commonwealth: A Pathfinder

This is a computer-generated pathfinder created against the Distant Reader study called commonwealth.

Each Distant Reader study carrel is composed of many individual items. Each item is bibliographically described with author, title, date, summary, and keyword values. Below is a list of the items' most signficant keywords as well as lists of the items themselves. Purpusing the content of this pathfinder provides the student, researcher, or scholar with one way to get their heads around the scope of the carrel. The keywords include:

State; Public; Policy; Health; Commonwealth; Science; Politics; Election; Education; Tax; States; Party; Candidates; Care; County; System; City; Taxes; Editor; Government; National; Family; Emergency; Response; Work; Redistricting; Legislators; Democracy; Injection

Depending on how this pathfinder was created, many of the bibliographic sections will include elaborations on the meaning(s) of the given keywords. These elaborations were generated by feeding the items' summaries to a large langauge model and asking the model to address the question, "What is X?", where "X" is the keyword. The result will be a few sentences of elaboration. Be forewarned. The elaborations are often plausible, but they should not be take as truth. Instead, they should be taken as points for consideration.

• The Limits of Medicaid Reform in Pennsylvania: Thinking Regionally about Access to Insurance and Health Care under the Affordable Care Act by Deegan, Michele Moser; Mathews-Schultz, A. Lanethea (2016) - Not only does the ACA largely sidestep these interdependent determinants of health inequality, but by centralizing the administration of health, the governance structure of Pennsylvania state health may exacerbate health inequalities. Pennsylvania continues to rank below national aver- ages on measures of state population health. Keywords: aca; access; adults; care; community; corbett; county; department; expansion; health; health care; individuals; insurance; lehigh; medicaid; pennsylvania; public; reform; regional; residents; services; state
• Governor Wolf’s First Year: A Comparative Analysis by Duda Holoviak, Paula A.; Baldino, Thomas J. (2016) - Unfortunately for Governor Wolf, his first year accom- plishments were overshadowed by failure to reach a budget agreement with the Republican- controlled General Assembly. Governor Wolf’s First- Keywords: administration; assembly; budget; corbett; general; governor; office; pennsylvania; political; public; rendell; republicans; state; tax; wolf; year
• Sometimes It Does Matter: The 2016 Presidential Primary Election in Pennsylvania by Kennedy, John J. (2016) - Carter 511,905 37.0% Ford 733,472 92.1% Jackson 340,340 24.6% Reagan* 40,510 5.1% exit Poll Results, Pennsylvania democratic Presidential Primary, 2008 and 2016 2008 2016 number Clinton obama number Clinton Sanders Gender Male 42% 49% 51% 40% 49% 50% Female 58% 59% 41% 60% 60% 39% Vote by Age 18–29 12% 40% 60% 12% 17% 83% 30–44 19% 47% 53% 24% 47% 53% 45–59 37% 56% 44% 41% 65% 34% 60 and Older 32% 62% 38% 23% 67% 31% Vote by Race White 80% 63% 37% 68% 51% 47% Keywords: april; clinton; counties; county; delegates; democratic; party; pennsylvania; percentage; philadelphia; primary; republican; sanders; state; trump; turnout; votes
• The Pennsylvania 2015 State Supreme Court Election in Comparative Perspective by Kane, Jenna Becker (2016) - While there is limited available data on independent expenditures on televised advertising in Pennsylvania high court races, there 96 Jenna Becker kane does appear to be a sharp jump in group spending from the 2007 race to the first post- Citizens United open seat contest in 2015.10 Outside groups went from spending just over $1 million on advertising in 2007 to just over $4 million in the 2015 campaign. This article places the 2015 Pennsylvania Supreme Court election in comparative perspective to assess whether or not the campaign fundraising, campaign spending, and campaign advertising in this race was as “historic” as commonly claimed. Keywords: ads; advertising; campaign; candidate; court; elections; high; judicial; justice; pennsylvania; race; spending; state; supreme; supreme court
• The Women of the Pennsylvania General Assembly: Explaining Women’s Representation in Pennsylvania State Politics by Rogers, Kathleen M. (2016) - Descriptive Representation of Women in the state legislatures, 2016 state Rank % Women state Rank % Women Colorado 1 42.0% Missouri 26 24.9% Vermont 2 41.1% Georgia 27 24.6% Arizona 3 35.6% Delaware* 28 24.2% Washington 4 34.0% Kansas* 28 24.2% Minnesota 5 33.3% North Carolina 30 22.9% Illinois 6 32.8% Iowa 31 22.7% Maryland 7 31.9% Nebraska 32 22.4% Nevada 8 31.7% South Dakota 33 21.0% Montana 9 31.3% Michigan 34 20.9% Oregon 10 31.1% Indiana 35 20.7% Alaska* 11 30.0% Arkansas 36 20.0% New Jersey* 11 30.0% Texas 37 19.9% Maine 13 29.6% Virginia 38 19.3% Hawaii 14 28.9% North Dakota 39 19.1% New Hampshire 15 28.8% Pennsylvania 40 18.6% Connecticut 16 28.3% Tennessee 41 16.7% Idaho 17 27.6% Kentucky 42 15.9% Rhode Island 18 27.4% Utah 43 15.4% New Mexico 19 26.8% West Virginia 44 14.9% New York 20 26.3% Louisiana 45 14.6% California* 21 25.8% Alabama 46 14.3% Ohio* 21 25.8% Oklahoma* 47 14.1% Wisconsin* 21 25.8% South Carolina* 47 14.1% Florida* 24 25.0% Mississippi 49 13.8% Massachusetts* 24 25.0% Wyoming 50 13.3% Source: Center for American Women and Politics, “Women in State Legislatures 2016,” available at http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/state- state. In general, Pennsylvania women are not likely to serve in political office. Keywords: assembly; children; female; general; legislature; office; pennsylvania; pennsylvania general; political; politics; state; women
• An Introduction to the Special Issue on Energy and the Environment by Borick, Christopher (2017) - While the expansion of fracking in Pennsylvania has certainly been the most prominent aspect of energy policy in the state over the past decade, renewable energy development has also been a feature of policy develop- ment in Harrisburg. Mills’s analysis suggests that local land- use regulations may be more responsible than An Introduction to the Special Issue on Energy and the Environment 3 failures of state- level renewable energy policy for the lack of new wind power facilities in the Keystone State. Keywords: energy; pennsylvania; policy; state
• Leaving Money on the Table: Pennsylvania Exceptionalism in Resisting Energy Severance Taxes by Hampton, Rachel L.; Rabe, Barry G. (2017) - producing states severance tax? top natural Gas– producing states severance tax? Texas As in the case of state severance tax revenues, Pennsylvania impact fee revenues have declined in recent years. Keywords: development; drilling; energy; extraction; fee; gas; hampton; impact; january; natural; new; oil; pennsylvania; policy; political; production; rabe; revenue; severance; severance tax; shale; state; table; tax; taxes
• The Great Divide: Public Perceptions of Shale Gas Extraction and Hydraulic Fracturing in Pennsylvania and New York by Lachapelle, Erick (2017) - Among the New Yorkers who strongly support fracking in their state, equal pluralities (of 42%) think the permissive policy in Pennsylvania should have a major and no effect on New York policy, respectively. For the purpose of Table 3, New York respondents reporting “High” and “Moderate” levels of fracking in Pennsylvania were coded as reporting a correct answer, while Pennsylvania respondents reporting “Very little” or “No” hydraulic fracturing occurring in New York were similarly coded. Keywords: fracking; fracturing; gas; hydraulic; new; pennsylvania; policy; public; shale; state; support; york
• Wind Development in Pennsylvania: A Reflection on State Policy by Mills, Sarah Banas (2017) - Since then, however, while other states have added more than 14,000 MW of wind energy, wind development in Pennsylvania has flat- lined (see Figure 1). Indeed, as previous analyses have shown, a multitude of factors affect the deployment of wind energy within a particular state (Bohn and Lant 2009; Fischlein et al. 2014). Keywords: communities; development; energy; landuse; new; pennsylvania; policy; rps; state; wind
• COMMONWEALTH Forum: The Politics of Science or the Science of Politics by Arway, John (2017) - Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Com- mission. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources and Trout Unlimited, Pennsylvania Environmental Hear- ing Board (EHB) Docket No. Keywords: agency; american; arway; commission; commonwealth; environmental; fish; harrisburg; inc; pennsylvania; pfbc; pollution; public; resources; river; science; shad; state; susquehanna; water
• Is This the Care We Need?: An Examination of Childcare Policy in Pennsylvania by Sweet-Cushman, Jennie; Harden, Ashley (2017) - In a national study of 1,500 voters conducted by EDK Associates, the majority of voters expressed support for public financing of child care, while six in 10 voters expressed support for a significant proposal meant to make quality child care afford- able, and 67% favored a more limited package (Klein n.d.). An Examination of Childcare Policy in Pennsylvania JENNIE SWEET-CUSHMAN Chatham University ASHLEY HARDEN Chatham University For many families across Pennsylvania, child care is an ever-present concern. Keywords: care; center; child; child care; childcare; children; development; early; education; families; february; income; march; n.d; parents; pennsylvania; program; quality; state
• All Politics Is Organizational: An Analysis of Candidate Recruitment and Political Influence in Pennsylvania School Board Elections by Shrader, Nathan R. (2017) - The extensive list of responsibilities indicated in Table 3 is adapted from the list of powers and duties outlined by the EPLC (2014, 13–14) and helps to demonstrate the array of powers and duties granted to Pennsylvania school boards and school board members. Research Agenda The Pennsylvania School Board Study was originally crafted as a comprehen- sive effort to contribute to our understanding of the demographic and political profile of those serving on Pennsylvania school boards, their political and ide- ological philosophies, the levels of civic and political engagement among these public servants, the reasons why these individuals sought local school board seats, and the relationship between the board members and their district super- intendents. Keywords: board members; boards; candidates; districts; education; elections; labor; local; members; organizations; party; pennsylvania; pennsylvania school; political; politics; public; school; school board; state; study; survey
• Book Reviews by Treadway, Jack; Maierean, Andreea (2017) - Likewise, the author paints natural gas corporations as actively malicious (p. 41) and quickly dismisses alternative reports on the economic benefits of shale gas as exaggerated and inflated (p. 42). It normally takes tens of thousands of years for contaminants to move to the surface, but shale gas drilling has cut that time to decades (p.163). Keywords: book; districts; fracking; gas; health; redistricting; state
• COMMONWEALTH Forum: Addressing Pennsylvania’s Structural Budget Deficit by Dick, Bob; Stier, Marc (2018) - His last budget proposal would have raised taxes by $1 billion while making modest reforms to control state spending (Pennsylvania Office of the Budget 2017). Enact Budget Safeguards Too often, state spending is left unevaluated and grows without limit, to tax- payers’ detriment. Keywords: budget; commonwealth; foundation; fund; general; governor; growth; july; lawmakers; pennsylvania; spending; state; tax; taxes; years
• COMMONWEALTH Forum: Law Enforcement in the Twenty-­First Century: Partnering to Combat the Opioid Overdose Epidemic by Shapiro, Josh (2018) - First, our agents and prosecutors prioritize arrests and prosecution of dealers and those involved in the illegal diversion of prescription drugs, not those who suffer from substance use disorder. The primary form of these partnerships in drug law is OAG’s state- local task forces. Keywords: addiction; commonwealth; drug; enforcement; law; need; oag; opioid; pennsylvania; prescription; state; treatment
• Commonwealth Forum: Addressing Pennsylvania’s Structural Budget Deficit by Dick, Bob; Stier, Mark (2020) - His last budget proposal would have raised taxes by $1 billion while making modest reforms to control state spending (Pennsyl- vania Office of the Budget 2017). Enact Budget Safeguards Too often, state spending is left unevaluated and grows without limit, to taxpayers’ detriment. Keywords: budget; commonwealth; foundation; fund; general; growth; https://; pennsylvania; percent; spending; state; tax; taxes; www; year
• Commonwealth Forum: Should Pennsylvania Abolish the Property Tax? Part II by Argall, David G.; Hopcraft, John; Fischel, William A. (2020) - Why should we require school 3.00 146% growth 61% growth School property tax collections Regional CPI 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00G ro w th in de x w ith 1 99 3– 19 94 v al ue s a t 1 .0 19 93 –19 94 19 95 –19 96 19 97 –19 98 19 99 –20 00 20 01 –20 02 20 03 –20 04 20 05 –20 06 20 07 –20 08 20 09 –20 10 20 11 –20 12 Figure 3.1 Historic trends in school property tax collections and regional consumer price index. Because of the state government’s inability to prevent school property taxes from rising each year, the calls to eliminate—not reform—this hated tax continue to grow louder each year. Keywords: districts; education; funding; pennsylvania; percent; property; property tax; school; school property; state; system; tax; taxes; voters
• Commonwealth Forum: Should State Government Subsidizee the Economic Development of Natural Gas Facilities? by Editors, The (2020) - The costs in terms of environmental degradation, poor health outcomes, and contribution to climate change are not included in the price of natural gas or any other fossil fuel. While natural gas burns cleaner than coal or oil, companies that produce it should not receive public dollars to pollute the air and water. Keywords: development; gas; state
• Commonwealth Forum: Should Pennsylvania End the Practice of Hold-Harmless Funding? by Editors, The (2020) - Unfortunately, it does for school districts. State and federal mandates, pension financing, and the fixed costs of school facilities all continue to put pressure on school districts. Keywords: districts; education; state
• Introduction to the Special Issue on Women in Pennsylvania Politics by Sweet-Cushman, Jennie (2020) - Introduction to the Special Issue on Women in Pennsylvania Politics JENNIE SWEET-CUSHMAN Special Issue Editor Several years ago, as assistant director of the Pennsylvania Center for Women and Politics, I interviewed more than a dozen women serv- ing in Pennsylvania’s General Assembly about the role women play in the legislature. School boards in Pennsylvania are comprised of only 37% women (Pennsylvania Center for Women and Politics 2014), whereas nationally women have been near gender parity for many years. Keywords: candidates; pennsylvania; political; politics; state; women
• Solving Pennsylvania’s Budget Woes: Increased Female Representation by Melusky, Benjamin (2020) - This article explores the history of budget impasses in the Commonwealth, includ- ing their causes and consequences, and advances a growing trend in American politics as a potential solution to this problem—the election of more women to the General Assembly. Late state budgets are not uncommon, with more than 15% of budgets from 1961 to 2006 being adopted after the start of the next fiscal year (Klarner, Phillips, and Muckler 2012). Keywords: american; budget; budget impasse; compromise; female; gender; general; government; impasse; legislature; new; party; pennsylvania; polarization; political; politics; press; state; women; year
• Local Government Mandates in Pennsylvania: How 'Burdensome' are They? by Duda Holoviak, Paula A. (2015) - The Pennsylvania Local Government Commission, a state legislative agency, was directed to study the costs and the real and perceived effects of state statutory mandates upon all levels of Pennsylvania local government, counties, cities, boroughs, towns, and townships (PA Local Government Commission 2012). Discussion: Rethinking the Burden of Mandates Previous research has indicated that the best approach to the issue of local government mandates involves a partnership or collaborative approach between state and local government to address the issues of cost estimation, cost reimbursement, and best methods for meeting state standards for policy and services (Grossback; Zimmerman; Kelly 1994, 1997). Keywords: class; government; local; mandates; pennsylvania; police; state; townships
• FMLA in PA: Analysis of Family and Medical Leave Policy in the State by Sweet-Cushman, Jennie (2015) - Not all Americans enjoy the same rights to family and medical leave because 40% of them do not live in states that have written additional protections into state law. However, it should be noted that both large and/or unionized workplaces oftentimes had maternity and medical leave policies that were, in some cases, more generous than state law required (Waldfogel 1999). Keywords: department; employers; family; fmla; law; laws; leave; medical; new; pennsylvania; policy; pregnancy; protections; state; violence; women; workers
• The Rise and Fall of Pennsylvania's Voter Identification Law by Guirguis, Max (2015) - In upholding it, the Supreme Court rejected the contention that voter ID laws are subtle discriminatory devices akin to literacy tests, whose real purpose was to disfranchise rather than maintain an informed electorate. Though divided in its reasoning, the Court was united on the principle that voter ID laws are a valid exercise of a state’s police power to prevent fraud and govern elections. Keywords: act; applewhite; commonwealth; court; d law; election; identification; ids; judge; july; law; pennsylvania; photo; state; voter; voter identification; voting
• Book Reviews by Baldino, Thomas J. (2015) - However, it is Pennsylvania politics where he excels, fitting for a man born in the state’s capital. On the Front Lines is neither a book simply on Pennsylvania politics, nor is it the musings of a veteran political journalist. Keywords: baer; book; city; corruption; gullan; history; pennsylvania; philadelphia; pittsburgh; politics; reviews; state; toomey; years
• Frontmatter by Staff, Editorial (2013) - Term Michele DeMary Kyle Krieder Susquehanna University Wilkes University 2012–15 Term John Kennedy Mark Sachlaben West Chester University Shippensburg University 2013–16 Term Joseph McLaughlin Ayesha Ray Temple University Kings College EX OFFICIO MEMBERS PAST PRESIDENT PAST PRESIDENT Paula Holoviak Stanley Berard Kutztown University Lock Haven University EDITORIAL STAFF OF COMMONWEALTH: A Journal of Political Science EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Gerard J. Fitzpatrick Ursinus College ASSOCIATE EDITOR & ASSOCIATE EDITOR & BOOK REVIEW EDITOR SPECIAL ISSUE EDITOR Thomas J. Baldino Michael R. King Wilkes University Temple University ASSOCIATE EDITOR MANAGING EDITOR FOR POLITICAL THEORY Michael Cassidy Donald G. Tannenbaum Temple University Gettysburg College iii CONTENTS Volume 16, Number 1 September 2013 ISBN 0890-2410 About the Authors ......................................................................................v About the Book Reviews ......................................................................... vii In the COMMONWEALTH by Gerard J. Fitzpatrick, Editor .................. Keywords: editor; pennsylvania; phd; political; science; state; university
• The Disenfranchisement of Black Pennsylvanians in the 1838 State Constitution: Racism, Politics, or Economics? -- A Statistical Analysis by Latzko, David A. (2013) - As Rebecca Keister (2005, 47) notes, both the tax qualification and black suffrage votes were concerned with whether “a group of men who were neglected members of society, by 1838 standards, should vote.” Tested individually, though, these variables have no correlation with black suffrage votes. Keywords: black; convention; counties; county; delegates; disenfranchisement; pennsylvania; population; state; suffrage; variables; vote
• Federalism and the Pennsylvania Legislature: Partisanship and Intergovernmental Priorities by Leckrone , J. Wesley; Gollob, Justin (2013) - Studying state resolutions to the federal government provides a more nuanced understanding of federalism issues subject to partisan conflict. This dataset reveals varying levels of support for federal policy among Pennsylvania’s legislators, depending on their partisan affiliation. Keywords: congress; federalism; general; government; issues; leckrone; legislators; opposition; partisanship; party; pennsylvania; policy; resolutions; state; support; washington
• Where Was the Electricity? : Agenda Setting and the Politics of Electric-Rate Caps in Pennsylvania by Mallinson, Daniel J. (2013) - These are spot estimates rather than projections, meaning that had rate caps suddenly been removed in June 2008, for example, electric rates for Allegheny Power’s 59 DANIEL J. MALLINSON residential customers would have more than doubled. The impact of economic conditions and weak competition on electricity rates became clear as rate caps began to expire across the state. Keywords: 2008; agenda; assembly; attention; caps; deregulation; electric; electricity; energy; general; pennsylvania; policy; power; prices; puc; rate; state; utilities
• Three Strikes and You're Out? : Why Three Republican Governors Failed to Privatize Pennsylvania's State Liquor Monopoly by Hale, George (2013) - Furthermore, the sale of state liquor stores (“state stores”) and the auction of private licenses can provide a significant one-time infusion of revenue. Republican Richard “Dick” Thornburgh’s 1978 platform included privatization of state liquor stores, but his campaign focused instead on “corruption and mismanagement in state government” and the need to “clean up Harrisburg” (Thornburgh 2003, 74). Keywords: governor; issue; liquor; monopoly; pennsylvania; plcb; policy; politics; privatization; public; republican; ridge; sale; state; stores; thornburgh
• Collective Bargaining and Municipal Distress: State Problem, State Solution by Solivam, Erik L. (2022) - Borough police pensions make up over half the total number of municipal police pensions in the state (485 out of 965). 81 COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND MUNICIPAL DISTRESS: STATE PROBLEM, STATE SOLUTION ERIK L. SOLIVÁN Philadelphia Housing Authority The limited authority that municipalities have over the costs of police and fire personnel is a primary cause of fiscal distress in local governments in Pennsylvania. Keywords: act; court; governments; law; legislature; local; municipal; pennsylvania; pension; police; state
• Legislative Careerism, Institutional Resources, and Administrative Influence Over Legislative Policy Making in the American States by Ozymy, Joshua; Rey, Denis; Stanton Jr., Samuel S. (2013) - The added resources—better pay, benefits, and job prestige—make legislative service more attractive and, as a result, enhance legislative careerism (Carey, Niemi, and Powell 2000; The result was increased staff resources, longer sessions, and better pay and benefits for legislators who engendered higher levels of legislative careerism (Squire 2007). Keywords: agencies; careerism; influence; legislatures; making; oversight; policy; power; resources; state
• In the Commonwealth by Fitzpatrick, Gerard. J. (2009) - Drawing upon his direct involvement in the failed U.S. Senate bid of Green Party candidate Carl Romanelli in 2006, Potts argues that state Democrats—aided by an array of state and federal courts—used the letter of the law to sabotage Romanelli’s signature petition, thereby undercutting the law’s spirit and along with it the rights of the candidate and the interests of the voters. Shifting the focus from politics to public policy, Arthur M. Holst examines the leadership role that local governments are increasingly playing with regard to the adoption of “greening” policies in the realms of energy use and environmental protection. Keywords: pennsylvania; state; u.s
• Judicial Selection and the Underrepresentation of Women on the Pennsylvania Courts of Common Pleas by Frederick, Heather (2009) - “One study that focused exclusively on evaluations of women judges found that male lawyers perceived women judges as inferior to male judges on every measure used (Sterling 1993)” The small number of women judges . . . Keywords: bench; bias; courts; female; gender; judges; pennsylvania; pennsylvania courts; pleas; state; system; underrepresentation; women
• Book Reviews by Baldino, Thomas J. (2009) - BOOK REVIEWS 109 This work provides an excellent foundation for future analyses of Pennsylvania elections. It makes an excellent addition to electoral realignment theory as well as Pennsylvania political history. Keywords: bethlehem; book; capital; century; community; election; pennsylvania; philadelphia; realignment; reviews; state; steel; university; work
• Frontmatter by Staff, Editorial (2009) - Michael E. Cassidy, Office of the Democratic Caucus Chair, Pennsylvania House of Representatives EDITORIAL REVIEW BOARD Aryeh Botwinick Temple University M. Margaret Conway University of Florida Roger H. Davidson University of Maryland Jean B. Elshtain University of Chicago Richard F. Fenno University of Rochester Marianne Githens Goucher College Susan W. Hammond American University Samuel Krislov University of Minnesota G. Calvin Mackenzie Colby College Michael J. Malbin State University of NY, Albany Harvey C. Mansfield, Jr. Harvard University Kenneth F. Mott Gettysburg College Craig N. Murphy Wellesley College Steven A. Peterson The Pennsylvania State University Mark P. Petracca University of California, Irvine H. Mark Roelofs New York University Bruce M. Russett Yale University J. David Singer University of Michigan iii PENNSYLVANIA POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION Officers and Executive Council 2008-09 PRESIDENT Paula Holoviak Kutztown University FIRST VICE PRESIDENT Stanley Berard Lock Haven University TREASURER Thomas Brogan Albright College SECOND VICE PRESIDENT Brooke Harlowe Lock Haven University SECRETARY & WEBMASTER Fran Moran New Jersey City University EXECUTIVE COUNCIL 2007-2010 Term Joseph Rish King’s College Michael Dillon LaSalle University 2008-2011 Term Kyle Kreider Wilkes University Joseph Melusky St. Francis University 2009-2012 Term Steven Peterson Penn State - Harrisburg John Kennedy West Chester University of Pennsylvania EX OFFICIO MEMBERS PAST PRESIDENT Thomas J. Baldino Wilkes University PAST PRESIDENT Joseph Melusky St. Francis University EDITORIAL STAFF OF COMMONWEALTH: A JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Gerard J. Fitzpatrick Ursinus College ASSOCIATE EDITOR & BOOK REVIEW EDITOR Thomas J. Baldino Wilkes University ASSOCIATE EDITOR & SPECIAL ISSUE EDITOR Michael R. King LORL, PA House of Representatives ASSOCIATE EDITOR FOR POLITICAL THEORY Donald G. Tannenbaum Gettysburg College MANAGING EDITOR Michael Cassidy Office of the Democratic Caucus Chair PA House of Representatives iv LEGISLATIVE OFFICE FOR RESEARCH LIAISON (LORL) Pennsylvania House of Representatives, Harrisburg, PA 17120-2218 Hon. Matt Gabler Dr. James Moran III Vice Chancellor for Academic and Student Affairs PA State System of Higher Education 2009 - 2010 UNIVERSITY COMMITTEE FOR RESEARCH LIAISON (UCRL) Dr. Richard L. Rosen Associate Professor of History and Politics Drexel University Dr. Grant D. Venerable, II Vice President for Academic Affairs Lincoln University Dr. Richard DiEugenio Special Assistant to the President for Governmental Affairs The Pennsylvania State University Dr. Michael G. Hagan Director, Institute for Public Affairs Temple University Dr. Michael R. King LORL Executive Director Dr. George E. Klinzing Vice Provost for Research University of Pittsburgh Dr. Kathleen Howley Assistant Vice Chancellor for Academic and Student Affairs PA State System of Higher Education Mr. Ronald Uroda Vice President for Research AICUP Dr. Andrew Rudczynski Associate Vice President of Finance and Executive Director of Research Services University of Pennsylvania v Contents Volume 15, Number 1............................................................. May 2009 About the Authors...............................................................................vi Preface by Michael R. King.............................................................. viii Emergency Management: Selected Policy Issues .............................. Keywords: editor; hon; house; office; pennsylvania; political; public; research; science; state; university
• Residency Requirements for First Responders by Finkenbinder, Karen (2009) - An analysis of the Miami-Dade Police Department concluded that residency requirements (often invoked to increase the number of minority employees) so narrowed the applicant pool that they were a factor in increasing the incompetence of the force.19 An examination of consent decrees that impose race-conscious hiring found that such practices encourage lowering qualifying standards to permit hiring of recruits with less education and more criminal and financial problems.20 Employees often oppose such requirements for quality-of-life reasons. Opponents to residency requirements often tout that such requirements force the hiring of less-qualified applicants (particularly those with criminal records). Keywords: disaster; emergency; issue; officers; pennsylvania; police; requirements; residency; responders; state
• The State Role in Emergency Management: Significant Challenges by Cigler, Beverly A. (2009) - This essay examines the key roles of state government within the emergency management system. State government plays a significant role in using its capabilities to measure risk accurately and to convey risk in language understandable to the general public. Keywords: disaster; emergency; flood; government; management; national; public; response; role; state
• Public Health in Pennsylvania: Where Do We Go From Here? by Potter, Margaret A. (2008) - Public health is about health protection: preventing illnesses and promoting vigor and longevity. Public health involves assessment of population-wide health trends (including screenings and preventive care for individuals), development of policies and programs to optimize healthy conditions, and assurance of access to basic services (Institute of Medicine 1988 and 2003). Keywords: care; health; pennsylvania; protection; public; state; system
• Financial Analysis and Structural Considerations to the Problem of Rural Public Health in Pennsylvania by Cardelle, Alberto J. F. (2008) - Local public health services could be offered through community based organizations, but with a central public sector-based coordinating body. Although this is an expected trend given that Act 315 8The ROI was calculated by dividing the total amount of financial resources used to provide public health services (not including the direct funds) by the amount of LHD budgets stemming from direct funds. Keywords: act; counties; county; department; funding; funds; grants; health; lhds; local; pennsylvania; population; public; revenue; services; state
• Credentialing of the Public Health Work Force by Goldstein, Bernard D. (2008) - The new credentialing process in public health is comparable in some ways to Step 1 of the USMLE in that it tests for core knowledge on which public health practice is based. I will also consider the relationship between public health and medicine including comparing the approaches toward credentialing. Keywords: american; association; board; core; credentialing; education; health; medical; medicine; national; nbphe; new; pennsylvania; practice; programs; public; schools; state; university; workforce
• Frontmatter by Staff, Editorial (2022) - Harold Cox, Wilkes University EDITORIAL REVIEW BOARD Aryeh Botwinick Temple University M. Margaret Conway University of Florida Roger H. Davidson Univprsity of Maryland Jean B. Elshtain University of Chicago Richard F. Fenno University of Rochester Marianne Githens Goucher College Susan W. Hammond American University -Samuel Krislov University of MiImesota G. Calvin Mackenzie Colby College Michael J. Malbin State University of NY, Albany Harvey C. Mansfield, Jr. Harvard University Kenneth F. Mott Gettysburg College Craig N. Murphy Wellesley College Steven A. Peterson Pennsylvania State University Mark P. Petracca University of California, Irvine H. Mark Roelofs New York University Bruce M. Russett Yale University J. David Singer University of Michigan Contents Volume 12 2003 ISBN 0890-2410 Idealism, Realism, and the Categorical Imperative in Kant's Perpetual Peace Gordon P. Henderson 1 The Five-Year Effect of NAFTA on Pennsylvania: An Analysis of Export Data Paul G. Kengor and R. C. Phinney 27 State Influence in the Presidential Selection Process: Assessing Pennsylvania's Non-Participation in the Frontloading Trend James E. Vike 51 Disappearing Democrats: Rethinking Partisanship Within Pennsylvania's Electorate Berwood Yost 77 SPECIAL FEATURE Looking Back on the Legislative Modernization Movement in Pennsyl­ vania: Remarks of Herbert Fineman, Former Speaker of the Pennsyl­ vania House of Representatives Introduction and Commentary by Michael Cassidy 87 About the Authors Michael Cassidy has over 25 years of service with the PA House of Rep­ resentatives, two of them as a Representative from Blair County in 1977- 78. He received his master's degree in international affairs from thp School of International Service at American University and his doctorate in public and international affairs from the University of Pittsburgh's Graduate School of Public and International Affairs. Keywords: association; college; commonwealth; pennsylvania; political; science; state; university
• In the Commonwealth by Fitzpatrick, Gerard. J. (2022) - Using a random survey of Pennsylvania voters to probe the difference between party orientation and party registration, he finds that more Democrats in Pennsylvania identify with the Republican Party than vice versa, indi­ cating that party identification is a better predictor of voting behavior than is party registration. This issue of COMMONWEALTH closes with a special feature: the address of former Pennsylvania House Speaker Herbert Fineman to the 2003 meeting of the Pennsylvania Political Science Association, with com­ mentary by Michael Cassidy. Keywords: pennsylvania; political; state
• The Five-Year Effect of NAFTA on Pennsylvania: An Analysis of Export Data by Kengor, Paul G.; Phinney, R. C. (2022) - Under NAFTA, Canadians and Mexicans have spent $38.3 billion on Pennsylvania exports. MISER recorded $742 million in Pennsylvania exports to Mexico in 1992, 5653 million in 1993, and $854 million in 1994. Keywords: canada; countries; data; exports; increase; mexico; nafta; nations; non; pennsylvania; products; state; trade; u.s; united; year
• Looking Back on the Legislative Modernization Movement in Pennsylvania: Remarks of Herbert Fineman, Former Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, Given at the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania Political Science Association, April 4, 2003 at Villanova University by Cassidy, Michael (2022) - He was Speaker from 1969 to 1972 and from 1975 to 1977 (Pennsylvania House ]ounIal 1994; Pennsylvania House of Representatives Homepage 2003). Pennsylvania House of Representatives Homepage. 2003. Keywords: commission; committees; convention; fineman; general; governor; harrisburg; house; leader; legislature; members; modernization; national; new; pennsylvania; pennsylvania house; political; public; reform; report; rosenthal; senate; speaker; staff; state; time
• Disappearing Democrats: Rethinking Partisanship Within Pennsylvania's Electorate by Yost, Bernard D. (2022) - Party identification is important because it is a better predictor of voting behavior than is party registration. Epstein (1986, 247) reports, U \:;tCltes that most strongly encourage party registration, by firm1y dos­ ing their primaries to unaffiliated voters, record not only higher party registration percentages but also higher percentages of party identifiers than surveys in states with more permissive registration procedures. Keywords: democrats; identification; measure; orientation; party; pennsylvania; registration; republican; state; voters
• The Impact of Rhetorical Situation on Realism as Measured by the Lexical Content of Governors' State-of-the-State Speeches by DiLeo, Daniel (2022) - The vast majority of New Yorkers pay state income taxes at rates alleasl25% luwer to/lay thalL they diLl ill 1994. For three years we have run state government and increased funding for children, for prisons, for law enforcement, and for Medicaid but with no new taxes and very little growth in General Fund revenue. Keywords: cut; data; governors; new; public; realism; score; speeches; state; taxes; words; year
• Before the Constitution: Interest Groups from 1763-1789 by Yoho, James (2022) - Documentary History of the Struggle for Religious Liberty in Virginia New York: Da Capo. Medicine and Society in America, 1660-1860 New York: New York University Press. Keywords: activity; american; assembly; co.; colonial; commonwealth.max; congress; constitution; convention; delegates; early; group; history; interest; interest group; james; jensen; land; madison; new; new york; ohio; pennsylvania; press; public; societies; society; state; university; virginia; vol; washington; york
• COMMONWEALTH Forum: Should Pennsylvania Abolish the Property Tax for Schools? by Argall, David G.; Hopcraft, Jon; Fischel, William A. (2016) - KQV Radio in Pittsburgh in April of 2012 found 85% of their listeners support a plan to eliminate school property taxes; the York Dispatch in May of 2012 asked a similar question with 73% support of com- plete elimination; the Easton Express Times surveyed readers in March of 2015 asking about supporting a state budget deal or school property tax elimination with 84% supporting the latter. This debate has gone on for decades in the Pennsylvania General Assem- bly with the key question “What is the best way to fund our public schools?” In 1953, Governor Fine enacted the state Sales and Use Tax at 1%—while this tripled state aid for education, it failed to kill off school property taxes (PHMC 2015a). Keywords: districts; education; local; pennsylvania; property; property tax; school; state; system; tax; taxes; voters
• What Would Student-Based Allocation Mean for Pennsylvania School Districts? by Roza, Marguerite; Warco, Amanda (2016) - The specifics of state funding formulas vary widely. Because of the tremendous political lift involved in changing state formulas, they don’t change much from year to year. Keywords: allocation; befc; districts; formula; funding; funds; pennsylvania; state; student
• More Trouble Ahead for Public School Finance: The Implications of Generational Change in Pennsylvania by McClure, Maureen W.; Krekanova, Vera (2016) - In five years, the share of older people will outweigh the share of children by 2.4 Share of Population by Age Cohorts (PA 2001-2040) 23.5%23.1% 23.1% 21.5% 19.5% 19.3% 19.1% 18.9% 19.2%18.6% 18.4% 18.3% 18.1% 18.0% 17.9% 17.7% 17.6% 17.5% 17.5% 17.6% 16.4% 16.7% 16.8% 16.7% 16.8% 16.7% 16.6%16.0% 16.2% 15.5% 15.4% 15.3% 15.2% 15.5%15.2% 15.1% 15.2% 15.3% 15.4% 15.4% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Population 65+ Population 0-14 Figure 2. 45% Dependency Ratio (per 100 working age persons); PA 2001-2040 23.5% 40% 15.5% 16.7% 35% 30% 25% 20% 19.5%15% 16.7%16.8% 10% 5% 0% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Young-Age Ratio Old-Age Ratio Figure 5. Keywords: age; data; dependency; education; generation; labor; pennsylvania; population; public; quality; sector; state; tax; workers; workforce
• Special Education Funding in Pennsylvania: The Effects of a Policy of Neglect by Hartman, William T. (2016) - Consequently, without a substantial increase in state aid school districts will be left to support an increasing share and amount of special education expenditures. Districts must use their local tax revenues, primarily real estate taxes and earned income taxes, to cover their portion of special education expenditures. Keywords: charter; districts; education; expenditures; federal; funding; pennsylvania; school; special; state; students

• Frontmatter by Leckrone, J. Wesley (2016) - Commonwealth: A Journal of Pennsylvania Politics and Policy Frontmatter COMMONWEAL A Journal of Pennsylvania Politics and P TH olicy EDITOR-IN-CHIEF J. Wesley Leckrone, Widener University BOOK REVIEW EDITOR/ ASSOCIATE EDITOR Thomas J. Baldino, Wilkes University ASSOCIATE EDITORS Michelle J. Atherton, Temple University Christopher Borick, Muhlenberg College Paula A. Duda Holoviak, Kutztown University Joseph P. McLaughlin, Jr., Temple University EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Bruce Caswell, Rowan University Beverly A. Cigler, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg Richardson Dilworth, Drexel University John J. Kennedy, West Chester University John Kincaid, Lafayette College Joseph Marbach, Georgian Court University David Y. Miller, University of Pittsburgh Megan Mullin, Duke University Richard A. Stafford, Carnegie Mellon University COPY EDITOR Barbara Crawford EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS Nicole Crossey, Widener University Benjamin Klein, Widener University FOUNDING EDITOR EMERITUS Donald G. Tannenbaum, Gettysburg College EDITORS EMERITUS Thomas J. Baldino, Wilkes University Gerard J. Fitzpatrick, Ursinus College Published by Temple University Press on behalf of The Pennsylvania Political Science Association The Pennsylvania Political Science Association Founded in 1939, the Pennsylvania Political Science Association (PPSA) is the nation’s oldest state political science association. Theodore R. Alter, professor of agricultural, environmental, and regional economics, Pennsylvania State University Michelle J. Atherton, associate director, Institute for Public Affairs, Temple University Thomas J. Baldino, professor of political science, Wilkes University Michael Cassidy, adjunct instructor of political science, Temple University Beverly A. Cigler, professor of public policy and administration, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg Richardson Dilworth, associate professor of political science and director of the Center for Public Policy, Drexel University Michael R. Dimino, Sr., associate professor of law, Widener University Commonwealth Law School (Chair) Paula A. Duda Holoviak, professor of political science, Kutztown University Mark Alan Hughes, professor of practice at PennDesign and faculty director of the Kleinman Center for Energy Policy, University of Pennsylvania John J. Kennedy, associate professor of political science, West Chester University Michael King, adjunct professor, Albright College and Temple University, and associate professor, Pennsylvania State University (retired) Robin Lauermann, professor of politics and international relations, Messiah College J. Wesley Leckrone, associate professor of political science, Widener University Nelson Lim, executive director, Fels Institute of Government, University of Pennsylvania (Vice Chair) Joseph P. McLaughlin, Jr., director of the Institute for Public Affairs, Temple University David Y. Miller, associate professor and director of the Innovation Clinic, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh Randall M. Miller, professor of history, St. Joseph’s University Theresa Miller, director, Institute of Politics, University of Pittsburgh Joseph Sabino Mistick, associate professor of law, Duquesne University School of Law Richard A. Stafford, distinguished service professor of public policy, Heinz College, Carnegie Mellon University David B. Thornburgh, executive director of the Committee of Seventy Craig Wheeland, associate vice president for academic affairs and professor, Villanova University Contents Volume 18, Number 2 | 2016 | ISSN 2469-7 672 EDITOR’S NOTE ■ COMMONWEALTH Matters | J. Wesley Leckrone, Editor- in- Keywords: pennsylvania; policy; political; professor; public; science; university
• Frontmatter by Staff, Editorial (2017) - Theodore R. Alter, professor of agricultural, environmental, and regional economics, Pennsylvania State University Michelle J. Atherton, associate director, Institute for Public Affairs, Temple University Thomas J. Baldino, professor of political science, Wilkes University Michael Cassidy, adjunct instructor of political science, Temple University Beverly A. Cigler, professor of public policy and administration, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg Richardson Dilworth, associate professor of political science and director of the Center for Public Policy, Drexel University Michael R. Dimino, Sr., associate professor of law, Widener University Commonwealth Law School (Chair) Paula A. Duda Holoviak, professor of political science, Kutztown University Mark Alan Hughes, professor of practice at PennDesign and faculty director of the Kleinman Center for Energy Policy, University of Pennsylvania John J. Kennedy, associate professor of political science, West Chester University Michael King, adjunct professor, Albright College and Temple University, and associate professor, Pennsylvania State University (retired) Robin Lauermann, professor of politics and international relations, Messiah College J. Wesley Leckrone, associate professor of political science, Widener University Nelson Lim, executive director, Fels Institute of Government, University of Pennsylvania (Vice Chair) Joseph P. McLaughlin, Jr., director of the Institute for Public Affairs, Temple University David Y. Miller, associate professor and director of the Innovation Clinic, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh Randall M. Miller, professor of history, St. Joseph’s University Theresa Miller, director, Institute of Politics, University of Pittsburgh Joseph Sabino Mistick, associate professor of law, Duquesne University School of Law Richard A. Stafford, distinguished service professor of public policy, Heinz College, Carnegie Mellon University David B. Thornburgh, executive director of the Committee of Seventy Craig Wheeland, associate vice president for academic affairs and professor, Villanova University Contents Volume 19, Number 1 | 2017 | ISSN 2469- 7672 EDITOR’S NOTE ■ An Introduction to the Special Issue on Energy and the Environment | Christopher Borick ARTICLES ■ Leaving Money on the Table: Pennsylvania Exceptionalism in Resisting Energy Severance Taxes | Rachel L. Hampton and Barry G. Rabe ■ Raised Awareness of Fracking in Pennsylvania | Philip J. Harold and Tony Kerzmann ■ The Great Divide: Public Perceptions of Shale Gas Extraction and Hydraulic Fracturing in Pennsylvania and New York | Erick Lachapelle ■ Wind Development in Pennsylvania: A Reflection on State Policy | Sarah Banas Mills ■ Solar Renewable Energy Credit Price Volatility and Investment Returns: Have Policies Stranded Capital Investment? Commonwealth: A Journal of Pennsylvania Politics and Policy Frontmatter COMMONWEAL A Journal of Pennsylvania Politics and P TH olicy EDITOR-IN-CHIEF J. Wesley Leckrone, Widener University MANAGING EDITOR Michelle J. Atherton, Temple University BOOK REVIEW EDITOR/ ASSOCIATE EDITOR Thomas J. Baldino, Wilkes University ASSOCIATE EDITORS Christopher Borick, Muhlenberg College Paula A. Duda Holoviak, Kutztown University Joseph P. McLaughlin, Jr., Temple University EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Bruce Caswell, Rowan University Beverly A. Cigler, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg Richardson Dilworth, Drexel University John J. Kennedy, West Chester University John Kincaid, Lafayette College Joseph Marbach, Georgian Court University David Y. Miller, University of Pittsburgh Megan Mullin, Duke University Richard A. Stafford, Carnegie Mellon University COPY EDITOR Barbara Crawford EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Catherine Long, Widener University FOUNDING EDITOR EMERITUS Donald G. Tannenbaum, Gettysburg College EDITORS EMERITUS Thomas J. Baldino, Wilkes University Gerard J. Fitzpatrick, Ursinus College Published by Temple University Press on behalf of The Pennsylvania Political Science Association The Pennsylvania Political Science Association Founded in 1939, the Pennsylvania Political Science Association (PPSA) is the nation’s oldest state political science association. Keywords: pennsylvania; policy; professor; public; science; university
• Raised Awareness of Fracking in Pennsylvania by Harold, Philip J.; Kerzmann, Tony (2017) - i (3 6 .4 % ) r (2 8 .8 % ) D (2 9 .9 % ) i (3 3 .0 % ) r (3 1 .4 % ) D (4 6 .1 % ) i (1 2 .7 % ) S tr on gl y or so m ew ha t su pp or t fr ac ki ng 6 3 .9 % 3 5 .6 % 3 7 .3 % 7 6 .1 % 4 8 .4 % 4 8 .8 % 6 3 .1 % 4 7 .2 % 4 3 .% 7 2 .3 % 5 1 .2 % 4 0 .3 % S tr on gl y or so m ew ha t op po se f ra ck in g 1 6 .3 % 4 1 .2 % 3 7 .4 % 1 8 .4 % 4 3 .0 % 4 1 .6 % 2 5 .2 % 4 7 .5 % 4 5 .2 % 2 4 .7 % 4 1 .8 % 4 6 .2 % So ur ce s: R ob er t M or ri s U ni ve rs it y P ol lin g Keywords: awareness; energy; february; fracking; gas; national; november; pennsylvania; poll; public; report; table
• Frontmatter by Staff, Editorial (2017) - Paula A. Duda Holoviak, professor of political science, Kutztown University Mark Alan Hughes, professor of practice at PennDesign and faculty director of the Kleinman Center for Energy Policy, University of Pennsylvania John J. Kennedy, associate professor of political science, West Chester University Michael King, adjunct professor, Albright College and Temple University, and associate professor, Pennsylvania State University (retired) Robin Lauermann, professor of politics and international relations, Messiah College J. Wesley Leckrone, associate professor of political science, Widener University Nelson Lim, executive director, Fels Institute of Government, University of Pennsylvania (Vice Chair) Joseph P. McLaughlin, Jr., director of the Institute for Public Affairs, Temple University David Y. Miller, associate professor and director of the Innovation Clinic, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh Randall M. Miller, professor of history, St. Joseph’s University Theresa Miller, director, Institute of Politics, University of Pittsburgh Joseph Sabino Mistick, associate professor of law, Duquesne University School of Law Richard A. Stafford, distinguished service professor of public policy, Heinz College, Carnegie Mellon University David B. Thornburgh, executive director of the Committee of Seventy Craig Wheeland, associate vice president for academic affairs and professor, Villanova University Contents Volume 19, Number 2 | 2017 | ISSN 2469- 7672 EDITOR’S NOTE ■ COMMONWEALTH Matters | J. Wesley Leckrone, Editor-in-Chief ARTICLES ■ The 2016 Pennsylvania Presidential and U.S. Senate Elections: Breaking Pennsylvania’s Electoral Habits | Berwood Yost, Jackie Redman, and Scottie Thompson ■ Is This the Care We Need? PENNSYLVANIA POLICY FORUM MEMBERSHIP (2017) Theodore R. Alter, professor of agricultural, environmental, and regional economics, Pennsylvania State University Michelle J. Atherton, associate director, Institute for Public Affairs, Temple University Thomas J. Baldino, professor of political science, Wilkes University Michael Cassidy, adjunct instructor of political science, Temple University Beverly A. Cigler, professor of public policy and administration, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg Richardson Dilworth, associate professor of political science and director of the Center for Public Policy, Drexel University Michael R. Dimino, Sr., associate professor of law, Widener University Commonwealth Law School (Chair) Keywords: pennsylvania; policy; political; professor; public; university
• Frontmatter by Staff, Editorial (2018) - PENNSYLVANIA POLICY FORUM MEMBERSHIP (2018) Theodore R. Alter, professor of agricultural, environmental, and regional economics, Pennsylvania State University Michelle J. Atherton, associate director, Institute for Public Affairs, Temple University Thomas J. Baldino, professor of political science, Wilkes University Michael Cassidy, adjunct instructor of political science, Temple University Beverly A. Cigler, professor of public policy and administration, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg Richardson Dilworth, professor of political science and director of the Center for Public Policy, Drexel University Michael R. Dimino, Sr., associate professor of law, Widener University Commonwealth Law School (Chair) Paula A. Duda Holoviak, professor of political science, Kutztown University Mark Alan Hughes, professor of practice at PennDesign and faculty director of the Kleinman Center for Energy Policy, University of Pennsylvania John J. Kennedy, professor of political science, West Chester University Michael King, adjunct professor, Albright College and Temple University, and associate professor, Pennsylvania State University (retired) Robin Lauermann, professor of politics and international relations, Messiah College J. Wesley Leckrone, associate professor of political science, Widener University Nelson Lim, executive director, Fels Institute of Government, University of Pennsylvania (Vice Chair) Joseph P. McLaughlin, Jr., director of the Institute for Public Affairs, Temple University David Y. Miller, associate professor and director of the Innovation Clinic, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh Randall M. Miller, professor of history, St. Joseph’s University Theresa Miller, director, Institute of Politics, University of Pittsburgh Joseph Sabino Mistick, associate professor of law, Duquesne University School of Law Richard A. Stafford, distinguished service professor of public policy, Heinz College, Carnegie Mellon University David B. Thornburgh, executive director of the Committee of Seventy Craig Wheeland, associate vice president for academic affairs and professor, Villanova University Contents Volume 20, Number 1 | 2018 | ISSN 2469- 7672 EDITOR’S NOTE ■ COMMONWEALTH Matters | J. Wesley Leckrone, Editor-in-Chief COMMONWEALTH Forum: Addressing Pennsylvania’s Structural Budget Deficit ■ Revitalizing Pennsylvania through Government Reform | Bob Dick ■ The Continuing Pennsylvania Crisis in Perspective | Marc Stier ARTICLES ■ Organizational Identity Change in Conservation Law Enforcement: Lessons for Pennsylvania | Michael J. McSkimming, Robert Vance Dunbar, and Ahmet Guler ■ Should the Philadelphia Property Tax Classification System Be Modified? Commonwealth: A Journal of Pennsylvania Politics and Policy Frontmatter COMMONWEAL A Journal of Pennsylvania Politics and P TH olicy EDITOR- IN- CHIEF J. Wesley Leckrone, Widener University MANAGING EDITOR Michelle J. Atherton, Temple University BOOK REVIEW EDITOR/ ASSOCIATE EDITOR Thomas J. Baldino, Wilkes University ASSOCIATE EDITORS Christopher Borick, Muhlenberg College Paula A. Duda Holoviak, Kutztown University Joseph P. McLaughlin, Jr., Temple University EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Bruce Caswell, Rowan University Beverly A. Cigler, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg Richardson Dilworth, Drexel University John J. Kennedy, West Chester University John Kincaid, Lafayette College Joseph Marbach, Georgian Court University David Y. Miller, University of Pittsburgh Megan Mullin, Duke University Richard A. Stafford, Carnegie Mellon University COPY EDITOR Barbara Crawford EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Catherine Long, Widener University FOUNDING EDITOR EMERITUS Donald G. Tannenbaum, Gettysburg College EDITORS EMERITUS Thomas J. Baldino, Wilkes University Gerard J. Fitzpatrick, Ursinus College Published by Temple University Press on behalf of The Pennsylvania Political Science Association The Pennsylvania Political Science Association Founded in 1939, the Pennsylvania Political Science Association (PPSA) is the nation’s oldest state political science association. Keywords: editor; pennsylvania; policy; political; professor; public; university
• Organizational Identity Change in Conservation Law Enforcement: Lessons for Pennsylvania by McSkimming, Michael J.; Dunbar, Robert Vance; Guler, Ahmet (2018) - Another study could focus on how conservation law enforcement officers develop coping mechanisms to deal with feelings of confusion, tension, and frustration during the process of organizational identity change. Frequently, conservation law enforcement officers require the assistance of other agen- cies such as the local police, sheriffs, and state police. Keywords: agencies; change; conservation; conservation law; enforcement; identity; law; law enforcement; officers; pennsylvania; police; public; states; title; wildlife
• Frontmatter by Staff, Editorial (2018) - PENNSYLVANIA POLICY FORUM MEMBERSHIP (2018) Theodore R. Alter, professor of agricultural, environmental, and regional economics, Pennsylvania State University Michelle J. Atherton, associate director, Institute for Public Affairs, Temple University Thomas J. Baldino, professor of political science, Wilkes University Michael Cassidy, adjunct instructor of political science, Temple University Beverly A. Cigler, professor of public policy and administration, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg Richardson Dilworth, professor of political science and director of the Center for Public Policy, Drexel University Michael R. Dimino, Sr., associate professor of law, Widener University Commonwealth Law School (Chair) Paula A. Duda Holoviak, professor of political science, Kutztown University Mark Alan Hughes, professor of practice at PennDesign and faculty director of the Kleinman Center for Energy Policy, University of Pennsylvania John J. Kennedy, professor of political science, West Chester University Michael King, adjunct professor, Albright College and Temple University, and associate professor, Pennsylvania State University (retired) Robin Lauermann, professor of politics and international relations, Messiah College J. Wesley Leckrone, associate professor of political science, Widener University Nelson Lim, executive director, Fels Institute of Government, University of Pennsylvania (Vice Chair) Joseph P. McLaughlin, Jr., director of the Institute for Public Affairs, Temple University David Y. Miller, associate professor and director of the Innovation Clinic, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh Randall M. Miller, professor of history, St. Joseph’s University Theresa Miller, director, Institute of Politics, University of Pittsburgh Joseph Sabino Mistick, associate professor of law, Duquesne University School of Law Richard A. Stafford, distinguished service professor of public policy, Heinz College, Carnegie Mellon University David B. Thornburgh, executive director of the Committee of Seventy Craig Wheeland, associate vice president for academic affairs and professor, Villanova University Contents Volume 20, Numbers 2–3 | 2018 | ISSN 2469- 7672 EDITORS’ NOTE ■ The Heroin and Opioid Epidemic: Pennsylvania’s Statewide Disaster Emergency | Mark A. Nordenberg and Janice L. Pringle, Special Issue Editors ARTICLES ■ COMMONWEALTH Forum: Law Enforcement in the Twenty-First Century: Par tnering to Combat the Opioid COMMONWEALTH: A Journal of Pennsylvania Politics and Policy frontmatter COMMONWEALTH A Journal of Pennsylvania Politics and Policy EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Widener University MANAGING EDITOR Michelle J. Atherton, Temple University BOOK REVIEW EDITOR/ ASSOCIATE EDITOR Thomas J. Baldino, Wilkes University ASSOCIATE EDITORS Christopher Borick, Muhlenberg College Paula A. Duda Holoviak, Kutztown University Joseph P. McLaughlin, Jr., Temple University EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Bruce Caswell, Rowan University Beverly A. Cigler, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg Richardson Dilworth, Drexel University John J. Kennedy, West Chester University John Kincaid, Lafayette College Joseph Marbach, Georgian Court University David Y. Miller, University of Pittsburgh Megan Mullin, Duke University Richard A. Stafford, Carnegie Mellon University COPY EDITOR Barbara Crawford EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS Monica Gaydos, University of Pittsburgh Catherine Long, Widener University FOUNDING EDITOR EMERITUS Donald G. Tannenbaum, Gettysburg College EDITORS EMERITUS Thomas J. Baldino, Wilkes University Gerard J. Fitzpatrick, Ursinus College J. Wesley Leckrone, Published by Temple University Press on behalf of The Pennsylvania Political Science Association The Pennsylvania Political Science Association Founded in 1939, the Pennsylvania Political Science Association (PPSA) is the nation’s oldest state political science association. Keywords: pennsylvania; policy; political; professor; public; science; university
• Drug Overdoses in Pennsylvania: Measuring, Tracking, and Forecasting the Epidemic by Burke, Donald S.; Buchanich, Jeanine M. (2018) - Pennsylvania data could be used to understand emergency medical services’ response to the epidemic and to provide a means to analyze the majority of nonhospital Naloxone administrations throughout the Com- monwealth. The monitoring and flow of illicitly manu- factured and trafficked drugs via drug seizure data are collected by various law enforcement agencies across multiple levels of oversight; however, these are not readily shared and disseminated in forms that lend themselves to easy analysis. Keywords: data; deaths; drug; epidemic; health; opioid; overdose; pennsylvania; public; states; united; use
• The Role of Community Coordinated Efforts in Combating the Opioid Overdose Crisis: The Pennsylvania Opioid Overdose Reduction Technical Assistance Center by Mirigian, Lynn S.; Pugliese, Marco F.; Pringle, Janice L.; Gaydos, Monica F. (2018) - Through the collaboration of county coalitions, county SCAs and criminal justice personnel (e.g., wardens, adult probation officers, and district attorneys) have begun to address the gaps in services, including establishing or expanding treatment programs in jails or prisons. The Pennsylvania Opioid Overdose Reduction Technical Assistance Center 153 First, county coalitions are encouraged to have leaders that represent both sec- tors (e.g., single county authority (SCA) and district attorney (DA)), improving buy- in and ensuring that coalition work addresses the scope of opioid over- dose. Keywords: assistance; center; county; drug; evaluation; health; opioid; overdose; pennsylvania; program; public; reduction; research; tac; treatment
• Frontmatter by Editors, The (2020) - COMMONWEAL A Journal of Pennsylvania Politics and P TH olicy EDITOR- IN- CHIEF J. Wesley Leckrone, Widener University MANAGING EDITOR Michelle J. Atherton, Temple University ASSOCIATE EDITORS Christopher Borick, Muhlenberg College Paula A. Duda Holoviak, Kutztown University Joseph P. McLaughlin, Jr., Temple University EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Bruce Caswell, Rowan University Beverly A. Cigler, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg Richardson Dilworth, Drexel University John J. Kennedy, West Chester University John Kincaid, Lafayette College Joseph Marbach, Georgian Court University David Y. Miller, University of Pittsburgh Megan Mullin, Duke University Richard A. Stafford, Carnegie Mellon University FOUNDING EDITOR EMERITUS Donald G. Tannenbaum, Gettysburg College EDITORS EMERITUS Thomas J. Baldino, Wilkes University Gerard J. Fitzpatrick, Ursinus College Published by Temple University Press on behalf of The Pennsylvania Political Science Association The Pennsylvania Political Science Association Founded in 1939, the Pennsylvania Political Science Association (PPSA) is the nation’s oldest state political science association. Contents Virtual Issue Number 1 | 2020 Editor's Note Matters: Introduction to Virtual Issue on Controversial Issues in Pennsylvania Politics and Policy J. Wesley Leckrone, Editor-in-Chief State Government Forum: Should Pennsylvania Adopt Direct Democracy? Keywords: forum; pennsylvania; policy; public; university
• Frontmatter by Staff, Editorial (2008) - 55 Mariana Chilton, PhD, MPH, Drexel University School of Public Health Michelle Renee Chyatte, MPH, Drexel University School of Public Health Edward Gracely, PhD, Drexel University College of Medicine Part II. Barriers to Building Local Public Health Capacity in Pennsylvania Counties Objecting to Public Health – Stories from Four Pennsylvania Counties ...... 83 Dennis Gallagher, MA, MPA, Drexel University School of Public Health Jennifer Kolker, MPH, Drexel University School of Public Health Financial Analysis and Structural Considerations to the Problem of Rural Public Health in Pennsylvania ........................................................................ Edward Gracely, PhD, received his doctorate in Quantitative Psychology from Temple University in 1986 and has been a faculty member at MCP, now Drexel University, in the College of Medicine, since then. Keywords: associate; drexel; health; lorl; mph; pennsylvania; pittsburgh; policy; public; research; school; university
• Public Health Shortage Areas in Pennsylvania: A Barrier to Health Information by Cardelle, Alberto J. F; Holland, Deidre (2008) - This assessment shows that the potential for callers to receive useful public health information in areas without a LHD was impacted by both the higher number of calls that were required and in the diversity of places to which callers were referred. Abstract One of the essential functions of public health services is to “inform, educate, and empower people about health issues” (CDC 1994). Keywords: calls; counties; health; information; lhd; lhds; locales; non; public; services
• Crisis in the Making: What's Wrong with Pennsylvania Public Health Law by Bozza, John A. (2008) - The DPCL does not sufficiently differentiate the authority of local public health authorities from that of the Department. Indeed it is the absence of experience, and in particular recent experience, that makes preparation for a public health crisis so challenging and what, quite understandably, results in a largely untested legal framework replete with unanswered John A. Bozza 25 questions and therefore the potential for considerable confusion (Batlan 2007).3 This article is intended to highlight significant legal issues associated with the current state of public health law in Pennsylvania that may have adverse practical consequences on the government’s ability to effectively respond to a public health crisis. Keywords: act; ann; control; department; disease; dpcl; health; person; pha; public; public health; stat
• Objecting to Public Health : Stories from Four Pennsylvania Counties by Gallagher, Dennis; Kolker, Jennifer (2008) - Drexel conducted four separate studies to assess ways to enhance local public health services, including the feasibility of establishing county health departments, in Lancaster, York, Berks and Dauphin Counties – which we will refer to as “the four counties.” The models described county health departments ranging in staff size from 32 to 73, and in annual operating costs and revenue from $5 million to $8.3 million. Keywords: counties; county; department; drexel; government; health; pennsylvania; public; residents; services
• Pennsylvania Medical Assistance: Connections within the Commonwealth's Public Health System by Lave, Judith R.; Potter, Margaret A. (2008) - Medical Assistance and the Pennsylvania Public Health System A major function of the public health system is to assure access to health care services throughout the population. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2008) has said that public health systems are the constellation of individuals and organizations in the public and private sectors that provide information and assets to promote population health, provide health care delivery, and prevent disease and injury (including health care providers, insurers, purchasers, public health agencies, community- based organizations, and entities that operate outside the traditional sphere of health care). Keywords: assistance; care; health; measures; medical; pennsylvania; performance; program; public; services; system
• Book Reviews by Baldino, Thomas J. (2022) - He fails to compare Lancaster with similar Pennsylvania cities (Wilkes-Barre, York, and Harrisburg come to mind) or cities in upstate New York that might offer clues as to why Lancaster was “less transformed.” Part II, the longest segment of the book, is reserved for the most detailed constitution in Pennsylvania history, the constitution of 1874. Keywords: american; book; branning; city; constitution; convention; development; history; lancaster; left; new; pennsylvania; philadelphia; pittsburgh; politics; press; public; residents; thomas; university; urban; war; work
• Frontmatter by Staff, Editorial (2016) - Commonwealth: A Journal of Pennsylvania Politics and Policy Frontmatter COMMONWEAL A Journal of Pennsylvania Politics and P TH olicy EDITOR-IN-CHIEF J. Wesley Leckrone, Widener University BOOK REVIEW EDITOR/ ASSOCIATE EDITOR Thomas J. Baldino, Wilkes University ASSOCIATE EDITORS Michelle J. Atherton, Temple University Christopher Borick, Muhlenberg College Paula Holoviak, Kutztown University Joseph P. McLaughlin, Jr., Temple University EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Bruce Caswell, Rowan University Beverly A. Cigler, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg Richardson Dilworth, Drexel University John J. Kennedy, West Chester University John Kincaid, Lafayette College David Y. Miller, University of Pittsburgh Joseph Marbach, Georgian Court University Megan Mullin, Duke University Richard A. Stafford, Carnegie Mellon University COPY EDITOR Barbara Crawford EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Nicole Crossey, Widener University FOUNDING EDITOR EMERITUS Donald G. Tannenbaum, Gettysburg College EDITORS EMERITUS Thomas J. Baldino, Wilkes University Gerard J. Fitzpatrick, Ursinus College Published by Temple University Press on behalf of The Pennsylvania Political Science Association COMMONWEALTH, Volume 18, Issue 1 (June 2016). PENNSYLVANIA POLICY FORUM MEMBERSHIP (2016) Theodore R. Alter, professor of agricultural, environmental, and regional economics, Pennsylvania State University Michelle J. Atherton, associate director, Institute for Public Affairs, Temple University Thomas J. Baldino, professor of political science, Wilkes University Michael Cassidy, adjunct instructor of political science, Temple University Beverly A. Cigler, professor of public policy and administration, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg Richardson Dilworth, associate professor of political science and director of the Center for Public Policy, Drexel University Michael R. Dimino, Sr., associate professor of law, Widener University Commonwealth Law School (Chair) Paula Holoviak, professor of political science, Kutztown University John J. Kennedy, associate professor of political science, West Chester University Michael King, adjunct professor, Albright College and Temple University, and associate professor, Pennsylvania State University (retired) Robin Lauermann, professor of politics and international relations, Messiah College (Vice Chair) Joseph P. McLaughlin, Jr., director of the Institute for Public Affairs, Temple University David Y. Miller, associate professor and director of the Innovation Clinic, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh Randall M. Miller, professor of history, St. Joseph’s University Theresa Miller, director, Institute of Politics, University of Pittsburgh Joseph Sabino Mistick, associate professor of law, Duquesne University School of Law Richard A. Stafford, distinguished service professor of public policy, Heinz College, Carnegie Mellon University David B. Thornburgh, executive director of the Committee of 70 Craig Wheeland, associate vice president for academic affairs and professor, Villanova University Contents Volume 18, Number 1 | June 2016 | ISSN 2469-7672 ■ About the Authors ■ COMMONWEALTH Matters | J. Wesley Leckrone, Editor-in-Chief ■ An Introduction to the Special Issue on Education Policy | Joseph P. McLaughlin, Jr., and Michelle J. Atherton ■ COMMONWEALTH Forum: Should Pennsylvania Abolish the Property Tax for Schools? Y es, Abolish the Property Tax: It is the Worst Tax for Schools | David G. Argall and Jon Hopcraft No, Keep the Proper ty Tax: It is the Best Tax for Schools | William A. Fischel ■ What Would Student-Based Allocation Mean for Pennsylvania School Districts? Keywords: associate; pennsylvania; policy; professor; public; university

• Commonwealth Forum: Should Pennsylvania Abolish the Property Tax? Part I by Editors, The (2020) - Casino gambling was legalized in 2006 with some reve- nue being devoted to property tax relief. Low income residents already pay disproportionately more of their paychecks toward the sales and income taxes—the two taxes advocates for property tax elimination champion as a replacement. Keywords: policy; property; tax
• Frontmatter by Editorial Staff (2020) - COMMONWEALTH: A Journal of Pennsylvania Politics and Policy frontmatter COMMONWEALTH A Journal of Pennsylvania Politics and Policy EDITOR-IN-CHIEF J. Wesley Leckrone, Widener University MANAGING EDITOR Michelle J. Atherton, Temple University ASSOCIATE EDITORS Christopher Borick, Muhlenberg College Paula A. Duda Holoviak, Kutztown University Joseph P. McLaughlin, Jr., Temple University EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Bruce Caswell, Rowan University Beverly A. Cigler, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg Richardson Dilworth, Drexel University John J. Kennedy, West Chester University John Kincaid, Lafayette College Joseph Marbach, Georgian Court University David Y. Miller, University of Pittsburgh Megan Mullin, Duke University Richard A. Stafford, Carnegie Mellon University COPY EDITOR Meredith Phillips EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Jack Heavner, Widener University FOUNDING EDITOR EMERITUS Donald G. Tannenbaum, Gettysburg College EDITORS EMERITUS Thomas J. Baldino, Wilkes University Gerard J. Fitzpatrick, Ursinus College Published by Temple University Press on behalf of The Pennsylvania Political Science Association The Pennsylvania Political Science Association Founded in 1939, the Pennsylvania Political Science Association (PPSA) is the nation’s oldest state political science association. Theodore R. Alter, Pennsylvania State University Michelle J. Atherton, Temple University Thomas J. Baldino, Wilkes University Vincent Cannizzaro, York College of Pennsylvania Beverly A. Cigler, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg Richardson Dilworth, Drexel University Michael R. Dimino, Sr., Widener University Commonwealth Law School (Chair) Paula A. Duda Holoviak, Kutztown University Mark Alan Hughes, University of Pennsylvania John J. Kennedy, West Chester University John Kincaid, Lafayette College Robin Lauermann, Messiah College J. Wesley Leckrone, Widener University (Vice Chair) Joseph P. McLaughlin, Jr., Temple University David Y. Miller, University of Pittsburgh Randall M. Miller, St. Joseph’s University Joseph Sabino Mistick, Duquesne University School of Law Richard A. Stafford, Carnegie Mellon University Craig Wheeland, Villanova University Contents Volume 21, Number 1 | 2021 | ISSN 2469-7 672 EDITOR’S NOTE ■ Introduction to the Special Issue on Women in Pennsylvania Politics | Jennie Sweet-Cushman, Special Issue Editor ARTICLES ■ What Do Pennsylvania Voters Think about Gender and Women’s Representation?: Keywords: college; forum; members; pennsylvania; policy; university
• Viewing Representative Behavior through the Lens of Social and Political Identity by Lauermann, Robin (2009) - Past research has demonstrated that constituent perceptions of member voting behavior, casework, district service, and symbolic actions contribute significantly to their general evaluation of member behavior. Cain, Ferejohn, and Fiorina (1987, 41) found that men tend to prefer oversight and policy behavior to constituency-related activities. Keywords: behavior; constituent; district; evaluations; fiorina; identity; individuals; member; mention; perceptions; policy; representative; responsiveness; service
• In the Commonwealth by Fitzpatrick, Gerard. J. (2022) - As in the past, our usual contingent of five scholarly articles continues to reflect several subfields of political science: one article on political philosophy, one on international relations, and three on Pennsylvania politics or public policy. In the first of our three articles on Pennsylvania politics, Dr. Matthew Hale studies how the major local television networks in the Philadelphia media market, the nation’s fourth largest, covered the 2004 elections. Keywords: commonwealth; pennsylvania; policy; political
• From Realism to Liberalism: George W. Bush's Rhetorical Foreign Policy Transition, 1999-2004 by Shrader, Nathan R. (2022) - The rhetoric displayed by President Bush in these two speeches denotes a remarkable shift in policy, verbiage, and vision. President Bush the realist declared within the first five months of his administration that “I’m a straightforward person [and] represent my country’s interests in a very straightforward way” (Legro, 2001, 81). Keywords: address; administration; bush; international; liberalism; marketing; peace; policy; power; president; realist; relations; rhetoric; states; world
• An Introduction to the Special Issue on Education Policy by McLaughlin, Jr., Joseph P.; Atherton, Michelle J. (2016) - Governor Tom Wolf won, pundits and polls affirmed, on the issue of education funding: the electorate wanted more dollars from the state. The disagree- ment is perhaps not about the exact level of education funding, but how to pay for it. Keywords: education; funding; policy
• The Education Policy Bookshelf: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Studies by Rubado, Meghan E. (2016) - This book makes the case that the historical development of American school districts reflects citizens’ desire to make their local communities attractive to outsiders. These states, which include Pennsylvania, provide less funding to school districts with higher concentrations of poor students. Keywords: education; funding; new; outcomes; pennsylvania; policy; report; school; york

• The Heroin and Opioid Epidemic: Pennsylvania’s Statewide Disaster Emergency by Nordenberg, Mark A.; Pringle, Janice L. (2018) - We were helped enormously by our colleagues at Temple University, the fine public research university located in the “other corner” of the Common- wealth. The IOP—in partnership with the U.S. Attorney’s Office, the Program Evalu- ation and Research Unit (PERU) of Pitt’s School of Pharmacy, and the federal Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)—also has cosponsored a series The Heroin and Opioid Epidemic 3 of day- long, opioid outreach programs designed to promote best practices throughout Western Pennsylvania. Keywords: epidemic; health; opioid; pennsylvania; research; university
• Prevention of Opioid Addiction by Tarter, Ralph E.; Cochran, Gerald; Reynolds, Maureen (2018) - Importantly, opioid addiction risk is potentiated by consumption of other addictive substances. Prevention of Opioid Addiction RALPH E. TARTER University of Pittsburgh GERALD COCHRAN University of Pittsburgh MAUREEN REYNOLDS University of Pittsburgh Ameliorating the factors that cause and sustain opioid addiction is essential for effective prevention. Keywords: addiction; alcohol; behavior; consumption; disorder; drug; etiology; family; health; opioid; prevention; reynolds; risk; school; substance; tactics; tarter; treatment; use
• Treatment, Overdose, and Finding the Road to Recovery by Flaherty, Michael T. (2018) - Personal medical care is required in all addictions, whether they origi- nated via illicit drugs, addiction treatment, or iatrogenic pain management. Michael T. Flaherty is a clinical psychologist specializing in addiction treatment and recovery. Keywords: abuse; access; addiction; care; community; drug; epidemic; family; flaherty; health; illness; medical; national; opioid; overdose; pain; pennsylvania; person; prevention; recovery; science; services; substance; treatment; u.s; use
• Forgotten but Not Gone: The Impact of the Opioid Epidemic and Other Substance Use Disorders on Families and Children by Daley, Dennis C.; Smith, Erin; Balogh, Daniel; Toscaloni, Jodi (2018) - Another type of loss occurs when a parent or other family member with the SUD is incarcerated. A parent or other family member sent to prison creates stresses for the family. Keywords: abuse; addiction; alcohol; children; daley; dennis; disorders; drug; families; family; family members; health; help; members; new; opioid; problems; recovery; services; substance; substance use; sud; suds; support; treatment; use
• The Pennsylvania Prescription Drug Monitoring Program: Reducing the Misuse of Prescription Opioids by Mirigian, Lynn S.; Hendrick, Laura A.; Pringle, Janice L.; Zemaitis, Michael A. (2018) - Since these programs are established and administered at the state level, there are differences between states, including housing of the program, funding, drug schedules collected, reporting requirements, collection of data for identified nonscheduled drugs, and which stakeholders have access to PDMP data. Role of the PDMP in Law Enforcement Law enforcement’s effective use of PDMP data facilitates identification and remediation of prescribers operating outside the scope of medical practice, as well as “doctor- shopping” patients; as such, PDMP use by law enforce- ment can have a significant impact on the availability of diverted prescription drugs subsequently funneled into the illicit drug market. Keywords: data; drug; enforcement; health; medical; opioid; overdose; pdmp; pennsylvania; prescription; program; use
• Commonwealth Forum: Should Pennsylvania Enact Work Requirements for Medicaid Recipients? by Editors, The (2020) - The notion that states might place work requirements on Medicaid recipients has thrown liberals into a tizzy. Calling for the imposition of work requirements on Medicaid recipients is not punishing the poor. Keywords: health; medicaid; work
• Commonwealth Forum: Should the State Provide Support to Rural Hospitals? by Editors, The (2020) - In recent years, rural hospitals across the United States have been facing increasing closures. Second, rural hospitals serve small populations, an often shrinking market, who are not as wealthy as their counterparts in other regions. Keywords: health; hospitals
• Evidence That Young Children Are Falling Through the Safety Net: Policy Implications of Hunger and Poor Health in Pennsylvania by Chilton, Mariana; Chyatte, Michelle; Gracely, Edward (2008) - Child food insecurity is measured at the individual level, and is often considered to be the most severe form of food insecurity. This paper describes how household food insecurity is associated with increased rates of reported fair and poor health, with higher rates of developmental risk among Pennsylvania infants and toddlers, and with greatly increased risk of maternal depressive symptoms. Keywords: care; children; chilton; et al; families; food; food insecurity; health; household; household food; hunger; income; insecurity; nutrition; philadelphia; programs; risk
• A Health Promoting Hospital: A Strategy in the Re-Design of the U.S. Health Care System by Masiello, Matthew G. (2008) - This HPH network is now a multi-hospital organization that sponsors international workshops and educational forums to support the development of hospital based health promotion programs and initiatives (Pelikan 2001). Summary This successful hospital-based Office of Community Health should serve as a model program for other health care systems that wish to be identified as health promoting hospitals (HPH). Keywords: care; community; health; hospital; och; promotion; states; system; united

• COMMONWEALTH Matters by Leckrone, J. Wesley (2016) - Our first issue featured academics and practitioners examining problems related to education policy in Pennsylvania. Michele Moser Deegan and A. Lanethea Mathews- Schultz examine Medicaid expansion in Pennsylvania with a focus on regional inequalities in access to services. Keywords: commonwealth; pennsylvania
• Backmatter by Leckrone, J. Wesley (2016) - Initially named COMMONWEALTH: A Journal of Political Science, in 2016 the publication was retitled COMMON- WEALTH: A Journal of Pennsylvania Politics and Policy. We’re Looking for the Following Types of Content for COMMONWEALTH: ■ General articles on Pennsylvania state and local government ■ Multistate comparative analyses featuring Pennsylvania or its regions ■ Impacts of federal policies on the Commonwealth ■ Analyses of specific public policy issues ■ Public administration and implementation politics in Pennsylvania ■ Pennsylvania political history ■ Public law and the courts in the Commonwealth ■ Pennsylvania campaigns, elections, and public opinion ■ International relations with clear consequences for Pennsylvania and its regions Manuscripts should be submitted via e- mail in Microsoft Word format. Keywords: commonwealth; pennsylvania; political
• Backmatter by Staff, Editorial (2017) - Initially named COMMONWEALTH: A Journal of Political Science, in 2016 the publication was retitled COMMON- WEALTH: A Journal of Pennsylvania Politics and Policy. We’re Looking for the Following Types of Content for COMMONWEALTH: ■ General articles on Pennsylvania state and local government ■ Multistate comparative analyses featuring Pennsylvania or its regions ■ Impacts of federal policies on the Commonwealth ■ Analyses of specific public policy issues ■ Public administration and implementation politics in Pennsylvania ■ Pennsylvania political history ■ Public law and the courts in the Commonwealth ■ Pennsylvania campaigns, elections, and public opinion ■ International relations with clear consequences for Pennsylvania and its regions Manuscripts should be submitted via e- m ail in Microsoft Word format. Keywords: commonwealth; pennsylvania
• Commonwealth Matters by Leckrone, J. Wesley (2017) - This anthology of articles from past issues of COMMONWEALTH will feature a variety of policy issues, enhanced with new material making the Annual Review ideal for classes on state and local government or public policy. COMMONWEALTH Matters J. WESLEY LECKRONE Editor-in-Chief This issue of COMMONWEALTH features three articles that examine the current state of politics and policy in Pennsylvania. Keywords: commonwealth; pennsylvania
• Backmatter by Staff, Editorial (2017) - Initially named COMMONWEALTH: A Journal of Political Science, in 2016 the publication was retitled COMMON- WEALTH: A Journal of Pennsylvania Politics and Policy. We’re Looking for the Following Types of Content for COMMONWEALTH: ■ General articles on Pennsylvania state and local government ■ Multistate comparative analyses featuring Pennsylvania or its regions ■ Impacts of federal policies on the Commonwealth ■ Analyses of specific public policy issues ■ Public administration and implementation politics in Pennsylvania ■ Pennsylvania political history ■ Public law and the courts in the Commonwealth ■ Pennsylvania campaigns, elections, and public opinion ■ International relations with clear consequences for Pennsylvania and its regions Manuscripts should be submitted via e- m ail in Microsoft Word format. Keywords: commonwealth; pennsylvania
• Commonwealth Matters by Leckrone, J. Wesley (2018) - COMMONWEALTH Matters J. WESLEY LECKRONE Editor-in-Chief C OMMONWEALTH was founded to provide a mix of traditional academic articles, short and insightful research notes, and thought pieces about contemporary policy issues affecting Pennsylvania. Teaching methods including local governments in Pennsylvania are also welcome. Keywords: commonwealth; pennsylvania
• Backmatter by Staff, Editorial (2018) - Initially named COMMONWEALTH: A Journal of Political Science, in 2016 the publication was retitled COMMON- WEALTH: A Journal of Pennsylvania Politics and Policy. We’re Looking for the Following Types of Content for COMMONWEALTH: ■ General articles on Pennsylvania state and local government ■ Multistate comparative analyses featuring Pennsylvania or its regions ■ Impacts of federal policies on the Commonwealth ■ Analyses of specific public policy issues ■ Public administration and implementation politics in Pennsylvania ■ Pennsylvania political history ■ Public law and the courts in the Commonwealth ■ Pennsylvania campaigns, elections, and public opinion ■ International relations with clear consequences for Pennsylvania and its regions Manuscripts should be submitted via e- m ail in Microsoft Word format. Keywords: commonwealth; pennsylvania
• Backmatter by Staff, Editorial (2018) - Initially named COMMONWEALTH: A Journal of Political Science, in 2016 the publication was retitled COMMON- WEALTH: A Journal of Pennsylvania Politics and Policy. We’re Looking for the Following Types of Content for COMMONWEALTH: ■ General articles on Pennsylvania state and local government ■ Multistate comparative analyses featuring Pennsylvania or its regions ■ Impacts of federal policies on the Commonwealth ■ Analyses of specific public policy issues ■ Public administration and implementation politics in Pennsylvania ■ Pennsylvania political history ■ Public law and the courts in the Commonwealth ■ Pennsylvania campaigns, elections, and public opinion ■ International relations with clear consequences for Pennsylvania and its regions Manuscripts should be submitted via e- m ail in Microsoft Word format. Keywords: commonwealth; pennsylvania; political
• Commonwealth Matters by Leckrone, J. Wesley (2020) - A Journal of Pennsylvania Politics and Policy has produced this special virtual issue on Controversial Issues in Pennsylvania Politics and Policy as a resource to help with the move to online instruction. All but two of the works come from our edited book series Pennsylvania Politics and Policy: A Commonwealth Reader, Volumes 1 and 2. Keywords: commonwealth
• Backmatter by Editorial Staff (2020) - We’re Looking for the Following Types of Content for COMMONWEALTH: ■ General articles on Pennsylvania state and local government ■ Multistate comparative analyses featuring Pennsylvania or its regions ■ Impacts of federal policies on the Commonwealth ■ Analyses of specific public policy issues ■ Public administration and implementation politics in Pennsylvania ■ Pennsylvania political history ■ Public law and the courts in the Commonwealth ■ Pennsylvania campaigns, elections, and public opinion ■ International relations with clear consequences for Pennsylvania and its regions ■ Innovative pedagogical pieces on teaching about Pennsylvania politics and policy or local governments in the Commonwealth Manuscripts should be submitted via e-mail in Microsoft Word format. COMMONWEALTH: A Journal of Pennsylvania Politics and Policy backmatter GUIDELINES FOR SUBMITTING MANUSCRIPTS COMMONWEALTH is a peer-reviewed journal founded by the Pennsylvania Political Science Association in 1987. Keywords: commonwealth; pennsylvania
• Backmatter by Staff, Editorial (2009) - Back issues of Commonwealth and the Speaker’S Journal are available online at: www.house.state.pa.us/CJPS Back issues of Commonwealth and the Speaker’S Journal are available online at: www.house.state.pa.us/CJPS PENNSYLVANIA POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION DEPARTMENTAL MEMBERSHIP To Individual Members: Please remember, when joining the Pennsylvania Political Science Association, that membership includes a one-year subscription to COMMONWEALTH: Published by the Office of the Speaker, Pennsylvania House of Representatives, in cooperation with LORL, topics addressed include Access to Higher Education, How to Save for College Education, the Importance of Libraries, Autism, Geospatial Policy, and Early Childhood Education. Keywords: commonwealth; pennsylvania; political; ppsa; science
• Frontmatter by Staff, Editorial (2022) - Harvard University Kenneth F. Mott Gettysburg College Craig N. Murphy Wellesley College Steven A. Peterson Pennsylvania State University Mark P. Petracca University of California, Irvine H. Mark Roelofs New York University Bruce M. Russett Yale University J. David Singer University of Michigan i Contents Volume 13 2007 ISBN 0890-2410 PREFACE by Speaker Dennis O’Brien In the COMMONWEALTH by Gerard J. Fitzpatrick, Editor ARTICLES Thomas Aquinas and the Overlapping Census Daniel DiLeo……….…………………………… 1 From Realism to Liberalism: George W. Bush’s Rhetorical Foreign Policy Transition, 1999-2004 Nathan Shrader…………………………………23 Rochester Marianne Githens Goucher College Susan W. Hammond American University Samuel Krislov University of Minnesota G. Calvin Mackenzie Colby College Michael J. Malbin State University of NY, Albany Harvey C. Mansfield, Jr. Keywords: association; college; commonwealth; hon; house; liaison; michael; pennsylvania; political; representatives; research; science; university
• COMMONWEALTH Matters by Leckrone, J. Wesley (2016) - Temple University Press agreed, and together we have partnered to publish the newly reconstituted COMMONWEALTH: A Journal of Pennsylvania Politics and Policy. Temple University Press will publish three online issues of COMMON- WEALTH annually. Keywords: commonwealth; pennsylvania

• Frontmatter by Staff, Editorial (2015) - i COMMONWEALTH A Journal of Political Science EDITOR IN CHIEF J. Wesley Leckrone, Widener University BOOK REVIEW EDITOR/ASSOCIATE EDITOR Thomas J. Baldino, Wilkes University ASSOCIATE EDITORS Michelle Atherton, Temple University Christopher Borick, Muhlenberg College Paula Holoviak, Kutztown University Joseph McLaughlin, Temple University MANAGING EDITOR Michael E. Cassidy, Temple University EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Bruce Caswell, Rowan University Beverly Cigler, Pennsylvania State University Harrisburg Richardson Dilworth, Drexel University John Kennedy, West Chester University John Kincaid, Lafayette College David Y. Miller, University of Pittsburgh Joseph Marbach, Georgian Court University Megan Mullin, Duke University Richard Stafford, Carnegie Mellon University COPY EDITOR Barbara Crawford EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Nicole Crossey, Widener University FOUNDING EDITOR EMERITUS Donald G. Tannenbaum, Gettysburg College EDITORS EMERITUS Thomas J. Baldino, Wilkes University Gerard J. Fitzpatrick, Ursinus College ii PENNSYLVANIA POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION Officers and Executive Council 2015–16 PRESIDENT Christopher Borick Muhlenberg College FIRST VICE PRESIDENT SECOND VICE PRESIDENT Steven Peterson Lanethea Mathews-Schultz Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg Muhlenberg College TREASURER SECRETARY Steven B. Lem Paula Holoviak Kutztown University Kutztown University EXECUTIVE COUNCIL 2013–16 Term Joseph McLaughlin Ayesha Ray Temple University Kings College 2014–17 Term Michelle DeMary Kyle Kreider Susquehanna University Wilkes University 2015–18 Term Michelle Atherton Michael Greenberg Temple University Shippensburg University EX OFFICIO MEMBERS PAST PRESIDENT PAST PRESIDENT Brooke Harlowe Stanley Berard Lock Haven University Lock Haven University EDITORIAL STAFF OF COMMONWEALTH: Donald Tannenbaum Wilkes University Gettysburg College EDITOR EMERITUS Gerard J. Fitzpatrick Ursinus College iii Advertising, reprint information, and rates are available from the PPSA Treasurer, Dr. Steve Lem (Dept. of Political Science and Public Administration, P.O. Box 730, Kutztown University, Kutztown, PA 19530). Keywords: editor; pennsylvania; political; science; university
• Backmatter by Staff, Editorial (2015) - We’re Looking for the Following Types of Content for COMMONWEALTH: •• General articles on Pennsylvania state and local government •• Multi-state comparative analyses featuring Pennsylvania or its regions •• Impacts of federal policies on the Commonwealth •• Analyses of specific public policy issues •• Public administration and implementation politics in Pennsylvania •• Pennsylvania political history •• Public law and the courts in the Commonwealth •• Pennsylvania campaigns, elections, and public opinion •• International relations with clear consequences for Pennsylvania and its regions COMMONWEALTH is a peer-reviewed journal founded by the Pennsylvania Political Science Association in 1987. Membership Dues: Faculty $10.00/Student $5.00 ____________ Make checks payable to: Pennsylvania Political Science Association Send this form with payment to: Dr. Steve Lem Dept. of Political Science and Public Administration P.O. Box 730 Kutztown University Kutztown, PA 19530 Keywords: pennsylvania; political; science
• Backmatter by Staff, Editorial (2013) - PPSA membership provides each member of a department listed on the application form the full benefits received by individual members. Mailing to PPSA members is generously assisted by the School of Pubic Affairs of Penn State–Harrisburg. Keywords: political; ppsa; science
• Backmatter by Staff, Editorial (2009) - Inquiries concerning active requests for papers as well as proposals for special policy issue topics may be submitted to: Dr. Michael R. King Legislative Office for Research Liaison House Box 202218 Harrisburg, PA 17120 Telephone: (717) 787-8948 E-mail: mking@legis.state.pa.us Guidelines for Submitting Book Reviews COMMONWEALTH will consider proposals for book reviews of texts currently in print, with an emphasis on Pennsylvania or the mid-Atlantic and northeast region, in any subfield of political science or political history. PENNSYLVANIA POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP and LIBRARY SUBSCRIPTION FORM To Illdividual Members: Please remember, when joining the Pennsylvania Political Science Association that membership includes a one-year sUbscription to COMMONWEALTH: Keywords: lorl; pennsylvania; political; ppsa; science
• Backmatter by Staff, Editorial (2008) - Inquiries concerning active requests for papers as well as proposals for special policy issue topics may be submitted to: Dr. Michael R. King Legislative Office for Research Liaison House Box 202218 Harrisburg, PA 17120 Telephone: (717) 787-8948 E-mail: mking@legis.state.pa.us Guidelines for Submitting Book Reviews COMMONWEALTH will consider proposals for book reviews of texts currently in print, with an emphasis on Pennsylvania or the mid-Atlantic and northeast region, in any subfield of political science or political history. Published by the Office of the Speaker, Pennsylvania House of Representatives, in cooperation with LORL, topics addressed include Access to Higher Education, How to Save for College Education, the Importance of Libraries, Autism, Geospatial Policy, and Early Childhood Education. Keywords: lorl; pennsylvania; political; ppsa; science
• Backmatter by Staff, Editorial (2022) - LORL continues as a nonpartisan research office that enables legislators, committees, and staff to access the expertise of faculty in the LORL University Network, which includes most of Pennsylvania’s institutions of higher education (Drexel University, Lincoln University, The Pennsylvania State University, Temple University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Pittsburgh, the 14 universities in The Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education, and the member institutions of the Association of Independent Colleges and Universities of Pennsylvania). LORL provides copies to members of both chambers of the Pennsylvania General Assembly, to key legislative staff, and to the presidents of each of the 102 Pennsylvania colleges and universities that belong to the LORL Academic Network. Keywords: lorl; pennsylvania; political; ppsa; science
• Backmatter by Staff, Editorial (2022) - Check enclosed in the sum of $ Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1776-2002 The Wilkes University Election Statistics Project http://wilkes.edu/~wespl/ Your attention is called to Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1776-2002, a website which provides the following information: • Presidential Election Returns (county level), 1796-2000 • Gubernatorial Election Returns (county level), 1790-2002 • Senatorial Election Returns (legislature election), 1788-1911 • Senatorial Election Returns (popular election), 1914-2000 • Legislative Directory with political affiliations, 1776-2002 PENNSYLVANIA POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP and LIBRARY SUBSCRIPTION FORM To Individual Members: Please remember, when joining the Pennsylvania Political Science Association, the oldest state political science association in the United State, membership includes a year subscription to COMMONWEALTH: Keywords: election; membership; political; science
• Frontmatter by Staff, Editorial (2022) - Harold Cox, Wilkes University EDITORIAL REVIEW BOARD Aryeh Botwinick Temple University M. Margaret Conway University of Florida Roger H. Davidson University of Maryland Jean B. Elshtain Urriversity of Chicago Richard F. Fenno University of Rochester Marianne Githens Goucher College Susan W. Hammond American University Samuel Krislov University of Minnesota G. Calvin Mackenzie Colby College Michael J. Malbin State University of NY, Albany Harvey C. Mansfield, Jr. Harvard lJniver~ity Kenneth F. Mott Gettysburg College Craig N.l\1urphy Wellesley College Steven A. Peterson Pennsylvania State University Mark P. Petracca University of California, Irvine H. Mark Roelofs New York University Bruce M. Russett Yale University ]. Thomas J. Baldino, Wilkes University Donald G. Tannenbaum, Gettysburg College MANAGING EDITOR: Keywords: college; marty; political; politics; research; science; university
• Backmatter by Staff, Editorial (2022) - PPSA membership provides each member of a department listed on the application form the full benefits received by individual members. The citation style used is the American Political Science Association's Style Manual for Political Science, and authors may refer to previous issues of COMMONWEALTH or The American Political Science Review, or contact the editor for guidance. Keywords: department; membership; political; science
• Frontmatter by Staff, Editorial (2022) - James Yoho, J.D., Ph.D., is an assistant professor of political science at Wilkes University in Wilkes-Barrc, Pcnnsylvania. Harvard University Kenneth F. Matt Gettysburg College Craig N. Murphy Wellesley College Mark P. Petracca University of California, Irvine Elmer Plischke University of Maryland, Emeritus H. Mark Roelofs New York University Bruce M. Russett Yale University Victoria Schuck Stanford University J. David Singer University of Michigan 1999 Commonwealth.max Contents Volume 10 1999 ISBN 0890-2410 Before the Constitution: Interest Groups from 1763-1789 JamesYoho 1 Censorship of the Internet: The First Amendment Lost in Cyberspace Gerard J. Fitzpatrick PENNSYLVANIA RESEARCH Pennsylvania Women's Campaign Communication: A Content Analysis of Brochures from 1996 State Assembly Races Stephanie Greco Larson Regulation Negotiation: Lessons Learned From Failure to Reach Agreement A Case Study of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection Paula A. Duda A Resource Guide to the Study of Contemporary Pennsylvania Politics and Government Joseph R. Marbach 29 56 69 1999 Commonwealth.max About the Authors Paula A. Duda, Ph.D., is a graduate of the MPA program at the Pennsylvania State University and a 1994 graduate of thc doctoral program at the State University of New York, Binghamton. Keywords: college; commonwealth.max; pennsylvania; political; science; university

• What Do Pennsylvania Voters Think about Gender and Women’s Representation? What We Learned from 2016 and 2018 Exit Polls by Niebler, Sarah; Mathews-Schultz, A. Lanethea (2020) - Predictors of Correct response to “approximately how many of Pennsylvania’s 18 house of representatives members do you think are women?” Party Identification –0.572** (0.175) Women –0.246 (0.231) Notably, we find that respondents in 2018 were more likely than respondents in 2016 to say that women get less support from party leaders, but they were less likely to say that women aren’t tough enough for politics. table 6. effect of Partisanship and Gender on Stated reasons why more women Don’t hold elected Office in the united States higher Standards americans aren’t ready less Support less experience Family responsibilities aren’t tough enough Party ID –0.957*** (0.084) –0.551*** (0.064) –0.210** (0.063) 0.510*** (0.093) 0.423*** (0.096) 0.485* (0.230) Women 0.523*** (0.115) 0.112 (0.101) 0.274** (0.100) –0.129 (0.156) 0.056 (0.161) –0.117 (0.368) Keywords: candidates; democrats; exit; gender; identification; party; pennsylvania; political; politics; republicans; respondents; support; voters; women
• Gendered Pathways to Power: Identifying the Role of County Party Chairs in the Candidate Recruitment Process of Pennsylvania’s Local Elective Offices by Brown, Dana (2020) - Relying on county party leader interviews, this article offers a narrative of the following three elements of the candidate recruitment process in Pennsyl- vania: what the candidate process looks like across county parties, the impact of these practices on women’s representation, and the role that elite attitudes about women and politics play. (Crowder-Meyer 2013, 409) I investigate how and when county party leaders rely on informal net- works to identify potential candidates in Pennsylvania. Keywords: candidates; county; county party; gender; gendered; leaders; office; parties; party; pennsylvania; political; politics; process; recruitment; women
• Wave or Trend: Female Candidates in Pennsylvania Elections in the Trump Era by Weikert, Joshua J. (2020) - At a minimum, then, we should expect that any increase in female representation (itself being a product of increased representation in candidacy) to be at least somewhat reliant on an increase in female candidate recruitment (and, very probably, female recruiters). Gender as a Variable There is a heavy emphasis in the political science literature on the “gendered” nature of political candidate recruitment, examining whether screening based on gender is limiting diversity in politics (Norris and Lovenduski 1993). Keywords: candidates; election; female; gender; number; office; party; pennsylvania; political; politics; recruitment; run; women
• Book Reviews by Baldino, Thomas J. (2013) - Two books deal with African American history in the state. The authors believe that African American history in the United States cannot be fully understood without knowledge of the story of the black community in Pittsburgh. Keywords: authors; black; book; catto; city; environmental; history; kury; pennsylvania; philadelphia; philosophy; pittsburgh; politics; reviews
• Idealism, Realism, and the Categorial Imperative in Kant's Perpetual Peace by Henderson, Gordon P. (2022) - In the Critique ~f Pure Reason, Kant foreshad­ ows his later work in practical philosophy. Fur­ I h.,1' evidence that Kant understood them this wav is found in his insis- 01 It'nce that they hold regardless of circumstances and that they de- Illillld prompt execution if the peace is to be genuine (Kant 1957,8, AA '\47). Keywords: action; articles; democracies; duties; duty; experience; freedom; hope; idealism; imperative; kant; law; means; nations; nature; peace; people; politics; publicity; realism; reason; states; war

• The 2016 Pennsylvania Presidential and U.S. Senate Elections: Breaking Pennsylvania’s Electoral Habits by Yost, Berwood; Redman, Jackie; Thompson, Scottie (2017) - Donald Trump was perceived far more negatively than positively by Pennsylvania voters with a minus 29 favorability rating. This estimate is confirmed by the 2016 Pennsylvania exit poll estimate: Edison Research exit polls showed 17% of Pennsylvania voters had an unfavorable opinion of both candidates. Keywords: candidate; college; election; pennsylvania; presidential; senate; toomey; trump; u.s; voters
• Commonwealth Forum: Should Pennsylvania Adopt Early Voting? by Editors, The (2020) - Book 1.indb Commonwealth Forum: Should Pennsylvania Adopt Early Voting? YES Pennsylvania has some of the most restrictive voting laws in the country. The average time for early voting before an election is twenty-two days. Keywords: election; voting
• Electoral Vote Allocation and Pennsylvania: How and Why we Should Embrace the Status Quo by Frederick, Heather; Kibble, Terrance (2015) - 63 HEATHER FREDERICK AND TERRANCE KIBLE Critics of the Electoral College also argue that the institution decreases political participation (Johnson 2012: 21) and “results in stagnation in state elections” (Johnson 2012: 23). The winner-take-all allocation of states’ Electoral College votes… leads to distortions every time a presidential election is held. Keywords: amendment; bill; compact; constitution; election; electoral; electoral college; johnson; method; pennsylvania; president; reform; states; system; vote; winner
• The Unlikely Election and Service of John Inscho Mitchell, U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania, 1881-1887 by White, David R. (2009) - As The New York Times reported: Mr. Mitchell has won a high place in his profession. The second explained that he did “not regard Mr. Mitchell as worthy of his vote” (“Confirming the Choice” 1881). Keywords: barker; committee; congress; election; mitchell; pennsylvania; republican; senate; senator; service; u.s
• The Removal of Carl Romanelli from Pennsylvania's 2006 U.S. Senate Ballot by Potts, Blyden (2009) - The study argues that the state’s legal process for challenging signatures on ballot access petitions imposes a greater burden on independent and minor party candidates than the letter of the law suggests; that Pennsylvania signature thresholds are arbitrary and unjust; and that the signature challenge process is motivated more by partisan political considerations than by a genuine public interest in preventing signature fraud. Drawing on past legal precedent and supported by the courts, the Democrats were able to apply to many signatures a number of narrow legal requirements in such a way as to pervert the spirit of the law. Keywords: access; ballot; ballot access; candidates; court; democrats; election; green; nomination; number; paper; party; pennsylvania; review; romanelli; signatures; voters
• What's Local about Local Television News? An Analysis of 2004 Election Coverage by Philadelphia's Local Television Stations by Hale, Matthew (2022) - What types of noncandidate election stories exist, and how might these stories influence voter’s opinions of the election? Election stories are then sent to individual computer work stations for coding. Keywords: bush; candidate; coverage; election; john; markets; news; philadelphia; races; secs; stations; stories; story; television; time; u.s
• A Tale of Two Cities Revisited: The Philadelphia Mayoral Election of 2003 by Kraus, Jeffrey (2022) - Newspaper reports suggested that the device was part of a federal investigation into possible corruption in the awarding of contracts, including $13 million in maintenance contracts awarded for the Philadelphia International Airport.17 Some of those contracts were awarded to a company that had a relationship with the Mayor’s brother, T. Milton Street, Sr.18 After his lawyer had conferred with the United States Attorney’s office, Mayor Street said he was not a “target” of the investigation. In September 2003, a Temple University/CBS 3/KYW poll showed Mayor Street had the backing of 74% of African-American voters. Keywords: african; american; campaign; city; democratic; election; fbi; investigation; john; katz; mayor; new; november; october; office; philadelphia; press; race; republican; street; voters; white; years; york
• State Influence in the Presidential Selection Process: Assessing Pennsylvania's Non-Participation in the Frontloading Trend by Vike, James E. (2022) - The turnout increases were not exclusive to open primary states but included equally dramatic increases in participation from closed primary states such as Con­ necticut, Maine, Maryland, Rhode Island, and South Carolina. As the campaign proceeds, candidates must convert to a wholesale· approach in order to reach potential supporters in up­ coming primary states that are spread all across the nation (Haskell 2000; Wayne 2001). Keywords: 2001; campaign; candidates; date; election; frontloading; impact; influence; march; new; ohio; participation; pennsylvania; primaries; primary; process; races; states; turnout; victory; voter
• A Tale of Two Cities: The 1999 Philadelphia Mayoral Election by Kraus, Jeffrey (2022) - Katz ran well in Northeast Philadelphia and South Philadel­ phia, carrying 28 of the 33 wards in Philadelphia where whites outnum­ bered African-Americans. to place him second in many polls is troubling (Philadelphia Inquirer 1999), Keywords: african; american; candidates; city; democratic; election; katz; mayor; new; philadelphia; race; rendell; street; weinberg; white

• Demographic and Family Differences in Use of Early Childhood Care and Education in Pennsylvania: A 2002 Baseline by Weinraub, Marsha; Shlay, Anne B.; Kochanoff, Anita T. (2022) - The analysis was designed to describe the use of child care more generally and the types of child care used by Pennsylvania families and to examine what family and demographic characteristics predict child care use (type of care used and number of hours in care). These children were cared for in their own home by someone other than a relative, or they were cared for in another home with or without other children such as a group or family home child care (n = 123). Keywords: care; center; children; early; ecce; education; families; family; home; income; parent; pennsylvania; preschool; relative; school; types; use
• Higher Standards and Lower Achievement? An Evaluation of Pennsylvania’s Keystone Exams by McGlynn, Adam (2016) - Specifi- cally, the question this work intends to address is which factors most influence proficiency rates on the Keystone Exams in Pennsylvania high schools. We see that while in most schools a majority of students are proficient on all three Key- stone Exams, we also see that a majority of the historically underperforming student populations in Pennsylvania high schools do not achieve proficiency in Algebra I and Biology. Keywords: achievement; algebra; education; exams; high; keystone; pennsylvania; proficiency; program; rates; school; standards; students

• Should the Philadelphia Property Tax Classification System Be Modified? by Carroll, Jeffrey; McDonald, John F. (2018) - real estate taxes in Philadelphia, fy 2016 sector real estate tax revenue ($, in millions) tax rate tax Base ($, in billions) City Residential Commercial 581 361 220 0.6317 91.98 57.15 34.83 School District Residential Commercial 707 439 267 0.7681 91.98 57.15 34.83 Total Residential Commercial 1,287 800 487 1.3998 91.98 57.15 34.83 Sources: Econsult Solutions (2015) and School District of Philadelphia (2016). Table 10 shows that property tax rates in suburban Cook County municipalities are much higher than property tax rates both in the City of Chicago and in collar county municipalities. Keywords: city; commercial; county; estate; philadelphia; property; property tax; rate; revenue; tax; tax rate; taxes; value
• Commonwealth Forum: Should Pennsylvania Tax Retirement Income? by Editors, The (2020) - Furthermore, implementing a tax on retirement income would be an administrative nightmare. Taxing retirement income would then be a form of double taxation. Keywords: income; retirement; tax
• Commonwealth Forum: Should Pennsylvania Enact a Natural Gas Severance Tax? by Editors, The (2020) - YES Severance taxes are fees levied on the extraction of natural resources from the ground, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. However, we are the only major producer of natural gas that does not have a severance tax. Keywords: gas; pennsylvania; tax

• Solar Renewable Energy Credit Price Volatility and Investment Returns: Have Policies Stranded Capital Investment? by Youssefi, Somayeh; Gurian, Patrick L. (2017) - SREC markets are at their initial stages in the United States and few stud- ies have been completed on them. Burns and Kang (2012) presented a short history of SREC markets and current regulations in eight U.S. states. Keywords: credit; electricity; energy; investment; market; pennsylvania; price; rps; solar; srec; srectrade; states; system
• Book Reviews by Atherton, Michelle J.; Leckrone, J. Wesley (2018) - The dis- cussion covers nearly one-third of the book, from 1951 and the takeover of city government by the reform Democrats from solid Republican control, to 2000, with particular emphasis on the administration of Mayor Ed Rendell in the 1990s. Michelle J. atherton, Associate Director, Temple University Institute for Public Affairs ■ Gifford Pinchot: Selected Writings. Keywords: city; pennsylvania; pinchot; political; states; united
• Labor Unions and American Elections: The Politics of Voter Mobilization in the 2000 Presidential Election by Beachler, Donald W. (2022) - Table 1 illustrates that, while labor union members supported Demo­ cratic presidential candidates by large margins, unions cannot be said to have had unqualified political success in convincing their members to vote for the Democratic nominee. ó T .... zJJo·' -;Jnio:r.:::; and A1nerican Eledic:u~: The Politics of Voter IVlobilization in the 2000 Presidential Election Donald W. Beachler ithaca College In 2000, labor unions attempted to enhance their poliiical iJ~t7uence by il1- creasing voter tumour mnong union manbers ill support of Al Gore. Keywords: bush; democratic; density; elections; electorate; gore; household; labor; members; new; percentage; states; union; vote; voters; voting
• Censorship of the Internet: The First Amendment Lost in Cyberspace by Fitzpatrick, Gerard. J. (2022) - Although members of such communities do not necessarily share physical propinquity, they are bonded together by the key element of any community: a sense of fellowship based upon shared values and interests. Given those problems, Part IV advo­ cates an expansion of the notion of community so as to include cyber­ communities as well as geographic communities. Keywords: adult; amendment; cda; civil; commonwealth.max; communications; communities; community; computer; com­; content; control; court; cybersmut; cyberspace; information; internet; law; material; new; obscenity; people; standards; states; united; world; york

• Party Identification, Voter Attitudes, and Voter Behavior in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 1980–2012: Real Difference or Election Law Mirage? by Vike, James E. (2018) - New Jersey, on the other hand, features a modified closed primary system, where affiliated voters may only vote in their party primary but unaffiliated voters are free to choose in which primary they wish to participate.1 This difference in election participation policies has allowed 43% of New Jersey voters to register as unaffiliated without relin- quishing their option to participate in primary elections. The elevated tendency of New Jersey voters to register as unaffili- ated is less of a marker of greater independent orientations and more of an election law mirage that furthers a myth of mounting citizen independence from partisan affiliations. Keywords: attitudes; identification; jersey; new; party; pennsylvania; registration; voter

• Would You Vote for Colin Powell? White Support for a Not Quite Colorless Black Candidate by Gresham, April; Maranto, Robert (2022) - We used a natural experiment, the media boom • for a Colin Powell presidential bid in 1994, to test the degree to which various race-related attitudes affected Powell support among white voters. Powell support was unrelated to conservatism, party, and affirmative action. Keywords: action; african; american; authoritarianism; candidates; democrats; immigration; issues; nafta; new; populism; powell; racism; republican; respondents; support; survey; table; white
• Pennsylvania Women's Campaign Communication: A Content Analysis of Brochures from 1996 State Assembly Races by Greco Larson, Stephanie (2022) - If the finding~ from the research on women candidates' television advertising hold true for brochures at the State Assembly level, then the brochures should: 1) contain more issue appeals than candidate traits; 2) emphasize certain issues (those identified as female issues) over nthP! issnE's; 3) infrequently attack opponents; 4) emphasize feminine candidate traits more than masculine traits. In terms of the character traits that women candidates promote, the literature is mixed. Keywords: advertising; brochures; campaign; candidates; female; issues; kahn; level; references; television; traits; women

• Physician Responses to the Opioid Epidemic in the Context of Population-­Based Pain and Opioid Care by Wasan, Ajay D. (2018) - This led the CDC report to conclude that opioids are not effective for chronic pain, and this conclusion has dramatically affected practice across the country, leading many primary care physicians to reduce or eliminate opioid prescribing for chronic noncancer pain. be-f ully- understood sociocultural issues (Quinones 2015) and subse- quently in the overlay of two public health challenges: the better treatment of chronic pain (affecting 100 million US adults, an epidemic in itself) and the appropriate prescribing of opioids for pain relief (National Academies of Sci- ences, Engineering, and Medicine 2017; Institute of Medicine 2011). Keywords: care; guidelines; medicine; misuse; opioid; pain; patients; prescribing; prescription

• The "Greening" of Local Governments by Holst, Arthur M. (2009) - The speed of local government greening would increase Arthur M. Holst 97 rapidly if municipalities adopted greening strategies that proved to be effective in other jurisdictions facing similar problems. In the absence of coherent national policy, they are realizing that they can achieve their goals E 90 THE “GREENING” OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS through many piecemeal local actions rather than wait for a comprehensive federal plan that may never materialize (Verchick 2003, 1). Keywords: action; county; energy; environmental; governments; greening; local; municipalities; use

• Managing Risk in Real Time: Integrating Information Technology into Disaster Risk Reduction and Response by Comfort, Louise K.; Mosse, Daniel; Znati, Taieb (2009) - Proposition 2: Human capacity to recognize risk conditions can be increased by focusing risk data through “views” that are Louise K. Comfort, Daniel Mosse, and Taieb Znati 33 directly relevant to the responsibilities of each major decision maker in the system, thus reducing the overload of less relevant information and time required for information processing and facilitating rapid absorption of threatening information by individual decision makers. A key question for investigation is the extent to which a socio-technical information infrastructure, designed to detect and transmit risk information quickly and accurately, can facilitate the rapid recognition of risk within a community and lead to more informed, timely action. Keywords: action; capacity; community; decision; emergency; information; managers; region; response; risk; system; time

• Book Reviews by Kreider, Kyle L.; Leckrone, J. Wesley; Sosar, David P. (2016) - For decades, numerous claims have been proffered that merit selection systems somehow produce “better” judges and legal outcomes. Currently, “more than half of all states have experimented with merit selection systems for at least some of their state supreme court justices” (p. 33). Keywords: cities; city; cowan; goelzhauser; merit; political; selection

• Commonwealth Forum: Should Pennsylvania Rely on Sin Taxes for Revenue? by Editors, The (2020) - Pennsylvania could expand the use of sin taxes to a wide range of food products that promote bad health. In Pennsylvania 30.2 percent of residents are obese, 17.7 percent engage in excessive drinking, Commonwealth Forum: Should Pennsylvania Rely on Sin Taxes for Revenue? Keywords: percent; sin; taxes

• COMMONWEALTH: Genesis by Tannenbaum, Donald (2015) - I also benefitted from the contributions of a powerhouse Editorial Review Board recruited from some 25 prominent colleges and universities across the nation, from Cambridge to Berkeley, as well as friends from various professional associations and editors of other political science journals. We began on a high note, with the monetary support of a number of excellent Pennsylvania colleges and universities and the financial input and intellectual backing of the Pennsylvania Political Science Association. Keywords: editor; journal
• Frontmatter by Staff, Editorial (2009) - Michael E. Cassidy, Office of the Democratic Caucus Chair, Pennsylvania House of Representatives EDITORIAL REVIEW BOARD Aryeh Botwinick Temple University M. Margaret Conway University of Florida Roger H. Davidson University of Maryland Jean B. Elshtain University of Chicago Richard F. Fenno University of Rochester Marianne Githens Goucher College Susan W. Hammond American University Samuel Krislov University of Minnesota G. Calvin Mackenzie Colby College Michael J. Malbin State University of NY, Albany Harvey C. Mansfield, Jr. Harvard University Kenneth F. Mott Gettysburg College Craig N. Murphy Wellesley College Steven A. Peterson The Pennsylvania State University Mark P. Petracca University of California, Irvine Kathy Ferguson University of Hawaii at Manoa Bruce M. Russett Yale University J. David Singer University of Michigan ii PENNSYLVANIA POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION Officers and Executive Council 2009-2010 PRESIDENT Paula Holoviak Kutztown University FIRST VICE PRESIDENT Stanley Berard Lock Haven University TREASURER Thomas Brogan Albright College SECOND VICE PRESIDENT Brooke Harlowe Lock Haven University SECRETARY & WEBMASTER Fran Moran New Jersey City University EXECUTIVE COUNCIL 2007-2010 Term Joseph Rish King’s College Michael Dillon LaSalle University 2008-2011 Term Kyle Kreider Wilkes University Joseph Melusky St. Francis University 2009-2012 Term Steven Peterson Penn State - Harrisburg John Kennedy West Chester University of Pennsylvania EX OFFICIO MEMBERS PAST PRESIDENT Thomas J. Baldino Wilkes University PAST PRESIDENT Joseph Melusky St. Francis University EDITORIAL STAFF OF COMMONWEALTH: Duane Milne Dr. James Moran III Vice Chancellor for Academic and Student Affairs PA State System of Higher Education 2009-2010 UNIVERSITY COMMITTEE FOR RESEARCH LIAISON (UCRL) Dr. Richard L. Rosen Associate Professor of History and Politics Drexel University Dr. Grant D. Venerable, II Vice President for Academic Affairs Lincoln University Dr. Richard DiEugenio Special Assistant to the President for Governmental Affairs The Pennsylvania State University Dr. Michael G. Hagan Director, Institute for Public Affairs Temple University Dr. Michael R. King LORL Executive Director Dr. George E. Klinzing Vice Provost for Research University of Pittsburgh Dr. Kathleen Howley Assistant Vice Chancellor for Academic and Student Affairs PA State System of Higher Education Mr. Ronald Uroda Vice President for Research AICUP Dr. Andrew Rudczynski Associate Vice President of Finance and Executive Director of Research Services University of Pennsylvania iv Contents Volume 15, Number 2.......................................... September 2009 About the Authors................................................................................v In the COMMONWEALTH by Gerard J. Fitzpatrick, Editor ...........vi Articles The Unlikely Election and Service of John Inscho Mitchell, U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania, 1881-1887 ..................................1 David R. White, Francis Marion University Judicial Selection and the Underrepresentation of Women on The Pennsylvania Courts of Common Pleas.................................15 Heather Frederick, Slippery Rock University The Removal of Carl Romanelli from Pennsylvania’s 2006 U.S. Senate Ballot ..........................................................................37 Blyden Potts, Shippensburg University Viewing Representative Behavior through the Lens of Social and Political Identity .............................................................................65 Robin Lauermann, Messiah College The “Greening” of Local Governments .............................................89 Arthur M. Holst, Philadelphia Water Department Book Reviews Adams, Brian L. Citizen Lobbyists: Local Efforts to Influence Public Policy .....101 James Yoho, J.D., Ph.D., Independent Scholar v Adams, Carolyn; Bartelt, David; Elesh, David; Goldstein, Ira; with Freely, Joshua; and Schmitt, Michelle. Keywords: college; editor; hon; house; pennsylvania; political; research; university
• In the Commonwealth by Fitzpatrick, Gerard. J. (2022) - Dr. Byrne believes Nietzsche rejected Wagnerian operas as romantic diversions from the pursuit of a more genuine human ex­ i~lence, a failing Nielzsche regalded as sylnplomalic of Ulollt:~rHily. Al­ though he focuses on nineteenth century political thought, Dr. Byrne makes us think about the interplay among art, morality, and politics in nur time as well. Keywords: editor; issue
• In the Commonwealth by Baldino, Thomas J. (2022) - In this study; Dr. Duda was an observer as the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection attempted to use this technique in enforcing the Special Protection Water Program. Applying theory to the case study; Dr. Duda concludes her analysis with a number of recommendations for how to improve the rule making and rule implementation process using regulation negotiation. Keywords: editor; journal

• Commonwealth Forum: Do Businesspeople Make Good Chief Executives? by Editors, The (2020) - Two recent examples show the inadequacy of business executives in the highest position of state government. Business practices of focusing on good cus- tomer service provision and cost efficiencies help governors streamline and rationalize government programs that are often designed around what is politically possible rather than best practices. Keywords: business; government; governors
• Utilization of Private Resources to Supplement Government Resources in Case of Emergency by Moran, Christopher J. (2009) - Many community resources have already been tapped. Private industry has a stake in emergency response and mitigation. Keywords: emergency; funding; government; logcap; management; program; resources

• Joint Readiness Center - Pittsburgh: A Model of Military-Civilian Readiness and Response by Huber, George A.; Campbell, David R.; Dorman, Keith G.; McIntosh, Leigh A. (2009) - Supported by a community organization, known as the Joint Readiness Center Task Force (JRC Task Force), the JRC concept is a national model for homeland security and homeland defense and is consistent with the dictates of the U.S. National Response Plan and U.S. National Incident Management System. Known as the Joint Readiness Center Task Force (JRC Task Force), the group has been working since November of 2005 to build this first-of-its-kind national model for homeland security and homeland defense, in support of the National Response Plan (NRP) (http://www.fema.gov/emergency/ nims/index.shtm) and National Incident Management System (NIMS) (http://www.dhs.gov/xprepresp/committees/editorial_0566.shtm). Keywords: center; disaster; jrc; military; model; national; pittsburgh; readiness; region; response; support

• Commonwealth Forum: Would Mandated Paid Leave Be a Competitive Disadvantage for Pennsylvania? by Editors, The (2020) - Paid family medical leave in Pennsylvania would encourage one or both parents to stay home with their children in the early months of their lives. Adopting paid family medical leave is a perfect way to attract good talent to Pennsyl- vania and increase the strength of the Commonwealth’s workforce. Keywords: family; leave; pennsylvania

• Emergency Management: Selected Policy Issues by Cigler, Beverly A. (2009) - Emergency managers increasingly rely on decision support systems to provide real-time information for the complex tasks of predicting, communicating, and responding to emergencies. Various software programs already exist but, as the authors explain, none has been particularly successful in providing the type of dynamic, yet focused, information that emergency managers need. Keywords: emergency; management; response; risk
• Regional Response to All-Hazards Events: A Commonwealth Perspective by Noll, Gregory G. (2009) - SCTF Subcommittee or Working Group member, including: $ Business, Industry and Infrastructure Subcommittee $ Communications Subcommittee $ Criminal Justice Subcommittee, including the Tactical Team Working Group $ Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Subcommittee $ Equipment Subcommittee and Technology Working Group $ Fire, Rescue and Hazardous Materials Subcommittee, including the HazMat Chiefs Working Group $ Hospital Subcommittee $ Training Subcommittee and Exercise Working Group 2. Agency or organization provided with SCTF-acquired resources which agrees to be available for regional mutual aid responses. This concept of operations is primarily based upon the deployment of specialized regional response teams. Keywords: agencies; concept; emergency; pennsylvania; regional; response; sctf; task

• Thomas Aquinas and the Overlapping Consensus by DiLeo, Daniel (2022) - For every being, insofar as it is a being, is actual and in some way perfect, because every act is some sort of perfection” (McInerny 1998, 348: Summa Theologiae I, Question 3, article 5, response); “For in every person, even an evildoer, we ought to love the nature, which God made, which is destroyed by killing” (Finnis 1998, 141: Summa Theologiae, I–II Question 64, article 6, response). They are “justice,” which is giving each his due; “temperance,” which is refraining from acts that are motivated by the passions against the judgment of the intellect; “fortitude,” 4 which is having the courage to act as the intellect tells us we should despite passions such as fear that would prevent us from right action; and “prudence,” which directs the other virtues by reasoning correctly about the situations in which we find ourselves (Oesterle 1984, 110: Summa Theologiae, I–II, Question 61, article 2, response). Keywords: aquinas; article; god; good; mcinerny; question; response; summa; theologiae; virtues

• Nietzsche's Rejection of Wagner: Aesthetics, Ethics, and Politics by Byrne, William F. (2022) - In Nietzsche contra Wagner Nietzsche explains that he had previously mistaken Wagner's music as the expression of a Dionysian powerfulness of soul1/ when in fact it was something very different. Hollinen81f' ;:)r­ gues that Wagner's influence had essentially led Nietzsche astray and contributed to some confusion in his early philosophy, and that in reject­ ing Wagner Nietzsche was coming into his own (Hollingdale 1965, 78). Keywords: aesthetics; art; christian; classical; dionysian; greek; kind; life; man; morality; music; new; nietzsche; overman; parsifal; romanticism; tragedy; wagner; work; world

• Commonwealth Forum: Should Pennsylvania Adopt a Citizens’ Redistricting Commission to Draw Congressional Districts? by Editors, The (2020) - It would also take politics out of the equation, as the commission would be looking to draw fair maps based on communities of interest, various govern- ment boundaries, contiguity, and compactness. One solution to stop elected officials from choosing their voters is the implementation of a citizens’ commission to draw district maps. Keywords: citizens; redistricting

• Commonwealth Forum: Does Pennsylvania Need a Large, Full-Time Legislature? by Editors, The (2020) - For More Information American Legislative exchange Council (https:// www .alec .org) is a non- profit organization of conservative state legislators and members of the private sector. National Black Caucus of state Legislators (https:// nbcsl .org) serves and represents the interests of black state legislators and their constituents. Keywords: legislators; pennsylvania

• Commowealth Forum: Should Pennsylvania Adopt Direct Democracy? by Editors, The (2020) - Book 1.indb Commonwealth Forum: Should Pennsylvania Adopt Direct Democracy? YES Direct democracy, such as through the initiative, popular referendum, and recall processes, allows citizens to place statutes and sometimes amend- ments to the state constitution on the ballot. Pennsyl- vania is one of just sixteen states, mostly clustered on the eastern seaboard, with no form of direct democracy. Keywords: democracy; pennsylvania

• Commonwealth Forum: Should Pennsylvania Allow Safe Injection Sites? by Editors, The (2020) - Instead of moralizing, those who oppose safe injection sites should exercise basic compassion and allow sites to be legally established in their cities and towns. Safe injection sites have staff on hand in case of an accidental overdose, and also provide addicts with access to clean needles to prevent the spread of disease. Keywords: injection; sites

Epilogue

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Created: 2025-12-23