# bib

id: cbi-32
author: Clunn, Michael
title: Axioms of Morality
date: 2018
extension: .htm
mime: text/html
words: 86
sentence: 5
flesch: 41
cache: cache/cbi-32.htm
txt: txt/cbi-32.txt
summary:
  To verify subscription, access previous purchase, or purchase article, log in to journal. Login | Communications of the Blyth Institute Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer Current Archives About About the Journal Submissions Editorial Team Privacy Statement Contact Search Search Register Login Home / Login Subscription or article purchase required to access item.


id: cbi-26
author: Editors, The
title: From the Editors
date: 2018
pages: 1
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 455
sentence: 23
flesch: 45
cache: cache/cbi-26.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-26.txt
summary:
  Additionally, we will often suggest areas which we think de- serve more focus, and where papers of such focus will receive priority treatment in the submission process. We have a particular focus on non-reductionist perspectives (in- cluding criticisms of non-reductionist perspectives) in these various fields.


id: cbi-53
author: Editors, The
title: From the Editors
date: 2019
pages: 1
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 465
sentence: 25
flesch: 53
cache: cache/cbi-53.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-53.txt
summary:
  The shifts required for science in thinking about con- sciousness (Rakover), • How to quantifying generalizations (Bartlett and Hol- loway), • Uncovering hidden usage of theology in science (Hunter and Dilley and Tafacory), • Null hypothesis construction (Hunter), • Science education (Dilley and Tafacory), and • The nature of truth (Koch). As usual, this issue of CBI includes papers on a diverse array of topics, including machine learning, consciousness, philosophy of science, and mathematics.


id: cbi-37
author: Holloway, Eric
title: The Logical Possibility of Halting Oracles
date: 2018
pages: 1
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 668
sentence: 36
flesch: 63
cache: cache/cbi-37.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-37.txt
summary:
  Since the search per- forms an exact match with the input finite Turing machine and the retrieved finite Turing machine, then the match can be encoded as a finite Turing machine as well. The search procedure can be encoded with a finite Tur- ing machine that counts upwards incrementally, and can call out to an external index to retrieve the finite Turing machine definition and halting status.


id: cbi-34
author: Bartlett, Jonathan
title: Implications of Two Opposing Variations of Neutral Theory
date: 2018
pages: 2
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 1424
sentence: 94
flesch: 55
cache: cache/cbi-34.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-34.txt
summary:
  In observational neutral theory, neutral theory merely points to observations about present mutations in present organisms. v2018i1 Volume 1, Issue 1 Letters and Notes Implications of Two Opposing Variations of Neutral Theory Jonathan Bartlett DOI: 10.33014/issn.2640-5652.1.1.bartlett.2 In evolutionary biology, neutral theory has been gaining more and more ground since it was originally proposed by Motoo Kimura in 1968 (Kimura, 1968).


id: cbi-38
author: Editors, The
title: News
date: 2018
pages: 3
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 1371
sentence: 59
flesch: 52
cache: cache/cbi-38.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-38.txt
summary:
  During the lab sessions, Blyth Institute volunteers show students how to take samples, make simple stains, and view their samples under the microscope. In addition to hosting the online version of this journal, https://journals.blythinstitute.org/ will also hold the digital editions of Blyth Institute Press books, including Engineering and the Ultimate and Naturalism and Its Al- ternatives in Scientific Methodologies.


id: cbi-49
author: Prok, Gary
title: The Possibility of Spontaneous Generation of Self-Replicating Systems
date: 2019
pages: 3
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 1938
sentence: 141
flesch: 66
cache: cache/cbi-49.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-49.txt
summary:
  Lambda calculus can be efficiently encoded in binary; bi- nary lambda calculus (BLC) is an efficient way to encode expressions in lambda calculus into binary (Tromp, 2007). Appending other features on to this analysis will require more bits.


id: cbi-47
author: Bartlett, Jonathan
title: Exploring Alternate Notations for Partial Differentials
date: 2019
pages: 2
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 1337
sentence: 69
flesch: 63
cache: cache/cbi-47.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-47.txt
summary:
  The advantage of system 2 is that you do not need the knowledge of which variables are dependent and independent, but building up total differentials from partial ones is more complicated. In any case, both system 1 and system 2 allow for extend- ing algebraic manipulability to partial differentials.


id: cbi-51
author: Bartlett, Jonathan
title: News
date: 2019
pages: 3
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 1629
sentence: 95
flesch: 53
cache: cache/cbi-51.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-51.txt
summary:
  Blyth Institute director Jonathan Bartlett discovered that the reason for this stretches back well over a hundred years, when the formula for the second derivative (d2y dx2 ) was originally established. The problem with this approach is that, while it solves more problems in the short term, it makes it more diffi- cult to solve problems in the long term, as researchers must learn more complex systems than necessary (since there are fewer people around to trivialize them).


id: cbi-65
author: none
title: News (Issue 2:1)
date: 2020
pages: 3
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 1411
sentence: 81
flesch: 58
cache: cache/cbi-65.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-65.txt
summary:
  New alleles essentially start out as one-o! events, arising as a mutation in a single individual and later spread- ing through the population or dying out (or somewhere in- between). New Thinking on Human Origins This past year witnessed a plethora of new thinking on hu- man origins.


id: cbi-27
author: de Roos, Albert D. G.
title: A Proposed Framework for Cellular Evolution
date: 2018
pages: 8
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 5555
sentence: 228
flesch: 52
cache: cache/cbi-27.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-27.txt
summary:
  These mechanisms can be seen as the ve- hicles for the evolution of new proteins. There are enzymes (telomerases) that are involved in extension of the chromosomes and they could have cre- ated space for new proteins.


id: cbi-75
author: Institute, Blyth
title: News (Issue 2:2)
date: 2020
pages: 2
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 1113
sentence: 69
flesch: 50
cache: cache/cbi-75.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-75.txt
summary:
  In “Measuring Active Information in Biological Systems,” Bartlett decided to turn the metric onto living organisms, to provide a mechanism to see how much their evolution was actually governed by Darwinian mechanisms and how much of it was guided by mechanisms of variation built in to the organisms themselves (Bartlett, 2020). “Measuring Active Information in Bio- logical Systems”.


id: cbi-63
author: Holloway, Eric
title: Independence Conservation and Evolutionary Algorithms
date: 2020
pages: 4
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 2318
sentence: 128
flesch: 67
cache: cache/cbi-63.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-63.txt
summary:
  Algorithmic mutual information is the length of this pro- gram if we are also provided another bitstring as input, subtracted from the length if we are not provided the extra input bitstring. Thus, this equation proves that evolutionary algorithms cannot gen- erate algorithmic mutual information, even in regards to regions specified according to fitness.


id: cbi-52
author: Bartlett, Jonathan; Holloway, Eric
title: Generalized Information
date: 2019
pages: 9
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 5671
sentence: 290
flesch: 61
cache: cache/cbi-52.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-52.txt
summary:
  This abil- ity to connect model size to Occam’s razor was first identi- fied by Solomonoff (Solomonoff, 1964a; Solomonoff, 1964b). The amount of Active Infor- mation can be determined statistically, and the data size and model size can both be evaluated simply by checking storage size inside the program itself.


id: cbi-72
author: Holloway, Eric
title: Evolution in the Valley of Illusions
date: 2020
pages: 4
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 2431
sentence: 122
flesch: 56
cache: cache/cbi-72.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-72.txt
summary:
  Therefore, active information fulfills the requirements for a canonical specified complexity model. GI allows for judging machine learning models in the face of model errors by using active information as a discounting mecha- nism (Bartlett and Holloway, 2019).


id: cbi-68
author: Bartlett, Jonathan
title: Is Active Information Applicable to Biology?
date: 2020
pages: 3
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 2266
sentence: 109
flesch: 49
cache: cache/cbi-68.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-68.txt
summary:
  “Measuring Active Information in Bio- logical Systems”. Active information identifies how much in- formation that a search has compared to a “random search.”


id: cbi-41
author: Rakover, Sam S
title: The Consciousness Unit (CU) Model
date: 2019
pages: 8
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 6283
sentence: 319
flesch: 62
cache: cache/cbi-41.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-41.txt
summary:
  The essential assumption of this model is as follows: In the cognitive system exists an inborn, special linking-mechanism that connects a MS to a CU, i.e., a unit of consciousness (or a stream of such units when represented by the MS is complex). The Conscious Unit (CU) model Figure 1: Abbreviations and Nomenclature MS mental state CU conscious unit Linkage CU/MS a connection between a MS and a CU or a stream of CUs when the thing represented by the MS is complex is made by an inborn special cognitive-mechanism Link-Condition the CU is linked to a MS when the link-condition is realized in the cognitive system Connecting-System the connections among MS, CU and the Link-Condition Linking-mechanism an inborn special mechanism that connects a CU to a MS STM (LTM) short-term (long-term)-memory HO (LO) mental state higher-order (low-order) mental state HO theories higher-order theories HOP theory higher-order perception theory HOT theory higher-order thought theory Train Ride the example situation demonstrating the concepts related to the CU though these theories suggested replies to these objections, the polemics continues.


id: cbi-81
author: Bartlett, Jonathan
title: Proving the Derivative of sin(x) Using the Pythagorean Theorem and the Unit Circle
date: 2021
pages: 3
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 2765
sentence: 108
flesch: 84
cache: cache/cbi-81.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-81.txt
summary:
  �H �M�HvbBb h�FBM; 6B;m`2 R �M/ #m/;BM; i?2 �M;H2 #v d! mK�M +�M i`BpB�HHv /2+B/2 �M �`#Bi`�`BHv HQM; #Bibi`BM; Q7 Rb Bb MQi `�M/QK- h?2Q`2K j b?Qrb Bb �M BKTQbbB#H2 i�bF 7Q` � ;2M2`�HBx2/ �H;Q`Bi?KX PMHv � bT2+B}+ �H;Q`Bi?K- bm+? �b 2t2KTHB}2/ BM h?2Q`2K k- +�M /Q bQX h?Bb +QM+HmbBQM Bb � #Bi +QmMi2`@BMimBiBp2- bBM+2 Bi K2�Mb i?�i rBi?Qmi /QK�BM FMQrH2/;2- �M �H;Q`Bi?K ;Bp2M �M 2ti`2K2Hv HQM; b2[m2M+2 Q7 Rb rQmH/ #2 mMbm`2 r?2i?2` i?2 b2[m2M+2


id: cbi-74
author: Holloway, Eric
title: Empirical Active Information
date: 2020
pages: 2
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 1026
sentence: 60
flesch: 60
cache: cache/cbi-74.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-74.txt
summary:
  (2) As proven in Bartlett (2020), active information is a canoni- cal specified complexity, and therefore by Montañez (2018), Pr(#+ > %) 2!! . log2 $, #+ = log2 !


id: cbi-69
author: Holloway, Eric
title: Tutorial: Bioinformatics Basics
date: 2020
pages: 4
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 1836
sentence: 90
flesch: 59
cache: cache/cbi-69.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-69.txt
summary:
  6 Summary As you can see, while the user interface for accessing data may be a bit complicated, and the naming convention for various aspects of genetic data obscure, the fundamentals are straightforward. And, once you know that genetic data is composed into DNA, RNA, and protein sequences, you just need to download the data to start analyzing it from the comfort of your living room.


id: cbi-57
author: Bartlett, Jonathan; Gaastra, Logan; Nemati, David
title: Hyperreal Numbers for Infinite Divergent Series
date: 2020
pages: 9
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 5870
sentence: 444
flesch: 75
cache: cache/cbi-57.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-57.txt
summary:
  Therefore, caution has always been urged when dealing with infinite series. In the current work, we will use a notation similar to (Keisler, 2012) to notate hyperreal values, and show how infinite series can be simplified to them.


id: cbi-60
author: van der Reijden, Bas
title: Divergent Series and Its Assigned Value in a Hyperreal Context
date: 2020
pages: 2
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 1221
sentence: 69
flesch: 69
cache: cache/cbi-60.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-60.txt
summary:
  cos(k i+1 2 ) and consequently taking the limit $ 0 yields the ‘appro- priate’ assigned value; we also numerically verified this2. In this derivation there is being made use of a so-called ‘damped oscillated Abel summation method’, which is a kind of generalization of the more common Abel summation method used to assign finite values to divergent series.


id: cbi-62
author: Mullings, Gordon E
title: On the Logic of Being and Wigner's Astonishment Regarding the Applicability of Mathematics
date: 2020
pages: 2
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 1386
sentence: 80
flesch: 61
cache: cache/cbi-62.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-62.txt
summary:
  32 Letters and Notes For example, beings (as well as possible beings and things impossible of being) can be understood in the context of possible worlds. Possible beings would exist in at least one possible world were it actualised.


id: cbi-45
author: Hunter, Cornelius
title: The Random Design Argument
date: 2019
pages: 13
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 9164
sentence: 546
flesch: 61
cache: cache/cbi-45.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-45.txt
summary:
  The use of what we refer to today as null hypothesis testing allowed one to obviate the scientific activity of developing and deriving models, mathematical relationships, and mechanisms. As we shall see, the development of null hypothesis testing further bolstered this approach of statistically falsifying a model of what we expect of nature under random design.


id: cbi-29
author: Bartlett, Jonathan
title: Simplifying and Refactoring Introductory Calculus
date: 2018
pages: 11
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 7296
sentence: 429
flesch: 63
cache: cache/cbi-29.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-29.txt
summary:
  Or, it can be com- bined with other formulas and differential formulas (say, the relationship of x to some variable t) to algebraically ac- complish a change of variables. 7 Partial Derivatives/Differentials This treatment of differentials also leads to a very straight- forward way of defining partial differentials and derivatives.


id: cbi-82
author: Miller, J R
title: A Response to Clunn's Axioms of Morality
date: 2021
pages: 2
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 2801
sentence: 84
flesch: 76
cache: cache/cbi-82.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-82.txt
summary:
  Qr Km+? BM7Q`K�iBQM Bb +QMi�BM2/ BM H2�`MBM; i?�i � ~BT Q7 � 7�B` +QBM vB2H/2/ � ǵ?2�/bǶ- i?2 ivTB+�H �Mbr2` Bb ǵR #Bi Q7 BM7Q`K�iBQMǶ U! log2 ! i?�i Bb Q#D2+iBp2Hv FMQrM iQ 2p2`v T2`bQMX >2 #2HB2p2b i?�i i?2 7mM/�K2Mi�H �tBQKb Q7 2tBbi2M+2- +QM@ b+BQmbM2bb �M/


id: cbi-92
author: Holloway, Eric
title: 2D Puzzle Visualizations of Boolean Formulae
date: 2021
pages: 5
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 2503
sentence: 74
flesch: 80
cache: cache/cbi-92.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-92.txt
summary:
  mK�M 2p2M KQ`2 bB;MB}+�MiX h?2 `2�bQM r?v i?2 /QK�BM Q7 #QQH2�M 7Q`KmH�2 Bb � ;QQ/ /QK�BM 7Q` +QKT�`BM; ?mK�M �M/ +QKTmi�iBQM�H BMi2HHB;2M+2 Bb #2+�mb2 i?2`2 �`2 K�Mv T`Q#H2Kb /2�HBM; rBi? i?2b2 7Q`KmH�2 i?�i �`2 LS +QKTH2i2 �M/ ? mK�M �M/ +QKTmi2` T2`@ 7Q`K�M+2- r2 M22/ � T`Q#H2K /QK�BM i?�i Bb H�`;2` i?�M +�M }i rBi?BM � T?vbB+�H +QKTmi2`X qBi?


id: cbi-94
author: Siewert, Tom; Siewert, Elizabeth
title: Following the Science
date: 2021
pages: 2
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 2912
sentence: 56
flesch: 54
cache: cache/cbi-94.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-94.txt
summary:
  i�`;2i iQ �Mv K2�MBM;7mH k3 +?�`�+i2` T?`�b2- vQm biBHH �`2 br�KT2/ #v r`QM; `2bmHibX uQm KB;?i +QKT�`2 i?Bb iQ i?2 +?�M+2b Q7 K�FBM; bQK2 ivT2 Q7 Q`;�M2HH2 Qmi Q7 T`2@2tBbiBM; �KBMQ �+B/bX J�FBM; i?2 ;2M2`Qmb �bbmKT@ iBQM i?�i i?2`2 KB;?i #2 R #BHHBQM K2�MBM;7mH T?`�b2b- r2 rQmH/ biBHH ? � `2bmHiX *QM+HmbBQMb �M/ *H�`B}+�iBQMb AM U�`iH2ii- :��bi`�- �M/ L2K�iB- kykyV- a2+iBQM RRXk ?2/;2/ QM i?2 +QMbB/2`�iBQM Q7 b2`B2b `2�``�M;2K2Mi- bm;;2biBM; i?�i r2 +QmH/ MQi `mH2 Qmi i?�i `2�``�M;BM; b2`B2b KB;?i +�mb2 i?2 b2`B2b iQ /Bz2` #v �M BM}MBi2bBK�HX >Qr2p2`- i?2 T`Q#H2K r�b i?�i r2 r2`2 +QMbB/2`BM; i?2 `2bmHib Q7 *�m+?v S`Q/m+ib- r?B+?- ?2`2- r2 ?�p2 b?QrM �`2 MQi `2T`2b2Mi�iBp2 Q7 i`m2 T`Q/m+ib Q7 /Bp2`;2Mi b2`B2bX �b �H`2�/v MQi2/- /Bp2`;2Mi b2`B2b +�M- mbBM; ?vT2``2�Hb- #2 2p�Hm�i2/ BM i?2 b�K2 r�v �b B7 i?2v r2`2 }MBi2 b2`B2bX >


id: cbi-83
author: Fernandez, Jorge
title: Is Information Content a Single, Static Quantity?
date: 2021
pages: 2
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 2803
sentence: 68
flesch: 70
cache: cache/cbi-83.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-83.txt
summary:
  K�i2`B�H �bbQ+B�iBp2 BM7Q`K�iBQM Bb TQbbB#H2X 6Q` BMbi�M+2- i?2 /Q; K�v ?�p2 #22M i`�BM2/ iQ `�Bb2 Bib `B;?i T�r mTQM ?2�`BM; i?2 bQmM/ ǳ_�Bb2 vQm` `B;?i ?�M/XǴ h?2 i?B`/ FBM/ Q7 BM7Q`K�iBQM UMQMK�i2`B�H �bbQ+B�iBp2 BM7Q`K�iBQMV rBHH M2p2` #2 TQbbB#H2 7Q` i?2 /Q; bBM+2 i?2 +�T�#BHBiv 7Q` i?�i FBM/ Q7 BM7Q`K�iBQM Bb �#b2Mi BM /Q;bX 6Q` i?2 1M;HBb?@bT2�FBM; �/mHi- i?2 bB;M�H �HbQ +�mb2b � T?vb@ B+�H 2z2+iX AM �//BiBQM- Qr Km+? BM7Q`K�iBQM Bb +QMi�BM2/ BM H2�`MBM; i?�i � ~BT Q7 � 7�B` +QBM vB2H/2/ � ǵ?2�/bǶ- i?2 ivTB+�H �Mbr2` Bb ǵR #Bi Q7 BM7Q`K�iBQMǶ U! log2 !


id: cbi-80
author: Holloway, Eric
title: Deciding a Bitstring of 1s is Non-Random is Impossible in General
date: 2021
pages: 2
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 1569
sentence: 87
flesch: 90
cache: cache/cbi-80.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-80.txt
summary:
  mK�M +�M i`BpB�HHv /2+B/2 �M �`#Bi`�`BHv HQM; #Bibi`BM; Q7 Rb Bb MQi `�M/QK- h?2Q`2K j b?Qrb Bb �M BKTQbbB#H2 i�bF 7Q` � ;2M2`�HBx2/ �H;Q`Bi?KX PMHv � bT2+B}+ �H;Q`Bi?K- bm+? �b 2t2KTHB}2/ BM h?2Q`2K k- +�M /Q bQX h?Bb +QM+HmbBQM Bb � #Bi +QmMi2`@BMimBiBp2- bBM+2 Bi K2�Mb i?�i rBi?Qmi /QK�BM FMQrH2/;2- �M �H;Q`Bi?K ;Bp2M �M 2ti`2K2Hv HQM; b2[m2M+2 Q7 Rb rQmH/ #2 mMbm`2 r?2i?2` i?2 b2[m2M+2 #2 i?2 QTTQbBi2X 6B;m`2 R, � h`B�M;H2 AMb+`B#2/ PMiQ


id: cbi-89
author: Darbesio, Eugenio
title: A Corollary of the Conant-Ashby Theorem Applied to Abiogenesis
date: 2021
pages: 4
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 4960
sentence: 114
flesch: 68
cache: cache/cbi-89.pdf
txt: txt/cbi-89.txt
summary:
  Bb `2pBbBi�iBQM Q7 i?2 *�� i?2Q`2K Ua+?QHi2M- kyRyV- bi`2bb Bib BKTQ`i�M+2 BM K�Mv }2H/b, ǳh?2 *�� i?2Q`2K Bb � 7mM/�K2Mi�H i?2Q`2K Q7 T`Q#H2K bQHp@ BM; �M/ �b bm+? b?Qrb mb ? �M �KBMQ �+B/ /Q2bMǶi �Hr�vb T`Q/m+2 � TB2+2 Q7 T`Qi2BMX Ai


id: cbi-95
author: none
title: News
date: 2021
pages: 4
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 4425
sentence: 126
flesch: 66
cache: cache/cbi-95.pdf
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summary:
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id: cbi-67
author: Cordova, Salvador
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  This illustrates the obvious fact that di!erent sets of relative fitness values ,$ can possibly result in identical mean fitness and variance values for some generations but not others. Because absolute fitness is designated with a capital & , it is customary to designate relative fitness with a lowercase ,.


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id: cbi-58
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  These make up the infrastructure for building explanation models for psy- chology (see especially chapters 6 and 7). As can be seen from the previous chapters, psychology has used a fairly large number of explanation models or pro- cedures: di!erent variations of Hempel’s models, di!erent kinds of causal processes, mechanisms based on the com- puter metaphor, and di!erent kinds of procedures based on neurophysiological processes.


id: cbi-79
author: Marks II, Robert J
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id: cbi-55
author: Crawford, Annie L.
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  The legitimacy of such teleological language is currently debated among biologists and philosophers of science. Words that imply purpose, design, intention, and desire provide the standard language of biology, and yet both the legitimacy and the meaning of such teleological language is the subject of extended debate among both biologists and philosophers of science.


id: cbi-90
author: Sheldon, Rob`ert
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id: cbi-44
author: Dilley, Steve; Tafacory, Nicholas
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  If our two arguments are correct, then biology textbook authors face a crippling dilemma. 6 Final Thoughts In this essay, we have argued that biology textbook authors face an unwelcome predicament: there are pressing reasons both to include and to exclude theological claims in argu- ments for evolution.


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