cusj: A Pathfinder

This is a computer-generated pathfinder created against the Distant Reader study called cusj.

Each Distant Reader study carrel is composed of many individual items. Each item is bibliographically described with author, title, date, summary, and keyword values. Below is a list of the items' most signficant keywords as well as lists of the items themselves. Purpusing the content of this pathfinder provides the student, researcher, or scholar with one way to get their heads around the scope of the carrel. The keywords include:

Gene; Undergraduate; Columbia; Protein; Cancer; Tumor; Cusj; Data; Cell; Brain; Disease; Stem; Imaging; Samples; Expression; Laser; Self; Mice; Science; Dna; Issues; System; Year; Detection; Memory; Glioma; Iss; Ioxruhvfhqfh; Gox; Ddvcs; Earth; Adderall; Frank; Agb; Length; Agent; Nrg1; Mis; Buy; Assay; Slices; Shapiro

Depending on how this pathfinder was created, many of the bibliographic sections will include elaborations on the meaning(s) of the given keywords. These elaborations were generated by feeding the items' summaries to a large langauge model and asking the model to address the question, "What is X?", where "X" is the keyword. The result will be a few sentences of elaboration. Be forewarned. The elaborations are often plausible, but they should not be take as truth. Instead, they should be taken as points for consideration.

• Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Features of Huntington Disease: A Fatal Neurodegenerative Disorder with Autosomal Dominant Inheritance by Datta, Neelabh (2024) - [69] Aziz, N. A., van der Burg, J. M. M., Ta- brizi, S. J., & Landwehrmeyer, G. B. (2018). [54] Gusella, J. F., MacDonald, M. E., & Lee, J. M. (2014). Keywords: brain; cag; disease; gene; htt; huntington; huntington disease; journal; onset; protein
• Expression of Single mRNA Constructs Encoding Both CRISPR-Cas9 Protein and Guide RNAs for Future Gene Therapy Applications: 2023 Article of The Year by Lang, Elvis; Tilton, John; Sweet, Thomas (2024) - On the other hand, non-viral meth- ods utilize other macromolecules like lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), protein polymers, and Au nanoparticles to deliver gRNA and Cas9 mRNA, protein, or DNA.10 Delivering the pro- tein form of CRISPR-Cas9 along with gRNA is efficient and doesn’t result in much off-tar- get editing, however it is very expensive and there is risk of endotoxin contamination.10 Cas9 mRNA + gRNA delivery has similar Figure 2: Sequence of PCTG plasmids involved with Cas9 gene editing. al. 9 benefits to the protein form; however, it re- quires two components to get into particles and cells.10 Alternatively, Cas9 delivery can also be performed through complexing and conju- gating with proteins. Keywords: cas9; cells; crispr; delivery; editing; figure; gene; gfp; grna; pctg; reporter; tlr
• Treating Neurodegenerative Disorders: Towards Detailed Pathophysiology and Precision Medicine by Gu, Katie (2018) - Within the context of the two main developing therapies examined, gene and stem cell therapy, specific focuses for research are suggested. Though the complete causes of AD and PD have not been fully characterised, neurofibrillary tangles, -amyloid plaques, decreased synaptic function, and cortical atrophy observed in AD and the loss of dopaminergic neurons characteristic of PD can be addressed by gene therapy and stem cell-based therapies. Keywords: cell; disease; gene; huntington; neurons; parkinson; research; stem; therapies; therapy; trials
• Identifying serum-inducible sequence elements on the mouse ZFP36 promoter by Shutran, Max; Prywes, Ron (2011) - Undergraduate Sci J http://cusj.columbia.edu N EU RO SC IE N C E cusjcolumbia undergraduate science journalResearch Articles 21cusj Volume 5Spring 2011 Columbia Undergraduate Sci J http://cusj.columbia.edu M O LEC U LA R BIO LO G Y Identifying serum-inducible sequence elements on the mouse ZFP36 promoter Max Shutran1,*, Ron Prywes 2,* 1Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02110, 2Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 APUJ�ÄUNLY�WYV[LPU�����A-7����PZ�HU�95(�IPUKPUN�WYV[LPU�[OH[�KV^UYLN\SH[LZ�[OL�[YHUZSH[PVU�VM�JLY[HPU�NLUL�WYVK\J[Z�I`� inducing the degradation of mRNA. At the appro- � Figure 1 9LZ\S[Z�MYVT�X7*9�MVY�J�MVZ��TPN���HUK�A-7����PU�/L3H�JLSSZ� � Figure 2 .YHWO�PSS\Z[YH[PUN�[OL�PUK\J[PVU�VM�LHJO�YLWVY[LY�NLUL�I`�ZLY\T��;OL�YH^�KH[H�JVUZPZ[LK�VM�K\WSPJH[L�WHPYZ�VM������HUK�����ZLY\T�JVUKP- [PVUZ��NP]LU�HZ�YH[PVZ�VM�3(9�[V�:.�S\TPULZJLUJL��;OL�]HS\LZ�^LYL�JHSJ\SH[LK�I`�UVYTHSPaPUN�LHJO�KH[H�ZL[�[V�VUL�VM�[OL������YH[PVZ��[OLU� H]LYHNPUN�[VNL[OLY�[OL�K\WSPJH[LZ�HUK��PM�H]HPSHISL��V[OLY�KH[H�ZL[Z�MYVT�KPMMLYLU[�KH[LZ��5V�ZPNUPÄJHU[�ZLY\T�PUK\J[PVU�PZ�ZLLU��L_JLW[�PU�[OL� A-7������JVUKP[PVU��^OPJO�\ZLK�93�;2�PU�WSHJL�VM�93�:=���HZ�[OL�YLUPSSH�WSHZTPK� Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal Open-Access Publication | http://cusj.columbia.com 24 cusjVolume 5Spring 2011 Columbia Keywords: [ol; cells; columbia; gene; induction; luciferase; plasmid; promoter; serum; undergraduate; vm �; zfp36; � �
• The Genetics of Human Behavior by Kim, Katherine; Streid, David (2022) - CUSJ%|%Volume%9%|%Spring%2015% 7% The Genetics of Human Behavior Katherine Kim1 & David Streid2 1Department of Biochemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA 2Department of Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Behavioral disorders arise from environmental, lifestyle, and genetic factors. Anxiety disorders are the most common form of mental illness in the U.S., affecting 18% of the total population. Keywords: disorders; gene
• The Evolving Role and Nature of Gene Mutations in the Neuropathology of Autism Spectrum Disorders by Tchaconas, Alexis (2022) - De novo gene mutations and copy number variations Most known mutations without an identified genetic etiology attributed to ASDs are de novo gene mutations: rare genetic variations that are found in neither of the individual’s parents. In the coming years, it will also be crucial to determine whether de novo gene mutations versus inherited gene mutations implicated in ASD etiology induce identical or distinct brain pathologies. Keywords: asds; autism; columbia; disorders; gene; journal; mutations; science; undergraduate
• Identification of LncRNAs as Therapeutic Targets in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia by Dolaner, Simay; Kaur, Harpreet; Brodsky, Elia; Panov, Julia; Mazumder, Mohit (2021) - Identified Non-Coding RNAs were Novel Transcripts Based on differential gene expression analysis, 33 lncRNAs, which are significantly expressed, were identified with the specific parameters (Supplementary Table 2). Therefore, we applied differential gene expression analysis by comparing spontaneous regression and pro- gressive tumor states. Keywords: analysis; as1; cancer; cells; cll; expression; figure; gene; journal; lncrnas; pathways; protein; regression; samples; tumor

• The Verification of a Novel Explant System Used to Determine the Role of Osteocytes in the Breast Cancer Vicious Cycle by Bansal, Sonia; Brown, Genevieve N.; Guo, X. Edward (2012) - [Adapted from Chan, ME, Lu, XL, Huo, B, Baik, AD, Chiang, V, HW�DO����������$�7UDEHFXODU�%RQH�([SODQW�0RGHO�RI�2VWHRF\WH� 2VWHREODVW�&R�&XOWXUH�IRU�%RQH�@ % ,2 ( 1 * ,1 ( ( 5 ,1 * Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), and 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin (Pen-Strep). This activates more osteoclasts, which degrades bone, releasing 7*)²ȕ��FRPSOHWLQJ�D�SRVLWLYH�IHHGEDFN�ORRS� [Adapted from Steeg PS, Theodorescu D, Nat Clin 3UDFW�2QFRO�����@ Figure 3&RQIRFDO�LPDJLQJ�RI�0'$�0%����*)3�FXOWXUHG�LQ�RQ�D�ERQH� core. Keywords: bone; breast; cancer; cells; cores; osteocytes; types; undergraduate; � erqh; � ri; � wkh; � �
• 2011 CUSJ Poster Symposium by Symposium Participants, CUSJ (2020) - Poster Titles 51cusj Volume 5Spring 2011 Columbia Undergraduate Sci J http://cusj.columbia.edu SY M PO SIU M Pathogenesis-related Mutations in the T-Loops of Human Mitochondrial tRNAs Affect 3’ End Processing and tRNA Structure Dmitri Serjanov, Kyla-Gaye Pinnock, Louis Levinger Biochemistry/Biophysics Probing Aromatic Peptide Aggregation Using Spectroscopy =HSLU[PUH�:�-LSZLU��1\Z[PUH�*OPU^VUN��9\LS�+LZHTLYV��(KHT�7YVÄ[ 9HPUMHSS�WH[[LYUZ�PU�ZWLJPÄJ�YLNPVUZ�VM�(MYPJH Delroy Wills Fluorinated Solvent Processing for Organic Optoelec- tronic Applications Ilana Shimunov, Marshall Cox, Ioannis Kymissis Design of Low-Cost Thermophilic Microbial Fuel Cell for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment Nathan Winkler Engineering Designing, Breadboarding, Testing, Troubleshooting, and Con- structing a Life Guard Alarm Unit John Buoncora, Dane Burkett Designing, Constructing, Programming, and Debugging an Autonomous Robot Gregory Kissoon, John Buoncora Female Energy Supply Lines: A Study of Firewood in Northern Ghana Madeline Russell Foster Water Usage and Availability in Bongo’s Communities: Re- search Leading to the Development of an Indigenous Fluoride Jessica Marie Friscia Osteoblast Precursor Cells Need the Pyrophosphate Trans- porter ANKH in Order to Sense and Respond to Mechanical Alen Trubelja, Kristen Lee, Christopher Jacobs Testing the ForTraCC model for short term forecasting of cloud movement and life cycle Xiaoqian Pan Automated Detection of GNRA Tetraloop Prevalance Using 3DNA and Python Prerana Pradhan*, Mauricio Esquerra, Wilma K. Olsen Biochemistry/Biophysics Elucidating the Interaction of LPA with Model Membranes Evan Minzter, Rivkah Rogawski* A Comparison of Methods to Collect Host-Seeking, Blood-Fed and Gravid Mosquitoes in the Surburban Landscape Lily C. Hughes*, Richard C. Falco, Thomas J. Daniels Biology Analysis of NFkB Protein Subunits inStimulated Human Mac- rophages Steven Kennedy*, Sitharam Ramaswami, Ashish P. Juvekar, Subrata Manna, Ivana Vancurova From Egg Raft to Emergence: Growth and Survival of Mosquito Larvae in Vernal Pools Jessie Lanterman*, Mike Rubbo, Rich Falco The Effect of RNAi Protein Armitage on oskar mRNA Transport and Localization in Drosophila Oocyte Linda Molla*, Joseph T. Cammarata*, Irina E. Catrina, Diana P. Bratu Analysis of Bortezomib-Induced Nuclear Protein Trans- location in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Cells Hung Tran*, Ashish P. Jukevar, Sitharam Ramasswami Ashish P. Juvekar, Subrata Manna, Ivana Vancurova, Subrata Manna, Ivana Vancurova Bone Marrow Degradation: Correlations Between Lipid Oxidation and Caloric Decline Rates Lily Xie*, Robert J. Blumeschine, Karen M. Schaich Anti-Predator and Social Monitoring Functions in Blue Monkeys Kaitlyn M. Gaynor*, Marina Cords Evaluating Nest Protectors for Turtle Conservation: Unintended Consequences for the Malaclemys terrapin Shahriar Rahman* Engineering Structural Glass Shells: The Constructional and Structional Feasbility of a Hyperbolic Umbrella Gregor J. Horstmeyer*, Sigrid Adriaenssens, George Scherer Optical Observations of Thermoelectric Effects of Self-Heated Nanocrystalline Niaz Khan*, Gokhan Bakan, Ali Gokirmak, Helena Silva Electrical Properties of Methyl Based Hybrid Melting Gels Louis Gambino*, Andrei Jitianu, Lisa C. Klein Mathematical Modeling and Characterization of Coiling Peri- modiolar Mei Yi Cheung*, Jian Zhang, Nabil Simaan Pressure Distribution and Forefoot Geometry in Ballet Pointe ShoesCochlear Electrode Arrays Antonia Zaferious*, D.M. Wooton Phase-Change Oscillations and Pulse Generation in Silicon Microwaves Adam Cywar*, Gokhan Bakan, Helena Silva, Ali Gokirmak Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Calcite: Developing a Coating to Protect Marble from Damage in Acid Rain Jeffrey I. Campbell*, Sonia Naidu, George W. Scherer Targeting Nanoparticles to Macrophages Lila Cheung* 2010 SYMPOSIUM Chemistry Anticarcinogenic and Prooxidant Properties of Pomegranate Juice Extract Loriel J. Solodokin*, Audrey Canter, Ahuva Freilich, Orli Haken, Chana G. Ovits-Levy, A.G. Schuck, H. Babich Size-Controlled Growth of Selenium Nanoparticles on Self- Assembled Kinetin Nanostructures and Their Applicatior Stacey N. Barnaby*, Ipsita A. Banerjee Abscisic Acid Based Hydrogels as Drug Delivery Vectors Evan M. Smoak*, Stephen H. Frayne, Karl R. Fath, Ipsita A. Banerjee Implementation and Analysis of Passive Online Schemes for Rogue Access Point Detection in Ethernet Networks Oscar A. Perez*, Bing Wang Psychology & Neuroscience Elucidating the Toll Like Receptor Signaling Pathways of the Immune Jennifer Deluty*, Jeremy Seto, Stuart Sealfon /\THUZ�4PTPJRPUN�(UPTHSZ!�0TWSPJH[PVUZ�MVY�:WLJPLZ�:WLJPÄJ� Vocalization Processing in Human Cortex William J. Talkington, Kristina Rapuano*, Chris Frum, James W. Lewis Experiences and Challenges of Women Combining Academic Careers and Motherhood Danielle L. Auriemma*, Tovah P. Klein Subcortical Localization of Ectopic Cell Cycle Events in Five Alzheimer’s Mouse Models Luming Li*, Timmy Cheung*, Jianmin Chen, Karl Herrup Medicine & Health Services Redistribution of Muscle Mitochondria Assocaited With Verte- brate Neuromuscular Synaptogenesis Mohammad Gilani*, Joav Prives Gadolinium-Loaded Micelles as Intravascular Contrast Agent for Micro-Magnetic Resonance Angiography Lindsay K. Hill*, Karen C. Briley-Saebo, Moustafa Doudai, Asad Baig, Susan Pun, Brian J. Nieman, Daniel H. Turnbull SB-T-1214 Dramatically Downregulates Stem Cell-Related .LUL�,_WYLZZPVU�7YVÄSLZ�PU�4L[HZ[H[PJ�*VSVU�*HUJLY�*LSS Yan Leyfman*, Yuan Wang, Iwao Ojima, Galina I. Botchkina Imbibition of Gases Between Silica and Graphene Kate E. Noa*, Milton W. Cole, Angela D. Lueking Physics Performance of Different Jet Clustering Algorithms in Recon- structing Hadronic Tops David Krohn, Cristina Popa*, Liantao Wang Graduate Students Using Continuum Robots for Contact Detection and Estimation of Contact Location Andrea Bajo*, Nabil Simaan Validation and Benchmarking of Computational Fluid Dynam- Jennifer Lazaros, Erica Michelle Hasten, Alyssa Schuck, Harvey Babich Effect of VEGF on Glucose Transporter 1 during Status Epilepticus Bobby Thomas Effect of Carnitine on Brain Cell Survival Jose Zhagnay, Maria L Cotrina Effect of L-Carnitine on Breast Cancer Cell Migration Adam McConnell, Maria L Cotrina, Regina Sullivan Analysis of Bortezomib-Induced Nuclear Translocation of IkBa In Metastatic Prostate Cancer Cells Subrata Manna, Adeel Zubair, Ivana Vancurova The Effect of HIF2 alpha on Cell Growth and Cell Survival Cathy Meng Hao, Yatrik Shah Chemistry Density Function Theory Study on the Reaction of Deprotonated Tyro- sine [Tyr-H]- with Singlet Molecular Oxygen Kallol Mitra Heavy Metals in Golf Balls by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectropho- tometry Andre Hugh Smithson Reactivity of Tris (trimethylsilyl) Phosphite in the Synthesis of the N- Mustard Bisphosphonic Acid of Bicine and Phenylalanine Luis Vargas, Marjorie Morales, Kevin Chavez Determination of Copper Content of the US Penny by X-Ray Fluores- cence, Visible Spectroscopy and Gravimetric Method Sharda Jagdeo Concentration Dependence of Refractive Index Measured by a Laser Pointer: Refractive Index vs. Concentration Rebecca Cho Determination and Applications of the Van ‘t Hoff factor Using Microscale Freezing Point Determination Measurements Fathima Nazmudeen, Paris Svoronos, Mario Balducci, Pedro Irigoyen An unusual porous and spherical micro-scale morphology for poly(o-toluidine) Daniel LaFaurie, David M. Sarno 5HUVÄILYZ�JV�WVS`TLYPaLK�MYVT�HUPSPUL�HUK�Z\SMVUH[LK�HUPSPUL� for electrostatic interaction with gold nanoparticles Engred Vanegas, David M. Sarno The Probing Zinc- Tetracycline Keywords: cell; columbia; effect; ivana; manna; subrata; survival; undergraduate; vancurova; � �
• Poliovirus Receptor CD155 Over-Expression Effect on Migration in C6 Glioma Cells by Bhaiwala, Zahra; Marshall, Christine (2011) - In the beginning phase of experimentation, we analyzed the migratory behavior of control C6 gliomas through two rounds of [YHUZÄS[LY�HZZH`Z��0U�VYKLY�[V�L_WSVYL�[OL�M\UJ[PVU�VM�*+����PU�NSPVTH�TPNYH[PVU��^L�[OLU�JVUK\J[LK�[^V�V]LY�L_WYLZZPVU� experiments with the use of a full-length cDNA expression vector and compared the resulting migration rates to control KH[H��>L�MV\UK�[OH[�HU�H]LYHNL�VM��������JVU[YVS�JLSSZ�JYVZZ�V\Y�[YHUZÄS[LYZ�HM[LY�����OV\YZ��HUK�HU�H]LYHNL�VM�������JLSSZ� [YHUZMLJ[LK�^P[O�[OL�7=9�L_WYLZZPVU�]LJ[VY��6\Y�YLZ\S[Z�YLÅLJ[LK�H�������PUJYLHZL�PU�JLSS�TPNYH[PVU�K\L�[V�HU�PUJYLHZLK� WYLZLUJL�VM�[OL�WYV[LPU�*+�����0U�VYKLY�[V�JVUÄYT�[OH[�*+����^HZ�L_WYLZZLK�PU�[OL�YH[�*�Z��^L�Z\IZLX\LU[S`�JVUK\J[LK� two Western Blots: one comparing control C6s and transfected C6s, and the other running control C6s next to a human U87 glioma control cell line. One of these adaptations is in how glioma cells use myosin II, the major source of cytoplasmic contractile force (Gillespie, 1999). Keywords: brain; cd155; cells; columbia; control; expression; glioma; human; malignant; migration; poliovirus; protein; tumor; undergraduate; � �
• Letter from the President by Rao, Arya (2021) - As one of the first undergraduate peer-reviewed scientific journals, we paved the way many years ago for the cre- ation of scientific publications at other universities. I would like to specifically commend the authors published in our 15th edition, who have demonstrated an admirable commitment to scientific achievement and collaboration in this unusual time. Keywords: undergraduate

• GEM Cell Line Establishment, Characterization, and Analysis by Chester, Daniel (2013) - However, there are several additional reasons to develop mouse cell lines. This project is part of a larger one aimed at evaluating drugs targeting the androgen receptor signaling pathways that are often used by prostate cancer cells as positive feedback loops promoting their growth and metastasis Keywords: cancer; cells; columbia; lines; models; mouse; npk; npm; prostate
• A Letter from the Editor-in-Chief by Pham, Kenneth (2020) - On campus, here at Columbia University, CUSJ has vigorously continued to create and support an undergraduate research community. For example, CUSJ, in co-sponsorship with the Columbia University chapter of the American Physician Scientists Association and the Charles Drew Premedical Society at Columbia University, hosted a panel discussion with MD, PhD and MD/PhD students about graduate degrees in the sciences. Keywords: columbia; research

• Exploring the “Cascade Effect” of AEBSF on Reduced Glioblastoma Proliferation by Mirza, Mehwish (2024) - Biological process enrichment analysis of AEBSF serine protease (Chy- motrypsin-C, Trypsin-1, Trypsin-2, Neutrophil Elastase, Urokinase-type plasminogen activator, Prothrombin) and metalloproteinase (MMP9, MMP14) targets. AEBSF decreases T98G viability AEBSF was also demonstrated to re- duce viability in T98G cells. Keywords: aebsf; cells; gbm; journal; mmp9; proteases; protein; serine; t98; treatment; usa
• Design of a Genetically Encoded Tool to Study the Function of Mitochondria–Lysosome Interactions by Kohut, Yuliia; Coukos, Robert; Krainc, Dimitri (2025) - In live-cell imaging experiments, mitochondria- lysosome contact durations are tunable with this system, increasing proportionally with abscisic-acid concentration used. The involvement of organelle contacts has been implicated in a variety of cellular functions, including organelle fission, trafficking, and cellular metabolism. Keywords: aba; cells; colocalization; construct; contact; figure; kohut; lysosomal; lysosome; mitochondria; organelle; protein; system

• Recent Progress in Engineered Oncolytic Viruses: A Thematic Review by Manjila, Nihal (2025) - These modifications can take the form of increased levels of surface proteins or signaling molecules, as well as directly causing the death of cancer cells.12 Enhancing modifications could also address different barriers to antitumor effectiveness, such as signaling from tumor cells or the immune system containing and destroying OV particles before they can take effect and destroy cancer cells. Therefore, remodeling and modifying the tumor microenvironment to facilitate targeting of tumor cells by NK cells could be a design goal for engineered OVs. Keywords: antitumor; cancer; cells; clinical; colleagues; immune; microenvironment; oncolytic; ovs; signaling; treatment; tumor; virus; viruses
• Relationships between Oncologist Gender, Participatory Decision Making, Anxiety and Breast Cancer Care by Xu, Kevin; Weseley, Allyson (2022) - 37 51 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Male Female Oncologist Gender S ta n d a r d C a r e R a te ( % ) Figure 1 (�Z[H[PZ[PJHSS`�ZPNUPÄJHU[�KPMMLYLUJL�^HZ�MV\UK�IL[^LLU�[OL���VM�MLTHSL�VUJVSVNPZ[Z»�WH[PLU[Z��� ����������^OV�YLJLP]LK�HKQ\]HU[� [OLYHW`�HUK�[OL���VM�THSL�VUJVSVNPZ[Z»�WH[PLU[Z�YLJLP]LK�HKQ\]HU[�[YLH[TLU[���������������_õ� ���$�������W�#���� 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 PDM A n x ie ty Figure 2 /PNOLY�WHY[PJPWH[VY`�KLJPZPVU�THRPUN�^HZ�MV\UK�[V�IL�ZPNUPÄJHU[S`�JVYYLSH[LK�^P[O�SV^LY�SL]LSZ�VM�HU_PL[ �̀�Y�$��������W�#����� Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal Open-Access Publication | http://cusj.columbia.com 30 cusjVolume 5Spring 2011 Columbia Undergraduate Sci J http://cusj.columbia.edu O N CO LO G Y cusjcolumbia undergraduate science journalResearch Articles 31cusj Volume 5Spring 2011 Columbia Undergraduate Sci J http://cusj.columbia.edu O N CO LO G Y Relationship of Oncologist Gender to Adjuvant Treatment As seen in Table 1, 47 of all 105 participating breast cancer patients received adjuvant treatment (lumpectomy followed by either radiotherapy or chemotherapy). No Standard Care A n x ie t y Figure 6 7H[PLU[Z�^OV�YLJLP]LK�HKQ\]HU[�[YLH[TLU[�OHK�THYNPUHSS`�SV^LY�SL]LSZ�VM�HU_PL[`��4�$�������[OHU�WHY[PJPWHU[Z�^OV�KPK�UV[�YLJLP]L�HKQ\- ]HU[�[YLH[TLU[��4�$��������[������$�������W�$��� � Conclusion References O N CO LO G Y Low energy surface acoustic waves (SAW) have been shown to reduce bio!lm formation on urinary catheters in rabbits (Hazan et al., 2006). Keywords: breast; cancer; patients; pdm; treatment; vm �; w �; � hkq\]hu[; � huk; � pu; � wh[plu[z; � �

• CFHMM: Heterogeneous Tumor CNV Classification by Hidden Markov by Obradovic, Aleksandar; Qi, Hongjian (2020) - After 15-state classification, a posterior purity estimate for each bin where tumor state is not equal to normal state can be derived from equation 2, and this distribution can be plotted to visualize clonal fraction, as well as k-means-clustered to group mutations belonging to the same clone sub-population. Where, conversely: (2) The purity prior k for input into CFHMM is taken as the mean of values from equation 2, assuming normal state 2 and using only extreme log-ratios over the equation 1 values for pure (k=1) tumor state 3, or under the threshold for pure tumor state 1. Keywords: accuracy; data; purity; state; tumor

• Letter from the Editor-in-Chief by Rabbe, Kazi (2024) - Kazi Rabbe Editor-in-Chief, CUSJ Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal 4 Letter from the Editor-in-Chief Dear Readers, I, along with the rest of the CUSJ board, are ecstatic to present you with the 16th volume of our publication. Keywords: cusj
• On the 2019 CUSJ Research Symposium Honorable Mentions by CUSJ Editorial Board (2020) - By conducting this research, Justin hopes to create an effective, natural treatment that can inhibit proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. To combat the issue of enamel erosion, which is irreversible, she constructed a scaffold which would aid in the cellular proliferation, organization, and differentiation of primary gingival fibroblast cells in hopes that it could be used for further research in enamel regeneration. Keywords: cusj; enamel; research
• Letter from the Editor-in-Chief by Parsley, Julia (2020) - Volume 14 of CUSJ is diverse in scientific fields represented, ranging from biochemistry and the development of enzymatic nanoreactors for industrial synthesis, to the social science of shame in teens. Since our very first volume in 2006, it has been the mission of CUSJ to provide an accessible and professional, open access platform for undergraduates to communicate their research advances in various scientific fields. Keywords: cusj
• Letter from the Editor-in-Chief by Leite, Isabella (2021) - Sincerely, Isabella Leite Editor-in-Chief Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal 3 This includes but is not limited to the CUSJ editorial board, the CUSJ editorial committee, our Faculty Advisory Board, our advisors at Columbia Libraries, our peer reviewers, research mentors, and all students who submitted their work. Keywords: cusj

• Unveiling Dark Matter in a Galaxy: A Case Study of NGC 1068 by Lee, Seonyu; Kim, Heeju (2025) - As the error bars do not overlap, the presence of dark matter is confirmed. INTRODUCTION In the 1930s, astronomer Zwicky introduced the concept of “dark matter”, a form of matter that interacts gravitationally but not with light, while studying the Coma Cluster.1 Later in the 1970s, Vera Rubin confirmed the existence of dark matter by revealing the flatness of galactic rotation curves.2 Despite accumulating evidence of dark matter’s existence, its nature remains one of the most significant unsolved mysteries in modern astrophysics. Keywords: cigale; data; distribution; figure; fitting; galaxy; mass; matter; ngc; study
• Classification of Neocortical Neurons Using Affinity Propagation by Ghani, Naureen; Yuste, Rafael (2014) - Affinity propagation classification of interneuron physiologies The analysis of the physiology database revealed 3 distinct clusters (Figure 2). Affinity propagation classification of interneuron joint databases The analysis of the interneuron joint database resulted in 2 clusters (Figure 3). Keywords: affinity; cells; classification; cluster; data; exemplar; interneurons; neurons; propagation
• Direct Imaging of Exoplanets with Project 1640 by Lewis, Briley; Oppenheimer, Rebecca (2017) - Despite these challenges, it is possible to image exoplanets, and even to extract their spectra to better understand their composition. In order to image exoplanets, Project 1640 employs several techniques to overcome the difficulties described in §1.1. Keywords: data; et al; image; noise; oppenheimer; project; speckles; star

• Optical Characterization of Potential Dampening in Dendritic Spine Electrophysiology by Kim, Samuel; Sakamoto, Masayuki; Yuste, Rafael (2016) - The mean ΔF/F STA with standard deviation (%) of shaft vs. spine in ArcLight voltage imaging of a total of 6 shaft-spine pairs, for the short pulse (20msec) current injection protocol. A subsequent, more general characterization of Arch using voltage clamp and voltage step manipulations with QuasAr1 at different laser intensities indicates that QuasAr1 shows large changes in fluorescence at much weaker laser intensities (~10 mW) than was used for aforementioned current injection voltage imaging (~110 mW). Keywords: arch; arclight; cell; fig; fluorescence; imaging; injection; potential; shaft; spine; voltage
• The Effects of APOBEC3G's Cytidine Deaminase Activity on Retroviral Evolution by Obikili, Mary-Benedicta (2021) - Although APOBEC3 proteins help inhibit viral infection through their cytidine deaminase activity, A3D, A3F, A3G, and A3H may also play a role in viral evolution, where viruses such as HIV gain beneficial mutations that enable them to overcome the antiviral activity of A3 proteins Vif has two motifs that bind to A3 proteins: DRMR which binds to and degrades A3F and A3D, and the other motif, YRHHY, which binds to A3G, leading to its degradation [5]. Keywords: cell; mutations; proteins; virus

• Ascending Arousal Network Connectivity in Disorders of Consciousness: A Diffusion MRI Study by Li, Darwin (2025) - RESULTS To visualize AAN connectivity between controls and chronic DoC patients, we generated normalized tract plots of streamlines passing between all subcortical AAN structures. The box plots for the hypothalamus and thalamus show a notably lower median tract count in chronic DoC patients compared to controls, with the median line of the DoC group visibly closer to the first quartile than the third. Keywords: aan; arousal; brain; chronic; connectivity; consciousness; controls; doc; patients; thalamus

• Current Methods and Future Research in the Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease by Jhajj, Gaganpreet; Farinas, Mark (2022) - Potential benchtop tests involving ThT and its binding interactions with amyloid could be developed in the near future using detection methods similar to the RT-QuIC detection method. Innovations in any of these areas would greatly increase AD diagnosis and treatment. Keywords: alzheimer; amyloid; detection; disease; methods

• Cellular and Biomaterial Approaches for Treating Age-Related Macular Degeneration by Challa, Ashrit; Sama, Srikar; Morrishetty, Selik (2024) - Cell stem cell, 5(4), 396–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2009.07.002 There are two main methods of delivering RPE cells: direct injection and monolayer surgical insertion, the latter demonstrating long-term integration. Keywords: age; amd; cells; degeneration; journal; macular; plga; rpe; stem
• Cardiac Regeneration: A Promising Future For Tissue Engineering and Cardiac Repair by Patel, Krishay (2025) - With the loss of cardiac cells following cardiovascular disease, the ability to extract healthy cardiac cells for tissue engineering becomes greatly limited. Understanding how cardiac cells function within the heart is crucial in studying tissue engineering and cardiac regeneration. Keywords: cardiac; cardiomyocytes; cells; engineering; heart; human; imaging; journal; models; patel; regeneration; stem; tissue; tissue engineering

• Effect of Eccentricity in Microwave Imaging of Multiple Composite Pipes by Gao, Yuki; Raisa, Noshin; Amineh, Reza (2021) - At the end, the normalized modulus of ( )i nφf SC =E DF� � �� � � 1 A SC SC SC N = E E E �� �� � �� 1 AN = D D D �� �� � �� 1( ) ( ) rN k k φ φ f F = f �� �� � �� 1( , ) ( , ) m m m SC a SC a SC a N k k ω φ φ ω ω = E E E �� �� � �� , , 1, 1 , 1 , , 1, , ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) Near-field holographic imaging has been extended to the application of multiple non-metallic pipe imaging in [14, 15] where the pipes are assumed to be perfectly concentric. Keywords: defects; eccentricity; images; imaging; microwave; pipes; � �

• Graphite Based Semi-Conductive 3D Printing Filament by Mann, Matthew (2019) - Conductive graphite filament sample. However, the attributes of the filament might not make a suitable replacement for conductive filament. Keywords: filament; graphite; pla; samples; table
• Characterizing the Biomechanical and Biochemical Properties of Mouse Uterine Tissue by Mondragon, Eli; Yoshida, Kyoko; Meyers, Kristen (2022) - The hydration levels for both Antrxr2 +/+ and Antxr2 -/- mice uterine samples were 76 ± 11% and 75 ± 10%.   Lastly, mechanical testing proved that Antxr2 -/- uterine tissue is mechanically stronger than Antxr2 +/+ (peak stress 0.078 MPa and 0.04 MPa). Keywords: antxr2; collagen; samples; stress; tissue

• Identifying Factors that Control Mechanoreceptor Neuron Development in C. elegans by Tchaconas, Alexis; Chalfie, Martin (2012) - In C. elegans, mechanoreceptor neurons (MRNs) detect touch, with three types that require the gene mec-3 (one of the LIM-homeodomain transcription factors) for their proper differentiation: touch receptor neurons (TRNs) (gentle touch), FLP QHXURQV��WLS�RI�WKH�KHDG�WRXFK��DQG�39'�QHXURQV��KDUVK�WRXFK���:KLOH�WKHVH�WKUHH�051V�GLIIHUHQWLDWH�E\�WKH�VDPH�WUDQVFULSWLRQ�IDFWRU�� each cell type’s differentiation produces distinct morphology and express different genes. Using the explant system, a custom cell seeder and sterile cell culture techniques, we introduced metastatic MDA-MB-231/ *)3�FHOOV�WR�D�WKUHH�GLPHQVLRQDO�ERQH�PDWUL[�ZLWK�RVWHRF\WHV�RQO\��&RQIRFDO�LPDJLQJ�FRQ¿UPV�WKDW�EUHDVW�FDQFHU�FHOOV�ZHUH��LQ�IDFW�� successfully seeded onto bone cores, mimicking metastasis. Keywords: animals; elegans; expression; flp; genes; mec-3; mutant; mutation; neurons; touch; trn; trns; type; wild; � �

• Mirror Panel Edge Sensors for the Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope by Sun, Jonathan; Humensky, Brian; Castano, Daniel Nieto (2020) - The ultimate purpose is to visualize the relationship between the environmental stresses and image intensity. A perl script was written to scour the database of images and environmental variables. Keywords: edge; gamma; image; laser; sensor
• Cherenkov Telescope Array Mirror Alignment Report by Toriello, Francis (2014) - Since the position of the laser’s centroid was given by pixel number, it was necessary to determine the ratio of pixels to millimeters via another ROOT program described in more detail on the following pages. This problem was made most apparent after writing an OPENCV executed program that analyzed this very image and produced a histogram consisting of the amount of pixels versus the intensity values they maintain (see image below): As can be seen, there is an initial spike at zero intensity. Keywords: centroid; laser; pixels
• Cherenkov Telescope Array Mirror Alignment Report by Toriello, Francis (2020) - Since the position of the laser’s centroid was given by pixel number, it was necessary to determine the ratio of pixels to millimeters via another ROOT program described in more detail on the following pages. This problem was made most apparent after writing an OPENCV executed program that analyzed this very image and produced a histogram consisting of the amount of pixels versus the intensity values they maintain (see image below): As can be seen, there is an initial spike at zero intensity. Keywords: centroid; laser; pixels

• Are Veterans Subjected to Social Indifference? by Powell, Allen J. (2020) - Through the use of several other independent cases, each of which also places the provision of monetary funding support to help Veterans as their top priorities, combined with the isolation of indifference in each case as the primary cause for failure, it is possible to confirm generalizable social indifference exists towards Veterans, Veterans social issues, and providing meaningful support for Veterans causes. A large number of widely known charities have used everything from celebrities to fund raisers, from advertisements to social media campaigns to attempt to spread awareness of their cause, gain donations, and prompt participation. Keywords: campaign; cause; charities; indifference; individuals; media; military; page; photography; rules; self; service; support; total; veterans
• I’m Upset, not Ashamed: An Investigation into Adolescent Shame Acknowledgement by Putnam, Olivia; Lake, Keely (2020) - A paired t-test comparing aver- age ISS shame and PANAS shame affirmed this underre- porting phenomenon in individuals, with nearly 74 per- cent of participants reporting lower self-rated PANAS shame than “true” ISS shame. Shame is a powerful and acutely painful “master emotion” that is strongly correlated with maladaptive behav- iors and a host of psychological symptoms. Keywords: affect; emotion; iss; panas; scale; score; self; shame
• CUSJ Volume 14 - 2020 by CUSJ, Editorial Board (2020) - If I0 N ���� :H WKHQ FRQVLGHU ���� DQG ����� \LHOGLQJ� If I0 N = µnµe0+ µnµe0++$ [1! e!(µnµe0++$)L] µe0+ µe0++$ [1! 7HDFKHUV DQG 6FLHQWLVWV �:'76� XQGHU WKH 6FLHQFH 8QGHUJUDGXDWH /DERUDWRU\ ,QWHUQVKLSV 3UR� JUDP �68/,�� $&.12:/('*(0(176 :H WKDQN $SXUYD 0HKWD DQG 5\DQ 'DYLV IRU WKHLU VXSSRUW DQG JXLGDQFH� 5()(5(1&(6 >�@ $� ,LGD� 7� 1RPD� &RUUHFWLRQ RI WKH 6HOI�$EVRUSWLRQ (IIHFW LQ )OXRUHVFHQFH ;�5D\ $EVRUSWLRQ )LQH 6WUXFWXUH� -SQ� - $SSO� 3K\V� ��� ��������� ������� >�@ &�+� %RRWK� )� %ULGJHV� ,PSURYHG 6HOI�$EVRUSWLRQ &RUUHFWLRQ IRU )OXRUHVFHQFH 0HDVXUHPHQWV RI ([� WHQGHG ;�5D\ $EVRUSWLRQ ) Keywords: + �; d �; dqg wkh; gglwlrqdoo\ �; gox; ioxruhvfhqfh; liquid; lj �; lqwhuhvw �; lv wkh; mixing; pdwhuldo �; phase; ri d; ri wkh; ruljlqdo �; salt; self; separation; shame; srvw �; suh �; vdpsoh �; vhoi �; vlq; vshf �; vshfwud �; vshfwuxp �; wkdw; wkh vdpsoh; wklfnqhvv �; wr wkh; xq �; µn �; � +; � 7kh; � 7klv; � devruehg; � devruswlrq; � dqg; � dv; � e; � hgjh; � iru; � lv; � lw; � ri; � rqh; � ru; � ud\; � wkh; � wklv; � wlrq; � wuxp; � zh; � zkhuh; � zklfk; � zlwk; � �

• Changes in NR2B-NMDA Receptor Expression Relate to Individual Differences in Adaptability to Food Restriction-Stress by Mendonca, Danielle; Aoki, Chiye; Varela, Katherine; Chen, Yi-Wen (2018) - The findings suggest higher levels of post-ES NR2B levels make ABA animals less susceptible to hyperactivity during ABA2, even when anticipating food. We found that ABA2 animals had more NR2B-labeling in presynaptic terminals and postsynaptic cytoplasm than controls. Keywords: aba2; activity; animals; ca1; differences; food; immunoreactivity; levels; membrane; mice; nmda; nr2b; post; running; synapses; weight; wheel
• CT Based Semi-Automated Method for Pneumonia Severity in Mice by Johri, Ansh; Hsu, Lewis (2011) - References Comparison Groups P-value from t-test of percent lung by Semi-Automated Segmentation in material H P-value from t-test of Radiologists scores Saline vs. Bacteria 0.001 0.004 Pneumonia Survivors vs. Pneumonia Deaths 0.039 0.581 All Survivor vs. Bacterial Deaths 0.001 0.058 Table 4 *VTWHYPZVU�VM�4PJYV*;�X\HU[PÄJH[PVU�I`�4H[LYPHS�/�[V�X\HSPÄJH[PVU�I`�YHKPVSVNPZ[Z���(�JVTWHYPZVU�VM�[OL�HIPSP[`�VM�[OL�ZLTP�H\[VTH[LK�TL[OVK�[V�[LSS�NYV\WZ�HWHY[�]LYZ\Z� radiologist ability. Survivors 0.032 0.00 7 0.01 0 0.44 8 0.04 3 0.03 1 0.00 9 0.00 1 0.058 Table 3 7�]HS\L�+PZ[YPI\[PVU�MVY�LHJO�4H[LYPHS��HZ�JHSJ\SH[LK�I`�[�[LZ[�*VTWHYPZVU���:[H[PZ[PJHSS`�ZPNUPÄJHU[�HIPSP[`�MVY�TH[LYPHS�/�[V�KPZ[PUN\PZO�IL[^LLU�:HSPUL�]Z��(SS�7UL\- monia, Pneumonia Survivors vs. Pneumonia Non-Survivors, and All Suvivors vs. Pneumonia Non-Suvivors. Keywords: lung; mice; non; pneumonia; radiologists; survivors; volume; � �
• Microbiome Composition and Circadian Rhythm Disruption Alters Epithelial Barrier Integrity by Pinker, Elisha; Tuganbaev, Timur (2021) - Our data signi- fies metabolic syndromes’ role in both dis- rupting circadian rhythms and heightening intestinal barrier permeability that can lead to increased inflammation and infection. HFD mice were placed in ZT2 and ZT14 light-dark cycles to measure two time points upon sacrifice. Keywords: barrier; circadian; disruption; epithelial; figure; gut; hfd; jet; lag; mice; microbiome; permeability; zt14

• Letter from the President by Kudinoor, Arjun (2024) - I am grate- ful to our Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal team and editorial board for their significant contributions to our scientific review process. Arjun Kudinoor President, Chief Editorial Officer Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal Keywords: science

• Discovering Dengue Virus Antibody Using Phage Display Technology by Yoon, Ryeogyeoung; Kim, Yoonchang; Ahn, Somin; Kim, Lawrence (2024) - This technique allowed us to derive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from the genome library and select DENV antibodies that bind to antigen proteins. Phage Display technology refers to a bioengineering technique that allows in vitro selection of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by displaying peptides or antibodies on the sur- face of bacteriophages. Keywords: antibodies; antibody; dengue; denv; display; dna; phage; plate
• Characterizing Intracellular Localization and Chromatin Remodeling Role of CHD6 in Human Fetal Development and in Glioblastoma by Tsankova, Nadejda; Basri, Noah (2016) - CHD6 ChIP showed partial enrichment at the promoter of EGFR, one gene of possible significance to glioblastoma2, in fetal and glioblastoma tissues, relative to a presumed positive control locus where CHD6 has been previously demonstrate to bind8. Thank you to Dr. Walsh for collaborating on the experimental design, providing the CHD6 antibody and reporting ZIC1 as a positive control for CHD6 ChIP. REFERENCES Keywords: chd6; chip; chromatin; dna; glioblastoma; immunofluorescence; localization; loci; matrix; proteins

• Challenges Between and Within Rural Minority Demographics by Blue, Benjamin (2024) - Cultural competence is paramount in rural health to gain patient trust, correctly and appropriately convey information, and foster accessibility [11]. A defining struggle in rural health is long geographic distances. Keywords: americans; areas; demographics; disability; factors; health; healthcare; issues; minorities; minority; native; populations; rates; research; rural; services; veterans
• Sentiment Analysis of Tweets to Gain Insights into the 2016 US Election by Agrawal, Ankur; Hamling, Tim (2021) - Trump Tweets % Pos (Trump) % Neg (Trump) Total 2810051 39.6% 45.7% 4044162 43.2% 42.2% We counted tweets that had a score above 0.0 as positive tweets, tweets that had a score below 0.0 to be negative tweets, and tweet with a score of 0.0 as a neutral tweets. Keywords: algorithm; clinton; election; issues; results; sentiment; states; trump; trump trump; tweets; twitter

• Power Transformer Monitoring System by Likhar, Shreyansh (2020) - Index Terms—Power transformer, embedded systems, transformer protection I. INTRODUCTION OWER TRANSFORMERS are the important part of power system which are used to step up and down the power to make usable for electricity consumers. Most consumer products or machinery including mobile phones, automobiles and household appliances or computersare equipped with a programmable microcontroller.[5] Fig.5- Atmel AVR pin outs 4.5 CONSERVATOR OIL LEVEL INDICATOR- 4.5.1 MAGNETIC OIL GAUGE Magnetic oil gauge is used indicate the oil level in conservator of power transformer. Keywords: oil; power; system; transformer

• Designing an Industrially Scalable, Flow-Based Synthesis for the Production of Nilotinib: Chemical Process Modeling and Economic Analysis by Cheung, Justin M; Hofflich, Jessica; Henriquez, Pablo; Huang, Jian; Jami, Nafiul (2019) - Although this process chemistry for nilotinib synthesis is currently in use for its commercial production, there are four distinct drawbacks of Novartis’s currently patented method. The five known paths for nilotinib synthesis were compiled and are outlined in Table 1. Keywords: buchwald; flow; generic; nilotinib; novartis; process; production; reaction; synthesis; tasigna; year
• A Letter from the Editor-in-Chief by Ballinger, Sean (2022) - I am confident that next year’s board will uphold our rigorous review standards and successfully take on new ventures in our mission to bring science to the public. This year’s edition of the CUSJ includes four papers from Columbia University undergraduates in the areas of biomedicine and computational genomics. Keywords: year

• Low-Level Visual Processing Allows Humans to React to Animate Objects: Binding Memory as a Key Subsystem of Biological Motion Detection by Hamilton, Andrew (2012) - Binding memory is an indispensable part of biological motion detection. is is a limit of human binding memory: subjects’ performance in object-recall tasks depend on the number features the objects have. E!ects of old age and disease on binding memory Recent studies have also explored the e$ects of old age and diseases such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia on binding memory. Keywords: binding; detection; features; memory; motion

• Predicting Second Language Proficiency with Resting-state Brain Rhythms by Ogunniyi, Victoria; Abugaber, David; Finestrat, Irene; Luque, Alicia; Morgan-Short, Kara (2021) - Regarding L2 proficiency studies, results have shown that highly proficient L2 learners differ in qEEG measures from less proficient L2 learners Based on our results, within- and between-net- work coherence over the theta frequency band is closely related to Spanish L2 proficiency. Keywords: coherence; dele; frequency; language; learning; measures; memory; participants; power; proficiency; qeeg; spanish; state; studies; study; task; theta

• The Effect of Fasudil on Glioma Cell Migration by Wang, Christine; Dovas, Athanassios; Amendolara, Benjamin; Canoll, Peter (2014) - However, residual cell motility and phosphorylation despite treatment with fasudil also suggest that more work must be done to assess the importance of other pathways in glioma cell migration. In order to test the motility of untreated and treated cells and confirm fasudil would inhibit glioma cell migration to a significant degree, Transwell Migration Assays (TMA) were the assay of choice. Keywords: cells; fasudil; figure; glioma; migration; phosphorylation; rlc; rock; y-27632

• Our Future in the Stars by Yang, Helen; Lewis, Briley; Seetharaman, Abhinav (2022) - As our society has look into our future in space, we have expanded our ideas, including plans to construct space colonies –stations with Earth-like features that function as permanent settlements. Expected to meet the constantly growing needs of human space exploration programs, Orion may eventually carry astronauts to worlds far beyond Earth’s orbit which no man has ever seen or set foot on. Keywords: astronauts; iss; space

• Characterization & Correction of Self-Absorption Distortion in XANES by Reddy, Aidan; Mehta, Apurva (2020) - If I0 N ���� :H WKHQ FRQVLGHU ���� DQG ����� \LHOGLQJ� If I0 N = µnµe0+ µnµe0++$ [1! e!(µnµe0++$)L] µe0+ µe0++$ [1! 7HDFKHUV DQG 6FLHQWLVWV �:'76� XQGHU WKH 6FLHQFH 8QGHUJUDGXDWH /DERUDWRU\ ,QWHUQVKLSV 3UR� JUDP �68/,�� $&.12:/('*(0(176 :H WKDQN $SXUYD 0HKWD DQG 5\DQ 'DYLV IRU WKHLU VXSSRUW DQG JXLGDQFH� 5()(5(1&(6 >�@ $� ,LGD� 7� 1RPD� &RUUHFWLRQ RI WKH 6HOI�$EVRUSWLRQ (IIHFW LQ )OXRUHVFHQFH ;�5D\ $EVRUSWLRQ )LQH 6WUXFWXUH� -SQ� - $SSO� 3K\V� ��� ��������� ������� >�@ &�+� %RRWK� )� %ULGJHV� ,PSURYHG 6HOI�$EVRUSWLRQ &RUUHFWLRQ IRU )OXRUHVFHQFH 0HDVXUHPHQWV RI ([� WHQGHG ;�5D\ $EVRUSWLRQ ) Keywords: + �; d �; dqg wkh; ioxruhvfhqfh; iru; lj �; lv wkh; ri wkh; srvw �; vdpsoh �; vhoi �; vlq; vshfwud �; vshfwuxp �; wkdw; wkh vdpsoh; wklfnqhvv �; wr wkh; µn �; � +; � 7kh; � devruehg; � devruswlrq; � dqg; � dv; � e; � hgjh; � lw; � ri; � ru; � ud\; � wkh; � zh; � zkhuh; � zklfk; � �

• Protein-Polymer Complex Coacervates as Synthetic Membrane-less Organelles by Tjo, Hansen; Zervoudis, Nicholas; Obermeyer, Allie (2020) - [9] R. A. Kapelner, A.C. Obermeyer, Ionic polypeptide tags for protein phase separation. For the GOx-PEI system, no form of phase separation was observed at all salt concentrations. Keywords: coacervate; gox; liquid; mixing; phase; polycation; salt; separation; systems; turbidity

• Inside the Nucleon: Tomographic Interpretations and Universality of GPDs with DDVCS by Yuan, Melinda; Robbins, Jocelyn (2024) - al. 38 After generating the simulated and weighted DDVCS events, we analyzed the data to bet- ter understand how the experimental kine- matics variables relate to each other. al. 37 METHODS In order to simulate DDVCS collisions, we used the event generator DEEPGen, devel- oped by Dr. Marie Boër. Keywords: ddvcs; events; figure; gpds; nucleon; scattering

• SEPHI of Exoplanets Kepler-504 b, Kepler-315 b and Kepler-315 c by Bhaumik, Sattik (2025) - Adopting SEPHI, with respect to ESI, the results for SEPHI values and ESI values for the exoplanets along with planets from our Solar System have been added to give A reference base for understanding SEPHI’s relevance. The calculations conducted in this paper were built on the data used previously such as calculation for relative planetary mass (mp), relative planetary radius (rp), relative escape velocity (ve), stellar luminosity (Ln), relative density (⍴p), Stellar Effective Temperature (Teff), which forms the basis for calculating the four composition criteria used to determine SEPHI values for each of the exoplanets.4 These particular criteria are essential to understand whether those basic conditions are compatible enough to allow Earth-based life (carbon-based life) on that exoplanet. Keywords: earth; exoplanets; function; habitability; kepler-315; likelihood; sephi

• Addicted to Adderall by Moneer, Osman; Lawson, Jacqueline; Joern, Julia; Mensah, Theresa (2020) - 30% of students abuse ADHD medication such as Adderall, and an estimated 81% of students believe ADHD medication is not dangerous. Intended to alleviate difficulties associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD), Adderall touts a greater focus and increased alertness. Keywords: adderall; adhd; students

• Meet Dr. Joachim Frank, Nobel Laureate by Chelur, Vikas; Trifas, Maria (2018) - Meet Dr. Joachim Frank, Nobel Laureate 20 Meet Dr. Joachim Frank, Nobel Laureate CUSJ 2018 ________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: frank; molecules

• Aboveground Biomass and Carbon Storage Capacities of a Western Amazonian Primary and Secondary Growth Forest by Finnell, Lindsay; Nordin, Bailey (2019) - This is indicative of a lack of available information concerning lower secondary forest tree density of trees ≥ 10 cm DBH. While old growth forests like UCP tend to store more of their carbon above ground, secondary growth forests like CAS store only about 38.1% of forest carbon in AGB, with the rest being stored primarily soil (Ngo et al. 2013). Keywords: agb; carbon; cas; dbh; density; forest; height; primary; secondary; trees; ucp; wood

• Polynomial-time Matrix-based Method of Determining Subset Sum Solutions by Alston, Aubrey (2015) - To represent the solution space of Z(A’, t, 3, vr, 4, vs), the outlined algorithm follows the convention of expressing solution space with respect to a particular solution of the system and any linear combination of the null space of the multiplier of Z(A’, t, 3, vr, 4, vs). ! (3) In all other cases, S of length t >5 of A exists if and only if there exists a window configuration and membership assignment t1, t2, vr, vs such that there exists a set I, length t’ = t - t1 - t2 - vr - vs satisfying D3,Ij <1 and ΣD1,Ij= ΣD2,Ij = 1 for all j in the range of the length of I. Suppose that such a window exists. Keywords: length; set; subset

• Agent Based Trading Model of Heterogeneous & Changing Beliefs by Jung, Jaehoon (2020) - When agent 1 pushes the price up from S to K + PK, wealth of agent k, (F, will increase by d(F = JFPK. The simulated stock price seems to become more volatile as heterogeneity across agent beliefs increases with the dispersion in reaction to news information accumulating over time. Keywords: agent; beliefs; model; stock

• The Effects of Neuregulin on Synapse Formation in Primary Muscle/Nerve Co-Cultures by Walsh, Jessica; Mann, Mary A; Fischbach, Gerald (2007) - NRG1 binds to receptors on the surface of the muscle, known as erbB receptors. In order to study the effects of NRG1 on early stages of synapse formation, we prepared co-cultures of dissociated muscle cells from postnatal day 1 (P1) mice and neural tube explants from embryonic day 11 (E11) mice. Keywords: nrg1

• Differentiation of Two Species of MUllerian Inhibitory Substance (MIS) by Bader, Andrew R; Lim, Douglas; MacLaughlinn, David (2007) - Microsoft Word - Document3 ARTICLEVOLUME 2, SPRING 2007 Differentiation of Two Species of MUllerian Inhibitory Substance (MIS) Andrew R Bader1, Douglas Lim2, David MacLaughlin3 1 Columbia College, Columbia University, 2 Clarkson University, 3 Pediatric Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital Abstract Muellerian inhibiting substance (MIS), also known as Anti-Muellerian hormone, is a testicular protein responsible for the regression of the MUllerian duct. The results of these investigations reveal the existence of two distinct types of MIS differentiated by ELISA which based on future study may have different impacts as cancer treatment agents. Keywords: mis

• Anomaly Correction by Optimal Trading Frequency by Yin, Yiqiao (2020) - Observe price pt for each company Step 2. Observe price pt for each company Step 2. Keywords: buy; step; theorem

• Identification of Inhibitors of Phosphate-activated Glutaminase for the Pharmacotherapy of Schizophrenia by Sorrento, Cristina; Rayport, Stephen; Mihali, Andra; Subramani, Shreya; MacDonald, Joanne; Katz, Francine; Katz, Francine (2022) - �2�ZDV�QRW�WHVWHG�RQ����������� of which is the Cheng-Pruso& equation: Ki= IC50/(1+[S]/KM ) IC��� values are displayed in the table to the right Figure 3 $�VFKHPDWLF�GLDJUDP�RXWOLQLQJ�WKH�VFUHHQLQJ�SURFHVV�IRU�WKH�VHOHFWLRQ�RI�3$*�VSHFL¿F�LQKLELWRUV P S Y C H IATR Y Trial 1 2 3 4 Average ± SE IC50 (uM) 5.482 3.647 4.655 3.303 4.272 ± 0.572 R2 0.951 0.982 0.944 0.956 (DR=95-50%), low or extreme (DR<50% or DR>95%), and poor dynamic range (DR!0%). Keywords: assay; compounds; glutamate; glutamine; inhibition; inhibitors; pag; plates; schizophrenia; screen; uorescence; � �

• Lipophilic Tracer DiI Used for Neuronal Tracing in the Fixed Hippocampal Formations of Mice by Greenberg, Jessica; Piskorowski, Rebecca; Siegelbaum, Steven (2022) - � � � � Figure 6A Figure 6B Figure 6 ;OPZ�PZ�H�����TPJYVU�[OPJR�ZHNP[[HS�ZSPJL�MYVT�H�^OVSL�TV\U[�^OLYL�[OL� K`L�^HZ�PUZLY[LK�PU[V�*(��^OPSL�[OL�IYHPU�^HZ�Z[PSS�PU[HJ[���/LYL�[OLYL� is labeling in the upper region of the CEnt and the DLEnt. This slice was incubated for 4 KH`Z�H[����KLNYLLZ�*�HUK�[OLU�WSHJLK�H[���KLNYLLZ�\U[PS�ILPUN�TV\U[LK� � � � � � Figure 2A Figure 2B Figure 2C Figure 3 ;OLZL�HYL�PTHNLZ�VM�H�����TPYJVU�ZHNP[[HS�ZSPJL�^P[O�[^V�+P0�JY`Z[HSZ���-PN\YL��(�PZ�HU�PTHNL�VM�[OL�[VW�VM�[OL�ZSPJL���;OL�^OP[L�HYYV^�PZ�^OLYL�[OL�+P0�JY`Z[HS�^HZ� placed in CA1 and the blue arrow point to labeling in the top of CEnt. Keywords: -pn\yl �; h �; pu �; slices; vm �; älsk �; � [ol; � [v; � figure; � huk; � hyl; � myvt; � pz; � shilspun; � ylnpvu; � zhnp[[hs; � zspjl; � �

• Columbia Spring Research Symposium 2021 by Leite, Isabella (2021) - 63 Third Place: Probing the Statistical Relationship Between Binary Black Hole Mergers and Active Galactic Nuclei Hosts by Amanda Beck About the Author: My name is Amanda Beck, and I am a Brazilian Junior at Columbia University, Columbia College, majoring in Astrophysics. First Place: Can we use next-generation gravitational wave detectors for terrestrial precision measurements of Shapiro time delay? by Andrew Sullivan Abstract: Shapiro time delay is an effect predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity where- by the travel time of light is delayed as light passes by massive objects. Keywords: research; shapiro; time

Epilogue

For more detail, about this study carrel, see the computed home page. For more detail about study carrels in general, see the read me file.

Created: 2025-12-23