	486	32	among	among	ADP
cjrl-14169	486	33	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	486	34	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	486	35	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	486	36	rios	rios	PROPN
cjrl-14169	486	37	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	486	38	navarro	navarro	PROPN
cjrl-14169	486	39	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	486	40	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	486	41	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	486	42	132	132	NUM
cjrl-14169	486	43	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	486	44	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	486	45	34	34	NUM
cjrl-14169	486	46	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	486	47	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	486	48	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	486	49	g]ang	g]ang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	486	50	detectives	detective	NOUN
cjrl-14169	486	51	often	often	ADV
cjrl-14169	486	52	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	486	53	themselves	themselves	PRON
cjrl-14169	486	54	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	486	55	enemies	enemy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	486	56	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	486	57	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	486	58	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	486	59	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	486	60	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	486	61	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	486	62	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	486	63	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	486	64	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	487	1	165	165	NUM
cjrl-14169	487	2	see	see	NOUN
cjrl-14169	487	3	swaner	swaner	NOUN
cjrl-14169	487	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	487	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	487	6	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	487	7	13	13	NUM
cjrl-14169	487	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	487	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	487	10	97	97	NUM
cjrl-14169	487	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	487	12	arguing	argue	VERB
cjrl-14169	487	13	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	487	14	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	487	15	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	487	16	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	487	17	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	487	18	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	487	19	ensuring	ensure	VERB
cjrl-14169	487	20	safety	safety	NOUN
cjrl-14169	487	21	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	487	22	survival	survival	NOUN
cjrl-14169	487	23	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	487	24	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	487	25	face	face	NOUN
cjrl-14169	487	26	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	487	27	weak	weak	ADJ
cjrl-14169	487	28	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	487	29	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	487	30	economic	economic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	487	31	supports	support	NOUN
cjrl-14169	487	32	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	487	33	state	state	NOUN
cjrl-14169	487	34	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	487	35	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	487	36	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	487	37	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	488	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	488	2	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	488	3	laina	laina	PROPN
cjrl-14169	488	4	sonterblum	sonterblum	PROPN
cjrl-14169	488	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	488	6	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	488	7	involvement	involvement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	488	8	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	488	9	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	488	10	means	means	NOUN
cjrl-14169	488	11	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	488	12	basic	basic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	488	13	safety	safety	NOUN
cjrl-14169	488	14	needs	need	NOUN
cjrl-14169	488	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	488	16	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	488	17	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	488	18	university	university	PROPN
cjrl-14169	488	19	applied	apply	VERB
cjrl-14169	488	20	psychology	psychology	NOUN
cjrl-14169	488	21	opus	opus	NOUN
cjrl-14169	488	22	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	488	23	https://wp.nyu.edu/steinhardtappsych_opus/gang-involvement-as-a-means-to-satisfy-basic-needs/	https://wp.nyu.edu/steinhardtappsych_opus/gang-involvement-as-a-means-to-satisfy-basic-needs/	X
cjrl-14169	489	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	489	2	https://perma.cc/qb62-ubxa	https://perma.cc/qb62-ubxa	X
cjrl-14169	489	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	489	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	489	5	last	last	ADV
cjrl-14169	489	6	visited	visit	VERB
cjrl-14169	489	7	jan	jan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	489	8	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	489	9	11	11	NUM
cjrl-14169	489	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	489	11	2024	2024	NUM
cjrl-14169	489	12	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	489	13	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	489	14	reviewing	review	VERB
cjrl-14169	489	15	literature	literature	NOUN
cjrl-14169	489	16	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	489	17	factors	factor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	489	18	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	489	19	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	489	20	involvement	involvement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	489	21	through	through	ADP
cjrl-14169	489	22	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	489	23	hierarchy	hierarchy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	489	24	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	489	25	needs	need	NOUN
cjrl-14169	489	26	framework	framework	NOUN
cjrl-14169	489	27	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	489	28	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	490	1	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	490	2	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	490	3	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	490	4	1366	1366	NUM
cjrl-14169	490	5	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	490	6	characterize	characterize	VERB
cjrl-14169	490	7	alleged	allege	VERB
cjrl-14169	490	8	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	490	9	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	490	10	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	490	11	less	less	ADJ
cjrl-14169	490	12	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	490	13	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	490	14	human	human	NOUN
cjrl-14169	490	15	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	490	16	”166	”166	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	1	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	491	2	collective	collective	ADJ
cjrl-14169	491	3	dehumanization	dehumanization	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	4	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	491	5	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	6	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	7	extends	extend	VERB
cjrl-14169	491	8	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	491	9	more	more	ADJ
cjrl-14169	491	10	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	491	11	just	just	ADV
cjrl-14169	491	12	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	491	13	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	14	—	—	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	491	15	there	there	PRON
cjrl-14169	491	16	have	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	491	17	been	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	491	18	multiple	multiple	ADJ
cjrl-14169	491	19	instances	instance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	20	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	491	21	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	491	22	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	23	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	24	being	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	491	25	named	name	VERB
cjrl-14169	491	26	defendants	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	27	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	491	28	lawsuits	lawsuit	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	29	alleging	allege	VERB
cjrl-14169	491	30	violations	violation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	31	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	491	32	civil	civil	ADJ
cjrl-14169	491	33	rights	right	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	34	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	491	35	including	include	VERB
cjrl-14169	491	36	wrongful	wrongful	ADJ
cjrl-14169	491	37	arrest	arrest	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	38	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	491	39	false	false	ADJ
cjrl-14169	491	40	prosecution	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	41	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	491	42	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	491	43	unlawful	unlawful	ADJ
cjrl-14169	491	44	use	use	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	45	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	491	46	force.167	force.167	ADJ
cjrl-14169	491	47	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	491	48	such	such	ADJ
cjrl-14169	491	49	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	491	50	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	491	51	biases	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	52	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	491	53	both	both	ADV
cjrl-14169	491	54	pervasive	pervasive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	491	55	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	491	56	powerful	powerful	ADJ
cjrl-14169	491	57	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	491	58	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	491	59	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	491	60	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	61	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	491	62	immersed	immerse	VERB
cjrl-14169	491	63	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	491	64	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	491	65	environment	environment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	66	where	where	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	491	67	negative	negative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	491	68	stereotypes	stereotype	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	69	reinforce	reinforce	VERB
cjrl-14169	491	70	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	491	71	work.168	work.168	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	72	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	491	73	providing	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	491	74	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	491	75	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	76	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	491	77	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	78	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	491	79	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	80	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	491	81	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	491	82	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	83	immerse	immerse	VERB
cjrl-14169	491	84	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	85	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	491	86	that	that	DET
cjrl-14169	491	87	very	very	ADV
cjrl-14169	491	88	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	491	89	environment	environment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	90	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	491	91	imparting	impart	VERB
cjrl-14169	491	92	upon	upon	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	491	93	them	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	491	94	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	491	95	very	very	ADV
cjrl-14169	491	96	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	491	97	biases	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	98	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	491	99	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	491	100	follow.169	follow.169	VERB
cjrl-14169	491	101	2	2	X
cjrl-14169	491	102	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	491	103	implicit	implicit	ADJ
cjrl-14169	491	104	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	105	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	491	106	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	107	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	108	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	491	109	susceptible	susceptible	ADJ
cjrl-14169	491	110	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	491	111	multi	multi	ADJ
cjrl-14169	491	112	-	-	ADJ
cjrl-14169	491	113	layered	layered	ADJ
cjrl-14169	491	114	implicit	implicit	ADJ
cjrl-14169	491	115	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	116	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	491	117	confronted	confront	VERB
cjrl-14169	491	118	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	491	119	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	120	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	121	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	122	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	491	123	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	492	1	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	492	2	only	only	ADV
cjrl-14169	492	3	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	492	4	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	492	5	biased	bias	VERB
cjrl-14169	492	6	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	492	7	favor	favor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	492	8	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	492	9	officer	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	492	10	credibility	credibility	NOUN
cjrl-14169	492	11	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	492	12	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	492	13	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	492	14	hold	hold	VERB
cjrl-14169	492	15	negative	negative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	492	16	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	492	17	toward	toward	ADP
cjrl-14169	492	18	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	492	19	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	492	20	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	492	21	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	492	22	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	492	23	color.170	color.170	PROPN
cjrl-14169	492	24	although	although	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	492	25	judges	judge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	492	26	instruct	instruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	492	27	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	492	28	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	492	29	scrutinize	scrutinize	VERB
cjrl-14169	492	30	expert	expert	ADJ
cjrl-14169	492	31	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	492	32	just	just	ADV
cjrl-14169	492	33	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	492	34	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	492	35	would	would	AUX
cjrl-14169	492	36	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	492	37	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	492	38	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	492	39	other	other	ADJ
cjrl-14169	493	1	witnesses,171	witnesses,171	INTJ
cjrl-14169	493	2	many	many	ADJ
cjrl-14169	493	3	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	493	4	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	493	5	find	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	493	6	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	493	7	instruction	instruction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	493	8	difficult	difficult	ADJ
cjrl-14169	493	9	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	493	10	follow	follow	VERB
cjrl-14169	493	11	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	493	12	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	493	13	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	493	14	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	494	1	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	494	2	example	example	NOUN
cjrl-14169	494	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	494	4	white	white	ADJ
cjrl-14169	494	5	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	494	6	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	494	7	overrepresented	overrepresente	VERB
cjrl-14169	494	8	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	494	9	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	494	10	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	494	11	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	494	12	jury	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	494	13	pools,172	pools,172	NOUN
cjrl-14169	494	14	166	166	NUM
cjrl-14169	494	15	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	494	16	howell	howell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	494	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	494	18	prosecutorial	prosecutorial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	494	19	misconduct	misconduct	NOUN
cjrl-14169	494	20	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	494	21	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	494	22	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	494	23	128	128	NUM
cjrl-14169	494	24	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	494	25	122	122	NUM
cjrl-14169	494	26	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	494	27	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	494	28	709	709	NUM
cjrl-14169	494	29	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	495	1	167	167	NUM
cjrl-14169	495	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	495	3	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	495	4	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	495	5	168	168	NUM
cjrl-14169	495	6	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	495	7	jessica	jessica	PROPN
cjrl-14169	495	8	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	495	9	sim	sim	PROPN
cjrl-14169	495	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	495	11	joshua	joshua	PROPN
cjrl-14169	495	12	correll	correll	PROPN
cjrl-14169	495	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	495	14	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	495	15	melody	melody	PROPN
cjrl-14169	495	16	s.	s.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	495	17	sadler	sadler	PROPN
cjrl-14169	495	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	495	19	understanding	understand	VERB
cjrl-14169	495	20	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	495	21	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	495	22	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	495	23	performance	performance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	495	24	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	495	25	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	495	26	training	training	NOUN
cjrl-14169	495	27	attenuates	attenuate	NOUN
cjrl-14169	495	28	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	495	29	vs.	vs.	X
cjrl-14169	495	30	exacerbates	exacerbate	NOUN
cjrl-14169	495	31	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	495	32	stereotypic	stereotypic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	495	33	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	495	34	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	495	35	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	495	36	decision	decision	NOUN
cjrl-14169	495	37	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	495	38	shoot	shoot	VERB
cjrl-14169	495	39	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	495	40	39	39	NUM
cjrl-14169	495	41	personality	personality	NOUN
cjrl-14169	495	42	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	495	43	soc	soc	PROPN
cjrl-14169	495	44	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	495	45	psych	psych	NOUN
cjrl-14169	495	46	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	496	1	bull	bull	NOUN
cjrl-14169	496	2	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	497	1	291	291	NUM
cjrl-14169	497	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	497	3	298	298	NUM
cjrl-14169	497	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	497	5	2013	2013	NUM
cjrl-14169	497	6	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	497	7	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	497	8	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	497	9	if	if	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	497	10	stereotypes	stereotype	NOUN
cjrl-14169	497	11	continually	continually	ADV
cjrl-14169	497	12	provide	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	497	13	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	497	14	valuable	valuable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	497	15	heuristic	heuristic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	497	16	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	497	17	mental	mental	ADJ
cjrl-14169	497	18	short	short	ADJ
cjrl-14169	497	19	cut	cut	NOUN
cjrl-14169	497	20	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	497	21	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	497	22	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	497	23	training	training	NOUN
cjrl-14169	497	24	environment	environment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	497	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	497	26	then	then	ADV
cjrl-14169	497	27	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	497	28	trained	train	VERB
cjrl-14169	497	29	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	497	30	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	497	31	use	use	VERB
cjrl-14169	497	32	them	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	497	33	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	497	34	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	497	35	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	497	36	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	498	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	498	2	t]his	t]his	DET
cjrl-14169	498	3	latter	latter	ADJ
cjrl-14169	498	4	form	form	NOUN
cjrl-14169	498	5	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	498	6	‘	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	498	7	training	training	NOUN
cjrl-14169	498	8	’	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	498	9	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	498	10	exacerbate	exacerbate	VERB
cjrl-14169	498	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	498	12	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	498	13	attenuate	attenuate	VERB
cjrl-14169	498	14	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	498	15	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	498	16	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	498	17	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	498	18	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	499	1	169	169	NUM
cjrl-14169	499	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	499	3	hildebrand	hildebrand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	499	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	499	5	supra	supra	NOUN
cjrl-14169	499	6	37	37	NUM
cjrl-14169	499	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	499	8	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	499	9	177	177	NUM
cjrl-14169	499	10	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	499	11	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	499	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	499	13	extreme	extreme	ADJ
cjrl-14169	499	14	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	499	15	impact	impact	NOUN
cjrl-14169	499	16	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	499	17	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	499	18	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	499	19	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	499	20	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	499	21	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	499	22	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	500	1	170	170	NUM
cjrl-14169	500	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	500	3	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	500	4	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	500	5	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	500	6	184–94	184–94	PROPN
cjrl-14169	500	7	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	501	1	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	501	2	discussing	discuss	VERB
cjrl-14169	501	3	implicit	implicit	ADJ
cjrl-14169	501	4	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	501	5	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	501	6	favor	favor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	501	7	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	501	8	officer	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	501	9	credibility	credibility	NOUN
cjrl-14169	501	10	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	501	11	negative	negative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	501	12	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	501	13	toward	toward	ADP
cjrl-14169	501	14	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	501	15	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	501	16	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	501	17	witnesses	witness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	501	18	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	501	19	color	color	NOUN
cjrl-14169	501	20	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	501	21	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	502	1	171	171	NUM
cjrl-14169	502	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	502	3	expert	expert	ADJ
cjrl-14169	502	4	witness	witness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	502	5	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	502	6	jury	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	502	7	instruction	instruction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	502	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	502	9	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	502	10	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	502	11	state	state	PROPN
cjrl-14169	502	12	unified	unify	VERB
cjrl-14169	502	13	ct	ct	PROPN
cjrl-14169	502	14	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	503	1	sys	sys	PROPN
cjrl-14169	503	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	503	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	503	4	https://www.nycourts.gov/judges/cji/1-general/cji2d.expert_in_general.pdf	https://www.nycourts.gov/judges/cji/1-general/cji2d.expert_in_general.pdf	NOUN
cjrl-14169	504	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	504	2	https://perma.cc/wp7t-khza	https://perma.cc/wp7t-khza	X
cjrl-14169	504	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	504	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	504	5	last	last	ADV
cjrl-14169	504	6	visited	visit	VERB
cjrl-14169	504	7	jan	jan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	504	8	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	504	9	11	11	NUM
cjrl-14169	504	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	504	11	2024	2024	NUM
cjrl-14169	504	12	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	504	13	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	504	14	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	504	15	you	you	PRON
cjrl-14169	504	16	should	should	AUX
cjrl-14169	504	17	evaluate	evaluate	VERB
cjrl-14169	504	18	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	504	19	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	504	20	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	504	21	any	any	DET
cjrl-14169	504	22	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	504	23	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	504	24	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	504	25	witness	witness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	504	26	just	just	ADV
cjrl-14169	504	27	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	504	28	you	you	PRON
cjrl-14169	504	29	would	would	AUX
cjrl-14169	504	30	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	504	31	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	504	32	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	504	33	any	any	DET
cjrl-14169	504	34	other	other	ADJ
cjrl-14169	504	35	witness	witness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	504	36	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	504	37	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	504	38	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	504	39	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	505	1	172	172	NUM
cjrl-14169	505	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	505	3	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	505	4	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	505	5	state	state	PROPN
cjrl-14169	505	6	justice	justice	PROPN
cjrl-14169	505	7	task	task	PROPN
cjrl-14169	505	8	force	force	NOUN
cjrl-14169	505	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	505	10	recommendations	recommendation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	505	11	regarding	regard	VERB
cjrl-14169	505	12	reforms	reform	NOUN
cjrl-14169	505	13	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	505	14	jury	jury	VERB
cjrl-14169	505	15	selection	selection	NOUN
cjrl-14169	505	16	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	505	17	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	505	18	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	505	19	3	3	NUM
cjrl-14169	505	20	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	505	21	2022	2022	NUM
cjrl-14169	505	22	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	505	23	http://www.nyjusticetaskforce.com/pdfs/report-on-recommendations-regarding-reforms-to-juryselection-in-new-york.pdf	http://www.nyjusticetaskforce.com/pdfs/report-on-recommendations-regarding-reforms-to-juryselection-in-new-york.pdf	NOUN
cjrl-14169	506	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	506	2	https://perma.cc/fn4k-jzx7	https://perma.cc/fn4k-jzx7	X
cjrl-14169	506	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	506	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	506	5	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	506	6	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	506	7	a]lthough	a]lthough	ADP
cjrl-14169	506	8	46	46	NUM
cjrl-14169	506	9	%	%	NOUN
cjrl-14169	506	10	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	506	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	506	12	population	population	NOUN
cjrl-14169	506	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	506	14	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	506	15	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	506	16	county	county	PROPN
cjrl-14169	506	17	identify	identify	VERB
cjrl-14169	506	18	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	506	19	white	white	ADJ
cjrl-14169	506	20	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	506	21	60	60	NUM
cjrl-14169	506	22	%	%	NOUN
cjrl-14169	506	23	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	506	24	those	those	PRON
cjrl-14169	506	25	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	506	26	appear	appear	VERB
cjrl-14169	506	27	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	506	28	jury	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	506	29	service	service	NOUN
cjrl-14169	506	30	identify	identify	VERB
cjrl-14169	506	31	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	506	32	white	white	ADJ
cjrl-14169	506	33	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	506	34	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	506	35	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	506	36	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	507	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	507	2	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	507	3	bob	bob	PROPN
cjrl-14169	507	4	cohen	cohen	PROPN
cjrl-14169	507	5	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	507	6	janet	janet	PROPN
cjrl-14169	507	7	rosales	rosales	PROPN
cjrl-14169	507	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	507	9	1367	1367	NUM
cjrl-14169	507	10	colum	colum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	507	11	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	508	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	508	2	race	race	PROPN
cjrl-14169	508	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	508	4	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	509	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	509	2	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	509	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	510	1	15:1337	15:1337	NUM
cjrl-14169	511	1	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	511	2	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	511	3	demographic	demographic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	511	4	tends	tend	VERB
cjrl-14169	511	5	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	511	6	hold	hold	VERB
cjrl-14169	511	7	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	511	8	more	more	ADV
cjrl-14169	511	9	favorable	favorable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	511	10	view	view	NOUN
cjrl-14169	511	11	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	511	12	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	511	13	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	511	14	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	511	15	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	511	16	credibility.173	credibility.173	NOUN
cjrl-14169	511	17	specifically	specifically	ADV
cjrl-14169	511	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	511	19	this	this	PRON
cjrl-14169	511	20	demographic	demographic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	511	21	both	both	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	511	22	consciously	consciously	ADV
cjrl-14169	511	23	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	511	24	unconsciously	unconsciously	ADV
cjrl-14169	511	25	views	view	VERB
cjrl-14169	511	26	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	511	27	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	511	28	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	511	29	honest	honest	ADJ
cjrl-14169	511	30	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	511	31	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	511	32	take	take	VERB
cjrl-14169	511	33	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	511	34	work	work	NOUN
cjrl-14169	511	35	seriously	seriously	ADV
cjrl-14169	511	36	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	511	37	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	511	38	venerated	venerate	VERB
cjrl-14169	511	39	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	511	40	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	511	41	society	society	NOUN
cjrl-14169	511	42	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	511	43	protectors	protector	NOUN
cjrl-14169	511	44	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	511	45	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	511	46	communities	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	511	47	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	511	48	”174	”174	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	512	1	so	so	ADV
cjrl-14169	512	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	512	3	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	512	4	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	512	5	jury	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	6	instructions	instruction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	7	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	512	8	advise	advise	VERB
cjrl-14169	512	9	against	against	ADP
cjrl-14169	512	10	giving	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	512	11	undue	undue	ADJ
cjrl-14169	512	12	weight	weight	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	13	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	512	14	expert	expert	VERB
cjrl-14169	512	15	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	16	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	512	17	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	18	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	512	19	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	512	20	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	512	21	expected	expect	VERB
cjrl-14169	512	22	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	512	23	sufficiently	sufficiently	ADV
cjrl-14169	512	24	identify	identify	VERB
cjrl-14169	512	25	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	512	26	grapple	grapple	VERB
cjrl-14169	512	27	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	512	28	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	512	29	unconscious	unconscious	ADJ
cjrl-14169	512	30	favor	favor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	31	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	512	32	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	512	33	give	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	512	34	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	512	35	police.175	police.175	VERB
cjrl-14169	512	36	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	512	37	such	such	ADJ
cjrl-14169	512	38	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	512	39	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	40	assign	assign	VERB
cjrl-14169	512	41	more	more	ADJ
cjrl-14169	512	42	weight	weight	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	43	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	512	44	police	police	VERB
cjrl-14169	512	45	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	46	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	47	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	512	48	comparison	comparison	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	49	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	512	50	lay	lay	VERB
cjrl-14169	512	51	witnesses.176	witnesses.176	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	52	additionally	additionally	ADV
cjrl-14169	512	53	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	512	54	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	55	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	56	habitually	habitually	ADV
cjrl-14169	512	57	presents	present	VERB
cjrl-14169	512	58	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	59	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	512	60	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	512	61	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	512	62	violent,177	violent,177	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	63	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	512	64	representation	representation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	65	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	512	66	reinforces	reinforce	VERB
cjrl-14169	512	67	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	68	’	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	512	69	positive	positive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	512	70	views	view	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	71	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	512	72	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	73	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	512	74	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	75	protectors	protector	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	76	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	512	77	simplifies	simplifie	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	78	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	512	79	complexities	complexity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	80	underlying	underlie	VERB
cjrl-14169	512	81	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	82	cases.178	cases.178	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	83	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	512	84	addition	addition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	85	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	512	86	bias	bias	VERB
cjrl-14169	512	87	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	512	88	favor	favor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	89	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	512	90	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	91	credibility	credibility	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	92	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	512	93	many	many	ADJ
cjrl-14169	512	94	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	95	hold	hold	VERB
cjrl-14169	512	96	negative	negative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	512	97	biases	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	98	towards	towards	ADP
cjrl-14169	512	99	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	100	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	101	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	512	102	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	103	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	512	104	color.179	color.179	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	105	although	although	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	512	106	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	107	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	108	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	512	109	include	include	VERB
cjrl-14169	512	110	positive	positive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	512	111	aspects	aspect	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	112	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	512	113	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	512	114	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	115	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	512	116	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	512	117	community,180	community,180	PROPN
cjrl-14169	512	118	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	512	119	discussed	discuss	VERB
cjrl-14169	512	120	earlier	early	ADV
cjrl-14169	512	121	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	512	122	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	512	123	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	512	124	stigmatized	stigmatize	VERB
cjrl-14169	512	125	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	512	126	particularly	particularly	ADV
cjrl-14169	512	127	susceptible	susceptible	ADJ
cjrl-14169	512	128	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	512	129	deviant	deviant	ADJ
cjrl-14169	513	1	labeling.181	labeling.181	NOUN
cjrl-14169	513	2	some	some	DET
cjrl-14169	513	3	scholars	scholar	NOUN
cjrl-14169	513	4	have	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	513	5	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	513	6	noted	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	513	7	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	513	8	there	there	PRON
cjrl-14169	513	9	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	513	10	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	513	11	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	513	12	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	513	13	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	513	14	ethnic	ethnic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	513	15	disparity	disparity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	513	16	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	513	17	manhattan	manhattan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	513	18	jury	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	513	19	pools	pool	NOUN
cjrl-14169	513	20	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	513	21	results	result	NOUN
cjrl-14169	513	22	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	513	23	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	513	24	survey	survey	NOUN
cjrl-14169	513	25	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	513	26	suggestions	suggestion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	513	27	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	513	28	reform	reform	NOUN
cjrl-14169	513	29	6	6	NUM
cjrl-14169	513	30	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	513	31	2007	2007	NUM
cjrl-14169	513	32	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	513	33	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	513	34	https://www.law.cuny.edu/wp-content/uploads/page-assets/academics/social-justice/clore/reports/citizen-actionjury-pool-study.pdf	https://www.law.cuny.edu/wp-content/uploads/page-assets/academics/social-justice/clore/reports/citizen-actionjury-pool-study.pdf	PROPN
cjrl-14169	514	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	514	2	https://perma.cc/vt6m-zyyw	https://perma.cc/vt6m-zyyw	X
cjrl-14169	514	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	514	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	514	5	finding	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	514	6	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	514	7	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	514	8	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	514	9	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	514	10	juries	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	514	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	514	12	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	514	13	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	514	14	w]hites	w]hites	PROPN
cjrl-14169	514	15	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	514	16	overrepresented	overrepresente	VERB
cjrl-14169	514	17	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	514	18	43	43	NUM
cjrl-14169	514	19	%	%	NOUN
cjrl-14169	514	20	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	514	21	blacks	black	NOUN
cjrl-14169	514	22	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	514	23	underrepresented	underrepresente	VERB
cjrl-14169	514	24	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	514	25	43	43	NUM
cjrl-14169	514	26	%	%	NOUN
cjrl-14169	514	27	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	514	28	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	514	29	hispanics	hispanic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	514	30	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	514	31	underrepresented	underrepresente	VERB
cjrl-14169	514	32	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	514	33	78	78	NUM
cjrl-14169	514	34	%	%	NOUN
cjrl-14169	514	35	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	514	36	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	514	37	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	515	1	173	173	NUM
cjrl-14169	515	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	515	3	hildebrand	hildebrand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	515	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	515	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	515	6	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	515	7	37	37	NUM
cjrl-14169	515	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	515	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	515	10	184	184	NUM
cjrl-14169	515	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	515	12	describing	describe	VERB
cjrl-14169	515	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	515	14	positive	positive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	515	15	view	view	NOUN
cjrl-14169	515	16	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	515	17	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	515	18	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	515	19	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	515	20	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	515	21	white	white	PROPN
cjrl-14169	515	22	demographic	demographic	PROPN
cjrl-14169	515	23	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	515	24	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	516	1	174	174	NUM
cjrl-14169	516	2	hildebrand	hildebrand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	516	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	516	4	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	516	5	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	516	6	37	37	NUM
cjrl-14169	516	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	516	8	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	516	9	184	184	NUM
cjrl-14169	516	10	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	516	11	citing	cite	VERB
cjrl-14169	516	12	jonathan	jonathan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	516	13	m.	m.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	516	14	warren	warren	PROPN
cjrl-14169	516	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	516	16	hidden	hide	VERB
cjrl-14169	516	17	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	516	18	plain	plain	ADJ
cjrl-14169	516	19	view	view	NOUN
cjrl-14169	516	20	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	516	21	juries	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	516	22	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	516	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	516	24	implicit	implicit	ADJ
cjrl-14169	516	25	credibility	credibility	NOUN
cjrl-14169	516	26	given	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	516	27	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	516	28	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	516	29	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	516	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	516	31	11	11	NUM
cjrl-14169	516	32	depaul	depaul	NOUN
cjrl-14169	516	33	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	516	34	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	516	35	soc	soc	NOUN
cjrl-14169	516	36	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	517	1	just	just	ADV
cjrl-14169	517	2	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	518	1	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	518	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	518	3	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	518	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	518	5	6	6	NUM
cjrl-14169	518	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	518	7	12	12	NUM
cjrl-14169	518	8	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	518	9	2018	2018	NUM
cjrl-14169	518	10	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	518	11	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	518	12	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	519	1	175	175	NUM
cjrl-14169	519	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	519	3	jonathan	jonathan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	519	4	m.	m.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	519	5	warren	warren	PROPN
cjrl-14169	519	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	519	7	hidden	hide	VERB
cjrl-14169	519	8	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	519	9	plain	plain	ADJ
cjrl-14169	519	10	view	view	NOUN
cjrl-14169	519	11	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	519	12	juries	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	519	13	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	519	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	519	15	implicit	implicit	ADJ
cjrl-14169	519	16	credibility	credibility	NOUN
cjrl-14169	519	17	given	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	519	18	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	519	19	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	519	20	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	519	21	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	519	22	11	11	NUM
cjrl-14169	519	23	depaul	depaul	NOUN
cjrl-14169	519	24	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	519	25	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	519	26	soc	soc	NOUN
cjrl-14169	519	27	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	520	1	just	just	ADV
cjrl-14169	520	2	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	521	1	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	521	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	521	3	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	521	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	521	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	521	6	2018	2018	NUM
cjrl-14169	521	7	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	521	8	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	521	9	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	521	10	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	521	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	521	12	face	face	NOUN
cjrl-14169	521	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	521	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	521	15	strong	strong	ADJ
cjrl-14169	521	16	favorable	favorable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	521	17	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	521	18	currently	currently	ADV
cjrl-14169	521	19	attached	attach	VERB
cjrl-14169	521	20	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	521	21	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	521	22	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	521	23	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	521	24	certain	certain	ADJ
cjrl-14169	521	25	juror	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	521	26	demographics	demographic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	521	27	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	521	28	such	such	DET
cjrl-14169	521	29	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	521	30	blasé	blasé	ADJ
cjrl-14169	521	31	attempt	attempt	NOUN
cjrl-14169	521	32	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	521	33	convince	convince	VERB
cjrl-14169	521	34	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	521	35	jury	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	521	36	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	521	37	treat	treat	VERB
cjrl-14169	521	38	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	521	39	judicially	judicially	ADV
cjrl-14169	521	40	proclaimed	proclaim	VERB
cjrl-14169	521	41	heroes	hero	NOUN
cjrl-14169	521	42	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	521	43	merely	merely	ADV
cjrl-14169	521	44	any	any	DET
cjrl-14169	521	45	other	other	ADJ
cjrl-14169	521	46	witnesses	witness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	521	47	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	521	48	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	521	49	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	521	50	effective	effective	ADJ
cjrl-14169	521	51	solution	solution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	521	52	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	521	53	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	521	54	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	521	55	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	522	1	176	176	NUM
cjrl-14169	522	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	522	3	hildebrand	hildebrand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	522	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	522	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	522	6	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	522	7	37	37	NUM
cjrl-14169	522	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	522	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	522	10	185	185	NUM
cjrl-14169	522	11	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	523	1	177	177	NUM
cjrl-14169	523	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	523	3	john	john	PROPN
cjrl-14169	523	4	m.	m.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	523	5	hagedorn	hagedorn	PROPN
cjrl-14169	523	6	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	523	7	bradely	bradely	ADV
cjrl-14169	523	8	a.	a.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	523	9	maclean	maclean	PROPN
cjrl-14169	523	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	523	11	breaking	break	VERB
cjrl-14169	523	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	523	13	frame	frame	NOUN
cjrl-14169	523	14	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	523	15	responding	respond	VERB
cjrl-14169	523	16	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	523	17	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	523	18	stereotyping	stereotyping	NOUN
cjrl-14169	523	19	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	523	20	capital	capital	NOUN
cjrl-14169	523	21	cases	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	523	22	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	523	23	42	42	NUM
cjrl-14169	523	24	u.	u.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	523	25	mem	mem	PROPN
cjrl-14169	523	26	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	524	1	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	524	2	rev	rev	PROPN
cjrl-14169	524	3	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	524	4	1027	1027	NUM
cjrl-14169	524	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	524	6	1040	1040	NUM
cjrl-14169	524	7	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	524	8	2012	2012	NUM
cjrl-14169	524	9	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	524	10	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	525	1	178	178	NUM
cjrl-14169	525	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	525	3	i	i	PROPN
cjrl-14169	525	4	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	525	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	525	6	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	525	7	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	525	8	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	525	9	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	525	10	seizes	seize	VERB
cjrl-14169	525	11	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	525	12	society	society	NOUN
cjrl-14169	525	13	's	's	PART
cjrl-14169	525	14	predisposition	predisposition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	525	15	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	525	16	simplify	simplify	VERB
cjrl-14169	525	17	complex	complex	ADJ
cjrl-14169	525	18	matters	matter	NOUN
cjrl-14169	525	19	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	525	20	reinforce	reinforce	VERB
cjrl-14169	525	21	beliefs	belief	NOUN
cjrl-14169	525	22	consistent	consistent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	525	23	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	525	24	popular	popular	ADJ
cjrl-14169	525	25	stereotypes	stereotype	NOUN
cjrl-14169	525	26	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	525	27	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	525	28	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	525	29	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	526	1	179	179	NUM
cjrl-14169	526	2	hildrebrand	hildrebrand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	526	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	526	4	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	526	5	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	526	6	37	37	NUM
cjrl-14169	526	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	526	8	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	526	9	186	186	NUM
cjrl-14169	526	10	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	526	11	180	180	NUM
cjrl-14169	526	12	see	see	NOUN
cjrl-14169	526	13	swaner	swaner	NOUN
cjrl-14169	526	14	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	526	15	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	526	16	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	526	17	13	13	NUM
cjrl-14169	526	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	526	19	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	526	20	104	104	NUM
cjrl-14169	526	21	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	526	22	finding	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	526	23	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	526	24	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	526	25	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	526	26	provided	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	526	27	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	526	28	well	well	NOUN
cjrl-14169	526	29	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	526	30	support	support	NOUN
cjrl-14169	526	31	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	526	32	positivity	positivity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	526	33	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	526	34	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	526	35	protection	protection	NOUN
cjrl-14169	526	36	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	526	37	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	526	38	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	526	39	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	526	40	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	526	41	larger	large	ADJ
cjrl-14169	526	42	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	526	43	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	526	44	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	526	45	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	526	46	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	527	1	181	181	NUM
cjrl-14169	527	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	527	3	sou	sou	PROPN
cjrl-14169	527	4	lee	lee	PROPN
cjrl-14169	527	5	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	527	6	bryan	bryan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	527	7	f.	f.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	527	8	bubolz	bubolz	PROPN
cjrl-14169	527	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	527	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	527	11	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	527	12	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	527	13	stands	stand	VERB
cjrl-14169	527	14	out	out	ADP
cjrl-14169	527	15	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	527	16	stigma	stigma	NOUN
cjrl-14169	527	17	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	527	18	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	527	19	residual	residual	ADJ
cjrl-14169	527	20	consequence	consequence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	527	21	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	527	22	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	527	23	involvement	involvement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	527	24	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	527	25	45	45	NUM
cjrl-14169	527	26	crim	crim	NOUN
cjrl-14169	527	27	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	528	1	just	just	ADV
cjrl-14169	528	2	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	529	1	rev	rev	PROPN
cjrl-14169	529	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	529	3	64	64	NUM
cjrl-14169	529	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	529	5	66–7	66–7	NUM
cjrl-14169	529	6	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	529	7	arguing	argue	VERB
cjrl-14169	529	8	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	529	9	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	529	10	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	529	11	g]ang	g]ang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	529	12	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	529	13	itself	itself	PRON
cjrl-14169	529	14	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	529	15	often	often	ADV
cjrl-14169	529	16	perceived	perceive	VERB
cjrl-14169	529	17	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	529	18	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	529	19	deeply	deeply	ADV
cjrl-14169	529	20	discrediting	discredit	VERB
cjrl-14169	529	21	given	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	529	22	several	several	ADJ
cjrl-14169	529	23	myths	myth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	529	24	attached	attach	VERB
cjrl-14169	529	25	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	529	26	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	529	27	label	label	NOUN
cjrl-14169	529	28	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	529	29	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	529	30	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	530	1	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	530	2	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	530	3	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	530	4	1368	1368	NUM
cjrl-14169	530	5	greater	great	ADJ
cjrl-14169	530	6	stigma	stigma	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	7	attached	attach	VERB
cjrl-14169	530	8	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	9	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	10	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	11	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	12	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	530	13	behavior	behavior	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	14	itself.182	itself.182	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	15	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	530	16	stigmatization	stigmatization	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	17	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	530	18	evidenced	evidence	VERB
cjrl-14169	530	19	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	20	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	21	through	through	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	22	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	23	’	’	PART
cjrl-14169	530	24	view	view	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	25	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	26	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	27	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	28	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	530	29	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	30	effectively	effectively	ADV
cjrl-14169	530	31	separated	separate	VERB
cjrl-14169	530	32	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	33	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	530	34	rest	rest	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	35	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	36	society.183	society.183	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	37	most	most	ADJ
cjrl-14169	530	38	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	39	do	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	530	40	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	530	41	have	have	VERB
cjrl-14169	530	42	first	first	ADJ
cjrl-14169	530	43	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	530	44	hand	hand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	45	experience	experience	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	46	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	47	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	48	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	530	49	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	530	50	thus	thus	ADV
cjrl-14169	530	51	improperly	improperly	ADV
cjrl-14169	530	52	rely	rely	VERB
cjrl-14169	530	53	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	54	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	530	55	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	530	56	othering	othering	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	57	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	530	58	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	59	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	60	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	61	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	530	62	making	make	VERB
cjrl-14169	530	63	decisions.184	decisions.184	PRON
cjrl-14169	530	64	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	530	65	worse	bad	ADJ
cjrl-14169	530	66	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	530	67	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	68	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	69	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	70	often	often	ADV
cjrl-14169	530	71	encourages	encourage	VERB
cjrl-14169	530	72	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	73	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	530	74	identify	identify	VERB
cjrl-14169	530	75	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	76	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	530	77	draw	draw	VERB
cjrl-14169	530	78	conclusions	conclusion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	79	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	530	80	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	81	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	82	stereotypes	stereotype	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	83	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	530	84	depict	depict	VERB
cjrl-14169	530	85	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	86	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	87	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	88	predators	predator	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	89	linked	link	VERB
cjrl-14169	530	90	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	91	drugs	drug	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	92	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	530	93	violence.185	violence.185	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	94	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	530	95	label	label	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	96	carries	carry	VERB
cjrl-14169	530	97	profound	profound	ADJ
cjrl-14169	530	98	stigma	stigma	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	99	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	530	100	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	530	101	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	530	102	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	530	103	stigma	stigma	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	104	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	530	105	coupled	couple	VERB
cjrl-14169	530	106	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	107	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	530	108	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	109	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	110	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	111	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	112	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	113	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	530	114	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	530	115	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	530	116	difficult	difficult	ADJ
cjrl-14169	530	117	for	for	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	530	118	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	119	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	530	120	look	look	VERB
cjrl-14169	530	121	beyond	beyond	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	122	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	530	123	biases	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	124	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	530	125	decide	decide	VERB
cjrl-14169	530	126	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	530	127	case	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	128	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	530	129	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	130	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	530	131	facts	fact	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	132	before	before	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	133	them.186	them.186	PROPN
cjrl-14169	530	134	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	135	conjunction	conjunction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	136	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	137	negative	negative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	530	138	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	139	towards	towards	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	140	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	141	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	142	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	530	143	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	530	144	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	145	among	among	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	146	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	147	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	530	148	injects	inject	VERB
cjrl-14169	530	149	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	150	prosecutions	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	151	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	530	152	unfair	unfair	ADJ
cjrl-14169	530	153	prejudice	prejudice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	530	154	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	531	1	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	531	2	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	531	3	well	well	ADV
cjrl-14169	531	4	established	establish	VERB
cjrl-14169	531	5	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	531	6	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	531	7	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	531	8	color	color	NOUN
cjrl-14169	531	9	—	—	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	531	10	particularly	particularly	ADV
cjrl-14169	531	11	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	531	12	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	531	13	latino	latino	ADJ
cjrl-14169	531	14	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	531	15	—	—	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	531	16	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	531	17	disproportionately	disproportionately	ADV
cjrl-14169	531	18	criminalized	criminalize	VERB
cjrl-14169	531	19	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	531	20	prosecuted	prosecute	VERB
cjrl-14169	531	21	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	531	22	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	531	23	incarcerated.187	incarcerated.187	VERB
cjrl-14169	531	24	this	this	PRON
cjrl-14169	531	25	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	531	26	especially	especially	ADV
cjrl-14169	531	27	true	true	ADJ
cjrl-14169	531	28	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	531	29	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	531	30	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	531	31	city.188	city.188	PROPN
cjrl-14169	531	32	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	531	33	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	531	34	rather	rather	ADV
cjrl-14169	531	35	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	531	36	highlight	highlight	VERB
cjrl-14169	531	37	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	531	38	inequities	inequity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	531	39	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	531	40	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	531	41	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	531	42	legal	legal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	531	43	system	system	NOUN
cjrl-14169	531	44	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	531	45	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	531	46	mainstream	mainstream	NOUN
cjrl-14169	531	47	media	medium	NOUN
cjrl-14169	531	48	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	531	49	perpetuates	perpetuate	VERB
cjrl-14169	531	50	inaccurate	inaccurate	ADJ
cjrl-14169	531	51	narratives	narrative	NOUN
cjrl-14169	531	52	182	182	NUM
cjrl-14169	531	53	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	531	54	karen	karen	PROPN
cjrl-14169	531	55	bullock	bullock	PROPN
cjrl-14169	531	56	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	531	57	nick	nick	PROPN
cjrl-14169	531	58	tilley	tilley	PROPN
cjrl-14169	531	59	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	531	60	understanding	understand	VERB
cjrl-14169	531	61	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	531	62	tackling	tackle	VERB
cjrl-14169	531	63	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	531	64	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	531	65	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	531	66	10	10	NUM
cjrl-14169	531	67	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	531	68	prevention	prevention	NOUN
cjrl-14169	531	69	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	531	70	cmty	cmty	PROPN
cjrl-14169	531	71	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	532	1	safety	safety	NOUN
cjrl-14169	532	2	36	36	NUM
cjrl-14169	532	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	532	4	43	43	NUM
cjrl-14169	532	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	532	6	2008	2008	NUM
cjrl-14169	532	7	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	532	8	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	532	9	stating	state	VERB
cjrl-14169	532	10	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	532	11	some	some	PRON
cjrl-14169	532	12	believe	believe	VERB
cjrl-14169	532	13	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	532	14	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	532	15	t]here	t]here	NOUN
cjrl-14169	532	16	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	532	17	greater	great	ADJ
cjrl-14169	532	18	stigma	stigma	NOUN
cjrl-14169	532	19	attached	attach	VERB
cjrl-14169	532	20	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	532	21	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	532	22	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	532	23	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	532	24	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	532	25	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	532	26	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	532	27	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	533	1	183	183	NUM
cjrl-14169	533	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	533	3	lee	lee	PROPN
cjrl-14169	533	4	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	533	5	bubolz	bubolz	PROPN
cjrl-14169	533	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	533	7	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	533	8	note	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	533	9	180	180	NUM
cjrl-14169	533	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	533	11	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	533	12	66	66	NUM
cjrl-14169	533	13	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	533	14	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	533	15	[	[	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	533	16	d]eviant	d]eviant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	533	17	groups	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	533	18	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	533	19	relegated	relegate	VERB
cjrl-14169	533	20	into	into	ADP
cjrl-14169	533	21	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	533	22	‘	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	533	23	them	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	533	24	’	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	533	25	category	category	NOUN
cjrl-14169	533	26	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	533	27	effectively	effectively	ADV
cjrl-14169	533	28	separating	separate	VERB
cjrl-14169	533	29	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	533	30	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ
cjrl-14169	533	31	classes	class	NOUN
cjrl-14169	533	32	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	533	33	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	533	34	rest	rest	NOUN
cjrl-14169	533	35	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	533	36	society	society	NOUN
cjrl-14169	533	37	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	533	38	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	533	39	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	533	40	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	534	1	184	184	NUM
cjrl-14169	534	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	534	3	hildebrand	hildebrand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	534	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	534	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	534	6	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	534	7	37	37	NUM
cjrl-14169	534	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	534	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	534	10	192	192	NUM
cjrl-14169	534	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	534	12	arguing	argue	VERB
cjrl-14169	534	13	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	534	14	because	because	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	534	15	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	534	16	most	most	ADJ
cjrl-14169	534	17	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	534	18	do	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	534	19	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	534	20	have	have	VERB
cjrl-14169	534	21	first	first	ADJ
cjrl-14169	534	22	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	534	23	hand	hand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	534	24	experience	experience	NOUN
cjrl-14169	534	25	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	534	26	street	street	NOUN
cjrl-14169	534	27	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	534	28	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	534	29	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	534	30	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	534	31	likely	likely	ADJ
cjrl-14169	534	32	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	534	33	rely	rely	VERB
cjrl-14169	534	34	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	534	35	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	534	36	stereotypes	stereotype	NOUN
cjrl-14169	534	37	about	about	ADP
cjrl-14169	534	38	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	534	39	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	534	40	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	534	41	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	534	42	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	534	43	related	relate	VERB
cjrl-14169	534	44	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	534	45	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	534	46	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	534	47	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	534	48	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	535	1	185	185	NUM
cjrl-14169	535	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	535	3	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	535	4	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	535	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	535	6	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	535	7	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	535	8	o]fficer	o]fficer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	535	9	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	535	10	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	535	11	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	535	12	often	often	ADV
cjrl-14169	535	13	encourages	encourage	VERB
cjrl-14169	535	14	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	535	15	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	535	16	identify	identify	VERB
cjrl-14169	535	17	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	535	18	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	535	19	make	make	VERB
cjrl-14169	535	20	decisions	decision	NOUN
cjrl-14169	535	21	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	535	22	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	535	23	generalizations	generalization	NOUN
cjrl-14169	535	24	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	535	25	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	535	26	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	535	27	related	relate	VERB
cjrl-14169	535	28	stereotypes	stereotype	NOUN
cjrl-14169	535	29	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	535	30	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	535	31	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	535	32	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	535	33	lee	lee	PROPN
cjrl-14169	535	34	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	535	35	bubolz	bubolz	PROPN
cjrl-14169	535	36	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	535	37	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	535	38	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	535	39	181	181	NUM
cjrl-14169	535	40	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	535	41	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	535	42	66	66	NUM
cjrl-14169	535	43	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	535	44	describing	describe	VERB
cjrl-14169	535	45	myths	myth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	535	46	attached	attach	VERB
cjrl-14169	535	47	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	535	48	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	535	49	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	535	50	label	label	NOUN
cjrl-14169	535	51	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	535	52	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	535	53	including	include	VERB
cjrl-14169	535	54	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	535	55	assumption	assumption	NOUN
cjrl-14169	535	56	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	535	57	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	535	58	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	535	59	inexorably	inexorably	ADV
cjrl-14169	535	60	linked	link	VERB
cjrl-14169	535	61	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	535	62	drugs	drug	NOUN
cjrl-14169	535	63	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	535	64	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	535	65	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	535	66	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	535	67	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	535	68	resilient	resilient	ADJ
cjrl-14169	535	69	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	535	70	any	any	PRON
cjrl-14169	535	71	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	535	72	all	all	DET
cjrl-14169	535	73	prevention	prevention	NOUN
cjrl-14169	535	74	/	/	SYM
cjrl-14169	535	75	intervention	intervention	NOUN
cjrl-14169	535	76	efforts	effort	NOUN
cjrl-14169	535	77	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	535	78	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	535	79	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	535	80	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	535	81	super	super	ADJ
cjrl-14169	535	82	predators	predator	NOUN
cjrl-14169	535	83	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	535	84	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	535	85	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	536	1	186	186	NUM
cjrl-14169	536	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	536	3	hildebrand	hildebrand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	536	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	536	5	supra	supra	NOUN
cjrl-14169	536	6	37	37	NUM
cjrl-14169	536	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	536	8	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	536	9	193	193	NUM
cjrl-14169	536	10	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	536	11	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	536	12	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	536	13	there	there	PRON
cjrl-14169	536	14	are	be	VERB
cjrl-14169	536	15	many	many	ADJ
cjrl-14169	536	16	ways	way	NOUN
cjrl-14169	536	17	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	536	18	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	536	19	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	536	20	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	536	21	improperly	improperly	ADV
cjrl-14169	536	22	invites	invite	VERB
cjrl-14169	536	23	juror	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	536	24	decision	decision	NOUN
cjrl-14169	536	25	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	536	26	making	making	NOUN
cjrl-14169	536	27	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	536	28	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	536	29	stereotypes	stereotype	NOUN
cjrl-14169	536	30	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	536	31	sweeping	sweeping	ADJ
cjrl-14169	536	32	generalizations	generalization	NOUN
cjrl-14169	536	33	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	536	34	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	537	1	187	187	NUM
cjrl-14169	537	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	537	3	michelle	michelle	PROPN
cjrl-14169	537	4	alexander	alexander	PROPN
cjrl-14169	537	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	537	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	537	7	new	new	ADJ
cjrl-14169	537	8	jim	jim	PROPN
cjrl-14169	537	9	crow	crow	PROPN
cjrl-14169	537	10	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	537	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	537	12	2010	2010	NUM
cjrl-14169	537	13	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	537	14	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	537	15	arguing	argue	VERB
cjrl-14169	537	16	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	537	17	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	537	18	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	537	19	caste	caste	NOUN
cjrl-14169	537	20	system	system	NOUN
cjrl-14169	537	21	continues	continue	VERB
cjrl-14169	537	22	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	537	23	exist	exist	VERB
cjrl-14169	537	24	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	537	25	america	america	PROPN
cjrl-14169	537	26	through	through	ADP
cjrl-14169	537	27	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	537	28	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	537	29	justice	justice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	537	30	system	system	NOUN
cjrl-14169	537	31	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	537	32	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	538	1	188	188	NUM
cjrl-14169	538	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	538	3	jesse	jesse	PROPN
cjrl-14169	538	4	barber	barber	PROPN
cjrl-14169	538	5	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	538	6	simon	simon	PROPN
cjrl-14169	538	7	mccormack	mccormack	PROPN
cjrl-14169	538	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	538	9	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	538	10	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	538	11	disparity	disparity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	538	12	across	across	ADP
cjrl-14169	538	13	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	538	14	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	538	15	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	538	16	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	538	17	truly	truly	ADV
cjrl-14169	538	18	jarring	jarring	ADJ
cjrl-14169	538	19	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	538	20	aclu	aclu	PROPN
cjrl-14169	538	21	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	538	22	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	538	23	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	538	24	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	538	25	dec	dec	PROPN
cjrl-14169	538	26	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	538	27	16	16	NUM
cjrl-14169	538	28	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	538	29	2022	2022	NUM
cjrl-14169	538	30	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	538	31	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	538	32	https://www.nyclu.org/en/news/racial-disparity-across-new-york-truly-jarring	https://www.nyclu.org/en/news/racial-disparity-across-new-york-truly-jarre	VERB
cjrl-14169	538	33	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	538	34	https://perma.cc/x3tc-xda3	https://perma.cc/x3tc-xda3	X
cjrl-14169	538	35	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	538	36	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	538	37	observing	observe	VERB
cjrl-14169	538	38	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	538	39	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	538	40	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	538	41	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	538	42	arrested	arrest	VERB
cjrl-14169	538	43	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	538	44	prosecuted	prosecute	VERB
cjrl-14169	538	45	more	more	ADV
cjrl-14169	538	46	frequently	frequently	ADV
cjrl-14169	538	47	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	538	48	white	white	ADJ
cjrl-14169	538	49	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	538	50	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	538	51	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	538	52	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	538	53	crimes	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	538	54	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	538	55	resulting	result	VERB
cjrl-14169	538	56	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	538	57	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	538	58	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	538	59	being	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	538	60	convicted	convict	VERB
cjrl-14169	538	61	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	538	62	felonies	felony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	538	63	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	538	64	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	538	65	rate	rate	NOUN
cjrl-14169	538	66	over	over	ADP
cjrl-14169	538	67	twenty	twenty	NUM
cjrl-14169	538	68	greater	great	ADJ
cjrl-14169	538	69	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	538	70	white	white	ADJ
cjrl-14169	538	71	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	538	72	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	538	73	manhattan	manhattan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	538	74	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	538	75	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	539	1	1369	1369	NUM
cjrl-14169	539	2	colum	colum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	539	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	540	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	540	2	race	race	PROPN
cjrl-14169	540	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	540	4	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	541	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	541	2	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	541	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	542	1	15:1337	15:1337	NUM
cjrl-14169	542	2	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	542	3	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	542	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	542	5	criminality	criminality	NOUN
cjrl-14169	542	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	542	7	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	542	8	dishonesty	dishonesty	NOUN
cjrl-14169	542	9	among	among	ADP
cjrl-14169	542	10	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	542	11	minorities	minority	NOUN
cjrl-14169	542	12	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	542	13	many	many	ADJ
cjrl-14169	542	14	unknowingly	unknowingly	ADV
cjrl-14169	542	15	internalize	internalize	VERB
cjrl-14169	542	16	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	543	1	”189	”189	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	543	2	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	543	3	negative	negative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	543	4	biases	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	5	manifest	manifest	VERB
cjrl-14169	543	6	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	543	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	543	8	attitudes	attitude	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	9	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	543	10	average	average	ADJ
cjrl-14169	543	11	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	543	13	so	so	ADV
cjrl-14169	543	14	much	much	ADV
cjrl-14169	543	15	so	so	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	543	16	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	543	17	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	543	18	person	person	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	19	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	543	20	features	feature	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	21	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	543	22	influence	influence	VERB
cjrl-14169	543	23	someone	someone	PRON
cjrl-14169	543	24	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	543	25	perception	perception	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	26	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	543	27	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	543	28	character.190	character.190	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	29	thus	thus	ADV
cjrl-14169	543	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	543	31	alleged	allege	VERB
cjrl-14169	543	32	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	33	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	34	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	543	35	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	543	36	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	543	37	overwhelmingly	overwhelmingly	ADV
cjrl-14169	543	38	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	543	39	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	543	40	latino,191	latino,191	PROPN
cjrl-14169	543	41	face	face	VERB
cjrl-14169	543	42	compounding	compounding	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	43	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	44	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	543	45	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	543	46	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	47	’	’	PART
cjrl-14169	543	48	perceptions	perception	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	49	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	543	50	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	543	51	criminality	criminality	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	52	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	543	53	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	54	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	55	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	543	56	reinforced	reinforce	VERB
cjrl-14169	543	57	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	543	58	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	543	59	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	543	60	identities.192	identities.192	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	61	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	543	62	police	police	PROPN
cjrl-14169	543	63	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	64	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	65	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	543	66	unreliable	unreliable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	543	67	while	while	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	543	68	unfair	unfair	ADJ
cjrl-14169	543	69	prejudice	prejudice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	70	stemming	stem	VERB
cjrl-14169	543	71	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	543	72	implicit	implicit	ADJ
cjrl-14169	543	73	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	74	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	543	75	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	543	76	serious	serious	ADJ
cjrl-14169	543	77	issue	issue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	78	surrounding	surround	VERB
cjrl-14169	543	79	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	543	80	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	81	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	543	82	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	83	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	84	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	543	85	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	86	prosecutions	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	87	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	543	88	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	543	89	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	543	90	only	only	ADV
cjrl-14169	543	91	part	part	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	92	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	543	93	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	543	94	problem	problem	NOUN
cjrl-14169	543	95	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	544	1	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	544	2	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	544	3	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	544	4	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	544	5	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	544	6	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	544	7	unreliable	unreliable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	544	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	544	9	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	544	10	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	544	11	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	544	12	undermines	undermine	VERB
cjrl-14169	544	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	544	14	integrity	integrity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	544	15	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	544	16	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	544	17	prosecutions	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	544	18	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	544	19	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	544	20	support	support	VERB
cjrl-14169	544	21	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	544	22	conviction	conviction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	544	23	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	544	24	innocent	innocent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	544	25	defendants	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	544	26	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	545	1	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	545	2	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	545	3	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	4	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	545	5	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	6	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	7	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	545	8	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	545	9	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	545	10	personal	personal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	545	11	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	12	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	545	13	experience	experience	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	14	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	545	15	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	545	16	evades	evade	VERB
cjrl-14169	545	17	frye	frye	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	18	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	545	19	reliability	reliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	20	inquiry	inquiry	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	21	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	545	22	judges	judge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	23	rule	rule	VERB
cjrl-14169	545	24	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	545	25	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	545	26	admissibility.193	admissibility.193	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	27	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	545	28	limiting	limit	VERB
cjrl-14169	545	29	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	545	30	scope	scope	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	31	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	545	32	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	33	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	34	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	35	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	545	36	inoa	inoa	PROPN
cjrl-14169	545	37	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	545	38	does	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	545	39	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	545	40	mandate	mandate	VERB
cjrl-14169	545	41	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	545	42	inquiry	inquiry	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	43	into	into	ADP
cjrl-14169	545	44	reliability.194	reliability.194	PROPN
cjrl-14169	545	45	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	46	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	47	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	545	48	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	545	49	disinterested	disinterested	ADJ
cjrl-14169	545	50	parties	party	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	51	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	545	52	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	545	53	often	often	ADV
cjrl-14169	545	54	work	work	VERB
cjrl-14169	545	55	closely	closely	ADV
cjrl-14169	545	56	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	545	57	prosecutors	prosecutor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	58	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	545	59	build	build	VERB
cjrl-14169	545	60	cases	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	61	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	545	62	seek	seek	VERB
cjrl-14169	545	63	convictions	conviction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	64	against	against	ADP
cjrl-14169	545	65	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	545	66	criminally	criminally	ADV
cjrl-14169	545	67	accused.195	accused.195	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	68	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	545	69	such	such	ADJ
cjrl-14169	545	70	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	545	71	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	545	72	cases	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	73	where	where	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	545	74	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	75	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	76	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	545	77	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	78	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	545	79	intertwined	intertwine	VERB
cjrl-14169	545	80	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	545	81	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	545	82	prosecution	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	83	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	545	84	narrative	narrative	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	85	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	545	86	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	87	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	88	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	545	89	incentivized	incentivize	VERB
cjrl-14169	545	90	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	545	91	189	189	NUM
cjrl-14169	545	92	see	see	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	93	hildebrand	hildebrand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	545	94	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	545	95	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	545	96	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	545	97	37	37	NUM
cjrl-14169	545	98	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	545	99	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	545	100	186	186	NUM
cjrl-14169	545	101	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	546	1	190	190	NUM
cjrl-14169	546	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	546	3	heather	heather	PROPN
cjrl-14169	546	4	m.	m.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	546	5	kleider	kleider	PROPN
cjrl-14169	546	6	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	546	7	offutt	offutt	PROPN
cjrl-14169	546	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	546	9	alesha	alesha	PROPN
cjrl-14169	546	10	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	546	11	bond	bond	PROPN
cjrl-14169	546	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	546	13	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	546	14	shanna	shanna	PROPN
cjrl-14169	546	15	e.	e.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	546	16	a.	a.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	546	17	hegerty	hegerty	PROPN
cjrl-14169	546	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	546	19	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	546	20	stereotypical	stereotypical	ADJ
cjrl-14169	546	21	features	feature	NOUN
cjrl-14169	546	22	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	546	23	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	546	24	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	546	25	face	face	NOUN
cjrl-14169	546	26	type	type	NOUN
cjrl-14169	546	27	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	546	28	get	get	VERB
cjrl-14169	546	29	you	you	PRON
cjrl-14169	546	30	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	546	31	trouble	trouble	NOUN
cjrl-14169	546	32	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	546	33	26	26	NUM
cjrl-14169	546	34	current	current	ADJ
cjrl-14169	546	35	directions	direction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	546	36	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	546	37	pscyh	pscyh	NOUN
cjrl-14169	546	38	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	547	1	sci	sci	PROPN
cjrl-14169	547	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	547	3	28	28	NUM
cjrl-14169	547	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	547	5	28–9	28–9	PROPN
cjrl-14169	547	6	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	547	7	2017	2017	NUM
cjrl-14169	547	8	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	547	9	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	547	10	discussing	discuss	VERB
cjrl-14169	547	11	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	547	12	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	547	13	face	face	NOUN
cjrl-14169	547	14	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	547	15	type	type	NOUN
cjrl-14169	547	16	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	547	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	547	18	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	547	19	where	where	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	547	20	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	547	21	stereotype	stereotype	VERB
cjrl-14169	547	22	those	those	PRON
cjrl-14169	547	23	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	547	24	afrocentric	afrocentric	ADJ
cjrl-14169	547	25	features	feature	NOUN
cjrl-14169	547	26	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	547	27	aggressive	aggressive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	547	28	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	547	29	violent	violent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	547	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	547	31	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	547	32	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	547	33	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	547	34	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	548	1	191	191	NUM
cjrl-14169	548	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	548	3	n.y.c	n.y.c	PROPN
cjrl-14169	548	4	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	548	5	dep’t	dep’t	PROPN
cjrl-14169	548	6	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	548	7	investigation	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	548	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	548	9	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	548	10	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	548	11	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	548	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	548	13	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	548	14	34	34	NUM
cjrl-14169	548	15	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	548	16	finding	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	548	17	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	548	18	ninety	ninety	NUM
cjrl-14169	548	19	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	548	20	nine	nine	NUM
cjrl-14169	548	21	percent	percent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	548	22	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	548	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	548	24	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	548	25	’s	’s	PROPN
cjrl-14169	548	26	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	548	27	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	548	28	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	548	29	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	548	30	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	548	31	latino	latino	ADJ
cjrl-14169	548	32	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	548	33	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	549	1	192	192	NUM
cjrl-14169	549	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	549	3	hildebrand	hildebrand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	549	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	549	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	549	6	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	549	7	37	37	NUM
cjrl-14169	549	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	549	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	549	10	186–93	186–93	PROPN
cjrl-14169	549	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	549	12	explaining	explain	VERB
cjrl-14169	549	13	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	549	14	juror	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	549	15	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	549	16	negative	negative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	549	17	bias	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	549	18	towards	towards	ADP
cjrl-14169	549	19	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	549	20	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	549	21	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	549	22	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	549	23	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	549	24	color	color	NOUN
cjrl-14169	549	25	both	both	DET
cjrl-14169	549	26	impact	impact	NOUN
cjrl-14169	549	27	decision	decision	NOUN
cjrl-14169	549	28	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	549	29	making	making	NOUN
cjrl-14169	549	30	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	549	31	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	549	32	trials	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	549	33	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	549	34	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	550	1	193	193	NUM
cjrl-14169	550	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	550	3	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	550	4	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	550	5	oddone	oddone	NOUN
cjrl-14169	550	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	550	7	3	3	NUM
cjrl-14169	550	8	n.e.3d	n.e.3d	ADP
cjrl-14169	550	9	1160	1160	NUM
cjrl-14169	550	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	550	11	1163	1163	NUM
cjrl-14169	550	12	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	550	13	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	550	14	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	550	15	2013	2013	NUM
cjrl-14169	550	16	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	550	17	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	550	18	holding	hold	VERB
cjrl-14169	550	19	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	550	20	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	550	21	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	550	22	opinion	opinion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	550	23	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	550	24	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	550	25	personal	personal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	550	26	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	550	27	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	550	28	experience	experience	NOUN
cjrl-14169	550	29	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	550	30	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	550	31	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	550	32	subject	subject	ADJ
cjrl-14169	550	33	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	550	34	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	550	35	frye	frye	NOUN
cjrl-14169	550	36	analysis	analysis	NOUN
cjrl-14169	550	37	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	550	38	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	551	1	194	194	NUM
cjrl-14169	551	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	551	3	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	551	4	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	551	5	inoa	inoa	NOUN
cjrl-14169	551	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	551	7	34	34	NUM
cjrl-14169	551	8	n.e.3d	n.e.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	551	9	839	839	NUM
cjrl-14169	551	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	551	11	842–44	842–44	PROPN
cjrl-14169	551	12	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	551	13	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	551	14	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	551	15	2016	2016	NUM
cjrl-14169	551	16	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	551	17	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	551	18	making	make	VERB
cjrl-14169	551	19	no	no	DET
cjrl-14169	551	20	mention	mention	NOUN
cjrl-14169	551	21	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	551	22	reliability	reliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	551	23	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	551	24	holding	hold	VERB
cjrl-14169	551	25	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	551	26	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	551	27	subject	subject	ADJ
cjrl-14169	551	28	matter	matter	NOUN
cjrl-14169	551	29	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	551	30	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	551	31	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	551	32	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	551	33	must	must	AUX
cjrl-14169	551	34	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	551	35	beyond	beyond	ADP
cjrl-14169	551	36	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	551	37	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	551	38	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	551	39	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	551	40	ordinary	ordinary	ADJ
cjrl-14169	551	41	juror	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	551	42	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	551	43	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	552	1	195	195	NUM
cjrl-14169	552	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	552	3	hildebrand	hildebrand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	552	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	552	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	552	6	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	552	7	37	37	NUM
cjrl-14169	552	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	552	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	552	10	185	185	NUM
cjrl-14169	552	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	552	12	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	552	13	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	552	14	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	552	15	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	552	16	usually	usually	ADV
cjrl-14169	552	17	unaware	unaware	ADJ
cjrl-14169	552	18	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	552	19	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	552	20	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	552	21	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	552	22	collaboration	collaboration	NOUN
cjrl-14169	552	23	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	552	24	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	552	25	prosecution	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	552	26	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	552	27	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	553	1	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	553	2	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	553	3	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	553	4	1370	1370	NUM
cjrl-14169	553	5	present	present	ADJ
cjrl-14169	553	6	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	553	7	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	553	8	aligns	align	VERB
cjrl-14169	553	9	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	553	10	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	553	11	narrative.196	narrative.196	NOUN
cjrl-14169	553	12	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	553	13	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	553	14	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	553	15	however	however	ADV
cjrl-14169	553	16	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	553	17	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	553	18	notoriously	notoriously	ADV
cjrl-14169	553	19	unreliable	unreliable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	553	20	due	due	ADP
cjrl-14169	553	21	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	553	22	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	553	23	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	553	24	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	553	25	overbroad	overbroad	PROPN
cjrl-14169	553	26	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	553	27	identifications	identification	NOUN
cjrl-14169	553	28	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	553	29	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	553	30	problematic	problematic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	553	31	indicators	indicator	NOUN
cjrl-14169	553	32	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	553	33	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	553	34	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	553	35	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	554	1	given	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	554	2	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	554	3	collaboration	collaboration	NOUN
cjrl-14169	554	4	between	between	ADP
cjrl-14169	554	5	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	554	6	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	554	7	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	554	8	prosecutors	prosecutor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	554	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	554	10	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	554	11	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	554	12	understandable	understandable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	554	13	why	why	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	554	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	554	15	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	554	16	would	would	AUX
cjrl-14169	554	17	want	want	VERB
cjrl-14169	554	18	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	554	19	apply	apply	VERB
cjrl-14169	554	20	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	554	21	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	554	22	label	label	NOUN
cjrl-14169	554	23	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	554	24	as	as	ADV
cjrl-14169	554	25	many	many	ADJ
cjrl-14169	554	26	groups	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	554	27	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	554	28	possible	possible	ADJ
cjrl-14169	554	29	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	554	30	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	554	31	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	554	32	explains	explain	VERB
cjrl-14169	554	33	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	554	34	inexplicable	inexplicable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	554	35	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	554	36	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	554	37	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	554	38	gives	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	554	39	rich	rich	ADJ
cjrl-14169	554	40	color	color	NOUN
cjrl-14169	554	41	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	554	42	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	554	43	otherwise	otherwise	ADV
cjrl-14169	554	44	pale	pale	ADJ
cjrl-14169	554	45	fact	fact	NOUN
cjrl-14169	554	46	pattern	pattern	NOUN
cjrl-14169	554	47	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	555	1	”197	”197	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	556	1	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	556	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	556	3	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	556	4	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	556	5	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	556	6	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	556	7	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	556	8	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	556	9	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	556	10	creates	create	VERB
cjrl-14169	556	11	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	556	12	massive	massive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	556	13	risk	risk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	556	14	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	556	15	convicting	convict	VERB
cjrl-14169	556	16	innocent	innocent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	556	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	556	18	non	non	ADJ
cjrl-14169	556	19	-	-	ADJ
cjrl-14169	556	20	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	556	21	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	556	22	affiliated	affiliate	VERB
cjrl-14169	556	23	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	556	24	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	557	1	1	1	X
cjrl-14169	557	2	.	.	X
cjrl-14169	557	3	overbroad	overbroad	NOUN
cjrl-14169	557	4	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	557	5	identifications	identification	NOUN
cjrl-14169	557	6	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	557	7	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	557	8	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	557	9	given	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	557	10	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	557	11	authority	authority	NOUN
cjrl-14169	557	12	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	557	13	gangs,198	gangs,198	PROPN
cjrl-14169	557	14	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	557	15	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	557	16	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	557	17	identifications	identification	NOUN
cjrl-14169	557	18	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	557	19	overbroad	overbroad	ADJ
cjrl-14169	557	20	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	558	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	558	2	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	558	3	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	558	4	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	558	5	targeted	target	VERB
cjrl-14169	558	6	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	558	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	558	8	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	558	9	today	today	NOUN
cjrl-14169	558	10	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	558	11	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	558	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	558	13	organized	organized	ADJ
cjrl-14169	558	14	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	558	15	hierarchical	hierarchical	ADJ
cjrl-14169	558	16	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	558	17	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	558	18	nationally	nationally	ADV
cjrl-14169	558	19	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	558	20	renowned	renowne	VERB
cjrl-14169	558	21	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	558	22	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	558	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	558	24	past.199	past.199	NOUN
cjrl-14169	558	25	instead	instead	ADV
cjrl-14169	558	26	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	558	27	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	558	28	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	558	29	groups	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	558	30	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	558	31	kids	kid	NOUN
cjrl-14169	558	32	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	558	33	young	young	ADJ
cjrl-14169	558	34	adults	adult	NOUN
cjrl-14169	558	35	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	558	36	live	live	VERB
cjrl-14169	558	37	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	558	38	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	558	39	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	558	40	housing	housing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	558	41	project	project	NOUN
cjrl-14169	558	42	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	558	43	neighborhood.200	neighborhood.200	NOUN
cjrl-14169	558	44	while	while	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	558	45	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	558	46	difference	difference	NOUN
cjrl-14169	558	47	does	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	558	48	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	558	49	196	196	NUM
cjrl-14169	558	50	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	558	51	i	i	PROPN
cjrl-14169	558	52	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	558	53	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	558	54	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	558	55	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	558	56	o]fficers	o]fficer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	558	57	want	want	VERB
cjrl-14169	558	58	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	558	59	prove	prove	VERB
cjrl-14169	558	60	themselves	themselves	PRON
cjrl-14169	558	61	through	through	ADP
cjrl-14169	558	62	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	558	63	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	558	64	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	558	65	—	—	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	558	66	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	558	67	show	show	VERB
cjrl-14169	558	68	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	558	69	prosecutor	prosecutor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	558	70	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	558	71	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	558	72	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	558	73	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	558	74	made	make	VERB
cjrl-14169	558	75	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	558	76	right	right	ADJ
cjrl-14169	558	77	decision	decision	NOUN
cjrl-14169	558	78	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	558	79	arrest	arrest	VERB
cjrl-14169	558	80	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	558	81	accused	accuse	VERB
cjrl-14169	558	82	instead	instead	ADV
cjrl-14169	558	83	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	558	84	some	some	DET
cjrl-14169	558	85	other	other	ADJ
cjrl-14169	558	86	person	person	NOUN
cjrl-14169	558	87	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	558	88	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	558	89	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	558	90	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	559	1	197	197	NUM
cjrl-14169	559	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	559	3	hagedorn	hagedorn	PROPN
cjrl-14169	559	4	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	559	5	maclean	maclean	PROPN
cjrl-14169	559	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	559	7	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	559	8	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	559	9	176	176	NUM
cjrl-14169	559	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	559	11	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	559	12	1040–41	1040–41	NOUN
cjrl-14169	559	13	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	559	14	characterizing	characterize	VERB
cjrl-14169	559	15	trials	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	559	16	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	559	17	competing	compete	VERB
cjrl-14169	559	18	stories	story	NOUN
cjrl-14169	559	19	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	559	20	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	559	21	highlighting	highlight	VERB
cjrl-14169	559	22	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	559	23	explanatory	explanatory	ADJ
cjrl-14169	559	24	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	559	25	narrative	narrative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	559	26	value	value	NOUN
cjrl-14169	559	27	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	559	28	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	559	29	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	559	30	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	559	31	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	559	32	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	559	33	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	560	1	198	198	NUM
cjrl-14169	560	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	560	3	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	560	4	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	560	5	bailey	bailey	NOUN
cjrl-14169	560	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	560	7	50	50	NUM
cjrl-14169	560	8	n.y.s.3d	n.y.s.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	560	9	53	53	NUM
cjrl-14169	560	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	560	11	54	54	NUM
cjrl-14169	560	12	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	560	13	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	560	14	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	560	15	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	560	16	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	561	1	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	561	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	561	3	2017	2017	NUM
cjrl-14169	561	4	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	562	1	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	562	2	affirming	affirm	VERB
cjrl-14169	562	3	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	562	4	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	562	5	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	562	6	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	562	7	opine	opine	VERB
cjrl-14169	562	8	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	562	9	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	562	10	customs	custom	NOUN
cjrl-14169	562	11	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	562	12	practices	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	562	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	562	14	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	562	15	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	562	16	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	563	1	199	199	NUM
cjrl-14169	563	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	563	3	evers	ever	NOUN
cjrl-14169	563	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	563	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	563	6	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	563	7	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	563	8	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	563	9	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	563	10	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	563	11	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	563	12	lieutenant	lieutenant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	563	13	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	563	14	view	view	NOUN
cjrl-14169	563	15	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	563	16	today	today	NOUN
cjrl-14169	563	17	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	563	18	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	563	19	culture	culture	NOUN
cjrl-14169	563	20	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	563	21	different	different	ADJ
cjrl-14169	563	22	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	563	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	563	24	past	past	NOUN
cjrl-14169	563	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	563	26	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	563	27	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	563	28	today	today	NOUN
cjrl-14169	563	29	there	there	PRON
cjrl-14169	563	30	is	be	VERB
cjrl-14169	563	31	less	less	ADV
cjrl-14169	563	32	hierarchy	hierarchy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	563	33	stability	stability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	563	34	among	among	ADP
cjrl-14169	563	35	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	563	36	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	563	37	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	563	38	green	green	PROPN
cjrl-14169	563	39	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	563	40	pranis	pranis	PROPN
cjrl-14169	563	41	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	563	42	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	563	43	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	563	44	45	45	NUM
cjrl-14169	563	45	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	563	46	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	563	47	18	18	NUM
cjrl-14169	563	48	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	563	49	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	563	50	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	563	51	nationally	nationally	ADV
cjrl-14169	563	52	renowned	renowned	ADJ
cjrl-14169	563	53	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	563	54	like	like	ADP
cjrl-14169	563	55	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	563	56	bloods	blood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	563	57	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	563	58	crips	crip	NOUN
cjrl-14169	563	59	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	563	60	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	563	61	latin	latin	ADJ
cjrl-14169	563	62	kings	king	NOUN
cjrl-14169	563	63	were	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	563	64	prevalent	prevalent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	563	65	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	563	66	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	563	67	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	563	68	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	563	69	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	563	70	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	563	71	late	late	ADJ
cjrl-14169	563	72	1990s	1990	NOUN
cjrl-14169	563	73	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	563	74	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	563	75	seth	seth	PROPN
cjrl-14169	563	76	ferranti	ferranti	PROPN
cjrl-14169	563	77	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	563	78	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	563	79	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	563	80	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	563	81	gang	gang	PROPN
cjrl-14169	563	82	culture	culture	NOUN
cjrl-14169	563	83	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	563	84	changing	change	VERB
cjrl-14169	563	85	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	563	86	vice	vice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	563	87	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	563	88	aug	aug	PROPN
cjrl-14169	563	89	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	563	90	18	18	NUM
cjrl-14169	563	91	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	563	92	2015	2015	NUM
cjrl-14169	563	93	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	563	94	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	563	95	https://www.vice.com/en/article/5gj9kb/how-new-york-citys-gang-culture-is-changing-818	https://www.vice.com/en/article/5gj9kb/how-new-york-citys-gang-culture-is-changing-818	X
cjrl-14169	564	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	564	2	https://perma.cc/7m5c96ju	https://perma.cc/7m5c96ju	X
cjrl-14169	564	3	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	564	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	564	5	interviewing	interview	VERB
cjrl-14169	564	6	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	564	7	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	564	8	prevention	prevention	NOUN
cjrl-14169	564	9	specialist	specialist	NOUN
cjrl-14169	564	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	564	11	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	564	12	explains	explain	VERB
cjrl-14169	564	13	his	his	PRON
cjrl-14169	564	14	view	view	NOUN
cjrl-14169	564	15	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	564	16	there	there	PRON
cjrl-14169	564	17	is	be	VERB
cjrl-14169	564	18	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	564	19	rise	rise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	564	20	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	564	21	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	564	22	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	564	23	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	564	24	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	564	25	connected	connect	VERB
cjrl-14169	564	26	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	564	27	traditional	traditional	ADJ
cjrl-14169	564	28	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	564	29	supergangs	supergang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	564	30	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	564	31	like	like	ADP
cjrl-14169	564	32	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	564	33	bloods	blood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	564	34	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	564	35	crips	crip	NOUN
cjrl-14169	564	36	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	564	37	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	564	38	latin	latin	ADJ
cjrl-14169	564	39	kings	king	NOUN
cjrl-14169	564	40	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	564	41	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	565	1	200	200	NUM
cjrl-14169	565	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	565	3	lisa	lisa	PROPN
cjrl-14169	565	4	evers	ever	NOUN
cjrl-14169	565	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	565	6	inside	inside	ADP
cjrl-14169	565	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	565	8	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	565	9	's	's	PART
cjrl-14169	565	10	dismantling	dismantle	VERB
cjrl-14169	565	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	565	12	takedown	takedown	NOUN
cjrl-14169	565	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	565	14	violent	violent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	565	15	bronx	bronx	NOUN
cjrl-14169	565	16	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	565	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	565	18	fox	fox	PROPN
cjrl-14169	565	19	5	5	NUM
cjrl-14169	565	20	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	565	21	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	565	22	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	565	23	sept	sept	PROPN
cjrl-14169	565	24	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	565	25	22	22	NUM
cjrl-14169	565	26	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	565	27	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	565	28	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	565	29	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	565	30	https://www.fox5ny.com/news/bronx-gang-takedown-nypd	https://www.fox5ny.com/news/bronx-gang-takedown-nypd	X
cjrl-14169	566	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	566	2	https://perma.cc/fa62-274s	https://perma.cc/fa62-274	NOUN
cjrl-14169	566	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	567	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	567	2	hereinafter	hereinafter	NOUN
cjrl-14169	567	3	evers	ever	NOUN
cjrl-14169	567	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	567	5	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	567	6	dismantling	dismantling	NOUN
cjrl-14169	567	7	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	567	8	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	567	9	describing	describe	VERB
cjrl-14169	567	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	567	11	mass	mass	ADJ
cjrl-14169	567	12	arrest	arrest	NOUN
cjrl-14169	567	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	567	14	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	567	15	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	567	16	known	know	VERB
cjrl-14169	567	17	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	567	18	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	567	19	5zzly	5zzly	NUM
cjrl-14169	567	20	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	567	21	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	567	22	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	567	23	name	name	NOUN
cjrl-14169	567	24	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	567	25	reflections	reflection	VERB
cjrl-14169	567	26	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	567	27	location	location	NOUN
cjrl-14169	567	28	near175th	near175th	PROPN
cjrl-14169	567	29	street	street	NOUN
cjrl-14169	567	30	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	567	31	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	567	32	bronx	bronx	NOUN
cjrl-14169	567	33	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	567	34	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	567	35	ferranti	ferranti	NOUN
cjrl-14169	567	36	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	567	37	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	567	38	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	567	39	198	198	NUM
cjrl-14169	567	40	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	567	41	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	567	42	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	567	43	rise	rise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	567	44	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	567	45	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	567	46	hybrid	hybrid	ADJ
cjrl-14169	567	47	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	567	48	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	567	49	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	567	50	represent	represent	VERB
cjrl-14169	567	51	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	567	52	local	local	ADJ
cjrl-14169	567	53	housing	housing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	567	54	projects	project	NOUN
cjrl-14169	567	55	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	567	56	parks	park	NOUN
cjrl-14169	567	57	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	567	58	city	city	NOUN
cjrl-14169	567	59	blocks	block	NOUN
cjrl-14169	567	60	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	567	61	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	567	62	streets	street	NOUN
cjrl-14169	567	63	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	567	64	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	567	65	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	568	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	568	2	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	568	3	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	568	4	brian	brian	PROPN
cjrl-14169	568	5	lehrer	lehrer	PROPN
cjrl-14169	568	6	show	show	PROPN
cjrl-14169	568	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	568	8	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	568	9	we	we	PRON
cjrl-14169	568	10	asked	ask	VERB
cjrl-14169	568	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	568	12	city	city	NOUN
cjrl-14169	568	13	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	568	14	help	help	NOUN
cjrl-14169	568	15	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	568	16	we	we	PRON
cjrl-14169	568	17	got	get	VERB
cjrl-14169	568	18	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	568	19	raid	raid	NOUN
cjrl-14169	568	20	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	568	21	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	568	22	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	568	23	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	568	24	public	public	ADJ
cjrl-14169	568	25	radio	radio	NOUN
cjrl-14169	568	26	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	568	27	jul	jul	PROPN
cjrl-14169	568	28	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	568	29	10	10	NUM
cjrl-14169	568	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	568	31	2014	2014	NUM
cjrl-14169	568	32	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	568	33	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	569	1	https://www.wnyc.org/story/we-askedcity-help-and-we-got-raid/	https://www.wnyc.org/story/we-askedcity-help-and-we-got-raid/	X
cjrl-14169	570	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	570	2	https://perma.cc/2ncb-2x6u	https://perma.cc/2ncb-2x6u	X
cjrl-14169	570	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	570	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	570	5	detailing	detail	VERB
cjrl-14169	570	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	570	7	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	570	8	raid	raid	NOUN
cjrl-14169	570	9	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	570	10	two	two	NUM
cjrl-14169	570	11	harlem	harlem	PROPN
cjrl-14169	570	12	housing	housing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	570	13	projects	project	NOUN
cjrl-14169	570	14	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	570	15	resulted	result	VERB
cjrl-14169	570	16	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	570	17	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	570	18	arrest	arrest	NOUN
cjrl-14169	570	19	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	570	20	forty	forty	NUM
cjrl-14169	570	21	teenagers	teenager	NOUN
cjrl-14169	570	22	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	570	23	young	young	ADJ
cjrl-14169	570	24	adults	adult	NOUN
cjrl-14169	570	25	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	570	26	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	571	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	571	2	2014	2014	NUM
cjrl-14169	571	3	raid	raid	NOUN
cjrl-14169	571	4	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	571	5	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	571	6	manhattanville	manhattanville	NOUN
cjrl-14169	571	7	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	571	8	grant	grant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	571	9	houses	house	NOUN
cjrl-14169	571	10	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	571	11	designed	design	VERB
cjrl-14169	571	12	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	571	13	prevent	prevent	VERB
cjrl-14169	571	14	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	571	15	between	between	ADP
cjrl-14169	571	16	feuding	feud	VERB
cjrl-14169	571	17	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	571	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	571	19	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	571	20	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	571	21	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	571	22	believe	believe	VERB
cjrl-14169	571	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	571	24	raid	raid	NOUN
cjrl-14169	571	25	only	only	ADV
cjrl-14169	571	26	worsened	worsen	VERB
cjrl-14169	571	27	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	571	28	problems	problem	NOUN
cjrl-14169	571	29	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	572	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	572	2	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	572	3	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	572	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	572	5	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	572	6	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	572	7	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	572	8	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	572	9	end	end	NOUN
cjrl-14169	572	10	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	572	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	572	12	day	day	NOUN
cjrl-14169	572	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	572	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	572	15	way	way	NOUN
cjrl-14169	572	16	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	572	17	put	put	VERB
cjrl-14169	572	18	together	together	ADV
cjrl-14169	572	19	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	572	20	investigation	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	572	21	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	572	22	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	572	23	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	573	1	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	573	2	come	come	VERB
cjrl-14169	573	3	up	up	ADP
cjrl-14169	573	4	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	573	5	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	573	6	homes	home	NOUN
cjrl-14169	573	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	573	8	trash	trash	VERB
cjrl-14169	573	9	them	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	573	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	573	11	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	573	12	very	very	ADV
cjrl-14169	573	13	unprofessional	unprofessional	ADJ
cjrl-14169	573	14	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	573	15	break	break	NOUN
cjrl-14169	573	16	furniture	furniture	NOUN
cjrl-14169	573	17	…	…	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	573	18	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	573	19	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	573	20	all	all	PRON
cjrl-14169	573	21	just	just	ADV
cjrl-14169	573	22	very	very	ADV
cjrl-14169	573	23	uncalled	uncalled	ADJ
cjrl-14169	573	24	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	573	25	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	573	26	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	573	27	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	573	28	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	574	1	one	one	NUM
cjrl-14169	574	2	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	574	3	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	574	4	detailed	detail	VERB
cjrl-14169	574	5	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	574	6	her	her	PRON
cjrl-14169	574	7	three	three	NUM
cjrl-14169	574	8	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	574	9	year	year	NOUN
cjrl-14169	574	10	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	574	11	old	old	ADJ
cjrl-14169	574	12	niece	niece	NOUN
cjrl-14169	574	13	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	574	14	traumatized	traumatize	VERB
cjrl-14169	574	15	after	after	ADP
cjrl-14169	574	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	574	17	raid	raid	NOUN
cjrl-14169	574	18	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	574	19	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	574	20	if	if	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	574	21	you	you	PRON
cjrl-14169	574	22	ca	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	574	23	n’t	not	PART
cjrl-14169	574	24	trust	trust	VERB
cjrl-14169	574	25	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	574	26	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	574	27	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	574	28	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	574	29	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	574	30	you	you	PRON
cjrl-14169	574	31	trust	trust	VERB
cjrl-14169	574	32	?	?	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	574	33	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	575	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	575	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	575	3	1371	1371	NUM
cjrl-14169	575	4	colum	colum	PROPN
cjrl-14169	575	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	576	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	576	2	race	race	PROPN
cjrl-14169	576	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	576	4	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	577	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	577	2	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	577	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	578	1	15:1337	15:1337	NUM
cjrl-14169	578	2	minimize	minimize	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	3	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	578	4	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	5	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	578	6	some	some	PRON
cjrl-14169	578	7	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	8	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	578	9	groups	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	10	perpetrate	perpetrate	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	578	12	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	578	13	reflects	reflect	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	14	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	578	15	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	578	16	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	578	17	designates	designate	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	18	groups	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	19	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	578	20	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	578	21	less	less	ADV
cjrl-14169	578	22	clearly	clearly	ADV
cjrl-14169	578	23	defined	define	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	24	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	578	25	less	less	ADV
cjrl-14169	578	26	criminally	criminally	ADV
cjrl-14169	578	27	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	578	28	aligned	align	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	29	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	30	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	31	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	32	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	578	33	past.201	past.201	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	34	the	the	PRON
cjrl-14169	578	35	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	578	36	’s	’s	PROPN
cjrl-14169	578	37	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	38	definition	definition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	39	requires	require	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	40	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	578	41	one	one	NUM
cjrl-14169	578	42	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	43	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	578	44	primary	primary	ADJ
cjrl-14169	578	45	activities	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	46	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	47	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	578	48	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	49	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	578	50	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	578	51	commission	commission	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	52	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	53	crimes.202	crimes.202	PROPN
cjrl-14169	578	54	however	however	ADV
cjrl-14169	578	55	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	578	56	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	578	57	definition	definition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	58	does	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	578	59	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	578	60	require	require	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	61	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	578	62	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	63	observe	observe	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	64	any	any	DET
cjrl-14169	578	65	crimes	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	66	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	578	67	make	make	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	68	any	any	DET
cjrl-14169	578	69	arrests	arrest	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	70	before	before	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	71	applying	apply	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	72	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	578	73	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	74	designation.203	designation.203	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	75	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	76	such	such	ADJ
cjrl-14169	578	77	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	578	78	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	578	79	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	578	80	has	have	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	81	unchecked	unchecked	ADJ
cjrl-14169	578	82	discretion	discretion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	83	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	578	84	designate	designate	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	85	any	any	DET
cjrl-14169	578	86	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	87	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	88	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	578	89	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	90	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	91	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	92	mere	mere	ADJ
cjrl-14169	578	93	suspicion.204	suspicion.204	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	94	this	this	PRON
cjrl-14169	578	95	allows	allow	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	96	race	race	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	97	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	578	98	class	class	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	99	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	578	100	become	become	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	101	defining	define	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	102	elements	element	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	103	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	104	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	578	105	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	106	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	578	107	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	578	108	groups	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	109	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	110	troubled	troubled	ADJ
cjrl-14169	578	111	youths	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	112	become	become	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	113	more	more	ADV
cjrl-14169	578	114	likely	likely	ADJ
cjrl-14169	578	115	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	578	116	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	578	117	categorized	categorize	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	118	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	119	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	120	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	121	if	if	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	578	122	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	578	123	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	578	124	low	low	ADJ
cjrl-14169	578	125	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	578	126	income	income	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	127	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	578	128	nonwhite.205	nonwhite.205	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	129	additionally	additionally	ADV
cjrl-14169	578	130	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	578	131	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	578	132	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	578	133	surveils	surveil	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	134	low	low	ADJ
cjrl-14169	578	135	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	578	136	income	income	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	137	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	578	138	non	non	ADJ
cjrl-14169	578	139	-	-	ADJ
cjrl-14169	578	140	white	white	ADJ
cjrl-14169	578	141	neighborhoods	neighborhood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	142	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	143	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	578	144	much	much	ADV
cjrl-14169	578	145	higher	high	ADJ
cjrl-14169	578	146	rate	rate	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	147	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	578	148	leading	lead	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	149	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	150	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	578	151	continuing	continue	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	152	cycle	cycle	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	153	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	154	overbroad	overbroad	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	155	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	578	156	erroneous	erroneous	ADJ
cjrl-14169	578	157	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	158	identifications	identification	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	159	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	160	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	578	161	communities.206	communities.206	PROPN
cjrl-14169	578	162	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	578	163	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	578	164	problematic	problematic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	578	165	indicators	indicator	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	166	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	167	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	168	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	169	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	170	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	578	171	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	578	172	beyond	beyond	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	173	identifying	identify	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	174	groups	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	175	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	578	176	consider	consider	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	177	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	178	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	578	179	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	180	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	181	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	578	182	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	578	183	given	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	184	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	185	authority	authority	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	186	over	over	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	187	asserting	assert	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	188	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	578	189	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	578	190	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	578	191	individual	individual	ADJ
cjrl-14169	578	192	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	193	member.207	member.207	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	194	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	578	195	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	578	196	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	578	197	methods	method	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	198	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	199	determining	determine	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	200	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	201	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	578	202	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	578	203	dubious	dubious	ADJ
cjrl-14169	578	204	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	578	205	rooted	root	VERB
cjrl-14169	578	206	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	578	207	racism	racism	NOUN
cjrl-14169	578	208	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	579	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	579	2	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	579	3	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	579	4	two	two	NUM
cjrl-14169	579	5	options	option	NOUN
cjrl-14169	579	6	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	579	7	activation	activation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	579	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	579	9	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	579	10	discussed	discuss	VERB
cjrl-14169	579	11	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	579	12	section	section	PROPN
cjrl-14169	579	13	i.a	i.a	PROPN
cjrl-14169	579	14	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	579	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	579	16	require	require	VERB
cjrl-14169	579	17	no	no	DET
cjrl-14169	579	18	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	579	19	behavior	behavior	NOUN
cjrl-14169	579	20	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	579	21	allow	allow	VERB
cjrl-14169	579	22	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	579	23	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	579	24	designate	designate	VERB
cjrl-14169	579	25	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	579	26	201	201	NUM
cjrl-14169	579	27	see	see	NOUN
cjrl-14169	579	28	sonja	sonja	PROPN
cjrl-14169	579	29	sharp	sharp	PROPN
cjrl-14169	579	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	579	31	why	why	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	579	32	does	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	579	33	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	579	34	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	579	35	think	think	VERB
cjrl-14169	579	36	dance	dance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	579	37	teams	team	NOUN
cjrl-14169	579	38	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	579	39	street	street	NOUN
cjrl-14169	579	40	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	579	41	?	?	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	579	42	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	579	43	vice	vice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	579	44	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	579	45	feb	feb	PROPN
cjrl-14169	579	46	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	579	47	19	19	NUM
cjrl-14169	579	48	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	579	49	2015	2015	NUM
cjrl-14169	579	50	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	579	51	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	579	52	https://www.vice.com/en/article/qbe737/why-does-the-nypd-think-dance-teams-are-street-gangs-219	https://www.vice.com/en/article/qbe737/why-does-the-nypd-think-dance-teams-are-street-gangs-219	NOUN
cjrl-14169	580	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	580	2	https://perma.cc/al5k-5cut	https://perma.cc/al5k-5cut	X
cjrl-14169	580	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	580	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	580	5	describing	describe	VERB
cjrl-14169	580	6	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	580	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	580	8	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	580	9	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	580	10	lumping	lump	VERB
cjrl-14169	580	11	dance	dance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	580	12	crews	crew	NOUN
cjrl-14169	580	13	together	together	ADV
cjrl-14169	580	14	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	580	15	actual	actual	ADJ
cjrl-14169	580	16	street	street	NOUN
cjrl-14169	580	17	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	580	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	580	19	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	580	20	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	580	21	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	580	22	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	580	23	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	580	24	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	580	25	shifted	shift	VERB
cjrl-14169	580	26	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	580	27	attention	attention	NOUN
cjrl-14169	580	28	smaller	small	ADJ
cjrl-14169	580	29	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	580	30	younger	young	ADJ
cjrl-14169	580	31	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	580	32	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	580	33	more	more	ADV
cjrl-14169	580	34	casually	casually	ADV
cjrl-14169	580	35	associated	associate	VERB
cjrl-14169	580	36	groups	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	580	37	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	580	38	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	581	1	202	202	NUM
cjrl-14169	581	2	n.y.c	n.y.c	NOUN
cjrl-14169	581	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	581	4	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	581	5	dep’t	dep’t	PROPN
cjrl-14169	581	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	581	7	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	581	8	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	581	9	5	5	NUM
cjrl-14169	581	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	581	11	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	581	12	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	581	13	.	.	NUM
cjrl-14169	581	14	203	203	NUM
cjrl-14169	582	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	582	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	582	3	204	204	NUM
cjrl-14169	582	4	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	582	5	zachariah	zachariah	PROPN
cjrl-14169	582	6	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	582	7	fudge	fudge	PROPN
cjrl-14169	582	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	582	9	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	582	10	definitions	definition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	582	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	582	12	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	582	13	do	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	582	14	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	582	15	work	work	VERB
cjrl-14169	582	16	?	?	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	582	17	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	582	18	what	what	PRON
cjrl-14169	582	19	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	582	20	juggalos	juggalo	NOUN
cjrl-14169	582	21	teach	teach	VERB
cjrl-14169	582	22	us	we	PRON
cjrl-14169	582	23	about	about	ADP
cjrl-14169	582	24	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	582	25	inadequacy	inadequacy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	582	26	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	582	27	current	current	ADJ
cjrl-14169	582	28	anti	anti	ADJ
cjrl-14169	582	29	-	-	ADJ
cjrl-14169	582	30	gang	gang	ADJ
cjrl-14169	582	31	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	582	32	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	582	33	97	97	NUM
cjrl-14169	582	34	marq	marq	NOUN
cjrl-14169	582	35	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	583	1	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	583	2	rev	rev	PROPN
cjrl-14169	583	3	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	583	4	979	979	NUM
cjrl-14169	583	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	583	6	991	991	NUM
cjrl-14169	583	7	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	583	8	2014	2014	NUM
cjrl-14169	583	9	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	583	10	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	583	11	arguing	argue	VERB
cjrl-14169	583	12	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	583	13	one	one	NUM
cjrl-14169	583	14	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	583	15	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	583	16	most	most	ADV
cjrl-14169	583	17	frequently	frequently	ADV
cjrl-14169	583	18	cited	cite	VERB
cjrl-14169	583	19	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	583	20	definitions	definition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	583	21	gives	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	583	22	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	583	23	enforcement	enforcement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	583	24	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	583	25	freedom	freedom	NOUN
cjrl-14169	583	26	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	583	27	deem	deem	VERB
cjrl-14169	583	28	any	any	DET
cjrl-14169	583	29	group	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	583	30	criminal	criminal	NOUN
cjrl-14169	583	31	through	through	ADP
cjrl-14169	583	32	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	583	33	suspicions	suspicion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	583	34	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	583	35	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	584	1	205	205	NUM
cjrl-14169	585	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	585	2	d.	d.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	585	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	585	4	991	991	NUM
cjrl-14169	585	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	586	1	206	206	NUM
cjrl-14169	586	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	586	3	tate	tate	PROPN
cjrl-14169	586	4	ryan	ryan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	586	5	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	586	6	mosely	mosely	PROPN
cjrl-14169	586	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	586	8	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	586	9	new	new	ADJ
cjrl-14169	586	10	map	map	NOUN
cjrl-14169	586	11	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	586	12	nyc	nyc	PROPN
cjrl-14169	586	13	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	586	14	cameras	camera	NOUN
cjrl-14169	586	15	shows	show	VERB
cjrl-14169	586	16	more	more	ADJ
cjrl-14169	586	17	surveillance	surveillance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	586	18	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	586	19	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	586	20	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	586	21	brown	brown	ADJ
cjrl-14169	586	22	neighborhoods	neighborhood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	586	23	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	586	24	mit	mit	NOUN
cjrl-14169	586	25	technology	technology	NOUN
cjrl-14169	586	26	review	review	NOUN
cjrl-14169	586	27	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	586	28	feb	feb	PROPN
cjrl-14169	586	29	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	586	30	14	14	NUM
cjrl-14169	586	31	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	586	32	2022	2022	NUM
cjrl-14169	586	33	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	586	34	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	586	35	https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/02/14/1045333/map-nyc-cameras-surveillance-bias-facial-recognition/	https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/02/14/1045333/map-nyc-cameras-surveillance-bias-facial-recognition/	X
cjrl-14169	587	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	587	2	https://perma.cc/f6em-ngqm	https://perma.cc/f6em-ngqm	X
cjrl-14169	587	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	587	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	587	5	observing	observe	VERB
cjrl-14169	587	6	that	that	DET
cjrl-14169	587	7	stop	stop	NOUN
cjrl-14169	587	8	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	587	9	frisk	frisk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	587	10	searches	search	NOUN
cjrl-14169	587	11	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	587	12	publicly	publicly	ADV
cjrl-14169	587	13	owned	own	VERB
cjrl-14169	587	14	cameras	camera	NOUN
cjrl-14169	587	15	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	587	16	concentrated	concentrate	VERB
cjrl-14169	587	17	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	587	18	communities	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	587	19	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	587	20	color	color	NOUN
cjrl-14169	587	21	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	587	22	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	588	1	207	207	NUM
cjrl-14169	588	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	588	3	hildebrand	hildebrand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	588	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	588	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	588	6	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	588	7	37	37	NUM
cjrl-14169	588	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	588	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	588	10	157	157	NUM
cjrl-14169	588	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	588	12	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	588	13	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	588	14	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	588	15	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	588	16	officer	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	588	17	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	588	18	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	588	19	testified	testify	VERB
cjrl-14169	588	20	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	588	21	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	588	22	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	588	23	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	588	24	witness	witness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	588	25	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	589	1	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	589	2	that	that	DET
cjrl-14169	589	3	capacity	capacity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	589	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	589	5	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	589	6	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	589	7	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	589	8	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	589	9	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	589	10	developed	develop	VERB
cjrl-14169	589	11	theory	theory	NOUN
cjrl-14169	589	12	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	589	13	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	589	14	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	589	15	identification	identification	NOUN
cjrl-14169	589	16	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	589	17	he	he	PRON
cjrl-14169	589	18	told	tell	VERB
cjrl-14169	589	19	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	589	20	jury	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	589	21	about	about	ADP
cjrl-14169	589	22	his	his	PRON
cjrl-14169	589	23	belief	belief	NOUN
cjrl-14169	589	24	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	589	25	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	589	26	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	589	27	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	589	28	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	589	29	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	589	30	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	589	31	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	589	32	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	589	33	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	589	34	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	589	35	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	589	36	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	589	37	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	589	38	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	590	1	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	590	2	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	590	3	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	590	4	1372	1372	NUM
cjrl-14169	590	5	individual	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	6	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	590	7	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	590	8	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	9	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	10	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	590	11	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	590	12	factors	factor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	13	like	like	ADP
cjrl-14169	590	14	where	where	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	590	15	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	590	16	live	live	VERB
cjrl-14169	590	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	590	18	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	590	19	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	590	20	interact	interact	VERB
cjrl-14169	590	21	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	590	22	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	590	23	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	590	24	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	590	25	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	590	26	dress.208	dress.208	VERB
cjrl-14169	590	27	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	28	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	590	29	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	590	30	able	able	ADJ
cjrl-14169	590	31	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	590	32	interpret	interpret	VERB
cjrl-14169	590	33	trivial	trivial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	590	34	information	information	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	35	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	590	36	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	590	37	media	medium	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	38	posts	post	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	39	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	590	40	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	590	41	individual	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	42	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	590	43	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	590	44	self	self	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	45	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	590	46	admission	admission	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	47	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	590	48	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	590	49	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	50	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	51	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	590	52	minimal	minimal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	590	53	oversight.209	oversight.209	ADP
cjrl-14169	590	54	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	590	55	hostile	hostile	ADJ
cjrl-14169	590	56	outsiders	outsider	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	57	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	590	58	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	59	do	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	590	60	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	590	61	accurately	accurately	ADV
cjrl-14169	590	62	understand	understand	VERB
cjrl-14169	590	63	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	590	64	language	language	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	65	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	590	66	culture	culture	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	67	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	590	68	young	young	ADJ
cjrl-14169	590	69	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	70	residing	reside	VERB
cjrl-14169	590	71	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	590	72	under	under	ADV
cjrl-14169	590	73	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	590	74	resourced	resource	VERB
cjrl-14169	590	75	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	590	76	impoverished	impoverished	ADJ
cjrl-14169	590	77	communities.210	communities.210	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	78	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	79	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	80	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	81	mistake	mistake	VERB
cjrl-14169	590	82	signs	sign	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	83	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	590	84	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	590	85	culture	culture	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	86	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	590	87	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	88	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	89	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	590	90	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	590	91	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	92	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	590	93	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	590	94	things	thing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	95	like	like	ADP
cjrl-14169	590	96	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	590	97	clothing	clothing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	98	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	590	99	acquaintanceship	acquaintanceship	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	100	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	590	101	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	590	102	other	other	ADJ
cjrl-14169	590	103	outward	outward	ADJ
cjrl-14169	590	104	symbols	symbol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	105	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	590	106	urban	urban	ADJ
cjrl-14169	590	107	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	108	culture	culture	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	109	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	590	110	often	often	ADV
cjrl-14169	590	111	unrelated	unrelated	ADJ
cjrl-14169	590	112	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	590	113	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	590	114	purpose	purpose	NOUN
cjrl-14169	590	115	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	591	1	”211	”211	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	591	2	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	591	3	example	example	NOUN
cjrl-14169	591	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	591	5	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	591	6	minority	minority	NOUN
cjrl-14169	591	7	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	591	8	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	591	9	grow	grow	VERB
cjrl-14169	591	10	up	up	ADP
cjrl-14169	591	11	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	591	12	areas	area	NOUN
cjrl-14169	591	13	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	591	14	heavy	heavy	ADJ
cjrl-14169	591	15	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	591	16	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	591	17	often	often	ADV
cjrl-14169	591	18	wear	wear	VERB
cjrl-14169	591	19	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	591	20	paraphernalia	paraphernalia	NOUN
cjrl-14169	591	21	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	591	22	blend	blend	VERB
cjrl-14169	591	23	in	in	ADV
cjrl-14169	591	24	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	591	25	intimidate	intimidate	VERB
cjrl-14169	591	26	others	other	NOUN
cjrl-14169	591	27	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	591	28	selfprotection	selfprotection	NOUN
cjrl-14169	591	29	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	591	30	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	591	31	because	because	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	591	32	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	591	33	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	591	34	fashionable	fashionable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	591	35	among	among	ADP
cjrl-14169	591	36	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	591	37	peers	peer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	591	38	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	591	39	”212	”212	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	1	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	592	2	lack	lack	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	3	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	592	4	cultural	cultural	ADJ
cjrl-14169	592	5	awareness	awareness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	6	among	among	ADP
cjrl-14169	592	7	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	8	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	9	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	10	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	592	11	only	only	ADV
cjrl-14169	592	12	perpetuates	perpetuate	VERB
cjrl-14169	592	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	592	14	perception	perception	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	15	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	592	16	race	race	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	17	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	592	18	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	592	19	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	20	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	21	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	592	22	interchangeable	interchangeable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	592	23	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	592	24	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	592	25	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	592	26	risks	risk	VERB
cjrl-14169	592	27	giving	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	592	28	false	false	ADJ
cjrl-14169	592	29	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	30	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	31	designations	designation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	32	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	592	33	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	34	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	592	35	backing	backing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	36	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	592	37	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	592	38	courtroom.213	courtroom.213	PROPN
cjrl-14169	592	39	3	3	NUM
cjrl-14169	592	40	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	592	41	potential	potential	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	42	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	592	43	convict	convict	VERB
cjrl-14169	592	44	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	592	45	innocent	innocent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	592	46	under	under	ADP
cjrl-14169	592	47	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	592	48	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	49	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	50	label	label	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	51	both	both	PRON
cjrl-14169	592	52	overbroad	overbroad	VERB
cjrl-14169	592	53	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	54	identifications	identification	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	55	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	592	56	problematic	problematic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	592	57	indicators	indicator	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	58	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	592	59	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	60	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	61	infect	infect	VERB
cjrl-14169	592	62	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	63	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	64	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	65	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	66	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	592	67	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	592	68	high	high	ADJ
cjrl-14169	592	69	degree	degree	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	70	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	592	71	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	592	72	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	593	1	given	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	593	2	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	593	3	truth	truth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	593	4	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	593	5	seeking	seek	VERB
cjrl-14169	593	6	function	function	NOUN
cjrl-14169	593	7	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	593	8	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	593	9	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	593	10	process	process	NOUN
cjrl-14169	593	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	593	12	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	593	13	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	593	14	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	593	15	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ
cjrl-14169	593	16	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	593	17	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	593	18	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	593	19	itself.214	itself.214	ADV
cjrl-14169	593	20	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	593	21	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	593	22	208	208	NUM
cjrl-14169	593	23	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	593	24	n.y.c	n.y.c	PROPN
cjrl-14169	593	25	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	594	1	dep’t	dep’t	PROPN
cjrl-14169	594	2	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	594	3	investigation	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	594	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	594	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	594	6	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	594	7	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	594	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	594	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	594	10	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	594	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	594	12	outlining	outline	VERB
cjrl-14169	594	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	594	14	options	option	NOUN
cjrl-14169	594	15	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	594	16	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	594	17	activation	activation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	594	18	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	594	19	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	595	1	209	209	NUM
cjrl-14169	595	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	595	3	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	595	4	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	595	5	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	595	6	8	8	NUM
cjrl-14169	595	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	595	8	25–6	25–6	PROPN
cjrl-14169	595	9	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	595	10	explaining	explain	VERB
cjrl-14169	595	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	595	12	lack	lack	NOUN
cjrl-14169	595	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	595	14	guidance	guidance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	595	15	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	595	16	oversight	oversight	NOUN
cjrl-14169	595	17	surrounding	surround	VERB
cjrl-14169	595	18	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	595	19	media	medium	NOUN
cjrl-14169	595	20	selfadmissions	selfadmission	NOUN
cjrl-14169	595	21	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	595	22	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	595	23	supra	supra	ADJ
cjrl-14169	595	24	text	text	NOUN
cjrl-14169	595	25	accompanying	accompany	VERB
cjrl-14169	595	26	notes	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	595	27	99–101	99–101	PROPN
cjrl-14169	595	28	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	595	29	105	105	NUM
cjrl-14169	595	30	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	595	31	210	210	NUM
cjrl-14169	595	32	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	595	33	rios	rios	PROPN
cjrl-14169	595	34	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	595	35	navarro	navarro	PROPN
cjrl-14169	595	36	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	595	37	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	595	38	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	595	39	132	132	NUM
cjrl-14169	595	40	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	595	41	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	595	42	34–5	34–5	PROPN
cjrl-14169	595	43	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	595	44	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	595	45	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	595	46	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	595	47	detectives	detective	NOUN
cjrl-14169	595	48	often	often	ADV
cjrl-14169	595	49	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	595	50	themselves	themselves	PRON
cjrl-14169	595	51	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	595	52	enemies	enemy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	595	53	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	595	54	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	595	55	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	595	56	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	595	57	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	595	58	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	595	59	lack	lack	VERB
cjrl-14169	595	60	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	595	61	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	595	62	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	595	63	depth	depth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	595	64	understanding	understanding	NOUN
cjrl-14169	595	65	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	595	66	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	595	67	culture	culture	NOUN
cjrl-14169	595	68	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	595	69	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	595	70	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	595	71	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	596	1	211	211	NUM
cjrl-14169	597	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	597	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	597	3	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	597	4	35	35	NUM
cjrl-14169	597	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	598	1	212	212	NUM
cjrl-14169	599	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	599	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	599	3	213	213	NUM
cjrl-14169	599	4	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	599	5	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	599	6	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	599	7	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	599	8	34–5	34–5	PROPN
cjrl-14169	599	9	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	599	10	arguing	argue	VERB
cjrl-14169	599	11	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	599	12	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	599	13	conflate	conflate	VERB
cjrl-14169	599	14	urban	urban	ADJ
cjrl-14169	599	15	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	599	16	culture	culture	NOUN
cjrl-14169	599	17	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	599	18	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	599	19	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	599	20	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	599	21	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	599	22	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	599	23	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	599	24	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	599	25	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	599	26	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	599	27	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	599	28	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	599	29	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	599	30	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	599	31	ultimate	ultimate	ADJ
cjrl-14169	599	32	source	source	NOUN
cjrl-14169	599	33	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	599	34	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	599	35	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	599	36	judges	judge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	599	37	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	599	38	juries	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	599	39	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	599	40	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	599	41	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	600	1	214	214	NUM
cjrl-14169	600	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	600	3	thomas	thomas	PROPN
cjrl-14169	600	4	weigend	weigend	PROPN
cjrl-14169	600	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	600	6	should	should	AUX
cjrl-14169	600	7	we	we	PRON
cjrl-14169	600	8	search	search	VERB
cjrl-14169	600	9	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	600	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	600	11	truth	truth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	600	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	600	13	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	600	14	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	600	15	should	should	AUX
cjrl-14169	600	16	do	do	VERB
cjrl-14169	600	17	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	600	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	600	19	n.c	n.c	PROPN
cjrl-14169	600	20	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	600	21	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	600	22	int’l	int’l	PROPN
cjrl-14169	600	23	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	600	24	389	389	NUM
cjrl-14169	600	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	600	26	389	389	NUM
cjrl-14169	600	27	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	600	28	2010	2010	NUM
cjrl-14169	600	29	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	600	30	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	600	31	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	600	32	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	600	33	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	600	34	process	process	NOUN
cjrl-14169	600	35	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	600	36	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	601	1	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	601	2	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	601	3	about	about	ADP
cjrl-14169	601	4	truth	truth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	601	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	601	6	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	601	7	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	601	8	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	602	1	1373	1373	NUM
cjrl-14169	602	2	colum	colum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	602	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	603	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	603	2	race	race	PROPN
cjrl-14169	603	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	603	4	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	604	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	604	2	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	604	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	605	1	15:1337	15:1337	NUM
cjrl-14169	605	2	considering	consider	VERB
cjrl-14169	605	3	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	605	4	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	605	5	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	605	6	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	605	7	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	605	8	used	use	VERB
cjrl-14169	605	9	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	605	10	fill	fill	VERB
cjrl-14169	605	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	605	12	holes	hole	NOUN
cjrl-14169	605	13	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	605	14	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	605	15	prosecutor	prosecutor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	605	16	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	605	17	case	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	605	18	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	605	19	thus	thus	ADV
cjrl-14169	605	20	turn	turn	VERB
cjrl-14169	605	21	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	605	22	innocent	innocent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	605	23	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	605	24	into	into	ADP
cjrl-14169	605	25	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	605	26	guilty	guilty	ADJ
cjrl-14169	605	27	one	one	NOUN
cjrl-14169	606	1	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	606	2	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	606	3	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	606	4	becomes	become	VERB
cjrl-14169	606	5	all	all	DET
cjrl-14169	606	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	606	7	more	more	ADV
cjrl-14169	606	8	alarming	alarming	ADJ
cjrl-14169	606	9	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	607	1	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	607	2	discussed	discuss	VERB
cjrl-14169	607	3	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	607	4	section	section	NOUN
cjrl-14169	607	5	i.b	i.b	PROPN
cjrl-14169	607	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	607	7	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	607	8	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	607	9	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	607	10	serve	serve	VERB
cjrl-14169	607	11	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	607	12	variety	variety	NOUN
cjrl-14169	607	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	607	14	purposes	purpose	NOUN
cjrl-14169	607	15	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	607	16	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	607	17	prosecutions.215	prosecutions.215	NOUN
cjrl-14169	607	18	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	607	19	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	607	20	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	607	21	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	607	22	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	607	23	especially	especially	ADV
cjrl-14169	607	24	useful	useful	ADJ
cjrl-14169	607	25	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	607	26	prosecutors	prosecutor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	607	27	due	due	ADP
cjrl-14169	607	28	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	607	29	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	607	30	explanatory	explanatory	ADJ
cjrl-14169	607	31	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	607	32	persuasive	persuasive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	607	33	value.216	value.216	NOUN
cjrl-14169	607	34	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	607	35	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	607	36	power	power	NOUN
cjrl-14169	607	37	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	607	38	utility	utility	NOUN
cjrl-14169	607	39	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	607	40	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	607	41	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	607	42	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	607	43	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	607	44	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	607	45	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	607	46	bear	bear	VERB
cjrl-14169	607	47	profound	profound	ADJ
cjrl-14169	607	48	injustice	injustice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	607	49	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	608	1	consider	consider	VERB
cjrl-14169	608	2	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	608	3	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	4	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	5	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	6	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	608	7	regularly	regularly	ADV
cjrl-14169	608	8	relied	rely	VERB
cjrl-14169	608	9	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	608	10	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	608	11	prove	prove	VERB
cjrl-14169	608	12	motive.217	motive.217	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	13	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	608	14	cases	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	15	where	where	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	608	16	motive	motive	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	17	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	608	18	lacking	lack	VERB
cjrl-14169	608	19	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	608	20	other	other	ADJ
cjrl-14169	608	21	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	22	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	608	23	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	24	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	25	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	26	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	27	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	608	28	fill	fill	VERB
cjrl-14169	608	29	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	608	30	those	those	DET
cjrl-14169	608	31	crucial	crucial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	608	32	details.218	details.218	ADJ
cjrl-14169	608	33	inexplicable	inexplicable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	608	34	homicides	homicide	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	35	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	608	36	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	608	37	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	608	38	transformed	transform	VERB
cjrl-14169	608	39	into	into	ADP
cjrl-14169	608	40	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	608	41	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	42	initiation	initiation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	43	ritual	ritual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	44	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	608	45	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	608	46	way	way	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	47	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	608	48	gain	gain	VERB
cjrl-14169	608	49	status	status	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	50	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	608	51	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	608	52	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	53	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	608	54	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	55	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	56	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	608	57	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	608	58	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	608	59	no	no	DET
cjrl-14169	608	60	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	61	exists	exist	VERB
cjrl-14169	608	62	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	608	63	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	608	64	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	65	being	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	608	66	initiated	initiate	VERB
cjrl-14169	608	67	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	608	68	rising	rise	VERB
cjrl-14169	608	69	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	608	70	rank	rank	NOUN
cjrl-14169	608	71	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	609	1	”219	”219	VERB
cjrl-14169	609	2	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	609	3	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	609	4	problem	problem	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	5	applies	apply	VERB
cjrl-14169	609	6	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	609	7	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	8	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	9	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	10	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	11	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	609	12	contextualizes	contextualize	VERB
cjrl-14169	609	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	609	14	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	15	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	609	16	explains	explain	VERB
cjrl-14169	609	17	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	609	18	relationships	relationship	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	19	among	among	ADP
cjrl-14169	609	20	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	21	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	609	22	false	false	ADJ
cjrl-14169	609	23	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	24	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	25	designations	designation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	26	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	609	27	extremely	extremely	ADV
cjrl-14169	609	28	unreliable	unreliable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	609	29	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	30	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	31	could	could	AUX
cjrl-14169	609	32	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	609	33	used	use	VERB
cjrl-14169	609	34	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	609	35	explain	explain	VERB
cjrl-14169	609	36	inexplicable	inexplicable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	609	37	factual	factual	ADJ
cjrl-14169	609	38	circumstances	circumstance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	39	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	609	40	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	609	41	thus	thus	ADV
cjrl-14169	609	42	erase	erase	VERB
cjrl-14169	609	43	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	609	44	reasonable	reasonable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	609	45	doubts	doubt	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	46	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	609	47	would	would	AUX
cjrl-14169	609	48	force	force	VERB
cjrl-14169	609	49	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	609	50	jury	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	51	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	609	52	find	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	609	53	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	609	54	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	55	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	609	56	guilty.220	guilty.220	ADJ
cjrl-14169	609	57	215	215	NUM
cjrl-14169	609	58	see	see	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	59	supra	supra	ADJ
cjrl-14169	609	60	text	text	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	61	accompanying	accompany	VERB
cjrl-14169	609	62	notes	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	63	117–118	117–118	NUM
cjrl-14169	609	64	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	609	65	describing	describe	VERB
cjrl-14169	609	66	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	609	67	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	68	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	69	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	609	70	provide	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	609	71	necessary	necessary	ADJ
cjrl-14169	609	72	background	background	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	73	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	609	74	explain	explain	VERB
cjrl-14169	609	75	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	609	76	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	77	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	609	78	motive	motive	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	79	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	609	80	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	609	81	explain	explain	VERB
cjrl-14169	609	82	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	609	83	relationships	relationship	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	84	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	609	85	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	609	86	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	609	87	involved	involve	VERB
cjrl-14169	609	88	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	609	89	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	610	1	216	216	NUM
cjrl-14169	610	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	610	3	hagedorn	hagedorn	PROPN
cjrl-14169	610	4	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	610	5	maclean	maclean	PROPN
cjrl-14169	610	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	610	7	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	610	8	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	610	9	176	176	NUM
cjrl-14169	610	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	610	11	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	610	12	1040	1040	NUM
cjrl-14169	610	13	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	610	14	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	610	15	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	610	16	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	610	17	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	610	18	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	610	19	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	610	20	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	610	21	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	610	22	explain	explain	VERB
cjrl-14169	610	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	610	24	inexplicable	inexplicable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	610	25	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	610	26	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	610	27	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	610	28	give	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	610	29	rich	rich	ADJ
cjrl-14169	610	30	color	color	NOUN
cjrl-14169	610	31	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	610	32	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	610	33	otherwise	otherwise	ADV
cjrl-14169	610	34	pale	pale	ADJ
cjrl-14169	610	35	fact	fact	NOUN
cjrl-14169	610	36	pattern	pattern	NOUN
cjrl-14169	610	37	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	610	38	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	610	39	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	611	1	217	217	NUM
cjrl-14169	611	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	611	3	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	611	4	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	611	5	bailey	bailey	NOUN
cjrl-14169	611	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	611	7	110	110	NUM
cjrl-14169	611	8	n.e.3d	n.e.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	611	9	489	489	NUM
cjrl-14169	611	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	611	11	498	498	NUM
cjrl-14169	611	12	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	611	13	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	611	14	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	611	15	2018	2018	NUM
cjrl-14169	611	16	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	611	17	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	611	18	upholding	uphold	VERB
cjrl-14169	611	19	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	611	20	admission	admission	NOUN
cjrl-14169	611	21	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	611	22	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	611	23	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	611	24	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	611	25	prove	prove	VERB
cjrl-14169	611	26	motive	motive	NOUN
cjrl-14169	611	27	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	611	28	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	611	29	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	611	30	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	611	31	moore	moore	PROPN
cjrl-14169	611	32	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	611	33	366	366	NUM
cjrl-14169	611	34	n.e.2d	n.e.2d	NOUN
cjrl-14169	611	35	1330	1330	NUM
cjrl-14169	611	36	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	611	37	1337	1337	NUM
cjrl-14169	611	38	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	611	39	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	611	40	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	611	41	1977	1977	NUM
cjrl-14169	611	42	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	611	43	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	611	44	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	611	45	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	611	46	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	611	47	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	611	48	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	611	49	benjamin	benjamin	PROPN
cjrl-14169	611	50	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	611	51	162	162	NUM
cjrl-14169	611	52	n.y.s.3d	n.y.s.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	611	53	726	726	NUM
cjrl-14169	611	54	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	611	55	726	726	NUM
cjrl-14169	611	56	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	611	57	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	611	58	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	611	59	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	611	60	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	612	1	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	612	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	612	3	2022	2022	NUM
cjrl-14169	612	4	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	612	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	612	6	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	612	7	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	612	8	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	612	9	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	612	10	v.	v.	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	612	11	argueta	argueta	ADJ
cjrl-14169	612	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	612	13	149	149	NUM
cjrl-14169	612	14	n.y.s.3d	n.y.s.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	612	15	104	104	NUM
cjrl-14169	612	16	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	612	17	104	104	NUM
cjrl-14169	612	18	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	612	19	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	612	20	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	612	21	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	612	22	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	613	1	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	613	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	613	3	2021	2021	NUM
cjrl-14169	613	4	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	613	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	613	6	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	613	7	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	613	8	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	613	9	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	613	10	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	613	11	faccio	faccio	PROPN
cjrl-14169	613	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	613	13	822	822	NUM
cjrl-14169	613	14	n.y.s.2d	n.y.s.2d	NUM
cjrl-14169	613	15	329	329	NUM
cjrl-14169	613	16	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	613	17	330	330	NUM
cjrl-14169	613	18	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	613	19	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	613	20	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	613	21	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	613	22	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	613	23	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	613	24	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	613	25	2006	2006	NUM
cjrl-14169	613	26	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	613	27	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	613	28	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	613	29	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	613	30	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	614	1	218	218	NUM
cjrl-14169	614	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	614	3	hagedorn	hagedorn	PROPN
cjrl-14169	614	4	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	614	5	maclean	maclean	PROPN
cjrl-14169	614	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	614	7	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	614	8	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	614	9	176	176	NUM
cjrl-14169	614	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	614	11	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	614	12	1041	1041	NUM
cjrl-14169	614	13	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	614	14	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	614	15	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	614	16	p]olice	p]olice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	614	17	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	614	18	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	614	19	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	614	20	regularly	regularly	ADV
cjrl-14169	614	21	relied	rely	VERB
cjrl-14169	614	22	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	614	23	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	614	24	provide	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	614	25	motive	motive	NOUN
cjrl-14169	614	26	where	where	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	614	27	one	one	PRON
cjrl-14169	614	28	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	614	29	lacking	lack	VERB
cjrl-14169	614	30	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	614	31	other	other	ADJ
cjrl-14169	614	32	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	614	33	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	614	34	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	614	35	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	614	36	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	615	1	219	219	NUM
cjrl-14169	616	1	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	616	2	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	616	3	220	220	NUM
cjrl-14169	616	4	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	616	5	mitchell	mitchell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	616	6	eisen	eisen	PROPN
cjrl-14169	616	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	616	8	brenna	brenna	PROPN
cjrl-14169	616	9	dotson	dotson	PROPN
cjrl-14169	616	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	616	11	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	616	12	gregory	gregory	PROPN
cjrl-14169	616	13	dohi	dohi	PROPN
cjrl-14169	616	14	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	616	15	probative	probative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	616	16	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	616	17	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	616	18	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	616	19	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	616	20	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	616	21	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	616	22	trump	trump	VERB
cjrl-14169	616	23	reasonable	reasonable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	616	24	doubt	doubt	NOUN
cjrl-14169	616	25	?	?	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	616	26	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	616	27	62	62	NUM
cjrl-14169	616	28	ucla	ucla	PROPN
cjrl-14169	616	29	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	616	30	rev	rev	PROPN
cjrl-14169	616	31	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	616	32	disc	disc	PROPN
cjrl-14169	616	33	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	617	1	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	617	2	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	617	3	2014	2014	NUM
cjrl-14169	617	4	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	618	1	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	618	2	studying	study	VERB
cjrl-14169	618	3	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	618	4	potential	potential	ADJ
cjrl-14169	618	5	biasing	biasing	ADJ
cjrl-14169	618	6	effect	effect	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	7	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	618	8	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	9	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	10	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	618	11	jury	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	12	verdicts	verdict	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	618	14	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	618	15	finding	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	618	16	that	that	DET
cjrl-14169	618	17	potent	potent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	618	18	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	19	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	20	led	lead	VERB
cjrl-14169	618	21	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	22	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	618	23	disregard	disregard	VERB
cjrl-14169	618	24	reasonable	reasonable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	618	25	doubt	doubt	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	26	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	618	27	vote	vote	VERB
cjrl-14169	618	28	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	618	29	convict	convict	VERB
cjrl-14169	618	30	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	618	31	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	32	despite	despite	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	618	33	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	618	34	lack	lack	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	35	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	618	36	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	37	related	relate	VERB
cjrl-14169	618	38	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	618	39	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	618	40	charge	charge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	41	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	618	42	hand	hand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	43	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	618	44	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	618	45	hagedorn	hagedorn	PROPN
cjrl-14169	618	46	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	618	47	maclean	maclean	PROPN
cjrl-14169	618	48	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	618	49	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	618	50	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	618	51	176	176	NUM
cjrl-14169	618	52	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	618	53	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	618	54	1040	1040	NUM
cjrl-14169	618	55	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	618	56	explaining	explain	VERB
cjrl-14169	618	57	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	618	58	ability	ability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	59	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	618	60	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	61	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	62	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	618	63	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	618	64	explain	explain	VERB
cjrl-14169	618	65	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	618	66	inexplicable	inexplicable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	618	67	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	618	68	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	618	69	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	618	70	howell	howell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	618	71	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	618	72	prosecutorial	prosecutorial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	618	73	misconduct	misconduct	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	74	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	618	75	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	618	76	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	618	77	128	128	NUM
cjrl-14169	618	78	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	618	79	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	618	80	710	710	NUM
cjrl-14169	618	81	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	618	82	arguing	argue	VERB
cjrl-14169	618	83	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	618	84	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	618	85	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	86	narrative	narrative	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	87	increases	increase	VERB
cjrl-14169	618	88	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	618	89	likelihood	likelihood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	90	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	618	91	wrongful	wrongful	ADJ
cjrl-14169	618	92	conviction	conviction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	93	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	618	94	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	95	cases	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	96	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	618	97	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	618	98	rios	rios	PROPN
cjrl-14169	618	99	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	618	100	navarro	navarro	PROPN
cjrl-14169	618	101	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	618	102	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	618	103	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	618	104	132	132	NUM
cjrl-14169	618	105	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	618	106	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	618	107	34–5	34–5	PROPN
cjrl-14169	618	108	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	618	109	describing	describe	VERB
cjrl-14169	618	110	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	111	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	112	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	113	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	618	114	flawed	flawed	ADJ
cjrl-14169	618	115	perceptions	perception	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	116	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	618	117	urban	urban	ADJ
cjrl-14169	618	118	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	119	culture	culture	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	120	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	618	121	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	618	122	potential	potential	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	123	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	618	124	abuse	abuse	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	125	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	618	126	designating	designate	VERB
cjrl-14169	618	127	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	128	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	618	129	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	130	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	618	131	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	618	132	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	619	1	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	619	2	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	619	3	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	619	4	1374	1374	NUM
cjrl-14169	619	5	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	619	6	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	619	7	effect	effect	NOUN
cjrl-14169	619	8	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	619	9	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	619	10	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	619	11	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	619	12	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	619	13	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	619	14	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	619	15	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	619	16	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	619	17	major	major	ADJ
cjrl-14169	619	18	cause	cause	NOUN
cjrl-14169	619	19	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	619	20	concern	concern	NOUN
cjrl-14169	619	21	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	620	1	fortunately	fortunately	ADV
cjrl-14169	620	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	620	3	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	620	4	defendants	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	620	5	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	620	6	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	620	7	helpless	helpless	ADJ
cjrl-14169	620	8	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	620	9	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	620	10	face	face	NOUN
cjrl-14169	620	11	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	620	12	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	620	13	injustice	injustice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	620	14	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	621	1	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	621	2	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	621	3	will	will	AUX
cjrl-14169	621	4	now	now	ADV
cjrl-14169	621	5	turn	turn	VERB
cjrl-14169	621	6	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	621	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	621	8	use	use	NOUN
cjrl-14169	621	9	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	621	10	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	621	11	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	621	12	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	621	13	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	621	14	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	621	15	combat	combat	VERB
cjrl-14169	621	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	621	17	issues	issue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	621	18	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	621	19	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	621	20	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	621	21	expertise	expertise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	621	22	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	622	1	iii	iii	X
cjrl-14169	622	2	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	623	1	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	623	2	effective	effective	ADJ
cjrl-14169	623	3	counterbalance	counterbalance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	623	4	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	623	5	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	623	6	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	623	7	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	623	8	thanks	thank	NOUN
cjrl-14169	623	9	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	623	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	623	11	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	623	12	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	623	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	623	14	prosecutorial	prosecutorial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	623	15	tool	tool	NOUN
cjrl-14169	623	16	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	623	17	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	623	18	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	623	19	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	623	20	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	623	21	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	623	22	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	623	23	latino	latino	ADJ
cjrl-14169	623	24	men	man	NOUN
cjrl-14169	623	25	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	623	26	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	623	27	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	623	28	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	623	29	face	face	VERB
cjrl-14169	623	30	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	623	31	particularly	particularly	ADV
cjrl-14169	623	32	powerful	powerful	ADJ
cjrl-14169	623	33	form	form	NOUN
cjrl-14169	623	34	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	623	35	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	623	36	legal	legal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	623	37	oppression	oppression	NOUN
cjrl-14169	623	38	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	624	1	labeling	labeling	NOUN
cjrl-14169	624	2	groups	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	624	3	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	624	4	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	624	5	men	man	NOUN
cjrl-14169	624	6	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	624	7	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	624	8	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	624	9	reflective	reflective	ADJ
cjrl-14169	624	10	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	624	11	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	624	12	enforcement	enforcement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	624	13	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	624	14	tendency	tendency	NOUN
cjrl-14169	624	15	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	624	16	criminalize	criminalize	VERB
cjrl-14169	624	17	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	624	18	based	base	VERB
cjrl-14169	624	19	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	624	20	race	race	NOUN
cjrl-14169	624	21	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	624	22	class	class	NOUN
cjrl-14169	624	23	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	625	1	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	625	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	625	3	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	625	4	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	625	5	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	625	6	label	label	NOUN
cjrl-14169	625	7	involves	involve	VERB
cjrl-14169	625	8	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	625	9	profiling	profiling	NOUN
cjrl-14169	625	10	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	625	11	goes	go	VERB
cjrl-14169	625	12	far	far	ADV
cjrl-14169	625	13	beyond	beyond	ADP
cjrl-14169	625	14	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	625	15	stop	stop	VERB
cjrl-14169	625	16	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	625	17	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	625	18	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	625	19	frisk	frisk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	625	20	predecessor.221	predecessor.221	NOUN
cjrl-14169	625	21	suspected	suspect	VERB
cjrl-14169	625	22	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	625	23	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	625	24	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	625	25	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	625	26	associates	associate	NOUN
cjrl-14169	625	27	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	625	28	subject	subject	ADJ
cjrl-14169	625	29	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	625	30	intensive	intensive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	625	31	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	625	32	surveillance	surveillance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	625	33	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	626	1	additionally	additionally	ADV
cjrl-14169	626	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	626	3	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	626	4	officer	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	626	5	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	626	6	flawed	flawed	ADJ
cjrl-14169	626	7	perceptions	perception	NOUN
cjrl-14169	626	8	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	626	9	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	626	10	life	life	NOUN
cjrl-14169	626	11	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	626	12	erroneous	erroneous	ADJ
cjrl-14169	626	13	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	626	14	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	626	15	designations	designation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	626	16	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	626	17	given	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	626	18	immense	immense	ADJ
cjrl-14169	626	19	evidentiary	evidentiary	NOUN
cjrl-14169	626	20	weight	weight	NOUN
cjrl-14169	626	21	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	626	22	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	626	23	courtroom.222	courtroom.222	NOUN
cjrl-14169	626	24	this	this	PRON
cjrl-14169	626	25	creates	create	VERB
cjrl-14169	626	26	two	two	NUM
cjrl-14169	626	27	issues	issue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	626	28	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	627	1	first	first	ADV
cjrl-14169	627	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	627	3	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	627	4	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	627	5	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	627	6	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	627	7	leads	lead	VERB
cjrl-14169	627	8	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	627	9	unfair	unfair	ADJ
cjrl-14169	627	10	prejudice	prejudice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	627	11	against	against	ADP
cjrl-14169	627	12	alleged	allege	VERB
cjrl-14169	627	13	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	627	14	members.223	members.223	PROPN
cjrl-14169	627	15	second	second	ADJ
cjrl-14169	627	16	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	627	17	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	627	18	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	627	19	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	627	20	unreliable	unreliable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	627	21	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	627	22	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	627	23	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	627	24	risks	risk	VERB
cjrl-14169	627	25	punishing	punish	VERB
cjrl-14169	627	26	innocent	innocent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	627	27	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	627	28	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	627	29	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	627	30	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	627	31	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	627	32	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	627	33	affiliated.224	affiliated.224	NOUN
cjrl-14169	627	34	eliminating	eliminate	VERB
cjrl-14169	627	35	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	627	36	issues	issue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	627	37	entirely	entirely	ADV
cjrl-14169	627	38	would	would	AUX
cjrl-14169	627	39	require	require	VERB
cjrl-14169	627	40	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	627	41	massive	massive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	627	42	shift	shift	NOUN
cjrl-14169	627	43	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	627	44	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	627	45	status	status	NOUN
cjrl-14169	627	46	quo	quo	NOUN
cjrl-14169	627	47	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	628	1	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	628	2	only	only	ADV
cjrl-14169	628	3	would	would	AUX
cjrl-14169	628	4	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	628	5	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	628	6	need	need	VERB
cjrl-14169	628	7	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	628	8	abolish	abolish	VERB
cjrl-14169	628	9	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	628	10	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	628	11	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	628	12	substantially	substantially	ADV
cjrl-14169	628	13	reform	reform	VERB
cjrl-14169	628	14	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	628	15	methods	method	NOUN
cjrl-14169	628	16	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	628	17	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	628	18	policing,225	policing,225	PROPN
cjrl-14169	629	1	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	629	2	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	629	3	judges	judge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	629	4	would	would	AUX
cjrl-14169	629	5	need	need	VERB
cjrl-14169	629	6	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	629	7	prohibit	prohibit	VERB
cjrl-14169	629	8	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	629	9	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	629	10	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	629	11	testifying	testify	VERB
cjrl-14169	629	12	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	629	13	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	629	14	221	221	NUM
cjrl-14169	629	15	see	see	NOUN
cjrl-14169	629	16	johnson	johnson	PROPN
cjrl-14169	629	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	629	18	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	629	19	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	629	20	6	6	NUM
cjrl-14169	629	21	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	629	22	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	629	23	1042	1042	NUM
cjrl-14169	629	24	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	629	25	characterizing	characterize	VERB
cjrl-14169	629	26	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	629	27	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	629	28	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	629	29	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	629	30	policing	police	VERB
cjrl-14169	629	31	expansion	expansion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	629	32	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	629	33	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	629	34	outgrowth	outgrowth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	629	35	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	629	36	stop	stop	NOUN
cjrl-14169	629	37	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	629	38	frisk	frisk	NOUN
cjrl-14169	629	39	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	629	40	avoids	avoid	VERB
cjrl-14169	629	41	public	public	ADJ
cjrl-14169	629	42	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	629	43	judicial	judicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	629	44	scrutiny	scrutiny	NOUN
cjrl-14169	629	45	due	due	ADP
cjrl-14169	629	46	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	629	47	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	629	48	apparent	apparent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	629	49	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	629	50	neutrality	neutrality	NOUN
cjrl-14169	629	51	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	629	52	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	630	1	222	222	NUM
cjrl-14169	630	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	630	3	hayat	hayat	NOUN
cjrl-14169	630	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	630	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	630	6	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	630	7	113	113	NUM
cjrl-14169	630	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	630	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	630	10	200	200	NUM
cjrl-14169	630	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	630	12	recognizing	recognize	VERB
cjrl-14169	630	13	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	630	14	weight	weight	NOUN
cjrl-14169	630	15	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	630	16	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	630	17	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	630	18	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	630	19	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	630	20	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	630	21	naacp	naacp	PROPN
cjrl-14169	630	22	legal	legal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	630	23	defense	defense	NOUN
cjrl-14169	630	24	fund	fund	PROPN
cjrl-14169	630	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	630	26	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	630	27	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	630	28	31	31	NUM
cjrl-14169	630	29	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	630	30	calling	call	VERB
cjrl-14169	630	31	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	630	32	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	630	33	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	630	34	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	630	35	surveillance	surveillance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	630	36	practices	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	630	37	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	630	38	overreaching	overreach	VERB
cjrl-14169	630	39	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	630	40	dystopian	dystopian	ADJ
cjrl-14169	630	41	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	630	42	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	630	43	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	630	44	223	223	NUM
cjrl-14169	630	45	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	630	46	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	630	47	section	section	PROPN
cjrl-14169	630	48	ii.a	ii.a	PROPN
cjrl-14169	630	49	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	631	1	224	224	NUM
cjrl-14169	631	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	631	3	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	631	4	section	section	PROPN
cjrl-14169	631	5	ii.b	ii.b	PROPN
cjrl-14169	631	6	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	632	1	225	225	NUM
cjrl-14169	632	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	632	3	naacp	naacp	PROPN
cjrl-14169	632	4	legal	legal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	632	5	defense	defense	NOUN
cjrl-14169	632	6	fund	fund	NOUN
cjrl-14169	632	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	632	8	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	632	9	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	632	10	31	31	NUM
cjrl-14169	632	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	632	12	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	632	13	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	632	14	t]he	t]he	X
cjrl-14169	632	15	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	632	16	must	must	AUX
cjrl-14169	632	17	abolish	abolish	VERB
cjrl-14169	632	18	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	632	19	database	database	NOUN
cjrl-14169	632	20	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	633	1	this	this	PRON
cjrl-14169	633	2	heightened	heighten	VERB
cjrl-14169	633	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	633	4	racialized	racialize	VERB
cjrl-14169	633	5	surveillance	surveillance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	633	6	breeds	breed	VERB
cjrl-14169	633	7	significant	significant	ADJ
cjrl-14169	633	8	distrust	distrust	NOUN
cjrl-14169	633	9	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	633	10	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	633	11	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	633	12	brown	brown	ADJ
cjrl-14169	633	13	communities	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	633	14	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	633	15	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	633	16	antithetical	antithetical	ADJ
cjrl-14169	633	17	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	633	18	true	true	ADJ
cjrl-14169	633	19	public	public	ADJ
cjrl-14169	633	20	safety	safety	NOUN
cjrl-14169	633	21	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	633	22	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	633	23	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	633	24	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	634	1	1375	1375	NUM
cjrl-14169	634	2	colum	colum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	634	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	635	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	635	2	race	race	PROPN
cjrl-14169	635	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	635	4	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	636	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	636	2	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	636	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	637	1	15:1337	15:1337	NUM
cjrl-14169	637	2	experts.226	experts.226	NOUN
cjrl-14169	637	3	while	while	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	637	4	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	637	5	solutions	solution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	637	6	would	would	AUX
cjrl-14169	637	7	completely	completely	ADV
cjrl-14169	637	8	remedy	remedy	VERB
cjrl-14169	637	9	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	637	10	injustice	injustice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	637	11	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	637	12	targeted	target	VERB
cjrl-14169	637	13	groups	group	NOUN
cjrl-14169	637	14	face	face	VERB
cjrl-14169	637	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	637	16	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	637	17	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	637	18	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	637	19	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	637	20	feasible	feasible	ADJ
cjrl-14169	637	21	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	638	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	638	2	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	638	3	consistently	consistently	ADV
cjrl-14169	638	4	opposes	oppose	VERB
cjrl-14169	638	5	any	any	DET
cjrl-14169	638	6	meaningful	meaningful	ADJ
cjrl-14169	638	7	reforms	reform	NOUN
cjrl-14169	638	8	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	638	9	has	have	VERB
cjrl-14169	638	10	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	638	11	history	history	NOUN
cjrl-14169	638	12	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	638	13	obstructing	obstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	638	14	them.227	them.227	PRON
cjrl-14169	638	15	additionally	additionally	ADV
cjrl-14169	638	16	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	638	17	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	638	18	admission	admission	NOUN
cjrl-14169	638	19	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	638	20	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	638	21	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	638	22	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	638	23	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	638	24	witnesses	witness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	638	25	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	638	26	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	638	27	trials	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	638	28	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	638	29	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	638	30	firmly	firmly	ADV
cjrl-14169	638	31	rooted	rooted	ADJ
cjrl-14169	638	32	practice	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	638	33	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	638	34	courts	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	638	35	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	638	36	likely	likely	ADV
cjrl-14169	638	37	unwilling	unwilling	ADJ
cjrl-14169	638	38	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	638	39	change.228	change.228	PROPN
cjrl-14169	638	40	nonetheless	nonetheless	ADV
cjrl-14169	638	41	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	638	42	there	there	PRON
cjrl-14169	638	43	is	be	VERB
cjrl-14169	638	44	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	638	45	solution	solution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	638	46	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	638	47	mitigates	mitigate	VERB
cjrl-14169	638	48	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	638	49	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	638	50	force	force	NOUN
cjrl-14169	638	51	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	638	52	exposes	expose	VERB
cjrl-14169	638	53	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	638	54	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	638	55	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	638	56	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	638	57	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	638	58	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	638	59	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	638	60	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	638	61	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	638	62	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	638	63	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	638	64	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	638	65	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	638	66	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	639	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	639	2	defense	defense	NOUN
cjrl-14169	639	3	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	639	4	introduce	introduce	VERB
cjrl-14169	639	5	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	639	6	experts,229	experts,229	NOUN
cjrl-14169	639	7	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	639	8	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	639	9	doing	do	VERB
cjrl-14169	639	10	so	so	ADV
cjrl-14169	639	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	639	12	juries	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	639	13	will	will	AUX
cjrl-14169	639	14	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	639	15	exposed	expose	VERB
cjrl-14169	639	16	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	639	17	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	639	18	more	more	ADV
cjrl-14169	639	19	comprehensive	comprehensive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	639	20	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	639	21	accurate	accurate	ADJ
cjrl-14169	639	22	portrayal	portrayal	NOUN
cjrl-14169	639	23	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	639	24	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	639	25	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	639	26	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	639	27	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	639	28	nuances	nuance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	639	29	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	639	30	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	640	1	life.230	life.230	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	640	2	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	640	3	part	part	NOUN
cjrl-14169	640	4	will	will	AUX
cjrl-14169	640	5	discuss	discuss	VERB
cjrl-14169	640	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	640	7	use	use	NOUN
cjrl-14169	640	8	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	640	9	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	640	10	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	640	11	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	640	12	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	640	13	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	640	14	solution	solution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	640	15	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	640	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	640	17	problems	problem	NOUN
cjrl-14169	640	18	identified	identify	VERB
cjrl-14169	640	19	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	640	20	part	part	PROPN
cjrl-14169	640	21	ii	ii	PROPN
cjrl-14169	640	22	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	641	1	beginning	begin	VERB
cjrl-14169	641	2	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	641	3	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	641	4	discussion	discussion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	641	5	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	641	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	641	7	value	value	NOUN
cjrl-14169	641	8	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	641	9	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	641	10	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	641	11	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	641	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	641	13	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	641	14	part	part	NOUN
cjrl-14169	641	15	will	will	AUX
cjrl-14169	641	16	highlight	highlight	VERB
cjrl-14169	641	17	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	641	18	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	641	19	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	641	20	could	could	AUX
cjrl-14169	641	21	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	641	22	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	641	23	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	641	24	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	641	25	perspectives	perspective	NOUN
cjrl-14169	641	26	provide	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	641	27	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	641	28	counterbalance	counterbalance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	641	29	against	against	ADP
cjrl-14169	641	30	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	641	31	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	641	32	force	force	NOUN
cjrl-14169	641	33	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	641	34	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	641	35	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	641	36	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	641	37	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	641	38	expertise	expertise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	641	39	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	642	1	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	642	2	part	part	NOUN
cjrl-14169	642	3	will	will	AUX
cjrl-14169	642	4	conclude	conclude	VERB
cjrl-14169	642	5	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	642	6	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	642	7	discussion	discussion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	642	8	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	642	9	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	642	10	limitations	limitation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	642	11	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	642	12	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	642	13	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	642	14	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	642	15	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	642	16	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	642	17	solution	solution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	642	18	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	643	1	226	226	NUM
cjrl-14169	643	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	643	3	hildebrand	hildebrand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	643	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	643	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	643	6	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	643	7	37	37	NUM
cjrl-14169	643	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	643	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	643	10	159	159	NUM
cjrl-14169	643	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	643	12	arguing	argue	VERB
cjrl-14169	643	13	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	643	14	structural	structural	ADJ
cjrl-14169	643	15	unfairness	unfairness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	643	16	warrants	warrant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	643	17	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	643	18	exclusion	exclusion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	643	19	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	643	20	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	643	21	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	643	22	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	643	23	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	643	24	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	643	25	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	643	26	trials	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	643	27	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	643	28	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	644	1	227	227	NUM
cjrl-14169	644	2	dempsey	dempsey	PROPN
cjrl-14169	644	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	644	4	vitale	vitale	PROPN
cjrl-14169	644	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	644	6	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	644	7	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	644	8	38	38	NUM
cjrl-14169	644	9	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	645	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	645	2	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	645	3	joel	joel	PROPN
cjrl-14169	645	4	berger	berger	PROPN
cjrl-14169	645	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	645	6	reforming	reform	VERB
cjrl-14169	645	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	645	8	npyd	npyd	NOUN
cjrl-14169	645	9	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	645	10	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	645	11	enablers	enabler	NOUN
cjrl-14169	645	12	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	645	13	thwart	thwart	VERB
cjrl-14169	645	14	reform	reform	NOUN
cjrl-14169	645	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	645	16	55	55	NUM
cjrl-14169	645	17	new	new	ADJ
cjrl-14169	645	18	eng	eng	PROPN
cjrl-14169	645	19	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	645	20	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	645	21	rev	rev	AUX
cjrl-14169	645	22	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	645	23	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	645	24	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	645	25	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	645	26	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	645	27	2020	2020	NUM
cjrl-14169	645	28	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	645	29	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	645	30	expressing	express	VERB
cjrl-14169	645	31	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	645	32	author	author	NOUN
cjrl-14169	645	33	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	645	34	view	view	NOUN
cjrl-14169	645	35	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	645	36	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	645	37	have	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	645	38	never	never	ADV
cjrl-14169	645	39	encountered	encounter	VERB
cjrl-14169	645	40	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	645	41	government	government	NOUN
cjrl-14169	645	42	agency	agency	NOUN
cjrl-14169	645	43	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	645	44	more	more	ADV
cjrl-14169	645	45	resistant	resistant	ADJ
cjrl-14169	645	46	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	645	47	reform	reform	VERB
cjrl-14169	645	48	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	645	49	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	645	50	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	645	51	more	more	ADV
cjrl-14169	645	52	determined	determined	ADJ
cjrl-14169	645	53	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	645	54	hide	hide	VERB
cjrl-14169	645	55	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	645	56	infirmities	infirmity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	645	57	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	645	58	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	645	59	public	public	NOUN
cjrl-14169	645	60	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	645	61	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	645	62	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	645	63	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	645	64	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	645	65	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	646	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	646	2	doi	doi	PROPN
cjrl-14169	646	3	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	646	4	report	report	NOUN
cjrl-14169	646	5	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	646	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	646	7	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	646	8	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	646	9	does	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	646	10	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	646	11	encourage	encourage	VERB
cjrl-14169	646	12	reform	reform	NOUN
cjrl-14169	646	13	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	647	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	647	2	n.y.c	n.y.c	ADJ
cjrl-14169	647	3	dep’t	dep’t	NOUN
cjrl-14169	647	4	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	647	5	investigation	investigation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	647	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	647	7	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	647	8	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	647	9	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	647	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	647	11	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	647	12	3	3	NUM
cjrl-14169	647	13	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	647	14	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	647	15	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	647	16	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	647	17	harm	harm	NOUN
cjrl-14169	647	18	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	647	19	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	647	20	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	647	21	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	647	22	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	647	23	found	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	647	24	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	647	25	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	647	26	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	647	27	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	648	1	228	228	NUM
cjrl-14169	648	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	648	3	lvovsky	lvovsky	PROPN
cjrl-14169	648	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	648	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	648	6	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	648	7	37	37	NUM
cjrl-14169	648	8	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	648	9	arguing	argue	VERB
cjrl-14169	648	10	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	648	11	judicial	judicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	648	12	deference	deference	NOUN
cjrl-14169	648	13	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	648	14	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	648	15	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	648	16	stems	stem	VERB
cjrl-14169	648	17	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	648	18	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	648	19	twentiethcentury	twentiethcentury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	648	20	professionalization	professionalization	NOUN
cjrl-14169	648	21	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	648	22	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	648	23	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	648	24	force	force	NOUN
cjrl-14169	648	25	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	648	26	reflects	reflect	VERB
cjrl-14169	648	27	structural	structural	ADJ
cjrl-14169	648	28	biases	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	648	29	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	648	30	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	648	31	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	648	32	justice	justice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	648	33	system	system	NOUN
cjrl-14169	648	34	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	648	35	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	649	1	229	229	NUM
cjrl-14169	650	1	both	both	DET
cjrl-14169	650	2	parties	party	NOUN
cjrl-14169	650	3	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	650	4	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	650	5	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	650	6	prosecution	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	650	7	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	650	8	offer	offer	VERB
cjrl-14169	650	9	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	650	10	witnesses	witness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	650	11	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	651	1	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	651	2	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	651	3	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	651	4	collins	collins	PROPN
cjrl-14169	651	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	651	6	811	811	NUM
cjrl-14169	651	7	n.y.s.2d	n.y.s.2d	NUM
cjrl-14169	651	8	122	122	NUM
cjrl-14169	651	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	651	10	123	123	NUM
cjrl-14169	651	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	651	12	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	651	13	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	651	14	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	651	15	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	652	1	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	652	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	652	3	2006	2006	NUM
cjrl-14169	652	4	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	653	1	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	653	2	holding	hold	VERB
cjrl-14169	653	3	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	653	4	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	653	5	finding	finding	NOUN
cjrl-14169	653	6	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	653	7	guilt	guilt	NOUN
cjrl-14169	653	8	was	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	653	9	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	653	10	against	against	ADP
cjrl-14169	653	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	653	12	weight	weight	NOUN
cjrl-14169	653	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	653	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	653	15	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	653	16	despite	despite	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	653	17	conflicting	conflicting	ADJ
cjrl-14169	653	18	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	653	19	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	653	20	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	653	21	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	653	22	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	653	23	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	653	24	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	653	25	prosecution	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	653	26	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	653	27	respective	respective	ADJ
cjrl-14169	653	28	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	653	29	witnesses	witness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	653	30	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	653	31	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	654	1	230	230	NUM
cjrl-14169	654	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	654	3	rios	rios	PROPN
cjrl-14169	654	4	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	654	5	navarro	navarro	PROPN
cjrl-14169	654	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	654	7	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	654	8	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	654	9	132	132	NUM
cjrl-14169	654	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	654	11	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	654	12	38	38	NUM
cjrl-14169	654	13	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	654	14	stating	state	VERB
cjrl-14169	654	15	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	654	16	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	654	17	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	654	18	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	654	19	provide	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	654	20	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	654	21	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	654	22	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	654	23	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	654	24	depth	depth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	654	25	understanding	understanding	NOUN
cjrl-14169	654	26	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	654	27	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	654	28	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	654	29	world	world	NOUN
cjrl-14169	654	30	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	654	31	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	654	32	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	654	33	show	show	VERB
cjrl-14169	654	34	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	654	35	courtroom	courtroom	NOUN
cjrl-14169	654	36	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	654	37	contested	contested	ADJ
cjrl-14169	654	38	nature	nature	NOUN
cjrl-14169	654	39	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	654	40	what	what	PRON
cjrl-14169	654	41	constitutes	constitute	VERB
cjrl-14169	654	42	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	654	43	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	654	44	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	654	45	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	654	46	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	654	47	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	654	48	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	654	49	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	655	1	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	655	2	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	655	3	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	655	4	1376	1376	NUM
cjrl-14169	655	5	e.	e.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	655	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	655	7	value	value	NOUN
cjrl-14169	655	8	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	655	9	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	655	10	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	655	11	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	655	12	although	although	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	655	13	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	655	14	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	655	15	hold	hold	VERB
cjrl-14169	655	16	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	655	17	virtual	virtual	ADJ
cjrl-14169	655	18	monopoly	monopoly	NOUN
cjrl-14169	655	19	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	655	20	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	655	21	courtroom	courtroom	NOUN
cjrl-14169	655	22	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	655	23	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	655	24	comes	come	VERB
cjrl-14169	655	25	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	655	26	testifying	testify	VERB
cjrl-14169	655	27	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	655	28	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	655	29	experts,231	experts,231	PROPN
cjrl-14169	655	30	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	655	31	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	655	32	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	655	33	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	655	34	only	only	ADJ
cjrl-14169	655	35	ones	one	NOUN
cjrl-14169	655	36	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	655	37	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	655	38	expertise	expertise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	655	39	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	656	1	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	656	2	expertise	expertise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	656	3	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	656	4	come	come	VERB
cjrl-14169	656	5	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	656	6	many	many	ADJ
cjrl-14169	656	7	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	656	8	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	656	9	places	place	NOUN
cjrl-14169	656	10	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	656	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	656	12	community,232	community,232	NOUN
cjrl-14169	656	13	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	656	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	656	15	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	656	16	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	656	17	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	656	18	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	656	19	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	656	20	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	656	21	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	656	22	effective	effective	ADJ
cjrl-14169	656	23	counterbalance	counterbalance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	656	24	against	against	ADP
cjrl-14169	656	25	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	656	26	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	656	27	effect	effect	NOUN
cjrl-14169	656	28	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	656	29	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	656	30	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	656	31	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	656	32	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	656	33	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	1	testimony.233	testimony.233	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	2	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	657	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	657	4	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	5	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	6	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	7	vs.	vs.	ADP
cjrl-14169	657	8	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	9	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	10	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	11	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	12	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	13	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	657	14	qualified	qualified	ADJ
cjrl-14169	657	15	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	657	16	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	17	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	18	due	due	ADP
cjrl-14169	657	19	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	657	20	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	657	21	specialized	specialized	ADJ
cjrl-14169	657	22	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	23	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	657	24	skills	skill	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	25	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	657	26	training	training	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	27	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	657	28	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	657	29	experience.234	experience.234	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	30	however	however	ADV
cjrl-14169	657	31	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	657	32	under	under	ADP
cjrl-14169	657	33	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	657	34	same	same	ADJ
cjrl-14169	657	35	legal	legal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	657	36	standard	standard	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	37	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	657	38	many	many	ADJ
cjrl-14169	657	39	others	other	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	40	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	657	41	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	657	42	qualified	qualified	ADJ
cjrl-14169	657	43	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	657	44	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	657	45	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	46	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	657	47	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	48	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	657	49	including	include	VERB
cjrl-14169	657	50	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	51	workers	worker	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	52	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	657	53	former	former	ADJ
cjrl-14169	657	54	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	55	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	56	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	657	57	friends	friend	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	58	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	657	59	family	family	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	60	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	657	61	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	62	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	63	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	657	64	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	657	65	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	657	66	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	67	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	68	themselves.235	themselves.235	VERB
cjrl-14169	657	69	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	657	70	only	only	ADV
cjrl-14169	657	71	do	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	657	72	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	657	73	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	74	meet	meet	VERB
cjrl-14169	657	75	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	657	76	requisite	requisite	ADJ
cjrl-14169	657	77	legal	legal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	657	78	standard	standard	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	79	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	657	80	expertise	expertise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	81	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	657	82	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	657	83	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	657	84	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	657	85	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	657	86	provide	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	657	87	unique	unique	ADJ
cjrl-14169	657	88	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	657	89	more	more	ADV
cjrl-14169	657	90	reliable	reliable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	657	91	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	92	about	about	ADP
cjrl-14169	657	93	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	94	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	657	95	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	96	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	97	than	than	ADP
cjrl-14169	657	98	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	99	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	100	experts.236	experts.236	VERB
cjrl-14169	657	101	unlike	unlike	ADP
cjrl-14169	657	102	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	103	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	104	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	657	105	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	657	106	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	107	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	108	understand	understand	VERB
cjrl-14169	657	109	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	110	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	657	111	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	657	112	inside	inside	NOUN
cjrl-14169	657	113	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	658	1	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	658	2	live	live	VERB
cjrl-14169	658	3	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	658	4	work	work	VERB
cjrl-14169	658	5	amongst	amongst	ADP
cjrl-14169	658	6	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	658	7	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	658	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	658	9	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	658	10	truly	truly	ADV
cjrl-14169	658	11	understand	understand	VERB
cjrl-14169	658	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	658	13	culture	culture	NOUN
cjrl-14169	658	14	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	658	15	community.237	community.237	PROPN
cjrl-14169	658	16	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	658	17	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	658	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	658	19	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	658	20	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	658	21	other	other	ADJ
cjrl-14169	658	22	hand	hand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	658	23	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	658	24	approach	approach	NOUN
cjrl-14169	658	25	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	658	26	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	658	27	hostile	hostile	ADJ
cjrl-14169	658	28	outsiders	outsider	NOUN
cjrl-14169	658	29	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	658	30	238	238	NUM
cjrl-14169	658	31	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	658	32	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	658	33	perspectives	perspective	NOUN
cjrl-14169	658	34	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	658	35	231	231	NUM
cjrl-14169	658	36	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	659	1	i	i	PROPN
cjrl-14169	659	2	d	d	PROPN
cjrl-14169	659	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	660	1	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	660	2	22	22	NUM
cjrl-14169	660	3	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	660	4	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	660	5	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	660	6	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	660	7	over	over	ADP
cjrl-14169	660	8	95	95	NUM
cjrl-14169	660	9	%	%	NOUN
cjrl-14169	660	10	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	660	11	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	660	12	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	660	13	hired	hire	VERB
cjrl-14169	660	14	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	660	15	prosecutors	prosecutor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	660	16	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	660	17	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	660	18	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	660	19	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	660	20	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	661	1	232	232	NUM
cjrl-14169	661	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	661	3	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	661	4	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	661	5	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	661	6	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	661	7	.	.	NUM
cjrl-14169	661	8	233	233	NUM
cjrl-14169	661	9	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	661	10	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	661	11	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	661	12	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	661	13	38	38	NUM
cjrl-14169	661	14	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	661	15	arguing	argue	VERB
cjrl-14169	661	16	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	661	17	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	661	18	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	661	19	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	661	20	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	661	21	balance	balance	VERB
cjrl-14169	661	22	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	661	23	scale	scale	NOUN
cjrl-14169	661	24	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	661	25	against	against	ADP
cjrl-14169	661	26	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	661	27	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	661	28	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	661	29	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	661	30	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	662	1	234	234	NUM
cjrl-14169	662	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	662	3	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	662	4	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	662	5	inoa	inoa	NOUN
cjrl-14169	662	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	662	7	34	34	NUM
cjrl-14169	662	8	n.e.3d	n.e.3d	NUM
cjrl-14169	662	9	839	839	NUM
cjrl-14169	662	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	662	11	842	842	NUM
cjrl-14169	662	12	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	662	13	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	662	14	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	662	15	2016	2016	NUM
cjrl-14169	662	16	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	662	17	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	662	18	qualifying	qualify	VERB
cjrl-14169	662	19	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	662	20	detective	detective	NOUN
cjrl-14169	662	21	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	662	22	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	662	23	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	662	24	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	662	25	decoding	decode	VERB
cjrl-14169	662	26	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	662	27	phone	phone	NOUN
cjrl-14169	662	28	conversations	conversation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	662	29	due	due	ADP
cjrl-14169	662	30	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	662	31	his	his	PRON
cjrl-14169	662	32	experience	experience	NOUN
cjrl-14169	662	33	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	662	34	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	662	35	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	662	36	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	662	37	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	663	1	see	see	AUX
cjrl-14169	663	2	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	663	3	guide	guide	VERB
cjrl-14169	663	4	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	663	5	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	663	6	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	663	7	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	663	8	rule	rule	VERB
cjrl-14169	663	9	7.01	7.01	NUM
cjrl-14169	663	10	opinion	opinion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	663	11	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	663	12	expert	expert	ADJ
cjrl-14169	663	13	witness	witness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	663	14	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	663	15	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	663	16	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	663	17	state	state	PROPN
cjrl-14169	663	18	unified	unify	VERB
cjrl-14169	663	19	ct	ct	PROPN
cjrl-14169	663	20	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	664	1	sys	sys	PROPN
cjrl-14169	664	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	664	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	665	1	https://www.nycourts.gov/judges/evidence/7opinion/7.01_opinion%20of%20expert%20witness.pdf	https://www.nycourts.gov/judges/evidence/7opinion/7.01_opinion%20of%20expert%20witness.pdf	PROPN
cjrl-14169	666	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	666	2	https://perma.cc/49gv-dux6	https://perma.cc/49gv-dux6	X
cjrl-14169	666	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	666	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	666	5	stating	state	VERB
cjrl-14169	666	6	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	666	7	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	666	8	person	person	NOUN
cjrl-14169	666	9	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	666	10	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	666	11	qualified	qualified	ADJ
cjrl-14169	666	12	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	666	13	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	666	14	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	666	15	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	666	16	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	666	17	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	666	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	666	19	skill	skill	NOUN
cjrl-14169	666	20	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	666	21	experience	experience	NOUN
cjrl-14169	666	22	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	666	23	training	training	NOUN
cjrl-14169	666	24	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	666	25	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	666	26	education	education	NOUN
cjrl-14169	666	27	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	666	28	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	666	29	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	667	1	235	235	NUM
cjrl-14169	667	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	667	3	rios	rios	PROPN
cjrl-14169	667	4	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	667	5	navarro	navarro	PROPN
cjrl-14169	667	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	667	7	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	667	8	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	667	9	132	132	NUM
cjrl-14169	667	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	667	11	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	667	12	25–26	25–26	NUM
cjrl-14169	667	13	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	667	14	identifying	identify	VERB
cjrl-14169	667	15	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	667	16	types	type	NOUN
cjrl-14169	667	17	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	667	18	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	667	19	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	667	20	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	667	21	accordance	accordance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	667	22	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	667	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	667	24	legal	legal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	667	25	definition	definition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	667	26	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	667	27	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	667	28	special	special	ADJ
cjrl-14169	667	29	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	667	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	667	31	skill	skill	NOUN
cjrl-14169	667	32	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	667	33	experience	experience	NOUN
cjrl-14169	667	34	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	667	35	training	training	NOUN
cjrl-14169	667	36	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	667	37	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	667	38	education	education	NOUN
cjrl-14169	667	39	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	667	40	will	will	AUX
cjrl-14169	667	41	assist	assist	VERB
cjrl-14169	667	42	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	667	43	jury	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	667	44	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	667	45	understand	understand	VERB
cjrl-14169	667	46	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	667	47	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	667	48	reach	reach	VERB
cjrl-14169	667	49	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	667	50	decision	decision	NOUN
cjrl-14169	667	51	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	667	52	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	667	53	case	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	667	54	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	667	55	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	667	56	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	668	1	236	236	NUM
cjrl-14169	668	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	668	3	rios	rios	PROPN
cjrl-14169	668	4	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	668	5	navarro	navarro	PROPN
cjrl-14169	668	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	668	7	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	668	8	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	668	9	132	132	NUM
cjrl-14169	668	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	668	11	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	668	12	26	26	NUM
cjrl-14169	668	13	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	668	14	237	237	NUM
cjrl-14169	668	15	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	668	16	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	668	17	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	668	18	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	668	19	35	35	NUM
cjrl-14169	668	20	238	238	NUM
cjrl-14169	668	21	see	see	NOUN
cjrl-14169	668	22	hildebrand	hildebrand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	668	23	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	668	24	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	668	25	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	668	26	37	37	NUM
cjrl-14169	668	27	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	668	28	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	668	29	161	161	NUM
cjrl-14169	668	30	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	668	31	describing	describe	VERB
cjrl-14169	668	32	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	668	33	concentrated	concentrated	ADJ
cjrl-14169	668	34	surveillance	surveillance	NOUN
cjrl-14169	668	35	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	668	36	enforcement	enforcement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	668	37	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	668	38	viewed	view	VERB
cjrl-14169	668	39	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	668	40	hostile	hostile	ADJ
cjrl-14169	668	41	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	668	42	heightens	heighten	VERB
cjrl-14169	668	43	distrust	distrust	NOUN
cjrl-14169	668	44	between	between	ADP
cjrl-14169	668	45	targeted	target	VERB
cjrl-14169	668	46	communities	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	668	47	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	668	48	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	668	49	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	668	50	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	668	51	rios	rios	PROPN
cjrl-14169	668	52	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	668	53	navarro	navarro	PROPN
cjrl-14169	668	54	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	668	55	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	668	56	132	132	NUM
cjrl-14169	668	57	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	668	58	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	668	59	34	34	NUM
cjrl-14169	668	60	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	668	61	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	668	62	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	668	63	g]ang	g]ang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	668	64	detectives	detective	NOUN
cjrl-14169	668	65	often	often	ADV
cjrl-14169	668	66	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	668	67	themselves	themselves	PRON
cjrl-14169	668	68	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	668	69	enemies	enemy	NOUN
cjrl-14169	668	70	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	668	71	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	668	72	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	668	73	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	668	74	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	668	75	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	668	76	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	668	77	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	668	78	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	669	1	1377	1377	NUM
cjrl-14169	669	2	colum	colum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	669	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	670	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	670	2	race	race	PROPN
cjrl-14169	670	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	670	4	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	671	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	671	2	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	671	4	15:1337	15:1337	NUM
cjrl-14169	671	5	often	often	ADV
cjrl-14169	671	6	tainted	taint	VERB
cjrl-14169	671	7	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	671	8	political	political	ADJ
cjrl-14169	671	9	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	671	10	stereotypical	stereotypical	ADJ
cjrl-14169	671	11	biases.239	biases.239	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	12	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	671	13	example	example	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	14	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	671	15	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	671	16	public	public	ADJ
cjrl-14169	671	17	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	671	18	political	political	ADJ
cjrl-14169	671	19	demand	demand	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	20	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	671	21	crime	crime	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	22	control	control	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	23	might	might	AUX
cjrl-14169	671	24	make	make	VERB
cjrl-14169	671	25	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	26	prone	prone	ADJ
cjrl-14169	671	27	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	671	28	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	671	29	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	671	30	protect	protect	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	31	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	671	32	serve	serve	VERB
cjrl-14169	671	33	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	671	34	mentality	mentality	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	35	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	671	36	whereby	whereby	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	671	37	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	671	38	describe	describe	VERB
cjrl-14169	671	39	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	671	40	treat	treat	VERB
cjrl-14169	671	41	defendants	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	42	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	671	43	predators	predator	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	44	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	671	45	need	need	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	46	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	671	47	containment.240	containment.240	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	48	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	671	49	such	such	ADJ
cjrl-14169	671	50	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	671	51	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	52	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	53	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	54	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	671	55	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	56	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	57	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	58	will	will	AUX
cjrl-14169	671	59	likely	likely	ADV
cjrl-14169	671	60	disagree	disagree	VERB
cjrl-14169	671	61	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	671	62	each	each	DET
cjrl-14169	671	63	other	other	ADJ
cjrl-14169	671	64	about	about	ADP
cjrl-14169	671	65	what	what	PRON
cjrl-14169	671	66	constitutes	constitute	VERB
cjrl-14169	671	67	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	68	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	69	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	671	70	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	71	membership.241	membership.241	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	72	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	671	73	disagreement	disagreement	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	74	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	671	75	however	however	ADV
cjrl-14169	671	76	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	671	77	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	671	78	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	671	79	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	671	80	vital	vital	ADJ
cjrl-14169	671	81	source	source	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	82	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	671	83	adversarial	adversarial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	671	84	fairness	fairness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	85	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	671	86	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	671	87	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	88	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	89	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	90	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	671	91	mitigate	mitigate	VERB
cjrl-14169	671	92	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	671	93	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	671	94	effect	effect	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	95	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	671	96	expose	expose	VERB
cjrl-14169	671	97	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	671	98	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	99	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	671	100	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	101	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	102	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	103	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	671	104	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	672	1	2	2	X
cjrl-14169	672	2	.	.	X
cjrl-14169	672	3	nonpolice	nonpolice	PROPN
cjrl-14169	672	4	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	672	5	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	672	6	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	672	7	mitigates	mitigate	VERB
cjrl-14169	672	8	prejudice	prejudice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	672	9	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	672	10	discussed	discuss	VERB
cjrl-14169	672	11	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	672	12	section	section	NOUN
cjrl-14169	672	13	ii.a	ii.a	PROPN
cjrl-14169	672	14	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	672	15	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	672	16	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	672	17	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	672	18	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	672	19	unfairly	unfairly	ADV
cjrl-14169	672	20	prejudices	prejudice	VERB
cjrl-14169	672	21	alleged	allege	VERB
cjrl-14169	672	22	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	672	23	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	672	24	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	672	25	promoting	promote	VERB
cjrl-14169	672	26	inflammatory	inflammatory	ADJ
cjrl-14169	672	27	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	672	28	narratives	narrative	NOUN
cjrl-14169	672	29	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	672	30	capitalize	capitalize	VERB
cjrl-14169	672	31	off	off	ADP
cjrl-14169	672	32	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	672	33	multidimensional	multidimensional	ADJ
cjrl-14169	672	34	biases.242	biases.242	NOUN
cjrl-14169	672	35	although	although	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	672	36	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	672	37	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	672	38	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	672	39	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	672	40	change	change	VERB
cjrl-14169	672	41	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	672	42	biases	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	672	43	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	672	44	testifying	testify	VERB
cjrl-14169	672	45	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	672	46	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	672	47	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	672	48	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	672	49	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	672	50	change	change	VERB
cjrl-14169	672	51	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	672	52	alleged	allege	VERB
cjrl-14169	672	53	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	672	54	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	672	55	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	672	56	perceived	perceive	VERB
cjrl-14169	672	57	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	672	58	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	672	59	jury	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	672	60	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	673	1	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	673	2	providing	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	673	3	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	673	4	perspective	perspective	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	5	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	673	6	comes	come	VERB
cjrl-14169	673	7	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	673	8	inside	inside	ADP
cjrl-14169	673	9	targeted	target	VERB
cjrl-14169	673	10	communities,243	communities,243	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	11	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	673	12	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	13	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	673	14	deconstruct	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	673	15	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	673	16	stigma	stigma	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	17	surrounding	surround	VERB
cjrl-14169	673	18	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	19	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	20	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	673	21	highlighting	highlight	VERB
cjrl-14169	673	22	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	673	23	oppressive	oppressive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	673	24	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	673	25	structures	structure	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	26	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	673	27	breed	breed	VERB
cjrl-14169	673	28	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	29	association	association	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	673	31	as	as	ADV
cjrl-14169	673	32	well	well	ADV
cjrl-14169	673	33	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	673	34	discussing	discuss	VERB
cjrl-14169	673	35	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	673	36	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	37	provide	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	673	38	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	39	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	673	40	protection	protection	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	41	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	673	42	stability	stability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	43	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	673	44	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	673	45	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	673	46	sense	sense	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	47	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	673	48	belonging.244	belonging.244	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	49	while	while	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	673	50	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	51	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	52	dehumanize	dehumanize	VERB
cjrl-14169	673	53	alleged	alleged	ADJ
cjrl-14169	673	54	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	55	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	56	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	673	57	invariably	invariably	ADV
cjrl-14169	673	58	connect	connect	VERB
cjrl-14169	673	59	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	60	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	61	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	673	62	violent	violent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	673	63	criminality,245	criminality,245	PROPN
cjrl-14169	673	64	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	65	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	673	66	239	239	NUM
cjrl-14169	673	67	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	673	68	rios	rios	PROPN
cjrl-14169	673	69	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	673	70	navarro	navarro	PROPN
cjrl-14169	673	71	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	673	72	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	673	73	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	673	74	132	132	NUM
cjrl-14169	673	75	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	673	76	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	673	77	34	34	NUM
cjrl-14169	673	78	.	.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	674	1	240	240	NUM
cjrl-14169	674	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	674	3	i	i	PROPN
cjrl-14169	674	4	d	d	PROPN
cjrl-14169	674	5	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	675	1	241	241	NUM
cjrl-14169	675	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	675	3	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	675	4	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	675	5	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	675	6	27–34	27–34	PROPN
cjrl-14169	675	7	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	675	8	outlining	outline	VERB
cjrl-14169	675	9	survey	survey	NOUN
cjrl-14169	675	10	results	result	NOUN
cjrl-14169	675	11	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	675	12	which	which	PRON
cjrl-14169	675	13	all	all	PRON
cjrl-14169	675	14	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	675	15	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	675	16	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	675	17	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	675	18	respondents	respondent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	675	19	overwhelmingly	overwhelmingly	ADV
cjrl-14169	675	20	disagreed	disagree	VERB
cjrl-14169	675	21	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	675	22	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	675	23	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	675	24	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	675	25	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	675	26	given	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	675	27	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	675	28	california	california	PROPN
cjrl-14169	675	29	cases	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	675	30	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	675	31	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	676	1	242	242	NUM
cjrl-14169	676	2	see	see	NOUN
cjrl-14169	676	3	section	section	NOUN
cjrl-14169	676	4	ii.a	ii.a	PROPN
cjrl-14169	676	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	676	6	discussing	discuss	VERB
cjrl-14169	676	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	676	8	implicit	implicit	ADJ
cjrl-14169	676	9	biases	bias	NOUN
cjrl-14169	676	10	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	676	11	testifying	testify	VERB
cjrl-14169	676	12	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	676	13	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	676	14	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	676	15	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	676	16	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	677	1	243	243	NUM
cjrl-14169	677	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	677	3	rios	rios	PROPN
cjrl-14169	677	4	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	677	5	navarro	navarro	PROPN
cjrl-14169	677	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	677	7	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	677	8	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	677	9	132	132	NUM
cjrl-14169	677	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	677	11	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	677	12	38	38	NUM
cjrl-14169	677	13	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	677	14	advocating	advocate	VERB
cjrl-14169	677	15	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	677	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	677	17	insider	insider	NOUN
cjrl-14169	677	18	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
cjrl-14169	677	19	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	677	20	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	677	21	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	677	22	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	677	23	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	677	24	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	678	1	244	244	NUM
cjrl-14169	678	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	678	3	garot	garot	PROPN
cjrl-14169	678	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	678	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	678	6	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	678	7	11	11	NUM
cjrl-14169	678	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	678	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	678	10	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	678	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	678	12	defining	define	VERB
cjrl-14169	678	13	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	678	14	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	678	15	relation	relation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	678	16	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	678	17	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	678	18	oppression	oppression	NOUN
cjrl-14169	678	19	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	678	20	dominant	dominant	ADJ
cjrl-14169	678	21	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	678	22	institutions	institution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	678	23	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	678	24	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	678	25	swaner	swaner	NOUN
cjrl-14169	678	26	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	678	27	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	678	28	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	678	29	13	13	NUM
cjrl-14169	678	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	678	31	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	678	32	104–05	104–05	NUM
cjrl-14169	678	33	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	678	34	highlighting	highlight	VERB
cjrl-14169	678	35	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	678	36	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	678	37	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	678	38	sought	seek	VERB
cjrl-14169	678	39	physical	physical	ADJ
cjrl-14169	678	40	protection	protection	NOUN
cjrl-14169	678	41	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	678	42	economic	economic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	678	43	opportunity	opportunity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	678	44	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	678	45	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	678	46	love	love	NOUN
cjrl-14169	678	47	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	678	48	emotional	emotional	ADJ
cjrl-14169	678	49	support	support	NOUN
cjrl-14169	678	50	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	678	51	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	679	1	245	245	NUM
cjrl-14169	679	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	679	3	hagedorn	hagedorn	PROPN
cjrl-14169	679	4	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	679	5	maclean	maclean	PROPN
cjrl-14169	679	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	679	7	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	679	8	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	679	9	176	176	NUM
cjrl-14169	679	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	679	11	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	679	12	1040	1040	NUM
cjrl-14169	679	13	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	679	14	stating	state	VERB
cjrl-14169	679	15	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	679	16	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	679	17	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	679	18	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	679	19	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	679	20	invariably	invariably	ADV
cjrl-14169	679	21	presents	present	VERB
cjrl-14169	679	22	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	679	23	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	679	24	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	679	25	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	679	26	violent	violent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	679	27	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	679	28	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	679	29	howell	howell	PROPN
cjrl-14169	679	30	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	679	31	prosecutorial	prosecutorial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	679	32	misconduct	misconduct	NOUN
cjrl-14169	679	33	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	679	34	supra	supra	ADJ
cjrl-14169	679	35	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	679	36	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	679	37	128	128	NUM
cjrl-14169	679	38	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	679	39	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	679	40	709	709	NUM
cjrl-14169	679	41	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	679	42	describing	describe	VERB
cjrl-14169	679	43	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	679	44	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	679	45	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	679	46	dehumanize	dehumanize	VERB
cjrl-14169	679	47	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	679	48	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	679	49	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	679	50	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	680	1	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	680	2	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	680	3	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	680	4	1378	1378	NUM
cjrl-14169	680	5	humanize	humanize	VERB
cjrl-14169	680	6	alleged	allege	VERB
cjrl-14169	680	7	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	680	8	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	680	9	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	680	10	address	address	VERB
cjrl-14169	680	11	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	680	12	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	680	13	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	680	14	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	680	15	ideologues	ideologue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	680	16	dedicated	dedicate	VERB
cjrl-14169	680	17	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	680	18	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	680	19	‘	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	680	20	convict	convict	VERB
cjrl-14169	680	21	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	680	22	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	680	23	’	'	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	680	24	attitude	attitude	NOUN
cjrl-14169	680	25	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	680	26	”246	”246	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	681	1	regardless	regardless	ADV
cjrl-14169	681	2	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	681	3	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	681	4	facts	fact	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	5	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	681	6	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	681	7	given	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	681	8	case	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	681	10	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	681	11	insider	insider	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	12	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	681	13	understanding	understanding	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	14	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	681	15	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	16	would	would	AUX
cjrl-14169	681	17	help	help	VERB
cjrl-14169	681	18	juries	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	19	dispel	dispel	VERB
cjrl-14169	681	20	misconceptions	misconception	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	21	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	681	22	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	23	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	24	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	681	25	indicative	indicative	ADJ
cjrl-14169	681	26	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	681	27	violent	violent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	681	28	criminality	criminality	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	29	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	681	30	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	681	31	thus	thus	ADV
cjrl-14169	681	32	promote	promote	VERB
cjrl-14169	681	33	unbiased	unbiased	ADJ
cjrl-14169	681	34	decision	decision	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	35	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	681	36	making.247	making.247	VERB
cjrl-14169	681	37	3	3	NUM
cjrl-14169	681	38	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	681	39	nonpolice	nonpolice	PROPN
cjrl-14169	681	40	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	41	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	42	expose	expose	VERB
cjrl-14169	681	43	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	44	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	681	45	discussed	discuss	VERB
cjrl-14169	681	46	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	681	47	section	section	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	48	ii.b	ii.b	PROPN
cjrl-14169	681	49	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	681	50	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	51	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	52	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	53	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	54	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	681	55	notoriously	notoriously	ADV
cjrl-14169	681	56	unreliable	unreliable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	681	57	due	due	ADP
cjrl-14169	681	58	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	681	59	overbroad	overbroad	VERB
cjrl-14169	681	60	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	61	identifications	identification	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	62	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	681	63	problematic	problematic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	681	64	indicators	indicator	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	65	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	681	66	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	67	membership.248	membership.248	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	68	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	681	69	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	70	rests	rest	VERB
cjrl-14169	681	71	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	681	72	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	73	officer	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	74	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	681	75	lack	lack	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	76	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	681	77	cultural	cultural	ADJ
cjrl-14169	681	78	understanding	understanding	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	79	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	681	80	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	681	81	tendency	tendency	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	82	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	681	83	conflate	conflate	VERB
cjrl-14169	681	84	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	85	culture	culture	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	86	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	681	87	low	low	ADJ
cjrl-14169	681	88	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	681	89	income	income	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	90	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	681	91	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	681	92	latino	latino	ADJ
cjrl-14169	681	93	neighborhoods	neighborhood	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	94	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	681	95	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	96	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	97	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	681	98	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	681	99	activity.249	activity.249	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	100	this	this	PRON
cjrl-14169	681	101	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	681	102	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ
cjrl-14169	681	103	given	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	681	104	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	681	105	possibility	possibility	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	106	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	681	107	convicting	convict	VERB
cjrl-14169	681	108	innocent	innocent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	681	109	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	681	110	non	non	ADJ
cjrl-14169	681	111	-	-	ADJ
cjrl-14169	681	112	gangaffiliated	gangaffiliated	ADJ
cjrl-14169	681	113	individuals	individual	NOUN
cjrl-14169	681	114	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	682	1	however	however	ADV
cjrl-14169	682	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	682	3	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	682	4	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	682	5	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	682	6	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	682	7	exposed	expose	VERB
cjrl-14169	682	8	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	682	9	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	682	10	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	682	11	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	682	12	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	682	13	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	683	1	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	683	2	only	only	ADV
cjrl-14169	683	3	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	683	4	nonpolice	nonpolice	VERB
cjrl-14169	683	5	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	6	show	show	VERB
cjrl-14169	683	7	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	683	8	courtroom	courtroom	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	9	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	683	10	contested	contested	ADJ
cjrl-14169	683	11	nature	nature	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	12	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	683	13	what	what	PRON
cjrl-14169	683	14	constitutes	constitute	VERB
cjrl-14169	683	15	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	683	16	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	17	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	683	18	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	683	19	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	683	20	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	683	21	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	683	22	provide	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	683	23	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	683	24	insider	insider	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	25	explanation	explanation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	26	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	683	27	why	why	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	683	28	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	29	indicators	indicator	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	30	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	683	31	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	32	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	33	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	683	34	flawed.250	flawed.250	ADJ
cjrl-14169	683	35	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	36	expertise	expertise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	37	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	683	38	thus	thus	ADV
cjrl-14169	683	39	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	683	40	control	control	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	41	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	683	42	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	43	expertise	expertise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	44	—	—	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	683	45	should	should	AUX
cjrl-14169	683	46	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	683	47	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	48	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	49	provide	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	683	50	inaccurate	inaccurate	ADJ
cjrl-14169	683	51	information	information	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	52	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	683	53	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	683	54	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	55	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	56	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	683	57	provide	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	683	58	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	683	59	missing	miss	VERB
cjrl-14169	683	60	link	link	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	61	for	for	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	683	62	jurors	juror	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	63	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	683	64	understand	understand	VERB
cjrl-14169	683	65	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	683	66	difference	difference	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	67	between	between	ADP
cjrl-14169	683	68	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	683	69	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	683	70	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	71	world	world	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	72	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	683	73	lowincome	lowincome	VERB
cjrl-14169	683	74	youth	youth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	75	culture.251	culture.251	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	76	highlighting	highlight	VERB
cjrl-14169	683	77	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	683	78	difference	difference	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	79	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	683	80	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	683	81	jury	jury	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	82	has	have	VERB
cjrl-14169	683	83	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	683	84	two	two	NUM
cjrl-14169	683	85	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	683	86	fold	fold	ADJ
cjrl-14169	683	87	effect	effect	NOUN
cjrl-14169	683	88	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	684	1	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	684	2	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	684	3	high	high	ADJ
cjrl-14169	684	4	level	level	NOUN
cjrl-14169	684	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	684	6	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	684	7	counters	counter	VERB
cjrl-14169	684	8	social	social	ADJ
cjrl-14169	684	9	perceptions	perception	NOUN
cjrl-14169	684	10	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	684	11	view	view	VERB
cjrl-14169	684	12	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	684	13	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	684	14	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	684	15	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	684	16	membership	membership	NOUN
cjrl-14169	684	17	246	246	NUM
cjrl-14169	684	18	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	684	19	rios	rios	PROPN
cjrl-14169	684	20	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	684	21	navarro	navarro	PROPN
cjrl-14169	684	22	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	684	23	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	684	24	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	684	25	132	132	NUM
cjrl-14169	684	26	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	684	27	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	684	28	38	38	NUM
cjrl-14169	684	29	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	685	1	247	247	NUM
cjrl-14169	685	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	685	3	i	i	PROPN
cjrl-14169	685	4	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	685	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	685	6	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	685	7	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	685	8	i]ncluding	i]nclude	VERB
cjrl-14169	685	9	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	685	10	opinions	opinion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	685	11	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	685	12	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	685	13	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	685	14	understand	understand	VERB
cjrl-14169	685	15	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	685	16	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	685	17	experience	experience	NOUN
cjrl-14169	685	18	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	685	19	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	685	20	inside	inside	NOUN
cjrl-14169	685	21	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	685	22	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	685	23	way	way	NOUN
cjrl-14169	685	24	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	685	25	create	create	VERB
cjrl-14169	685	26	equality	equality	NOUN
cjrl-14169	685	27	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	685	28	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	685	29	courtroom	courtroom	NOUN
cjrl-14169	685	30	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	685	31	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	685	32	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	685	33	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	686	1	248	248	NUM
cjrl-14169	686	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	686	3	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	686	4	section	section	PROPN
cjrl-14169	686	5	ii.b	ii.b	PROPN
cjrl-14169	686	6	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	687	1	249	249	NUM
cjrl-14169	687	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	687	3	rios	rios	PROPN
cjrl-14169	687	4	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	687	5	navarro	navarro	PROPN
cjrl-14169	687	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	687	7	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	687	8	note	note	PROPN
cjrl-14169	687	9	132	132	NUM
cjrl-14169	687	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	687	11	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	687	12	34	34	NUM
cjrl-14169	687	13	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	688	1	250	250	NUM
cjrl-14169	688	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	688	3	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	688	4	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	688	5	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	688	6	38	38	NUM
cjrl-14169	688	7	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	688	8	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	688	9	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	688	10	n]on	n]on	ADJ
cjrl-14169	688	11	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	688	12	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	688	13	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	688	14	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	688	15	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	688	16	show	show	VERB
cjrl-14169	688	17	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	688	18	courtroom	courtroom	NOUN
cjrl-14169	688	19	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	688	20	contested	contested	ADJ
cjrl-14169	688	21	nature	nature	NOUN
cjrl-14169	688	22	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	688	23	what	what	PRON
cjrl-14169	688	24	constitutes	constitute	VERB
cjrl-14169	688	25	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	688	26	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	688	27	member	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	688	28	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	688	29	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	688	30	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	688	31	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	688	32	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	688	33	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	688	34	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	688	35	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	688	36	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	689	1	251	251	NUM
cjrl-14169	689	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	689	3	i	i	PROPN
cjrl-14169	689	4	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	689	5	1379	1379	NUM
cjrl-14169	689	6	colum	colum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	689	7	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	690	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	690	2	race	race	PROPN
cjrl-14169	690	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	690	4	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	691	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	691	2	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	691	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	692	1	15:1337	15:1337	NUM
cjrl-14169	692	2	interchangeably.252	interchangeably.252	VERB
cjrl-14169	692	3	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	692	4	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	692	5	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	692	6	practical	practical	ADJ
cjrl-14169	692	7	matter	matter	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	8	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	692	9	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	692	10	courtroom	courtroom	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	692	12	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	692	13	exposes	expose	VERB
cjrl-14169	692	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	692	15	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	16	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	692	17	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	18	expertise	expertise	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	19	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	692	20	lessening	lessen	VERB
cjrl-14169	692	21	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	692	22	danger	danger	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	23	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	692	24	unjust	unjust	ADJ
cjrl-14169	692	25	outcomes	outcome	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	26	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	692	27	furthering	further	VERB
cjrl-14169	692	28	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	692	29	truth	truth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	30	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	692	31	seeking	seek	VERB
cjrl-14169	692	32	function	function	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	33	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	692	34	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	692	35	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	692	36	process.253	process.253	PROPN
cjrl-14169	692	37	f.	f.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	38	limitations	limitation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	39	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	692	40	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	41	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	42	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	43	while	while	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	692	44	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	45	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	46	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	47	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	48	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	692	49	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	692	50	powerful	powerful	ADJ
cjrl-14169	692	51	tool	tool	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	52	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	692	53	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	692	54	defendants	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	55	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	692	56	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	692	57	alleged	allege	VERB
cjrl-14169	692	58	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	59	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	60	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	692	61	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	692	62	solution	solution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	63	nonetheless	nonetheless	ADV
cjrl-14169	692	64	has	have	VERB
cjrl-14169	692	65	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	692	66	limitations	limitation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	692	67	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	693	1	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	693	2	section	section	NOUN
cjrl-14169	693	3	will	will	AUX
cjrl-14169	693	4	discuss	discuss	VERB
cjrl-14169	693	5	potential	potential	ADJ
cjrl-14169	693	6	problems	problem	NOUN
cjrl-14169	693	7	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	693	8	finding	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	693	9	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	693	10	funding	funding	NOUN
cjrl-14169	693	11	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	693	12	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	693	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	693	14	as	as	ADV
cjrl-14169	693	15	well	well	ADV
cjrl-14169	693	16	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	693	17	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	693	18	inability	inability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	693	19	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	693	20	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	693	21	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	693	22	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	693	23	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	693	24	address	address	VERB
cjrl-14169	693	25	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	693	26	broader	broad	ADJ
cjrl-14169	693	27	issues	issue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	693	28	facing	face	VERB
cjrl-14169	693	29	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	693	30	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	693	31	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	693	32	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	693	33	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	693	34	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	693	35	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	694	1	1	1	X
cjrl-14169	694	2	.	.	X
cjrl-14169	694	3	issues	issue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	694	4	finding	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	694	5	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	694	6	funding	funding	NOUN
cjrl-14169	694	7	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	694	8	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	694	9	while	while	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	694	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	694	11	defense	defense	NOUN
cjrl-14169	694	12	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	694	13	introduce	introduce	VERB
cjrl-14169	694	14	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	694	15	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	694	16	expert,254	expert,254	NOUN
cjrl-14169	694	17	several	several	ADJ
cjrl-14169	694	18	factors	factor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	694	19	make	make	VERB
cjrl-14169	694	20	doing	do	VERB
cjrl-14169	694	21	so	so	ADV
cjrl-14169	694	22	difficult	difficult	ADJ
cjrl-14169	694	23	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	695	1	first	first	ADV
cjrl-14169	695	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	695	3	even	even	ADV
cjrl-14169	695	4	if	if	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	695	5	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	695	6	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	7	offer	offer	VERB
cjrl-14169	695	8	opinions	opinion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	9	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	695	10	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	695	11	sympathetic	sympathetic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	695	12	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	695	13	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	14	life	life	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	15	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	695	16	supportive	supportive	ADJ
cjrl-14169	695	17	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	695	18	alleged	allege	VERB
cjrl-14169	695	19	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	20	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	21	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	695	22	hostile	hostile	ADJ
cjrl-14169	695	23	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	695	24	intimidating	intimidate	VERB
cjrl-14169	695	25	courtroom	courtroom	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	26	environments	environment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	27	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	695	28	discourage	discourage	VERB
cjrl-14169	695	29	them	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	695	30	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	695	31	testifying.255	testifying.255	PROPN
cjrl-14169	695	32	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	695	33	those	those	PRON
cjrl-14169	695	34	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	695	35	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	695	36	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	37	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	38	or	or	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	695	39	former	former	ADJ
cjrl-14169	695	40	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	41	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	42	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	695	43	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	695	44	idea	idea	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	45	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	695	46	testifying	testify	VERB
cjrl-14169	695	47	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	695	48	open	open	ADJ
cjrl-14169	695	49	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	50	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	695	51	seem	seem	VERB
cjrl-14169	695	52	unfathomable	unfathomable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	695	53	given	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	695	54	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	695	55	traditional	traditional	ADJ
cjrl-14169	695	56	code	code	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	57	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	695	58	silence	silence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	59	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	695	60	governs	govern	VERB
cjrl-14169	695	61	most	most	ADJ
cjrl-14169	695	62	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	63	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	695	64	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	695	65	threat	threat	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	66	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	695	67	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	68	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	695	69	comes	come	VERB
cjrl-14169	695	70	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	695	71	breaking	break	VERB
cjrl-14169	695	72	it.256	it.256	PRON
cjrl-14169	695	73	252	252	NUM
cjrl-14169	695	74	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	695	75	i	i	PRON
cjrl-14169	695	76	d.	d.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	695	77	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	695	78	34	34	NUM
cjrl-14169	695	79	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	695	80	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	695	81	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	82	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	83	also	also	ADV
cjrl-14169	695	84	reinforces	reinforce	VERB
cjrl-14169	695	85	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	695	86	perception	perception	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	87	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	695	88	race	race	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	89	—	—	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	695	90	as	as	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	695	91	understood	understand	VERB
cjrl-14169	695	92	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	695	93	skin	skin	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	94	color	color	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	95	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	695	96	ethnic	ethnic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	695	97	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	695	98	sub	sub	ADJ
cjrl-14169	695	99	-	-	ADJ
cjrl-14169	695	100	cultural	cultural	ADJ
cjrl-14169	695	101	symbols	symbol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	102	—	—	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	695	103	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	695	104	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	695	105	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	106	activity	activity	NOUN
cjrl-14169	695	107	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	695	108	interchangeable	interchangeable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	695	109	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	695	110	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	695	111	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	695	112	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	696	1	253	253	NUM
cjrl-14169	696	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	696	3	weigend	weigend	NOUN
cjrl-14169	696	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	696	5	supra	supra	PROPN
cjrl-14169	696	6	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	696	7	214	214	NUM
cjrl-14169	696	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	696	9	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	696	10	339	339	NUM
cjrl-14169	696	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	696	12	arguing	argue	VERB
cjrl-14169	696	13	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	696	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	696	15	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	696	16	process	process	NOUN
cjrl-14169	696	17	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	696	18	about	about	ADP
cjrl-14169	696	19	truth	truth	NOUN
cjrl-14169	696	20	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	696	21	seeking	seeking	NOUN
cjrl-14169	696	22	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	696	23	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	697	1	254	254	NUM
cjrl-14169	697	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	697	3	people	people	NOUN
cjrl-14169	697	4	v.	v.	ADP
cjrl-14169	697	5	collins	collins	PROPN
cjrl-14169	697	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	697	7	811	811	NUM
cjrl-14169	697	8	n.y.s.2d	n.y.s.2d	NUM
cjrl-14169	697	9	122	122	NUM
cjrl-14169	697	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	697	11	123	123	NUM
cjrl-14169	697	12	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	697	13	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	697	14	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	697	15	app	app	PROPN
cjrl-14169	697	16	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	698	1	div	div	PROPN
cjrl-14169	698	2	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	698	3	2006	2006	NUM
cjrl-14169	698	4	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	698	5	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	698	6	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	698	7	conflicting	conflicting	ADJ
cjrl-14169	698	8	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	698	9	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	698	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	698	11	expert	expert	ADJ
cjrl-14169	698	12	witnesses	witness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	698	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	698	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	698	15	defendant	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	698	16	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	698	17	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	698	18	prosecution	prosecution	NOUN
cjrl-14169	698	19	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	698	20	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	699	1	255	255	NUM
cjrl-14169	699	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	699	3	alan	alan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	699	4	jackson	jackson	PROPN
cjrl-14169	699	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	699	6	prosecuting	prosecute	VERB
cjrl-14169	699	7	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	699	8	cases	case	NOUN
cjrl-14169	699	9	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	699	10	what	what	PRON
cjrl-14169	699	11	local	local	ADJ
cjrl-14169	699	12	prosecutors	prosecutor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	699	13	need	need	VERB
cjrl-14169	699	14	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	699	15	know	know	VERB
cjrl-14169	699	16	5	5	NUM
cjrl-14169	699	17	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	699	18	2004	2004	NUM
cjrl-14169	699	19	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	699	20	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	699	21	https://ndaa.org/wp-content/uploads/gang_cases1.pdf	https://ndaa.org/wp-content/uploads/gang_cases1.pdf	NOUN
cjrl-14169	700	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	700	2	https://perma.cc/8jyt-jsnh	https://perma.cc/8jyt-jsnh	X
cjrl-14169	700	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	700	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	700	5	noting	note	VERB
cjrl-14169	700	6	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	700	7	hostile	hostile	ADJ
cjrl-14169	700	8	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	700	9	intimidating	intimidate	VERB
cjrl-14169	700	10	courtroom	courtroom	NOUN
cjrl-14169	700	11	environments	environment	NOUN
cjrl-14169	700	12	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	700	13	one	one	NUM
cjrl-14169	700	14	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	700	15	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	700	16	many	many	ADJ
cjrl-14169	700	17	problems	problem	NOUN
cjrl-14169	700	18	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	700	19	arise	arise	VERB
cjrl-14169	700	20	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	700	21	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	700	22	trials	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	700	23	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	700	24	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	701	1	256	256	NUM
cjrl-14169	701	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	701	3	john	john	PROPN
cjrl-14169	701	4	anderson	anderson	PROPN
cjrl-14169	701	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	701	6	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	701	7	-	-	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	701	8	related	relate	VERB
cjrl-14169	701	9	witness	witness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	701	10	intimidation	intimidation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	701	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	701	12	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	701	13	nat	nat	NOUN
cjrl-14169	701	14	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	702	1	gang	gang	PROPN
cjrl-14169	702	2	ctr	ctr	PROPN
cjrl-14169	702	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	703	1	bull	bull	PROPN
cjrl-14169	703	2	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	704	1	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	704	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	704	3	1	1	NUM
cjrl-14169	704	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	704	5	2007	2007	NUM
cjrl-14169	704	6	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	704	7	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	704	8	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	704	9	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	704	10	g]ang	g]ang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	704	11	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	704	12	so	so	ADV
cjrl-14169	704	13	frequently	frequently	ADV
cjrl-14169	704	14	engage	engage	VERB
cjrl-14169	704	15	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	704	16	witness	witness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	704	17	intimidation	intimidation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	704	18	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	704	19	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	704	20	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	704	21	considered	consider	VERB
cjrl-14169	704	22	part	part	NOUN
cjrl-14169	704	23	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	704	24	normal	normal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	704	25	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	704	26	behavioral	behavioral	ADJ
cjrl-14169	704	27	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	704	28	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	704	29	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	704	30	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	704	31	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	705	1	gregg	gregg	PROPN
cjrl-14169	705	2	w.	w.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	705	3	etter	etter	PROPN
cjrl-14169	705	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	705	5	common	common	ADJ
cjrl-14169	705	6	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
cjrl-14169	705	7	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	705	8	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	705	9	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	705	10	examining	examine	VERB
cjrl-14169	705	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	705	12	cultures	culture	NOUN
cjrl-14169	705	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	705	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	705	15	new	new	ADJ
cjrl-14169	705	16	urban	urban	ADJ
cjrl-14169	705	17	tribes	tribe	NOUN
cjrl-14169	705	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	705	19	5	5	NUM
cjrl-14169	705	20	j.	j.	NOUN
cjrl-14169	705	21	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	705	22	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	705	23	rsch	rsch	NOUN
cjrl-14169	705	24	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	706	1	19	19	NUM
cjrl-14169	706	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	706	3	20	20	NUM
cjrl-14169	706	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	706	5	1998	1998	NUM
cjrl-14169	706	6	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	707	1	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	707	2	discussing	discuss	VERB
cjrl-14169	707	3	how	how	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	707	4	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	707	5	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	707	6	omerta	omerta	NOUN
cjrl-14169	707	7	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	707	8	code	code	NOUN
cjrl-14169	707	9	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	707	10	silence	silence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	707	11	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	707	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	707	13	italian	italian	ADJ
cjrl-14169	707	14	mafia	mafia	NOUN
cjrl-14169	707	15	has	have	AUX
cjrl-14169	707	16	influenced	influence	VERB
cjrl-14169	707	17	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	707	18	customs	custom	NOUN
cjrl-14169	707	19	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	707	20	modern	modern	ADJ
cjrl-14169	707	21	street	street	NOUN
cjrl-14169	707	22	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	707	23	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	707	24	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	708	1	2025	2025	NUM
cjrl-14169	708	2	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	708	3	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	708	4	1380	1380	NUM
cjrl-14169	708	5	there	there	PRON
cjrl-14169	708	6	are	be	VERB
cjrl-14169	708	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	708	8	however	however	ADV
cjrl-14169	708	9	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	708	10	many	many	ADJ
cjrl-14169	708	11	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	708	12	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	708	13	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	708	14	who	who	PRON
cjrl-14169	708	15	offer	offer	VERB
cjrl-14169	708	16	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	708	17	testimonial	testimonial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	708	18	services	service	NOUN
cjrl-14169	708	19	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	708	20	hire.257	hire.257	NOUN
cjrl-14169	708	21	while	while	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	708	22	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	708	23	former	former	ADJ
cjrl-14169	708	24	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	708	25	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	708	26	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	708	27	community	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	708	28	workers	worker	NOUN
cjrl-14169	708	29	offer	offer	VERB
cjrl-14169	708	30	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	708	31	extremely	extremely	ADV
cjrl-14169	708	32	valuable	valuable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	708	33	perspective	perspective	NOUN
cjrl-14169	708	34	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	708	35	inadequate	inadequate	ADJ
cjrl-14169	708	36	funding	funding	NOUN
cjrl-14169	708	37	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	708	38	prevent	prevent	VERB
cjrl-14169	708	39	indigent	indigent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	708	40	defendants	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	708	41	represented	represent	VERB
cjrl-14169	708	42	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	708	43	public	public	ADJ
cjrl-14169	708	44	defense	defense	NOUN
cjrl-14169	708	45	offices	office	NOUN
cjrl-14169	708	46	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	708	47	obtaining	obtain	VERB
cjrl-14169	708	48	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	708	49	services.258	services.258	ADJ
cjrl-14169	708	50	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	708	51	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	708	52	defense	defense	NOUN
cjrl-14169	708	53	attorneys	attorney	NOUN
cjrl-14169	708	54	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	708	55	however	however	ADV
cjrl-14169	708	56	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	708	57	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	708	58	receive	receive	VERB
cjrl-14169	708	59	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	708	60	funds	fund	NOUN
cjrl-14169	708	61	from	from	ADP
cjrl-14169	708	62	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	708	63	court	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	708	64	provided	provide	VERB
cjrl-14169	708	65	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	708	66	make	make	VERB
cjrl-14169	708	67	an	an	DET
cjrl-14169	708	68	adequate	adequate	ADJ
cjrl-14169	708	69	showing	showing	NOUN
cjrl-14169	708	70	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	708	71	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	708	72	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	708	73	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	708	74	necessity.259	necessity.259	NOUN
cjrl-14169	708	75	2	2	NUM
cjrl-14169	708	76	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	709	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	709	2	ineffectiveness	ineffectiveness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	709	3	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	709	4	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	709	5	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	709	6	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	709	7	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	709	8	broader	broad	ADJ
cjrl-14169	709	9	context	context	NOUN
cjrl-14169	709	10	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	709	11	addition	addition	NOUN
cjrl-14169	709	12	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	709	13	problems	problem	NOUN
cjrl-14169	709	14	with	with	ADP
cjrl-14169	709	15	finding	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	709	16	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	709	17	funding	funding	NOUN
cjrl-14169	709	18	nonpolice	nonpolice	PROPN
cjrl-14169	709	19	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	709	20	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	709	21	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	709	22	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	709	23	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	709	24	only	only	ADV
cjrl-14169	709	25	extends	extend	VERB
cjrl-14169	709	26	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	709	27	combatting	combat	VERB
cjrl-14169	709	28	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	709	29	broader	broad	ADJ
cjrl-14169	709	30	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	709	31	legal	legal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	709	32	issues	issue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	709	33	outlined	outline	VERB
cjrl-14169	709	34	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	709	35	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	709	36	note	note	NOUN
cjrl-14169	709	37	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	710	1	over	over	ADP
cjrl-14169	710	2	ninety	ninety	NUM
cjrl-14169	710	3	percent	percent	NOUN
cjrl-14169	710	4	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	710	5	convictions	conviction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	710	6	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	710	7	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	710	8	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	710	9	state	state	NOUN
cjrl-14169	710	10	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	710	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	710	12	result	result	NOUN
cjrl-14169	710	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	710	14	guilty	guilty	ADJ
cjrl-14169	710	15	pleas	plea	NOUN
cjrl-14169	710	16	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	710	17	260	260	NUM
cjrl-14169	710	18	so	so	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	710	19	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	710	20	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	710	21	exceptionally	exceptionally	ADV
cjrl-14169	710	22	rare	rare	ADJ
cjrl-14169	710	23	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	710	24	nonpolice	nonpolice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	710	25	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	710	26	will	will	AUX
cjrl-14169	710	27	find	find	VERB
cjrl-14169	710	28	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	710	29	use	use	NOUN
cjrl-14169	710	30	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	710	31	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	710	32	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	711	1	while	while	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	711	2	this	this	PRON
cjrl-14169	711	3	does	do	AUX
cjrl-14169	711	4	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	711	5	discount	discount	VERB
cjrl-14169	711	6	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	711	7	value	value	NOUN
cjrl-14169	711	8	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	711	9	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	711	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	711	11	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	711	12	menace	menace	NOUN
cjrl-14169	711	13	reinforced	reinforce	VERB
cjrl-14169	711	14	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	711	15	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	711	16	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	711	17	prosecutors	prosecutor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	711	18	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	711	19	truly	truly	ADV
cjrl-14169	711	20	eliminating	eliminate	VERB
cjrl-14169	711	21	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	711	22	oppression	oppression	NOUN
cjrl-14169	711	23	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	711	24	alleged	allege	VERB
cjrl-14169	711	25	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	711	26	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	711	27	face	face	VERB
cjrl-14169	711	28	requires	require	VERB
cjrl-14169	711	29	deconstructing	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	711	30	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	711	31	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	711	32	menace	menace	NOUN
cjrl-14169	711	33	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	711	34	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	711	35	much	much	ADV
cjrl-14169	711	36	larger	large	ADJ
cjrl-14169	711	37	scale	scale	NOUN
cjrl-14169	711	38	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	712	1	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN
cjrl-14169	712	2	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	712	3	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	712	4	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	712	5	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	712	6	serious	serious	ADJ
cjrl-14169	712	7	issue	issue	NOUN
cjrl-14169	712	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	712	9	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	712	10	so	so	ADV
cjrl-14169	712	11	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	712	12	justice	justice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	712	13	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	712	14	ending	end	VERB
cjrl-14169	712	15	oppression	oppression	NOUN
cjrl-14169	712	16	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	713	1	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	713	2	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	713	3	latino	latino	ADJ
cjrl-14169	713	4	men	man	NOUN
cjrl-14169	713	5	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	713	6	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	713	7	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	713	8	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	713	9	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	713	10	currently	currently	ADV
cjrl-14169	713	11	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	713	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	713	13	center	center	NOUN
cjrl-14169	713	14	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	713	15	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	713	16	fallacious	fallacious	ADJ
cjrl-14169	713	17	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	713	18	menace	menace	NOUN
cjrl-14169	713	19	constructed	construct	VERB
cjrl-14169	713	20	by	by	ADP
cjrl-14169	713	21	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	713	22	courts	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	713	23	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	713	24	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	713	25	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	713	26	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	713	27	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	713	28	media	medium	NOUN
cjrl-14169	713	29	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	713	30	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	713	31	elected	elect	VERB
cjrl-14169	713	32	officials	official	NOUN
cjrl-14169	713	33	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	714	1	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	714	2	make	make	VERB
cjrl-14169	714	3	matters	matter	NOUN
cjrl-14169	714	4	worse	bad	ADJ
cjrl-14169	714	5	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	714	6	when	when	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	714	7	alleged	alleged	ADJ
cjrl-14169	714	8	257	257	NUM
cjrl-14169	714	9	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	714	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	714	11	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
cjrl-14169	714	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	714	13	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	714	14	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	714	15	witness	witness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	714	16	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	714	17	taylor	taylor	PROPN
cjrl-14169	714	18	austin	austin	PROPN
cjrl-14169	714	19	group	group	PROPN
cjrl-14169	714	20	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	714	21	https://gangcolors.com/gang-expert/	https://gangcolors.com/gang-expert/	PROPN
cjrl-14169	715	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	715	2	https://perma.cc/2zvq-vc9s	https://perma.cc/2zvq-vc9s	X
cjrl-14169	715	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	715	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	715	5	last	last	ADV
cjrl-14169	715	6	visited	visit	VERB
cjrl-14169	715	7	jan	jan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	715	8	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	715	9	14	14	NUM
cjrl-14169	715	10	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	715	11	2024	2024	NUM
cjrl-14169	715	12	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	715	13	;	;	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	716	1	legal	legal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	716	2	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	716	3	expert	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	716	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	716	5	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	716	6	homie	homie	NOUN
cjrl-14169	716	7	hangout	hangout	NOUN
cjrl-14169	716	8	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	716	9	https://thehomiehangout.com/about/	https://thehomiehangout.com/about/	X
cjrl-14169	716	10	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	716	11	https://perma.cc/xk65-twxq	https://perma.cc/xk65-twxq	X
cjrl-14169	716	12	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	716	13	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	716	14	last	last	ADV
cjrl-14169	716	15	visited	visit	VERB
cjrl-14169	716	16	jan	jan	PROPN
cjrl-14169	716	17	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	716	18	14	14	NUM
cjrl-14169	716	19	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	716	20	2024	2024	NUM
cjrl-14169	716	21	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	716	22	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	717	1	258	258	NUM
cjrl-14169	717	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	717	3	nyc	nyc	PROPN
cjrl-14169	717	4	council	council	PROPN
cjrl-14169	717	5	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	717	6	demand	demand	VERB
cjrl-14169	717	7	funding	funding	NOUN
cjrl-14169	717	8	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	717	9	public	public	ADJ
cjrl-14169	717	10	defense	defense	NOUN
cjrl-14169	717	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	717	12	right	right	ADJ
cjrl-14169	717	13	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	717	14	counsel	counsel	VERB
cjrl-14169	717	15	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	717	16	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	717	17	legal	legal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	717	18	aid	aid	NOUN
cjrl-14169	717	19	society	society	NOUN
cjrl-14169	717	20	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	717	21	june	june	PROPN
cjrl-14169	717	22	20	20	NUM
cjrl-14169	717	23	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	717	24	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	717	25	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	717	26	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	717	27	https://legalaidnyc.org/news/nyc-council-members-increased-funding-public-defenseright-to-counsel/	https://legalaidnyc.org/news/nyc-council-members-increased-funding-public-defenseright-to-counsel/	PROPN
cjrl-14169	718	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	718	2	https://perma.cc/nb6p-b2xf	https://perma.cc/nb6p-b2xf	X
cjrl-14169	718	3	]	]	X
cjrl-14169	718	4	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	718	5	calling	call	VERB
cjrl-14169	718	6	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	718	7	mayor	mayor	PROPN
cjrl-14169	718	8	eric	eric	PROPN
cjrl-14169	718	9	adams	adams	PROPN
cjrl-14169	718	10	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	718	11	support	support	VERB
cjrl-14169	718	12	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	718	13	budget	budget	NOUN
cjrl-14169	718	14	increase	increase	NOUN
cjrl-14169	718	15	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	718	16	underfunded	underfunded	ADJ
cjrl-14169	718	17	public	public	ADJ
cjrl-14169	718	18	defender	defender	NOUN
cjrl-14169	718	19	offices	office	NOUN
cjrl-14169	718	20	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	718	21	ensure	ensure	VERB
cjrl-14169	718	22	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	718	23	adequate	adequate	ADJ
cjrl-14169	718	24	representation	representation	NOUN
cjrl-14169	718	25	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	718	26	indigent	indigent	ADJ
cjrl-14169	718	27	defendants	defendant	NOUN
cjrl-14169	718	28	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	718	29	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	719	1	259	259	NUM
cjrl-14169	719	2	see	see	VERB
cjrl-14169	719	3	n.y	n.y	PROPN
cjrl-14169	719	4	.	.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	719	5	county	county	PROPN
cjrl-14169	719	6	law	law	NOUN
cjrl-14169	719	7	§	§	PROPN
cjrl-14169	719	8	722	722	NUM
cjrl-14169	719	9	-	-	SYM
cjrl-14169	719	10	c	c	NOUN
cjrl-14169	719	11	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	719	12	mckinney	mckinney	PROPN
cjrl-14169	719	13	2023	2023	NUM
cjrl-14169	719	14	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	719	15	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	720	1	260	260	NUM
cjrl-14169	720	2	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	720	3	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	720	4	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	720	5	state	state	PROPN
cjrl-14169	720	6	association	association	PROPN
cjrl-14169	720	7	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	720	8	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	720	9	defense	defense	NOUN
cjrl-14169	720	10	lawyers	lawyer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	720	11	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	720	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	720	13	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	720	14	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	720	15	state	state	PROPN
cjrl-14169	720	16	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	720	17	penalty	penalty	NOUN
cjrl-14169	720	18	:	:	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	720	19	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	720	20	constitutional	constitutional	ADJ
cjrl-14169	720	21	right	right	NOUN
cjrl-14169	720	22	to	to	ADP
cjrl-14169	720	23	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	720	24	under	under	ADP
cjrl-14169	720	25	attack	attack	NOUN
cjrl-14169	720	26	3	3	NUM
cjrl-14169	720	27	(	(	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	720	28	2021	2021	NUM
cjrl-14169	720	29	)	)	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	721	1	https://www.nacdl.org/document/newyorkstatetrialpenaltyrighttotrialunderattack	https://www.nacdl.org/document/newyorkstatetrialpenaltyrighttotrialunderattack	PROPN
cjrl-14169	721	2	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	721	3	https://perma.cc/4ax8c7sy	https://perma.cc/4ax8c7sy	PROPN
cjrl-14169	721	4	]	]	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	721	5	1381	1381	NUM
cjrl-14169	721	6	colum	colum	NOUN
cjrl-14169	721	7	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	722	1	j.	j.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	722	2	race	race	PROPN
cjrl-14169	722	3	&	&	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	722	4	l.	l.	PROPN
cjrl-14169	723	1	[	[	X
cjrl-14169	723	2	vol	vol	NOUN
cjrl-14169	723	3	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	724	1	15:1337	15:1337	ADJ
cjrl-14169	724	2	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	724	3	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	724	4	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	724	5	arrested	arrest	VERB
cjrl-14169	724	6	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	724	7	choose	choose	VERB
cjrl-14169	724	8	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	724	9	contest	contest	VERB
cjrl-14169	724	10	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	724	11	criminality	criminality	NOUN
cjrl-14169	724	12	at	at	ADP
cjrl-14169	724	13	trial	trial	NOUN
cjrl-14169	724	14	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	724	15	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	724	16	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	724	17	menace	menace	NOUN
cjrl-14169	724	18	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	724	19	given	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	724	20	immense	immense	ADJ
cjrl-14169	724	21	evidentiary	evidentiary	NOUN
cjrl-14169	724	22	power	power	NOUN
cjrl-14169	724	23	through	through	ADP
cjrl-14169	724	24	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	724	25	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	724	26	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	724	27	unreliable	unreliable	ADJ
cjrl-14169	724	28	testimony	testimony	NOUN
cjrl-14169	724	29	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	724	30	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	724	31	“	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	724	32	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	724	33	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	724	34	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	724	35	”	"	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	725	1	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	725	2	truly	truly	ADV
cjrl-14169	725	3	deconstruct	deconstruct	VERB
cjrl-14169	725	4	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	725	5	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	725	6	menace	menace	NOUN
cjrl-14169	725	7	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	725	8	every	every	DET
cjrl-14169	725	9	actor	actor	NOUN
cjrl-14169	725	10	must	must	AUX
cjrl-14169	725	11	play	play	VERB
cjrl-14169	725	12	their	their	PRON
cjrl-14169	725	13	part	part	NOUN
cjrl-14169	725	14	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	726	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	726	2	courts	court	NOUN
cjrl-14169	726	3	must	must	AUX
cjrl-14169	726	4	refuse	refuse	VERB
cjrl-14169	726	5	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	726	6	give	give	VERB
cjrl-14169	726	7	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	726	8	officers	officer	NOUN
cjrl-14169	726	9	expert	expert	PROPN
cjrl-14169	726	10	authority	authority	NOUN
cjrl-14169	726	11	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	726	12	gangs	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	726	13	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	727	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	727	2	nypd	nypd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	727	3	must	must	AUX
cjrl-14169	727	4	abolish	abolish	VERB
cjrl-14169	727	5	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	727	6	cgd	cgd	PROPN
cjrl-14169	727	7	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	727	8	end	end	VERB
cjrl-14169	727	9	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	727	10	racial	racial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	727	11	profiling	profiling	NOUN
cjrl-14169	727	12	practices	practice	NOUN
cjrl-14169	727	13	for	for	ADP
cjrl-14169	727	14	good	good	NOUN
cjrl-14169	727	15	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	728	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	728	2	media	medium	NOUN
cjrl-14169	728	3	must	must	AUX
cjrl-14169	728	4	stop	stop	VERB
cjrl-14169	728	5	presenting	present	VERB
cjrl-14169	728	6	young	young	ADJ
cjrl-14169	728	7	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	728	8	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	728	9	latino	latino	ADJ
cjrl-14169	728	10	men	man	NOUN
cjrl-14169	728	11	as	as	ADP
cjrl-14169	728	12	senseless	senseless	ADJ
cjrl-14169	728	13	super	super	ADJ
cjrl-14169	728	14	predators	predator	NOUN
cjrl-14169	728	15	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	729	1	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	729	2	most	most	ADV
cjrl-14169	729	3	importantly	importantly	ADV
cjrl-14169	729	4	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	729	5	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	729	6	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	729	7	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	729	8	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	729	9	elected	elect	VERB
cjrl-14169	729	10	officials	official	NOUN
cjrl-14169	729	11	must	must	AUX
cjrl-14169	729	12	invest	invest	VERB
cjrl-14169	729	13	in	in	ADP
cjrl-14169	729	14	marginalized	marginalize	VERB
cjrl-14169	729	15	communities	community	NOUN
cjrl-14169	729	16	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	729	17	address	address	VERB
cjrl-14169	729	18	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	729	19	structural	structural	ADJ
cjrl-14169	729	20	failures	failure	NOUN
cjrl-14169	729	21	that	that	PRON
cjrl-14169	729	22	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	729	23	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	729	24	root	root	NOUN
cjrl-14169	729	25	causes	cause	NOUN
cjrl-14169	729	26	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	729	27	main	main	ADJ
cjrl-14169	729	28	drivers	driver	NOUN
cjrl-14169	729	29	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	729	30	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	729	31	violence	violence	NOUN
cjrl-14169	729	32	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	730	1	only	only	ADV
cjrl-14169	730	2	then	then	ADV
cjrl-14169	730	3	will	will	AUX
cjrl-14169	730	4	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	730	5	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	730	6	menace	menace	NOUN
cjrl-14169	730	7	lose	lose	VERB
cjrl-14169	730	8	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	730	9	power	power	NOUN
cjrl-14169	730	10	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	730	11	cease	cease	VERB
cjrl-14169	730	12	to	to	PART
cjrl-14169	730	13	justify	justify	VERB
cjrl-14169	730	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	730	15	oppression	oppression	NOUN
cjrl-14169	730	16	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	730	17	new	new	PROPN
cjrl-14169	730	18	york	york	PROPN
cjrl-14169	730	19	city	city	PROPN
cjrl-14169	730	20	’s	’s	PART
cjrl-14169	730	21	black	black	ADJ
cjrl-14169	730	22	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	730	23	latino	latino	ADJ
cjrl-14169	730	24	men	man	NOUN
cjrl-14169	730	25	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	731	1	unfortunately	unfortunately	ADV
cjrl-14169	731	2	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	731	3	such	such	DET
cjrl-14169	731	4	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	731	5	radical	radical	ADJ
cjrl-14169	731	6	deconstruction	deconstruction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	731	7	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	731	8	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	731	9	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	731	10	menace	menace	NOUN
cjrl-14169	731	11	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	731	12	idealistic	idealistic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	731	13	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	732	1	while	while	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	732	2	this	this	DET
cjrl-14169	732	3	deconstruction	deconstruction	NOUN
cjrl-14169	732	4	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	732	5	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	732	6	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	732	7	feasible	feasible	ADJ
cjrl-14169	732	8	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	732	9	a	a	DET
cjrl-14169	732	10	broad	broad	ADJ
cjrl-14169	732	11	scale	scale	NOUN
cjrl-14169	732	12	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	732	13	it	it	PRON
cjrl-14169	732	14	may	may	AUX
cjrl-14169	732	15	nonetheless	nonetheless	ADV
cjrl-14169	732	16	be	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	732	17	feasible	feasible	ADJ
cjrl-14169	732	18	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	732	19	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	732	20	courtroom	courtroom	NOUN
cjrl-14169	732	21	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	733	1	nonpolice	nonpolice	PROPN
cjrl-14169	733	2	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	733	3	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	733	4	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	733	5	mitigate	mitigate	VERB
cjrl-14169	733	6	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	733	7	prejudicial	prejudicial	ADJ
cjrl-14169	733	8	effect	effect	NOUN
cjrl-14169	733	9	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	733	10	expose	expose	VERB
cjrl-14169	733	11	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	733	12	unreliability	unreliability	NOUN
cjrl-14169	733	13	of	of	ADP
cjrl-14169	733	14	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	733	15	dominant	dominant	ADJ
cjrl-14169	733	16	police	police	NOUN
cjrl-14169	733	17	narrative	narrative	NOUN
cjrl-14169	733	18	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	734	1	not	not	PART
cjrl-14169	734	2	only	only	ADV
cjrl-14169	734	3	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	734	4	these	these	DET
cjrl-14169	734	5	experts	expert	NOUN
cjrl-14169	734	6	promote	promote	VERB
cjrl-14169	734	7	greater	great	ADJ
cjrl-14169	734	8	truthseeking	truthseeking	NOUN
cjrl-14169	734	9	within	within	ADP
cjrl-14169	734	10	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	734	11	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	734	12	process	process	NOUN
cjrl-14169	734	13	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	734	14	but	but	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	734	15	they	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	734	16	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	734	17	shed	shed	VERB
cjrl-14169	734	18	light	light	NOUN
cjrl-14169	734	19	on	on	ADP
cjrl-14169	734	20	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	734	21	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	734	22	menace	menace	NOUN
cjrl-14169	734	23	and	and	CCONJ
cjrl-14169	734	24	its	its	PRON
cjrl-14169	734	25	problematic	problematic	ADJ
cjrl-14169	734	26	implications	implication	NOUN
cjrl-14169	734	27	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	735	1	gang	gang	NOUN
cjrl-14169	735	2	members	member	NOUN
cjrl-14169	735	3	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	735	4	after	after	ADV
cjrl-14169	735	5	all	all	ADV
cjrl-14169	735	6	,	,	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	735	7	are	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	735	8	human	human	ADJ
cjrl-14169	735	9	beings	being	NOUN
cjrl-14169	735	10	.	.	PUNCT
cjrl-14169	736	1	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	736	2	least	least	ADJ
cjrl-14169	736	3	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	736	4	criminal	criminal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	736	5	legal	legal	ADJ
cjrl-14169	736	6	system	system	NOUN
cjrl-14169	736	7	can	can	AUX
cjrl-14169	736	8	do	do	VERB
cjrl-14169	736	9	is	be	AUX
cjrl-14169	736	10	afford	afford	VERB
cjrl-14169	736	11	them	they	PRON
cjrl-14169	736	12	the	the	DET
cjrl-14169	736	13	fairness	fairness	NOUN
cjrl-14169	736	14	that	that	SCONJ
cjrl-14169	736	15	every	every	DET
cjrl-14169	736	16	human	human	ADJ
cjrl-14169	736	17	deserves	deserve	NOUN
cjrl-14169	736	18	.	.	PUNCT