

































je G2ii2`b �M/ LQi2b

mb27mH �i �HH 7Q` KmHiBTHvBM; irQ /Bp2`;2Mi b2`B2bX �//BiBQM�HHv-
Bi b?QmH/ #2 2pB/2Mi i?�i- 2p2M B7 i?2 7Q`KmH� 7Q` i?2 *�m+?v
T`Q/m+i Q7 � /Bp2`;2Mi b2`B2b +QMp2`;2b- Bi /Q2b MQi K2�M i?�i
i?2 *�m+?v T`Q/m+i `2T`2b2Mib BM �Mv bB;MB}+�Mi r�v i?2 i`m2
p�Hm2 Q7 i?2 T`Q/m+i Q7 i?2 irQ b2`B2bX Ai bBKTHv K2�Mb i?�i-
r?2M ?�H7 Q7 i?2 i2`Kb �`2 MQi +QMbB/2`2/- i?2 `2bmHi Bb +QMp2`@
;2MiX h?�i /Q2b MQi vB2H/ � bB;MB}+�Mi �KQmMi Q7 +QM}/2M+2
BM bm+? � `2bmHiX

*QM+HmbBQMb �M/ *H�`B}+�iBQMb

AM U"�`iH2ii- :��bi`�- �M/ L2K�iB- kykyV- a2+iBQM RRXk ?2/;2/
QM i?2 +QMbB/2`�iBQM Q7 b2`B2b `2�``�M;2K2Mi- bm;;2biBM; i?�i
r2 +QmH/ MQi `mH2 Qmi i?�i `2�``�M;BM; b2`B2b KB;?i +�mb2 i?2
b2`B2b iQ /Bz2` #v �M BM}MBi2bBK�HX >Qr2p2`- i?2 T`Q#H2K
r�b i?�i r2 r2`2 +QMbB/2`BM; i?2 `2bmHib Q7 *�m+?v S`Q/m+ib-
r?B+?- ?2`2- r2 ?�p2 b?QrM �`2 MQi `2T`2b2Mi�iBp2 Q7 i`m2
T`Q/m+ib Q7 /Bp2`;2Mi b2`B2bX

�b �H`2�/v MQi2/- /Bp2`;2Mi b2`B2b +�M- mbBM; ?vT2``2�Hb- #2
2p�Hm�i2/ BM i?2 b�K2 r�v �b B7 i?2v r2`2 }MBi2 b2`B2bX >Qr@
2p2`- 2p2M i?Qm;? i?2v +�M #2 i`2�i2/ bBKBH�` iQ }MBi2 b2`B2b-
i?�i Bb MQi i?2 b�K2 �b b�vBM; i?�i i?2v +�M #2 i`2�i2/ �b
+QMp2`;2Mi b2`B2bX

"�`iH2ii- C- G :��bi`�- �M/ . L2K�iB UkykyVX ǳ>vT2``2�H LmK@
#2`b 7Q` AM}MBi2 .Bp2`;2Mi a2`B2bǴX AM, *QKKmMB+�iBQMb Q7
i?2 "Hvi? AMbiBimi2 kXR- TTX dĜR8X

6QHHQrBM; i?2 a+B2M+2
hQK �M/ 1HBx�#2i? aB2r2`i
.PA, RyXjjyR9fBbbMXke9y@8e8kXjXkXbB2r2`iXR

JQ`2 �M/ KQ`2 7`2[m2MiHv r2 �`2 ?2�`BM; i?2 rQ`/b ǳ7QHHQr
i?2 b+B2M+2Ǵ bTQF2M #v i?Qb2 r?Q #2HB2p2 i?�i i?2v �`2 `B;?i
�M/ �`2 7`mbi`�i2/ #v i?Qb2 r?Q /Bb�;`22 rBi? i?2KX Ai bQmM/b
;QQ/, r2 b?QmH/ �pQB/ BHHQ;B+�H Q` 2KQiBQM�H `2bTQMb2b �M/
Dmbi 7Q+mb QM r?�i Bb T`Qp2M iQ #2 +Q``2+iX P7 +Qm`b2- MQ
QM2 r�Mib iQ #2 r`QM;- �M/ bQ r2 i2M/ iQ Dmbi ;Q �HQM; rBi?
i?2 QTBMBQM Q7 2tT2`ib BM i?2 }2H/X q2 /QMǶi r�Mi iQ r�bi2
iBK2 BM `2?�b?BM; QH/ �`;mK2Mib i?�i ?�p2 #22M T`Qp2M iQ #2
BM+Q``2+iX G2iǶb Dmbi KQp2 QMX

"mi r?�i B7 i?Bb T?`�b2 Bb mb2/ iQ biB~2 [m2biBQMb i?�i /QMǶi }i
� bQ+B�HHv Q` TQHBiB+�HHv �++2Ti2/ B/2�- 2bT2+B�HHv B7 i?2 [m2biBQMb
�`2 i�`;2i2/ �i bQK2 r2�FHv bmTTQ`i2/ 7QmM/�iBQM�H +QM+2Tib\
A7 vQm /QMǶi r�Mi iQ T2`KBi /2#�i2 QM � iQTB+ i?�i vQm KB;?i
MQi /2+BbBp2Hv rBM- vQm KB;?i Dmbi i2M/ iQ #Hmbi2` vQm` r�v
Qmi i?`Qm;? BMiBKB/�iBQMX ai�iBM; ǳ6QHHQr i?2 a+B2M+2Ǵ BK@
THB2b i?�i i?2 QTTQbBM; pB2r Bb mMb+B2MiB}+- �M/ bQ b?QmH/ #2
BKK2/B�i2Hv /Bb+QmMi2/ �M/ /`QTT2/ 7`QK +QMbB/2`�iBQMX >Qr
+QmH/ �MvQM2 TQbbB#Hv bmTTQ`i bm+? � r2�F B/2�\

�`2 i?2`2 �Mv bT2+B}+ 2t�KTH2b BM r?B+? i?2 ǳ6QHHQr i?2 a+B@
2M+2Ǵ bHQ;�M ?�b #22M mb2/ iQ bmTTQ`i �M BM+`2�bBM;Hv r2�F
�`;mK2Mi �M/ /2~2+i � [m2biBQM i?�i +�MǶi #2 +H2�`Hv +QmM@
i2`2/\ q2 i?BMF i?�i i?2 +QKTH2tBiv Q7 +2HHb Bb QM2 bm+? �`2�X
Ai Bb 7`�K2/ BM i?2 bi`m;;H2b #2ir22M i?2 irQ +�KTb, 1pQHmiBQM
p2`bmb AMi2HHB;2Mi .2bB;MX

h�F2- 7Q` 2t�KTH2- i?2 �`iB+H2 ǳh?2 6H�rb BM AMi2HHB;2Mi .2@
bB;MǴ U*QHHBMbrQ`i?- kyyeVX AM 2tTH�BMBM; r?�i Bb r`QM; rBi?
AMi2HHB;2Mi .2bB;M- i?2 �mi?Q` }`bi +?�`�+i2`Bx2b A. T`QTQ@
M2Mib �b i?Qb2 r?Q r�Mi iQ Ǵ+?�HH2M;2 2pQHmiBQM �M/ T`QKQi2
7mM/�K2Mi�HBbi@7`B2M/Hv Ƕb+B2M+2Ƕ BM Tm#HB+ 2/m+�iBQM �M/ Tm#@
HB+ /Bb+Qm`b2Ǵ BKTHvBM; i?�i A. T`QTQM2Mib �`2 MQi `2�HHv b+B@
2MiBbibX Ai i?2M ;Q2b QM iQ bi�i2,

ǳ_2;�`/BM; A.Ƕb bT2+B}+ +H�BKb- b+B2MiBbib Q#D2+i i?�i
i?2 +QM+2Ti Q7 ǴB``2/m+B#H2 +QKTH2tBivǴ `2HB2b mTQM �
KBb+?�`�+i2`Bx�iBQM Q7 #BQHQ;B+�H Kmi�iBQM �b � `2H@
�iBp2Hv HBM2�` T`Q+2bb BMpQHpBM; QMHv i?2 �//BiBQM Q7
KQ`2 �M/ KQ`2 ǴT�`ib-Ǵ `�i?2` i?�M � /vM�KB+ T`Q@
+2bb i?�i +�M �HbQ `2b?�T2- `2�``�M;2- Q` 7mM/�K2M@
i�HHv �Hi2` 2tBbiBM; 2H2K2Mib �M/ 72�im`2bX avbi2Kb
i?�i Kmbi #2 7mHHv 7Q`K2/ iQ b2`p2 i?2B` +m``2Mi 7mM+@
iBQM +QmH/ ?�p2 /2p2HQT2/ 7`QK 2�`HB2` 7Q`Kb i?�i
b2`p2/ � /Bz2`2Mi 7mM+iBQM- Q` +QmH/ #2 bB;MB}+�MiHv
`2Q`;�MBx2/ p2`bBQMb Q7 �M 2�`HB2` 7Q`K i?�i b2`p2/
i?2 b�K2 7mM+iBQMX
J�i?2K�iB+B�Mb �`2 bBKBH�`Hv +`BiB+�H Q7 A.Ƕb K�i?2@
K�iB+�H �`;mK2Mib �;�BMbi 2pQHmiBQM- r?B+? `2Hv QM
�M 2t+2bb Q7 bm#D2+iBp2 +�H+mH�iBQMb- K�MBTmH�iBQM
Q7 MmK#2`b- �M/ KBb`2T`2b2Mi�iBQMb Q7 2pQHmiBQM�`v
KQ/2HbXǴ

h?2 M�``�iBp2 BM i?2 }`bi T�`�;`�T? �#Qmi /vM�KB+ `2b?�TBM;
�M/ `2�``�M;BM; Q7 2tBbiBM; 2H2K2Mib rQmH/ #2 KQ`2 +QKT2HHBM;
B7 Bi BM+Hm/2/ `272`2M+2b iQ /�i�- Q#b2`p�iBQMb- Q` �i H2�bi KQ/@
2Hb Q7 bm+? KQ/B}2/ #BQHQ;B+�H 7Q`Kb- `�i?2` i?�M Dmbi � b?�HHQr
bi�i2K2Mi i?�i Bi ǳ+QmH/ ?�p2 /2p2HQT2/ǴX h?2 #2bi HQM;@i2`K
/�i� QM `2�H@HB72 Kmi�iBQMb Bb i?2 8y-yyy ;2M2`�iBQM bim/v Q7
1X +QHB #v i?2 _B+?�`/ G2MbFB H�# �i JB+?B;�M ai�i2 lMBp2`@
bBiv UG2MbFB- kykRVX h?2 /�i� b?Qrb QMHv � Ǵ`2H�iBp2Hv HBM2�`Ǵ
�M/ KBMQ` ?BbiQ`v Q7 +?�M;2b- `�i?2` i?�M /vM�KB+ `2�``�M;BM;

https://dx.doi.org/10.33014/issn.2640-5652.3.2.siewert.1


oQHmK2 j- Abbm2 k

6QHHQrBM; i?2 a+B2M+2 jd

�M/ `2b?�TBM;X A7 KBHHBQMb Q7 ;2M2`�iBQMb �`2 M22/2/ iQ Ǵ7mM@
/�K2Mi�HHv �Hi2` 2tBbiBM; 2H2K2MibǴ #v 2pQHmiBQM- i?2M bQK2
K�i?2K�iB+�H KQ/2HBM; b?QmH/ #2 BM+Hm/2/X

qBi?BM �Mv +QKKmMBiv Q7 `2b2�`+?2`b- +2`i�BMHv bQK2 rQ`F Bb
#QmM/ iQ #2 [m2biBQM�#H2- #mi �`2 �HH AMi2HHB;2Mi .2bB;M T`QTQ@
M2Mib ;mBHiv Q7 ǳbm#D2+iBp2 +�H+mH�iBQMbǴ �M/ ǳK�MBTmH�iBQM Q7
MmK#2`bǴ\ �M/ �`2 �HH 2pQHmiBQM T`QTQM2Mib ǴmM#B�b2/Ǵ b+B@
2MiBbib\ q2 rQmH/ 2M+Qm`�;2 KQ`2 bT2+B}+ +`BiB+BbKb Q7 i?2
K�i?2K�iB+�H KQ/2Hb �M/ mM/2`HvBM; �bbmKTiBQMb i?�i ?�p2
#22M T`QTQb2/X

h?2 r2#bBi2- _�iBQM�H qBFB �ii2KTib iQ b?Qr i?2 TQr2` Q7
2pQHmiBQM #v BM+Hm/BM; _B+?�`/ .�rFBMbǶ BHHmbi`�iBQM Q7 mbBM; �
`�M/QK H2ii2` ;2M2`�iQ` iQ �``Bp2 �i i?2 T?`�b2 ǳJ1h>ALEa
Ah Aa GAE1 � q1�a1GǴ 7`QK � `�M/QK bi`BM; Q7 k3 H2ii2`b
�M/ bT�+2b �7i2` QMHv 9j Bi2`�iBQMb U_�iBQM�H qBFB- kyR3VX h?2
T`Q#H2K rBi? i?Bb BHHmbi`�iBQM Bb i?�i .�rFBMb T`Q;`�KK2/ BM
i?2 }M�H Qmi+QK2 iQ /2+B/2 r?B+? H2ii2`b iQ F22T 7Q` i?2 M2ti
Bi2`�iBQMX � i`mHv `�M/QK UmM/B`2+i2/V 2tT2`BK2Mi rQmH/ MQi
ǴFMQrǴ Bib ;Q�H mMiBH Bi `2�+?2/ BiX Ai rQmH/ ;2M2`�i2 bi`BM;
�7i2` `�M/QK bi`BM; �M/ +QKT�`2 Bi �;�BMbi i?2 i�`;2i T?`�b2X
aBM+2 i?2`2 �`2 �#Qmi Ry�9y TQbbB#H2 +QK#BM�iBQMb- 2p2M `mM@
MBM; i?2 ;2M2`�iQ` �i QM+2 T2` b2+QM/ ;Bp2b QMHv �M BM}MBi2bB@
K�H +?�M+2 Q7 �``BpBM; �i i?2 i�`;2i BM �Mv `2�bQM�#H2 iBK2X

1p2M B7 vQm rB/2M i?2 i�`;2i iQ �Mv K2�MBM;7mH k3 +?�`�+i2`
T?`�b2- vQm biBHH �`2 br�KT2/ #v r`QM; `2bmHibX uQm KB;?i
+QKT�`2 i?Bb iQ i?2 +?�M+2b Q7 K�FBM; bQK2 ivT2 Q7 Q`;�M2HH2
Qmi Q7 T`2@2tBbiBM; �KBMQ �+B/bX J�FBM; i?2 ;2M2`Qmb �bbmKT@
iBQM i?�i i?2`2 KB;?i #2 R #BHHBQM K2�MBM;7mH T?`�b2b- r2 rQmH/
biBHH ?�p2 � ?�`/ iBK2 }M/BM; i?2K �KQM; i?2 Qi?2` i`BHHBQMb Q7
i`BHHBQMb i?�i �`2 K2�MBM;H2bb ;B##2`Bb?X uQm +�M K�F2 � +�b2
i?�i .�rFBMbǶ 2t�KTH2 Bb � QM2 Q7 ǳbm#D2+iBp2 +�H+mH�iBQMbǴ
�M/ ǳK�MBTmH�iBQM Q7 MmK#2`bǴX A`QMB+�HHv- .�rFBMǶb 2t�K@
TH2 Bb �+im�HHv � ;`2�i 2t�KTH2 Q7 B``2/m+B#H2 +QKTH2tBivc �HH
i?2 H2ii2`b M22/ iQ #2 `B;?i �i QM+2 iQ Q#i�BM i?2 Ǵ7mM+iBQM�HǴ
T?`�b2X q2 M22/ #2ii2` BHHmbi`�iBQMb Q7 i?2 TQr2` Q7 1pQHmiBQMX

P7 +Qm`b2- i?2 +QKTH2tBiv Q7 #BQHQ;v Bb bm+? i?�i vQm M22/
K�Mv KQ`2 i?�M k3 +?�`�+i2`b Q7 BM7Q`K�iBQM UQ` Q7 �KBMQ
�+B/bV iQ �``Bp2 �i � 7mM+iBQM�H mMBi UT2`?�Tb � T`Qi2BMV- �M/
i?2 TQbbB#H2 +QK#BM�iBQMb ;`Qr 2tTQM2MiB�HHvX h?2 MmK#2`b
;`Qr iQ r?2`2 2p2M i?2 TQr2`b Q7 i`BHHBQMb Q7 i`BHHBQMb Q7 Q`@
;�MBbKb Kmi�iBM; Qp2` #BHHBQMb Q7 v2�`b biBHH 7�HH b?Q`i Q7 r?�i
Bb M2+2bb�`v iQ T`Q/m+2 i?2 ǳ+m``2Mi 7mM+iBQMǴ 7`QK �M ǳ2�`@
HB2` 7Q`KǴ- 2p2M #v `2�``�M;BM; 2tBbiBM; 2H2K2MibX q2 Kmbi
`2K2K#2` i?�i i?2 Q`;�MBbK �M/ 2�+? bm#@bvbi2K Kmbi #2
K�`;BM�HHv 7mM+iBQM�H �i 2�+? bi2T BM i?2 T`Q+2bbX Ai +�MMQi
+QMiBMm2 iQ 2tBbi r?BH2 r�BiBM; 7Q` i?2 Qi?2` M22/2/ +QKTQ@
M2Mib iQ #2 #Q``Qr2/ 7`QK Qi?2` Q`;�MBbKbX �M/ i?2`2 Bb MQ
`2�bQM 7Q` +QKTQM2Mib iQ #2 `2i�BM2/ 7Q` 7mim`2 ;2M2`�iBQMb
mMH2bb i?2v T2`7Q`K bQK2 #2M2}+B�H 7mM+iBQM BM i?�i ;2M2`�@
iBQMX

q2 Qz2` � bT2+B}+ +?�HH2M;2, iQ /2p2HQT +QmMi2` �`;mK2Mib
iQ i?2 �bbmKTiBQMb �M/ +�H+mH�iBQMb BM � T�T2` /2b+`B#BM; i?2
?m`/H2 iQ �//BM; � M2r 72�im`2 iQ �M 2tBbiBM; Q`;�MBbKX a2p@
2`�H v2�`b �;Q- r2 +�H+mH�i2/ r?�i Bi rQmH/ i�F2 7Q` � p2`v
bBKTH2- bBM;H2@+2HH2/ Q`;�MBbK- *?H�Kv/QMQM�b `2BM?�`/iBB- iQ
/2p2HQT i?2 �#BHBiv iQ /2i2+i HB;?iX h?Bb Q`;�MBbK Bb � KQiBH2-
bBM;H2@+2HH2/ ;`22M �H;�X Ai ?�b � +?HQ`QTH�bi iQ K�F2 Bib QrM
7QQ/ U;Hm+Qb2V- �M 2v2bTQi iQ /2i2+i HB;?i- �M/ ~�;2HH� iQ brBK
iQ i?2 HB;?iX q2 �bbmK2/ i?�i Bi r�b HBpBM; BM �M �TT`QT`B�i2
2MpB`QMK2Mi �M/ ?�/ �bb2K#H2/ i?2 bi`m+im`2 Q7 � bBKTH2 2v2@
bTQi- #mi QMHv M22/2/ � 72r KQ`2 T`Qi2BMb iQ #2;BM iQ 7mM+iBQMX
P#pBQmbHv- � 7mM+iBQMBM; 2v2bTQi rQmH/ ;Bp2 Bi � ;`2�i bm`pBp�H
�/p�Mi�;2X q2 �bbmK2/ i?�i KQbi Q7 i?2 kyy Q` bQ T`Qi2BMb
7QmM/ BM � KQ/2`M /�v 7mM+iBQMBM; 2v2bTQi r2`2 T`2b2Mi- �b
r2HH �b i?2 bB;M�HBM; �M/ KQiBHBiv bvbi2Kb- �M/ r2 rQmH/ Dmbi
M22/ Ry KQ`2 bK�HH T`Qi2BMb iQ K�F2 i?2 2v2bTQi 7mM+iBQM�HX
q2 +�H+mH�i2/ i?�i i?2`2 r2`2 Qp2` Ry�eyy r�vb Q7 �bb2K#HBM;
�KBMQ �+B/b BMiQ TQi2MiB�HHv 7mM+iBQM�H T`Qi2BMb U1X �X aB2r2`i
�M/ hX �X aB2r2`i- kyRdVX 1p2M B7 2p2`v T�`iB+H2 BM i?2 mMBp2`b2
U�#Qmi Ry�3yV r2`2 �M �KBMQ �+B/ �M/ i?2v r2`2 BMi2`�+iBM;
�i Ryyy >x- i?2v ?�p2 QMHv � M2;HB;B#H2 +?�M+2 Q7 7Q`KBM; i?2
M2+2bb�`v T`Qi2BMb rBi?BM i?2 HB72 Q7 i?2 mMBp2`b2- Km+? H2bb
;2iiBM; i?2 T`Qi2BMb BMiQ i?2 +Q``2+i HQ+�iBQM BM i?2 2v2bTQiX
q2 rQmH/ r2H+QK2 �Hi2`M�iBp2 KQ/2HbfT`QTQb�Hb iQ BKT`Qp2
Q` +`BiB+Bx2 i?Bb KQ/2HX

ǳ6QHHQr i?2 a+B2M+2Ǵ Bb ;QQ/ �/pB+2- #mi i?2 ?m`/H2b iQ 1pQ@
HmiBQM �i i?2 +2HHmH�` H2p2H �`2 bm#bi�MiB�HX q2 b?QmH/ +�`27mHHv
r2B;? �HH i?2 /�i� U#Qi? 7Q` �M/ �;�BMbiV #27Q`2 r2 �++2Ti
1pQHmiBQM �b � p�HB/ K2+?�MBbK 7Q` i?2 7Q`K�iBQM Q7 +QKTH2t
HB72X

*QHHBMbrQ`i?- "`v�M UkyyeVX ǳh?2 6H�rb BM AMi2HHB;2Mi .2bB;MǴX
AM, *2Mi2` 7Q` �K2`B+�M S`Q;`2bbX m`H, ?iiTb,ffrrrX
�K2`B+�MT`Q;`2bb X Q`; f Bbbm2b f `2HB;BQM f M2rb f
kyyefy9fRyfRNj9fi?2@ 7H�rb@ BM@ BMi2HHB;2Mi@
/2bB;MfX

G2MbFB- _ 1 UkykRVX h?2 1X +QHB HQM;@i2`K 2tT2`BK2Mi�H 2pQ@
HmiBQM T`QD2+i bBi2X m`H, ?iiT,ffKvtQX+bbXKbmX2/mf
2+QHBX

_�iBQM�H qBFB UkyR3VX .�rFBMbǶ q2�b2HX m`H, ?iiTb , f f
`�iBQM�HrBFBXQ`;frBFBf.�rFBMbnr2�b2HX

aB2r2`i- 1 � �M/ h � aB2r2`i UkyRdVX ǳh?2 L22/ 7Q` � Zm�M@
iB}�#H2 JQ/2H Q7 1pQHmiBQMǴX AM, CQm`M�H Q7 "BQ AMMQp�iBQM
eX8- TTX e38ĜeN9X

https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/religion/news/2006/04/10/1934/the-flaws-in-intelligent-design/
https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/religion/news/2006/04/10/1934/the-flaws-in-intelligent-design/
https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/religion/news/2006/04/10/1934/the-flaws-in-intelligent-design/
https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/religion/news/2006/04/10/1934/the-flaws-in-intelligent-design/
http://myxo.css.msu.edu/ecoli
http://myxo.css.msu.edu/ecoli
https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Dawkins_weasel
https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Dawkins_weasel

	About This Journal
	The Purpose of the Journal
	Paper Submission Policies
	Other Journal Content

	From the Editors
	Eugenio DarbesioEugenio DarbesioA Corollary of the Conant-Ashby Theorem Applied to Abiogenesis
	Robert SheldonRobert SheldonComets, Water, and Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
	Introduction
	Benefits of a Magnetized Big Bang and Dark Matter Comets
	Consequences of Primordial Comets
	Analysis
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments

	Robert J Marks IIRobert J Marks IISolution of the Grazing Goat Problem: A Conflict between Beauty and Pragmatism
	Background
	Grazing Goat Problem Solution
	Grazing Goat Problem Inversion
	Final Thought

	Letters and Notes
	Eric Holloway2D Puzzle Visualizations of Boolean Formulae
	Jonathan BartlettThe Products of Hyperreal Series and the Limitations of Cauchy Products
	Tom and Elizabeth SiewertFollowing the Science

	News

