


































Communication, Society and Media 
ISSN 2576-5388 (Print) ISSN 2576-5396 (Online) 

Vol. 7, No. 1, 2024 

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51 

 

Original Paper 

Is it Real History or Illusion?—Exploration of Narrative 

Strategies in Ambrose Bierce‟s “An Occurrence at Owl Creek 

Bridge” 

Zexi OUYANG
1* 

1 
Undergraduate of School of English, Jilin International Studies University, Changchun, China 

*
Zexi OUYANG, Undergraduate of School of English, Jilin International Studies University, 

Changchun, China 

 

Received: May 20, 2024           Accepted: June 12, 2024        Online Published: June 29, 2024 

doi:10.22158/csm.v7n1p51                       URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/csm.v7n1p51 

 

Abstract 

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of Ambrose Bierce’s “An Occurrence at Owl Creek 

Bridge”, exploring the confluence of historical context, narrative ingenuity, and thematic depth in his 

work. Born during the tumultuous Civil War era, Bierce’s experiences as a Union soldier profoundly 

influenced his literary focus, notably in his portrayal of war’s brutalities and psychological impact. The 

paper examines how Bierce’s narrative style, characterized by a blend of stark realism and surreal 

elements, set him apart in the late 19th-century literary landscape. His most acclaimed work, “An 

Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge”, is dissected for its innovative narrative structure, symbolic 

language, and exploration of existential themes such as the fragility of life, the inevitability of death, 

and the human psyche’s struggle with freedom and fate. The study highlights Bierce’s unique 

contribution to the short story genre and his lasting influence on American literature. 

Keywords 

Ambrose Bierce, Civil War, narrative innovation, psychological realism, existential themes 

 

1. Introduction 

This paper embarks on a comprehensive journey through the intricate layers of Bierce‟s most acclaimed 

short story-“An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge”. Set against the tumultuous backdrop of the 

American Civil War, Bierce‟s narrative masterfully intertwines the stark brutality of war with the 

ethereal realms of fantasy and illusion. This exploration delves deep into the psychological 

complexities of the protagonist, Peyton Fahrquhar, as he teeters on the precipice of life and death. The 



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paper aims to dissect the nuanced interplay between the vividly realistic settings and the protagonist‟s 

surreal experiences, shedding light on Bierce‟s innovative narrative techniques and his profound 

thematic explorations. From the philosophical contemplation of existence to the harrowing impact of 

war on the human psyche, this study seeks to unravel the layers of meaning in Bierce‟s story, 

positioning it as a pivotal work in the realm of American literature. The journey through “An 

Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” is not just an academic endeavor but a deep dive into the universal 

themes of reality, illusion, and the human condition, as envisioned through Bierce‟s discerning lens. 

 

2. Overview of Ambrose Bierce and His Works 

2.1 Brief Biography 

Ambrose Bierce, a noteworthy figure in American literature, was born in 1842 in Ohio. Raised in a 

literate family despite financial hardships, he developed an early interest in literature. His experiences 

as a Union soldier during the Civil War deeply influenced his literary themes and style, leading him to 

explore the brutal realities of war and its psychological impacts. After the war, Bierce became a 

prominent journalist and short story writer in San Francisco, where he was known for his cynical view 

of human nature and his dark humor. 

Bierce‟s writing is distinguished by his acute attention to detail and his innovative narrative structures, 

which blend realism with fantasy elements. His most famous work, “An Occurrence at Owl Creek 

Bridge”, exemplifies his mastery of the short story genre. This story is renowned for its exploration of 

the boundaries between reality and illusion, marked by a twist ending that challenges the reader‟s 

perceptions. The psychological depth and the stark portrayal of the human condition in his works not 

only set him apart from his contemporaries but also left a lasting impact on both the horror and 

suspense genres. 

Bierce‟s work reflects his fascination with themes of death, fate, and existential struggle, often 

incorporating elements of the supernatural and the macabre. His distinctive approach to storytelling 

contributed significantly to the development of the short story as a respected literary form. The 

enigmatic end to his life, disappearing in Mexico in 1914, only adds to the intrigue surrounding his 

legacy, which continues to captivate and inspire readers and writers alike. 

2.2 Historical Context of the Creative Period 

The historical context of Ambrose Bierce‟s creative period is deeply rooted in the tumultuous era of the 

American Civil War, a time that profoundly influenced his literary works. Born in 1842, Bierce‟s 

formative years were marked by the growing national conflict over slavery and states‟ rights, which 

eventually erupted into the Civil War. Serving as a Union Army officer, Bierce experienced firsthand 

the brutalities and horrors of war, which left an indelible mark on his psyche and later found expression 

in his writings. This period was characterized by a significant shift in American literature, with a move 



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away from romanticism towards realism, reflecting the grim realities of war and its aftermath. The 

social and political upheaval of the time, coupled with the rapid technological and industrial changes, 

provided a rich backdrop for Bierce‟s exploration of themes such as death, the futility of war, and the 

human condition. His most famous work, “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge”, exemplifies this, 

offering a stark, unflinching look at the impact of war on the human psyche. Bierce‟s stories, often 

laced with dark irony and a cynical view of human nature, resonated with readers who were grappling 

with the disillusionment and societal changes of the post-war era, making him a significant figure in the 

landscape of American literature during this pivotal historical period. 

2.3 Literature Review 

In the world of literature, each narrative is a reconstruction and reinterpretation of reality. K. E. B. 

(2019) analyzed the narrative strategies in Ambrose Bierce‟s “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge”, 

noting that Bierce‟s detailed depiction of war scenes strengthens the boundaries between reality and 

illusion. K.E B. also believes that Bierce‟s work reveals how history and personal experiences 

intertwine, influencing people‟s perceptions and understanding of reality. Peter K. (2019) conducted a 

detailed analysis of Bierce‟s short story and its two different film adaptations, focusing on the treatment 

of the theme and atmosphere of sardonic death. Peter K. argues that these works demonstrate the ability 

to enhance the story‟s mood of melancholy and mystery, especially in portraying the protagonist‟s 

psychological state and the inevitability of death. He also explored how these three narratives use dark 

visual and language styles to reflect the deep-seated human fear and struggle with death and fate. 

Cheatham G. and Cheatham J. (2015) conducted an in-depth analysis of Bierce‟s famous short story, 

particularly focusing on its narrative structure and thematic expression. They point out that Bierce‟s use 

of complex temporal structures and shifts in perspective enhances the suspense and depth of the themes, 

especially in exploring the boundaries between reality and illusion. They also discuss how Bierce uses 

the war backdrop to reflect the complexity of human nature and the impermanence of fate. Tabachnick 

E S (2013) explored the potential influences of other literary works on Bierce, particularly in the 

conception of the ending of “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge”. Tabachnick suggests that Bierce 

might have drawn from popular literary forms and themes of the time in crafting narrative twists and 

turns. The article further analyzes how these influences enable Bierce to effectively blend elements of 

realism and surrealism, thereby enhancing the thematic depth and emotional impact of the story. 

These scholars‟ perspectives provide a solid foundation for further exploration of Bierce‟s works, 

revealing the profound intertwining of history and personal experiences as well as the critical role of 

narrative techniques in shaping readers‟ perceptions of reality and illusion. The forthcoming research 

will delve deeper into the narrative strategies in “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge”, exploring how 

Bierce skillfully constructs a narrative labyrinth that is both real and illusory between history and 

fiction. 



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3. Publication and Reception of “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” 

Ambrose Bierce‟s “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” not only captivates with its narrative but also 

stands as a poignant reflection of the historical context and the adept use of realism that Bierce 

integrates throughout the story. 

3.1 The Historical Background and Realistic Foundation of the Story 

Ambrose Bierce‟s works are steeped in the historical background of the Civil War, a period marked by 

intense social and political upheaval that profoundly influenced the realistic foundation of his stories. 

The era‟s ideological clashes and significant human costs form a vivid backdrop against which themes 

of loyalty, sacrifice, and the brutal realities of war are explored. Bierce captures this turbulent social 

environment with deep empathy, providing insight into the personal struggles and moral dilemmas 

faced by individuals, thus painting a stark portrait of the period‟s grim reality. 

Bierce‟s authentic depiction of military elements further enhances the realism in his narratives, 

particularly in “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge”. Drawing from his own Civil War experiences, he 

meticulously details military tactics, battlefield environments, and soldiers‟ psychological states, 

avoiding glorification to focus on the harsh truths of conflict. Through the character of Peyton Farquhar, 

a civilian caught in a fatal act of sabotage, Bierce critiques the romanticized illusions of war, offering a 

stark contrast to more glorified war narratives. This critical perspective not only enriches the narrative 

but also resonates deeply with readers, providing a nuanced understanding of the war‟s impact on 

individual fates and societal structures. The intertwining of character fate and reality reflects the harsh 

and unpredictable nature of life during the Civil War, emphasizing how personal choices and societal 

forces shape destinies in profound and often tragic ways. 

3.2 Application of Realism Techniques 

Realism techniques in “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” are a masterful display that enhances the 

narrative‟s impact through meticulous attention to detail and structural layout. The story opens with 

vivid descriptions that set a tangible stage, such as the depiction of the protagonist Peyton Farquhar‟s 

physical constraints and the detailed natural surroundings. These initial scenes are not only sharply 

drawn to anchor the narrative in palpable reality but also serve to heighten the tension and foreshadow 

the impending doom. Bierce‟s use of sensory details further blurs the lines between reality and illusion, 

plunging the reader into the psychological state of Farquhar as he perceives the swirling water beneath 

him and feels the noose tighten around his neck. 

In addition to detailed description, Bierce‟s narrative is characterized by a realistic use of language that 

enhances the sensory experience, deepening the reader‟s immersion into the story. The precise language 

and rich sensory details set the physical scene and prime the reader for Farquhar‟s intense 

psychological journey. This realism extends to the structural layout of the narrative, where Bierce 

manipulates time and perspective to transition from Farquhar‟s dire circumstances to his imagined 



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escape. The story‟s structure culminates in a poignant twist where Farquhar‟s perceived escape is 

revealed to be a mere hallucination, emphasizing the themes of illusion versus reality. Through these 

techniques, Bierce not only tells a compelling story but also invites the reader to feel the profound 

complexities and emotional depths of the human condition during war. 

3.3 The Confluence of Reality and History 

Ambrose Bierce skillfully integrates the American Civil War into the narrative, not just as a backdrop 

but as a critical element that deeply influences the story‟s emotional and thematic fabric. The setting 

during the Civil War allows Bierce to draw on his own wartime experiences, providing a rich, 

historically authentic portrayal of the era‟s harsh realities. Through the character of Peyton Farquhar, a 

Southern planter entangled in the conflict, Bierce explores the devastating psychological impacts of war. 

Farquhar‟s involvement in the war, described as “no adventure too perilous for him to undertake if 

consistent with the character of a civilian who was at heart a soldier” (Bierce, 1890. p. 14), 

encapsulates the complex interplay of duty, honor, and survival that marked the personal struggles of 

individuals during this tumultuous period. 

Bierce‟s narrative goes beyond mere historical recounting, blending real and fictional elements to 

deepen the exploration of universal themes such as the futility and destructiveness of war. Farquhar‟s 

character, a composite of real-life figures of the time, embodies the collective experiences and 

emotional turmoil of Southern sympathizers, allowing Bierce to vividly convey the era‟s spirit through 

both stark realities and vivid hallucinations. The precision in setting details and the psychological depth 

given to Farquhar‟s character illustrate how personal stories reflect broader societal attitudes and the 

grim atmosphere of the era. Particularly poignant is the twist ending where Farquhar‟s imagined escape 

is revealed as a hallucination, “all this had merely been a dream” (Bierce, 1890. p.15), underscoring the 

brutal psychological effects of war and the fragility of human life. This blending of historical 

authenticity with creative storytelling does not merely serve to enrich the narrative but makes it a 

timeless commentary on the complexities of human experience in times of war, demonstrating how the 

Civil War shaped not only the fate of individuals but also the cultural and existential contours of 

American society. 

 

4. Weaving Realism into the Fabric of Fantasy in “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” 

Within the narrative, the interplay of fantastical elements skillfully intertwines with the stark realities of 

war, blurring the lines between the conceivable and the imagined, and imbuing the story with deep 

symbolic meaning and a distinct literary innovation. 

4.1 The Boundary between Fantasy and Reality 

The narrative masterfully explores the fluid dynamics between the tangible and the surreal, creating a 

complex tapestry where time, space, and mortality converge in unexpected ways. 



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4.1.1 Distortion of Time and Space 

Ambrose Bierce intensifies the real versus imagined tension through the inner experiences of Peyton 

Farquhar, who is moments away from execution. The narrative vividly captures Farquhar‟s shifting 

perception as he imagines escaping his fate: “He unclosed his eyes and saw again the water below him... 

and then all is dark and silent” (Bierce, 1890, p. 15). This juxtaposition of the serene, detailed 

descriptions of the surrounding landscape with Farquhar‟s surreal experience illustrates the stark 

contrast between the brutal reality of his situation and his psychological escape into an imagined reality. 

Bierce meticulously crafts these moments, highlighting the psychological strain under which Farquhar 

operates, which distorts his sense of time and reality. This narrative choice not only deepens the 

exploration of Farquhar‟s psyche but also encapsulates the broader themes of the story, showcasing 

how individuals might cope with imminent death through fantastical denial. 

Bierce uses the surreal escape to underscore the themes of illusion versus reality within the harsh 

context of the Civil War. The detailed account of Farquhar‟s sensations as he believes he is escaping, 

“he felt the ripples upon his face and heard their separate sounds as they struck... he was now in full 

possession of his physical senses” (Bierce, 1890, p. 16), paradoxically serves to both enrich the realism 

and enhance the surreal quality of his final experience. This technique brilliantly illustrates how the 

mind can create a vividly immersive alternate reality as a coping mechanism against grim truths. The 

stark return to reality, with the abrupt cessation of this imagined escape, highlights the power and limits 

of human perception and imagination. Bierce‟s narrative, by oscillating between detailed realism and 

profound introspection, invites readers to reflect on the blurred lines between reality and illusion, 

emphasizing the tragic, yet universally relatable, human capacity to seek refuge in fantasies, especially 

under extreme duress. 

4.1.2 The Intertwining of Reality and Dream 

Bierce crafts a gripping opening that immediately immerses the reader into the dramatic core of Peyton 

Farquhar‟s plight. Bound and awaiting execution on a bridge, Farquhar is vividly introduced: “The 

man‟s hands were behind his back, the wrists bound with a cord. A rope closely encircled his neck” 

(Bierce, 1890, p. 14). This precise, stark imagery not only sets a foreboding tone but also anchors the 

narrative in a palpable reality. As Farquhar stands on the precipice of death, Bierce masterfully shifts 

the narrative into the psychological realm. The impending doom triggers a profound psychological 

reaction in Farquhar, leading to a surreal escape sequence in his mind, where “he felt the ripples upon 

his face and heard their separate sounds as they struck... he closed his eyes in order to fix his last 

thoughts upon his wife and children” (Bierce, 1890, p. 15). This sequence, blurring the lines between 

reality and hallucination, vividly illustrates the human capacity for escapism in the face of death. The 

stark return to reality, revealing that his escape was but a desperate fantasy, underscores the fragility of 

human perception and highlights how, under extreme stress, the mind can fabricate a comforting 



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alternative to an unbearable reality. This powerful juxtaposition not only deepens the narrative‟s 

emotional impact but also offers profound insights into the psyche‟s coping mechanisms during critical 

moments. 

4.1.3 The Blurred Boundaries of Death and Illusion 

Reality is often overshadowed by the figments of our imagination, especially when the mind clings to 

the last shreds of hope. The story introduces Peyton Farquhar in a scenario filled with acute detail:  

“A sentinel at each end of the bridge stood with his rifle in the position known as „support‟, that is to 

say, vertical in front of the left shoulder, the hammer resting on the forearm thrown straight across the 

chest—a formal and unnatural position, enforcing an erect carriage of the body” (Bierce, 1890, p. 16). 

This meticulous depiction sets a realistic stage that starkly contrasts with the surreal experiences that 

soon consume Farquhar. As the execution nears, Farquhar slips into a hallucinatory state, where “he 

saw the light of the sun shining upon the landscape of his dreams in dazzling radiance; the forest 

seemed to stir and shake, which was but the agitations of his trembling heart” (Bierce, 1890, p. 15). 

This dreamlike sequence, rich in sensory detail and distorted perception, emphasizes the fragile line 

between his imagined escape and the harsh reality of his impending execution. Bierce crafts these 

moments to not only deepen the narrative impact but also to reflect on the psychological and existential 

themes of human existence, illustrating how, even at the brink of death, the human spirit clings to hope, 

however illusory it may be. 

4.2 Symbolic Significance of Fantastical Elements 

The story employs fantastical elements not only to enrich its narrative depth but also to serve as 

powerful symbols that reflect transitions, the cycle of life and death, and the psychological intricacies 

of its characters. 

4.2.1 The Bridge as a Symbol of Transition 

The bridge stands as a powerful symbol of transition, marking the boundary between life and death, 

reality and illusion. The narrative meticulously details the scene on the bridge, where Peyton Fahrquhar, 

bound and surrounded by his executioners, teeters on the edge of mortality. This railroad bridge in 

northern Alabama, a stark structure above the swirling waters, becomes a threshold between the 

tangible world and the ethereal realm of Fahrquhar‟s imagination. As he is about to be hanged, the 

physical details of the bridge—the loose boards, the stout cross-timber, the position of the soldiers—are 

described with an almost hyperreal clarity, underscoring the bridge‟s role as a portal to the unknown. 

4.2.2 The Symbolic Meanings of Death and Rebirth 

Bierce intricately crafts the symbolic themes of death and rebirth, emphasizing these motifs through the 

setting and actions of Peyton Farquhar. As Farquhar stands on the bridge, Bierce describes his 

observations: “He noted the prismatic colors in all the dewdrops upon a million blades of grass” 

(Bierce, 1890, p. 16). The intense focus on minute, vibrant details at the moment of impending death 



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enhances the theme of rebirth, juxtaposing the stark finality of death with a poignant sense of beauty 

and continuity in life. The bridge, as a structural element in the story, not only serves as the literal point 

of Farquhar‟s execution but also symbolizes a passage or transition, reinforcing the notion of moving 

from one state of being to another—life to death, reality to illusion. 

Bierce deepens these themes through Farquhar‟s hallucinatory escape where he experiences an 

intensified perception of his surroundings: “The humming of the gnats that danced above the eddies of 

the stream, the beating of the dragonflies‟ wings, the strokes of the water-spiders‟ legs, like oars which 

had lifted their boat” (Bierce, 1890, p. 17). This surreal enhancement of sensory experiences as 

Farquhar imagines fleeing towards freedom vividly represents a psychological rebirth. His senses are 

momentarily liberated from the imminent reality of death, suggesting a rebirth into a realm of 

heightened awareness and potential escape. However, this perceived rebirth is abruptly shattered by the 

return to the grim reality of his actual fate, illustrating the tragic illusion of escape and reinforcing the 

inevitable finality of death. Through this poignant interplay of death and rebirth, Bierce explores the 

complex human psyche under extreme duress, capturing the desperation and profound yearning for life 

even in the face of certain death. 

4.2.3 Mapping Fantasy onto Character Psychology 

Bierce masterfully captures the psychological turmoil of Peyton Farquhar as he oscillates between 

harsh reality and vivid fantasy during his final moments. As Farquhar is bound on the bridge, facing 

imminent death, his mind desperately seeks refuge in a detailed and sensory-rich fantasy: “As he is 

about to clasp her, he feels a stunning blow upon the back of the neck; a blinding white light blazes all 

about him with a sound like the shock of a cannon” (Bierce, 1890, p. 18). This intense moment 

underscores his psychological escape from reality, imagining himself successfully fleeing and nearing 

the embrace of his family. The detailed fantasy, from the sensations of running to the imagined sounds 

and sights of his escape, mirrors his intense longing for life and freedom, showcasing the mind‟s 

capacity to create elaborate illusions as a coping mechanism against the inevitability of death. The 

brutal disruption of this fantasy by the sudden, stark realization of death highlights the tragic futility of 

his escape, intensifying the emotional impact of the narrative and providing a deep exploration of the 

human psyche‟s struggle with mortality, making his psychological journey both a poignant reflection 

on human vulnerability and a commentary on the power of human imagination under extreme stress. 

4.3 The Tradition of Fantasy in Literature and the Innovation of “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” 

This exploration delves into how the narrative stands at a crossroads of traditional fantasy literature and 

pioneering literary techniques, marking a significant departure towards new forms of storytelling. 

4.3.1 Traditional Fantasy Literature Versus Bierce‟s Innovation 

Bierce crafts a narrative that intricately weaves fantasy elements within the harsh realities of the Civil 

War, showcasing a distinct departure from traditional fantasy literature. As Peyton Fahrquhar, bound 



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and facing execution, stands on the bridge, Bierce delves deep into his psyche, transitioning from a 

detailed depiction of the immediate surroundings into a profound psychological escape. This moment is 

marked by Fahrquhar‟s intense sensory experience as he imagines his escape: “He felt the ripples upon 

his face and heard their separate sounds as they struck... he closed his eyes in order to fix his last 

thoughts upon his wife and children” (Bierce, 1890, p. 18). Here, Bierce blends the tangible elements 

of Fahrquhar‟s environment—the ropes, the bridge, the river—with a vivid, almost hyperrealistic 

fantasy of escape that starkly contrasts with his imminent death. This innovative narrative technique 

highlights Bierce‟s unique approach by anchoring the fantastical within a believable context, which not 

only deepens the character‟s inner turmoil but also underscores the human tendency to seek refuge in 

illusion when confronted with unbearable realities. Bierce‟s story diverges from conventional fantasy 

by embedding these fantastical flights within the protagonist‟s mind, offering a poignant exploration of 

the boundary between reality and fantasy and the profound impacts of psychological escape on human 

perception. This blending of reality with psychological fantasy is a radical innovation in the genre, 

distinguishing Bierce‟s work from traditional fantasy narratives that often construct entirely separate 

fantastical worlds. 

4.3.2 Fantastical Techniques in “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” 

The story centers on Peyton Fahrquhar, a man condemned to hang from a railroad bridge. Bierce uses 

detailed descriptions of Fahrquhar‟s sensory experiences to blur the line between reality and illusion. 

As Fahrquhar stands on the brink of death, his perception alters dramatically; the slow movement of a 

piece of driftwood, the swirling water beneath the bridge, and the distinct sound of his watch ticking 

resonate with symbolic significance. These elements are not just mere observations but are intricately 

woven into Fahrquhar‟s fantasy of escape. Bierce‟s narrative technique here is innovative, as he delves 

deep into the protagonist‟s psyche, portraying his internal struggle and desperate clinging to life. The 

story‟s climax reveals the imagined nature of Fahrquhar‟s escape, a fantasy born from his intense fear 

and desire to return to his family. This juxtaposition of the grim reality of his execution with the 

vividness of his imagined escape highlights Bierce‟s mastery in using fantastical elements to explore 

themes of perception, reality, and the human psyche‟s resilience in the face of inevitable death. Bierce‟s 

approach contrasts traditional fantasy literature by anchoring the fantastical within a believable and 

relatable context, making the story a profound exploration of the human condition. 

 

5. The Interplay of Reality and Fantasy: A Dual Exploration of Theme and Technique 

In delving into the thematic and technical intricacies of the narrative, the examination reveals a 

nuanced interplay between the realms of reality and fantasy, each enriching the other to form a complex 

tapestry of human experience and literary expression. 

 



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5.1 Thematic Exploration 

The narrative deeply engages with existential themes, probing the philosophical underpinnings of life 

and death, the human condition during war, and the complex dynamics of freedom and fate. 

5.1.1 Philosophical Contemplation of Life and Death 

The story transcends a mere narrative about Peyton Fahrquhar‟s execution, evolving into a deep 

exploration of existential themes. Fahrquhar‟s final moments, suspended between life and imminent 

death, become a canvas for exploring the human psyche‟s confrontation with mortality. Bierce 

challenges the reader to consider the blurred boundaries between life‟s tangible reality and the abstract 

realm of death, revealing how the human mind grapples with its own demise. This exploration is 

heightened by Fahrquhar‟s hallucinatory escape, which symbolizes humanity‟s innate desire to 

transcend death and cling to life.  

Bierce subtly infuses existential questions regarding the value of life, the inevitability of death, and the 

subjective nature of time and reality. The story‟s stark ending, where Fahrquhar faces the truth of his 

situation, acts as a jolting return to the harsh reality of mortality, leaving the reader to ponder the fragile 

and fleeting nature of human existence. 

5.1.2 Reflection on War and Human Nature 

The setting of the Civil War not only serves as a backdrop but also becomes integral to understanding 

the complexities of human motivations and actions in times of conflict. Bierce portrays war as a 

catalyst that exposes the multifaceted aspects of human nature, ranging from bravery and sacrifice to 

deception and delusion. The character of Peyton Fahrquhar, a civilian entangled in a military conflict, 

exemplifies these complexities. His eagerness to support the Confederate cause, despite being a civilian, 

reflects a romanticized view of war, contrasting starkly with the grim realities of his execution. Bierce‟s 

depiction of war through Fahrquhar‟s experiences and perceptions challenges the glorified narratives 

often associated with war, highlighting the moral ambiguities and psychological toll it imposes on 

individuals. The story subtly critiques the societal and personal illusions that lead individuals to 

romanticize war, ultimately revealing the harsh consequences of such idealizations.  

5.1.3 Exploration of Freedom and Fate 

Ambrose Bierce delves into the complex interplay between freedom and fate, a theme deeply rooted in 

existential philosophy. Peyton Fahrquhar‟s intense desire to escape his fate and reunite with his family 

illustrates a profound struggle for freedom against the inevitabilities imposed by external circumstances. 

This scenario echoes the existential assertion by Jean-Paul Sartre that “man is condemned to be free” 

(Sartre, 1943, p. 168), suggesting that even in the face of unavoidable fate, individuals experience the 

burden of freedom to make choices. Bierce portrays Fahrquhar‟s imagined escape as a temporary 

liberation, a psychological retreat from the harsh reality of his imminent execution, which underscores 

the existential theme that human beings, despite their freedoms, are often entrapped by their 



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circumstances. 

Fahrquhar‟s fate—his execution—reveals the ultimate illusion of this freedom. His journey, marked by 

an intense psychological struggle, reflects the philosophical musings of Arthur Schopenhauer, who 

argued that “a man can do what he wants, but not want what he wants” (Schopenhauer, 1839, 106), 

emphasizing the limitations imposed on human will by fate. Bierce‟s narrative challenges readers to 

question the nature of freedom and fate, suggesting that while individuals may strive to control their 

destinies, they are often constrained by forces beyond their control. This exploration raises critical 

questions about the limits of human autonomy and the extent to which destiny shapes our lives, 

providing a poignant reflection on the role of personal agency in the shadow of inevitable outcomes, set 

against the dramatic backdrop of the Civil War and personal tragedy. 

5.2 Technical Exploration 

This section delves into the sophisticated narrative techniques employed, examining both the structural 

innovations and the symbolic depth that enrich the storytelling. 

5.2.1 Analysis of Innovative Narrative Structure 

The story‟s structure, which deftly shifts between the protagonist‟s present experience and his imagined 

escape, exemplifies a sophisticated use of stream of consciousness combined with a nonlinear narrative. 

This approach not only enhances the thematic depth of the story but also encapsulates the tumultuous 

state of the protagonist‟s mind in his final moments. Bierce‟s narrative technique is revolutionary in its 

depiction of time and consciousness, presenting a fleeting moment of execution as an elongated 

sequence filled with vivid imagery and intense emotion. The abrupt transition from Fahrquhar‟s 

fantastical escape to the stark reality of his hanging jolts the reader, effectively conveying the shock of 

the protagonist‟s realization. This structural choice challenges traditional storytelling norms and invites 

readers to engage more deeply with the narrative, questioning the nature of reality and the reliability of 

perception. 

5.2.2 Symbolism and Implications in Language 

“An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” stands as a monumental work in American literature, reflecting 

a confluence of historical authenticity, thematic depth, and innovative narrative techniques. Bierce‟s 

story, set against the grim backdrop of the Civil War, delves deeply into the psychological complexities 

of its protagonist, Peyton Fahrquhar, offering a profound exploration of themes such as life and death, 

freedom and fate, and the interplay of reality and fantasy. The story‟s structure marked by its non-linear 

narrative and intricate symbolism, challenges traditional storytelling norms, thus inviting readers into a 

multi-layered experience that fosters multiple interpretations. Bierce‟s masterful blend of detailed 

realism and surreal elements not only distinguishes his work from his contemporaries but also 

contributes significantly to the evolution of the short story as a literary form. The enduring appeal of 

“An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” lies in its ability to resonate with universal human experiences, 



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making it a timeless piece that continues to captivate and intrigue readers. Bierce‟s legacy, remains 

firmly entrenched in the annals of literary history, his work a testament to the power of storytelling in 

exploring the depths of the human psyche and the complexities of the human condition. 

 

6. Conclusion 

In the intricate weave of historical context and narrative invention in Ambrose Bierce‟s “An 

Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge”, we observe a powerful interplay between reality and illusion, 

masterfully encapsulated through the protagonist Peyton Farquhar‟s experiences. Set against the 

tumultuous backdrop of the Civil War, the story extends beyond a mere fictional account, delving into 

the profound psychological and emotional turmoils wrought by war. By blending stark realism with 

elements of fantasy, Bierce not only challenges the boundaries of traditional storytelling but also 

compels the reader to confront the harsh truths of human existence and warfare. 

Through Peyton Farquhar‟s illusory escape from death, Bierce explores the fragility of life and the 

inevitability of fate, casting a critical eye on the romanticized perceptions of war. This narrative 

technique not only highlights the psychological impacts of war but also serves as a somber reminder of 

the human propensity to escape into illusion when faced with unbearable realities. It is here that 

Bierce‟s narrative urges us to reflect on the broader implications of war—not just as a historical 

occurrence but as a catalyst for deeper existential crises that resonate through the ages. The story 

underscores the need for peace and the importance of recognizing the often-overlooked psychological 

scars left by war, advocating for a more profound understanding and humanitarian approach to the 

aftermath of conflict. 

Conclusively, “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” stands as a testament to the enduring power of 

storytelling in exploring and understanding the human condition. By forging a narrative that oscillates 

between the brutal realities of war and the comforting veils of illusion, Bierce articulates a poignant 

narrative about the human spirit‟s resilience and vulnerability. In doing so, he not only enriches the 

literary canon but also invites us to cherish peace and cultivate empathy, emphasizing that behind every 

historical event are the deeply personal stories of individuals who endure, dream, and remember. 

 

Acknowledgments 

Jilin International Studies University has been a nurturing pond of spring water for my growth. With its 

picturesque campus throughout the seasons, harmonious relationships between teachers and students, 

and a rigorous academic atmosphere, I have been able to focus on my studies and research with peace 

of mind. The abundant resources and positive scholarly environment provided by the university laid a 

solid foundation for my exploration of Bierce‟s narrative strategies. I am sincerely grateful for the 

education and support from the university, which have steadied my steps on the academic path. The 



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camaraderie with my classmates has also been a crucial support in completing this paper. I am thankful 

for the help and encouragement they provided in both studies and personal life. Together, we discussed 

academic issues, shared insights, and mutually encouraged each other towards collective progress. The 

understanding and support from my family have been the eternal driving force in my academic journey. 

I thank my parents for their meticulous care and continuous encouragement, which have allowed me to 

focus on my studies without worries. Their love flows like water to the east, endless and continuous; 

their expectations shine like the sun, bright and far-reaching. Lastly, I dedicate this paper to everyone 

who has cared for and helped me. As the poet Du Fu wrote, “What fears have they to die a twin, 

who‟ve lived a phoenix and a dove?” Through this academic research, I‟ve come to understand more 

deeply that the ocean of knowledge is boundless and the path of scholarship, long. I hope to continue 

applying what I have learned, never forgetting my initial resolve, and to keep striving forward in the 

days to come. 

 

References 

B., K. E. (2019). Civil War Cycloramas and Ambrose Bierce‟s Interventional Realism. American 

Literary Realism, 52(2). 

Burns, A. T. (2019). The Game of Life: Idealism, Reality and Fantasy in the Nineteenth- and 

Twentieth-Century Versions of a Milton Bradley Game. Canadian Review of American Studies, 

9(1). 

Cheatham, G., & Cheatham, J. (2015). Bierce‟s an Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge. The Explicator, 

43(1). 

Megan, R. (2016). Reality and illusion: Achieving a balance in the exhibition and treatment of Robert 

Gober‟s Untitled wax legs. Studies in Conservation, 61(sup2). 

Peter, K. (2019). Dark, Darker, Darkest: The Mood and Genre of Sardonic Death in An Occurrence at 

Owl Creek Bridge as Told by Ambrose Bierce, Robert Enrico, and Rod Serling. Genre, 52(2). 

Tabachnick, E. S. (2013). A Possible Source for the Conclusion of Ambrose Bierce‟s An Occurrence at 

Owl Creek Bridge. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews, 26(1). 

 

Note(s) 

This paper is the periodical research result of the JISU Academic Project on the “ Studies of Ambrose 

Bierce‟s Narrative Techniques”.  


