





































Communication, Society and Media 

ISSN 2576-5388 (Print) ISSN 2576-5396 (Online) 

Vol. 4, No. 2, 2021 

www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/csm 

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Review Paper 

Do Weak Institutions Prolong Crises? [#ENDSARs] in the Light 

of the Challenges and opportunities beyond COVID-19 

Pandemic and the Next Normal in Nigeria 

Morufu Olalekan Raimi1,2*, Ebikapaye Okoyen2, Tuebi Moses2,3, Aziba-anyam Gift Raimi4, Adedoyin 

Oluwatoyin Omidiji5, Aishat Funmilayo Abdulraheem6, Mariam Oluwakemi Raimi7 & Beatrice Oka 

Joseph8 
1 Department of Community Medicine, Environmental Health Unit, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Niger 

Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria 

2 Bayelsa State Ministry of Health; Saving One Million Lives Program for Results (SOML PforR), 

Nigeria 

3 Department of Public Health, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria 

4 Entrepreneurship Development Centre, Federal University Otuoke, Nigeria 

5 Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Faculty of Social Sciences, Niger Delta 

University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria 

6 Department of Sociology, Niger Delta University, Nigeria 

7 Department of Banking and Finance, Niger Delta University, Nigeria 

8 Central Drug Control Laboratory Services (CDCL); National Agency for Food and Drug 

Administration and Control (NAFDAC), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria 

* Morufu Olalekan Raimi, Department of Community Medicine, Environmental Health Unit, Faculty of 

Clinical Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria; Bayelsa State 

Ministry of Health; Saving One Million Lives Program for Results (SOML PforR), Nigeria 

 

Received: February 14, 2021     Accepted: February 28, 2021     Online Published: March 17, 2021 

doi:10.22158/csm.v4n2p1                         URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/csm.v4n2p1 

 

Abstract 

With the close of 2020 unprecedented year, a year like no other, Nigerians is still reeling from the 

impacts of an emerging, rapidly and evolving COVID-19 pandemic, while the spring continue to 

unfolded. COVID-19 was considered a “deaths of despair” with an opioid crisis and realizing that 

humanity is in for a long haul with COVID-19, itself may be a game changer. If we expected COVID-19 

to be short lived, we have been remarkably, if not catastrophically, disappointed. As many people were 



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already feeling significantly stressed, and where depression was increasing risks of overdoses and 

suicide. From time immemorial, humankind have suffered the psychological effects of various 

catastrophes, such as wars, floods, famines, wildfires, earthquakes, windstorms and last but certainly 

not least, the possibility of outbreaks of potentially deadly infectious diseases. Hence, these zoonosis 

diseases, result from pathogens being transmitted from animals to humans. To protect ourselves from 

zoonoses, there is need for new measures and precautions, for instance ending and preventing 

deforestation as well as protecting conservation areas and endangered species against such danger. Of 

course, we are certainly no exception today as people try to figure out how to cope and help others 

cope with the grief, stress, and anxiety caused by the greatest health challenge of our time: the 

coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. With more than 1,129 Nigerian having lost their lives as of 

October 24, 2020 and more than 61,882 thousand infected since COVID-19 first gripped our nation, 

although reports suggest that the incidence of COVID-19 has begun to drop, the pandemic has taken a 

profound psychological and emotional toll on us all. However, social and behavioral scientists have 

identified some strategies to help us face our fears, as well as even rise to the challenge of supporting 

others during this fraught time. While awaiting the unprecedented investment in the development of the 

SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and the simultaneous scale up of vaccine manufacturing which has been taking 

place, including unprecedented collaboration and resources to develop safe and effective vaccines for 

COVID-19 that can be manufactured and delivered in the scale of billions of doses to people around 

the globe. Continuing in this unprecedented commitment towards collaboration as well as transparency 

is essential towards ensuring that effective and reliable access to information will continue to inform 

policy decisions at all levels to support the development of national roadmaps to accelerate as well as 

sustain progress towards public health interventions and building trust in communities that will benefit 

from a safe and effective vaccine as well as making sure we get it to them as quick as possible. 

Keywords 

“deaths of despair”, opioid crisis, infectious diseases, end SARs, COVID-19, building trust, public 

health interventions, Nigeria 

 

1. Introduction 

Whilst the world is constantly spinning and still in the grip of an explosive coronavirus pandemic of 

historic proportions, the likes of which have not been experienced in the last 200 years, with more than 

1839 deaths with a case fatality ratio [CFR] of 1.21% in Nigeria and 152,074 cases (5.49% of all the 

cases in the total WHO African region and attack rate of 73.4 per 100,000 population) as of 3:59am; 

70,387 deaths in Africa and 2,789,884 confirmed cases as of 4:00pm and 2,460,792 million deaths 

globally and 110,974,862 million cases as of 10am EST on February 22, 2021 and the end is not in 

sight, given the rate of infection that is going on in the world and its distribution, this panic about a 



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contagious disease makes people irrational and xenophobic, and inequality has become one of the 

biggest problems plaguing our country has been experienced in the ongoing (#ENDSARs), the 

relationship of [#ENDSARs] protests to increase community transmission of the second wave of 

COVID-19 as earlier posited by Samson et al., (2020) is imperative, particularly through the use of 

event study methodology. This [#ENDSARs] has resulted to the significant increase in infection rates, 

loss of human lives, sexual violence, correctional facilities attacked and convicts freed, public and 

private properties completely destroyed or vandalized and the sanctity of the palace of peace maker, the 

Oba of Lagos violated, the international airport invaded, disrupting the travel plans of fellow Nigerian 

and other visitors etc. and our world, which has threatened the core fabric of society, strucking the 

world economy with the biggest shock since the second world war. Figure 1 of the studies conducted 

by Olalekan et al., (2020) shows the United Nations Global Multidimensional Poverty Index for 

Nigeria on Poverty Rates. Stating that many Nigerians suffer so much on a range of poverty issues in 

the country, especially the Nigerian youths. Considering these facts, the United Nations report that 

people are multidimensionally poor when they are poor in many respects including education, health, 

access to potable water, nutrition, electricity, their assets, among other indices. Thus, given the ranking 

of [#ENDSARs] protest among states in Nigeria (see figure 1 below). Approximately 43% of the 

educated youths of the labour force is still either unemployed, or working but living in poverty (ILO, 

2015). More than 500 million young people are surviving on less than $2 a day (ILO, 2015; Olalekan et 

al., 2018; Raimi et al., 2019; Olalekan et al., 2019; Raimi et al., 2019; Olalekan et al., 2020). In 

emerging countries like Nigeria, it has been estimated that 260 million young people are not in 

employment, education or training (The Economist, 2013). This is true for one in three young women 

(ILO, 2017). Although the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and financial crisis have varied widely, 

one consistent factor is that young people in Nigeria have been worst affected (ILO, 2015). Nearly, four 

(4) million of those in slave labour are children. According to the most recent estimates, there are more 

than 150 million children aged 5 to 17 undertaking some form of child labour (ILO, 2017), nearly one 

in ten (10). Indeed, Nigeria leaders and government institutions are actively promoting policies that can 

increase inequality and poverty. Yet Nigeria billions in oil wealth are suspected of being stolen, 

inequality continues to grow and 10 million children are still out of school (Mayah et al., 2017). 

Nigeria leaders know this, but rather they have choosing to suppress democracy and the freedom to 

demand a fairer society, which is what the Nigeria youths is demanding for. While, the richest man in 

Nigeria earns enough interest on his wealth in one year to lift two million people out of extreme 

poverty. Despite almost a decade of robust economic growth in Nigeria, poverty has increased over the 

same period (Mayah et al., 2017). As poverty is rising daily, workers are frustrated, their salaries not 

matching the cost of living. This is due to the growing gap between the political rich and the poor 

which curtails any chances of futuristic prosperity.’ Increasingly though, having a job does not also 



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mean escaping poverty. Recent estimates by the International Labour Organization (ILO) show that 

almost one in three workers in emerging and developing countries live in poverty, and this is increasing 

(ILO, 2017). Perhaps the most shocking element of the global labour market today is modern slavery in 

the 21st century. Sadly, many states in Nigeria still have no minimum wage or collective bargaining and 

most minimum wages are significantly lower than what is needed to survive or what could be described 

as a living wage (Oxfam Australia, 2017). According to President Buhari of Nigeria, Speech to UN 

General Assembly, September 2017 (Buhari, 2017) He states that “we must be mindful, and focus on 

the widening inequalities and poverty within societies, and the gap between the rich and the poor 

nations. These inequalities and gaps are part of the underlying root causes of competition for resources, 

frustration and anger leading to spiraling instability”, hence, cumulatively fueling [#ENDSARs] protest 

across Nigeria (see figure 1 below). However, his policies on recent economic growth have gone 

exclusively to the top 10%, while poverty and inequality have increased. Thereby leading to thirteen 

(13) million out of school children and more not in school and one in 10 women die in childbirth 

(Mayah et al., 2017; Olalekan et al., 2020). 

While, abusers and autocrats have not had it all their own way this year. Their treasuries have been 

drained by the pandemic. Their finances will remain wobbly even if a vaccine is found and the public 

health pretext for curbs on freedom is no longer plausible. The crash was synchronised, its aftermath 

has highlighted the importance of risk as well as resilience and could be the imperative of our times, as 

institutional money managers continue to move their holdings from risky assets to more liquid. After all, 

it is a humanitarian crisis of the likes that humanity have not experienced in recent times. Today, time is 

a luxury that leaders don’t have and is running out. COVID-19 has upended business as usual for 

communities and corporations, everyone is rightly focused on protecting lives as well as livelihoods, 

despite the non-availability of treatment which has triggered worries both nationally and globally 

(Raimi et al., 2019; Omidiji & Raimi, 2019; Raimi et al., 2020; Adedoyin et al., 2020; Olalekan et al., 

2020; Ajayi et al., 2020; Olalekan et al., 2020; Raimi et al., 2020; Gift & Olalekan, 2020; Samson et al., 

2020; Gift et al., 2020; Raimi & Raimi, 2020). Communities, especially governments and healthcare 

professionals, are leading efforts toward supporting victims as well as their families to contain the virus 

that already has infected millions of people around the world as well as claimed hundreds of thousands 

of lives. Looking at first responders and frontline healthcare workers, we have seen heroic efforts on 

their part, this philosophy of helping others, especially when you’re in a privileged place to do so, but 

not without consequences like mental exhaustion. Has it has often been said that crisis reveals character, 

indeed a truism for organizations as well as individuals (Raimi et al., 2020; Raimi & Raimi, 2020). 

Crises force organizations to rethink their actions, and repeatedly continue to be the source of lasting 

change and sustainable development. “In many countries, near term survival is just the only agenda 

item. Others are peering through the fog of uncertainty, thinking about how to position themselves once 



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the crisis has passed and things return to normal. There remain many open questions, which include: do 

weak institutions prolong crises and what will normal look like? How do we best support health 

systems so they can fight this significant crisis? This is an unprecedented crossroads in global society, 

raising fundamental questions about how we live as individuals and collectively and answering them 

will require conducting larger studies with greater diversity of COVID-19 survivors. While no one can 

say how long the crisis will last, what is been seen on the other side will not look like the normal of 

recent years” It is impossible to know what will happen. But it is possible to consider the lessons of the 

past, both distant as well as recent, and on that basis, toward thinking constructively about the future. 

As the pandemic has spread, it has become increasingly clear that the world will not simply snap back 

into shape. But it is remarkable that the following elements will be significant in the shaping of the next 

normal as hardly did anybody foresaw the consequences. 

Twelve (12) months after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, people are frustrated that their lives are not 

getting back to “normal”. Many people remained starved throughout lockdown, schools as well as 

businesses in Nigeria are closed, individuals remain hesitant toward flying and enjoying vacations, 

besides in several places, restaurants as well as indoor activities remain sharply limited, by way of 

severe economic implications. With the patience wearing thin, it can be appealing toward considering 

policies that give us a return to original normalcy. This great scourge has remained dreadful not merely 

for the human body but likewise aimed at the body politic. The pandemic has battered democracy as 

well as human rights respect with an account of how despots as well as autocrats around the globe use 

the pandemic as a pretext toward undermining liberty as well as democracy. Strongmen find it easy 

toward impressing the public's as soon as they regulate the news. This is why several countries around 

the globe use the coronavirus as a reason toward harassing the mainstream media. Hence, this number 

has now doubled. October 11, 2020 furious crowds mostly youth’s protests in Nigeria, which swept 

across almost all states in Nigeria, including Bayelsa state which is been ravaged by flood at the 

moment, prompted the government to disband a notoriously torture-and-murder-prone police unit 

(SARS). As Youths have had an especially grim time in Nigerians over the past years and ordinary 

people are being gagged too. The quality of democracy in Nigeria as well as respect for human rights 

have deteriorated since the pandemic began and since the coming of this Buhari present government. 

The list comprises both dictatorships that have grown nastier and democracies where standards have 

slipped (see Figure 2 below). Covid-19 “has fuelled a democratic crisis around the globe”, as global 

freedom has been deteriorating, through their reckoning. Covid-19 situation has accelerated this 

pre-existing trend in several ways. Covid-19 hasn’t changed that, rather it has exacerbated those issues. 

But then the voice from the Aso Villa, National Emergency Operation Centre or the presidential task 

force on Covid-19 which was activated on March 18, 2020, with the hope that this task force would 

enable Nigeria in its multi-sectoral and intergovernmental approach to the national response is not that 



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matters or one that counts. The pandemic poses a grave as well as fast-moving threat toward every 

people. Governments have quite reasonably, assumed emergency powers to counter it. But these 

powers remained abused. In Nigeria, Governments have been selectively as well as tactically banning 

protests on the grounds that they might spread the virus, silenced critics and the media. They have used 

emergency measures toward harassing dissidents including taken advantage of a general atmosphere of 

alarm. With everyone’s attention on Covid-19, autocrats and would-be autocrats in many states in 

Nigeria can do all kinds of bad things with the confidence that the rest of the world will barely notice, 

let alone to object. 

 

 

Figure 1. Ranking of Nigeria in Relation to [#ENDSARs] Protest 

 



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Figure 2. Comprises Counties with both Dictatorships that Have Grown Nastier and Democracies 

where Standards Have Slipped since COVID-19 Pandemic Began 

Source: Adapted from https://www.economist.com/printedition. 2020-10-17 

 

Even though, the crisis took world leaders, economic markets, health-care systems as well as societies 

by surprise and marveling at its rapid escalation and impact on every single aspect of life, including all 

regions of the world. Its aftermath is speculative as well as obscure. Nonetheless, previous lessons as 

well as evidence may be appropriate and of value. Currently, Nigeria health care workforce (Medical 

Doctors, Environmental Health Officers, Nurses, and Midwives) has less than 1000 per population set 

by the World Health Organization (WHO), shortage of sanitation material including water, lack of 

personal protective equipment for health care providers (which has puts millions at increased risk to 

COVID-19 as well as other infectious diseases), presence of immune-compromised people are among 

the major stimulants and driving factors making Nigeria one of the challenged emerging country facing 

this unprecedented COVID-19 spread (Raimi et al., 2018; Olalekan et al., 2018; Raimi et al., 2019; 

Olalekan et al., 2019; Raimi et al., 2019; Raimi et al., 2019; Gift & Olalekan, 2020; Gift et al., 2020; 



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Raimi et al., 2020; Samson et al., 2020; Raimi & Raimi, 2020). In line with this global need, this paper 

aims to provide some insights into the challenges and opportunities in a post covid-19 era in Nigeria. 

As the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak posed a serious public/environmental health crisis and is causing 

major worldwide disruption and has become a global challenge that has forced nations to work hard as 

well as take some extreme measures in an attempt to prevent potentially fatal outbreaks and save lives. 

So far, the scientific communities are trying their best to understand the activities of SARS CoV-2 virus 

to target effective strategies against it and in this regard. The whole world is trying its best to contain 

the infection, Nigeria is no exception. Nigeria underestimated the likelihood of the COVID-19 outbreak 

during February 28, when the first case was reported, however with the increasing number of cases, 

strong measures and policies, as well as actions have been initiated (Gift et al., 2020; Gift & Olalekan, 

2020; Samson et al., 2020; Raimi et al., 2020; Raimi & Raimi, 2020) and were formulated to reduce the 

spread of the disease in Nigeria which include a comprehensive total lockdown announced by the 

federal government of Nigeria in Ogun state, Lagos state, and Federal Capital Territory. Thereafter, 

many state governors declared total lockdown and released advice for Nigerian nationals and residents 

present inside or outside of country to stay at home and maintain social distancing. Moreover, the 

Nigerian government decided to suspend all forms of social and religious gatherings including 

churches and mosques were prohibited (Gift et al., 2020; Gift & Olalekan, 2020). But despite these 

efforts, there has been an upsurge in the confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Nigeria and at present, the 

future trend of this pandemic in Nigeria appears to be unknown, especially as the ongoing peaceful 

#ENDSARs protest by the youths without jobs and those who have lost their jobs and worse, many 

young ones have less hope of being employed in their lifetime. Hence, at the moment many Nigerian 

youths sees education or schoolling as a scam. Unfortunately, there are only two industries in Nigeria 

right now: government and schools, as many factories have closed down because of the economy, 

coupled with the government anti human policies. Awkwardly, the protest turns violent by the Nigeria 

government, which must have resulted in lots of physical contact, thereby leading to the spread of 

COVID-19. 

Although, coronaviruses (CoVs) are a complex family of enveloped, positive-sense RNA viruses that 

typically cause mild respiratory disease in humans and other mammals (Fehr and Perlman, 2015; Gift et 

al., 2020; Raimi & Raimi, 2020). A novel strain of coronavirus (COVID-19) was identified as the cause 

of the unexplained pneumonia-like cases in Wuhan, Hubei, China in December 2019 with most of the 

initial patients haven’t remained exposed to the market of Huanan seafood (Huang et al., 2020). This 

coronavirus, which was temporarily called 2019-nCoV, has been renamed as Severe Acute Respiratory 

Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is known as coronavirus 

disease 2019 (COVID-19) (Gorbalenya et al., 2020). The first report was released by the World Health 

Organization (WHO) on December 31, 2019. In Nigeria, the first confirmation case was announced on 



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27th February 2020, since then, the NCDC has released advisories statements toward helping Nigerians 

as well as affected groups in particular toward responding toward the pandemic. The World Health 

Organisation data center on COVID-19 reported 110,974,862 million cases and 2,460,792 million 

deaths as of 10am EST on February 22, 2021. However, the weekly global incidence decreased for the 

third consecutive week, down to 3.63 million new cases. This is a decrease of nearly 15% compared to 

the previous week, and it is the lowest weekly total since late October. Weekly global mortality also 

decreased nearly 4% compared to the previous week, down to 93,803 deaths. However, the decrease in 

mortality could be an early indication of a longer-term trend corresponding to decreases in incidence 

starting 2-4 weeks ago. Considering the reporting interruptions from October 9, 2020, it is unclear 

exactly when the actual global incidence peaked, having more than 36.36 million cases as well as 1.06 

million deaths. The WHO reported 336,500 new cases, establishing a new record of global daily 

occurrences. On October 12 the WHO released a new record high for global weekly incidence for the 

fourth consecutive week. The global total has reached more than 2.25 million cases, an upsurge of 

approximately 10% from previous week. Additionally, the WHO reported 378,044 new cases on 

Saturday, a new daily record. While as of October 14, 38 million cases and 1.08 million deaths as of 

10:00am EDT was reported. It was reported that 40.67 million cases and 1.12 million deaths as of 

12:00pm EDT on October 21. As the cumulative global incidence surpasses 40 million, the following 

timeline will provide some context for the trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic: 1 case to 1 million 

cases: 90 days, 1 million to 5 million: 48 days, 5 million to 10 million: 38 days, 10 million to 20 

million: 44 days, 20 million to 30 million: 37 days, 30 million to 40 million: 31 days. The impacts of 

coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on health, economies, and social structures have 

disproportionately impacted as well as does not affect everyone equally. Even though anyone could be 

infected with COVID-19, accumulating data suggest that the elderly or individuals with pre-existing 

and underlying comorbidities or medical conditions for instance diabetes, cardiovascular disease, 

obesity or overweight, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cancer, cystic fibrosis, chronic 

kidney disease, hypertension, asthma, pulmonary fibrosis and those with an immunocompromised state 

from solid organ transplant as well as those with neurologic conditions, among others are far more 

likely towards developing serious complications or die from the disease and the proportion of the 

population at risk is rising. The WHO estimates that between 2015 and 2050, the proportion of the 

world's population aged 60 years and older will almost double from around 12% to 22%. We will soon 

have a world in which there will be more older persons than the children. This is an unprecedented 

crossroads in global society, which raises important questions about how we live as individuals as well 

as collectively. The predicament has brought an even greater urgency toward this, and at times, 

surprising insights, too. 



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To date, Nigeria has reported having tested more than 1,302,410 people, 134,690 confirmed cases and 

24,415 active cases with 108, 657 recoveries and 1,618 deaths as at February 3rd, 2021 have been 

recorded in 36 states and the federal capital territory, hence, the 1138 new cases are reported from 21 

states are Lagos (377), FCT (172), Plateau (86), Kano (84), Edo (60), Osun (47), Nasarawa (41), Imo 

(40), Rivers (36), Niger (32), Oyo (32), Borno (29), Kaduna (27), Delta (18), Kwara (17), Cross River 

(9), Ekiti (8), Bauchi (7), Ogun (7), Sokoto (6) and Bayelsa (3), thereby leading to a multi-sectoral 

national emergency operations centre (EOC), activated at Level 3, continues toward coordinating the 

national response activities (WHO, 2021; COVID-19 dashboard, 2021). When compared to reported data 

dated 22nd, February, 2021, Nigeria has reported having tested more than 1,489,103 people, 152,074 

confirmed cases and 21,567 active cases with 128, 668 recoveries (84% of cumulative cases) and 1,839 

deaths been recorded in 20 states including Lagos (282), Ogun (72), FCT (50), Kaduna (33), Osun (24), 

Imo (23), Abia (21), Borno (18), Oyo (17), Edo (15), Nasarawa (15), Taraba (14), Ekiti (11), Ondo (11), 

Plateau (11), Kano (10), Rivers (7), Delta (5), Bauchi (3), and Jigawa (3) etc., shows that the 

multi-sectoral national emergency operations centre (EOC) has been active in trying to reduce 

community transmission through media sensitization of the public (https://covid19.who.int/table; 

http://www.health.gov.ng/). Meaning that approximately 4 out of each 100 that confirmed positive to the 

virus infection has died since the first case was reported on February 28. Although, the reported death toll 

from COVID-19 in Nigeria seems far lower, when compared to other advanced countries but the hit 

towards gross domestic product (GDP) has been bigger. Come March 2021, global output possibly will 

remain less than 8% lower than it would have been without the pandemic. Instead of an increase of about 

3%, it will have decrease by approximately 5%, the biggest contraction since the second world war. 

According to World Economic Forum, “hundreds of millions of people could be left without work due to 

the impact of COVID-19” and “1.6 billion informal economy workers could suffer ‘massive damage’ to 

their livelihoods”. Globally, countries are still grappling with how to tackle the growing economics of the 

pandemic as a lot is still focusing on the most widely deployed interventions like various forms of 

protocols besides stay-at-home orders as well as the repercussions of limited business operations and 

stricter business operation adherence to the guidelines as well as measures suggested in fighting the 

ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, maintaining and minimizing series of face-to-face as well as skin-to-skin 

contact, physical (social) distancing (avoid direct physical contact by hugging, touching, or shaking 

hands) (what I call socially close and reaching out towards each other in different ways), practicing hand 

hygiene and respiratory hygiene, regular environmental cleaning and disinfection, risk communication, 

training and education, as well as management of people with COVID-19 or their contacts. In addition, 

specific measures for workplaces and jobs at medium risk included frequent cleaning and disinfection of 

objects and surfaces that are touched regularly (fomites). In such places where physical distancing of 1 

meter cannot be maintained for a particular activity, ensuring workers work side-by-side or facing away 



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from each other rather than face-to-face, and assigning staff to the same shift teams to limit social 

interaction. Along with that, such workplaces must be well-ventilated with a natural air of artificial 

ventilation without re-circulation of air for high-risk work activities and jobs. Also, the adherence to the 

hygiene measures before as well as after contact with or suspicion of COVID-19. In such cases, workers 

must comply with the use of medical masks, disposable gowns, gloves, and eye protection for workers 

and use of protective equipment when in contact with COVID-19 patients, their respiratory secretions, 

body fluids, and highly contaminated waste etc. All with the aim to mitigate community transmission 

risk, recommended by health care professional as being the best available option that can be used to 

control the spread of COVID-19, pervasive use of personal protective equipment (PPE), such as 

facemasks, shields, or gloves, as well as regular hand washing practice among individuals and 

communities and disinfection of fomites. These measures can be very likely continuing to be 

implemented as well as mandated in the medium or even long term until an effective 

treatment/prevention is available or vaccine is found (WHO, 2020; Cirrincione et al., 2020; Samson et 

al., 2020; Raimi et al., 2020; Leung et al., 2020; Raimi & Raimi, 2020) and since lockdown is considered 

a strategy to control infection rate but the challenge lies in its continuation. Since society is a system of 

human cooperation, people in any society should collectively relate to and deal with their exogenous 

variables. Exogenous variables are those conditions that affect human livelihoods and which human have 

to work upon through appropriate planning and institutional arrangement to better their conditions of 

existence. 

Even beyond that time frame, many of these public health recommendations will become part of 

everyone’s lifestyles and therefore continue to be followed and observed. In addition, it is implausible 

that the disruption caused by COVID-19 will dissipate soon. Analysis of the impact of transmission 

dynamics suggests that the disease may perhaps persist into 2025, with prolonged or intermittent social 

distancing in place until 2022 (Raimi et al., 2020; Kissler et al., 2020; Raimi & Raimi, 2021). In 

addition to the development, human will be profoundly impacted beyond the stagnation resulting from 

the closure of business activities during mandated lockdowns offered by the authorities. There is also a 

challenge to expand testing as well as other public health intervention. Timely intervention action, 

testing, tracing, tracking/monitoring, treating, as well as togetherness have been considered to be seen 

as the most important and effective strategies to date. With the rising cases of infection as well as death, 

this poses a threat and triggered disruption to social and mental wellbeing of the world’s citizens as 

well as to the economy, society and politics. The confusion and uncertainty increase fueling 

misinformation, distrust of citizens, government as well as political leaders, providing employment 

opportunities for the people, stigma and discrimination which are negatively impacting the prevention 

strategies approved by different national authorities. Appropriate communication as well as community 

engagement strategies are needed, alongside the togetherness of all concerned entities fighting against 



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this wicked and deadly virus globally. In light of this global demand, this disruption provides a 

remarkable opportunity to accelerate environmental resilience as well as structural reforms with 

investing in COVID-19 and climate-resilient infrastructure to reduce waste in implementing, 

conducting, reporting as well as planning for the recovery ahead (Cristea & Naudet, 2019; Raimi & 

Raimi, 2020), revival and or strengthen health care system at local level, developing self-sufficient food 

system, supply mechanism, emphasis of agriculture, promote and expand domestic production in 

selected strategic sectors like food as well as pharmaceutical industries. Last but not least, individuals 

as well as families will need to make sense of the surprising overwhelm COVID-19 caused to societies, 

economies, health-care systems and governments. Everyone and their families face crises on a 

regularly basis (such as the death of a loved one, loss of employment as well as violence), and struggle 

with difficulty are part of the human condition. While the crisis caused by COVID-19 is likely to have 

troubling features, as mentioned above, a unifying opportunity simultaneously appears at the same 

time. 

Whilst it is necessary to develop an unprecedented investment in both SARS-CoV-2 vaccine 

development, simultaneously scale up of vaccine manufacturing and a long-term management strategy 

for COVID-19, given the unprecedented scale of decision-makers’, the evidence needs large-scale 

collaboration and consistency as well as shared learning within the evidence synthesis community. 

Hence, it is better to improve outcomes across nations using the best data that can be achieved through 

the use of high-quality evidence that is implemented well. To achieve this, systems, policy as well as 

political environments need to be hospitable toward evidence informed approaches and that there is 

need to foster partnerships and collaboration, facilitate dialogue, as well as advance Evidence-informed 

Decision-making (EIDM) in Nigeria, Africa and the globe at large to achieve effective and sustainable 

implementation in the real world in the same way. As a result, the pandemic has evolved and shown 

that rapid change is both possible as well as pivotal for society survival. Of course, some more complex 

challenges cannot be solved overnight. But it is believed that leaders need pay heed to the lesson’s 

responses from COVID-19, while acknowledging that the future will be quite different from the past, as 

well as build on the novel and pragmatic ways of working to have the potential not only to survive but 

to also thrive. Fortunately, times have changed. The world is a different place than it was in 1918. From 

the herpes plus legionnaires’ disease in the 1970s, to AIDS, Ebola, the Severe Acute Respiratory 

Syndrome (SARS), and now Covid-19, contagious diseases continue to spread, threatening and 

disrupting humanity. Historians, who have continued to take an interest in pandemics, have a lot to 

offer. We have the technology toward strengthening the health care system for our patients. It’s time we 

put these tools into practice. Alternatively, the Covid-19 spread is a product of a digital as well as 

technological revolution that has changed our world over the years. Unlike the “Spanish flu” of 1918, 

which became a worldwide pandemic over the course of a year, as the pandemic has spread toward 



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each habitable continent within weeks, outstripping our health system’s capacity toward testing, 

tracking, and containing people with suspected infection. Hence, there is need for rapid pace of 

research on the SARS-CoV2 virus, potential treatments and vaccines, especially with the rising cases 

globally. 

 

2. The Way Forward 

Of course, optimism as well as courage are the qualities that are required now than ever as leaders 

make decisions that will shape the next normal. Furthermore, one of the possible next normal is that 

decisions taken during as well as after the crisis will either results in less prosperity, government 

bureaucracies, widening inequality, slower growth, bloated as well as rigid borders. Even decisions 

made during this crisis can lead to a burst of innovation as well as productivity, more resilient 

industries, smarter government at all levels, as well as the emergence of a reconnected world. 

Inevitable; in fact, the results are in all probability more likely to be a mix. It is true that where the 

world goes depends on the choice of countless decisions many people made, including individuals, 

businesses, governments as well as organizations. It will therefore be important to build the world 

economy for the future, rather than solving the challenges of the past in a sustainable way that is 

aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Climate Agreement. As progress 

towards the achievement of most sustainable development goals requires significant improvement 

across the globe. It is also of note to consider how to tackle misinformation on science, not only with 

regard to COVID-19, but also concerning other related issues, including vaccines, biodiversity loss, 

and climate change. In this regard, there is need to strengthen health institutions at the local, state and 

national level with its central and unique role in addressing global public health. Likewise, the need for 

local strategies towards highlighting the growing need for the adoption of innovation as well as toward 

improving general population awareness in relation to COVID-19 as well as its preventative practices 

must be reinforced in order to achieve its elimination goals. 

In any crisis, leaders have two equally vital responsibilities: solving instant problem as well as 

protecting them from stirring again. The Covid-19 crisis is a case in point. We have to save lives. 

Whereas states must continue to implement and lead the way on Covid-19 policies, comprehensive 

protections require federal intervention. The Covid-19 crisis has brought strident focus to the 

requirement aimed at reforming health care toward promoting universal access toward affordable care. 

While all aspects of health care in Nigeria face enormous challenges in the coming months and 

unraveling this in this time of crisis, leave millions of individuals vulnerable as well as requiring 

rapidly coordinated political action toward ensuring affordable access to care. Never before has the 

interdependence on all our health, finances, and social fabric been so starkly established. Health care 

reform has never been necessary before to ensure access to affordable health care for all Nigerians. Our 



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health as well as health care policies, both in these pandemic as well as in the future, must reflect this 

reality, and we must not let this lessons of crisis pass us by. As learning is challenging in the midst of an 

emergency, but the Covid-19 pandemic lesson is already clear: when environmental epidemiologists 

warn that pathogen could cause a pandemic, it's time to hoist the flag of local freedom is over. However, 

the role of national leadership in the response can only work if it is based on evidence (Raimi et al., 

2020). It is important that Nigerian future response to Covid-19 is not only national, but also rational. 

In the long term, on the other hand, we must shift against investing primarily in disease-specific 

research toward simultaneously targeting sufficient resources to decode the human immune system, 

especially for the world’s most vulnerable populations. These efforts can accelerate new vaccines 

development, diagnostics, as well as treatments, not only for Covid-19, but also for future emerging 

pathogens of non-communicable diseases because of our aging that are now major global killers. We 

must act courageously as soon as possible to aid all humanity live longer and healthier lives. For many, 

too, the pandemic has resulted in serial losses as well as threats to our identities, which are echo due to 

serious illness. Many people have lost the freedom to go to their offices; lost our favorite restaurants; 

lost graduations as well as weddings; lost our child care; lost parts of our salaries; lost our jobs. We 

were productive researchers besides our labs were closed down and have been on hold for years. We 

are proud of our ability toward alleviating suffering, and now we see irreversible suffering around us: 

the patients die alone in the hospital, the families are distraught. Even the most ancient, holy, as well as 

basic tool of doctoring, the physical exam are beyond the reach for most of us. Since Covid-19 has 

become a top priority in our health care delivery system, it disrupts the process of patient care, 

interrupts many research activities as well as overwhelmingly affecting education. 

Public funds are required since products of pandemic are extraordinarily high-risk investments; 

government funding will reduce risks in the pharmaceutical companies as well as getting them to jump 

in with both feet. Besides, governments as well as other donors will require to be funded as a global 

public good towards manufacturing facilities that can deliver a vaccine supply within weeks. These 

facilities can, at normal times, provide vaccines for routine immunization programs as well as rapidly 

refitted for production during a pandemic. Ultimately, the governments must finance the procurement 

as well as vaccines distribution to the inhabitants that require them. At the end of the day, government, 

development partners and industry need to come to an agreement: for the duration of the pandemic, 

vaccines plus antivirals can’t simply be sold to the top bidder. They should be made available as well as 

affordable for the people who are at the heart of the pandemic as well as in utmost need. Such a 

distribution not only is the right thing to do, but also the right strategy to prevent short-circuiting 

transmission as well as preventing future outbreaks. These are the actions that current leaders should be 

taking now. There is no need to waste time. How effective the country handles Covid-19 crisis depends 

essentially on how efficiently our health workforce are put to productive use. Much can be done toward 



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ensuring that workforce are prepared to deal with this pandemic. Now is the time for an effective 

strategy toward expanding as well as sustaining the health workforce. Once the outbreaks have 

subsided, behavioral changes of the workforce and their consequences should be evaluated toward 

providing insight into use of the workforce as well as improved reactions for future pandemics. 

National Assembly should promote support for expanding health programs and its reach, then the 36 

states, including FCT should do the same. Given the role of various health program’s in managing and 

tackling the coronavirus pandemic, maximizing long-term health care, as well as helping and 

supporting toward stabilizing the health care system in a time of the crisis, the case for health 

expansion in various states should be strengthened. In palliative care, one of our favorite tools is the 

maxim “Hope for the best, prepare for the worst”. “We will continue to hope for [cure/disease 

response/transplantation/other positive outcome] and help you feel as well as you can. At the same time, 

we want to prepare just in case [cure/disease response/transplantation/other positive outcome] isn’t 

possible for a once-in-a century pandemic”. 

 

Funding: No specific grant was received for this study. 

 

Competing interests: We affirm that we have no conflict of interest that may be alleged as prejudicing 

the impartiality of the study reported. This researcher did not receive special assistance from 

government, not-for-profit sectors or commercial institutions. 

 

Consent: All the authors announced that they had received written notice from the participants. 

 

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