[{"id": "cusj-10288", "words": "9634", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "59", "author": "Datta, Neelabh", "title": "Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Features of Huntington Disease: A Fatal Neurodegenerative Disorder with Autosomal Dominant Inheritance", "date": "2024", "keywords": "brain; cag; disease; gene; htt; huntington; huntington disease; journal; onset; protein", "summary": "[69] Aziz, N. A., van der Burg, J. M. M., Ta- brizi, S. J., & Landwehrmeyer, G. B. (2018). [54] Gusella, J. F., MacDonald, M. E., & Lee, J. M. (2014).", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-10616", "words": "2603", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "58", "author": "Yuan, Melinda; Robbins, Jocelyn", "title": "Inside the Nucleon: Tomographic Interpretations and Universality of GPDs with DDVCS", "date": "2024", "keywords": "ddvcs; events; figure; gpds; nucleon; scattering", "summary": "al. 38 After generating the simulated and weighted DDVCS events, we analyzed the data to bet- ter understand how the experimental kine- matics variables relate to each other. al. 37 METHODS In order to simulate DDVCS collisions, we used the event generator DEEPGen, devel- oped by Dr. Marie Bo\u00ebr.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-10965", "words": "4725", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "55", "author": "Lang, Elvis; Tilton, John; Sweet, Thomas", "title": "Expression of Single mRNA Constructs Encoding Both CRISPR-Cas9 Protein and Guide RNAs for Future Gene Therapy Applications: 2023 Article of The Year", "date": "2024", "keywords": "cas9; cells; crispr; delivery; editing; figure; gene; gfp; grna; pctg; reporter; tlr", "summary": "On the other hand, non-viral meth- ods utilize other macromolecules like lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), protein polymers, and Au nanoparticles to deliver gRNA and Cas9 mRNA, protein, or DNA.10 Delivering the pro- tein form of CRISPR-Cas9 along with gRNA is efficient and doesn\u2019t result in much off-tar- get editing, however it is very expensive and there is risk of endotoxin contamination.10 Cas9 mRNA + gRNA delivery has similar Figure 2: Sequence of PCTG plasmids involved with Cas9 gene editing. al. 9 benefits to the protein form; however, it re- quires two components to get into particles and cells.10 Alternatively, Cas9 delivery can also be performed through complexing and conju- gating with proteins.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-10967", "words": "7586", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "39", "author": "Manjila, Nihal", "title": "Recent Progress in Engineered Oncolytic Viruses: A Thematic Review", "date": "2025", "keywords": "antitumor; cancer; cells; clinical; colleagues; immune; microenvironment; oncolytic; ovs; signaling; treatment; tumor; virus; viruses", "summary": "These modifications can take the form of increased levels of surface proteins or signaling molecules, as well as directly causing the death of cancer cells.12 Enhancing modifications could also address different barriers to antitumor effectiveness, such as signaling from tumor cells or the immune system containing and destroying OV particles before they can take effect and destroy cancer cells. Therefore, remodeling and modifying the tumor microenvironment to facilitate targeting of tumor cells by NK cells could be a design goal for engineered OVs.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-12265", "words": "451", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "57", "author": "Smith, Kynnedy", "title": "Letter From The Editor-In-Chief ", "date": "2024", "keywords": "journal", "summary": "The Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal is a space to celebrate and promote budding scientists like all of you, and we\u2019re looking forward to reading more of your work in the future. Sincerely, Kynnedy Simone Smith Editor-In-Chief, Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal 3", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-12394", "words": "4034", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "46", "author": "Li, Darwin", "title": "Ascending Arousal Network Connectivity in Disorders of Consciousness: A Diffusion MRI Study", "date": "2025", "keywords": "aan; arousal; brain; chronic; connectivity; consciousness; controls; doc; patients; thalamus", "summary": "RESULTS To visualize AAN connectivity between controls and chronic DoC patients, we generated normalized tract plots of streamlines passing between all subcortical AAN structures. The box plots for the hypothalamus and thalamus show a notably lower median tract count in chronic DoC patients compared to controls, with the median line of the DoC group visibly closer to the first quartile than the third.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-12468", "words": "3610", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "47", "author": "Bhaumik, Sattik", "title": "SEPHI of Exoplanets Kepler-504 b, Kepler-315 b and Kepler-315 c", "date": "2025", "keywords": "earth; exoplanets; function; habitability; kepler-315; likelihood; sephi", "summary": "Adopting SEPHI, with respect to ESI, the results for SEPHI values and ESI values for the exoplanets along with planets from our Solar System have been added to give A reference base for understanding SEPHI\u2019s relevance. The calculations conducted in this paper were built on the data used previously such as calculation for relative planetary mass (mp), relative planetary radius (rp), relative escape velocity (ve), stellar luminosity (Ln), relative density (\u2374p), Stellar Effective Temperature (Teff), which forms the basis for calculating the four composition criteria used to determine SEPHI values for each of the exoplanets.4 These particular criteria are essential to understand whether those basic conditions are compatible enough to allow Earth-based life (carbon-based life) on that exoplanet.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-12935", "words": "324", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "44", "author": "Kudinoor, Arjun", "title": "Letter from the President", "date": "2024", "keywords": "science", "summary": "I am grate- ful to our Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal team and editorial board for their significant contributions to our scientific review process. Arjun Kudinoor President, Chief Editorial Officer Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-12937", "words": "391", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "59", "author": "Rabbe, Kazi", "title": "Letter from the Editor-in-Chief", "date": "2024", "keywords": "cusj", "summary": "Kazi Rabbe Editor-in-Chief, CUSJ Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal 4 Letter from the Editor-in-Chief Dear Readers, I, along with the rest of the CUSJ board, are ecstatic to present you with the 16th volume of our publication.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-12939", "words": "2984", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "57", "author": "Yoon, Ryeogyeoung; Kim, Yoonchang; Ahn, Somin; Kim, Lawrence", "title": "Discovering Dengue Virus Antibody Using Phage Display Technology", "date": "2024", "keywords": "antibodies; antibody; dengue; denv; display; dna; phage; plate", "summary": "This technique allowed us to derive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from the genome library and select DENV antibodies that bind to antigen proteins. Phage Display technology refers to a bioengineering technique that allows in vitro selection of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by displaying peptides or antibodies on the sur- face of bacteriophages.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-12940", "words": "3180", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "58", "author": "Mirza, Mehwish", "title": "Exploring the \u201cCascade Effect\u201d of AEBSF on Reduced Glioblastoma Proliferation", "date": "2024", "keywords": "aebsf; cells; gbm; journal; mmp9; proteases; protein; serine; t98; treatment; usa", "summary": "Biological process enrichment analysis of AEBSF serine protease (Chy- motrypsin-C, Trypsin-1, Trypsin-2, Neutrophil Elastase, Urokinase-type plasminogen activator, Prothrombin) and metalloproteinase (MMP9, MMP14) targets. AEBSF decreases T98G viability AEBSF was also demonstrated to re- duce viability in T98G cells.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-12941", "words": "6149", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "51", "author": "Challa, Ashrit; Sama, Srikar; Morrishetty, Selik", "title": "Cellular and Biomaterial Approaches for Treating Age-Related Macular Degeneration", "date": "2024", "keywords": "age; amd; cells; degeneration; journal; macular; plga; rpe; stem", "summary": "Cell stem cell, 5(4), 396\u2013408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2009.07.002 There are two main methods of delivering RPE cells: direct injection and monolayer surgical insertion, the latter demonstrating long-term integration.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-12942", "words": "7295", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "53", "author": "Blue, Benjamin", "title": "Challenges Between and Within Rural Minority Demographics", "date": "2024", "keywords": "americans; areas; demographics; disability; factors; health; healthcare; issues; minorities; minority; native; populations; rates; research; rural; services; veterans", "summary": "Cultural competence is paramount in rural health to gain patient trust, correctly and appropriately convey information, and foster accessibility [11]. A defining struggle in rural health is long geographic distances.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-12977", "words": "8258", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "28", "author": "Patel, Krishay", "title": "Cardiac Regeneration: A Promising Future For Tissue Engineering and Cardiac Repair", "date": "2025", "keywords": "cardiac; cardiomyocytes; cells; engineering; heart; human; imaging; journal; models; patel; regeneration; stem; tissue; tissue engineering", "summary": "With the loss of cardiac cells following cardiovascular disease, the ability to extract healthy cardiac cells for tissue engineering becomes greatly limited. Understanding how cardiac cells function within the heart is crucial in studying tissue engineering and cardiac regeneration.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-13229", "words": "6151", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "40", "author": "Kohut, Yuliia; Coukos, Robert; Krainc, Dimitri", "title": "Design of a Genetically Encoded Tool to Study the Function of Mitochondria\u2013Lysosome Interactions", "date": "2025", "keywords": "aba; cells; colocalization; construct; contact; figure; kohut; lysosomal; lysosome; mitochondria; organelle; protein; system", "summary": "In live-cell imaging experiments, mitochondria- lysosome contact durations are tunable with this system, increasing proportionally with abscisic-acid concentration used. The involvement of organelle contacts has been implicated in a variety of cellular functions, including organelle fission, trafficking, and cellular metabolism.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-13290", "words": "5089", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "52", "author": "Lee, Seonyu; Kim, Heeju", "title": "Unveiling Dark Matter in a Galaxy: A Case Study of NGC 1068", "date": "2025", "keywords": "cigale; data; distribution; figure; fitting; galaxy; mass; matter; ngc; study", "summary": "As the error bars do not overlap, the presence of dark matter is confirmed. INTRODUCTION In the 1930s, astronomer Zwicky introduced the concept of \u201cdark matter\u201d, a form of matter that interacts gravitationally but not with light, while studying the Coma Cluster.1 Later in the 1970s, Vera Rubin confirmed the existence of dark matter by revealing the flatness of galactic rotation curves.2 Despite accumulating evidence of dark matter\u2019s existence, its nature remains one of the most significant unsolved mysteries in modern astrophysics.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5564", "words": "3065", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "69", "author": "Mann, Matthew", "title": "Graphite Based Semi-Conductive 3D Printing Filament", "date": "2019", "keywords": "filament; graphite; pla; samples; table", "summary": "Conductive graphite filament sample. However, the attributes of the filament might not make a suitable replacement for conductive filament.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5565", "words": "5023", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "53", "author": "Tchaconas, Alexis; Chalfie, Martin", "title": "Identifying Factors that Control Mechanoreceptor Neuron Development in C. elegans", "date": "2012", "keywords": "animals; elegans; expression; flp; genes; mec-3; mutant; mutation; neurons; touch; trn; trns; type; wild; \ufffd \ufffd", "summary": "In C. elegans, mechanoreceptor neurons (MRNs) detect touch, with three types that require the gene mec-3 (one of the LIM-homeodomain transcription factors) for their proper differentiation: touch receptor neurons (TRNs) (gentle touch), FLP QHXURQV\ufffd\ufffdWLS\ufffdRI\ufffdWKH\ufffdKHDG\ufffdWRXFK\ufffd\ufffdDQG\ufffd39'\ufffdQHXURQV\ufffd\ufffdKDUVK\ufffdWRXFK\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd:KLOH\ufffdWKHVH\ufffdWKUHH\ufffd051V\ufffdGLIIHUHQWLDWH\ufffdE\\\ufffdWKH\ufffdVDPH\ufffdWUDQVFULSWLRQ\ufffdIDFWRU\ufffd\ufffd each cell type\u2019s differentiation produces distinct morphology and express different genes. Using the explant system, a custom cell seeder and sterile cell culture techniques, we introduced metastatic MDA-MB-231/ *)3\ufffdFHOOV\ufffdWR\ufffdD\ufffdWKUHH\ufffdGLPHQVLRQDO\ufffdERQH\ufffdPDWUL[\ufffdZLWK\ufffdRVWHRF\\WHV\ufffdRQO\\\ufffd\ufffd&RQIRFDO\ufffdLPDJLQJ\ufffdFRQ\u00bfUPV\ufffdWKDW\ufffdEUHDVW\ufffdFDQFHU\ufffdFHOOV\ufffdZHUH\ufffd\ufffdLQ\ufffdIDFW\ufffd\ufffd successfully seeded onto bone cores, mimicking metastasis.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5570", "words": "4426", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "51", "author": "Ghani, Naureen; Yuste, Rafael", "title": "Classification of Neocortical Neurons Using Affinity Propagation", "date": "2014", "keywords": "affinity; cells; classification; cluster; data; exemplar; interneurons; neurons; propagation", "summary": "Affinity propagation classification of interneuron physiologies The analysis of the physiology database revealed 3 distinct clusters (Figure 2). Affinity propagation classification of interneuron joint databases The analysis of the interneuron joint database resulted in 2 clusters (Figure 3).", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5571", "words": "775", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "45", "author": "Moneer, Osman; Lawson, Jacqueline; Joern, Julia; Mensah, Theresa", "title": "Addicted to Adderall", "date": "2020", "keywords": "adderall; adhd; students", "summary": "30% of students abuse ADHD medication such as Adderall, and an estimated 81% of students believe ADHD medication is not dangerous. Intended to alleviate difficulties associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD), Adderall touts a greater focus and increased alertness.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5576", "words": "4484", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "63", "author": "Bansal, Sonia; Brown, Genevieve N.; Guo, X. Edward", "title": "The Verification of a Novel Explant System Used to Determine the Role of Osteocytes in the Breast Cancer Vicious Cycle", "date": "2012", "keywords": "bone; breast; cancer; cells; cores; osteocytes; types; undergraduate; \ufffd erqh; \ufffd ri; \ufffd wkh; \ufffd \ufffd", "summary": "[Adapted from Chan, ME, Lu, XL, Huo, B, Baik, AD, Chiang, V, HW\ufffdDO\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd$\ufffd7UDEHFXODU\ufffd%RQH\ufffd([SODQW\ufffd0RGHO\ufffdRI\ufffd2VWHRF\\WH\ufffd 2VWHREODVW\ufffd&R\ufffd&XOWXUH\ufffdIRU\ufffd%RQH\ufffd@ % ,2 ( 1 * ,1 ( ( 5 ,1 * Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), and 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin (Pen-Strep). This activates more osteoclasts, which degrades bone, releasing 7*)\u00b2\u0215\ufffd\ufffdFRPSOHWLQJ\ufffdD\ufffdSRVLWLYH\ufffdIHHGEDFN\ufffdORRS\ufffd [Adapted from Steeg PS, Theodorescu D, Nat Clin 3UDFW\ufffd2QFRO\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd@ Figure 3&RQIRFDO\ufffdLPDJLQJ\ufffdRI\ufffd0'$\ufffd0%\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd*)3\ufffdFXOWXUHG\ufffdLQ\ufffdRQ\ufffdD\ufffdERQH\ufffd core.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5580", "words": "4926", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "48", "author": "Cheung, Justin M; Hofflich, Jessica; Henriquez, Pablo; Huang, Jian; Jami, Nafiul", "title": "Designing an Industrially Scalable, Flow-Based Synthesis for the Production of Nilotinib: Chemical Process Modeling and Economic Analysis", "date": "2019", "keywords": "buchwald; flow; generic; nilotinib; novartis; process; production; reaction; synthesis; tasigna; year", "summary": "Although this process chemistry for nilotinib synthesis is currently in use for its commercial production, there are four distinct drawbacks of Novartis\u2019s currently patented method. The five known paths for nilotinib synthesis were compiled and are outlined in Table 1.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5581", "words": "2723", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "53", "author": "Hamilton, Andrew", "title": "Low-Level Visual Processing Allows Humans to React to Animate Objects: Binding Memory as a Key Subsystem of Biological Motion Detection", "date": "2012", "keywords": "binding; detection; features; memory; motion", "summary": "Binding memory is an indispensable part of biological motion detection. is is a limit of human binding memory: subjects\u2019 performance in object-recall tasks depend on the number features the objects have. E!ects of old age and disease on binding memory Recent studies have also explored the e$ects of old age and diseases such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia on binding memory.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5583", "words": "1788", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "57", "author": "Sun, Jonathan; Humensky, Brian; Castano, Daniel Nieto", "title": "Mirror Panel Edge Sensors for the Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope", "date": "2020", "keywords": "edge; gamma; image; laser; sensor", "summary": "The ultimate purpose is to visualize the relationship between the environmental stresses and image intensity. A perl script was written to scour the database of images and environmental variables.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5585", "words": "1956", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "57", "author": "Toriello, Francis", "title": "Cherenkov Telescope Array Mirror Alignment Report", "date": "2014", "keywords": "centroid; laser; pixels", "summary": "Since the position of the laser\u2019s centroid was given by pixel number, it was necessary to determine the ratio of pixels to millimeters via another ROOT program described in more detail on the following pages. This problem was made most apparent after writing an OPENCV executed program that analyzed this very image and produced a histogram consisting of the amount of pixels versus the intensity values they maintain (see image below): As can be seen, there is an initial spike at zero intensity.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5586", "words": "2823", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "47", "author": "Chester, Daniel", "title": "GEM Cell Line Establishment, Characterization, and Analysis", "date": "2013", "keywords": "cancer; cells; columbia; lines; models; mouse; npk; npm; prostate", "summary": "However, there are several additional reasons to develop mouse cell lines. This project is part of a larger one aimed at evaluating drugs targeting the androgen receptor signaling pathways that are often used by prostate cancer cells as positive feedback loops promoting their growth and metastasis", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5587", "words": "12391", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "48", "author": "Powell, Allen J.", "title": "Are Veterans Subjected to Social Indifference?", "date": "2020", "keywords": "campaign; cause; charities; indifference; individuals; media; military; page; photography; rules; self; service; support; total; veterans", "summary": "Through the use of several other independent cases, each of which also places the provision of monetary funding support to help Veterans as their top priorities, combined with the isolation of indifference in each case as the primary cause for failure, it is possible to confirm generalizable social indifference exists towards Veterans, Veterans social issues, and providing meaningful support for Veterans causes. A large number of widely known charities have used everything from celebrities to fund raisers, from advertisements to social media campaigns to attempt to spread awareness of their cause, gain donations, and prompt participation.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5588", "words": "5577", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "41", "author": "Gu, Katie", "title": "Treating Neurodegenerative Disorders: Towards Detailed Pathophysiology and Precision Medicine", "date": "2018", "keywords": "cell; disease; gene; huntington; neurons; parkinson; research; stem; therapies; therapy; trials", "summary": "Within the context of the two main developing therapies examined, gene and stem cell therapy, specific focuses for research are suggested. Though the complete causes of AD and PD have not been fully characterised, neurofibrillary tangles, -amyloid plaques, decreased synaptic function, and cortical atrophy observed in AD and the loss of dopaminergic neurons characteristic of PD can be addressed by gene therapy and stem cell-based therapies.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5590", "words": "847", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "69", "author": "Chelur, Vikas; Trifas, Maria", "title": "Meet Dr. Joachim Frank, Nobel Laureate", "date": "2018", "keywords": "frank; molecules", "summary": "Meet Dr. Joachim Frank, Nobel Laureate 20 Meet Dr. Joachim Frank, Nobel Laureate CUSJ 2018 ________________________________________________________________________________", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5591", "words": "3022", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "51", "author": "Tsankova, Nadejda; Basri, Noah", "title": "Characterizing Intracellular Localization and Chromatin Remodeling Role of CHD6 in Human Fetal Development and in Glioblastoma", "date": "2016", "keywords": "chd6; chip; chromatin; dna; glioblastoma; immunofluorescence; localization; loci; matrix; proteins", "summary": "CHD6 ChIP showed partial enrichment at the promoter of EGFR, one gene of possible significance to glioblastoma2, in fetal and glioblastoma tissues, relative to a presumed positive control locus where CHD6 has been previously demonstrate to bind8. Thank you to Dr. Walsh for collaborating on the experimental design, providing the CHD6 antibody and reporting ZIC1 as a positive control for CHD6 ChIP. REFERENCES", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5592", "words": "5157", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "48", "author": "Kim, Samuel; Sakamoto, Masayuki; Yuste, Rafael", "title": "Optical Characterization of Potential Dampening in Dendritic Spine Electrophysiology", "date": "2016", "keywords": "arch; arclight; cell; fig; fluorescence; imaging; injection; potential; shaft; spine; voltage", "summary": "The mean \u0394F/F STA with standard deviation (%) of shaft vs. spine in ArcLight voltage imaging of a total of 6 shaft-spine pairs, for the short pulse (20msec) current injection protocol. A subsequent, more general characterization of Arch using voltage clamp and voltage step manipulations with QuasAr1 at different laser intensities indicates that QuasAr1 shows large changes in fluorescence at much weaker laser intensities (~10 mW) than was used for aforementioned current injection voltage imaging (~110 mW).", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5600", "words": "1406", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "-177", "author": "Symposium Participants, CUSJ", "title": "2011 CUSJ Poster Symposium", "date": "2020", "keywords": "cell; columbia; effect; ivana; manna; subrata; survival; undergraduate; vancurova; \ufffd \ufffd", "summary": "Poster Titles 51cusj Volume 5Spring 2011 Columbia Undergraduate Sci J http://cusj.columbia.edu SY M PO SIU M Pathogenesis-related Mutations in the T-Loops of Human Mitochondrial tRNAs Affect 3\u2019 End Processing and tRNA Structure Dmitri Serjanov, Kyla-Gaye Pinnock, Louis Levinger Biochemistry/Biophysics Probing Aromatic Peptide Aggregation Using Spectroscopy =HSLU[PUH\ufffd:\ufffd-LSZLU\ufffd\ufffd1\\Z[PUH\ufffd*OPU^VUN\ufffd\ufffd9\\LS\ufffd+LZHTLYV\ufffd\ufffd(KHT\ufffd7YV\u00c4[ 9HPUMHSS\ufffdWH[[LYUZ\ufffdPU\ufffdZWLJP\u00c4J\ufffdYLNPVUZ\ufffdVM\ufffd(MYPJH Delroy Wills Fluorinated Solvent Processing for Organic Optoelec- tronic Applications Ilana Shimunov, Marshall Cox, Ioannis Kymissis Design of Low-Cost Thermophilic Microbial Fuel Cell for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment Nathan Winkler Engineering Designing, Breadboarding, Testing, Troubleshooting, and Con- structing a Life Guard Alarm Unit John Buoncora, Dane Burkett Designing, Constructing, Programming, and Debugging an Autonomous Robot Gregory Kissoon, John Buoncora Female Energy Supply Lines: A Study of Firewood in Northern Ghana Madeline Russell Foster Water Usage and Availability in Bongo\u2019s Communities: Re- search Leading to the Development of an Indigenous Fluoride Jessica Marie Friscia Osteoblast Precursor Cells Need the Pyrophosphate Trans- porter ANKH in Order to Sense and Respond to Mechanical Alen Trubelja, Kristen Lee, Christopher Jacobs Testing the ForTraCC model for short term forecasting of cloud movement and life cycle Xiaoqian Pan Automated Detection of GNRA Tetraloop Prevalance Using 3DNA and Python Prerana Pradhan*, Mauricio Esquerra, Wilma K. Olsen Biochemistry/Biophysics Elucidating the Interaction of LPA with Model Membranes Evan Minzter, Rivkah Rogawski* A Comparison of Methods to Collect Host-Seeking, Blood-Fed and Gravid Mosquitoes in the Surburban Landscape Lily C. Hughes*, Richard C. Falco, Thomas J. Daniels Biology Analysis of NFkB Protein Subunits inStimulated Human Mac- rophages Steven Kennedy*, Sitharam Ramaswami, Ashish P. Juvekar, Subrata Manna, Ivana Vancurova From Egg Raft to Emergence: Growth and Survival of Mosquito Larvae in Vernal Pools Jessie Lanterman*, Mike Rubbo, Rich Falco The Effect of RNAi Protein Armitage on oskar mRNA Transport and Localization in Drosophila Oocyte Linda Molla*, Joseph T. Cammarata*, Irina E. Catrina, Diana P. Bratu Analysis of Bortezomib-Induced Nuclear Protein Trans- location in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Cells Hung Tran*, Ashish P. Jukevar, Sitharam Ramasswami Ashish P. Juvekar, Subrata Manna, Ivana Vancurova, Subrata Manna, Ivana Vancurova Bone Marrow Degradation: Correlations Between Lipid Oxidation and Caloric Decline Rates Lily Xie*, Robert J. Blumeschine, Karen M. Schaich Anti-Predator and Social Monitoring Functions in Blue Monkeys Kaitlyn M. Gaynor*, Marina Cords Evaluating Nest Protectors for Turtle Conservation: Unintended Consequences for the Malaclemys terrapin Shahriar Rahman* Engineering Structural Glass Shells: The Constructional and Structional Feasbility of a Hyperbolic Umbrella Gregor J. Horstmeyer*, Sigrid Adriaenssens, George Scherer Optical Observations of Thermoelectric Effects of Self-Heated Nanocrystalline Niaz Khan*, Gokhan Bakan, Ali Gokirmak, Helena Silva Electrical Properties of Methyl Based Hybrid Melting Gels Louis Gambino*, Andrei Jitianu, Lisa C. Klein Mathematical Modeling and Characterization of Coiling Peri- modiolar Mei Yi Cheung*, Jian Zhang, Nabil Simaan Pressure Distribution and Forefoot Geometry in Ballet Pointe ShoesCochlear Electrode Arrays Antonia Zaferious*, D.M. Wooton Phase-Change Oscillations and Pulse Generation in Silicon Microwaves Adam Cywar*, Gokhan Bakan, Helena Silva, Ali Gokirmak Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Calcite: Developing a Coating to Protect Marble from Damage in Acid Rain Jeffrey I. Campbell*, Sonia Naidu, George W. Scherer Targeting Nanoparticles to Macrophages Lila Cheung* 2010 SYMPOSIUM Chemistry Anticarcinogenic and Prooxidant Properties of Pomegranate Juice Extract Loriel J. Solodokin*, Audrey Canter, Ahuva Freilich, Orli Haken, Chana G. Ovits-Levy, A.G. Schuck, H. Babich Size-Controlled Growth of Selenium Nanoparticles on Self- Assembled Kinetin Nanostructures and Their Applicatior Stacey N. Barnaby*, Ipsita A. Banerjee Abscisic Acid Based Hydrogels as Drug Delivery Vectors Evan M. Smoak*, Stephen H. Frayne, Karl R. Fath, Ipsita A. Banerjee Implementation and Analysis of Passive Online Schemes for Rogue Access Point Detection in Ethernet Networks Oscar A. Perez*, Bing Wang Psychology & Neuroscience Elucidating the Toll Like Receptor Signaling Pathways of the Immune Jennifer Deluty*, Jeremy Seto, Stuart Sealfon /\\THUZ\ufffd4PTPJRPUN\ufffd(UPTHSZ!\ufffd0TWSPJH[PVUZ\ufffdMVY\ufffd:WLJPLZ\ufffd:WLJP\u00c4J\ufffd Vocalization Processing in Human Cortex William J. Talkington, Kristina Rapuano*, Chris Frum, James W. Lewis Experiences and Challenges of Women Combining Academic Careers and Motherhood Danielle L. Auriemma*, Tovah P. Klein Subcortical Localization of Ectopic Cell Cycle Events in Five Alzheimer\u2019s Mouse Models Luming Li*, Timmy Cheung*, Jianmin Chen, Karl Herrup Medicine & Health Services Redistribution of Muscle Mitochondria Assocaited With Verte- brate Neuromuscular Synaptogenesis Mohammad Gilani*, Joav Prives Gadolinium-Loaded Micelles as Intravascular Contrast Agent for Micro-Magnetic Resonance Angiography Lindsay K. Hill*, Karen C. Briley-Saebo, Moustafa Doudai, Asad Baig, Susan Pun, Brian J. Nieman, Daniel H. Turnbull SB-T-1214 Dramatically Downregulates Stem Cell-Related .LUL\ufffd,_WYLZZPVU\ufffd7YV\u00c4SLZ\ufffdPU\ufffd4L[HZ[H[PJ\ufffd*VSVU\ufffd*HUJLY\ufffd*LSS Yan Leyfman*, Yuan Wang, Iwao Ojima, Galina I. Botchkina Imbibition of Gases Between Silica and Graphene Kate E. Noa*, Milton W. Cole, Angela D. Lueking Physics Performance of Different Jet Clustering Algorithms in Recon- structing Hadronic Tops David Krohn, Cristina Popa*, Liantao Wang Graduate Students Using Continuum Robots for Contact Detection and Estimation of Contact Location Andrea Bajo*, Nabil Simaan Validation and Benchmarking of Computational Fluid Dynam- Jennifer Lazaros, Erica Michelle Hasten, Alyssa Schuck, Harvey Babich Effect of VEGF on Glucose Transporter 1 during Status Epilepticus Bobby Thomas Effect of Carnitine on Brain Cell Survival Jose Zhagnay, Maria L Cotrina Effect of L-Carnitine on Breast Cancer Cell Migration Adam McConnell, Maria L Cotrina, Regina Sullivan Analysis of Bortezomib-Induced Nuclear Translocation of IkBa In Metastatic Prostate Cancer Cells Subrata Manna, Adeel Zubair, Ivana Vancurova The Effect of HIF2 alpha on Cell Growth and Cell Survival Cathy Meng Hao, Yatrik Shah Chemistry Density Function Theory Study on the Reaction of Deprotonated Tyro- sine [Tyr-H]- with Singlet Molecular Oxygen Kallol Mitra Heavy Metals in Golf Balls by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectropho- tometry Andre Hugh Smithson Reactivity of Tris (trimethylsilyl) Phosphite in the Synthesis of the N- Mustard Bisphosphonic Acid of Bicine and Phenylalanine Luis Vargas, Marjorie Morales, Kevin Chavez Determination of Copper Content of the US Penny by X-Ray Fluores- cence, Visible Spectroscopy and Gravimetric Method Sharda Jagdeo Concentration Dependence of Refractive Index Measured by a Laser Pointer: Refractive Index vs. Concentration Rebecca Cho Determination and Applications of the Van \u2018t Hoff factor Using Microscale Freezing Point Determination Measurements Fathima Nazmudeen, Paris Svoronos, Mario Balducci, Pedro Irigoyen An unusual porous and spherical micro-scale morphology for poly(o-toluidine) Daniel LaFaurie, David M. Sarno 5HUV\u00c4ILYZ\ufffdJV\ufffdWVS`TLYPaLK\ufffdMYVT\ufffdHUPSPUL\ufffdHUK\ufffdZ\\SMVUH[LK\ufffdHUPSPUL\ufffd for electrostatic interaction with gold nanoparticles Engred Vanegas, David M. Sarno The Probing Zinc- Tetracycline", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5626", "words": "5959", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "61", "author": "Finnell, Lindsay; Nordin, Bailey", "title": "Aboveground Biomass and Carbon Storage Capacities of a Western Amazonian Primary and Secondary Growth Forest", "date": "2019", "keywords": "agb; carbon; cas; dbh; density; forest; height; primary; secondary; trees; ucp; wood", "summary": "This is indicative of a lack of available information concerning lower secondary forest tree density of trees \u2265 10 cm DBH. While old growth forests like UCP tend to store more of their carbon above ground, secondary growth forests like CAS store only about 38.1% of forest carbon in AGB, with the rest being stored primarily soil (Ngo et al. 2013).", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5629", "words": "345", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "47", "author": "Gay, Micah", "title": "A Letter from the President", "date": "2019", "keywords": "research", "summary": "CUSJ\u2019s dual mission is to publish high quality student research in our journals and to promote scientific research among students and introduce students into the scientific research community. Over 30 student researchers presented their original research at our annual symposium and heard from keynote speakers on our faculty advisory board Hugh Ducklow, Gerard Parkin, Kyle Mandli, Marko Jovanovic, and Patricia Lindemann about the importance of undergraduate research.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5634", "words": "2483", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "46", "author": "Alston, Aubrey", "title": "Polynomial-time Matrix-based Method of Determining Subset Sum Solutions", "date": "2015", "keywords": "length; set; subset", "summary": "To represent the solution space of Z(A\u2019, t, 3, vr, 4, vs), the outlined algorithm follows the convention of expressing solution space with respect to a particular solution of the system and any linear combination of the null space of the multiplier of Z(A\u2019, t, 3, vr, 4, vs). ! (3) In all other cases, S of length t >5 of A exists if and only if there exists a window configuration and membership assignment t1, t2, vr, vs such that there exists a set I, length t\u2019 = t - t1 - t2 - vr - vs satisfying D3,Ij <1 and \u03a3D1,Ij= \u03a3D2,Ij = 1 for all j in the range of the length of I. Suppose that such a window exists.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5635", "words": "1956", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "57", "author": "Toriello, Francis", "title": "Cherenkov Telescope Array Mirror Alignment Report", "date": "2020", "keywords": "centroid; laser; pixels", "summary": "Since the position of the laser\u2019s centroid was given by pixel number, it was necessary to determine the ratio of pixels to millimeters via another ROOT program described in more detail on the following pages. This problem was made most apparent after writing an OPENCV executed program that analyzed this very image and produced a histogram consisting of the amount of pixels versus the intensity values they maintain (see image below): As can be seen, there is an initial spike at zero intensity.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5637", "words": "3504", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "57", "author": "Wang, Christine; Dovas, Athanassios; Amendolara, Benjamin; Canoll, Peter", "title": "The Effect of Fasudil on Glioma Cell Migration", "date": "2014", "keywords": "cells; fasudil; figure; glioma; migration; phosphorylation; rlc; rock; y-27632", "summary": "However, residual cell motility and phosphorylation despite treatment with fasudil also suggest that more work must be done to assess the importance of other pathways in glioma cell migration. In order to test the motility of untreated and treated cells and confirm fasudil would inhibit glioma cell migration to a significant degree, Transwell Migration Assays (TMA) were the assay of choice.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5639", "words": "3342", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "61", "author": "Jung, Jaehoon", "title": "Agent Based Trading Model of Heterogeneous & Changing Beliefs", "date": "2020", "keywords": "agent; beliefs; model; stock", "summary": "When agent 1 pushes the price up from S to K + PK, wealth of agent k, (F, will increase by d(F = JFPK. The simulated stock price seems to become more volatile as heterogeneity across agent beliefs increases with the dispersion in reaction to news information accumulating over time.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5645", "words": "8424", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "49", "author": "Mendonca, Danielle; Aoki, Chiye; Varela, Katherine; Chen, Yi-Wen", "title": "Changes in NR2B-NMDA Receptor Expression Relate to Individual Differences in Adaptability to Food Restriction-Stress", "date": "2018", "keywords": "aba2; activity; animals; ca1; differences; food; immunoreactivity; levels; membrane; mice; nmda; nr2b; post; running; synapses; weight; wheel", "summary": "The findings suggest higher levels of post-ES NR2B levels make ABA animals less susceptible to hyperactivity during ABA2, even when anticipating food. We found that ABA2 animals had more NR2B-labeling in presynaptic terminals and postsynaptic cytoplasm than controls.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5647", "words": "5115", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "52", "author": "Johri, Ansh; Hsu, Lewis", "title": "CT Based Semi-Automated Method for Pneumonia Severity in Mice", "date": "2011", "keywords": "lung; mice; non; pneumonia; radiologists; survivors; volume; \ufffd \ufffd", "summary": "References Comparison Groups P-value from t-test of percent lung by Semi-Automated Segmentation in material H P-value from t-test of Radiologists scores Saline vs. Bacteria 0.001 0.004 Pneumonia Survivors vs. Pneumonia Deaths 0.039 0.581 All Survivor vs. Bacterial Deaths 0.001 0.058 Table 4 *VTWHYPZVU\ufffdVM\ufffd4PJYV*;\ufffdX\\HU[P\u00c4JH[PVU\ufffdI`\ufffd4H[LYPHS\ufffd/\ufffd[V\ufffdX\\HSP\u00c4JH[PVU\ufffdI`\ufffdYHKPVSVNPZ[Z\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd(\ufffdJVTWHYPZVU\ufffdVM\ufffd[OL\ufffdHIPSP[`\ufffdVM\ufffd[OL\ufffdZLTP\ufffdH\\[VTH[LK\ufffdTL[OVK\ufffd[V\ufffd[LSS\ufffdNYV\\WZ\ufffdHWHY[\ufffd]LYZ\\Z\ufffd radiologist ability. Survivors 0.032 0.00 7 0.01 0 0.44 8 0.04 3 0.03 1 0.00 9 0.00 1 0.058 Table 3 7\ufffd]HS\\L\ufffd+PZ[YPI\\[PVU\ufffdMVY\ufffdLHJO\ufffd4H[LYPHS\ufffd\ufffdHZ\ufffdJHSJ\\SH[LK\ufffdI`\ufffd[\ufffd[LZ[\ufffd*VTWHYPZVU\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd:[H[PZ[PJHSS`\ufffdZPNUP\u00c4JHU[\ufffdHIPSP[`\ufffdMVY\ufffdTH[LYPHS\ufffd/\ufffd[V\ufffdKPZ[PUN\\PZO\ufffdIL[^LLU\ufffd:HSPUL\ufffd]Z\ufffd\ufffd(SS\ufffd7UL\\- monia, Pneumonia Survivors vs. Pneumonia Non-Survivors, and All Suvivors vs. Pneumonia Non-Suvivors.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5649", "words": "6090", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "55", "author": "Bhaiwala, Zahra; Marshall, Christine", "title": "Poliovirus Receptor CD155 Over-Expression Effect on Migration in C6 Glioma Cells", "date": "2011", "keywords": "brain; cd155; cells; columbia; control; expression; glioma; human; malignant; migration; poliovirus; protein; tumor; undergraduate; \ufffd \ufffd", "summary": "In the beginning phase of experimentation, we analyzed the migratory behavior of control C6 gliomas through two rounds of [YHUZ\u00c4S[LY\ufffdHZZH`Z\ufffd\ufffd0U\ufffdVYKLY\ufffd[V\ufffdL_WSVYL\ufffd[OL\ufffdM\\UJ[PVU\ufffdVM\ufffd*+\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdPU\ufffdNSPVTH\ufffdTPNYH[PVU\ufffd\ufffd^L\ufffd[OLU\ufffdJVUK\\J[LK\ufffd[^V\ufffdV]LY\ufffdL_WYLZZPVU\ufffd experiments with the use of a full-length cDNA expression vector and compared the resulting migration rates to control KH[H\ufffd\ufffd>L\ufffdMV\\UK\ufffd[OH[\ufffdHU\ufffdH]LYHNL\ufffdVM\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdJVU[YVS\ufffdJLSSZ\ufffdJYVZZ\ufffdV\\Y\ufffd[YHUZ\u00c4S[LYZ\ufffdHM[LY\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdOV\\YZ\ufffd\ufffdHUK\ufffdHU\ufffdH]LYHNL\ufffdVM\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdJLSSZ\ufffd [YHUZMLJ[LK\ufffd^P[O\ufffd[OL\ufffd7=9\ufffdL_WYLZZPVU\ufffd]LJ[VY\ufffd\ufffd6\\Y\ufffdYLZ\\S[Z\ufffdYL\u00c5LJ[LK\ufffdH\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdPUJYLHZL\ufffdPU\ufffdJLSS\ufffdTPNYH[PVU\ufffdK\\L\ufffd[V\ufffdHU\ufffdPUJYLHZLK\ufffd WYLZLUJL\ufffdVM\ufffd[OL\ufffdWYV[LPU\ufffd*+\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd0U\ufffdVYKLY\ufffd[V\ufffdJVU\u00c4YT\ufffd[OH[\ufffd*+\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd^HZ\ufffdL_WYLZZLK\ufffdPU\ufffd[OL\ufffdYH[\ufffd*\ufffdZ\ufffd\ufffd^L\ufffdZ\\IZLX\\LU[S`\ufffdJVUK\\J[LK\ufffd two Western Blots: one comparing control C6s and transfected C6s, and the other running control C6s next to a human U87 glioma control cell line. One of these adaptations is in how glioma cells use myosin II, the major source of cytoplasmic contractile force (Gillespie, 1999).", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5652", "words": "7475", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "57", "author": "Lewis, Briley; Oppenheimer, Rebecca", "title": "Direct Imaging of Exoplanets with Project 1640", "date": "2017", "keywords": "data; et al; image; noise; oppenheimer; project; speckles; star", "summary": "Despite these challenges, it is possible to image exoplanets, and even to extract their spectra to better understand their composition. In order to image exoplanets, Project 1640 employs several techniques to overcome the difficulties described in \u00a71.1.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5696", "words": "1616", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "46", "author": "Obradovic, Aleksandar; Qi, Hongjian", "title": "CFHMM: Heterogeneous Tumor CNV Classification by Hidden Markov", "date": "2020", "keywords": "accuracy; data; purity; state; tumor", "summary": "After 15-state classification, a posterior purity estimate for each bin where tumor state is not equal to normal state can be derived from equation 2, and this distribution can be plotted to visualize clonal fraction, as well as k-means-clustered to group mutations belonging to the same clone sub-population. Where, conversely: (2) The purity prior k for input into CFHMM is taken as the mean of values from equation 2, assuming normal state 2 and using only extreme log-ratios over the equation 1 values for pure (k=1) tumor state 3, or under the threshold for pure tumor state 1.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5697", "words": "1551", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "59", "author": "Likhar, Shreyansh", "title": "Power Transformer Monitoring System", "date": "2020", "keywords": "oil; power; system; transformer", "summary": "Index Terms\u2014Power transformer, embedded systems, transformer protection I. INTRODUCTION OWER TRANSFORMERS are the important part of power system which are used to step up and down the power to make usable for electricity consumers. Most consumer products or machinery including mobile phones, automobiles and household appliances or computersare equipped with a programmable microcontroller.[5] Fig.5- Atmel AVR pin outs 4.5 CONSERVATOR OIL LEVEL INDICATOR- 4.5.1 MAGNETIC OIL GAUGE Magnetic oil gauge is used indicate the oil level in conservator of power transformer.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5707", "words": "711", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "54", "author": "CUSJ Editorial Board", "title": "On the 2019 CUSJ Research Symposium Honorable Mentions", "date": "2020", "keywords": "cusj; enamel; research", "summary": "By conducting this research, Justin hopes to create an effective, natural treatment that can inhibit proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. To combat the issue of enamel erosion, which is irreversible, she constructed a scaffold which would aid in the cellular proliferation, organization, and differentiation of primary gingival fibroblast cells in hopes that it could be used for further research in enamel regeneration.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5710", "words": "3364", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "63", "author": "Shutran, Max; Prywes, Ron", "title": "Identifying serum-inducible sequence elements on the mouse ZFP36 promoter", "date": "2011", "keywords": "[ol; cells; columbia; gene; induction; luciferase; plasmid; promoter; serum; undergraduate; vm \ufffd; zfp36; \ufffd \ufffd", "summary": "Undergraduate Sci J http://cusj.columbia.edu N EU RO SC IE N C E cusjcolumbia undergraduate science journalResearch Articles 21cusj Volume 5Spring 2011 Columbia Undergraduate Sci J http://cusj.columbia.edu M O LEC U LA R BIO LO G Y Identifying serum-inducible sequence elements on the mouse ZFP36 promoter Max Shutran1,*, Ron Prywes 2,* 1Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02110, 2Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 APUJ\ufffd\u00c4UNLY\ufffdWYV[LPU\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdA-7\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdPZ\ufffdHU\ufffd95(\ufffdIPUKPUN\ufffdWYV[LPU\ufffd[OH[\ufffdKV^UYLN\\SH[LZ\ufffd[OL\ufffd[YHUZSH[PVU\ufffdVM\ufffdJLY[HPU\ufffdNLUL\ufffdWYVK\\J[Z\ufffdI`\ufffd inducing the degradation of mRNA. At the appro- \ufffd Figure 1 9LZ\\S[Z\ufffdMYVT\ufffdX7*9\ufffdMVY\ufffdJ\ufffdMVZ\ufffd\ufffdTPN\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdHUK\ufffdA-7\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdPU\ufffd/L3H\ufffdJLSSZ\ufffd \ufffd Figure 2 .YHWO\ufffdPSS\\Z[YH[PUN\ufffd[OL\ufffdPUK\\J[PVU\ufffdVM\ufffdLHJO\ufffdYLWVY[LY\ufffdNLUL\ufffdI`\ufffdZLY\\T\ufffd\ufffd;OL\ufffdYH^\ufffdKH[H\ufffdJVUZPZ[LK\ufffdVM\ufffdK\\WSPJH[L\ufffdWHPYZ\ufffdVM\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdHUK\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdZLY\\T\ufffdJVUKP- [PVUZ\ufffd\ufffdNP]LU\ufffdHZ\ufffdYH[PVZ\ufffdVM\ufffd3(9\ufffd[V\ufffd:.\ufffdS\\TPULZJLUJL\ufffd\ufffd;OL\ufffd]HS\\LZ\ufffd^LYL\ufffdJHSJ\\SH[LK\ufffdI`\ufffdUVYTHSPaPUN\ufffdLHJO\ufffdKH[H\ufffdZL[\ufffd[V\ufffdVUL\ufffdVM\ufffd[OL\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdYH[PVZ\ufffd\ufffd[OLU\ufffd H]LYHNPUN\ufffd[VNL[OLY\ufffd[OL\ufffdK\\WSPJH[LZ\ufffdHUK\ufffd\ufffdPM\ufffdH]HPSHISL\ufffd\ufffdV[OLY\ufffdKH[H\ufffdZL[Z\ufffdMYVT\ufffdKPMMLYLU[\ufffdKH[LZ\ufffd\ufffd5V\ufffdZPNUP\u00c4JHU[\ufffdZLY\\T\ufffdPUK\\J[PVU\ufffdPZ\ufffdZLLU\ufffd\ufffdL_JLW[\ufffdPU\ufffd[OL\ufffd A-7\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdJVUKP[PVU\ufffd\ufffd^OPJO\ufffd\\ZLK\ufffd93\ufffd;2\ufffdPU\ufffdWSHJL\ufffdVM\ufffd93\ufffd:=\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdHZ\ufffd[OL\ufffdYLUPSSH\ufffdWSHZTPK\ufffd Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal Open-Access Publication | http://cusj.columbia.com 24 cusjVolume 5Spring 2011 Columbia", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5720", "words": "283", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "52", "author": "Walsh, Jessica; Mann, Mary A; Fischbach, Gerald", "title": "The Effects of Neuregulin on Synapse Formation in Primary Muscle/Nerve Co-Cultures", "date": "2007", "keywords": "nrg1", "summary": "NRG1 binds to receptors on the surface of the muscle, known as erbB receptors. In order to study the effects of NRG1 on early stages of synapse formation, we prepared co-cultures of dissociated muscle cells from postnatal day 1 (P1) mice and neural tube explants from embryonic day 11 (E11) mice.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5721", "words": "170", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "32", "author": "Bader, Andrew R; Lim, Douglas; MacLaughlinn, David", "title": "Differentiation of Two Species of MUllerian Inhibitory Substance (MIS)", "date": "2007", "keywords": "mis", "summary": "Microsoft Word - Document3 ARTICLEVOLUME 2, SPRING 2007 Differentiation of Two Species of MUllerian Inhibitory Substance (MIS) Andrew R Bader1, Douglas Lim2, David MacLaughlin3 1 Columbia College, Columbia University, 2 Clarkson University, 3 Pediatric Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital Abstract Muellerian inhibiting substance (MIS), also known as Anti-Muellerian hormone, is a testicular protein responsible for the regression of the MUllerian duct. The results of these investigations reveal the existence of two distinct types of MIS differentiated by ELISA which based on future study may have different impacts as cancer treatment agents.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-5730", "words": "494", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "51", "author": "Pham, Kenneth", "title": "A Letter from the Editor-in-Chief", "date": "2020", "keywords": "columbia; research", "summary": "On campus, here at Columbia University, CUSJ has vigorously continued to create and support an undergraduate research community. For example, CUSJ, in co-sponsorship with the Columbia University chapter of the American Physician Scientists Association and the Charles Drew Premedical Society at Columbia University, hosted a panel discussion with MD, PhD and MD/PhD students about graduate degrees in the sciences.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-6359", "words": "7540", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "66", "author": "Agrawal, Ankur; Hamling, Tim", "title": "Sentiment Analysis of Tweets to Gain Insights into the 2016 US Election", "date": "2021", "keywords": "algorithm; clinton; election; issues; results; sentiment; states; trump; trump trump; tweets; twitter", "summary": "Trump Tweets % Pos (Trump) % Neg (Trump) Total 2810051 39.6% 45.7% 4044162 43.2% 42.2% We counted tweets that had a score above 0.0 as positive tweets, tweets that had a score below 0.0 to be negative tweets, and tweet with a score of 0.0 as a neutral tweets.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-6360", "words": "2197", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "75", "author": "Yin, Yiqiao", "title": "Anomaly Correction by Optimal Trading Frequency", "date": "2020", "keywords": "buy; step; theorem", "summary": "Observe price pt for each company Step 2. Observe price pt for each company Step 2.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-6361", "words": "405", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "51", "author": "Kolba, Natalie; Moneer, Osman", "title": "A Letter from the Editorial Board", "date": "2020", "keywords": "journal; research", "summary": "In the Fall, the CUSJ hosted an event to assist undergraduate students in the process of soliciting a research position. After making changes to the previous Columbia Research Scholars Journal to better reflect the mission of the journal, we were proud to publish many of the incredible submissions sent in from high schoolers from around the United States, and invite several of them to our annual Spring Symposium.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-6362", "words": "3804", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "59", "author": "Jhajj, Gaganpreet; Farinas, Mark", "title": "Current Methods and Future Research in the Diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease", "date": "2022", "keywords": "alzheimer; amyloid; detection; disease; methods", "summary": "Potential benchtop tests involving ThT and its binding interactions with amyloid could be developed in the near future using detection methods similar to the RT-QuIC detection method. Innovations in any of these areas would greatly increase AD diagnosis and treatment.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-6363", "words": "316", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "56", "author": "Ballinger, Sean", "title": "A Letter from the Editor-in-Chief", "date": "2022", "keywords": "year", "summary": "I am confident that next year\u2019s board will uphold our rigorous review standards and successfully take on new ventures in our mission to bring science to the public. This year\u2019s edition of the CUSJ includes four papers from Columbia University undergraduates in the areas of biomedicine and computational genomics.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-6364", "words": "349", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "56", "author": "Patnaik, Ritish", "title": "A Letter from the Editor-in-Chief", "date": "2022", "keywords": "journal", "summary": "Looking at this year\u2019s journal, I am also proud to see the various authors and research that we have been blessed to exhibit. We are thrilled to provide these fresh perspectives on scientific research to our audience and hope to continue this practice in future journals.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-6365", "words": "863", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "56", "author": "Yang, Helen; Lewis, Briley; Seetharaman, Abhinav", "title": "Our Future in the Stars", "date": "2022", "keywords": "astronauts; iss; space", "summary": "As our society has look into our future in space, we have expanded our ideas, including plans to construct space colonies \u2013stations with Earth-like features that function as permanent settlements. Expected to meet the constantly growing needs of human space exploration programs, Orion may eventually carry astronauts to worlds far beyond Earth\u2019s orbit which no man has ever seen or set foot on.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-6366", "words": "874", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "39", "author": "Kim, Katherine; Streid, David", "title": "The Genetics of Human Behavior", "date": "2022", "keywords": "disorders; gene", "summary": "CUSJ%|%Volume%9%|%Spring%2015% 7% The Genetics of Human Behavior Katherine Kim1 & David Streid2 1Department of Biochemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA 2Department of Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Behavioral disorders arise from environmental, lifestyle, and genetic factors. Anxiety disorders are the most common form of mental illness in the U.S., affecting 18% of the total population.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-6367", "words": "4309", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "56", "author": "Mondragon, Eli; Yoshida, Kyoko; Meyers, Kristen", "title": "Characterizing the Biomechanical and Biochemical Properties of Mouse Uterine Tissue", "date": "2022", "keywords": "antxr2; collagen; samples; stress; tissue", "summary": "The hydration levels for both Antrxr2 +/+ and Antxr2 -/- mice uterine samples were 76 \u00b1 11% and 75 \u00b1 10%. \u00a0 Lastly, mechanical testing proved that Antxr2 -/- uterine tissue is mechanically stronger than Antxr2 +/+ (peak stress 0.078 MPa and 0.04 MPa).", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-6368", "words": "5226", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "39", "author": "Tchaconas, Alexis", "title": "The Evolving Role and Nature of Gene Mutations in the Neuropathology of Autism Spectrum Disorders", "date": "2022", "keywords": "asds; autism; columbia; disorders; gene; journal; mutations; science; undergraduate", "summary": "De novo gene mutations and copy number variations Most known mutations without an identified genetic etiology attributed to ASDs are de novo gene mutations: rare genetic variations that are found in neither of the individual\u2019s parents. In the coming years, it will also be crucial to determine whether de novo gene mutations versus inherited gene mutations implicated in ASD etiology induce identical or distinct brain pathologies.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-6369", "words": "3784", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "47", "author": "Sorrento, Cristina; Rayport, Stephen; Mihali, Andra; Subramani, Shreya; MacDonald, Joanne; Katz, Francine; Katz, Francine", "title": "Identification of Inhibitors of Phosphate-activated Glutaminase for the Pharmacotherapy of Schizophrenia", "date": "2022", "keywords": "assay; compounds; glutamate; glutamine; inhibition; inhibitors; pag; plates; schizophrenia; screen; uorescence; \ufffd \ufffd", "summary": "\ufffd2\ufffdZDV\ufffdQRW\ufffdWHVWHG\ufffdRQ\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd of which is the Cheng-Pruso& equation: Ki= IC50/(1+[S]/KM ) IC\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd values are displayed in the table to the right Figure 3 $\ufffdVFKHPDWLF\ufffdGLDJUDP\ufffdRXWOLQLQJ\ufffdWKH\ufffdVFUHHQLQJ\ufffdSURFHVV\ufffdIRU\ufffdWKH\ufffdVHOHFWLRQ\ufffdRI\ufffd3$*\ufffdVSHFL\u00bfF\ufffdLQKLELWRUV P S Y C H IATR Y Trial 1 2 3 4 Average \u00b1 SE IC50 (uM) 5.482 3.647 4.655 3.303 4.272 \u00b1 0.572 R2 0.951 0.982 0.944 0.956 (DR=95-50%), low or extreme (DR<50% or DR>95%), and poor dynamic range (DR!0%).", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-6370", "words": "6934", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "66", "author": "Greenberg, Jessica; Piskorowski, Rebecca; Siegelbaum, Steven", "title": "Lipophilic Tracer DiI Used for Neuronal Tracing in the Fixed Hippocampal Formations of Mice", "date": "2022", "keywords": "-pn\\yl \ufffd; h \ufffd; pu \ufffd; slices; vm \ufffd; \u00e4lsk \ufffd; \ufffd [ol; \ufffd [v; \ufffd figure; \ufffd huk; \ufffd hyl; \ufffd myvt; \ufffd pz; \ufffd shilspun; \ufffd ylnpvu; \ufffd zhnp[[hs; \ufffd zspjl; \ufffd \ufffd", "summary": "\ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd Figure 6A Figure 6B Figure 6 ;OPZ\ufffdPZ\ufffdH\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdTPJYVU\ufffd[OPJR\ufffdZHNP[[HS\ufffdZSPJL\ufffdMYVT\ufffdH\ufffd^OVSL\ufffdTV\\U[\ufffd^OLYL\ufffd[OL\ufffd K`L\ufffd^HZ\ufffdPUZLY[LK\ufffdPU[V\ufffd*(\ufffd\ufffd^OPSL\ufffd[OL\ufffdIYHPU\ufffd^HZ\ufffdZ[PSS\ufffdPU[HJ[\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd/LYL\ufffd[OLYL\ufffd is labeling in the upper region of the CEnt and the DLEnt. This slice was incubated for 4 KH`Z\ufffdH[\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdKLNYLLZ\ufffd*\ufffdHUK\ufffd[OLU\ufffdWSHJLK\ufffdH[\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdKLNYLLZ\ufffd\\U[PS\ufffdILPUN\ufffdTV\\U[LK\ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd \ufffd Figure 2A Figure 2B Figure 2C Figure 3 ;OLZL\ufffdHYL\ufffdPTHNLZ\ufffdVM\ufffdH\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdTPYJVU\ufffdZHNP[[HS\ufffdZSPJL\ufffd^P[O\ufffd[^V\ufffd+P0\ufffdJY`Z[HSZ\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd-PN\\YL\ufffd\ufffd(\ufffdPZ\ufffdHU\ufffdPTHNL\ufffdVM\ufffd[OL\ufffd[VW\ufffdVM\ufffd[OL\ufffdZSPJL\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd;OL\ufffd^OP[L\ufffdHYYV^\ufffdPZ\ufffd^OLYL\ufffd[OL\ufffd+P0\ufffdJY`Z[HS\ufffd^HZ\ufffd placed in CA1 and the blue arrow point to labeling in the top of CEnt.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-6371", "words": "6204", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "57", "author": "Xu, Kevin; Weseley, Allyson", "title": "Relationships between Oncologist Gender, Participatory Decision Making, Anxiety and Breast Cancer Care", "date": "2022", "keywords": "breast; cancer; patients; pdm; treatment; vm \ufffd; w \ufffd; \ufffd hkq\\]hu[; \ufffd huk; \ufffd pu; \ufffd wh[plu[z; \ufffd \ufffd", "summary": "37 51 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Male Female Oncologist Gender S ta n d a r d C a r e R a te ( % ) Figure 1 (\ufffdZ[H[PZ[PJHSS`\ufffdZPNUP\u00c4JHU[\ufffdKPMMLYLUJL\ufffd^HZ\ufffdMV\\UK\ufffdIL[^LLU\ufffd[OL\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdVM\ufffdMLTHSL\ufffdVUJVSVNPZ[Z\u00bb\ufffdWH[PLU[Z\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd^OV\ufffdYLJLP]LK\ufffdHKQ\\]HU[\ufffd [OLYHW`\ufffdHUK\ufffd[OL\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdVM\ufffdTHSL\ufffdVUJVSVNPZ[Z\u00bb\ufffdWH[PLU[Z\ufffdYLJLP]LK\ufffdHKQ\\]HU[\ufffd[YLH[TLU[\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd_\u00f5\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd$\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdW\ufffd#\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 PDM A n x ie ty Figure 2 /PNOLY\ufffdWHY[PJPWH[VY`\ufffdKLJPZPVU\ufffdTHRPUN\ufffd^HZ\ufffdMV\\UK\ufffd[V\ufffdIL\ufffdZPNUP\u00c4JHU[S`\ufffdJVYYLSH[LK\ufffd^P[O\ufffdSV^LY\ufffdSL]LSZ\ufffdVM\ufffdHU_PL[ \ufffd\u0300\ufffdY\ufffd$\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdW\ufffd#\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal Open-Access Publication | http://cusj.columbia.com 30 cusjVolume 5Spring 2011 Columbia Undergraduate Sci J http://cusj.columbia.edu O N CO LO G Y cusjcolumbia undergraduate science journalResearch Articles 31cusj Volume 5Spring 2011 Columbia Undergraduate Sci J http://cusj.columbia.edu O N CO LO G Y Relationship of Oncologist Gender to Adjuvant Treatment As seen in Table 1, 47 of all 105 participating breast cancer patients received adjuvant treatment (lumpectomy followed by either radiotherapy or chemotherapy). No Standard Care A n x ie t y Figure 6 7H[PLU[Z\ufffd^OV\ufffdYLJLP]LK\ufffdHKQ\\]HU[\ufffd[YLH[TLU[\ufffdOHK\ufffdTHYNPUHSS`\ufffdSV^LY\ufffdSL]LSZ\ufffdVM\ufffdHU_PL[`\ufffd\ufffd4\ufffd$\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd[OHU\ufffdWHY[PJPWHU[Z\ufffd^OV\ufffdKPK\ufffdUV[\ufffdYLJLP]L\ufffdHKQ\\- ]HU[\ufffd[YLH[TLU[\ufffd\ufffd4\ufffd$\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd[\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd$\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffdW\ufffd$\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd Conclusion References O N CO LO G Y Low energy surface acoustic waves (SAW) have been shown to reduce bio!lm formation on urinary catheters in rabbits (Hazan et al., 2006).", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-6408", "words": "7048", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "61", "author": "Reddy, Aidan; Mehta, Apurva", "title": "Characterization & Correction of Self-Absorption Distortion in XANES", "date": "2020", "keywords": "+ \ufffd; d \ufffd; dqg wkh; ioxruhvfhqfh; iru; lj \ufffd; lv wkh; ri wkh; srvw \ufffd; vdpsoh \ufffd; vhoi \ufffd; vlq; vshfwud \ufffd; vshfwuxp \ufffd; wkdw; wkh vdpsoh; wklfnqhvv \ufffd; wr wkh; \u00b5n \ufffd; \ufffd +; \ufffd 7kh; \ufffd devruehg; \ufffd devruswlrq; \ufffd dqg; \ufffd dv; \ufffd e; \ufffd hgjh; \ufffd lw; \ufffd ri; \ufffd ru; \ufffd ud\\; \ufffd wkh; \ufffd zh; \ufffd zkhuh; \ufffd zklfk; \ufffd \ufffd", "summary": "If I0 N \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd :H WKHQ FRQVLGHU \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd DQG \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \\LHOGLQJ\ufffd If I0 N = \u00b5n\u00b5e0+ \u00b5n\u00b5e0++$ [1! e!(\u00b5n\u00b5e0++$)L] \u00b5e0+ \u00b5e0++$ [1! 7HDFKHUV DQG 6FLHQWLVWV \ufffd:'76\ufffd XQGHU WKH 6FLHQFH 8QGHUJUDGXDWH /DERUDWRU\\ ,QWHUQVKLSV 3UR\ufffd JUDP \ufffd68/,\ufffd\ufffd $&.12:/('*(0(176 :H WKDQN $SXUYD 0HKWD DQG 5\\DQ 'DYLV IRU WKHLU VXSSRUW DQG JXLGDQFH\ufffd 5()(5(1&(6 >\ufffd@ $\ufffd ,LGD\ufffd 7\ufffd 1RPD\ufffd &RUUHFWLRQ RI WKH 6HOI\ufffd$EVRUSWLRQ (IIHFW LQ )OXRUHVFHQFH ;\ufffd5D\\ $EVRUSWLRQ )LQH 6WUXFWXUH\ufffd -SQ\ufffd - $SSO\ufffd 3K\\V\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd >\ufffd@ &\ufffd+\ufffd %RRWK\ufffd )\ufffd %ULGJHV\ufffd ,PSURYHG 6HOI\ufffd$EVRUSWLRQ &RUUHFWLRQ IRU )OXRUHVFHQFH 0HDVXUHPHQWV RI ([\ufffd WHQGHG ;\ufffd5D\\ $EVRUSWLRQ )", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-6409", "words": "4199", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "40", "author": "Tjo, Hansen; Zervoudis, Nicholas; Obermeyer, Allie", "title": "Protein-Polymer Complex Coacervates as Synthetic Membrane-less Organelles", "date": "2020", "keywords": "coacervate; gox; liquid; mixing; phase; polycation; salt; separation; systems; turbidity", "summary": "[9] R. A. Kapelner, A.C. Obermeyer, Ionic polypeptide tags for protein phase separation. For the GOx-PEI system, no form of phase separation was observed at all salt concentrations.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-6410", "words": "4476", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "48", "author": "Putnam, Olivia; Lake, Keely", "title": "I\u2019m Upset, not Ashamed: An Investigation into Adolescent Shame Acknowledgement", "date": "2020", "keywords": "affect; emotion; iss; panas; scale; score; self; shame", "summary": "A paired t-test comparing aver- age ISS shame and PANAS shame affirmed this underre- porting phenomenon in individuals, with nearly 74 per- cent of participants reporting lower self-rated PANAS shame than \u201ctrue\u201d ISS shame. Shame is a powerful and acutely painful \u201cmaster emotion\u201d that is strongly correlated with maladaptive behav- iors and a host of psychological symptoms.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-6411", "words": "374", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "47", "author": "Parsley, Julia", "title": "Letter from the Editor-in-Chief", "date": "2020", "keywords": "cusj", "summary": "Volume 14 of CUSJ is diverse in scientific fields represented, ranging from biochemistry and the development of enzymatic nanoreactors for industrial synthesis, to the social science of shame in teens. Since our very first volume in 2006, it has been the mission of CUSJ to provide an accessible and professional, open access platform for undergraduates to communicate their research advances in various scientific fields.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-6413", "words": "306", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "47", "author": "Mohabir, Jason", "title": "Letter from the President", "date": "2020", "keywords": "journal", "summary": "Dear Readers, Founded in 2006, the Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal was created by a team of graduate students who wanted to provide a collegiate platform for undergraduates to publish their scholarship and to educate students about the academic publication process. The Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal editorial board is proud to present the 14th annual Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-6414", "words": "16711", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "53", "author": "CUSJ, Editorial Board", "title": "CUSJ Volume 14 - 2020", "date": "2020", "keywords": "+ \ufffd; d \ufffd; dqg wkh; gglwlrqdoo\\ \ufffd; gox; ioxruhvfhqfh; liquid; lj \ufffd; lqwhuhvw \ufffd; lv wkh; mixing; pdwhuldo \ufffd; phase; ri d; ri wkh; ruljlqdo \ufffd; salt; self; separation; shame; srvw \ufffd; suh \ufffd; vdpsoh \ufffd; vhoi \ufffd; vlq; vshf \ufffd; vshfwud \ufffd; vshfwuxp \ufffd; wkdw; wkh vdpsoh; wklfnqhvv \ufffd; wr wkh; xq \ufffd; \u00b5n \ufffd; \ufffd +; \ufffd 7kh; \ufffd 7klv; \ufffd devruehg; \ufffd devruswlrq; \ufffd dqg; \ufffd dv; \ufffd e; \ufffd hgjh; \ufffd iru; \ufffd lv; \ufffd lw; \ufffd ri; \ufffd rqh; \ufffd ru; \ufffd ud\\; \ufffd wkh; \ufffd wklv; \ufffd wlrq; \ufffd wuxp; \ufffd zh; \ufffd zkhuh; \ufffd zklfk; \ufffd zlwk; \ufffd \ufffd", "summary": "If I0 N \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd :H WKHQ FRQVLGHU \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd DQG \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \\LHOGLQJ\ufffd If I0 N = \u00b5n\u00b5e0+ \u00b5n\u00b5e0++$ [1! e!(\u00b5n\u00b5e0++$)L] \u00b5e0+ \u00b5e0++$ [1! 7HDFKHUV DQG 6FLHQWLVWV \ufffd:'76\ufffd XQGHU WKH 6FLHQFH 8QGHUJUDGXDWH /DERUDWRU\\ ,QWHUQVKLSV 3UR\ufffd JUDP \ufffd68/,\ufffd\ufffd $&.12:/('*(0(176 :H WKDQN $SXUYD 0HKWD DQG 5\\DQ 'DYLV IRU WKHLU VXSSRUW DQG JXLGDQFH\ufffd 5()(5(1&(6 >\ufffd@ $\ufffd ,LGD\ufffd 7\ufffd 1RPD\ufffd &RUUHFWLRQ RI WKH 6HOI\ufffd$EVRUSWLRQ (IIHFW LQ )OXRUHVFHQFH ;\ufffd5D\\ $EVRUSWLRQ )LQH 6WUXFWXUH\ufffd -SQ\ufffd - $SSO\ufffd 3K\\V\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd >\ufffd@ &\ufffd+\ufffd %RRWK\ufffd )\ufffd %ULGJHV\ufffd ,PSURYHG 6HOI\ufffd$EVRUSWLRQ &RUUHFWLRQ IRU )OXRUHVFHQFH 0HDVXUHPHQWV RI ([\ufffd WHQGHG ;\ufffd5D\\ $EVRUSWLRQ )", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-7408", "words": "4935", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "50", "author": "Pinker, Elisha; Tuganbaev, Timur", "title": "Microbiome Composition and Circadian Rhythm Disruption Alters Epithelial Barrier Integrity", "date": "2021", "keywords": "barrier; circadian; disruption; epithelial; figure; gut; hfd; jet; lag; mice; microbiome; permeability; zt14", "summary": "Our data signi- fies metabolic syndromes\u2019 role in both dis- rupting circadian rhythms and heightening intestinal barrier permeability that can lead to increased inflammation and infection. HFD mice were placed in ZT2 and ZT14 light-dark cycles to measure two time points upon sacrifice.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-7787", "words": "6477", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "53", "author": "Dolaner, Simay; Kaur, Harpreet; Brodsky, Elia; Panov, Julia; Mazumder, Mohit", "title": "Identification of LncRNAs as Therapeutic Targets in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia", "date": "2021", "keywords": "analysis; as1; cancer; cells; cll; expression; figure; gene; journal; lncrnas; pathways; protein; regression; samples; tumor", "summary": "Identified Non-Coding RNAs were Novel Transcripts Based on differential gene expression analysis, 33 lncRNAs, which are significantly expressed, were identified with the specific parameters (Supplementary Table 2). Therefore, we applied differential gene expression analysis by comparing spontaneous regression and pro- gressive tumor states.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-7788", "words": "3673", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "61", "author": "Obikili, Mary-Benedicta", "title": "The Effects of APOBEC3G's Cytidine Deaminase Activity on Retroviral Evolution", "date": "2021", "keywords": "cell; mutations; proteins; virus", "summary": "Although APOBEC3 proteins help inhibit viral infection through their cytidine deaminase activity, A3D, A3F, A3G, and A3H may also play a role in viral evolution, where viruses such as HIV gain beneficial mutations that enable them to overcome the antiviral activity of A3 proteins Vif has two motifs that bind to A3 proteins: DRMR which binds to and degrades A3F and A3D, and the other motif, YRHHY, which binds to A3G, leading to its degradation [5].", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-7797", "words": "8671", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "53", "author": "Ogunniyi, Victoria; Abugaber, David; Finestrat, Irene; Luque, Alicia; Morgan-Short, Kara", "title": "Predicting Second Language Proficiency with Resting-state Brain Rhythms", "date": "2021", "keywords": "coherence; dele; frequency; language; learning; measures; memory; participants; power; proficiency; qeeg; spanish; state; studies; study; task; theta", "summary": "Regarding L2 proficiency studies, results have shown that highly proficient L2 learners differ in qEEG measures from less proficient L2 learners Based on our results, within- and between-net- work coherence over the theta frequency band is closely related to Spanish L2 proficiency.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-7805", "words": "4316", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "62", "author": "Gao, Yuki; Raisa, Noshin; Amineh, Reza", "title": "Effect of Eccentricity in Microwave Imaging of Multiple Composite Pipes", "date": "2021", "keywords": "defects; eccentricity; images; imaging; microwave; pipes; \ufffd \ufffd", "summary": "At the end, the normalized modulus of ( )i n\u03c6f SC =E DF\ufffd \ufffd \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd \ufffd 1 A SC SC SC N = E E E \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd \ufffd\ufffd 1 AN = D D D \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd \ufffd\ufffd 1( ) ( ) rN k k \u03c6 \u03c6 f F = f \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd \ufffd\ufffd 1( , ) ( , ) m m m SC a SC a SC a N k k \u03c9 \u03c6 \u03c6 \u03c9 \u03c9 = E E E \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd\ufffd \ufffd \ufffd\ufffd , , 1, 1 , 1 , , 1, , ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) Near-field holographic imaging has been extended to the application of multiple non-metallic pipe imaging in [14, 15] where the pipes are assumed to be perfectly concentric.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-8355", "words": "347", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "49", "author": "Leite, Isabella", "title": "Letter from the Editor-in-Chief", "date": "2021", "keywords": "cusj", "summary": "Sincerely, Isabella Leite Editor-in-Chief Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal 3 This includes but is not limited to the CUSJ editorial board, the CUSJ editorial committee, our Faculty Advisory Board, our advisors at Columbia Libraries, our peer reviewers, research mentors, and all students who submitted their work.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-8356", "words": "413", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "44", "author": "Rao, Arya", "title": "Letter from the President", "date": "2021", "keywords": "undergraduate", "summary": "As one of the first undergraduate peer-reviewed scientific journals, we paved the way many years ago for the cre- ation of scientific publications at other universities. I would like to specifically commend the authors published in our 15th edition, who have demonstrated an admirable commitment to scientific achievement and collaboration in this unusual time.", "mime": "application/pdf"}, {"id": "cusj-8370", "words": "961", "extension": ".pdf", "flesch": "46", "author": "Leite, Isabella", "title": "Columbia Spring Research Symposium 2021", "date": "2021", "keywords": "research; shapiro; time", "summary": "63 Third Place: Probing the Statistical Relationship Between Binary Black Hole Mergers and Active Galactic Nuclei Hosts by Amanda Beck About the Author: My name is Amanda Beck, and I am a Brazilian Junior at Columbia University, Columbia College, majoring in Astrophysics. First Place: Can we use next-generation gravitational wave detectors for terrestrial precision measurements of Shapiro time delay? by Andrew Sullivan Abstract: Shapiro time delay is an effect predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity where- by the travel time of light is delayed as light passes by massive objects.", "mime": "application/pdf"}]