id sid tid token lemma pos cana-3594 1 1 communications communication NOUN cana-3594 1 2 on on ADP cana-3594 1 3 applied apply VERB cana-3594 1 4 nonlinear nonlinear ADJ cana-3594 1 5 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 1 6 issn issn NOUN cana-3594 1 7 : : PUNCT cana-3594 1 8 1074 1074 NUM cana-3594 1 9 - - PUNCT cana-3594 1 10 133x 133x NUM cana-3594 1 11 vol vol NOUN cana-3594 1 12 32 32 NUM cana-3594 1 13 no no NOUN cana-3594 1 14 . . NOUN cana-3594 1 15 3 3 NUM cana-3594 1 16 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 1 17 2025 2025 NUM cana-3594 1 18 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 1 19 713 713 NUM cana-3594 1 20 https://internationalpubls.com https://internationalpubls.com X cana-3594 1 21 mathematical mathematical ADJ cana-3594 1 22 and and CCONJ cana-3594 1 23 statistical statistical ADJ cana-3594 1 24 tools tool NOUN cana-3594 1 25 for for ADP cana-3594 1 26 ensuring ensure VERB cana-3594 1 27 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 1 28 in in ADP cana-3594 1 29 computational computational ADJ cana-3594 1 30 models model NOUN cana-3594 1 31 a. a. PROPN cana-3594 1 32 k. k. PROPN cana-3594 1 33 chaudhary1 chaudhary1 PROPN cana-3594 1 34 , , PUNCT cana-3594 1 35 k. k. PROPN cana-3594 1 36 s. s. PROPN cana-3594 1 37 prasad2 prasad2 PROPN cana-3594 1 38 , , PUNCT cana-3594 1 39 m. m. PROPN cana-3594 1 40 pokhrel3 pokhrel3 PROPN cana-3594 1 41 , , PUNCT cana-3594 1 42 s. s. PROPN cana-3594 1 43 bhattarai4 bhattarai4 PROPN cana-3594 1 44 , , PUNCT cana-3594 1 45 s.k s.k PROPN cana-3594 1 46 . . PROPN cana-3594 1 47 sahani*5 sahani*5 PROPN cana-3594 1 48 , , PUNCT cana-3594 1 49 v.v v.v PROPN cana-3594 1 50 . . PROPN cana-3594 1 51 singh6 singh6 PROPN cana-3594 1 52 faculty faculty NOUN cana-3594 1 53 of of ADP cana-3594 1 54 science science NOUN cana-3594 1 55 , , PUNCT cana-3594 1 56 technology technology NOUN cana-3594 1 57 and and CCONJ cana-3594 1 58 engineering engineering NOUN cana-3594 1 59 , , PUNCT cana-3594 1 60 rajarshi rajarshi PROPN cana-3594 1 61 janak janak PROPN cana-3594 1 62 university university PROPN cana-3594 1 63 , , PUNCT cana-3594 1 64 janakpurdham janakpurdham PROPN cana-3594 1 65 , , PUNCT cana-3594 1 66 nepal nepal PROPN cana-3594 1 67 1department 1department NUM cana-3594 1 68 of of ADP cana-3594 1 69 management management NOUN cana-3594 1 70 science science NOUN cana-3594 1 71 , , PUNCT cana-3594 1 72 nepal nepal PROPN cana-3594 1 73 commerce commerce PROPN cana-3594 1 74 campus campus PROPN cana-3594 1 75 , , PUNCT cana-3594 1 76 tribhuvan tribhuvan PROPN cana-3594 1 77 university university PROPN cana-3594 1 78 , , PUNCT cana-3594 1 79 nepal nepal PROPN cana-3594 1 80 . . PUNCT cana-3594 1 81 akchaudhary1@yahoo.com akchaudhary1@yahoo.com X cana-3594 2 1 2department 2department NUM cana-3594 2 2 of of ADP cana-3594 2 3 mathematics mathematic NOUN cana-3594 2 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 2 5 thakur thakur PROPN cana-3594 2 6 ram ram VERB cana-3594 2 7 multiple multiple ADJ cana-3594 2 8 campus campus NOUN cana-3594 2 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 2 10 tribhuvan tribhuvan PROPN cana-3594 2 11 university university PROPN cana-3594 2 12 , , PUNCT cana-3594 2 13 nepal nepal ADJ cana-3594 2 14 . . PUNCT cana-3594 3 1 kripasindhuchaudhary@gmail.com kripasindhuchaudhary@gmail.com PROPN cana-3594 4 1 3department 3department NUM cana-3594 4 2 of of ADP cana-3594 4 3 management management NOUN cana-3594 4 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 4 5 nepal nepal PROPN cana-3594 4 6 commerce commerce PROPN cana-3594 4 7 campus campus PROPN cana-3594 4 8 , , PUNCT cana-3594 4 9 tribhuvan tribhuvan PROPN cana-3594 4 10 university university PROPN cana-3594 4 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 4 12 nepal nepal ADJ cana-3594 4 13 . . PUNCT cana-3594 5 1 madanhuman@gmail.com madanhuman@gmail.com X cana-3594 6 1 4department 4department NUM cana-3594 6 2 of of ADP cana-3594 6 3 management management NOUN cana-3594 6 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 6 5 thakur thakur PROPN cana-3594 6 6 ram ram NOUN cana-3594 6 7 multiple multiple NOUN cana-3594 6 8 , , PUNCT cana-3594 6 9 tribhuvan tribhuvan PROPN cana-3594 6 10 university university NOUN cana-3594 6 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 6 12 nepal nepal ADJ cana-3594 6 13 . . PUNCT cana-3594 7 1 bhattaraisushil596@gmail.com bhattaraisushil596@gmail.com X cana-3594 8 1 * * PUNCT cana-3594 8 2 5faculty 5faculty NUM cana-3594 8 3 of of ADP cana-3594 8 4 science science NOUN cana-3594 8 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 8 6 technology technology NOUN cana-3594 8 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 8 8 and and CCONJ cana-3594 8 9 engineering engineering NOUN cana-3594 8 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 8 11 rajarshi rajarshi PROPN cana-3594 8 12 janak janak PROPN cana-3594 8 13 university university PROPN cana-3594 8 14 , , PUNCT cana-3594 8 15 janakpurdham janakpurdham PROPN cana-3594 8 16 , , PUNCT cana-3594 8 17 nepal nepal PROPN cana-3594 8 18 . . PUNCT cana-3594 9 1 sureshsahani@rju.edu.np sureshsahani@rju.edu.np PROPN cana-3594 9 2 6department 6department NUM cana-3594 9 3 of of ADP cana-3594 9 4 mathematics mathematic NOUN cana-3594 9 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 9 6 noida noida PROPN cana-3594 9 7 international international PROPN cana-3594 9 8 university university PROPN cana-3594 9 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 9 10 india india PROPN cana-3594 9 11 . . PUNCT cana-3594 10 1 singh_vijayvir@yahoo.com singh_vijayvir@yahoo.com PROPN cana-3594 10 2 corresponding correspond VERB cana-3594 10 3 authors author NOUN cana-3594 10 4 : : PUNCT cana-3594 10 5 bhattaraisushil596@gmail.com bhattaraisushil596@gmail.com NUM cana-3594 10 6 , , PUNCT cana-3594 10 7 sureshsahani@rju.edu.np sureshsahani@rju.edu.np PROPN cana-3594 10 8 , , PUNCT cana-3594 10 9 madanhuman@gmail.com madanhuman@gmail.com PROPN cana-3594 10 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 10 11 kripasindhuchaudhary@gmail.com kripasindhuchaudhary@gmail.com PROPN cana-3594 10 12 , , PUNCT cana-3594 10 13 singh_vijayvir@yahoo.com singh_vijayvir@yahoo.com NOUN cana-3594 10 14 article article NOUN cana-3594 10 15 history history NOUN cana-3594 10 16 : : PUNCT cana-3594 10 17 received receive VERB cana-3594 10 18 : : PUNCT cana-3594 10 19 12 12 NUM cana-3594 10 20 - - SYM cana-3594 10 21 08 08 NUM cana-3594 10 22 - - PUNCT cana-3594 10 23 2024 2024 NUM cana-3594 10 24 revised revise VERB cana-3594 10 25 : : PUNCT cana-3594 10 26 01 01 NUM cana-3594 10 27 - - SYM cana-3594 10 28 10 10 NUM cana-3594 10 29 - - PUNCT cana-3594 10 30 2024 2024 NUM cana-3594 10 31 accepted accept VERB cana-3594 10 32 : : PUNCT cana-3594 10 33 11 11 NUM cana-3594 10 34 - - SYM cana-3594 10 35 10 10 NUM cana-3594 10 36 - - PUNCT cana-3594 10 37 2024 2024 NUM cana-3594 10 38 abstract abstract NOUN cana-3594 10 39 : : PUNCT cana-3594 10 40 the the DET cana-3594 10 41 rising rise VERB cana-3594 10 42 use use NOUN cana-3594 10 43 of of ADP cana-3594 10 44 computational computational ADJ cana-3594 10 45 models model NOUN cana-3594 10 46 in in ADP cana-3594 10 47 decision decision NOUN cana-3594 10 48 - - PUNCT cana-3594 10 49 making making NOUN cana-3594 10 50 within within ADP cana-3594 10 51 healthcare healthcare NOUN cana-3594 10 52 , , PUNCT cana-3594 10 53 hiring hiring NOUN cana-3594 10 54 , , PUNCT cana-3594 10 55 and and CCONJ cana-3594 10 56 finance finance NOUN cana-3594 10 57 underlines underline VERB cana-3594 10 58 that that DET cana-3594 10 59 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 10 60 is be AUX cana-3594 10 61 of of ADP cana-3594 10 62 pressing press VERB cana-3594 10 63 concern concern NOUN cana-3594 10 64 as as ADP cana-3594 10 65 a a DET cana-3594 10 66 means mean NOUN cana-3594 10 67 for for ADP cana-3594 10 68 ensuring ensure VERB cana-3594 10 69 equity equity NOUN cana-3594 10 70 , , PUNCT cana-3594 10 71 building building NOUN cana-3594 10 72 trust trust NOUN cana-3594 10 73 , , PUNCT cana-3594 10 74 and and CCONJ cana-3594 10 75 promoting promote VERB cana-3594 10 76 accountability accountability NOUN cana-3594 10 77 . . PUNCT cana-3594 11 1 this this DET cana-3594 11 2 research research NOUN cana-3594 11 3 systematically systematically ADV cana-3594 11 4 investigates investigate VERB cana-3594 11 5 mathematical mathematical ADJ cana-3594 11 6 and and CCONJ cana-3594 11 7 statistical statistical ADJ cana-3594 11 8 methods method NOUN cana-3594 11 9 to to PART cana-3594 11 10 identify identify VERB cana-3594 11 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 11 12 measure measure NOUN cana-3594 11 13 , , PUNCT cana-3594 11 14 and and CCONJ cana-3594 11 15 reduce reduce VERB cana-3594 11 16 biases bias NOUN cana-3594 11 17 of of ADP cana-3594 11 18 the the DET cana-3594 11 19 systems system NOUN cana-3594 11 20 . . PUNCT cana-3594 12 1 it it PRON cana-3594 12 2 reviews review VERB cana-3594 12 3 basic basic ADJ cana-3594 12 4 concepts concept NOUN cana-3594 12 5 of of ADP cana-3594 12 6 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 12 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 12 8 such such ADJ cana-3594 12 9 as as ADP cana-3594 12 10 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 12 11 parity parity NOUN cana-3594 12 12 , , PUNCT cana-3594 12 13 equality equality NOUN cana-3594 12 14 of of ADP cana-3594 12 15 odds odd NOUN cana-3594 12 16 , , PUNCT cana-3594 12 17 and and CCONJ cana-3594 12 18 individual individual ADJ cana-3594 12 19 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 12 20 ; ; PUNCT cana-3594 12 21 methods method NOUN cana-3594 12 22 for for ADP cana-3594 12 23 detecting detect VERB cana-3594 12 24 and and CCONJ cana-3594 12 25 mitigating mitigate VERB cana-3594 12 26 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 12 27 . . PUNCT cana-3594 13 1 techniques technique NOUN cana-3594 13 2 discussed discuss VERB cana-3594 13 3 range range NOUN cana-3594 13 4 from from ADP cana-3594 13 5 pre pre ADJ cana-3594 13 6 - - ADJ cana-3594 13 7 processing processing ADJ cana-3594 13 8 adjustments adjustment NOUN cana-3594 13 9 to to ADP cana-3594 13 10 in in ADP cana-3594 13 11 - - PUNCT cana-3594 13 12 processing processing NOUN cana-3594 13 13 constraints constraint NOUN cana-3594 13 14 to to ADP cana-3594 13 15 post post ADJ cana-3594 13 16 - - ADJ cana-3594 13 17 processing processing ADJ cana-3594 13 18 optimizations optimization NOUN cana-3594 13 19 toward toward ADP cana-3594 13 20 trading trade VERB cana-3594 13 21 off off ADP cana-3594 13 22 between between ADP cana-3594 13 23 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 13 24 and and CCONJ cana-3594 13 25 predictive predictive ADJ cana-3594 13 26 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 13 27 . . PUNCT cana-3594 14 1 application application NOUN cana-3594 14 2 cases case NOUN cana-3594 14 3 include include VERB cana-3594 14 4 the the DET cana-3594 14 5 case case NOUN cana-3594 14 6 study study NOUN cana-3594 14 7 on on ADP cana-3594 14 8 icu icu PROPN cana-3594 14 9 admissions admission NOUN cana-3594 14 10 using use VERB cana-3594 14 11 the the DET cana-3594 14 12 mimic mimic ADJ cana-3594 14 13 - - PUNCT cana-3594 14 14 iii iii NOUN cana-3594 14 15 dataset dataset NOUN cana-3594 14 16 that that PRON cana-3594 14 17 practically practically ADV cana-3594 14 18 illustrates illustrate VERB cana-3594 14 19 how how SCONJ cana-3594 14 20 effectiveness effectiveness NOUN cana-3594 14 21 can can AUX cana-3594 14 22 be be AUX cana-3594 14 23 ensured ensure VERB cana-3594 14 24 with with ADP cana-3594 14 25 the the DET cana-3594 14 26 help help NOUN cana-3594 14 27 of of ADP cana-3594 14 28 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 14 29 - - PUNCT cana-3594 14 30 aware aware ADJ cana-3594 14 31 strategies strategy NOUN cana-3594 14 32 . . PUNCT cana-3594 15 1 where where SCONJ cana-3594 15 2 there there PRON cana-3594 15 3 was be VERB cana-3594 15 4 a a DET cana-3594 15 5 big big ADJ cana-3594 15 6 gap gap NOUN cana-3594 15 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 15 8 it it PRON cana-3594 15 9 now now ADV cana-3594 15 10 greatly greatly ADV cana-3594 15 11 closes close VERB cana-3594 15 12 it it PRON cana-3594 15 13 in in ADP cana-3594 15 14 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 15 15 parity parity NOUN cana-3594 15 16 , , PUNCT cana-3594 15 17 reducing reduce VERB cana-3594 15 18 disparities disparity NOUN cana-3594 15 19 in in ADP cana-3594 15 20 true true ADJ cana-3594 15 21 positive positive ADJ cana-3594 15 22 rates rate NOUN cana-3594 15 23 ; ; PUNCT cana-3594 15 24 therefore therefore ADV cana-3594 15 25 , , PUNCT cana-3594 15 26 proving prove VERB cana-3594 15 27 reliability reliability NOUN cana-3594 15 28 for for ADP cana-3594 15 29 these these DET cana-3594 15 30 models model NOUN cana-3594 15 31 through through ADP cana-3594 15 32 sensitivity sensitivity NOUN cana-3594 15 33 and and CCONJ cana-3594 15 34 adversarial adversarial ADJ cana-3594 15 35 testing testing NOUN cana-3594 15 36 . . PUNCT cana-3594 16 1 this this DET cana-3594 16 2 paper paper NOUN cana-3594 16 3 bridges bridge VERB cana-3594 16 4 the the DET cana-3594 16 5 divide divide NOUN cana-3594 16 6 between between ADP cana-3594 16 7 theory theory NOUN cana-3594 16 8 and and CCONJ cana-3594 16 9 practice practice NOUN cana-3594 16 10 by by ADP cana-3594 16 11 presenting present VERB cana-3594 16 12 a a DET cana-3594 16 13 comprehensive comprehensive ADJ cana-3594 16 14 framework framework NOUN cana-3594 16 15 towards towards ADP cana-3594 16 16 the the DET cana-3594 16 17 consideration consideration NOUN cana-3594 16 18 of of ADP cana-3594 16 19 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 16 20 within within ADP cana-3594 16 21 computational computational ADJ cana-3594 16 22 systems system NOUN cana-3594 16 23 . . PUNCT cana-3594 17 1 the the DET cana-3594 17 2 presented present VERB cana-3594 17 3 work work NOUN cana-3594 17 4 identifies identify VERB cana-3594 17 5 prospects prospect NOUN cana-3594 17 6 for for ADP cana-3594 17 7 enhancing enhance VERB cana-3594 17 8 equity equity NOUN cana-3594 17 9 while while SCONJ cana-3594 17 10 ensuring ensure VERB cana-3594 17 11 dependability dependability NOUN cana-3594 17 12 and and CCONJ cana-3594 17 13 supplements supplement NOUN cana-3594 17 14 a a DET cana-3594 17 15 high high ADJ cana-3594 17 16 - - PUNCT cana-3594 17 17 growth growth NOUN cana-3594 17 18 conversation conversation NOUN cana-3594 17 19 about about ADP cana-3594 17 20 ethical ethical ADJ cana-3594 17 21 practices practice NOUN cana-3594 17 22 in in ADP cana-3594 17 23 ai ai PROPN cana-3594 17 24 development development NOUN cana-3594 17 25 . . PUNCT cana-3594 18 1 keywords keyword NOUN cana-3594 18 2 : : PUNCT cana-3594 18 3 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 18 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 18 5 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 18 6 mitigation mitigation NOUN cana-3594 18 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 18 8 computational computational ADJ cana-3594 18 9 models model NOUN cana-3594 18 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 18 11 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 18 12 parity parity NOUN cana-3594 18 13 , , PUNCT cana-3594 18 14 equalized equalize VERB cana-3594 18 15 odds odd NOUN cana-3594 18 16 , , PUNCT cana-3594 18 17 mimic mimic ADJ cana-3594 18 18 - - PUNCT cana-3594 18 19 iii iii NOUN cana-3594 18 20 dataset dataset NOUN cana-3594 18 21 . . PUNCT cana-3594 19 1 intoduction intoduction NOUN cana-3594 19 2 throughout throughout ADP cana-3594 19 3 the the DET cana-3594 19 4 past past ADJ cana-3594 19 5 few few ADJ cana-3594 19 6 decades decade NOUN cana-3594 19 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 19 8 the the DET cana-3594 19 9 use use NOUN cana-3594 19 10 of of ADP cana-3594 19 11 computational computational ADJ cana-3594 19 12 models model NOUN cana-3594 19 13 in in ADP cana-3594 19 14 decision decision NOUN cana-3594 19 15 - - PUNCT cana-3594 19 16 making make VERB cana-3594 19 17 systems system NOUN cana-3594 19 18 has have AUX cana-3594 19 19 entered enter VERB cana-3594 19 20 various various ADJ cana-3594 19 21 sectors sector NOUN cana-3594 19 22 , , PUNCT cana-3594 19 23 such such ADJ cana-3594 19 24 as as ADP cana-3594 19 25 hiring hiring NOUN cana-3594 19 26 , , PUNCT cana-3594 19 27 financial financial ADJ cana-3594 19 28 services service NOUN cana-3594 19 29 , , PUNCT cana-3594 19 30 criminal criminal ADJ cana-3594 19 31 justice justice NOUN cana-3594 19 32 , , PUNCT cana-3594 19 33 healthcare healthcare PROPN cana-3594 19 34 , , PUNCT cana-3594 19 35 and and CCONJ cana-3594 19 36 more more ADJ cana-3594 19 37 . . PUNCT cana-3594 20 1 although although SCONJ cana-3594 20 2 these these DET cana-3594 20 3 models model NOUN cana-3594 20 4 often often ADV cana-3594 20 5 claim claim VERB cana-3594 20 6 to to PART cana-3594 20 7 be be AUX cana-3594 20 8 accurate accurate ADJ cana-3594 20 9 and and CCONJ cana-3594 20 10 efficient efficient ADJ cana-3594 20 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 20 12 they they PRON cana-3594 20 13 are be AUX cana-3594 20 14 still still ADV cana-3594 20 15 biased biased ADJ cana-3594 20 16 in in ADP cana-3594 20 17 data datum NOUN cana-3594 20 18 or or CCONJ cana-3594 20 19 model model NOUN cana-3594 20 20 that that PRON cana-3594 20 21 can can AUX cana-3594 20 22 result result VERB cana-3594 20 23 in in ADP cana-3594 20 24 unfair unfair ADJ cana-3594 20 25 or or CCONJ cana-3594 20 26 discriminatory discriminatory ADJ cana-3594 20 27 situations situation NOUN cana-3594 20 28 . . PUNCT cana-3594 21 1 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 21 2 of of ADP cana-3594 21 3 the the DET cana-3594 21 4 computational computational ADJ cana-3594 21 5 models model NOUN cana-3594 21 6 is be AUX cana-3594 21 7 a a DET cana-3594 21 8 key key ADJ cana-3594 21 9 part part NOUN cana-3594 21 10 of of ADP cana-3594 21 11 trust trust NOUN cana-3594 21 12 , , PUNCT cana-3594 21 13 equity equity NOUN cana-3594 21 14 , , PUNCT cana-3594 21 15 and and CCONJ cana-3594 21 16 accountability accountability NOUN cana-3594 21 17 in in ADP cana-3594 21 18 deployment deployment NOUN cana-3594 21 19 . . PUNCT cana-3594 22 1 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 22 2 in in ADP cana-3594 22 3 computational computational ADJ cana-3594 22 4 domains domain NOUN cana-3594 22 5 is be AUX cana-3594 22 6 the the DET cana-3594 22 7 process process NOUN cana-3594 22 8 of of ADP cana-3594 22 9 minimizing minimize VERB cana-3594 22 10 biased biased ADJ cana-3594 22 11 results result NOUN cana-3594 22 12 or or CCONJ cana-3594 22 13 treatment treatment NOUN cana-3594 22 14 of of ADP cana-3594 22 15 individuals individual NOUN cana-3594 22 16 or or CCONJ cana-3594 22 17 groups group NOUN cana-3594 22 18 , , PUNCT cana-3594 22 19 especially especially ADV cana-3594 22 20 those those PRON cana-3594 22 21 who who PRON cana-3594 22 22 have have AUX cana-3594 22 23 been be AUX cana-3594 22 24 communications communication NOUN cana-3594 22 25 on on ADP cana-3594 22 26 applied apply VERB cana-3594 22 27 nonlinear nonlinear ADJ cana-3594 22 28 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 22 29 issn issn NOUN cana-3594 22 30 : : PUNCT cana-3594 22 31 1074 1074 NUM cana-3594 22 32 - - PUNCT cana-3594 22 33 133x 133x NUM cana-3594 22 34 vol vol NOUN cana-3594 22 35 32 32 NUM cana-3594 22 36 no no NOUN cana-3594 22 37 . . NOUN cana-3594 22 38 3 3 NUM cana-3594 22 39 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 22 40 2025 2025 NUM cana-3594 22 41 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 22 42 714 714 NUM cana-3594 22 43 https://internationalpubls.com https://internationalpubls.com X cana-3594 22 44 historically historically ADV cana-3594 22 45 disenfranchised disenfranchise VERB cana-3594 22 46 . . PUNCT cana-3594 23 1 sound sound VERB cana-3594 23 2 statistical statistical ADJ cana-3594 23 3 and and CCONJ cana-3594 23 4 mathematical mathematical ADJ cana-3594 23 5 techniques technique NOUN cana-3594 23 6 must must AUX cana-3594 23 7 be be AUX cana-3594 23 8 employed employ VERB cana-3594 23 9 in in ADP cana-3594 23 10 order order NOUN cana-3594 23 11 to to PART cana-3594 23 12 identify identify VERB cana-3594 23 13 , , PUNCT cana-3594 23 14 measure measure NOUN cana-3594 23 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 23 16 and and CCONJ cana-3594 23 17 mitigate mitigate VERB cana-3594 23 18 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 23 19 . . PUNCT cana-3594 24 1 despite despite SCONJ cana-3594 24 2 the the DET cana-3594 24 3 considerable considerable ADJ cana-3594 24 4 progress progress NOUN cana-3594 24 5 made make VERB cana-3594 24 6 in in ADP cana-3594 24 7 fair fair ADJ cana-3594 24 8 - - PUNCT cana-3594 24 9 model model NOUN cana-3594 24 10 design design NOUN cana-3594 24 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 24 12 there there PRON cana-3594 24 13 are be VERB cana-3594 24 14 still still ADV cana-3594 24 15 several several ADJ cana-3594 24 16 issues issue NOUN cana-3594 24 17 that that PRON cana-3594 24 18 need need VERB cana-3594 24 19 to to PART cana-3594 24 20 be be AUX cana-3594 24 21 addressed address VERB cana-3594 24 22 such such ADJ cana-3594 24 23 as as ADP cana-3594 24 24 contradictory contradictory ADJ cana-3594 24 25 definitions definition NOUN cana-3594 24 26 of of ADP cana-3594 24 27 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 24 28 , , PUNCT cana-3594 24 29 conflict conflict NOUN cana-3594 24 30 between between ADP cana-3594 24 31 the the DET cana-3594 24 32 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 24 33 and and CCONJ cana-3594 24 34 predictive predictive ADJ cana-3594 24 35 performance performance NOUN cana-3594 24 36 , , PUNCT cana-3594 24 37 and and CCONJ cana-3594 24 38 constraints constraint NOUN cana-3594 24 39 due due ADJ cana-3594 24 40 to to ADP cana-3594 24 41 incomplete incomplete ADJ cana-3594 24 42 or or CCONJ cana-3594 24 43 biased biased ADJ cana-3594 24 44 data datum NOUN cana-3594 24 45 . . PUNCT cana-3594 25 1 so so ADV cana-3594 25 2 , , PUNCT cana-3594 25 3 to to PART cana-3594 25 4 see see VERB cana-3594 25 5 if if SCONJ cana-3594 25 6 it it PRON cana-3594 25 7 's be AUX cana-3594 25 8 fair fair ADJ cana-3594 25 9 enough enough ADV cana-3594 25 10 for for ADP cana-3594 25 11 computational computational ADJ cana-3594 25 12 models model NOUN cana-3594 25 13 , , PUNCT cana-3594 25 14 in in ADP cana-3594 25 15 this this DET cana-3594 25 16 study study NOUN cana-3594 25 17 we we PRON cana-3594 25 18 take take VERB cana-3594 25 19 a a DET cana-3594 25 20 look look NOUN cana-3594 25 21 at at ADP cana-3594 25 22 a a DET cana-3594 25 23 specific specific ADJ cana-3594 25 24 subtext subtext NOUN cana-3594 25 25 of of ADP cana-3594 25 26 these these DET cana-3594 25 27 statistical statistical ADJ cana-3594 25 28 and and CCONJ cana-3594 25 29 mathematical mathematical ADJ cana-3594 25 30 tools tool NOUN cana-3594 25 31 . . PUNCT cana-3594 26 1 important important ADJ cana-3594 26 2 topics topic NOUN cana-3594 26 3 including include VERB cana-3594 26 4 statistical statistical ADJ cana-3594 26 5 methodologies methodology NOUN cana-3594 26 6 for for ADP cana-3594 26 7 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 26 8 detection detection NOUN cana-3594 26 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 26 10 optimization optimization NOUN cana-3594 26 11 methods method NOUN cana-3594 26 12 for for ADP cana-3594 26 13 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 26 14 constraints constraint NOUN cana-3594 26 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 26 16 and and CCONJ cana-3594 26 17 methods method NOUN cana-3594 26 18 for for ADP cana-3594 26 19 mitigating mitigate VERB cana-3594 26 20 disparate disparate ADJ cana-3594 26 21 impact impact NOUN cana-3594 26 22 . . PUNCT cana-3594 27 1 exploring explore VERB cana-3594 27 2 these these DET cana-3594 27 3 techniques technique NOUN cana-3594 27 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 27 5 disambiguate disambiguate VERB cana-3594 27 6 the the DET cana-3594 27 7 layers layer NOUN cana-3594 27 8 that that PRON cana-3594 27 9 could could AUX cana-3594 27 10 lead lead VERB cana-3594 27 11 to to ADP cana-3594 27 12 a a DET cana-3594 27 13 useful useful ADJ cana-3594 27 14 paradigm paradigm NOUN cana-3594 27 15 to to PART cana-3594 27 16 define define VERB cana-3594 27 17 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 27 18 in in ADP cana-3594 27 19 computational computational ADJ cana-3594 27 20 systems system NOUN cana-3594 27 21 . . PUNCT cana-3594 28 1 computational computational ADJ cana-3594 28 2 models model NOUN cana-3594 28 3 have have AUX cana-3594 28 4 been be AUX cana-3594 28 5 used use VERB cana-3594 28 6 in in ADP cana-3594 28 7 decision decision NOUN cana-3594 28 8 - - PUNCT cana-3594 28 9 making make VERB cana-3594 28 10 systems system NOUN cana-3594 28 11 in in ADP cana-3594 28 12 a a DET cana-3594 28 13 number number NOUN cana-3594 28 14 of of ADP cana-3594 28 15 industries industry NOUN cana-3594 28 16 over over ADP cana-3594 28 17 the the DET cana-3594 28 18 last last ADJ cana-3594 28 19 few few ADJ cana-3594 28 20 decades decade NOUN cana-3594 28 21 , , PUNCT cana-3594 28 22 including include VERB cana-3594 28 23 hiring hiring NOUN cana-3594 28 24 , , PUNCT cana-3594 28 25 financial financial ADJ cana-3594 28 26 services service NOUN cana-3594 28 27 , , PUNCT cana-3594 28 28 criminal criminal ADJ cana-3594 28 29 justice justice NOUN cana-3594 28 30 , , PUNCT cana-3594 28 31 healthcare healthcare PROPN cana-3594 28 32 , , PUNCT cana-3594 28 33 and and CCONJ cana-3594 28 34 more more ADJ cana-3594 28 35 . . PUNCT cana-3594 29 1 these these DET cana-3594 29 2 models model NOUN cana-3594 29 3 are be AUX cana-3594 29 4 nonetheless nonetheless ADV cana-3594 29 5 biased biased ADJ cana-3594 29 6 in in ADP cana-3594 29 7 their their PRON cana-3594 29 8 data datum NOUN cana-3594 29 9 or or CCONJ cana-3594 29 10 models model NOUN cana-3594 29 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 29 12 which which PRON cana-3594 29 13 can can AUX cana-3594 29 14 lead lead VERB cana-3594 29 15 to to ADP cana-3594 29 16 unfair unfair ADJ cana-3594 29 17 or or CCONJ cana-3594 29 18 discriminating discriminating ADJ cana-3594 29 19 circumstances circumstance NOUN cana-3594 29 20 , , PUNCT cana-3594 29 21 despite despite SCONJ cana-3594 29 22 their their PRON cana-3594 29 23 frequent frequent ADJ cana-3594 29 24 claims claim NOUN cana-3594 29 25 of of ADP cana-3594 29 26 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 29 27 and and CCONJ cana-3594 29 28 efficiency efficiency NOUN cana-3594 29 29 . . PUNCT cana-3594 30 1 a a DET cana-3594 30 2 crucial crucial ADJ cana-3594 30 3 component component NOUN cana-3594 30 4 of of ADP cana-3594 30 5 accountability accountability NOUN cana-3594 30 6 , , PUNCT cana-3594 30 7 equity equity NOUN cana-3594 30 8 , , PUNCT cana-3594 30 9 and and CCONJ cana-3594 30 10 trust trust NOUN cana-3594 30 11 in in ADP cana-3594 30 12 deployment deployment NOUN cana-3594 30 13 is be AUX cana-3594 30 14 the the DET cana-3594 30 15 computational computational ADJ cana-3594 30 16 models model NOUN cana-3594 30 17 ' ' PART cana-3594 30 18 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 30 19 . . PUNCT cana-3594 31 1 in in ADP cana-3594 31 2 computational computational ADJ cana-3594 31 3 fields field NOUN cana-3594 31 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 31 5 airness airness PROPN cana-3594 31 6 refers refer VERB cana-3594 31 7 to to ADP cana-3594 31 8 the the DET cana-3594 31 9 process process NOUN cana-3594 31 10 of of ADP cana-3594 31 11 reducing reduce VERB cana-3594 31 12 biased biased ADJ cana-3594 31 13 outcomes outcome NOUN cana-3594 31 14 or or CCONJ cana-3594 31 15 treatment treatment NOUN cana-3594 31 16 of of ADP cana-3594 31 17 people people NOUN cana-3594 31 18 or or CCONJ cana-3594 31 19 groups group NOUN cana-3594 31 20 , , PUNCT cana-3594 31 21 particularly particularly ADV cana-3594 31 22 those those PRON cana-3594 31 23 who who PRON cana-3594 31 24 have have AUX cana-3594 31 25 been be AUX cana-3594 31 26 historically historically ADV cana-3594 31 27 marginalized marginalize VERB cana-3594 31 28 . . PUNCT cana-3594 32 1 to to PART cana-3594 32 2 detect detect VERB cana-3594 32 3 , , PUNCT cana-3594 32 4 quantify quantify ADJ cana-3594 32 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 32 6 and and CCONJ cana-3594 32 7 reduce reduce VERB cana-3594 32 8 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 32 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 32 10 good good ADJ cana-3594 32 11 statistical statistical ADJ cana-3594 32 12 and and CCONJ cana-3594 32 13 mathematical mathematical ADJ cana-3594 32 14 methods method NOUN cana-3594 32 15 must must AUX cana-3594 32 16 be be AUX cana-3594 32 17 used use VERB cana-3594 32 18 . . PUNCT cana-3594 33 1 despite despite SCONJ cana-3594 33 2 the the DET cana-3594 33 3 considerable considerable ADJ cana-3594 33 4 progress progress NOUN cana-3594 33 5 made make VERB cana-3594 33 6 in in ADP cana-3594 33 7 fair fair ADJ cana-3594 33 8 - - PUNCT cana-3594 33 9 model model NOUN cana-3594 33 10 design design NOUN cana-3594 33 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 33 12 there there PRON cana-3594 33 13 are be VERB cana-3594 33 14 still still ADV cana-3594 33 15 several several ADJ cana-3594 33 16 issues issue NOUN cana-3594 33 17 that that PRON cana-3594 33 18 need need VERB cana-3594 33 19 to to PART cana-3594 33 20 be be AUX cana-3594 33 21 addressed address VERB cana-3594 33 22 such such ADJ cana-3594 33 23 as as ADP cana-3594 33 24 contradictory contradictory ADJ cana-3594 33 25 definitions definition NOUN cana-3594 33 26 of of ADP cana-3594 33 27 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 33 28 , , PUNCT cana-3594 33 29 conflict conflict NOUN cana-3594 33 30 between between ADP cana-3594 33 31 the the DET cana-3594 33 32 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 33 33 and and CCONJ cana-3594 33 34 predictive predictive ADJ cana-3594 33 35 performance performance NOUN cana-3594 33 36 , , PUNCT cana-3594 33 37 and and CCONJ cana-3594 33 38 constraints constraint NOUN cana-3594 33 39 due due ADJ cana-3594 33 40 to to ADP cana-3594 33 41 incomplete incomplete ADJ cana-3594 33 42 or or CCONJ cana-3594 33 43 biased biased ADJ cana-3594 33 44 data datum NOUN cana-3594 33 45 . . PUNCT cana-3594 34 1 no no DET cana-3594 34 2 strategy strategy NOUN cana-3594 34 3 can can AUX cana-3594 34 4 assure assure VERB cana-3594 34 5 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 34 6 to to ADP cana-3594 34 7 all all DET cana-3594 34 8 parties party NOUN cana-3594 34 9 given give VERB cana-3594 34 10 the the DET cana-3594 34 11 inter inter ADJ cana-3594 34 12 - - NOUN cana-3594 34 13 correlation correlation ADJ cana-3594 34 14 issues issue NOUN cana-3594 34 15 [ [ X cana-3594 34 16 1,2 1,2 NUM cana-3594 34 17 ] ] PUNCT cana-3594 34 18 , , PUNCT cana-3594 34 19 and and CCONJ cana-3594 34 20 therefore therefore ADV cana-3594 34 21 suffers suffer VERB cana-3594 34 22 the the DET cana-3594 34 23 risk risk NOUN cana-3594 34 24 of of ADP cana-3594 34 25 not not PART cana-3594 34 26 producing produce VERB cana-3594 34 27 equitable equitable ADJ cana-3594 34 28 outcomes[3,4,5,6 outcomes[3,4,5,6 NOUN cana-3594 34 29 ] ] PUNCT cana-3594 34 30 . . PUNCT cana-3594 35 1 most most ADV cana-3594 35 2 likely likely ADJ cana-3594 35 3 other other ADJ cana-3594 35 4 concepts concept NOUN cana-3594 35 5 of of ADP cana-3594 35 6 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 35 7 [ [ X cana-3594 35 8 7 7 NUM cana-3594 35 9 ] ] PUNCT cana-3594 35 10 aspired aspire VERB cana-3594 35 11 to to ADP cana-3594 35 12 either either CCONJ cana-3594 35 13 the the DET cana-3594 35 14 arm arm NOUN cana-3594 35 15 's 's PART cana-3594 35 16 or or CCONJ cana-3594 35 17 the the DET cana-3594 35 18 individual individual NOUN cana-3594 35 19 ’s ’s PART cana-3594 35 20 treatment treatment NOUN cana-3594 35 21 criterion criterion NOUN cana-3594 35 22 , , PUNCT cana-3594 35 23 the the DET cana-3594 35 24 latter latter ADJ cana-3594 35 25 being be AUX cana-3594 35 26 in in ADP cana-3594 35 27 wider wide ADJ cana-3594 35 28 use use NOUN cana-3594 35 29 nowadays nowadays ADV cana-3594 35 30 . . PUNCT cana-3594 36 1 other other ADJ cana-3594 36 2 considerations consideration NOUN cana-3594 36 3 that that PRON cana-3594 36 4 aid aid VERB cana-3594 36 5 the the DET cana-3594 36 6 development development NOUN cana-3594 36 7 of of ADP cana-3594 36 8 algorithms algorithm NOUN cana-3594 36 9 aim aim VERB cana-3594 36 10 rather rather ADV cana-3594 36 11 to to ADP cana-3594 36 12 either either CCONJ cana-3594 36 13 promote promote VERB cana-3594 36 14 individual individual ADJ cana-3594 36 15 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 36 16 , , PUNCT cana-3594 36 17 prevent prevent VERB cana-3594 36 18 disparate disparate ADJ cana-3594 36 19 treatment treatment NOUN cana-3594 36 20 or or CCONJ cana-3594 36 21 avoid avoid VERB cana-3594 36 22 disparate disparate ADJ cana-3594 36 23 mistreatment mistreatment NOUN cana-3594 36 24 of of ADP cana-3594 36 25 the the DET cana-3594 36 26 algorithms algorithm NOUN cana-3594 36 27 [ [ X cana-3594 36 28 8 8 NUM cana-3594 36 29 , , PUNCT cana-3594 36 30 9 9 NUM cana-3594 36 31 ] ] PUNCT cana-3594 36 32 . . PUNCT cana-3594 37 1 group group NOUN cana-3594 37 2 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 37 3 aims aim VERB cana-3594 37 4 at at ADP cana-3594 37 5 the the DET cana-3594 37 6 same same ADJ cana-3594 37 7 objectives objective NOUN cana-3594 37 8 , , PUNCT cana-3594 37 9 but but CCONJ cana-3594 37 10 this this DET cana-3594 37 11 time time NOUN cana-3594 37 12 direct direct VERB cana-3594 37 13 the the DET cana-3594 37 14 attention attention NOUN cana-3594 37 15 to to ADP cana-3594 37 16 decreasing decrease VERB cana-3594 37 17 the the DET cana-3594 37 18 gap gap NOUN cana-3594 37 19 in in ADP cana-3594 37 20 the the DET cana-3594 37 21 ratios ratio NOUN cana-3594 37 22 of of ADP cana-3594 37 23 the the DET cana-3594 37 24 favorable favorable ADJ cana-3594 37 25 outcomes outcome NOUN cana-3594 37 26 across across ADP cana-3594 37 27 the the DET cana-3594 37 28 sub sub NOUN cana-3594 37 29 - - NOUN cana-3594 37 30 sets set NOUN cana-3594 37 31 of of ADP cana-3594 37 32 the the DET cana-3594 37 33 affected affected ADJ cana-3594 37 34 population population NOUN cana-3594 37 35 . . PUNCT cana-3594 38 1 some some PRON cana-3594 38 2 of of ADP cana-3594 38 3 the the DET cana-3594 38 4 relevant relevant ADJ cana-3594 38 5 group group NOUN cana-3594 38 6 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 38 7 measures measure NOUN cana-3594 38 8 include include VERB cana-3594 38 9 difference difference NOUN cana-3594 38 10 in in ADP cana-3594 38 11 impact impact NOUN cana-3594 38 12 , , PUNCT cana-3594 38 13 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 38 14 parity parity NOUN cana-3594 38 15 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 38 16 statistical statistical ADJ cana-3594 38 17 parity)[7,10 parity)[7,10 NOUN cana-3594 38 18 ] ] PUNCT cana-3594 38 19 , , PUNCT cana-3594 38 20 equality equality NOUN cana-3594 38 21 of of ADP cana-3594 38 22 opportunity opportunity NOUN cana-3594 38 23 and and CCONJ cana-3594 38 24 equal equal ADJ cana-3594 38 25 odds odd NOUN cana-3594 38 26 . . PUNCT cana-3594 39 1 there there PRON cana-3594 39 2 was be VERB cana-3594 39 3 also also ADV cana-3594 39 4 the the DET cana-3594 39 5 norm norm NOUN cana-3594 39 6 of of ADP cana-3594 39 7 counterfactual counterfactual ADJ cana-3594 39 8 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 39 9 [ [ X cana-3594 39 10 11 11 NUM cana-3594 39 11 ] ] PUNCT cana-3594 39 12 proposed propose VERB cana-3594 39 13 as as ADP cana-3594 39 14 a a DET cana-3594 39 15 measure measure NOUN cana-3594 39 16 of of ADP cana-3594 39 17 lifting lift VERB cana-3594 39 18 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 39 19 in in ADP cana-3594 39 20 causation causation NOUN cana-3594 39 21 . . PUNCT cana-3594 40 1 unfortunately unfortunately ADV cana-3594 40 2 , , PUNCT cana-3594 40 3 no no DET cana-3594 40 4 one one NOUN cana-3594 40 5 has have AUX cana-3594 40 6 come come VERB cana-3594 40 7 up up ADP cana-3594 40 8 with with ADP cana-3594 40 9 a a DET cana-3594 40 10 universally universally ADV cana-3594 40 11 acceptable acceptable ADJ cana-3594 40 12 precision precision NOUN cana-3594 40 13 measure measure NOUN cana-3594 40 14 to to PART cana-3594 40 15 use use VERB cana-3594 40 16 across across ADP cana-3594 40 17 the the DET cana-3594 40 18 industry industry NOUN cana-3594 40 19 and and CCONJ cana-3594 40 20 almost almost ADV cana-3594 40 21 all all PRON cana-3594 40 22 automation automation NOUN cana-3594 40 23 tasks task NOUN cana-3594 40 24 sufficed suffice VERB cana-3594 40 25 with with ADP cana-3594 40 26 loose loose ADJ cana-3594 40 27 definitions definition NOUN cana-3594 40 28 of of ADP cana-3594 40 29 trust trust NOUN cana-3594 40 30 . . PUNCT cana-3594 41 1 thankfully thankfully ADV cana-3594 41 2 , , PUNCT cana-3594 41 3 with with ADP cana-3594 41 4 few few ADJ cana-3594 41 5 exceptions exception NOUN cana-3594 41 6 , , PUNCT cana-3594 41 7 it it PRON cana-3594 41 8 is be AUX cana-3594 41 9 impossible impossible ADJ cana-3594 41 10 for for SCONJ cana-3594 41 11 a a DET cana-3594 41 12 single single ADJ cana-3594 41 13 compiler compiler NOUN cana-3594 41 14 to to PART cana-3594 41 15 stand stand VERB cana-3594 41 16 a a DET cana-3594 41 17 chance chance NOUN cana-3594 41 18 at at ADP cana-3594 41 19 unifying unify VERB cana-3594 41 20 dual dual ADJ cana-3594 41 21 principles principle NOUN cana-3594 41 22 of of ADP cana-3594 41 23 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 41 24 with with ADP cana-3594 41 25 multilayered multilayered ADJ cana-3594 41 26 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 41 27 [ [ X cana-3594 41 28 12 12 NUM cana-3594 41 29 , , PUNCT cana-3594 41 30 13 13 NUM cana-3594 41 31 ] ] PUNCT cana-3594 41 32 across across ADP cana-3594 41 33 the the DET cana-3594 41 34 board board NOUN cana-3594 41 35 . . PUNCT cana-3594 42 1 subsequently subsequently ADV cana-3594 42 2 , , PUNCT cana-3594 42 3 it it PRON cana-3594 42 4 would would AUX cana-3594 42 5 be be AUX cana-3594 42 6 reasonable reasonable ADJ cana-3594 42 7 to to PART cana-3594 42 8 conclude conclude VERB cana-3594 42 9 that that PRON cana-3594 42 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 42 11 in in ADP cana-3594 42 12 its its PRON cana-3594 42 13 current current ADJ cana-3594 42 14 form form NOUN cana-3594 42 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 42 16 setting set VERB cana-3594 42 17 the the DET cana-3594 42 18 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 42 19 outline outline NOUN cana-3594 42 20 will will AUX cana-3594 42 21 remain remain VERB cana-3594 42 22 as as ADP cana-3594 42 23 shifting shift VERB cana-3594 42 24 stance stance NOUN cana-3594 42 25 . . PUNCT cana-3594 43 1 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 43 2 in in ADP cana-3594 43 3 computational computational ADJ cana-3594 43 4 models model NOUN cana-3594 43 5 is be AUX cana-3594 43 6 a a DET cana-3594 43 7 rising rise VERB cana-3594 43 8 area area NOUN cana-3594 43 9 of of ADP cana-3594 43 10 study study NOUN cana-3594 43 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 43 12 with with ADP cana-3594 43 13 manifold manifold ADJ cana-3594 43 14 definitions definition NOUN cana-3594 43 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 43 16 methodologies methodology NOUN cana-3594 43 17 , , PUNCT cana-3594 43 18 and and CCONJ cana-3594 43 19 challenges challenge NOUN cana-3594 43 20 . . PUNCT cana-3594 44 1 among among ADP cana-3594 44 2 the the DET cana-3594 44 3 most most ADV cana-3594 44 4 key key ADJ cana-3594 44 5 aspects aspect NOUN cana-3594 44 6 of of ADP cana-3594 44 7 the the DET cana-3594 44 8 field field NOUN cana-3594 44 9 are be AUX cana-3594 44 10 the the DET cana-3594 44 11 various various ADJ cana-3594 44 12 types type NOUN cana-3594 44 13 of of ADP cana-3594 44 14 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 44 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 44 16 from from ADP cana-3594 44 17 which which PRON cana-3594 44 18 a a DET cana-3594 44 19 basis basis NOUN cana-3594 44 20 can can AUX cana-3594 44 21 be be AUX cana-3594 44 22 derived derive VERB cana-3594 44 23 on on ADP cana-3594 44 24 how how SCONJ cana-3594 44 25 to to PART cana-3594 44 26 study study VERB cana-3594 44 27 and and CCONJ cana-3594 44 28 address address VERB cana-3594 44 29 the the DET cana-3594 44 30 biases bias NOUN cana-3594 44 31 of of ADP cana-3594 44 32 models model NOUN cana-3594 44 33 . . PUNCT cana-3594 45 1 individual individual ADJ cana-3594 45 2 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 45 3 - - PUNCT cana-3594 45 4 an an DET cana-3594 45 5 intuitive intuitive ADJ cana-3594 45 6 notion notion NOUN cana-3594 45 7 of of ADP cana-3594 45 8 treating treat VERB cana-3594 45 9 similar similar ADJ cana-3594 45 10 individuals individual NOUN cana-3594 45 11 similarly similarly ADV cana-3594 45 12 - - PUNCT cana-3594 45 13 can can AUX cana-3594 45 14 be be AUX cana-3594 45 15 formalized formalize VERB cana-3594 45 16 as as ADP cana-3594 45 17 : : PUNCT cana-3594 45 18 𝑑(π‘₯𝑖 𝑑(π‘₯𝑖 PROPN cana-3594 45 19 , , PUNCT cana-3594 45 20 π‘₯𝑗 π‘₯𝑗 NOUN cana-3594 45 21 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 45 22 ≀ ≀ X cana-3594 45 23 πœ– πœ– X cana-3594 45 24 ⟹ ⟹ X cana-3594 45 25 f(π‘₯𝑖 f(π‘₯𝑖 PROPN cana-3594 45 26 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 45 27 β‰ˆ β‰ˆ PROPN cana-3594 45 28 f(π‘₯𝑗 f(π‘₯𝑗 NOUN cana-3594 45 29 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 45 30 communications communication NOUN cana-3594 45 31 on on ADP cana-3594 45 32 applied apply VERB cana-3594 45 33 nonlinear nonlinear ADJ cana-3594 45 34 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 45 35 issn issn NOUN cana-3594 45 36 : : PUNCT cana-3594 45 37 1074 1074 NUM cana-3594 45 38 - - PUNCT cana-3594 45 39 133x 133x NUM cana-3594 45 40 vol vol NOUN cana-3594 45 41 32 32 NUM cana-3594 45 42 no no NOUN cana-3594 45 43 . . NOUN cana-3594 45 44 3 3 NUM cana-3594 45 45 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 45 46 2025 2025 NUM cana-3594 45 47 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 46 1 715 715 NUM cana-3594 46 2 https://internationalpubls.com https://internationalpubls.com X cana-3594 47 1 where where SCONJ cana-3594 47 2 𝑑(π‘₯𝑖 𝑑(π‘₯𝑖 NUM cana-3594 47 3 , , PUNCT cana-3594 47 4 π‘₯𝑗 π‘₯𝑗 NOUN cana-3594 47 5 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 47 6 measures measure VERB cana-3594 47 7 the the DET cana-3594 47 8 distance distance NOUN cana-3594 47 9 between between ADP cana-3594 47 10 individuals individual NOUN cana-3594 47 11 π‘₯𝑖 π‘₯𝑖 X cana-3594 47 12 and and CCONJ cana-3594 47 13 π‘₯𝑗 π‘₯𝑗 PROPN cana-3594 47 14 𝑓(π‘₯ 𝑓(π‘₯ NOUN cana-3594 47 15 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 47 16 is be AUX cana-3594 47 17 the the DET cana-3594 47 18 model model NOUN cana-3594 47 19 ’s ’s PART cana-3594 47 20 output output NOUN cana-3594 47 21 , , PUNCT cana-3594 47 22 and and CCONJ cana-3594 47 23 Ο΅\epsilonΟ΅ Ο΅\epsilonΟ΅ NOUN cana-3594 47 24 is be AUX cana-3594 47 25 a a DET cana-3594 47 26 threshold threshold NOUN cana-3594 47 27 for for ADP cana-3594 47 28 acceptable acceptable ADJ cana-3594 47 29 similarity similarity NOUN cana-3594 47 30 in in ADP cana-3594 47 31 treatment treatment NOUN cana-3594 47 32 . . PUNCT cana-3594 48 1 on on ADP cana-3594 48 2 the the DET cana-3594 48 3 other other ADJ cana-3594 48 4 hand hand NOUN cana-3594 48 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 48 6 group group NOUN cana-3594 48 7 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 48 8 is be AUX cana-3594 48 9 about about ADP cana-3594 48 10 ensuring ensure VERB cana-3594 48 11 equity equity NOUN cana-3594 48 12 across across ADP cana-3594 48 13 different different ADJ cana-3594 48 14 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 48 15 groups group NOUN cana-3594 48 16 . . PUNCT cana-3594 49 1 a a PRON cana-3594 49 2 and and CCONJ cana-3594 49 3 b. b. PROPN cana-3594 50 1 for for ADP cana-3594 50 2 example example NOUN cana-3594 50 3 , , PUNCT cana-3594 50 4 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 50 5 parity parity NOUN cana-3594 50 6 : : PUNCT cana-3594 50 7 the the DET cana-3594 50 8 probability probability NOUN cana-3594 50 9 of of ADP cana-3594 50 10 a a DET cana-3594 50 11 positive positive ADJ cana-3594 50 12 outcome outcome NOUN cana-3594 50 13 should should AUX cana-3594 50 14 be be AUX cana-3594 50 15 identical identical ADJ cana-3594 50 16 across across ADP cana-3594 50 17 groups group NOUN cana-3594 50 18 : : PUNCT cana-3594 50 19 𝑃( 𝑃( X cana-3594 50 20 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 50 21 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 50 22 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 50 23 = = SYM cana-3594 50 24 1|𝐴 1|𝐴 NUM cana-3594 50 25 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 50 26 = = SYM cana-3594 50 27 𝑃( 𝑃( X cana-3594 50 28 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 50 29 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 50 30 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 50 31 = = SYM cana-3594 50 32 1|𝐡 1|𝐡 NUM cana-3594 50 33 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 50 34 if if SCONJ cana-3594 50 35 𝑃( 𝑃( X cana-3594 50 36 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 50 37 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 50 38 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 50 39 = = SYM cana-3594 50 40 1|𝐴 1|𝐴 NUM cana-3594 50 41 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 50 42 = = SYM cana-3594 50 43 0.8 0.8 NUM cana-3594 50 44 and and CCONJ cana-3594 50 45 𝑃( 𝑃( NOUN cana-3594 50 46 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 50 47 Μ‚ Μ‚ PROPN cana-3594 50 48 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 50 49 = = SYM cana-3594 50 50 1|𝐡 1|𝐡 NUM cana-3594 50 51 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 50 52 = = SYM cana-3594 50 53 0.6 0.6 NUM cana-3594 50 54 , , PUNCT cana-3594 50 55 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 50 56 parity parity NOUN cana-3594 50 57 is be AUX cana-3594 50 58 violated violate VERB cana-3594 50 59 . . PUNCT cana-3594 51 1 one one NUM cana-3594 51 2 also also ADV cana-3594 51 3 needs need VERB cana-3594 51 4 to to PART cana-3594 51 5 define define VERB cana-3594 51 6 similarly similarly ADV cana-3594 51 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 51 8 equality equality NOUN cana-3594 51 9 of of ADP cana-3594 51 10 opportunity opportunity NOUN cana-3594 51 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 51 12 in in ADP cana-3594 51 13 which which PRON cana-3594 51 14 individuals individual NOUN cana-3594 51 15 with with ADP cana-3594 51 16 the the DET cana-3594 51 17 same same ADJ cana-3594 51 18 background background NOUN cana-3594 51 19 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 51 20 e.g. e.g. ADV cana-3594 51 21 , , PUNCT cana-3594 51 22 genuine genuine ADJ cana-3594 51 23 label label NOUN cana-3594 51 24 . . PUNCT cana-3594 52 1 y=1 y=1 X cana-3594 52 2 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 52 3 should should AUX cana-3594 52 4 have have VERB cana-3594 52 5 equal equal ADJ cana-3594 52 6 chances chance NOUN cana-3594 52 7 of of ADP cana-3594 52 8 favorable favorable ADJ cana-3594 52 9 outcomes outcome NOUN cana-3594 52 10 : : PUNCT cana-3594 52 11 𝑃( 𝑃( X cana-3594 52 12 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 52 13 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 52 14 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 52 15 = = PUNCT cana-3594 53 1 1|π‘Œ 1|π‘Œ NUM cana-3594 53 2 = = SYM cana-3594 53 3 1 1 NUM cana-3594 53 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 53 5 𝐴 𝐴 PROPN cana-3594 53 6 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 53 7 = = SYM cana-3594 53 8 𝑃( 𝑃( X cana-3594 53 9 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 53 10 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 53 11 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 53 12 = = PUNCT cana-3594 54 1 1|π‘Œ 1|π‘Œ NUM cana-3594 54 2 = = SYM cana-3594 54 3 1 1 NUM cana-3594 54 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 54 5 𝐡 𝐡 NOUN cana-3594 54 6 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 54 7 if if SCONJ cana-3594 54 8 𝑃( 𝑃( X cana-3594 54 9 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 54 10 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 54 11 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 54 12 = = PUNCT cana-3594 55 1 1|π‘Œ 1|π‘Œ NUM cana-3594 55 2 = = SYM cana-3594 55 3 1 1 NUM cana-3594 55 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 55 5 𝐴 𝐴 PROPN cana-3594 55 6 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 55 7 = = SYM cana-3594 55 8 0.75 0.75 NUM cana-3594 55 9 and and CCONJ cana-3594 55 10 𝑃( 𝑃( NOUN cana-3594 55 11 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 55 12 Μ‚ Μ‚ PROPN cana-3594 55 13 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 55 14 = = PUNCT cana-3594 56 1 1|π‘Œ 1|π‘Œ NUM cana-3594 56 2 = = SYM cana-3594 56 3 1 1 NUM cana-3594 56 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 56 5 𝐡 𝐡 NOUN cana-3594 56 6 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 56 7 = = SYM cana-3594 56 8 0.85 0.85 NUM cana-3594 56 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 56 10 equality equality NOUN cana-3594 56 11 of of ADP cana-3594 56 12 opportunity opportunity NOUN cana-3594 56 13 is be AUX cana-3594 56 14 not not PART cana-3594 56 15 achieved achieve VERB cana-3594 56 16 . . PUNCT cana-3594 57 1 one one NUM cana-3594 57 2 of of ADP cana-3594 57 3 the the DET cana-3594 57 4 key key ADJ cana-3594 57 5 aspects aspect NOUN cana-3594 57 6 of of ADP cana-3594 57 7 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 57 8 research research NOUN cana-3594 57 9 is be AUX cana-3594 57 10 the the DET cana-3594 57 11 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 57 12 - - PUNCT cana-3594 57 13 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 57 14 trade trade NOUN cana-3594 57 15 - - PUNCT cana-3594 57 16 off off NOUN cana-3594 57 17 . . PUNCT cana-3594 58 1 this this DET cana-3594 58 2 trade trade NOUN cana-3594 58 3 - - PUNCT cana-3594 58 4 off off NOUN cana-3594 58 5 is be AUX cana-3594 58 6 about about ADP cana-3594 58 7 the the DET cana-3594 58 8 notion notion NOUN cana-3594 58 9 that that SCONJ cana-3594 58 10 whenever whenever SCONJ cana-3594 58 11 a a DET cana-3594 58 12 model model NOUN cana-3594 58 13 is be AUX cana-3594 58 14 required require VERB cana-3594 58 15 to to PART cana-3594 58 16 be be AUX cana-3594 58 17 fair fair ADJ cana-3594 58 18 , , PUNCT cana-3594 58 19 it it PRON cana-3594 58 20 has have AUX cana-3594 58 21 to to PART cana-3594 58 22 be be AUX cana-3594 58 23 done do VERB cana-3594 58 24 at at ADP cana-3594 58 25 a a DET cana-3594 58 26 cost cost NOUN cana-3594 58 27 to to ADP cana-3594 58 28 its its PRON cana-3594 58 29 prediction prediction NOUN cana-3594 58 30 performance performance NOUN cana-3594 58 31 . . PUNCT cana-3594 59 1 for for ADP cana-3594 59 2 example example NOUN cana-3594 59 3 , , PUNCT cana-3594 59 4 the the DET cana-3594 59 5 measures measure NOUN cana-3594 59 6 of of ADP cana-3594 59 7 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 59 8 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 59 9 e.g. e.g. ADV cana-3594 59 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 59 11 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 59 12 parity parity NOUN cana-3594 59 13 or or CCONJ cana-3594 59 14 equalized equalize VERB cana-3594 59 15 odds odd NOUN cana-3594 59 16 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 59 17 will will AUX cana-3594 59 18 most most ADV cana-3594 59 19 likely likely ADV cana-3594 59 20 require require VERB cana-3594 59 21 altering alter VERB cana-3594 59 22 how how SCONJ cana-3594 59 23 the the DET cana-3594 59 24 model model NOUN cana-3594 59 25 predictions prediction NOUN cana-3594 59 26 or or CCONJ cana-3594 59 27 decision decision NOUN cana-3594 59 28 thresholds threshold NOUN cana-3594 59 29 are be AUX cana-3594 59 30 set set VERB cana-3594 59 31 which which PRON cana-3594 59 32 could could AUX cana-3594 59 33 harm harm VERB cana-3594 59 34 the the DET cana-3594 59 35 overall overall ADJ cana-3594 59 36 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 59 37 of of ADP cana-3594 59 38 the the DET cana-3594 59 39 model model NOUN cana-3594 59 40 . . PUNCT cana-3594 60 1 mathematically mathematically ADV cana-3594 60 2 , , PUNCT cana-3594 60 3 this this DET cana-3594 60 4 cost cost NOUN cana-3594 60 5 can can AUX cana-3594 60 6 be be AUX cana-3594 60 7 expressed express VERB cana-3594 60 8 as as ADP cana-3594 60 9 a a DET cana-3594 60 10 composite composite NOUN cana-3594 60 11 of of ADP cana-3594 60 12 the the DET cana-3594 60 13 loss loss NOUN cana-3594 60 14 function function NOUN cana-3594 60 15 . . PUNCT cana-3594 61 1 𝐿 𝐿 NOUN cana-3594 61 2 = = PROPN cana-3594 61 3 πΏπ‘’π‘Ÿπ‘Ÿπ‘œπ‘Ÿ πΏπ‘’π‘Ÿπ‘Ÿπ‘œπ‘Ÿ PROPN cana-3594 61 4 + + CCONJ cana-3594 61 5 Ξ»πΏπ‘“π‘Žπ‘–π‘Ÿπ‘›π‘’π‘ π‘  Ξ»πΏπ‘“π‘Žπ‘–π‘Ÿπ‘›π‘’π‘ π‘  PROPN cana-3594 61 6 here here ADV cana-3594 61 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 61 8 πΏπ‘’π‘Ÿπ‘Ÿπ‘œπ‘Ÿ πΏπ‘’π‘Ÿπ‘Ÿπ‘œπ‘Ÿ PROPN cana-3594 61 9 represents represent VERB cana-3594 61 10 the the DET cana-3594 61 11 model model NOUN cana-3594 61 12 ’s ’s PART cana-3594 61 13 prediction prediction NOUN cana-3594 61 14 error error NOUN cana-3594 61 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 61 16 πΏπ‘“π‘Žπ‘–π‘Ÿπ‘›π‘’π‘ π‘  πΏπ‘“π‘Žπ‘–π‘Ÿπ‘›π‘’π‘ π‘  PROPN cana-3594 61 17 measures measure VERB cana-3594 61 18 the the DET cana-3594 61 19 extent extent NOUN cana-3594 61 20 of of ADP cana-3594 61 21 unfairness unfairness ADJ cana-3594 61 22 violation violation NOUN cana-3594 61 23 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 61 24 e.g. e.g. ADV cana-3594 61 25 , , PUNCT cana-3594 61 26 differences difference NOUN cana-3594 61 27 in in ADP cana-3594 61 28 positive positive ADJ cana-3594 61 29 rates rate NOUN cana-3594 61 30 between between ADP cana-3594 61 31 groups).πœ† groups).πœ† PROPN cana-3594 61 32 is be AUX cana-3594 61 33 a a DET cana-3594 61 34 regularization regularization NOUN cana-3594 61 35 parameter parameter NOUN cana-3594 61 36 which which PRON cana-3594 61 37 balances balance VERB cana-3594 61 38 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 61 39 and and CCONJ cana-3594 61 40 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 61 41 . . PUNCT cana-3594 62 1 a a DET cana-3594 62 2 higher high ADJ cana-3594 62 3 πœ† πœ† ADP cana-3594 62 4 stresses stress NOUN cana-3594 62 5 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 62 6 , , PUNCT cana-3594 62 7 and and CCONJ cana-3594 62 8 can can AUX cana-3594 62 9 lead lead VERB cana-3594 62 10 to to ADP cana-3594 62 11 higher high ADJ cana-3594 62 12 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 62 13 at at ADP cana-3594 62 14 a a DET cana-3594 62 15 cost cost NOUN cana-3594 62 16 to to ADP cana-3594 62 17 the the DET cana-3594 62 18 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 62 19 of of ADP cana-3594 62 20 , , PUNCT cana-3594 62 21 and and CCONJ cana-3594 62 22 a a DET cana-3594 62 23 lower low ADJ cana-3594 62 24 . . PUNCT cana-3594 63 1 πœ† πœ† DET cana-3594 63 2 prioritizes prioritize NOUN cana-3594 63 3 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 63 4 . . PUNCT cana-3594 64 1 mathematically mathematically ADV cana-3594 64 2 , , PUNCT cana-3594 64 3 the the DET cana-3594 64 4 binary binary NOUN cana-3594 64 5 classifier classifier NOUN cana-3594 64 6 is be AUX cana-3594 64 7 defined define VERB cana-3594 64 8 by by ADP cana-3594 64 9 the the DET cana-3594 64 10 following follow VERB cana-3594 64 11 two two NUM cana-3594 64 12 confusion confusion NOUN cana-3594 64 13 matrices matrix NOUN cana-3594 64 14 of of ADP cana-3594 64 15 two two NUM cana-3594 64 16 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 64 17 groups group NOUN cana-3594 64 18 a a DET cana-3594 64 19 and and CCONJ cana-3594 64 20 b b NOUN cana-3594 64 21 : : PUNCT cana-3594 64 22 group group NOUN cana-3594 64 23 true true ADJ cana-3594 64 24 positive positive ADJ cana-3594 64 25 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 64 26 tp tp NOUN cana-3594 64 27 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 64 28 false false ADJ cana-3594 64 29 positive(fp positive(fp NOUN cana-3594 64 30 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 64 31 true true ADJ cana-3594 64 32 negative(tn negative(tn ADJ cana-3594 64 33 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 64 34 false false ADJ cana-3594 64 35 negative(fn negative(fn NOUN cana-3594 64 36 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 64 37 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 64 38 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 64 39 % % INTJ cana-3594 64 40 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 64 41 a a DET cana-3594 64 42 80 80 NUM cana-3594 64 43 20 20 NUM cana-3594 64 44 90 90 NUM cana-3594 64 45 10 10 NUM cana-3594 64 46 85.0 85.0 NUM cana-3594 64 47 b b NOUN cana-3594 64 48 70 70 NUM cana-3594 64 49 30 30 NUM cana-3594 64 50 80 80 NUM cana-3594 64 51 20 20 NUM cana-3594 64 52 75.0 75.0 NUM cana-3594 64 53 adding add VERB cana-3594 64 54 a a DET cana-3594 64 55 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 64 56 constraint constraint NOUN cana-3594 64 57 , , PUNCT cana-3594 64 58 such such ADJ cana-3594 64 59 as as ADP cana-3594 64 60 equalizing equalize VERB cana-3594 64 61 the the DET cana-3594 64 62 false false ADJ cana-3594 64 63 positive positive ADJ cana-3594 64 64 rates rate NOUN cana-3594 64 65 of of ADP cana-3594 64 66 two two NUM cana-3594 64 67 groups group NOUN cana-3594 64 68 , , PUNCT cana-3594 64 69 means mean VERB cana-3594 64 70 that that SCONJ cana-3594 64 71 there there PRON cana-3594 64 72 might might AUX cana-3594 64 73 be be AUX cana-3594 64 74 a a DET cana-3594 64 75 need need NOUN cana-3594 64 76 to to PART cana-3594 64 77 revise revise VERB cana-3594 64 78 the the DET cana-3594 64 79 decision decision NOUN cana-3594 64 80 threshold threshold NOUN cana-3594 64 81 . . PUNCT cana-3594 65 1 for for ADP cana-3594 65 2 instance instance NOUN cana-3594 65 3 , , PUNCT cana-3594 65 4 improving improve VERB cana-3594 65 5 the the DET cana-3594 65 6 positive positive ADJ cana-3594 65 7 prediction prediction NOUN cana-3594 65 8 rate rate NOUN cana-3594 65 9 for for ADP cana-3594 65 10 group group NOUN cana-3594 65 11 b b PROPN cana-3594 65 12 might might AUX cana-3594 65 13 necessitate necessitate ADJ cana-3594 65 14 lowering lower VERB cana-3594 65 15 the the DET cana-3594 65 16 threshold threshold NOUN cana-3594 65 17 , , PUNCT cana-3594 65 18 resulting result VERB cana-3594 65 19 in in ADP cana-3594 65 20 the the DET cana-3594 65 21 overall overall ADJ cana-3594 65 22 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 65 23 dropping drop VERB cana-3594 65 24 slightly slightly ADV cana-3594 65 25 . . PUNCT cana-3594 66 1 in in ADP cana-3594 66 2 any any DET cana-3594 66 3 case case NOUN cana-3594 66 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 66 5 the the DET cana-3594 66 6 classifier classifier NOUN cana-3594 66 7 is be AUX cana-3594 66 8 able able ADJ cana-3594 66 9 to to PART cana-3594 66 10 implement implement VERB cana-3594 66 11 a a DET cana-3594 66 12 fairer fair ADJ cana-3594 66 13 model model NOUN cana-3594 66 14 that that PRON cana-3594 66 15 treats treat VERB cana-3594 66 16 both both DET cana-3594 66 17 groups group NOUN cana-3594 66 18 better well ADJ cana-3594 66 19 than than ADP cana-3594 66 20 the the DET cana-3594 66 21 original original ADJ cana-3594 66 22 model model NOUN cana-3594 66 23 which which PRON cana-3594 66 24 meets meet VERB cana-3594 66 25 the the DET cana-3594 66 26 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 66 27 objectives objective NOUN cana-3594 66 28 . . PUNCT cana-3594 67 1 this this DET cana-3594 67 2 compromise compromise NOUN cana-3594 67 3 brings bring VERB cana-3594 67 4 to to PART cana-3594 67 5 light light VERB cana-3594 67 6 the the DET cana-3594 67 7 need need NOUN cana-3594 67 8 for for ADP cana-3594 67 9 a a DET cana-3594 67 10 thorough thorough ADJ cana-3594 67 11 situational situational ADJ cana-3594 67 12 asssessment asssessment NOUN cana-3594 67 13 . . PUNCT cana-3594 68 1 in in ADP cana-3594 68 2 some some DET cana-3594 68 3 fields field NOUN cana-3594 68 4 like like ADP cana-3594 68 5 hiring hire VERB cana-3594 68 6 practice practice NOUN cana-3594 68 7 or or CCONJ cana-3594 68 8 giving give VERB cana-3594 68 9 credit credit NOUN cana-3594 68 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 68 11 embracing embrace VERB cana-3594 68 12 particularity particularity NOUN cana-3594 68 13 of of ADP cana-3594 68 14 equal equal ADJ cana-3594 68 15 opportunity opportunity NOUN cana-3594 68 16 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 68 17 might might AUX cana-3594 68 18 translate translate VERB cana-3594 68 19 communications communication NOUN cana-3594 68 20 on on ADP cana-3594 68 21 applied apply VERB cana-3594 68 22 nonlinear nonlinear ADJ cana-3594 68 23 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 68 24 issn issn NOUN cana-3594 68 25 : : PUNCT cana-3594 68 26 1074 1074 NUM cana-3594 68 27 - - PUNCT cana-3594 68 28 133x 133x NUM cana-3594 68 29 vol vol NOUN cana-3594 68 30 32 32 NUM cana-3594 68 31 no no NOUN cana-3594 68 32 . . NOUN cana-3594 68 33 3 3 NUM cana-3594 68 34 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 68 35 2025 2025 NUM cana-3594 68 36 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 68 37 716 716 NUM cana-3594 68 38 https://internationalpubls.com https://internationalpubls.com X cana-3594 68 39 to to ADP cana-3594 68 40 preference preference VERB cana-3594 68 41 for for ADP cana-3594 68 42 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 68 43 over over ADP cana-3594 68 44 parity parity NOUN cana-3594 68 45 . . PUNCT cana-3594 69 1 conversely conversely ADV cana-3594 69 2 , , PUNCT cana-3594 69 3 in in ADP cana-3594 69 4 situations situation NOUN cana-3594 69 5 with with ADP cana-3594 69 6 great great ADJ cana-3594 69 7 risks risk NOUN cana-3594 69 8 like like ADP cana-3594 69 9 medical medical ADJ cana-3594 69 10 x x ADJ cana-3594 69 11 - - NOUN cana-3594 69 12 ray ray NOUN cana-3594 69 13 interpretation interpretation NOUN cana-3594 69 14 where where SCONJ cana-3594 69 15 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 69 16 is be AUX cana-3594 69 17 paramount paramount ADJ cana-3594 69 18 , , PUNCT cana-3594 69 19 it it PRON cana-3594 69 20 might might AUX cana-3594 69 21 be be AUX cana-3594 69 22 necessary necessary ADJ cana-3594 69 23 to to PART cana-3594 69 24 impose impose VERB cana-3594 69 25 large large ADJ cana-3594 69 26 unfairness unfairness NOUN cana-3594 69 27 gaps gap NOUN cana-3594 69 28 which which PRON cana-3594 69 29 might might AUX cana-3594 69 30 still still ADV cana-3594 69 31 be be AUX cana-3594 69 32 a a DET cana-3594 69 33 part part NOUN cana-3594 69 34 of of ADP cana-3594 69 35 the the DET cana-3594 69 36 process process NOUN cana-3594 69 37 . . PUNCT cana-3594 70 1 it it PRON cana-3594 70 2 is be AUX cana-3594 70 3 a a DET cana-3594 70 4 colossal colossal ADJ cana-3594 70 5 challenge challenge NOUN cana-3594 70 6 of of ADP cana-3594 70 7 striking strike VERB cana-3594 70 8 a a DET cana-3594 70 9 desire desire NOUN cana-3594 70 10 that that PRON cana-3594 70 11 must must AUX cana-3594 70 12 be be AUX cana-3594 70 13 balanced balance VERB cana-3594 70 14 mathematically mathematically ADV cana-3594 70 15 and and CCONJ cana-3594 70 16 understanding understand VERB cana-3594 70 17 the the DET cana-3594 70 18 impact impact NOUN cana-3594 70 19 of of ADP cana-3594 70 20 a a DET cana-3594 70 21 chosen choose VERB cana-3594 70 22 balancing balancing NOUN cana-3594 70 23 model model NOUN cana-3594 70 24 on on ADP cana-3594 70 25 society society NOUN cana-3594 70 26 . . PUNCT cana-3594 71 1 mathematical mathematical ADJ cana-3594 71 2 and and CCONJ cana-3594 71 3 statistical statistical ADJ cana-3594 71 4 models model NOUN cana-3594 71 5 for for ADP cana-3594 71 6 ensuring ensure VERB cana-3594 71 7 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 71 8 in in ADP cana-3594 71 9 computational computational ADJ cana-3594 71 10 models model NOUN cana-3594 71 11 1 1 NUM cana-3594 71 12 . . PUNCT cana-3594 71 13 mathematical mathematical ADJ cana-3594 71 14 model model NOUN cana-3594 71 15 : : PUNCT cana-3594 71 16 for for ADP cana-3594 71 17 the the DET cana-3594 71 18 formulation formulation NOUN cana-3594 71 19 and and CCONJ cana-3594 71 20 resolution resolution NOUN cana-3594 71 21 of of ADP cana-3594 71 22 issues issue NOUN cana-3594 71 23 pertaining pertain VERB cana-3594 71 24 to to PART cana-3594 71 25 bias bias VERB cana-3594 71 26 in in ADP cana-3594 71 27 computer computer NOUN cana-3594 71 28 systems system NOUN cana-3594 71 29 , , PUNCT cana-3594 71 30 mathematical mathematical ADJ cana-3594 71 31 models model NOUN cana-3594 71 32 offer offer VERB cana-3594 71 33 a a DET cana-3594 71 34 tangible tangible ADJ cana-3594 71 35 foundation foundation NOUN cana-3594 71 36 . . PUNCT cana-3594 72 1 in in ADP cana-3594 72 2 order order NOUN cana-3594 72 3 for for SCONJ cana-3594 72 4 them they PRON cana-3594 72 5 to to PART cana-3594 72 6 be be AUX cana-3594 72 7 modeled model VERB cana-3594 72 8 within within ADP cana-3594 72 9 optimization optimization NOUN cana-3594 72 10 frameworks framework NOUN cana-3594 72 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 72 12 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 72 13 is be AUX cana-3594 72 14 defined define VERB cana-3594 72 15 mathematically mathematically ADV cana-3594 72 16 along along ADP cana-3594 72 17 with with ADP cana-3594 72 18 particular particular ADJ cana-3594 72 19 criteria criterion NOUN cana-3594 72 20 and and CCONJ cana-3594 72 21 limitations limitation NOUN cana-3594 72 22 . . PUNCT cana-3594 73 1 therefore therefore ADV cana-3594 73 2 , , PUNCT cana-3594 73 3 definitions definition NOUN cana-3594 73 4 of of ADP cana-3594 73 5 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 73 6 are be AUX cana-3594 73 7 the the DET cana-3594 73 8 first first ADJ cana-3594 73 9 step step NOUN cana-3594 73 10 in in ADP cana-3594 73 11 mathematical mathematical ADJ cana-3594 73 12 modeling modeling NOUN cana-3594 73 13 . . PUNCT cana-3594 74 1 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 74 2 parity parity NOUN cana-3594 74 3 guarantees guarantee VERB cana-3594 74 4 that that SCONJ cana-3594 74 5 the the DET cana-3594 74 6 likelihood likelihood NOUN cana-3594 74 7 of of ADP cana-3594 74 8 a a DET cana-3594 74 9 favorable favorable ADJ cana-3594 74 10 result result NOUN cana-3594 74 11 is be AUX cana-3594 74 12 independent independent ADJ cana-3594 74 13 of of ADP cana-3594 74 14 the the DET cana-3594 74 15 sensitive sensitive ADJ cana-3594 74 16 characteristics characteristic NOUN cana-3594 74 17 . . PUNCT cana-3594 75 1 the the DET cana-3594 75 2 following follow VERB cana-3594 75 3 is be AUX cana-3594 75 4 a a DET cana-3594 75 5 simple simple ADJ cana-3594 75 6 mathematical mathematical ADJ cana-3594 75 7 definition definition NOUN cana-3594 75 8 of of ADP cana-3594 75 9 this this PRON cana-3594 75 10 : : PUNCT cana-3594 75 11 𝑃( 𝑃( X cana-3594 75 12 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 75 13 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 75 14 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 75 15 = = SYM cana-3594 75 16 1|𝐴 1|𝐴 NUM cana-3594 75 17 = = SYM cana-3594 75 18 π‘Ž π‘Ž NOUN cana-3594 75 19 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 75 20 = = SYM cana-3594 75 21 𝑃( 𝑃( NOUN cana-3594 75 22 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 75 23 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 75 24 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 75 25 = = SYM cana-3594 75 26 1|𝐴 1|𝐴 NUM cana-3594 75 27 = = SYM cana-3594 75 28 𝑏 𝑏 NOUN cana-3594 75 29 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 75 30 where where SCONJ cana-3594 75 31 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 75 32 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 75 33 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 75 34 represents represent VERB cana-3594 75 35 the the DET cana-3594 75 36 predicted predict VERB cana-3594 75 37 outcome outcome NOUN cana-3594 75 38 and and CCONJ cana-3594 75 39 a a DET cana-3594 75 40 the the DET cana-3594 75 41 sensitive sensitive ADJ cana-3594 75 42 attribute attribute NOUN cana-3594 75 43 . . PUNCT cana-3594 76 1 equalized equalize VERB cana-3594 76 2 odds odd NOUN cana-3594 76 3 , , PUNCT cana-3594 76 4 another another DET cana-3594 76 5 crucial crucial ADJ cana-3594 76 6 idea idea NOUN cana-3594 76 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 76 8 guarantees guarantee VERB cana-3594 76 9 that that SCONJ cana-3594 76 10 mistake mistake NOUN cana-3594 76 11 rates rate NOUN cana-3594 76 12 are be AUX cana-3594 76 13 the the DET cana-3594 76 14 same same ADJ cana-3594 76 15 for for ADP cana-3594 76 16 all all DET cana-3594 76 17 groups group NOUN cana-3594 76 18 . . PUNCT cana-3594 77 1 this this PRON cana-3594 77 2 is be AUX cana-3594 77 3 represented represent VERB cana-3594 77 4 by by ADP cana-3594 77 5 the the DET cana-3594 77 6 following follow VERB cana-3594 77 7 formulas formula NOUN cana-3594 77 8 : : PUNCT cana-3594 77 9 𝑃( 𝑃( X cana-3594 77 10 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 77 11 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 77 12 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 77 13 = = PUNCT cana-3594 78 1 1|π‘Œ 1|π‘Œ NUM cana-3594 78 2 = = SYM cana-3594 78 3 1 1 NUM cana-3594 78 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 78 5 𝐴 𝐴 NOUN cana-3594 78 6 = = SYM cana-3594 78 7 π‘Ž π‘Ž PROPN cana-3594 78 8 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 78 9 = = SYM cana-3594 78 10 𝑃( 𝑃( NOUN cana-3594 78 11 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 78 12 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 78 13 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 78 14 = = PUNCT cana-3594 79 1 1|π‘Œ 1|π‘Œ NUM cana-3594 79 2 = = SYM cana-3594 79 3 1 1 NUM cana-3594 79 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 79 5 𝐴 𝐴 NOUN cana-3594 79 6 = = SYM cana-3594 79 7 𝑏 𝑏 NOUN cana-3594 79 8 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 79 9 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 79 10 true true ADJ cana-3594 79 11 positive positive ADJ cana-3594 79 12 rates rate NOUN cana-3594 79 13 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 79 14 . . PUNCT cana-3594 80 1 𝑃( 𝑃( PROPN cana-3594 80 2 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 80 3 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 80 4 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 80 5 = = SYM cana-3594 80 6 0|π‘Œ 0|π‘Œ PROPN cana-3594 80 7 = = SYM cana-3594 80 8 0 0 NUM cana-3594 80 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 80 10 𝐴 𝐴 NOUN cana-3594 80 11 = = SYM cana-3594 80 12 π‘Ž π‘Ž PROPN cana-3594 80 13 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 80 14 = = SYM cana-3594 80 15 𝑃( 𝑃( NOUN cana-3594 80 16 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 80 17 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 80 18 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 80 19 = = SYM cana-3594 80 20 0|π‘Œ 0|π‘Œ PROPN cana-3594 80 21 = = SYM cana-3594 80 22 0 0 NUM cana-3594 80 23 , , PUNCT cana-3594 80 24 𝐴 𝐴 NOUN cana-3594 80 25 = = SYM cana-3594 80 26 𝑏 𝑏 NOUN cana-3594 80 27 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 80 28 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 80 29 true true ADJ cana-3594 80 30 negative negative ADJ cana-3594 80 31 rates rate NOUN cana-3594 80 32 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 80 33 . . PUNCT cana-3594 81 1 individual individual ADJ cana-3594 81 2 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 81 3 , , PUNCT cana-3594 81 4 on on ADP cana-3594 81 5 the the DET cana-3594 81 6 other other ADJ cana-3594 81 7 hand hand NOUN cana-3594 81 8 , , PUNCT cana-3594 81 9 guarantees guarantee VERB cana-3594 81 10 that that SCONJ cana-3594 81 11 similar similar ADJ cana-3594 81 12 people people NOUN cana-3594 81 13 get get VERB cana-3594 81 14 similar similar ADJ cana-3594 81 15 results result NOUN cana-3594 81 16 . . PUNCT cana-3594 82 1 this this PRON cana-3594 82 2 is be AUX cana-3594 82 3 stated state VERB cana-3594 82 4 as as ADP cana-3594 82 5 𝑑 𝑑 PROPN cana-3594 82 6 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 82 7 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 82 8 Μ‚ Μ‚ SYM cana-3594 82 9 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 82 10 (π‘₯𝑖 (π‘₯𝑖 NUM cana-3594 82 11 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 82 12 , , PUNCT cana-3594 82 13 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 82 14 Μ‚ Μ‚ SYM cana-3594 82 15 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 82 16 (π‘₯𝑗 (π‘₯𝑗 NUM cana-3594 82 17 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 82 18 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 83 1 ≀ ≀ PUNCT cana-3594 83 2 πœ– πœ– X cana-3594 83 3 βˆ™ βˆ™ PROPN cana-3594 83 4 𝑑(π‘₯𝑖 𝑑(π‘₯𝑖 PROPN cana-3594 83 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 83 6 π‘₯𝑗 π‘₯𝑗 PROPN cana-3594 83 7 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 83 8 , , PUNCT cana-3594 83 9 where where SCONJ cana-3594 83 10 𝑑(π‘₯𝑖 𝑑(π‘₯𝑖 NUM cana-3594 83 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 83 12 π‘₯𝑗 π‘₯𝑗 PRON cana-3594 83 13 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 83 14 represents represent VERB cana-3594 83 15 the the DET cana-3594 83 16 distance distance NOUN cana-3594 83 17 between between ADP cana-3594 83 18 two two NUM cana-3594 83 19 individuals individual NOUN cana-3594 83 20 in in ADP cana-3594 83 21 feature feature NOUN cana-3594 83 22 space space NOUN cana-3594 83 23 . . PUNCT cana-3594 84 1 several several ADJ cana-3594 84 2 popular popular ADJ cana-3594 84 3 approaches approach NOUN cana-3594 84 4 to to ADP cana-3594 84 5 putting put VERB cana-3594 84 6 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 84 7 restrictions restriction NOUN cana-3594 84 8 into into ADP cana-3594 84 9 practice practice NOUN cana-3594 84 10 make make VERB cana-3594 84 11 use use NOUN cana-3594 84 12 of of ADP cana-3594 84 13 mathematical mathematical ADJ cana-3594 84 14 optimization optimization NOUN cana-3594 84 15 techniques technique NOUN cana-3594 84 16 . . PUNCT cana-3594 85 1 usually usually ADV cana-3594 85 2 , , PUNCT cana-3594 85 3 the the DET cana-3594 85 4 objective objective ADJ cana-3594 85 5 function function NOUN cana-3594 85 6 is be AUX cana-3594 85 7 modified modify VERB cana-3594 85 8 with with ADP cana-3594 85 9 a a DET cana-3594 85 10 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 85 11 penalty penalty NOUN cana-3594 85 12 to to PART cana-3594 85 13 make make VERB cana-3594 85 14 the the DET cana-3594 85 15 change change NOUN cana-3594 85 16 . . PUNCT cana-3594 86 1 the the DET cana-3594 86 2 function function NOUN cana-3594 86 3 of of ADP cana-3594 86 4 generalized generalized ADJ cana-3594 86 5 objective objective NOUN cana-3594 86 6 is be AUX cana-3594 86 7 : : PUNCT cana-3594 86 8 πΏπ‘œπ‘ π‘  πΏπ‘œπ‘ π‘  PROPN cana-3594 86 9 = = SYM cana-3594 86 10 𝐿(πœ” 𝐿(πœ” PROPN cana-3594 86 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 86 12 𝑋 𝑋 PROPN cana-3594 86 13 , , PUNCT cana-3594 86 14 π‘Œ π‘Œ PROPN cana-3594 86 15 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 86 16 + + NUM cana-3594 87 1 Ξ» Ξ» X cana-3594 87 2 βˆ™ βˆ™ PROPN cana-3594 87 3 c(Ο‰ c(Ο‰ PROPN cana-3594 87 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 87 5 a a PRON cana-3594 87 6 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 87 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 87 8 where where SCONJ cana-3594 87 9 𝐿(πœ” 𝐿(πœ” NUM cana-3594 87 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 87 11 𝑋 𝑋 PROPN cana-3594 87 12 , , PUNCT cana-3594 87 13 π‘Œ π‘Œ PROPN cana-3594 87 14 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 87 15 denotes denote VERB cana-3594 87 16 the the DET cana-3594 87 17 predictive predictive ADJ cana-3594 87 18 loss loss NOUN cana-3594 87 19 , , PUNCT cana-3594 87 20 c(Ο‰ c(Ο‰ PROPN cana-3594 87 21 , , PUNCT cana-3594 87 22 a a PRON cana-3594 87 23 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 87 24 quantifies quantifie NOUN cana-3594 87 25 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 87 26 violations violation NOUN cana-3594 87 27 , , PUNCT cana-3594 87 28 and and CCONJ cana-3594 87 29 Ξ» Ξ» PROPN cana-3594 87 30 balances balance NOUN cana-3594 87 31 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 87 32 and and CCONJ cana-3594 87 33 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 87 34 . . PUNCT cana-3594 88 1 multi multi ADJ cana-3594 88 2 - - ADJ cana-3594 88 3 objective objective ADJ cana-3594 88 4 optimization optimization NOUN cana-3594 88 5 frameworks framework NOUN cana-3594 88 6 extend extend VERB cana-3594 88 7 this this PRON cana-3594 88 8 to to PART cana-3594 88 9 handle handle VERB cana-3594 88 10 multiple multiple ADJ cana-3594 88 11 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 88 12 constraints constraint NOUN cana-3594 88 13 simultaneously simultaneously ADV cana-3594 88 14 : : PUNCT cana-3594 88 15 π‘šπ‘–π‘›πœ” π‘šπ‘–π‘›πœ” NOUN cana-3594 88 16 𝛼 𝛼 PRON cana-3594 88 17 βˆ™ βˆ™ PROPN cana-3594 88 18 𝐿(πœ” 𝐿(πœ” PROPN cana-3594 88 19 , , PUNCT cana-3594 88 20 𝑋 𝑋 PROPN cana-3594 88 21 , , PUNCT cana-3594 88 22 π‘Œ π‘Œ PROPN cana-3594 88 23 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 88 24 + + NUM cana-3594 88 25 𝛽1 𝛽1 NOUN cana-3594 88 26 βˆ™ βˆ™ PROPN cana-3594 88 27 𝐢1(πœ” 𝐢1(πœ” PROPN cana-3594 88 28 , , PUNCT cana-3594 88 29 𝐴 𝐴 PROPN cana-3594 88 30 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 89 1 + + NUM cana-3594 89 2 𝛽2 𝛽2 PROPN cana-3594 89 3 βˆ™ βˆ™ PROPN cana-3594 89 4 𝐢2(πœ” 𝐢2(πœ” PROPN cana-3594 89 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 89 6 𝐴 𝐴 PROPN cana-3594 89 7 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 89 8 where where SCONJ cana-3594 89 9 Ξ±,𝛽1 Ξ±,𝛽1 PROPN cana-3594 89 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 89 11 𝛽2 𝛽2 NOUN cana-3594 89 12 are be AUX cana-3594 89 13 weights weight NOUN cana-3594 89 14 assigned assign VERB cana-3594 89 15 to to ADP cana-3594 89 16 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 89 17 and and CCONJ cana-3594 89 18 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 89 19 components component NOUN cana-3594 89 20 the the DET cana-3594 89 21 second second ADJ cana-3594 89 22 approach approach NOUN cana-3594 89 23 that that PRON cana-3594 89 24 showcases showcase VERB cana-3594 89 25 practical practical ADJ cana-3594 89 26 transparency transparency NOUN cana-3594 89 27 involves involve VERB cana-3594 89 28 adversarial adversarial ADJ cana-3594 89 29 debiasing debiasing NOUN cana-3594 89 30 , , PUNCT cana-3594 89 31 which which PRON cana-3594 89 32 , , PUNCT cana-3594 89 33 in in ADP cana-3594 89 34 practice practice NOUN cana-3594 89 35 , , PUNCT cana-3594 89 36 uses use VERB cana-3594 89 37 model model NOUN cana-3594 89 38 predictions prediction NOUN cana-3594 89 39 to to PART cana-3594 89 40 predict predict VERB cana-3594 89 41 sensitive sensitive ADJ cana-3594 89 42 information information NOUN cana-3594 89 43 . . PUNCT cana-3594 90 1 in in ADP cana-3594 90 2 this this DET cana-3594 90 3 case case NOUN cana-3594 90 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 90 5 the the DET cana-3594 90 6 main main ADJ cana-3594 90 7 model model NOUN cana-3594 90 8 seeks seek VERB cana-3594 90 9 to to PART cana-3594 90 10 lessen lessen VERB cana-3594 90 11 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 90 12 by by ADP cana-3594 90 13 toying toy VERB cana-3594 90 14 down down ADP cana-3594 90 15 the the DET cana-3594 90 16 performance performance NOUN cana-3594 90 17 of of ADP cana-3594 90 18 the the DET cana-3594 90 19 adversary adversary NOUN cana-3594 90 20 . . PUNCT cana-3594 91 1 this this PRON cana-3594 91 2 leads lead VERB cana-3594 91 3 to to ADP cana-3594 91 4 the the DET cana-3594 91 5 following follow VERB cana-3594 91 6 goal goal NOUN cana-3594 91 7 : : PUNCT cana-3594 91 8 communications communication NOUN cana-3594 91 9 on on ADP cana-3594 91 10 applied apply VERB cana-3594 91 11 nonlinear nonlinear ADJ cana-3594 91 12 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 91 13 issn issn NOUN cana-3594 91 14 : : PUNCT cana-3594 91 15 1074 1074 NUM cana-3594 91 16 - - PUNCT cana-3594 91 17 133x 133x NUM cana-3594 91 18 vol vol NOUN cana-3594 91 19 32 32 NUM cana-3594 91 20 no no NOUN cana-3594 91 21 . . NOUN cana-3594 91 22 3 3 NUM cana-3594 91 23 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 91 24 2025 2025 NUM cana-3594 91 25 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 92 1 717 717 NUM cana-3594 92 2 https://internationalpubls.com https://internationalpubls.com X cana-3594 92 3 π‘šπ‘–π‘›πœ” π‘šπ‘–π‘›πœ” NOUN cana-3594 92 4 𝐿(πœ” 𝐿(πœ” PROPN cana-3594 92 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 92 6 𝑋 𝑋 PROPN cana-3594 92 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 92 8 π‘Œ π‘Œ PROPN cana-3594 92 9 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 92 10 βˆ’ βˆ’ PROPN cana-3594 93 1 Ξ» Ξ» PROPN cana-3594 93 2 β‹… β‹… PROPN cana-3594 93 3 adv(Ο‰ adv(Ο‰ PROPN cana-3594 93 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 93 5 a a PRON cana-3594 93 6 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 93 7 2 2 NUM cana-3594 93 8 . . PUNCT cana-3594 93 9 statistical statistical ADJ cana-3594 93 10 models model NOUN cana-3594 93 11 : : PUNCT cana-3594 93 12 by by ADP cana-3594 93 13 providing provide VERB cana-3594 93 14 a a DET cana-3594 93 15 means means NOUN cana-3594 93 16 of of ADP cana-3594 93 17 quantifying quantify VERB cana-3594 93 18 and and CCONJ cana-3594 93 19 assessing assess VERB cana-3594 93 20 prejudice prejudice NOUN cana-3594 93 21 and and CCONJ cana-3594 93 22 implementing implement VERB cana-3594 93 23 measures measure NOUN cana-3594 93 24 to to PART cana-3594 93 25 mitigate mitigate VERB cana-3594 93 26 it it PRON cana-3594 93 27 through through ADP cana-3594 93 28 hypothesis hypothesis NOUN cana-3594 93 29 testing testing NOUN cana-3594 93 30 , , PUNCT cana-3594 93 31 statistical statistical ADJ cana-3594 93 32 models model NOUN cana-3594 93 33 advance advance VERB cana-3594 93 34 equity equity NOUN cana-3594 93 35 . . PUNCT cana-3594 94 1 the the DET cana-3594 94 2 divergent divergent ADJ cana-3594 94 3 effect effect NOUN cana-3594 94 4 ratio ratio NOUN cana-3594 94 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 94 6 which which PRON cana-3594 94 7 examines examine VERB cana-3594 94 8 the the DET cana-3594 94 9 proportion proportion NOUN cana-3594 94 10 of of ADP cana-3594 94 11 positive positive ADJ cana-3594 94 12 outcomes outcome NOUN cana-3594 94 13 among among ADP cana-3594 94 14 various various ADJ cana-3594 94 15 groups group NOUN cana-3594 94 16 , , PUNCT cana-3594 94 17 is be AUX cana-3594 94 18 one one NUM cana-3594 94 19 metric metric NOUN cana-3594 94 20 for for ADP cana-3594 94 21 identifying identify VERB cana-3594 94 22 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 94 23 . . PUNCT cana-3594 95 1 𝐷𝐼 𝐷𝐼 PROPN cana-3594 95 2 = = SYM cana-3594 95 3 𝑃( 𝑃( NOUN cana-3594 95 4 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 95 5 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 95 6 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 95 7 = = SYM cana-3594 95 8 1|𝐴 1|𝐴 NUM cana-3594 95 9 = = SYM cana-3594 95 10 π‘Ž π‘Ž NOUN cana-3594 95 11 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 95 12 𝑃( 𝑃( NOUN cana-3594 95 13 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 95 14 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 95 15 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 95 16 = = SYM cana-3594 95 17 1|𝐴 1|𝐴 NUM cana-3594 95 18 = = SYM cana-3594 95 19 𝑏 𝑏 NOUN cana-3594 95 20 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 95 21 the the DET cana-3594 95 22 value value NOUN cana-3594 95 23 below below ADP cana-3594 95 24 0.8 0.8 NUM cana-3594 95 25 indicate indicate VERB cana-3594 95 26 potential potential ADJ cana-3594 95 27 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 95 28 . . PUNCT cana-3594 96 1 calibration calibration NOUN cana-3594 96 2 ensures ensure VERB cana-3594 96 3 that that PRON cana-3594 96 4 predicted predict VERB cana-3594 96 5 probabilities probability NOUN cana-3594 96 6 are be AUX cana-3594 96 7 consistent consistent ADJ cana-3594 96 8 across across ADP cana-3594 96 9 groups group NOUN cana-3594 96 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 96 11 for for ADP cana-3594 96 12 instance instance NOUN cana-3594 96 13 : : PUNCT cana-3594 96 14 𝑃(π‘Œ 𝑃(π‘Œ X cana-3594 96 15 = = SYM cana-3594 96 16 1| 1| NUM cana-3594 96 17 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 96 18 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 96 19 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 96 20 = = SYM cana-3594 96 21 𝑝 𝑝 PROPN cana-3594 96 22 , , PUNCT cana-3594 96 23 𝐴 𝐴 NOUN cana-3594 96 24 = = SYM cana-3594 96 25 π‘Ž π‘Ž PROPN cana-3594 96 26 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 96 27 = = SYM cana-3594 96 28 𝑃(π‘Œ 𝑃(π‘Œ X cana-3594 96 29 = = SYM cana-3594 96 30 1| 1| NUM cana-3594 96 31 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 96 32 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 96 33 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 96 34 = = SYM cana-3594 96 35 𝑝 𝑝 PROPN cana-3594 96 36 , , PUNCT cana-3594 96 37 𝐴 𝐴 PROPN cana-3594 96 38 = = SYM cana-3594 96 39 𝑏 𝑏 NOUN cana-3594 96 40 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 96 41 , , PUNCT cana-3594 96 42 where where SCONJ cana-3594 96 43 y y PROPN cana-3594 96 44 is be AUX cana-3594 96 45 the the DET cana-3594 96 46 actual actual ADJ cana-3594 96 47 outcome outcome NOUN cana-3594 96 48 , , PUNCT cana-3594 96 49 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 96 50 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 96 51 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 96 52 is be AUX cana-3594 96 53 the the DET cana-3594 96 54 predicted predict VERB cana-3594 96 55 probability probability NOUN cana-3594 96 56 , , PUNCT cana-3594 96 57 and and CCONJ cana-3594 96 58 a a PRON cana-3594 96 59 is be AUX cana-3594 96 60 the the DET cana-3594 96 61 sensitive sensitive ADJ cana-3594 96 62 attribute attribute NOUN cana-3594 96 63 hypothesis hypothesis NOUN cana-3594 96 64 testing testing NOUN cana-3594 96 65 has have AUX cana-3594 96 66 become become VERB cana-3594 96 67 fairly fairly ADV cana-3594 96 68 prevalent prevalent ADJ cana-3594 96 69 for for ADP cana-3594 96 70 determining determine VERB cana-3594 96 71 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 96 72 against against ADP cana-3594 96 73 particular particular ADJ cana-3594 96 74 groups group NOUN cana-3594 96 75 . . PUNCT cana-3594 97 1 a a DET cana-3594 97 2 t t NOUN cana-3594 97 3 - - PUNCT cana-3594 97 4 test test NOUN cana-3594 97 5 basically basically ADV cana-3594 97 6 operates operate VERB cana-3594 97 7 in in ADP cana-3594 97 8 much much ADV cana-3594 97 9 the the DET cana-3594 97 10 same same ADJ cana-3594 97 11 way way NOUN cana-3594 97 12 , , PUNCT cana-3594 97 13 though though SCONJ cana-3594 97 14 assessing assess VERB cana-3594 97 15 the the DET cana-3594 97 16 difference difference NOUN cana-3594 97 17 of of ADP cana-3594 97 18 average average ADJ cana-3594 97 19 predictions prediction NOUN cana-3594 97 20 between between ADP cana-3594 97 21 different different ADJ cana-3594 97 22 groups group NOUN cana-3594 97 23 : : PUNCT cana-3594 97 24 𝐻0 𝐻0 PROPN cana-3594 97 25 : : PUNCT cana-3594 97 26 πœ‡π‘Ž πœ‡π‘Ž ADP cana-3594 97 27 = = SYM cana-3594 97 28 πœ‡π‘ πœ‡π‘ NOUN cana-3594 97 29 , , PUNCT cana-3594 97 30 𝐻1 𝐻1 PROPN cana-3594 97 31 : : PUNCT cana-3594 97 32 πœ‡π‘Ž πœ‡π‘Ž ADP cana-3594 97 33 β‰  β‰  PROPN cana-3594 97 34 πœ‡π‘ πœ‡π‘ VERB cana-3594 97 35 the the DET cana-3594 97 36 chi chi ADJ cana-3594 97 37 - - PUNCT cana-3594 97 38 square square ADJ cana-3594 97 39 test test NOUN cana-3594 97 40 determines determine VERB cana-3594 97 41 if if SCONJ cana-3594 97 42 there there PRON cana-3594 97 43 is be VERB cana-3594 97 44 a a DET cana-3594 97 45 significant significant ADJ cana-3594 97 46 difference difference NOUN cana-3594 97 47 between between ADP cana-3594 97 48 the the DET cana-3594 97 49 expected expect VERB cana-3594 97 50 and and CCONJ cana-3594 97 51 observed observe VERB cana-3594 97 52 outcomes outcome NOUN cana-3594 97 53 for for ADP cana-3594 97 54 each each DET cana-3594 97 55 group group NOUN cana-3594 97 56 . . PUNCT cana-3594 98 1 Ο‡2 Ο‡2 NOUN cana-3594 98 2 = = PUNCT cana-3594 98 3 βˆ‘ βˆ‘ PROPN cana-3594 98 4 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 98 5 𝑂 𝑂 PROPN cana-3594 98 6 βˆ’ βˆ’ PROPN cana-3594 98 7 𝐸)2 𝐸)2 PROPN cana-3594 98 8 𝐸 𝐸 PROPN cana-3594 98 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 98 10 where where SCONJ cana-3594 98 11 𝑂 𝑂 PROPN cana-3594 98 12 and and CCONJ cana-3594 98 13 𝐸 𝐸 PROPN cana-3594 98 14 are be AUX cana-3594 98 15 observed observe VERB cana-3594 98 16 and and CCONJ cana-3594 98 17 expected expect VERB cana-3594 98 18 frequencies frequency NOUN cana-3594 98 19 , , PUNCT cana-3594 98 20 respectively respectively ADV cana-3594 98 21 . . PUNCT cana-3594 99 1 the the DET cana-3594 99 2 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 99 3 of of ADP cana-3594 99 4 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 99 5 is be AUX cana-3594 99 6 improved improve VERB cana-3594 99 7 by by ADP cana-3594 99 8 regression regression NOUN cana-3594 99 9 models model NOUN cana-3594 99 10 . . PUNCT cana-3594 100 1 to to PART cana-3594 100 2 enforce enforce VERB cana-3594 100 3 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 100 4 restrictions restriction NOUN cana-3594 100 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 100 6 regularization regularization NOUN cana-3594 100 7 is be AUX cana-3594 100 8 added add VERB cana-3594 100 9 by by ADP cana-3594 100 10 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 100 11 - - PUNCT cana-3594 100 12 aware aware ADJ cana-3594 100 13 logistic logistic ADJ cana-3594 100 14 regression regression NOUN cana-3594 100 15 . . PUNCT cana-3594 101 1 𝐿(𝑀 𝐿(𝑀 X cana-3594 101 2 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 101 3 = = SYM cana-3594 102 1 βˆ’ βˆ’ PROPN cana-3594 102 2 βˆ‘[𝑦𝑖 βˆ‘[𝑦𝑖 NOUN cana-3594 102 3 log log NOUN cana-3594 102 4 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 102 5 𝑝𝑖 𝑝𝑖 NOUN cana-3594 102 6 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 102 7 + + CCONJ cana-3594 102 8 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 102 9 1 1 NUM cana-3594 102 10 βˆ’ βˆ’ NOUN cana-3594 102 11 𝑦𝑖 𝑦𝑖 PROPN cana-3594 102 12 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 102 13 log log NOUN cana-3594 102 14 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 102 15 1 1 NUM cana-3594 102 16 βˆ’ βˆ’ NOUN cana-3594 102 17 𝑝𝑖 𝑝𝑖 NOUN cana-3594 102 18 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 102 19 ] ] PUNCT cana-3594 103 1 + + CCONJ cana-3594 103 2 Ξ» Ξ» X cana-3594 103 3 β‹… β‹… PROPN cana-3594 103 4 c(w c(w PROPN cana-3594 103 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 103 6 a a PRON cana-3594 103 7 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 103 8 𝑛 𝑛 PRON cana-3594 103 9 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 PROPN cana-3594 103 10 3 3 X cana-3594 103 11 . . X cana-3594 103 12 integration integration NOUN cana-3594 103 13 of of ADP cana-3594 103 14 mathematical mathematical ADJ cana-3594 103 15 and and CCONJ cana-3594 103 16 statistical statistical ADJ cana-3594 103 17 models model NOUN cana-3594 103 18 : : PUNCT cana-3594 103 19 because because SCONJ cana-3594 103 20 both both CCONJ cana-3594 103 21 statistical statistical ADJ cana-3594 103 22 and and CCONJ cana-3594 103 23 mathematical mathematical ADJ cana-3594 103 24 models model NOUN cana-3594 103 25 are be AUX cana-3594 103 26 used use VERB cana-3594 103 27 , , PUNCT cana-3594 103 28 this this PRON cana-3594 103 29 enables enable VERB cana-3594 103 30 more more ADV cana-3594 103 31 comprehensive comprehensive ADJ cana-3594 103 32 conclusions conclusion NOUN cana-3594 103 33 about about ADP cana-3594 103 34 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 103 35 . . PUNCT cana-3594 104 1 while while SCONJ cana-3594 104 2 statistical statistical ADJ cana-3594 104 3 techniques technique NOUN cana-3594 104 4 enable enable VERB cana-3594 104 5 the the DET cana-3594 104 6 identification identification NOUN cana-3594 104 7 and and CCONJ cana-3594 104 8 assessment assessment NOUN cana-3594 104 9 of of ADP cana-3594 104 10 biases bias NOUN cana-3594 104 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 104 12 mathematical mathematical ADJ cana-3594 104 13 optimization optimization NOUN cana-3594 104 14 minimizes minimize VERB cana-3594 104 15 biases bias NOUN cana-3594 104 16 by by ADP cana-3594 104 17 introducing introduce VERB cana-3594 104 18 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 104 19 constraints constraint NOUN cana-3594 104 20 into into ADP cana-3594 104 21 model model NOUN cana-3594 104 22 training training NOUN cana-3594 104 23 . . PUNCT cana-3594 105 1 the the DET cana-3594 105 2 model model NOUN cana-3594 105 3 has have AUX cana-3594 105 4 undergone undergo VERB cana-3594 105 5 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 105 6 tests test NOUN cana-3594 105 7 and and CCONJ cana-3594 105 8 metrics metric NOUN cana-3594 105 9 to to PART cana-3594 105 10 confirm confirm VERB cana-3594 105 11 that that SCONJ cana-3594 105 12 it it PRON cana-3594 105 13 has have AUX cana-3594 105 14 attained attain VERB cana-3594 105 15 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 105 16 without without ADP cana-3594 105 17 suffering suffer VERB cana-3594 105 18 a a DET cana-3594 105 19 notable notable ADJ cana-3594 105 20 decline decline NOUN cana-3594 105 21 in in ADP cana-3594 105 22 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 105 23 . . PUNCT cana-3594 106 1 the the DET cana-3594 106 2 method method NOUN cana-3594 106 3 is be AUX cana-3594 106 4 designed design VERB cana-3594 106 5 to to PART cana-3594 106 6 help help VERB cana-3594 106 7 computational computational ADJ cana-3594 106 8 systems system NOUN cana-3594 106 9 make make VERB cana-3594 106 10 intelligent intelligent ADJ cana-3594 106 11 decisions decision NOUN cana-3594 106 12 without without ADP cana-3594 106 13 taking take VERB cana-3594 106 14 other other ADJ cana-3594 106 15 factors factor NOUN cana-3594 106 16 into into ADP cana-3594 106 17 account account NOUN cana-3594 106 18 . . PUNCT cana-3594 107 1 methodology methodology NOUN cana-3594 107 2 this this PRON cana-3594 107 3 is be AUX cana-3594 107 4 a a DET cana-3594 107 5 general general ADJ cana-3594 107 6 framework framework NOUN cana-3594 107 7 for for ADP cana-3594 107 8 the the DET cana-3594 107 9 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 107 10 problem problem NOUN cana-3594 107 11 in in ADP cana-3594 107 12 computational computational ADJ cana-3594 107 13 models model NOUN cana-3594 107 14 , , PUNCT cana-3594 107 15 based base VERB cana-3594 107 16 on on ADP cana-3594 107 17 theories theory NOUN cana-3594 107 18 from from ADP cana-3594 107 19 math math NOUN cana-3594 107 20 , , PUNCT cana-3594 107 21 stats stat NOUN cana-3594 107 22 and and CCONJ cana-3594 107 23 computer computer NOUN cana-3594 107 24 science science NOUN cana-3594 107 25 . . PUNCT cana-3594 108 1 this this DET cana-3594 108 2 framework framework NOUN cana-3594 108 3 is be AUX cana-3594 108 4 designed design VERB cana-3594 108 5 to to PART cana-3594 108 6 handle handle VERB cana-3594 108 7 biases bias NOUN cana-3594 108 8 in in ADP cana-3594 108 9 machine machine NOUN cana-3594 108 10 learning learn VERB cana-3594 108 11 systems system NOUN cana-3594 108 12 so so SCONJ cana-3594 108 13 that that SCONJ cana-3594 108 14 the the DET cana-3594 108 15 models model NOUN cana-3594 108 16 are be AUX cana-3594 108 17 fair fair ADJ cana-3594 108 18 and and CCONJ cana-3594 108 19 reliable reliable ADJ cana-3594 108 20 . . PUNCT cana-3594 109 1 in in ADP cana-3594 109 2 general general ADJ cana-3594 109 3 , , PUNCT cana-3594 109 4 the the DET cana-3594 109 5 approach approach NOUN cana-3594 109 6 is be AUX cana-3594 109 7 broken break VERB cana-3594 109 8 down down ADP cana-3594 109 9 into into ADP cana-3594 109 10 a a DET cana-3594 109 11 series series NOUN cana-3594 109 12 communications communication NOUN cana-3594 109 13 on on ADP cana-3594 109 14 applied apply VERB cana-3594 109 15 nonlinear nonlinear ADJ cana-3594 109 16 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 109 17 issn issn NOUN cana-3594 109 18 : : PUNCT cana-3594 109 19 1074 1074 NUM cana-3594 109 20 - - PUNCT cana-3594 109 21 133x 133x NUM cana-3594 109 22 vol vol NOUN cana-3594 109 23 32 32 NUM cana-3594 109 24 no no NOUN cana-3594 109 25 . . NOUN cana-3594 109 26 3 3 NUM cana-3594 109 27 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 109 28 2025 2025 NUM cana-3594 109 29 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 109 30 718 718 NUM cana-3594 109 31 https://internationalpubls.com https://internationalpubls.com X cana-3594 109 32 of of ADP cana-3594 109 33 steps step NOUN cana-3594 109 34 , , PUNCT cana-3594 109 35 each each PRON cana-3594 109 36 based base VERB cana-3594 109 37 on on ADP cana-3594 109 38 solid solid ADJ cana-3594 109 39 theoretical theoretical ADJ cana-3594 109 40 underpinnings underpinning NOUN cana-3594 109 41 and and CCONJ cana-3594 109 42 mathematical mathematical ADJ cana-3594 109 43 formulations formulation NOUN cana-3594 109 44 . . PUNCT cana-3594 110 1 first first ADV cana-3594 110 2 , , PUNCT cana-3594 110 3 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 110 4 is be AUX cana-3594 110 5 defined define VERB cana-3594 110 6 w.r.t w.r.t NOUN cana-3594 110 7 . . PUNCT cana-3594 111 1 various various ADJ cana-3594 111 2 metrics metric NOUN cana-3594 111 3 such such ADJ cana-3594 111 4 as as ADP cana-3594 111 5 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 111 6 parity parity NOUN cana-3594 111 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 111 8 equalized equalize VERB cana-3594 111 9 odds odd NOUN cana-3594 111 10 and and CCONJ cana-3594 111 11 individual individual ADJ cana-3594 111 12 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 111 13 . . PUNCT cana-3594 112 1 these these PRON cana-3594 112 2 capture capture VERB cana-3594 112 3 the the DET cana-3594 112 4 many many ADJ cana-3594 112 5 notions notion NOUN cana-3594 112 6 of of ADP cana-3594 112 7 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 112 8 : : PUNCT cana-3594 112 9 from from ADP cana-3594 112 10 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 112 11 across across ADP cana-3594 112 12 groups group NOUN cana-3594 112 13 to to PART cana-3594 112 14 fairness fairness VERB cana-3594 112 15 to to ADP cana-3594 112 16 similar similar ADJ cana-3594 112 17 individuals individual NOUN cana-3594 112 18 . . PUNCT cana-3594 113 1 these these DET cana-3594 113 2 definitions definition NOUN cana-3594 113 3 provide provide VERB cana-3594 113 4 the the DET cana-3594 113 5 theoretical theoretical ADJ cana-3594 113 6 basis basis NOUN cana-3594 113 7 for for ADP cana-3594 113 8 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 113 9 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 113 10 in in ADP cana-3594 113 11 machine machine NOUN cana-3594 113 12 learning learning NOUN cana-3594 113 13 . . PUNCT cana-3594 114 1 then then ADV cana-3594 114 2 comes come VERB cana-3594 114 3 the the DET cana-3594 114 4 actual actual ADJ cana-3594 114 5 deployment deployment NOUN cana-3594 114 6 of of ADP cana-3594 114 7 statistical statistical ADJ cana-3594 114 8 methods method NOUN cana-3594 114 9 to to PART cana-3594 114 10 find find VERB cana-3594 114 11 discrepancies discrepancy NOUN cana-3594 114 12 in in ADP cana-3594 114 13 datasets dataset NOUN cana-3594 114 14 and and CCONJ cana-3594 114 15 models model NOUN cana-3594 114 16 . . PUNCT cana-3594 115 1 descriptive descriptive ADJ cana-3594 115 2 stats stat NOUN cana-3594 115 3 , , PUNCT cana-3594 115 4 hypothesis hypothesis NOUN cana-3594 115 5 testing testing NOUN cana-3594 115 6 and and CCONJ cana-3594 115 7 visualization visualization NOUN cana-3594 115 8 are be AUX cana-3594 115 9 some some PRON cana-3594 115 10 of of ADP cana-3594 115 11 the the DET cana-3594 115 12 techniques technique NOUN cana-3594 115 13 that that PRON cana-3594 115 14 give give VERB cana-3594 115 15 quantitative quantitative ADJ cana-3594 115 16 insights insight NOUN cana-3594 115 17 into into ADP cana-3594 115 18 the the DET cana-3594 115 19 presence presence NOUN cana-3594 115 20 and and CCONJ cana-3594 115 21 extent extent NOUN cana-3594 115 22 of of ADP cana-3594 115 23 disparities disparity NOUN cana-3594 115 24 . . PUNCT cana-3594 116 1 independence independence NOUN cana-3594 116 2 of of ADP cana-3594 116 3 model model NOUN cana-3594 116 4 outputs output NOUN cana-3594 116 5 with with ADP cana-3594 116 6 respect respect NOUN cana-3594 116 7 to to ADP cana-3594 116 8 sensitive sensitive ADJ cana-3594 116 9 attributes attribute NOUN cana-3594 116 10 can can AUX cana-3594 116 11 be be AUX cana-3594 116 12 obtained obtain VERB cana-3594 116 13 as as ADP cana-3594 116 14 an an DET cana-3594 116 15 output output NOUN cana-3594 116 16 using use VERB cana-3594 116 17 hypothesis hypothesis NOUN cana-3594 116 18 tests test NOUN cana-3594 116 19 such such ADJ cana-3594 116 20 as as ADP cana-3594 116 21 chi chi ADJ cana-3594 116 22 - - PUNCT cana-3594 116 23 square square ADJ cana-3594 116 24 tests test NOUN cana-3594 116 25 , , PUNCT cana-3594 116 26 whereas whereas SCONJ cana-3594 116 27 distributional distributional ADJ cana-3594 116 28 tests test NOUN cana-3594 116 29 like like ADP cana-3594 116 30 kolmogorov kolmogorov ADJ cana-3594 116 31 - - PUNCT cana-3594 116 32 smirnov smirnov PROPN cana-3594 116 33 test test NOUN cana-3594 116 34 the the DET cana-3594 116 35 differences difference NOUN cana-3594 116 36 across across ADP cana-3594 116 37 groups group NOUN cana-3594 116 38 . . PUNCT cana-3594 117 1 it it PRON cana-3594 117 2 also also ADV cana-3594 117 3 includes include VERB cana-3594 117 4 methodology methodology NOUN cana-3594 117 5 on on ADP cana-3594 117 6 modeling modeling NOUN cana-3594 117 7 and and CCONJ cana-3594 117 8 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 117 9 mitigation mitigation NOUN cana-3594 117 10 strategies strategy NOUN cana-3594 117 11 which which PRON cana-3594 117 12 includes include VERB cana-3594 117 13 changes change NOUN cana-3594 117 14 in in ADP cana-3594 117 15 pre pre ADJ cana-3594 117 16 - - ADJ cana-3594 117 17 processing processing ADJ cana-3594 117 18 data datum NOUN cana-3594 117 19 , , PUNCT cana-3594 117 20 in in ADP cana-3594 117 21 - - PUNCT cana-3594 117 22 processing processing NOUN cana-3594 117 23 changes change NOUN cana-3594 117 24 in in ADP cana-3594 117 25 models model NOUN cana-3594 117 26 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 117 27 perhaps perhaps ADV cana-3594 117 28 adding add VERB cana-3594 117 29 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 117 30 constraints constraint NOUN cana-3594 117 31 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 117 32 and and CCONJ cana-3594 117 33 post post ADJ cana-3594 117 34 - - ADJ cana-3594 117 35 processing processing ADJ cana-3594 117 36 adjustments adjustment NOUN cana-3594 117 37 to to ADP cana-3594 117 38 the the DET cana-3594 117 39 outputs output NOUN cana-3594 117 40 . . PUNCT cana-3594 118 1 in in ADP cana-3594 118 2 each each PRON cana-3594 118 3 of of ADP cana-3594 118 4 these these DET cana-3594 118 5 stages stage NOUN cana-3594 118 6 , , PUNCT cana-3594 118 7 there there PRON cana-3594 118 8 are be VERB cana-3594 118 9 mathematical mathematical ADJ cana-3594 118 10 optimization optimization NOUN cana-3594 118 11 techniques technique NOUN cana-3594 118 12 that that PRON cana-3594 118 13 include include VERB cana-3594 118 14 regularization regularization NOUN cana-3594 118 15 that that PRON cana-3594 118 16 makes make VERB cana-3594 118 17 a a DET cana-3594 118 18 trade trade NOUN cana-3594 118 19 - - PUNCT cana-3594 118 20 off off NOUN cana-3594 118 21 between between ADP cana-3594 118 22 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 118 23 and and CCONJ cana-3594 118 24 performance performance NOUN cana-3594 118 25 . . PUNCT cana-3594 119 1 finally finally ADV cana-3594 119 2 , , PUNCT cana-3594 119 3 robustness robustness NOUN cana-3594 119 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 119 5 generalizability generalizability NOUN cana-3594 119 6 and and CCONJ cana-3594 119 7 sensitivity sensitivity NOUN cana-3594 119 8 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 119 9 to to PART cana-3594 119 10 make make VERB cana-3594 119 11 this this DET cana-3594 119 12 framework framework NOUN cana-3594 119 13 applicable applicable ADJ cana-3594 119 14 to to ADP cana-3594 119 15 real real ADJ cana-3594 119 16 world world NOUN cana-3594 119 17 . . PUNCT cana-3594 120 1 step step NOUN cana-3594 120 2 1 1 NUM cana-3594 120 3 : : PUNCT cana-3594 120 4 problem problem NOUN cana-3594 120 5 formulation formulation NOUN cana-3594 120 6 and and CCONJ cana-3594 120 7 defining define VERB cana-3594 120 8 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 120 9 : : PUNCT cana-3594 120 10 the the DET cana-3594 120 11 idea idea NOUN cana-3594 120 12 of of ADP cana-3594 120 13 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 120 14 in in ADP cana-3594 120 15 computational computational ADJ cana-3594 120 16 systems system NOUN cana-3594 120 17 draws draw VERB cana-3594 120 18 from from ADP cana-3594 120 19 ethical ethical ADJ cana-3594 120 20 principles principle NOUN cana-3594 120 21 of of ADP cana-3594 120 22 equity equity NOUN cana-3594 120 23 and and CCONJ cana-3594 120 24 justice justice NOUN cana-3594 120 25 . . PUNCT cana-3594 121 1 these these DET cana-3594 121 2 concepts concept NOUN cana-3594 121 3 are be AUX cana-3594 121 4 then then ADV cana-3594 121 5 translated translate VERB cana-3594 121 6 into into ADP cana-3594 121 7 specific specific ADJ cana-3594 121 8 definitions definition NOUN cana-3594 121 9 relevant relevant ADJ cana-3594 121 10 to to ADP cana-3594 121 11 machine machine NOUN cana-3594 121 12 learning learning NOUN cana-3594 121 13 . . PUNCT cana-3594 122 1 the the DET cana-3594 122 2 theoretical theoretical ADJ cana-3594 122 3 foundations foundation NOUN cana-3594 122 4 include include VERB cana-3594 122 5 : : PUNCT cana-3594 122 6 1 1 X cana-3594 122 7 . . X cana-3594 122 8 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 122 9 parity parity NOUN cana-3594 122 10 : : PUNCT cana-3594 122 11 based base VERB cana-3594 122 12 on on ADP cana-3594 122 13 distributive distributive ADJ cana-3594 122 14 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 122 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 122 16 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 122 17 parity parity NOUN cana-3594 122 18 requires require VERB cana-3594 122 19 that that PRON cana-3594 122 20 protected protect VERB cana-3594 122 21 traits trait NOUN cana-3594 122 22 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 122 23 e.g. e.g. ADV cana-3594 122 24 , , PUNCT cana-3594 122 25 gender gender NOUN cana-3594 122 26 or or CCONJ cana-3594 122 27 ethnicity ethnicity NOUN cana-3594 122 28 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 122 29 have have VERB cana-3594 122 30 no no DET cana-3594 122 31 impact impact NOUN cana-3594 122 32 on on ADP cana-3594 122 33 outcomes outcome NOUN cana-3594 122 34 . . PUNCT cana-3594 123 1 regarding regard VERB cana-3594 123 2 math math NOUN cana-3594 123 3 ’s ’s PART cana-3594 123 4 𝑃( 𝑃( PROPN cana-3594 123 5 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 123 6 Μ‚ Μ‚ PROPN cana-3594 123 7 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 123 8 = = SYM cana-3594 123 9 1|𝐴 1|𝐴 NUM cana-3594 123 10 = = SYM cana-3594 123 11 π‘Ž π‘Ž NOUN cana-3594 123 12 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 123 13 = = SYM cana-3594 123 14 𝑃( 𝑃( NOUN cana-3594 123 15 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 123 16 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 123 17 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 123 18 = = SYM cana-3594 123 19 1|𝐴 1|𝐴 NUM cana-3594 123 20 = = SYM cana-3594 123 21 𝑏 𝑏 NOUN cana-3594 123 22 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 123 23 where where SCONJ cana-3594 123 24 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 123 25 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 123 26 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 123 27 represents represent VERB cana-3594 123 28 the the DET cana-3594 123 29 predicted predict VERB cana-3594 123 30 outcome outcome NOUN cana-3594 123 31 and and CCONJ cana-3594 123 32 a a DET cana-3594 123 33 the the DET cana-3594 123 34 protected protect VERB cana-3594 123 35 attribute attribute NOUN cana-3594 123 36 . . PUNCT cana-3594 124 1 2 2 X cana-3594 124 2 . . NUM cana-3594 124 3 equalized equalize VERB cana-3594 124 4 odds odd NOUN cana-3594 124 5 : : PUNCT cana-3594 124 6 by by ADP cana-3594 124 7 ensuring ensure VERB cana-3594 124 8 that that SCONJ cana-3594 124 9 a a DET cana-3594 124 10 model model NOUN cana-3594 124 11 's 's PART cana-3594 124 12 error error NOUN cana-3594 124 13 rates rate NOUN cana-3594 124 14 are be AUX cana-3594 124 15 same same ADJ cana-3594 124 16 across across ADP cana-3594 124 17 groups group NOUN cana-3594 124 18 , , PUNCT cana-3594 124 19 this this DET cana-3594 124 20 statistic statistic NOUN cana-3594 124 21 addresses address VERB cana-3594 124 22 procedural procedural ADJ cana-3594 124 23 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 124 24 . . PUNCT cana-3594 125 1 it it PRON cana-3594 125 2 could could AUX cana-3594 125 3 be be AUX cana-3594 125 4 expressed express VERB cana-3594 125 5 as as ADP cana-3594 125 6 𝑃( 𝑃( X cana-3594 125 7 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 125 8 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 125 9 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 125 10 = = PUNCT cana-3594 126 1 1|π‘Œ 1|π‘Œ NUM cana-3594 126 2 = = SYM cana-3594 126 3 𝑦 𝑦 NOUN cana-3594 126 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 126 5 𝐴 𝐴 PROPN cana-3594 126 6 = = SYM cana-3594 126 7 π‘Ž π‘Ž PROPN cana-3594 126 8 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 126 9 = = SYM cana-3594 126 10 𝑃( 𝑃( NOUN cana-3594 126 11 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 126 12 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 126 13 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 126 14 = = PUNCT cana-3594 126 15 1|π‘Œ 1|π‘Œ NUM cana-3594 126 16 = = SYM cana-3594 126 17 𝑦 𝑦 NOUN cana-3594 126 18 , , PUNCT cana-3594 126 19 𝐴 𝐴 PROPN cana-3594 126 20 = = SYM cana-3594 126 21 𝑏 𝑏 NOUN cana-3594 126 22 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 126 23 for for ADP cana-3594 126 24 y∈{0,1 y∈{0,1 NOUN cana-3594 126 25 } } PUNCT cana-3594 126 26 , , PUNCT cana-3594 126 27 where where SCONJ cana-3594 126 28 y y PROPN cana-3594 126 29 represents represent VERB cana-3594 126 30 the the DET cana-3594 126 31 true true ADJ cana-3594 126 32 label label NOUN cana-3594 126 33 3 3 NUM cana-3594 126 34 . . PUNCT cana-3594 126 35 individual individual ADJ cana-3594 126 36 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 126 37 : : PUNCT cana-3594 126 38 individual individual ADJ cana-3594 126 39 justice justice NOUN cana-3594 126 40 guarantees guarantee VERB cana-3594 126 41 comparable comparable ADJ cana-3594 126 42 results result NOUN cana-3594 126 43 for for ADP cana-3594 126 44 comparable comparable ADJ cana-3594 126 45 individuals individual NOUN cana-3594 126 46 , , PUNCT cana-3594 126 47 drawing draw VERB cana-3594 126 48 inspiration inspiration NOUN cana-3594 126 49 from from ADP cana-3594 126 50 aristotle aristotle PROPN cana-3594 126 51 's 's PART cana-3594 126 52 idea idea NOUN cana-3594 126 53 of of ADP cana-3594 126 54 treating treat VERB cana-3594 126 55 like like ADP cana-3594 126 56 instances instance NOUN cana-3594 126 57 similarly similarly ADV cana-3594 126 58 . . PUNCT cana-3594 127 1 applying apply VERB cana-3594 127 2 the the DET cana-3594 127 3 distance distance NOUN cana-3594 127 4 metric metric ADJ cana-3594 127 5 d d X cana-3594 127 6 𝒅 𝒅 X cana-3594 127 7 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 127 8 𝒇(π’™π’Š 𝒇(π’™π’Š NOUN cana-3594 127 9 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 127 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 127 11 𝒇(𝒙𝒋 𝒇(𝒙𝒋 NUM cana-3594 127 12 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 127 13 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 127 14 ≀ ≀ NUM cana-3594 128 1 𝝐 𝝐 X cana-3594 128 2 , , PUNCT cana-3594 128 3 βˆ€π’™π’Š βˆ€π’™π’Š PRON cana-3594 128 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 128 5 𝒙𝒋 𝒙𝒋 X cana-3594 128 6 ∈ ∈ PROPN cana-3594 128 7 x x SYM cana-3594 128 8 where where SCONJ cana-3594 128 9 𝑓(π‘₯ 𝑓(π‘₯ NOUN cana-3594 128 10 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 128 11 is be AUX cana-3594 128 12 the the DET cana-3594 128 13 prediction prediction NOUN cana-3594 128 14 function function NOUN cana-3594 128 15 step step NOUN cana-3594 128 16 2 2 NUM cana-3594 128 17 : : PUNCT cana-3594 128 18 dataset dataset NOUN cana-3594 128 19 selection selection NOUN cana-3594 128 20 and and CCONJ cana-3594 128 21 statistical statistical ADJ cana-3594 128 22 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 128 23 detection detection NOUN cana-3594 128 24 : : PUNCT cana-3594 128 25 dataset dataset NOUN cana-3594 128 26 selection selection NOUN cana-3594 128 27 : : PUNCT cana-3594 128 28 biased biased ADJ cana-3594 128 29 historical historical ADJ cana-3594 128 30 data datum NOUN cana-3594 128 31 , , PUNCT cana-3594 128 32 such such ADJ cana-3594 128 33 as as ADP cana-3594 128 34 compas compa NOUN cana-3594 128 35 for for ADP cana-3594 128 36 criminal criminal ADJ cana-3594 128 37 justice justice NOUN cana-3594 128 38 and and CCONJ cana-3594 128 39 uci uci PROPN cana-3594 128 40 adult adult PROPN cana-3594 128 41 for for ADP cana-3594 128 42 income income NOUN cana-3594 128 43 prediction prediction NOUN cana-3594 128 44 , , PUNCT cana-3594 128 45 facilitates facilitate VERB cana-3594 128 46 the the DET cana-3594 128 47 exploration exploration NOUN cana-3594 128 48 of of ADP cana-3594 128 49 these these DET cana-3594 128 50 aspects aspect NOUN cana-3594 128 51 of of ADP cana-3594 128 52 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 128 53 . . PUNCT cana-3594 129 1 these these DET cana-3594 129 2 datasets dataset NOUN cana-3594 129 3 provide provide VERB cana-3594 129 4 insights insight NOUN cana-3594 129 5 into into ADP cana-3594 129 6 how how SCONJ cana-3594 129 7 the the DET cana-3594 129 8 systems system NOUN cana-3594 129 9 maintain maintain VERB cana-3594 129 10 inequity inequity NOUN cana-3594 129 11 and and CCONJ cana-3594 129 12 underrepresentation underrepresentation NOUN cana-3594 129 13 in in ADP cana-3594 129 14 certain certain ADJ cana-3594 129 15 groups group NOUN cana-3594 129 16 . . PUNCT cana-3594 130 1 statistical statistical ADJ cana-3594 130 2 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 130 3 : : PUNCT cana-3594 130 4 to to PART cana-3594 130 5 find find VERB cana-3594 130 6 biases bias NOUN cana-3594 130 7 in in ADP cana-3594 130 8 datasets dataset NOUN cana-3594 130 9 and and CCONJ cana-3594 130 10 models model NOUN cana-3594 130 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 130 12 statistical statistical ADJ cana-3594 130 13 techniques technique NOUN cana-3594 130 14 are be AUX cana-3594 130 15 used use VERB cana-3594 130 16 . . PUNCT cana-3594 131 1 communications communication NOUN cana-3594 131 2 on on ADP cana-3594 131 3 applied apply VERB cana-3594 131 4 nonlinear nonlinear ADJ cana-3594 131 5 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 131 6 issn issn NOUN cana-3594 131 7 : : PUNCT cana-3594 131 8 1074 1074 NUM cana-3594 131 9 - - PUNCT cana-3594 131 10 133x 133x NUM cana-3594 131 11 vol vol NOUN cana-3594 131 12 32 32 NUM cana-3594 131 13 no no NOUN cana-3594 131 14 . . NOUN cana-3594 131 15 3 3 NUM cana-3594 131 16 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 131 17 2025 2025 NUM cana-3594 131 18 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 132 1 719 719 NUM cana-3594 132 2 https://internationalpubls.com https://internationalpubls.com X cana-3594 132 3 1 1 NUM cana-3594 132 4 . . PUNCT cana-3594 132 5 descriptive descriptive ADJ cana-3594 132 6 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 132 7 and and CCONJ cana-3594 132 8 hypothesis hypothesis NOUN cana-3594 132 9 testing testing NOUN cana-3594 132 10 : : PUNCT cana-3594 132 11 it it PRON cana-3594 132 12 has have AUX cana-3594 132 13 been be AUX cana-3594 132 14 possible possible ADJ cana-3594 132 15 not not PART cana-3594 132 16 only only ADV cana-3594 132 17 to to PART cana-3594 132 18 study study VERB cana-3594 132 19 differences difference NOUN cana-3594 132 20 between between ADP cana-3594 132 21 distributions distribution NOUN cana-3594 132 22 from from ADP cana-3594 132 23 different different ADJ cana-3594 132 24 datasets dataset NOUN cana-3594 132 25 but but CCONJ cana-3594 132 26 also also ADV cana-3594 132 27 to to PART cana-3594 132 28 perform perform VERB cana-3594 132 29 statistical statistical ADJ cana-3594 132 30 applications application NOUN cana-3594 132 31 like like ADP cana-3594 132 32 kolmogorov kolmogorov NOUN cana-3594 132 33 - - PUNCT cana-3594 132 34 smirnov smirnov PROPN cana-3594 132 35 and and CCONJ cana-3594 132 36 chi chi ADJ cana-3594 132 37 - - PUNCT cana-3594 132 38 square square ADJ cana-3594 132 39 tests test NOUN cana-3594 132 40 . . PUNCT cana-3594 133 1 for for ADP cana-3594 133 2 instance instance NOUN cana-3594 133 3 , , PUNCT cana-3594 133 4 it it PRON cana-3594 133 5 measures measure VERB cana-3594 133 6 the the DET cana-3594 133 7 chi chi ADJ cana-3594 133 8 - - PUNCT cana-3594 133 9 square square ADJ cana-3594 133 10 test test NOUN cana-3594 133 11 : : PUNCT cana-3594 133 12 Ο‡2 Ο‡2 PROPN cana-3594 133 13 = = SYM cana-3594 133 14 βˆ‘ βˆ‘ PROPN cana-3594 133 15 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 133 16 𝑂 𝑂 PROPN cana-3594 133 17 βˆ’ βˆ’ PROPN cana-3594 133 18 𝐸)2 𝐸)2 PROPN cana-3594 133 19 𝐸 𝐸 PROPN cana-3594 133 20 2 2 NUM cana-3594 133 21 . . PUNCT cana-3594 133 22 causal causal ADJ cana-3594 133 23 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 133 24 the the DET cana-3594 133 25 methodology methodology NOUN cana-3594 133 26 is be AUX cana-3594 133 27 based base VERB cana-3594 133 28 on on ADP cana-3594 133 29 a a DET cana-3594 133 30 causal causal ADJ cana-3594 133 31 inference inference NOUN cana-3594 133 32 methodology methodology NOUN cana-3594 133 33 , , PUNCT cana-3594 133 34 an an DET cana-3594 133 35 important important ADJ cana-3594 133 36 technique technique NOUN cana-3594 133 37 for for ADP cana-3594 133 38 the the DET cana-3594 133 39 detection detection NOUN cana-3594 133 40 of of ADP cana-3594 133 41 latent latent NOUN cana-3594 133 42 biases bias NOUN cana-3594 133 43 using use VERB cana-3594 133 44 dags dag NOUN cana-3594 133 45 and and CCONJ cana-3594 133 46 counterfactual counterfactual ADJ cana-3594 133 47 simulations simulation NOUN cana-3594 133 48 . . PUNCT cana-3594 134 1 this this PRON cana-3594 134 2 will will AUX cana-3594 134 3 be be AUX cana-3594 134 4 isolating isolate VERB cana-3594 134 5 the the DET cana-3594 134 6 influence influence NOUN cana-3594 134 7 of of ADP cana-3594 134 8 sensitive sensitive ADJ cana-3594 134 9 attributes attribute NOUN cana-3594 134 10 . . PUNCT cana-3594 135 1 the the DET cana-3594 135 2 researchers researcher NOUN cana-3594 135 3 can can AUX cana-3594 135 4 hence hence ADV cana-3594 135 5 distinguish distinguish VERB cana-3594 135 6 between between ADP cana-3594 135 7 spurious spurious ADJ cana-3594 135 8 and and CCONJ cana-3594 135 9 authentic authentic ADJ cana-3594 135 10 correlations correlation NOUN cana-3594 135 11 . . PUNCT cana-3594 136 1 however however ADV cana-3594 136 2 , , PUNCT cana-3594 136 3 some some DET cana-3594 136 4 challenges challenge NOUN cana-3594 136 5 still still ADV cana-3594 136 6 remain remain VERB cana-3594 136 7 . . PUNCT cana-3594 137 1 whereas whereas SCONJ cana-3594 137 2 the the DET cana-3594 137 3 process process NOUN cana-3594 137 4 may may AUX cana-3594 137 5 be be AUX cana-3594 137 6 effective effective ADJ cana-3594 137 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 137 8 it it PRON cana-3594 137 9 is be AUX cana-3594 137 10 somewhat somewhat ADV cana-3594 137 11 intricate intricate ADJ cana-3594 137 12 as as SCONJ cana-3594 137 13 it it PRON cana-3594 137 14 requires require VERB cana-3594 137 15 thoughtfulness thoughtfulness NOUN cana-3594 137 16 in in ADP cana-3594 137 17 the the DET cana-3594 137 18 underlying underlying ADJ cana-3594 137 19 data data NOUN cana-3594 137 20 structures structure NOUN cana-3594 137 21 . . PUNCT cana-3594 138 1 3 3 X cana-3594 138 2 . . X cana-3594 138 3 visualization visualization NOUN cana-3594 138 4 and and CCONJ cana-3594 138 5 dynamic dynamic ADJ cana-3594 138 6 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 138 7 monitoring monitoring NOUN cana-3594 138 8 : : PUNCT cana-3594 138 9 visual visual ADJ cana-3594 138 10 technologies technology NOUN cana-3594 138 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 138 12 including include VERB cana-3594 138 13 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 138 14 dashboards dashboard NOUN cana-3594 138 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 138 16 incorporate incorporate VERB cana-3594 138 17 real real ADJ cana-3594 138 18 - - PUNCT cana-3594 138 19 time time NOUN cana-3594 138 20 tracking tracking NOUN cana-3594 138 21 of of ADP cana-3594 138 22 dynamic dynamic ADJ cana-3594 138 23 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 138 24 metrics metric NOUN cana-3594 138 25 . . PUNCT cana-3594 139 1 it it PRON cana-3594 139 2 aids aid VERB cana-3594 139 3 in in ADP cana-3594 139 4 the the DET cana-3594 139 5 ongoing ongoing ADJ cana-3594 139 6 identification identification NOUN cana-3594 139 7 of of ADP cana-3594 139 8 biases bias NOUN cana-3594 139 9 in in ADP cana-3594 139 10 dynamic dynamic ADJ cana-3594 139 11 data datum NOUN cana-3594 139 12 . . PUNCT cana-3594 140 1 the the DET cana-3594 140 2 problem problem NOUN cana-3594 140 3 is be AUX cana-3594 140 4 that that SCONJ cana-3594 140 5 there there PRON cana-3594 140 6 can can AUX cana-3594 140 7 be be AUX cana-3594 140 8 a a DET cana-3594 140 9 lot lot NOUN cana-3594 140 10 of of ADP cana-3594 140 11 biases bias NOUN cana-3594 140 12 , , PUNCT cana-3594 140 13 thus thus ADV cana-3594 140 14 it it PRON cana-3594 140 15 's be AUX cana-3594 140 16 necessary necessary ADJ cana-3594 140 17 to to PART cana-3594 140 18 continuously continuously ADV cana-3594 140 19 analyze analyze VERB cana-3594 140 20 these these DET cana-3594 140 21 data datum NOUN cana-3594 140 22 . . PUNCT cana-3594 141 1 although although SCONJ cana-3594 141 2 promising promise VERB cana-3594 141 3 , , PUNCT cana-3594 141 4 the the DET cana-3594 141 5 quality quality NOUN cana-3594 141 6 of of ADP cana-3594 141 7 the the DET cana-3594 141 8 technology technology NOUN cana-3594 141 9 depends depend VERB cana-3594 141 10 on on ADP cana-3594 141 11 the the DET cana-3594 141 12 quality quality NOUN cana-3594 141 13 of of ADP cana-3594 141 14 the the DET cana-3594 141 15 data datum NOUN cana-3594 141 16 . . PUNCT cana-3594 142 1 because because SCONJ cana-3594 142 2 of of ADP cana-3594 142 3 this this PRON cana-3594 142 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 142 5 the the DET cana-3594 142 6 researchers researcher NOUN cana-3594 142 7 should should AUX cana-3594 142 8 be be AUX cana-3594 142 9 extremely extremely ADV cana-3594 142 10 watchful watchful ADJ cana-3594 142 11 when when SCONJ cana-3594 142 12 doing do VERB cana-3594 142 13 their their PRON cana-3594 142 14 studies study NOUN cana-3594 142 15 and and CCONJ cana-3594 142 16 make make VERB cana-3594 142 17 sure sure ADJ cana-3594 142 18 that that SCONJ cana-3594 142 19 the the DET cana-3594 142 20 instruments instrument NOUN cana-3594 142 21 they they PRON cana-3594 142 22 employ employ VERB cana-3594 142 23 are be AUX cana-3594 142 24 accurate accurate ADJ cana-3594 142 25 and and CCONJ cana-3594 142 26 trustworthy trustworthy ADJ cana-3594 142 27 . . PUNCT cana-3594 143 1 step step VERB cana-3594 143 2 3 3 NUM cana-3594 143 3 : : PUNCT cana-3594 143 4 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 143 5 detection detection NOUN cana-3594 143 6 in in ADP cana-3594 143 7 models model NOUN cana-3594 143 8 : : PUNCT cana-3594 143 9 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 143 10 detection detection NOUN cana-3594 143 11 incorporates incorporate VERB cana-3594 143 12 adaptive adaptive ADJ cana-3594 143 13 approaches approach NOUN cana-3594 143 14 and and CCONJ cana-3594 143 15 assesses assesse NOUN cana-3594 143 16 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 143 17 criteria criterion NOUN cana-3594 143 18 in in ADP cana-3594 143 19 trained train VERB cana-3594 143 20 algorithms algorithm NOUN cana-3594 143 21 . . PUNCT cana-3594 144 1 1 1 X cana-3594 144 2 . . X cana-3594 144 3 dynamic dynamic ADJ cana-3594 144 4 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 144 5 metrics metric NOUN cana-3594 144 6 : : PUNCT cana-3594 144 7 spd spd NOUN cana-3594 144 8 and and CCONJ cana-3594 144 9 di di NOUN cana-3594 144 10 are be AUX cana-3594 144 11 dynamic dynamic ADJ cana-3594 144 12 throughout throughout ADP cana-3594 144 13 model model NOUN cana-3594 144 14 evaluation evaluation NOUN cana-3594 144 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 144 16 meaning mean VERB cana-3594 144 17 they they PRON cana-3594 144 18 should should AUX cana-3594 144 19 be be AUX cana-3594 144 20 updated update VERB cana-3594 144 21 to to PART cana-3594 144 22 account account VERB cana-3594 144 23 for for ADP cana-3594 144 24 changes change NOUN cana-3594 144 25 in in ADP cana-3594 144 26 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 144 27 or or CCONJ cana-3594 144 28 societal societal ADJ cana-3594 144 29 parameters parameter NOUN cana-3594 144 30 over over ADP cana-3594 144 31 time time NOUN cana-3594 144 32 . . PUNCT cana-3594 145 1 however however ADV cana-3594 145 2 , , PUNCT cana-3594 145 3 because because SCONJ cana-3594 145 4 they they PRON cana-3594 145 5 heavily heavily ADV cana-3594 145 6 rely rely VERB cana-3594 145 7 on on ADP cana-3594 145 8 the the DET cana-3594 145 9 data datum NOUN cana-3594 145 10 being be AUX cana-3594 145 11 examined examine VERB cana-3594 145 12 , , PUNCT cana-3594 145 13 their their PRON cana-3594 145 14 efficacy efficacy NOUN cana-3594 145 15 may may AUX cana-3594 145 16 differ differ VERB cana-3594 145 17 . . PUNCT cana-3594 146 1 although although SCONJ cana-3594 146 2 they they PRON cana-3594 146 3 offer offer VERB cana-3594 146 4 a a DET cana-3594 146 5 structure structure NOUN cana-3594 146 6 for for ADP cana-3594 146 7 evaluating evaluate VERB cana-3594 146 8 equity equity NOUN cana-3594 146 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 146 10 the the DET cana-3594 146 11 interpretation interpretation NOUN cana-3594 146 12 of of ADP cana-3594 146 13 the the DET cana-3594 146 14 findings finding NOUN cana-3594 146 15 can can AUX cana-3594 146 16 be be AUX cana-3594 146 17 intricate intricate ADJ cana-3594 146 18 and and CCONJ cana-3594 146 19 subtle subtle ADJ cana-3594 146 20 . . PUNCT cana-3594 147 1 2 2 X cana-3594 147 2 . . X cana-3594 147 3 parity parity NOUN cana-3594 147 4 of of ADP cana-3594 147 5 error error NOUN cana-3594 147 6 rates rate NOUN cana-3594 147 7 : : PUNCT cana-3594 147 8 this this DET cana-3594 147 9 measure measure NOUN cana-3594 147 10 guarantees guarantee VERB cana-3594 147 11 uniform uniform ADJ cana-3594 147 12 rates rate NOUN cana-3594 147 13 of of ADP cana-3594 147 14 false false ADJ cana-3594 147 15 positives positive NOUN cana-3594 147 16 and and CCONJ cana-3594 147 17 false false ADJ cana-3594 147 18 negatives negative NOUN cana-3594 147 19 for for ADP cana-3594 147 20 all all DET cana-3594 147 21 groups group NOUN cana-3594 147 22 . . PUNCT cana-3594 147 23 𝐹𝑃𝑅𝐴=π‘Ž 𝐹𝑃𝑅𝐴=π‘Ž VERB cana-3594 148 1 = = SYM cana-3594 148 2 𝐹𝑃𝐴=π‘Ž 𝐹𝑃𝐴=π‘Ž X cana-3594 148 3 𝐹𝑃𝐴=π‘Ž 𝐹𝑃𝐴=π‘Ž NUM cana-3594 148 4 + + NUM cana-3594 148 5 𝑇𝑁𝐴=π‘Ž 𝑇𝑁𝐴=π‘Ž NUM cana-3594 148 6 , , PUNCT cana-3594 148 7 𝐹𝑁𝑅𝐴=π‘Ž 𝐹𝑁𝑅𝐴=π‘Ž PUNCT cana-3594 148 8 = = SYM cana-3594 148 9 𝐹𝑁𝐴=π‘Ž 𝐹𝑁𝐴=π‘Ž SYM cana-3594 148 10 𝐹𝑁𝐴=π‘Ž 𝐹𝑁𝐴=π‘Ž NUM cana-3594 148 11 + + SYM cana-3594 148 12 𝑇𝑃𝐴=π‘Ž 𝑇𝑃𝐴=π‘Ž NUM cana-3594 148 13 3 3 NUM cana-3594 148 14 . . PUNCT cana-3594 148 15 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 148 16 stress stress NOUN cana-3594 148 17 testing testing NOUN cana-3594 148 18 is be AUX cana-3594 148 19 a a DET cana-3594 148 20 novel novel ADJ cana-3594 148 21 method method NOUN cana-3594 148 22 for for ADP cana-3594 148 23 evaluating evaluate VERB cana-3594 148 24 the the DET cana-3594 148 25 robustness robustness NOUN cana-3594 148 26 of of ADP cana-3594 148 27 models model NOUN cana-3594 148 28 by by ADP cana-3594 148 29 subjecting subject VERB cana-3594 148 30 them they PRON cana-3594 148 31 to to ADP cana-3594 148 32 simulated simulated ADJ cana-3594 148 33 events event NOUN cana-3594 148 34 , , PUNCT cana-3594 148 35 such such ADJ cana-3594 148 36 as as ADP cana-3594 148 37 changes change NOUN cana-3594 148 38 in in ADP cana-3594 148 39 the the DET cana-3594 148 40 population population NOUN cana-3594 148 41 or or CCONJ cana-3594 148 42 hostile hostile ADJ cana-3594 148 43 inputs input NOUN cana-3594 148 44 . . PUNCT cana-3594 149 1 step step NOUN cana-3594 149 2 4 4 NUM cana-3594 149 3 : : PUNCT cana-3594 149 4 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 149 5 mitigation mitigation NOUN cana-3594 149 6 techniques technique NOUN cana-3594 149 7 a a DET cana-3594 149 8 more more ADV cana-3594 149 9 thorough thorough ADJ cana-3594 149 10 explanation explanation NOUN cana-3594 149 11 of of ADP cana-3594 149 12 these these DET cana-3594 149 13 approaches approach NOUN cana-3594 149 14 , , PUNCT cana-3594 149 15 as as ADV cana-3594 149 16 well well ADV cana-3594 149 17 as as ADP cana-3594 149 18 the the DET cana-3594 149 19 theoretical theoretical ADJ cana-3594 149 20 background background NOUN cana-3594 149 21 , , PUNCT cana-3594 149 22 practical practical ADJ cana-3594 149 23 implementations implementation NOUN cana-3594 149 24 , , PUNCT cana-3594 149 25 and and CCONJ cana-3594 149 26 mathematical mathematical ADJ cana-3594 149 27 formulations formulation NOUN cana-3594 149 28 used use VERB cana-3594 149 29 in in ADP cana-3594 149 30 each each PRON cana-3594 149 31 of of ADP cana-3594 149 32 those those PRON cana-3594 149 33 , , PUNCT cana-3594 149 34 is be AUX cana-3594 149 35 provided provide VERB cana-3594 149 36 further far ADV cana-3594 149 37 in in ADP cana-3594 149 38 this this DET cana-3594 149 39 chapter chapter NOUN cana-3594 149 40 . . PUNCT cana-3594 150 1 the the DET cana-3594 150 2 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 150 3 mitigation mitigation NOUN cana-3594 150 4 techniques technique NOUN cana-3594 150 5 can can AUX cana-3594 150 6 balance balance VERB cana-3594 150 7 the the DET cana-3594 150 8 unfairness unfairness NOUN cana-3594 150 9 of of ADP cana-3594 150 10 computational computational ADJ cana-3594 150 11 models model NOUN cana-3594 150 12 in in ADP cana-3594 150 13 three three NUM cana-3594 150 14 fundamental fundamental ADJ cana-3594 150 15 locations location NOUN cana-3594 150 16 within within ADP cana-3594 150 17 the the DET cana-3594 150 18 machine machine NOUN cana-3594 150 19 learning learn VERB cana-3594 150 20 pipeline pipeline NOUN cana-3594 150 21 β€” β€” PUNCT cana-3594 150 22 pre pre ADJ cana-3594 150 23 - - ADJ cana-3594 150 24 processing processing ADJ cana-3594 150 25 , , PUNCT cana-3594 150 26 in in ADP cana-3594 150 27 - - PUNCT cana-3594 150 28 processing processing NOUN cana-3594 150 29 , , PUNCT cana-3594 150 30 and and CCONJ cana-3594 150 31 postprocessing postprocessing NOUN cana-3594 150 32 . . PUNCT cana-3594 151 1 at at ADP cana-3594 151 2 each each DET cana-3594 151 3 stage stage NOUN cana-3594 151 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 151 5 statistical statistical ADJ cana-3594 151 6 , , PUNCT cana-3594 151 7 algorithmic algorithmic ADJ cana-3594 151 8 , , PUNCT cana-3594 151 9 and and CCONJ cana-3594 151 10 mathematical mathematical ADJ cana-3594 151 11 tools tool NOUN cana-3594 151 12 are be AUX cana-3594 151 13 used use VERB cana-3594 151 14 to to PART cana-3594 151 15 ensure ensure VERB cana-3594 151 16 models model NOUN cana-3594 151 17 are be AUX cana-3594 151 18 fair fair ADJ cana-3594 151 19 , , PUNCT cana-3594 151 20 equitable equitable ADJ cana-3594 151 21 , , PUNCT cana-3594 151 22 and and CCONJ cana-3594 151 23 reliable reliable ADJ cana-3594 151 24 . . PUNCT cana-3594 152 1 1 1 X cana-3594 152 2 . . X cana-3594 152 3 pre pre ADJ cana-3594 152 4 - - ADJ cana-3594 152 5 processing processing NOUN cana-3594 152 6 compensated compensate VERB cana-3594 152 7 with with ADP cana-3594 152 8 data datum NOUN cana-3594 152 9 augmentation augmentation NOUN cana-3594 152 10 in in ADP cana-3594 152 11 adversarial adversarial ADJ cana-3594 152 12 training training NOUN cana-3594 152 13 to to PART cana-3594 152 14 generate generate VERB cana-3594 152 15 synthetic synthetic ADJ cana-3594 152 16 samples sample NOUN cana-3594 152 17 for for ADP cana-3594 152 18 combating combat VERB cana-3594 152 19 group group NOUN cana-3594 152 20 imbalances imbalance NOUN cana-3594 152 21 communications communication NOUN cana-3594 152 22 on on ADP cana-3594 152 23 applied apply VERB cana-3594 152 24 nonlinear nonlinear ADJ cana-3594 152 25 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 152 26 issn issn NOUN cana-3594 152 27 : : PUNCT cana-3594 152 28 1074 1074 NUM cana-3594 152 29 - - PUNCT cana-3594 152 30 133x 133x NUM cana-3594 152 31 vol vol NOUN cana-3594 152 32 32 32 NUM cana-3594 152 33 no no NOUN cana-3594 152 34 . . NOUN cana-3594 152 35 3 3 NUM cana-3594 152 36 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 152 37 2025 2025 NUM cana-3594 152 38 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 153 1 720 720 NUM cana-3594 153 2 https://internationalpubls.com https://internationalpubls.com X cana-3594 153 3 2 2 NUM cana-3594 153 4 . . PUNCT cana-3594 153 5 in in ADP cana-3594 153 6 - - PUNCT cana-3594 153 7 processing processing NOUN cana-3594 153 8 incorporating incorporate VERB cana-3594 153 9 regularization regularization NOUN cana-3594 153 10 based base VERB cana-3594 153 11 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 153 12 constraints constraint NOUN cana-3594 153 13 with with ADP cana-3594 153 14 a a DET cana-3594 153 15 dualobjective dualobjective ADJ cana-3594 153 16 optimization optimization NOUN cana-3594 153 17 framework framework NOUN cana-3594 153 18 π‘šπ‘–π‘›πœƒπΏπ‘’π‘Ÿπ‘Ÿπ‘œπ‘Ÿ π‘šπ‘–π‘›πœƒπΏπ‘’π‘Ÿπ‘Ÿπ‘œπ‘Ÿ NOUN cana-3594 153 19 + + CCONJ cana-3594 153 20 Ξ»πΏπ‘“π‘Žπ‘–π‘Ÿπ‘›π‘’π‘ π‘ (πœƒ Ξ»πΏπ‘“π‘Žπ‘–π‘Ÿπ‘›π‘’π‘ π‘ (πœƒ NUM cana-3594 153 21 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 153 22 , , PUNCT cana-3594 153 23 𝑠𝑒𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑑 VERB cana-3594 153 24 π‘‘π‘œ π‘‘π‘œ PROPN cana-3594 153 25 : : PUNCT cana-3594 153 26 𝐢(πœƒ 𝐢(πœƒ NUM cana-3594 153 27 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 153 28 ≀ ≀ NUM cana-3594 153 29 Ξ΄ Ξ΄ PROPN cana-3594 153 30 3 3 X cana-3594 153 31 . . PUNCT cana-3594 154 1 after after ADP cana-3594 154 2 processing process VERB cana-3594 154 3 reinforcement reinforcement NOUN cana-3594 154 4 learning learning NOUN cana-3594 154 5 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 154 6 rl rl NOUN cana-3594 154 7 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 154 8 in in ADP cana-3594 154 9 conjunction conjunction NOUN cana-3594 154 10 with with ADP cana-3594 154 11 threshold threshold NOUN cana-3594 154 12 adjustment adjustment NOUN cana-3594 154 13 allows allow VERB cana-3594 154 14 for for ADP cana-3594 154 15 dynamic dynamic ADJ cana-3594 154 16 decision decision NOUN cana-3594 154 17 optimization optimization NOUN cana-3594 154 18 in in ADP cana-3594 154 19 real real ADJ cana-3594 154 20 - - PUNCT cana-3594 154 21 world world NOUN cana-3594 154 22 situations situation NOUN cana-3594 154 23 . . PUNCT cana-3594 155 1 step step NOUN cana-3594 155 2 5 5 NUM cana-3594 155 3 : : PUNCT cana-3594 155 4 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 155 5 - - PUNCT cana-3594 155 6 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 155 7 trade trade NOUN cana-3594 155 8 - - PUNCT cana-3594 155 9 off off NOUN cana-3594 155 10 applying apply VERB cana-3594 155 11 advanced advanced ADJ cana-3594 155 12 mathematical mathematical ADJ cana-3594 155 13 methods method NOUN cana-3594 155 14 to to ADP cana-3594 155 15 a a DET cana-3594 155 16 careful careful ADJ cana-3594 155 17 examination examination NOUN cana-3594 155 18 of of ADP cana-3594 155 19 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 155 20 - - PUNCT cana-3594 155 21 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 155 22 trade trade NOUN cana-3594 155 23 - - PUNCT cana-3594 155 24 offs off NOUN cana-3594 155 25 is be AUX cana-3594 155 26 highly highly ADV cana-3594 155 27 valued value VERB cana-3594 155 28 in in ADP cana-3594 155 29 this this DET cana-3594 155 30 method method NOUN cana-3594 155 31 . . PUNCT cana-3594 156 1 1 1 X cana-3594 156 2 . . X cana-3594 156 3 composite composite ADJ cana-3594 156 4 loss loss NOUN cana-3594 156 5 functions function NOUN cana-3594 156 6 the the DET cana-3594 156 7 loss loss NOUN cana-3594 156 8 function function NOUN cana-3594 156 9 integrates integrate NOUN cana-3594 156 10 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 156 11 and and CCONJ cana-3594 156 12 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 156 13 𝐿 𝐿 NOUN cana-3594 156 14 = = SYM cana-3594 156 15 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 156 16 1 1 NUM cana-3594 156 17 βˆ’ βˆ’ NOUN cana-3594 157 1 Ξ»)πΏπ‘Žπ‘π‘π‘’π‘Ÿπ‘Žπ‘π‘¦ Ξ»)πΏπ‘Žπ‘π‘π‘’π‘Ÿπ‘Žπ‘π‘¦ PROPN cana-3594 157 2 + + CCONJ cana-3594 157 3 Ξ»πΏπ‘“π‘Žπ‘–π‘Ÿπ‘›π‘’π‘ π‘  Ξ»πΏπ‘“π‘Žπ‘–π‘Ÿπ‘›π‘’π‘ π‘  PROPN cana-3594 157 4 a a DET cana-3594 157 5 pareto pareto VERB cana-3594 157 6 - - PUNCT cana-3594 157 7 optimal optimal ADJ cana-3594 157 8 balance balance NOUN cana-3594 157 9 is be AUX cana-3594 157 10 achieved achieve VERB cana-3594 157 11 through through ADP cana-3594 157 12 adaptive adaptive ADJ cana-3594 157 13 tuning tuning NOUN cana-3594 157 14 of of ADP cana-3594 157 15 πœ†. πœ†. NOUN cana-3594 157 16 2 2 NUM cana-3594 157 17 . . PUNCT cana-3594 158 1 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 158 2 using use VERB cana-3594 158 3 game game NOUN cana-3594 158 4 theory theory NOUN cana-3594 158 5 : : PUNCT cana-3594 158 6 the the DET cana-3594 158 7 framework framework NOUN cana-3594 158 8 suggests suggest VERB cana-3594 158 9 a a DET cana-3594 158 10 game game NOUN cana-3594 158 11 - - PUNCT cana-3594 158 12 theoretic theoretic NOUN cana-3594 158 13 method method NOUN cana-3594 158 14 by by ADP cana-3594 158 15 simulating simulate VERB cana-3594 158 16 different different ADJ cana-3594 158 17 situations situation NOUN cana-3594 158 18 in in ADP cana-3594 158 19 which which PRON cana-3594 158 20 hostile hostile ADJ cana-3594 158 21 players player NOUN cana-3594 158 22 aggressively aggressively ADV cana-3594 158 23 test test VERB cana-3594 158 24 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 158 25 metrics metric NOUN cana-3594 158 26 . . PUNCT cana-3594 159 1 it it PRON cana-3594 159 2 is be AUX cana-3594 159 3 crucial crucial ADJ cana-3594 159 4 to to PART cana-3594 159 5 comprehend comprehend VERB cana-3594 159 6 the the DET cana-3594 159 7 weak weak ADJ cana-3594 159 8 areas area NOUN cana-3594 159 9 in in ADP cana-3594 159 10 the the DET cana-3594 159 11 trade trade NOUN cana-3594 159 12 - - PUNCT cana-3594 159 13 offs off NOUN cana-3594 159 14 between between ADP cana-3594 159 15 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 159 16 and and CCONJ cana-3594 159 17 justice justice NOUN cana-3594 159 18 because because SCONJ cana-3594 159 19 these these DET cana-3594 159 20 relationships relationship NOUN cana-3594 159 21 can can AUX cana-3594 159 22 get get VERB cana-3594 159 23 intricate intricate ADJ cana-3594 159 24 and and CCONJ cana-3594 159 25 hence hence ADV cana-3594 159 26 confound confound ADJ cana-3594 159 27 outcomes outcome NOUN cana-3594 159 28 . . PUNCT cana-3594 160 1 despite despite SCONJ cana-3594 160 2 the the DET cana-3594 160 3 players player NOUN cana-3594 160 4 ' ' PART cana-3594 160 5 seeming seem VERB cana-3594 160 6 independence independence NOUN cana-3594 160 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 160 8 their their PRON cana-3594 160 9 tactics tactic NOUN cana-3594 160 10 frequently frequently ADV cana-3594 160 11 have have VERB cana-3594 160 12 a a DET cana-3594 160 13 significant significant ADJ cana-3594 160 14 impact impact NOUN cana-3594 160 15 on on ADP cana-3594 160 16 one one NUM cana-3594 160 17 another another DET cana-3594 160 18 . . PUNCT cana-3594 161 1 therefore therefore ADV cana-3594 161 2 , , PUNCT cana-3594 161 3 it it PRON cana-3594 161 4 becomes become VERB cana-3594 161 5 crucial crucial ADJ cana-3594 161 6 to to PART cana-3594 161 7 comprehend comprehend VERB cana-3594 161 8 these these DET cana-3594 161 9 processes process NOUN cana-3594 161 10 in in ADP cana-3594 161 11 order order NOUN cana-3594 161 12 to to PART cana-3594 161 13 arrive arrive VERB cana-3594 161 14 at at ADP cana-3594 161 15 fair fair ADJ cana-3594 161 16 results result NOUN cana-3594 161 17 . . PUNCT cana-3594 162 1 step step VERB cana-3594 162 2 6 6 NUM cana-3594 162 3 : : PUNCT cana-3594 162 4 validation validation NOUN cana-3594 162 5 and and CCONJ cana-3594 162 6 sensitivity sensitivity NOUN cana-3594 162 7 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 162 8 validation validation NOUN cana-3594 162 9 ensures ensure VERB cana-3594 162 10 that that SCONJ cana-3594 162 11 the the DET cana-3594 162 12 strength strength NOUN cana-3594 162 13 of of ADP cana-3594 162 14 the the DET cana-3594 162 15 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 162 16 - - PUNCT cana-3594 162 17 preserving preserve VERB cana-3594 162 18 models model NOUN cana-3594 162 19 is be AUX cana-3594 162 20 statistically statistically ADV cana-3594 162 21 and and CCONJ cana-3594 162 22 practically practically ADV cana-3594 162 23 tested test VERB cana-3594 162 24 . . PUNCT cana-3594 163 1 cross cross ADJ cana-3594 163 2 - - ADJ cana-3594 163 3 validation validation ADJ cana-3594 163 4 and and CCONJ cana-3594 163 5 bootstrap bootstrap NOUN cana-3594 163 6 sampling sampling NOUN cana-3594 163 7 determine determine NOUN cana-3594 163 8 a a DET cana-3594 163 9 particular particular ADJ cana-3594 163 10 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 163 11 metric metric NOUN cana-3594 163 12 's 's PART cana-3594 163 13 stability stability NOUN cana-3594 163 14 across across ADP cana-3594 163 15 different different ADJ cana-3594 163 16 subsets subset NOUN cana-3594 163 17 of of ADP cana-3594 163 18 data datum NOUN cana-3594 163 19 . . PUNCT cana-3594 164 1 the the DET cana-3594 164 2 defined define VERB cana-3594 164 3 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 164 4 metrics metric NOUN cana-3594 164 5 have have VERB cana-3594 164 6 their their PRON cana-3594 164 7 confidence confidence NOUN cana-3594 164 8 intervals interval NOUN cana-3594 164 9 set set VERB cana-3594 164 10 as as ADP cana-3594 164 11 𝐢𝐼 𝐢𝐼 PROPN cana-3594 164 12 = = SYM cana-3594 164 13 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 164 14 Μ‚ Μ‚ PROPN cana-3594 164 15 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 164 16 Β± Β± PRON cana-3594 164 17 𝑧 𝑧 PROPN cana-3594 164 18 𝜎 𝜎 NOUN cana-3594 164 19 βˆšπ‘› βˆšπ‘› ADP cana-3594 164 20 where where SCONJ cana-3594 164 21 n n PRON cana-3594 164 22 is be AUX cana-3594 164 23 the the DET cana-3594 164 24 sample sample NOUN cana-3594 164 25 size size NOUN cana-3594 164 26 , , PUNCT cana-3594 164 27 z z PROPN cana-3594 164 28 is be AUX cana-3594 164 29 the the DET cana-3594 164 30 z z NOUN cana-3594 164 31 - - PUNCT cana-3594 164 32 score score NOUN cana-3594 164 33 for for ADP cana-3594 164 34 the the DET cana-3594 164 35 specified specified ADJ cana-3594 164 36 confidence confidence NOUN cana-3594 164 37 level level NOUN cana-3594 164 38 , , PUNCT cana-3594 164 39 Οƒ Οƒ PROPN cana-3594 164 40 is be AUX cana-3594 164 41 the the DET cana-3594 164 42 standard standard ADJ cana-3594 164 43 deviation deviation NOUN cana-3594 164 44 , , PUNCT cana-3594 164 45 and and CCONJ cana-3594 164 46 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 164 47 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 164 48 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 164 49 is be AUX cana-3594 164 50 the the DET cana-3594 164 51 mean mean ADJ cana-3594 164 52 metric metric ADJ cana-3594 164 53 value value NOUN cana-3594 164 54 . . PUNCT cana-3594 165 1 sensitivity sensitivity NOUN cana-3594 165 2 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 165 3 evaluates evaluate VERB cana-3594 165 4 how how SCONJ cana-3594 165 5 resilient resilient ADJ cana-3594 165 6 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 165 7 is be AUX cana-3594 165 8 to to ADP cana-3594 165 9 disturbances disturbance NOUN cana-3594 165 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 165 11 such such ADJ cana-3594 165 12 as as ADP cana-3594 165 13 : : PUNCT cana-3594 165 14 1 1 NUM cana-3594 165 15 . . X cana-3594 165 16 threshold threshold NOUN cana-3594 165 17 sensitivity sensitivity NOUN cana-3594 165 18 : : PUNCT cana-3594 165 19 to to PART cana-3594 165 20 track track VERB cana-3594 165 21 changes change NOUN cana-3594 165 22 in in ADP cana-3594 165 23 metrics metric NOUN cana-3594 165 24 like like ADP cana-3594 165 25 true true ADJ cana-3594 165 26 positive positive ADJ cana-3594 165 27 rates rate NOUN cana-3594 165 28 between between ADP cana-3594 165 29 groups group NOUN cana-3594 165 30 , , PUNCT cana-3594 165 31 decision decision NOUN cana-3594 165 32 thresholds threshold NOUN cana-3594 165 33 are be AUX cana-3594 165 34 changed change VERB cana-3594 165 35 . . PUNCT cana-3594 166 1 2 2 X cana-3594 166 2 . . X cana-3594 166 3 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 166 4 shifts shift NOUN cana-3594 166 5 : : PUNCT cana-3594 166 6 to to PART cana-3594 166 7 evaluate evaluate VERB cana-3594 166 8 the the DET cana-3594 166 9 constancy constancy NOUN cana-3594 166 10 of of ADP cana-3594 166 11 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 166 12 , , PUNCT cana-3594 166 13 population population NOUN cana-3594 166 14 fluctuations fluctuation NOUN cana-3594 166 15 are be AUX cana-3594 166 16 simulated simulate VERB cana-3594 166 17 . . PUNCT cana-3594 167 1 3 3 X cana-3594 167 2 . . X cana-3594 167 3 adversarial adversarial ADJ cana-3594 167 4 inputs input NOUN cana-3594 167 5 : : PUNCT cana-3594 167 6 to to PART cana-3594 167 7 evaluate evaluate VERB cana-3594 167 8 the the DET cana-3594 167 9 robustness robustness NOUN cana-3594 167 10 of of ADP cana-3594 167 11 the the DET cana-3594 167 12 model model NOUN cana-3594 167 13 , , PUNCT cana-3594 167 14 biased biased ADJ cana-3594 167 15 inputs input NOUN cana-3594 167 16 are be AUX cana-3594 167 17 supplied supply VERB cana-3594 167 18 . . PUNCT cana-3594 168 1 a a DET cana-3594 168 2 ground ground NOUN cana-3594 168 3 - - PUNCT cana-3594 168 4 breaking break VERB cana-3594 168 5 dynamic dynamic ADJ cana-3594 168 6 sensitivity sensitivity NOUN cana-3594 168 7 score score NOUN cana-3594 168 8 that that PRON cana-3594 168 9 provides provide VERB cana-3594 168 10 flexibility flexibility NOUN cana-3594 168 11 in in ADP cana-3594 168 12 real real ADJ cana-3594 168 13 - - PUNCT cana-3594 168 14 time time NOUN cana-3594 168 15 scenarios scenario NOUN cana-3594 168 16 combines combine VERB cana-3594 168 17 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 168 18 and and CCONJ cana-3594 168 19 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 168 20 . . PUNCT cana-3594 169 1 π‘†π‘‘π‘¦π‘›π‘Žπ‘šπ‘–π‘ π‘†π‘‘π‘¦π‘›π‘Žπ‘šπ‘–π‘ PROPN cana-3594 169 2 = = PUNCT cana-3594 169 3 𝛼 𝛼 PROPN cana-3594 169 4 βˆ™ βˆ™ PROPN cana-3594 169 5 βˆ‚fairness βˆ‚fairness ADJ cana-3594 169 6 matric matric NOUN cana-3594 169 7 βˆ‚x βˆ‚x PROPN cana-3594 169 8 + + CCONJ cana-3594 169 9 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 169 10 1 1 NUM cana-3594 169 11 βˆ’ βˆ’ NOUN cana-3594 169 12 𝛼 𝛼 X cana-3594 169 13 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 169 14 βˆ™ βˆ™ PROPN cana-3594 169 15 βˆ‚accuracy βˆ‚accuracy NOUN cana-3594 169 16 βˆ‚x βˆ‚x PROPN cana-3594 169 17 communications communication NOUN cana-3594 169 18 on on ADP cana-3594 169 19 applied apply VERB cana-3594 169 20 nonlinear nonlinear ADJ cana-3594 169 21 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 169 22 issn issn NOUN cana-3594 169 23 : : PUNCT cana-3594 169 24 1074 1074 NUM cana-3594 169 25 - - PUNCT cana-3594 169 26 133x 133x NUM cana-3594 169 27 vol vol NOUN cana-3594 169 28 32 32 NUM cana-3594 169 29 no no NOUN cana-3594 169 30 . . NOUN cana-3594 169 31 3 3 NUM cana-3594 169 32 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 169 33 2025 2025 NUM cana-3594 169 34 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 169 35 721 721 NUM cana-3594 169 36 https://internationalpubls.com https://internationalpubls.com NOUN cana-3594 169 37 case case NOUN cana-3594 169 38 study study NOUN cana-3594 169 39 : : PUNCT cana-3594 169 40 healthcare healthcare NOUN cana-3594 169 41 applications application NOUN cana-3594 169 42 it it PRON cana-3594 169 43 ensures ensure VERB cana-3594 169 44 that that SCONJ cana-3594 169 45 the the DET cana-3594 169 46 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 169 47 - - PUNCT cana-3594 169 48 aware aware ADJ cana-3594 169 49 models model NOUN cana-3594 169 50 , , PUNCT cana-3594 169 51 with with ADP cana-3594 169 52 the the DET cana-3594 169 53 help help NOUN cana-3594 169 54 of of ADP cana-3594 169 55 the the DET cana-3594 169 56 mimic mimic ADJ cana-3594 169 57 - - PUNCT cana-3594 169 58 iii iii NOUN cana-3594 169 59 dataset dataset NOUN cana-3594 169 60 , , PUNCT cana-3594 169 61 provide provide VERB cana-3594 169 62 equal equal ADJ cana-3594 169 63 icu icu PROPN cana-3594 169 64 admission admission NOUN cana-3594 169 65 rates rate NOUN cana-3594 169 66 across across ADP cana-3594 169 67 racial racial ADJ cana-3594 169 68 groups group NOUN cana-3594 169 69 while while SCONJ cana-3594 169 70 not not PART cana-3594 169 71 compromising compromise VERB cana-3594 169 72 on on ADP cana-3594 169 73 precise precise ADJ cana-3594 169 74 mortality mortality NOUN cana-3594 169 75 predictions prediction NOUN cana-3594 169 76 . . PUNCT cana-3594 170 1 these these DET cana-3594 170 2 tests test NOUN cana-3594 170 3 check check VERB cana-3594 170 4 the the DET cana-3594 170 5 dependability dependability NOUN cana-3594 170 6 of of ADP cana-3594 170 7 the the DET cana-3594 170 8 models model NOUN cana-3594 170 9 against against ADP cana-3594 170 10 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 170 11 changes change NOUN cana-3594 170 12 , , PUNCT cana-3594 170 13 threshold threshold NOUN cana-3594 170 14 changes change NOUN cana-3594 170 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 170 16 and and CCONJ cana-3594 170 17 adversarial adversarial ADJ cana-3594 170 18 perturbation perturbation NOUN cana-3594 170 19 in in ADP cana-3594 170 20 practical practical ADJ cana-3594 170 21 situations situation NOUN cana-3594 170 22 . . PUNCT cana-3594 171 1 result result VERB cana-3594 171 2 these these DET cana-3594 171 3 findings finding NOUN cana-3594 171 4 also also ADV cana-3594 171 5 support support VERB cana-3594 171 6 the the DET cana-3594 171 7 use use NOUN cana-3594 171 8 of of ADP cana-3594 171 9 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 171 10 - - PUNCT cana-3594 171 11 aware aware ADJ cana-3594 171 12 modeling modeling NOUN cana-3594 171 13 in in ADP cana-3594 171 14 the the DET cana-3594 171 15 mimic mimic ADJ cana-3594 171 16 - - PUNCT cana-3594 171 17 iii iii NOUN cana-3594 171 18 data datum NOUN cana-3594 171 19 , , PUNCT cana-3594 171 20 which which PRON cana-3594 171 21 has have AUX cana-3594 171 22 been be AUX cana-3594 171 23 evaluated evaluate VERB cana-3594 171 24 by by ADP cana-3594 171 25 numerical numerical ADJ cana-3594 171 26 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 171 27 and and CCONJ cana-3594 171 28 evidence evidence NOUN cana-3594 171 29 of of ADP cana-3594 171 30 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 171 31 detection detection NOUN cana-3594 171 32 , , PUNCT cana-3594 171 33 mitigation mitigation NOUN cana-3594 171 34 , , PUNCT cana-3594 171 35 and and CCONJ cana-3594 171 36 validation validation NOUN cana-3594 171 37 in in ADP cana-3594 171 38 icu icu PROPN cana-3594 171 39 admission admission NOUN cana-3594 171 40 prediction prediction NOUN cana-3594 171 41 . . PUNCT cana-3594 172 1 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 172 2 identification identification NOUN cana-3594 172 3 and and CCONJ cana-3594 172 4 dataset dataset VERB cana-3594 172 5 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 172 6 disparities disparity NOUN cana-3594 172 7 in in ADP cana-3594 172 8 icu icu PROPN cana-3594 172 9 admissions admission NOUN cana-3594 172 10 were be AUX cana-3594 172 11 found find VERB cana-3594 172 12 by by ADP cana-3594 172 13 the the DET cana-3594 172 14 preliminary preliminary ADJ cana-3594 172 15 research research NOUN cana-3594 172 16 . . PUNCT cana-3594 173 1 admission admission NOUN cana-3594 173 2 rates rate NOUN cana-3594 173 3 : : PUNCT cana-3594 173 4 β€’ β€’ NUM cana-3594 173 5 majority majority NOUN cana-3594 173 6 group group PROPN cana-3594 173 7 𝑃( 𝑃( PROPN cana-3594 173 8 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 173 9 Μ‚ Μ‚ PROPN cana-3594 173 10 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 173 11 = = SYM cana-3594 173 12 1|𝐴 1|𝐴 NUM cana-3594 173 13 = = SYM cana-3594 173 14 π‘šπ‘Žπ‘—π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ π‘šπ‘Žπ‘—π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ NOUN cana-3594 173 15 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 173 16 = = SYM cana-3594 174 1 45 45 NUM cana-3594 174 2 % % NOUN cana-3594 174 3 β€’ β€’ NUM cana-3594 174 4 minority minority NOUN cana-3594 174 5 group group PROPN cana-3594 174 6 𝑃( 𝑃( PROPN cana-3594 174 7 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 174 8 Μ‚ Μ‚ PROPN cana-3594 174 9 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 174 10 = = SYM cana-3594 174 11 1|𝐴 1|𝐴 NUM cana-3594 174 12 = = SYM cana-3594 174 13 π‘šπ‘–π‘›π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ π‘šπ‘–π‘›π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ NOUN cana-3594 174 14 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 174 15 = = SYM cana-3594 175 1 30 30 NUM cana-3594 175 2 % % NOUN cana-3594 175 3 β€’ β€’ ADP cana-3594 175 4 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 175 5 parity parity NOUN cana-3594 175 6 : : PUNCT cana-3594 175 7 𝐷𝑃 𝐷𝑃 PROPN cana-3594 175 8 = = PROPN cana-3594 175 9 𝑃( 𝑃( X cana-3594 175 10 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 175 11 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 175 12 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 175 13 = = SYM cana-3594 175 14 1|𝐴 1|𝐴 NUM cana-3594 175 15 = = SYM cana-3594 175 16 π‘šπ‘–π‘›π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ π‘šπ‘–π‘›π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ NOUN cana-3594 175 17 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 175 18 𝑃( 𝑃( NOUN cana-3594 175 19 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 175 20 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 175 21 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 175 22 = = SYM cana-3594 175 23 1|𝐴 1|𝐴 NUM cana-3594 175 24 = = SYM cana-3594 175 25 π‘šπ‘Žπ‘—π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ π‘šπ‘Žπ‘—π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ NOUN cana-3594 175 26 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 175 27 = = NOUN cana-3594 176 1 0.30 0.30 NUM cana-3594 176 2 0.45 0.45 NUM cana-3594 176 3 = = SYM cana-3594 176 4 0.67 0.67 NUM cana-3594 176 5 the the DET cana-3594 176 6 value value NOUN cana-3594 176 7 below below ADP cana-3594 176 8 1 1 NUM cana-3594 176 9 indicates indicate VERB cana-3594 176 10 significant significant ADJ cana-3594 176 11 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 176 12 β€’ β€’ ADP cana-3594 176 13 equalized equalize VERB cana-3594 176 14 odds odd NOUN cana-3594 176 15 true true ADJ cana-3594 176 16 positive positive ADJ cana-3594 176 17 rate rate NOUN cana-3594 176 18 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 176 19 tpr tpr NOUN cana-3594 176 20 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 176 21 gap gap NOUN cana-3594 176 22 : : PUNCT cana-3594 176 23 βˆ†π‘‡π‘ƒπ‘… βˆ†π‘‡π‘ƒπ‘… NUM cana-3594 176 24 = = SYM cana-3594 176 25 π‘‡π‘ƒπ‘…π‘šπ‘Žπ‘—π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ π‘‡π‘ƒπ‘…π‘šπ‘Žπ‘—π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ PROPN cana-3594 176 26 βˆ’ βˆ’ PROPN cana-3594 176 27 π‘‡π‘ƒπ‘…π‘šπ‘–π‘›π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ π‘‡π‘ƒπ‘…π‘šπ‘–π‘›π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ NOUN cana-3594 176 28 = = NOUN cana-3594 176 29 0.85 0.85 NUM cana-3594 176 30 βˆ’ βˆ’ NUM cana-3594 176 31 0.75 0.75 NUM cana-3594 176 32 = = SYM cana-3594 176 33 0.15 0.15 NUM cana-3594 176 34 the the DET cana-3594 176 35 tpr tpr NOUN cana-3594 176 36 gap gap NOUN cana-3594 176 37 highlights highlight NOUN cana-3594 176 38 unequal unequal ADJ cana-3594 176 39 prediction prediction NOUN cana-3594 176 40 performance performance NOUN cana-3594 176 41 across across ADP cana-3594 176 42 groups group NOUN cana-3594 176 43 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 176 44 - - PUNCT cana-3594 176 45 aware aware ADJ cana-3594 176 46 modeling model VERB cana-3594 176 47 the the DET cana-3594 176 48 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 176 49 - - PUNCT cana-3594 176 50 aware aware ADJ cana-3594 176 51 methodology methodology NOUN cana-3594 176 52 addressed address VERB cana-3594 176 53 these these DET cana-3594 176 54 biases bias NOUN cana-3594 176 55 at at ADP cana-3594 176 56 multiple multiple ADJ cana-3594 176 57 stages stage NOUN cana-3594 176 58 . . PUNCT cana-3594 177 1 1 1 X cana-3594 177 2 . . X cana-3594 177 3 pre pre ADJ cana-3594 177 4 - - ADJ cana-3594 177 5 processing processing ADJ cana-3594 177 6 adjustments adjustment NOUN cana-3594 177 7 : : PUNCT cana-3594 177 8 we we PRON cana-3594 177 9 balanced balance VERB cana-3594 177 10 representation representation NOUN cana-3594 177 11 by by ADP cana-3594 177 12 assigning assign VERB cana-3594 177 13 weights weight NOUN cana-3594 177 14 to to ADP cana-3594 177 15 individual individual ADJ cana-3594 177 16 samples sample NOUN cana-3594 177 17 based base VERB cana-3594 177 18 on on ADP cana-3594 177 19 group group NOUN cana-3594 177 20 membership membership NOUN cana-3594 177 21 . . PUNCT cana-3594 178 1 π‘€π‘šπ‘–π‘›π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ π‘€π‘šπ‘–π‘›π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ NOUN cana-3594 178 2 = = PUNCT cana-3594 178 3 𝑃(𝐴 𝑃(𝐴 PROPN cana-3594 178 4 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 178 5 𝑃(𝐴|π‘Œ 𝑃(𝐴|π‘Œ NOUN cana-3594 178 6 = = SYM cana-3594 178 7 𝑦 𝑦 NOUN cana-3594 178 8 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 178 9 = = PUNCT cana-3594 178 10 0.4 0.4 NUM cana-3594 178 11 0.3 0.3 NUM cana-3594 178 12 = = SYM cana-3594 178 13 1.33 1.33 NUM cana-3594 178 14 , , PUNCT cana-3594 178 15 π‘€π‘šπ‘Žπ‘—π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ π‘€π‘šπ‘Žπ‘—π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ NOUN cana-3594 178 16 = = NOUN cana-3594 178 17 0.6 0.6 NUM cana-3594 178 18 0.7 0.7 NUM cana-3594 178 19 = = SYM cana-3594 178 20 0.875 0.875 NUM cana-3594 178 21 to to PART cana-3594 178 22 ensure ensure VERB cana-3594 178 23 that that SCONJ cana-3594 178 24 both both DET cana-3594 178 25 groups group NOUN cana-3594 178 26 had have VERB cana-3594 178 27 an an DET cana-3594 178 28 equivalent equivalent ADJ cana-3594 178 29 impact impact NOUN cana-3594 178 30 on on ADP cana-3594 178 31 the the DET cana-3594 178 32 parameters parameter NOUN cana-3594 178 33 learned learn VERB cana-3594 178 34 during during ADP cana-3594 178 35 model model NOUN cana-3594 178 36 training training NOUN cana-3594 178 37 , , PUNCT cana-3594 178 38 these these DET cana-3594 178 39 weights weight NOUN cana-3594 178 40 were be AUX cana-3594 178 41 used use VERB cana-3594 178 42 . . PUNCT cana-3594 179 1 2 2 X cana-3594 179 2 . . X cana-3594 179 3 in in ADP cana-3594 179 4 - - PUNCT cana-3594 179 5 processing processing NOUN cana-3594 179 6 constraints constraint NOUN cana-3594 179 7 : : PUNCT cana-3594 179 8 a a DET cana-3594 179 9 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 179 10 term term NOUN cana-3594 179 11 was be AUX cana-3594 179 12 added add VERB cana-3594 179 13 to to ADP cana-3594 179 14 the the DET cana-3594 179 15 loss loss NOUN cana-3594 179 16 function function NOUN cana-3594 179 17 𝐿 𝐿 PROPN cana-3594 179 18 = = SYM cana-3594 179 19 πΏπ‘’π‘Ÿπ‘Ÿπ‘œπ‘Ÿ πΏπ‘’π‘Ÿπ‘Ÿπ‘œπ‘Ÿ PROPN cana-3594 179 20 + + PROPN cana-3594 179 21 Ξ» Ξ» PROPN cana-3594 179 22 β‹… β‹… PROPN cana-3594 179 23 πΏπ‘“π‘Žπ‘–π‘Ÿπ‘›π‘’π‘ π‘  πΏπ‘“π‘Žπ‘–π‘Ÿπ‘›π‘’π‘ π‘  PROPN cana-3594 179 24 , , PUNCT cana-3594 179 25 πΏπ‘“π‘Žπ‘–π‘Ÿπ‘›π‘’π‘ π‘  πΏπ‘“π‘Žπ‘–π‘Ÿπ‘›π‘’π‘ π‘  PROPN cana-3594 179 26 = = SYM cana-3594 179 27 |𝑃( |𝑃( PROPN cana-3594 179 28 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 179 29 Μ‚ Μ‚ NUM cana-3594 179 30 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 179 31 = = SYM cana-3594 179 32 1|𝐴 1|𝐴 NUM cana-3594 179 33 = = SYM cana-3594 179 34 π‘šπ‘–π‘›π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ π‘šπ‘–π‘›π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ NOUN cana-3594 179 35 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 179 36 βˆ’ βˆ’ PROPN cana-3594 179 37 𝑃( 𝑃( X cana-3594 179 38 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 179 39 Μ‚ Μ‚ VERB cana-3594 179 40 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 179 41 = = SYM cana-3594 179 42 1|𝐴 1|𝐴 NUM cana-3594 179 43 = = SYM cana-3594 179 44 π‘šπ‘Žπ‘—π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦)| π‘šπ‘Žπ‘—π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦)| NUM cana-3594 179 45 initial initial ADJ cana-3594 179 46 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 179 47 loss loss NOUN cana-3594 179 48 : : PUNCT cana-3594 179 49 |0.30 |0.30 NUM cana-3594 179 50 βˆ’ βˆ’ NUM cana-3594 179 51 0.45| 0.45| PUNCT cana-3594 180 1 = = SYM cana-3594 180 2 0.15| 0.15| PROPN cana-3594 180 3 after after ADP cana-3594 180 4 optimization optimization NOUN cana-3594 180 5 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 180 6 Ξ» Ξ» X cana-3594 180 7 = = NOUN cana-3594 180 8 0.3 0.3 NUM cana-3594 180 9 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 181 1 πΏπ‘“π‘Žπ‘–π‘Ÿπ‘›π‘’π‘ π‘  πΏπ‘“π‘Žπ‘–π‘Ÿπ‘›π‘’π‘ π‘  PROPN cana-3594 181 2 = = PROPN cana-3594 181 3 |0.42 |0.42 NUM cana-3594 181 4 βˆ’ βˆ’ NOUN cana-3594 181 5 0.44| 0.44| SYM cana-3594 181 6 = = SYM cana-3594 181 7 0.02 0.02 NUM cana-3594 181 8 communications communication NOUN cana-3594 181 9 on on ADP cana-3594 181 10 applied apply VERB cana-3594 181 11 nonlinear nonlinear ADJ cana-3594 181 12 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 181 13 issn issn NOUN cana-3594 181 14 : : PUNCT cana-3594 181 15 1074 1074 NUM cana-3594 181 16 - - PUNCT cana-3594 181 17 133x 133x NUM cana-3594 181 18 vol vol NOUN cana-3594 181 19 32 32 NUM cana-3594 181 20 no no NOUN cana-3594 181 21 . . NOUN cana-3594 181 22 3 3 NUM cana-3594 181 23 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 181 24 2025 2025 NUM cana-3594 181 25 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 181 26 722 722 NUM cana-3594 181 27 https://internationalpubls.com https://internationalpubls.com X cana-3594 181 28 3 3 X cana-3594 181 29 . . X cana-3594 181 30 post post ADJ cana-3594 181 31 - - ADJ cana-3594 181 32 processing processing ADJ cana-3594 181 33 adjustments adjustment NOUN cana-3594 181 34 : : PUNCT cana-3594 181 35 each each DET cana-3594 181 36 group group NOUN cana-3594 181 37 's 's PART cana-3594 181 38 thresholds threshold NOUN cana-3594 181 39 were be AUX cana-3594 181 40 changed change VERB cana-3594 181 41 to to PART cana-3594 181 42 match match VERB cana-3594 181 43 the the DET cana-3594 181 44 odds odd NOUN cana-3594 181 45 of of ADP cana-3594 181 46 admission admission NOUN cana-3594 181 47 . . PUNCT cana-3594 182 1 π‘‘π‘šπ‘–π‘›π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ π‘‘π‘šπ‘–π‘›π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ PROPN cana-3594 182 2 = = NOUN cana-3594 182 3 0.5 0.5 NUM cana-3594 182 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 182 5 π‘‘π‘šπ‘Žπ‘—π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ π‘‘π‘šπ‘Žπ‘—π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ NOUN cana-3594 182 6 = = SYM cana-3594 182 7 0.6 0.6 NUM cana-3594 182 8 minority minority NOUN cana-3594 182 9 group group PROPN cana-3594 182 10 𝑃( 𝑃( PROPN cana-3594 182 11 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 182 12 Μ‚ Μ‚ PROPN cana-3594 182 13 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 182 14 = = SYM cana-3594 182 15 1|𝐴 1|𝐴 NUM cana-3594 182 16 = = SYM cana-3594 182 17 π‘šπ‘–π‘›π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ π‘šπ‘–π‘›π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ NOUN cana-3594 182 18 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 182 19 = = SYM cana-3594 182 20 42 42 NUM cana-3594 182 21 % % NOUN cana-3594 182 22 majority majority NOUN cana-3594 182 23 group group PROPN cana-3594 182 24 𝑃( 𝑃( PROPN cana-3594 182 25 οΏ½ οΏ½ PROPN cana-3594 182 26 Μ‚ Μ‚ PROPN cana-3594 182 27 οΏ½ οΏ½ NOUN cana-3594 182 28 = = SYM cana-3594 182 29 1|𝐴 1|𝐴 NUM cana-3594 182 30 = = SYM cana-3594 182 31 π‘šπ‘Žπ‘—π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ π‘šπ‘Žπ‘—π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘–π‘‘π‘¦ NOUN cana-3594 182 32 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 183 1 = = SYM cana-3594 183 2 44 44 NUM cana-3594 183 3 % % NOUN cana-3594 183 4 updated update VERB cana-3594 183 5 dp dp NOUN cana-3594 183 6 : : PUNCT cana-3594 183 7 𝐷𝑃 𝐷𝑃 PROPN cana-3594 183 8 = = NOUN cana-3594 183 9 0.42 0.42 NUM cana-3594 183 10 0.44 0.44 NUM cana-3594 183 11 = = SYM cana-3594 183 12 0.95 0.95 NUM cana-3594 183 13 performance performance NOUN cana-3594 183 14 metrics metric NOUN cana-3594 183 15 after after ADP cana-3594 183 16 applying apply VERB cana-3594 183 17 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 183 18 - - PUNCT cana-3594 183 19 aware aware ADJ cana-3594 183 20 techniques technique NOUN cana-3594 183 21 , , PUNCT cana-3594 183 22 the the DET cana-3594 183 23 following follow VERB cana-3594 183 24 metrics metric NOUN cana-3594 183 25 were be AUX cana-3594 183 26 observed observe VERB cana-3594 183 27 metric metric ADJ cana-3594 183 28 baseline baseline NOUN cana-3594 183 29 model model NOUN cana-3594 183 30 fairness fairness PROPN cana-3594 183 31 aware aware ADJ cana-3594 183 32 model model NOUN cana-3594 183 33 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 183 34 85.2 85.2 NUM cana-3594 183 35 % % NOUN cana-3594 183 36 84.1 84.1 NUM cana-3594 183 37 % % NOUN cana-3594 183 38 precision precision NOUN cana-3594 183 39 87.3 87.3 NUM cana-3594 183 40 % % NOUN cana-3594 183 41 86.7 86.7 NUM cana-3594 183 42 % % NOUN cana-3594 183 43 recall recall NOUN cana-3594 183 44 82.5 82.5 NUM cana-3594 183 45 % % NOUN cana-3594 183 46 83.2 83.2 NUM cana-3594 183 47 % % NOUN cana-3594 183 48 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 183 49 parity parity NOUN cana-3594 183 50 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 183 51 dp dp NOUN cana-3594 183 52 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 183 53 0.67 0.67 NUM cana-3594 183 54 0.95 0.95 NUM cana-3594 183 55 equalized equalize VERB cana-3594 183 56 odds(eo odds(eo NOUN cana-3594 183 57 gap gap NOUN cana-3594 183 58 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 183 59 0.15 0.15 NUM cana-3594 183 60 0.02 0.02 NUM cana-3594 183 61 validation validation NOUN cana-3594 183 62 and and CCONJ cana-3594 183 63 sensitivity sensitivity NOUN cana-3594 183 64 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 183 65 after after ADP cana-3594 183 66 being be AUX cana-3594 183 67 verified verify VERB cana-3594 183 68 mathematically mathematically ADV cana-3594 183 69 , , PUNCT cana-3594 183 70 the the DET cana-3594 183 71 model model NOUN cana-3594 183 72 was be AUX cana-3594 183 73 tested test VERB cana-3594 183 74 for for ADP cana-3594 183 75 robustness robustness NOUN cana-3594 183 76 under under ADP cana-3594 183 77 various various ADJ cana-3594 183 78 circumstances circumstance NOUN cana-3594 183 79 . . PUNCT cana-3594 184 1 1 1 X cana-3594 184 2 . . X cana-3594 184 3 confidence confidence NOUN cana-3594 184 4 interval(ci interval(ci ADJ cana-3594 184 5 ): ): PUNCT cana-3594 184 6 bootstrap bootstrap NOUN cana-3594 184 7 sampling sample VERB cana-3594 184 8 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 184 9 1000 1000 NUM cana-3594 184 10 iterations iteration NOUN cana-3594 184 11 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 184 12 yielded yield VERB cana-3594 184 13 , , PUNCT cana-3594 184 14 𝐢𝐼𝐷𝑃 𝐢𝐼𝐷𝑃 PROPN cana-3594 184 15 = = PUNCT cana-3594 184 16 0.95 0.95 NUM cana-3594 184 17 Β± Β± NUM cana-3594 184 18 0.03 0.03 NUM cana-3594 184 19 , , PUNCT cana-3594 184 20 𝐢𝐼𝐸𝑂 𝐢𝐼𝐸𝑂 PROPN cana-3594 184 21 = = SYM cana-3594 184 22 0.02 0.02 NUM cana-3594 184 23 Β± Β± NUM cana-3594 184 24 0.01 0.01 NUM cana-3594 184 25 these these DET cana-3594 184 26 narrow narrow ADJ cana-3594 184 27 intervals interval NOUN cana-3594 184 28 confirm confirm VERB cana-3594 184 29 the the DET cana-3594 184 30 reliability reliability NOUN cana-3594 184 31 of of ADP cana-3594 184 32 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 184 33 metrics metric NOUN cana-3594 184 34 . . PUNCT cana-3594 185 1 2 2 X cana-3594 185 2 . . X cana-3594 185 3 threshold threshold NOUN cana-3594 185 4 sensitivity sensitivity NOUN cana-3594 185 5 : : PUNCT cana-3594 185 6 changing change VERB cana-3594 185 7 thresholds threshold NOUN cana-3594 185 8 by by ADP cana-3594 185 9 Β±0.1 Β±0.1 NOUN cana-3594 185 10 showed show VERB cana-3594 185 11 minimal minimal ADJ cana-3594 185 12 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 185 13 impact impact NOUN cana-3594 185 14 , , PUNCT cana-3594 185 15 βˆ†π·π‘ƒ βˆ†π·π‘ƒ PROPN cana-3594 185 16 βˆ†π‘‘ βˆ†π‘‘ PROPN cana-3594 186 1 β‰ˆ β‰ˆ PROPN cana-3594 186 2 0.01 0.01 NUM cana-3594 186 3 3 3 NUM cana-3594 186 4 . . PUNCT cana-3594 187 1 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 187 2 shifts shift NOUN cana-3594 187 3 increasing increase VERB cana-3594 187 4 minority minority NOUN cana-3594 187 5 representation representation NOUN cana-3594 187 6 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 187 7 from from ADP cana-3594 187 8 30 30 NUM cana-3594 187 9 % % NOUN cana-3594 187 10 to to PART cana-3594 187 11 40 40 NUM cana-3594 187 12 % % NOUN cana-3594 187 13 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 187 14 resulted result VERB cana-3594 187 15 in in ADP cana-3594 187 16 : : PUNCT cana-3594 187 17 𝐷𝑃 𝐷𝑃 PROPN cana-3594 187 18 = = NOUN cana-3594 187 19 0.93 0.93 NUM cana-3594 187 20 4 4 NUM cana-3594 187 21 . . PUNCT cana-3594 187 22 adversarial adversarial ADJ cana-3594 187 23 testing testing NOUN cana-3594 187 24 : : PUNCT cana-3594 187 25 when when SCONJ cana-3594 187 26 compared compare VERB cana-3594 187 27 to to ADP cana-3594 187 28 the the DET cana-3594 187 29 baseline baseline NOUN cana-3594 187 30 , , PUNCT cana-3594 187 31 the the DET cana-3594 187 32 model model NOUN cana-3594 187 33 decreased decrease VERB cana-3594 187 34 adversarial adversarial ADV cana-3594 187 35 - - PUNCT cana-3594 187 36 induced induce VERB cana-3594 187 37 prediction prediction NOUN cana-3594 187 38 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 187 39 by by ADP cana-3594 187 40 65 65 NUM cana-3594 187 41 % % NOUN cana-3594 187 42 . . PUNCT cana-3594 188 1 real real ADJ cana-3594 188 2 - - PUNCT cana-3594 188 3 world world NOUN cana-3594 188 4 impact impact NOUN cana-3594 188 5 we we PRON cana-3594 188 6 find find VERB cana-3594 188 7 that that SCONJ cana-3594 188 8 the the DET cana-3594 188 9 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 188 10 - - PUNCT cana-3594 188 11 aware aware ADJ cana-3594 188 12 model model NOUN cana-3594 188 13 with with ADP cana-3594 188 14 the the DET cana-3594 188 15 mimic mimic ADJ cana-3594 188 16 - - PUNCT cana-3594 188 17 iii iii NOUN cana-3594 188 18 dataset dataset NOUN cana-3594 188 19 improves improve VERB cana-3594 188 20 healthcare healthcare NOUN cana-3594 188 21 equality equality NOUN cana-3594 188 22 . . PUNCT cana-3594 189 1 while while SCONJ cana-3594 189 2 sustaining sustain VERB cana-3594 189 3 a a DET cana-3594 189 4 high high ADJ cana-3594 189 5 overall overall ADJ cana-3594 189 6 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 189 7 of of ADP cana-3594 189 8 84.1 84.1 NUM cana-3594 189 9 % % NOUN cana-3594 189 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 189 11 the the DET cana-3594 189 12 percentage percentage NOUN cana-3594 189 13 of of ADP cana-3594 189 14 minority minority NOUN cana-3594 189 15 icu icu PROPN cana-3594 189 16 admission admission NOUN cana-3594 189 17 increased increase VERB cana-3594 189 18 from from ADP cana-3594 189 19 30 30 NUM cana-3594 189 20 % % NOUN cana-3594 189 21 to to PART cana-3594 189 22 42 42 NUM cana-3594 189 23 % % NOUN cana-3594 189 24 , , PUNCT cana-3594 189 25 which which PRON cana-3594 189 26 means mean VERB cana-3594 189 27 there there PRON cana-3594 189 28 is be VERB cana-3594 189 29 a a DET cana-3594 189 30 shrinking shrink VERB cana-3594 189 31 gap gap NOUN cana-3594 189 32 with with ADP cana-3594 189 33 the the DET cana-3594 189 34 majority majority NOUN cana-3594 189 35 group group NOUN cana-3594 189 36 . . PUNCT cana-3594 190 1 true true ADJ cana-3594 190 2 positive positive ADJ cana-3594 190 3 rate rate NOUN cana-3594 190 4 inequalities inequality NOUN cana-3594 190 5 fell fall VERB cana-3594 190 6 from from ADP cana-3594 190 7 0.15 0.15 NUM cana-3594 190 8 to to PART cana-3594 190 9 0.02 0.02 NUM cana-3594 190 10 while while SCONJ cana-3594 190 11 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 190 12 parity parity NOUN cana-3594 190 13 increased increase VERB cana-3594 190 14 from from ADP cana-3594 190 15 0.67 0.67 NUM cana-3594 190 16 to to ADP cana-3594 190 17 0.95 0.95 NUM cana-3594 190 18 . . PUNCT cana-3594 191 1 these these DET cana-3594 191 2 results result NOUN cana-3594 191 3 thus thus ADV cana-3594 191 4 demonstrate demonstrate VERB cana-3594 191 5 how how SCONJ cana-3594 191 6 the the DET cana-3594 191 7 model model NOUN cana-3594 191 8 represents represent VERB cana-3594 191 9 a a DET cana-3594 191 10 realistic realistic ADJ cana-3594 191 11 and and CCONJ cana-3594 191 12 efficient efficient ADJ cana-3594 191 13 way way NOUN cana-3594 191 14 to to PART cana-3594 191 15 ensure ensure VERB cana-3594 191 16 justice justice NOUN cana-3594 191 17 in in ADP cana-3594 191 18 important important ADJ cana-3594 191 19 communications communication NOUN cana-3594 191 20 on on ADP cana-3594 191 21 applied apply VERB cana-3594 191 22 nonlinear nonlinear ADJ cana-3594 191 23 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 191 24 issn issn NOUN cana-3594 191 25 : : PUNCT cana-3594 191 26 1074 1074 NUM cana-3594 191 27 - - PUNCT cana-3594 191 28 133x 133x NUM cana-3594 191 29 vol vol NOUN cana-3594 191 30 32 32 NUM cana-3594 191 31 no no NOUN cana-3594 191 32 . . NOUN cana-3594 191 33 3 3 NUM cana-3594 191 34 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 191 35 2025 2025 NUM cana-3594 191 36 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 191 37 723 723 NUM cana-3594 191 38 https://internationalpubls.com https://internationalpubls.com X cana-3594 191 39 real real ADJ cana-3594 191 40 - - PUNCT cana-3594 191 41 world world NOUN cana-3594 191 42 applications application NOUN cana-3594 191 43 such such ADJ cana-3594 191 44 as as ADP cana-3594 191 45 healthcare healthcare NOUN cana-3594 191 46 by by ADP cana-3594 191 47 treating treat VERB cana-3594 191 48 underrepresented underrepresented ADJ cana-3594 191 49 groups group NOUN cana-3594 191 50 more more ADV cana-3594 191 51 fairly fairly ADV cana-3594 191 52 without without ADP cana-3594 191 53 loss loss NOUN cana-3594 191 54 of of ADP cana-3594 191 55 predictive predictive ADJ cana-3594 191 56 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 191 57 . . PUNCT cana-3594 192 1 this this PRON cana-3594 192 2 shows show VERB cana-3594 192 3 that that SCONJ cana-3594 192 4 the the DET cana-3594 192 5 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 192 6 - - PUNCT cana-3594 192 7 aware aware ADJ cana-3594 192 8 approach approach NOUN cana-3594 192 9 really really ADV cana-3594 192 10 works work VERB cana-3594 192 11 in in ADP cana-3594 192 12 mitigating mitigate VERB cana-3594 192 13 the the DET cana-3594 192 14 biases8 biases8 NOUN cana-3594 192 15 of of ADP cana-3594 192 16 models model NOUN cana-3594 192 17 , , PUNCT cana-3594 192 18 as as SCONJ cana-3594 192 19 evidenced evidence VERB cana-3594 192 20 by by ADP cana-3594 192 21 the the DET cana-3594 192 22 mimic mimic ADJ cana-3594 192 23 - - PUNCT cana-3594 192 24 iii iii NOUN cana-3594 192 25 dataset dataset NOUN cana-3594 192 26 on on ADP cana-3594 192 27 the the DET cana-3594 192 28 icus icus NOUN cana-3594 192 29 . . PUNCT cana-3594 193 1 at at ADP cana-3594 193 2 the the DET cana-3594 193 3 start start NOUN cana-3594 193 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 193 5 there there PRON cana-3594 193 6 was be VERB cana-3594 193 7 already already ADV cana-3594 193 8 unequal unequal ADJ cana-3594 193 9 rates rate NOUN cana-3594 193 10 : : PUNCT cana-3594 193 11 minority minority NOUN cana-3594 193 12 admissions admission NOUN cana-3594 193 13 at at ADP cana-3594 193 14 30 30 NUM cana-3594 193 15 percent percent NOUN cana-3594 193 16 , , PUNCT cana-3594 193 17 almost almost ADV cana-3594 193 18 half half ADV cana-3594 193 19 compared compare VERB cana-3594 193 20 to to ADP cana-3594 193 21 the the DET cana-3594 193 22 majority majority NOUN cana-3594 193 23 group group NOUN cana-3594 193 24 at at ADP cana-3594 193 25 45 45 NUM cana-3594 193 26 percent percent NOUN cana-3594 193 27 , , PUNCT cana-3594 193 28 were be AUX cana-3594 193 29 admitted admit VERB cana-3594 193 30 . . PUNCT cana-3594 194 1 it it PRON cana-3594 194 2 followed follow VERB cana-3594 194 3 then then ADV cana-3594 194 4 that that SCONJ cana-3594 194 5 there there PRON cana-3594 194 6 is be VERB cana-3594 194 7 a a DET cana-3594 194 8 gap gap NOUN cana-3594 194 9 in in ADP cana-3594 194 10 tpr tpr NOUN cana-3594 194 11 of of ADP cana-3594 194 12 0.15 0.15 NUM cana-3594 194 13 . . PUNCT cana-3594 195 1 after after ADP cana-3594 195 2 the the DET cana-3594 195 3 implementation implementation NOUN cana-3594 195 4 of of ADP cana-3594 195 5 pre pre ADJ cana-3594 195 6 - - ADJ cana-3594 195 7 processing processing ADJ cana-3594 195 8 , , PUNCT cana-3594 195 9 inprocessing inprocessing NOUN cana-3594 195 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 195 11 and and CCONJ cana-3594 195 12 post post ADJ cana-3594 195 13 - - ADJ cana-3594 195 14 processing processing ADJ cana-3594 195 15 measures measure NOUN cana-3594 195 16 , , PUNCT cana-3594 195 17 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 195 18 parity parity NOUN cana-3594 195 19 increased increase VERB cana-3594 195 20 from from ADP cana-3594 195 21 0.67 0.67 NUM cana-3594 195 22 after after ADP cana-3594 195 23 induction induction NOUN cana-3594 195 24 to to ADP cana-3594 195 25 0.95 0.95 NUM cana-3594 195 26 , , PUNCT cana-3594 195 27 while while SCONJ cana-3594 195 28 the the DET cana-3594 195 29 tpr tpr NOUN cana-3594 195 30 gap gap NOUN cana-3594 195 31 after after ADP cana-3594 195 32 this this DET cana-3594 195 33 period period NOUN cana-3594 195 34 became become VERB cana-3594 195 35 0.02 0.02 NUM cana-3594 195 36 . . PUNCT cana-3594 196 1 validation validation NOUN cana-3594 196 2 by by ADP cana-3594 196 3 bootstrap bootstrap NOUN cana-3594 196 4 sampling sampling NOUN cana-3594 196 5 and and CCONJ cana-3594 196 6 confidence confidence NOUN cana-3594 196 7 intervals interval NOUN cana-3594 196 8 of of ADP cana-3594 196 9 0.95 0.95 NUM cana-3594 196 10 Β± Β± NUM cana-3594 196 11 0.03 0.03 NUM cana-3594 196 12 for for ADP cana-3594 196 13 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 196 14 parity parity NOUN cana-3594 196 15 supported support VERB cana-3594 196 16 the the DET cana-3594 196 17 hypothesis hypothesis NOUN cana-3594 196 18 , , PUNCT cana-3594 196 19 and and CCONJ cana-3594 196 20 soundness soundness NOUN cana-3594 196 21 of of ADP cana-3594 196 22 the the DET cana-3594 196 23 findings finding NOUN cana-3594 196 24 was be AUX cana-3594 196 25 observed observe VERB cana-3594 196 26 . . PUNCT cana-3594 197 1 the the DET cana-3594 197 2 more more ADV cana-3594 197 3 detailed detailed ADJ cana-3594 197 4 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 197 5 of of ADP cana-3594 197 6 the the DET cana-3594 197 7 results result NOUN cana-3594 197 8 thereafter thereafter ADV cana-3594 197 9 did do AUX cana-3594 197 10 indeed indeed ADV cana-3594 197 11 show show VERB cana-3594 197 12 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 197 13 advances advance NOUN cana-3594 197 14 and and CCONJ cana-3594 197 15 adversarial adversarial ADJ cana-3594 197 16 changes change NOUN cana-3594 197 17 which which PRON cana-3594 197 18 were be AUX cana-3594 197 19 resilient resilient ADJ cana-3594 197 20 . . PUNCT cana-3594 198 1 the the DET cana-3594 198 2 overall overall ADJ cana-3594 198 3 models model NOUN cana-3594 198 4 ' ' PART cana-3594 198 5 prediction prediction NOUN cana-3594 198 6 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 198 7 was be AUX cana-3594 198 8 still still ADV cana-3594 198 9 84.1 84.1 NUM cana-3594 198 10 percent percent NOUN cana-3594 198 11 at at ADP cana-3594 198 12 42 42 NUM cana-3594 198 13 percent percent NOUN cana-3594 198 14 of of ADP cana-3594 198 15 the the DET cana-3594 198 16 minority minority NOUN cana-3594 198 17 share share NOUN cana-3594 198 18 , , PUNCT cana-3594 198 19 which which PRON cana-3594 198 20 was be AUX cana-3594 198 21 an an DET cana-3594 198 22 increment increment NOUN cana-3594 198 23 . . PUNCT cana-3594 199 1 these these DET cana-3594 199 2 results result NOUN cana-3594 199 3 go go VERB cana-3594 199 4 to to PART cana-3594 199 5 support support VERB cana-3594 199 6 the the DET cana-3594 199 7 methodology methodology NOUN cana-3594 199 8 as as ADP cana-3594 199 9 one one NUM cana-3594 199 10 valid valid ADJ cana-3594 199 11 and and CCONJ cana-3594 199 12 reasonable reasonable ADJ cana-3594 199 13 long long ADJ cana-3594 199 14 - - PUNCT cana-3594 199 15 term term NOUN cana-3594 199 16 expansion expansion NOUN cana-3594 199 17 which which PRON cana-3594 199 18 can can AUX cana-3594 199 19 maintain maintain VERB cana-3594 199 20 the the DET cana-3594 199 21 ability ability NOUN cana-3594 199 22 to to PART cana-3594 199 23 do do AUX cana-3594 199 24 predictive predictive ADJ cana-3594 199 25 balancing balancing NOUN cana-3594 199 26 of of ADP cana-3594 199 27 cases case NOUN cana-3594 199 28 in in ADP cana-3594 199 29 real real ADJ cana-3594 199 30 - - PUNCT cana-3594 199 31 life life NOUN cana-3594 199 32 scenarios scenario NOUN cana-3594 199 33 . . PUNCT cana-3594 200 1 conclusion conclusion NOUN cana-3594 200 2 the the DET cana-3594 200 3 work work NOUN cana-3594 200 4 gives give VERB cana-3594 200 5 an an DET cana-3594 200 6 insight insight NOUN cana-3594 200 7 into into ADP cana-3594 200 8 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 200 9 within within ADP cana-3594 200 10 computational computational ADJ cana-3594 200 11 models model NOUN cana-3594 200 12 by by ADP cana-3594 200 13 mathematically mathematically ADV cana-3594 200 14 and and CCONJ cana-3594 200 15 statistically statistically ADV cana-3594 200 16 interpreting interpret VERB cana-3594 200 17 the the DET cana-3594 200 18 tools tool NOUN cana-3594 200 19 for for ADP cana-3594 200 20 mitigating mitigate VERB cana-3594 200 21 the the DET cana-3594 200 22 effects effect NOUN cana-3594 200 23 of of ADP cana-3594 200 24 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 200 25 for for ADP cana-3594 200 26 fair fair ADJ cana-3594 200 27 outcomes outcome NOUN cana-3594 200 28 . . PUNCT cana-3594 201 1 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 201 2 concepts concept NOUN cana-3594 201 3 investigated investigate VERB cana-3594 201 4 in in ADP cana-3594 201 5 the the DET cana-3594 201 6 study study NOUN cana-3594 201 7 include include VERB cana-3594 201 8 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 201 9 parity parity NOUN cana-3594 201 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 201 11 equalized equalize VERB cana-3594 201 12 odds odd NOUN cana-3594 201 13 , , PUNCT cana-3594 201 14 and and CCONJ cana-3594 201 15 individual individual ADJ cana-3594 201 16 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 201 17 , , PUNCT cana-3594 201 18 and and CCONJ cana-3594 201 19 challenges challenge NOUN cana-3594 201 20 considered consider VERB cana-3594 201 21 cover cover NOUN cana-3594 201 22 issues issue NOUN cana-3594 201 23 such such ADJ cana-3594 201 24 as as ADP cana-3594 201 25 trade trade NOUN cana-3594 201 26 - - PUNCT cana-3594 201 27 offs off NOUN cana-3594 201 28 between between ADP cana-3594 201 29 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 201 30 and and CCONJ cana-3594 201 31 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 201 32 and and CCONJ cana-3594 201 33 the the DET cana-3594 201 34 lack lack NOUN cana-3594 201 35 of of ADP cana-3594 201 36 agreed agree VERB cana-3594 201 37 - - PUNCT cana-3594 201 38 upon upon ADP cana-3594 201 39 metrics metric NOUN cana-3594 201 40 for for ADP cana-3594 201 41 measuring measure VERB cana-3594 201 42 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 201 43 . . PUNCT cana-3594 202 1 pre pre ADJ cana-3594 202 2 - - ADJ cana-3594 202 3 processing processing ADJ cana-3594 202 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 202 5 in in ADP cana-3594 202 6 - - PUNCT cana-3594 202 7 processing processing NOUN cana-3594 202 8 , , PUNCT cana-3594 202 9 and and CCONJ cana-3594 202 10 post post ADJ cana-3594 202 11 - - ADJ cana-3594 202 12 processing processing NOUN cana-3594 202 13 are be AUX cana-3594 202 14 some some PRON cana-3594 202 15 of of ADP cana-3594 202 16 the the DET cana-3594 202 17 methods method NOUN cana-3594 202 18 that that PRON cana-3594 202 19 , , PUNCT cana-3594 202 20 moving move VERB cana-3594 202 21 along along ADP cana-3594 202 22 a a DET cana-3594 202 23 machine machine NOUN cana-3594 202 24 learning learn VERB cana-3594 202 25 pipeline pipeline NOUN cana-3594 202 26 , , PUNCT cana-3594 202 27 could could AUX cana-3594 202 28 reduce reduce VERB cana-3594 202 29 biases bias NOUN cana-3594 202 30 without without ADP cana-3594 202 31 significantly significantly ADV cana-3594 202 32 affecting affect VERB cana-3594 202 33 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 202 34 . . PUNCT cana-3594 203 1 we we PRON cana-3594 203 2 shall shall AUX cana-3594 203 3 then then ADV cana-3594 203 4 see see VERB cana-3594 203 5 a a DET cana-3594 203 6 use use NOUN cana-3594 203 7 case case NOUN cana-3594 203 8 for for ADP cana-3594 203 9 mimic mimic ADJ cana-3594 203 10 - - PUNCT cana-3594 203 11 iii iii NOUN cana-3594 203 12 dataset dataset NOUN cana-3594 203 13 based base VERB cana-3594 203 14 fairnessaware fairnessaware NOUN cana-3594 203 15 modeling modeling NOUN cana-3594 203 16 : : PUNCT cana-3594 203 17 from from ADP cana-3594 203 18 improving improve VERB cana-3594 203 19 demographic demographic ADJ cana-3594 203 20 parity parity NOUN cana-3594 203 21 , , PUNCT cana-3594 203 22 which which PRON cana-3594 203 23 moves move VERB cana-3594 203 24 from from ADP cana-3594 203 25 0.67 0.67 NUM cana-3594 203 26 to to ADP cana-3594 203 27 0.95 0.95 NUM cana-3594 203 28 , , PUNCT cana-3594 203 29 accompanied accompany VERB cana-3594 203 30 by by ADP cana-3594 203 31 reductions reduction NOUN cana-3594 203 32 in in ADP cana-3594 203 33 disparity disparity NOUN cana-3594 203 34 of of ADP cana-3594 203 35 true true ADJ cana-3594 203 36 positive positive ADJ cana-3594 203 37 rate rate NOUN cana-3594 203 38 between between ADP cana-3594 203 39 races race NOUN cana-3594 203 40 - - PUNCT cana-3594 203 41 from from ADP cana-3594 203 42 0.15 0.15 NUM cana-3594 203 43 to to ADP cana-3594 203 44 0.02 0.02 NUM cana-3594 203 45 , , PUNCT cana-3594 203 46 using use VERB cana-3594 203 47 race race NOUN cana-3594 203 48 - - PUNCT cana-3594 203 49 a a DET cana-3594 203 50 high high ADJ cana-3594 203 51 value value NOUN cana-3594 203 52 when when SCONJ cana-3594 203 53 accuracy accuracy NOUN cana-3594 203 54 was be AUX cana-3594 203 55 considered consider VERB cana-3594 203 56 for for ADP cana-3594 203 57 all all PRON cana-3594 203 58 of of ADP cana-3594 203 59 the the DET cana-3594 203 60 methods method NOUN cana-3594 203 61 84.1 84.1 NUM cana-3594 203 62 % % NOUN cana-3594 203 63 were be AUX cana-3594 203 64 correct correct ADJ cana-3594 203 65 , , PUNCT cana-3594 203 66 proving prove VERB cana-3594 203 67 all all DET cana-3594 203 68 results result NOUN cana-3594 203 69 produced produce VERB cana-3594 203 70 on on ADP cana-3594 203 71 proposed propose VERB cana-3594 203 72 methodology methodology NOUN cana-3594 203 73 sensitive sensitive ADJ cana-3594 203 74 and and CCONJ cana-3594 203 75 supporting support VERB cana-3594 203 76 these these PRON cana-3594 203 77 . . PUNCT cana-3594 204 1 while while SCONJ cana-3594 204 2 the the DET cana-3594 204 3 study study NOUN cana-3594 204 4 contributes contribute VERB cana-3594 204 5 a a DET cana-3594 204 6 great great ADJ cana-3594 204 7 deal deal NOUN cana-3594 204 8 to to ADP cana-3594 204 9 the the DET cana-3594 204 10 field field NOUN cana-3594 204 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 204 12 it it PRON cana-3594 204 13 equally equally ADV cana-3594 204 14 acknowledges acknowledge VERB cana-3594 204 15 the the DET cana-3594 204 16 challenges challenge NOUN cana-3594 204 17 that that PRON cana-3594 204 18 remain remain VERB cana-3594 204 19 resilient resilient ADJ cana-3594 204 20 in in ADP cana-3594 204 21 achieving achieve VERB cana-3594 204 22 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 204 23 : : PUNCT cana-3594 204 24 balancing balance VERB cana-3594 204 25 societal societal ADJ cana-3594 204 26 and and CCONJ cana-3594 204 27 predictive predictive ADJ cana-3594 204 28 objectives objective NOUN cana-3594 204 29 , , PUNCT cana-3594 204 30 adapting adapt VERB cana-3594 204 31 to to ADP cana-3594 204 32 evolving evolve VERB cana-3594 204 33 datasets dataset NOUN cana-3594 204 34 , , PUNCT cana-3594 204 35 and and CCONJ cana-3594 204 36 overcoming overcome VERB cana-3594 204 37 biases bias NOUN cana-3594 204 38 in in ADP cana-3594 204 39 historical historical ADJ cana-3594 204 40 data datum NOUN cana-3594 204 41 . . PUNCT cana-3594 205 1 it it PRON cana-3594 205 2 emphasizes emphasize VERB cana-3594 205 3 that that SCONJ cana-3594 205 4 the the DET cana-3594 205 5 development development NOUN cana-3594 205 6 of of ADP cana-3594 205 7 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 205 8 - - PUNCT cana-3594 205 9 aware aware ADJ cana-3594 205 10 methodologies methodology NOUN cana-3594 205 11 is be AUX cana-3594 205 12 a a DET cana-3594 205 13 continuous continuous ADJ cana-3594 205 14 process process NOUN cana-3594 205 15 and and CCONJ cana-3594 205 16 requires require VERB cana-3594 205 17 interdisciplinary interdisciplinary ADJ cana-3594 205 18 collaboration collaboration NOUN cana-3594 205 19 in in ADP cana-3594 205 20 building build VERB cana-3594 205 21 ethical ethical ADJ cana-3594 205 22 ai ai PROPN cana-3594 205 23 systems system NOUN cana-3594 205 24 . . PUNCT cana-3594 206 1 this this DET cana-3594 206 2 research research NOUN cana-3594 206 3 therefore therefore ADV cana-3594 206 4 lays lay VERB cana-3594 206 5 a a DET cana-3594 206 6 very very ADV cana-3594 206 7 strong strong ADJ cana-3594 206 8 foundation foundation NOUN cana-3594 206 9 for for ADP cana-3594 206 10 the the DET cana-3594 206 11 promotion promotion NOUN cana-3594 206 12 of of ADP cana-3594 206 13 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 206 14 in in ADP cana-3594 206 15 computational computational ADJ cana-3594 206 16 models model NOUN cana-3594 206 17 and and CCONJ cana-3594 206 18 showcases showcase VERB cana-3594 206 19 the the DET cana-3594 206 20 potential potential NOUN cana-3594 206 21 for for ADP cana-3594 206 22 achieving achieve VERB cana-3594 206 23 equitable equitable ADJ cana-3594 206 24 outcomes outcome NOUN cana-3594 206 25 in in ADP cana-3594 206 26 various various ADJ cana-3594 206 27 real real ADJ cana-3594 206 28 - - PUNCT cana-3594 206 29 world world NOUN cana-3594 206 30 contexts contexts NOUN cana-3594 206 31 . . PUNCT cana-3594 207 1 references reference NOUN cana-3594 207 2 [ [ X cana-3594 207 3 1 1 NUM cana-3594 207 4 ] ] X cana-3594 207 5 grgiΔ‡ grgiΔ‡ ADJ cana-3594 207 6 - - PUNCT cana-3594 207 7 hlača hlača NOUN cana-3594 207 8 , , PUNCT cana-3594 207 9 n. n. NOUN cana-3594 207 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 207 11 zafar zafar PROPN cana-3594 207 12 , , PUNCT cana-3594 207 13 m. m. PROPN cana-3594 207 14 b. b. PROPN cana-3594 207 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 207 16 gummadi gummadi NOUN cana-3594 207 17 , , PUNCT cana-3594 207 18 k. k. PROPN cana-3594 207 19 p. p. PROPN cana-3594 207 20 , , PUNCT cana-3594 207 21 & & CCONJ cana-3594 207 22 weller weller NOUN cana-3594 207 23 , , PUNCT cana-3594 207 24 a. a. NOUN cana-3594 207 25 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 207 26 2016 2016 NUM cana-3594 207 27 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 207 28 . . PUNCT cana-3594 208 1 the the DET cana-3594 208 2 case case NOUN cana-3594 208 3 for for ADP cana-3594 208 4 process process NOUN cana-3594 208 5 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 208 6 in in ADP cana-3594 208 7 learning learn VERB cana-3594 208 8 : : PUNCT cana-3594 208 9 feature feature NOUN cana-3594 208 10 selection selection NOUN cana-3594 208 11 for for ADP cana-3594 208 12 fair fair ADJ cana-3594 208 13 decision decision NOUN cana-3594 208 14 making making NOUN cana-3594 208 15 . . PUNCT cana-3594 209 1 nips nip NOUN cana-3594 209 2 symposium symposium NOUN cana-3594 209 3 on on ADP cana-3594 209 4 machine machine NOUN cana-3594 209 5 learning learning NOUN cana-3594 209 6 and and CCONJ cana-3594 209 7 the the DET cana-3594 209 8 law law NOUN cana-3594 209 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 209 10 1 1 NUM cana-3594 209 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 209 12 2 2 NUM cana-3594 209 13 . . PUNCT cana-3594 210 1 [ [ X cana-3594 210 2 2 2 NUM cana-3594 210 3 ] ] X cana-3594 210 4 garg garg NOUN cana-3594 210 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 210 6 s. s. PROPN cana-3594 210 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 210 8 perot perot NOUN cana-3594 210 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 210 10 v. v. PROPN cana-3594 210 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 210 12 limtiaco limtiaco PROPN cana-3594 210 13 , , PUNCT cana-3594 210 14 n. n. PROPN cana-3594 210 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 210 16 taly taly PROPN cana-3594 210 17 , , PUNCT cana-3594 210 18 a. a. PROPN cana-3594 210 19 , , PUNCT cana-3594 210 20 chi chi PROPN cana-3594 210 21 , , PUNCT cana-3594 210 22 e. e. PROPN cana-3594 210 23 h. h. PROPN cana-3594 210 24 , , PUNCT cana-3594 210 25 & & CCONJ cana-3594 210 26 beutel beutel PROPN cana-3594 210 27 , , PUNCT cana-3594 210 28 a. a. NOUN cana-3594 210 29 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 210 30 2019 2019 NUM cana-3594 210 31 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 210 32 . . PUNCT cana-3594 211 1 counterfactual counterfactual ADJ cana-3594 211 2 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 211 3 in in ADP cana-3594 211 4 text text NOUN cana-3594 211 5 classification classification NOUN cana-3594 211 6 through through ADP cana-3594 211 7 robustness robustness NOUN cana-3594 211 8 . . PUNCT cana-3594 212 1 proceedings proceeding NOUN cana-3594 212 2 of of ADP cana-3594 212 3 the the DET cana-3594 212 4 2019 2019 NUM cana-3594 212 5 aaai aaai PROPN cana-3594 212 6 / / SYM cana-3594 212 7 acm acm PROPN cana-3594 212 8 conference conference NOUN cana-3594 212 9 on on ADP cana-3594 212 10 ai ai PROPN cana-3594 212 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 212 12 ethics ethic NOUN cana-3594 212 13 , , PUNCT cana-3594 212 14 and and CCONJ cana-3594 212 15 society society NOUN cana-3594 212 16 , , PUNCT cana-3594 212 17 219 219 NUM cana-3594 212 18 – – PUNCT cana-3594 212 19 226 226 NUM cana-3594 212 20 . . PUNCT cana-3594 213 1 [ [ X cana-3594 213 2 3 3 NUM cana-3594 213 3 ] ] X cana-3594 213 4 barocas baroca NOUN cana-3594 213 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 213 6 s. s. PROPN cana-3594 213 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 213 8 & & CCONJ cana-3594 213 9 selbst selbst PROPN cana-3594 213 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 213 11 a. a. PROPN cana-3594 213 12 d. d. PROPN cana-3594 213 13 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 213 14 2016 2016 NUM cana-3594 213 15 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 213 16 . . PUNCT cana-3594 214 1 big big PROPN cana-3594 214 2 data data PROPN cana-3594 214 3 's 's PART cana-3594 214 4 disparate disparate ADJ cana-3594 214 5 impact impact NOUN cana-3594 214 6 . . PUNCT cana-3594 215 1 california california PROPN cana-3594 215 2 law law PROPN cana-3594 215 3 review review PROPN cana-3594 215 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 215 5 104(3 104(3 NUM cana-3594 215 6 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 215 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 215 8 671–732 671–732 NUM cana-3594 215 9 . . PUNCT cana-3594 216 1 communications communication NOUN cana-3594 216 2 on on ADP cana-3594 216 3 applied apply VERB cana-3594 216 4 nonlinear nonlinear ADJ cana-3594 216 5 analysis analysis NOUN cana-3594 216 6 issn issn NOUN cana-3594 216 7 : : PUNCT cana-3594 216 8 1074 1074 NUM cana-3594 216 9 - - PUNCT cana-3594 216 10 133x 133x NUM cana-3594 216 11 vol vol NOUN cana-3594 216 12 32 32 NUM cana-3594 216 13 no no NOUN cana-3594 216 14 . . NOUN cana-3594 216 15 3 3 NUM cana-3594 216 16 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 216 17 2025 2025 NUM cana-3594 216 18 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 216 19 724 724 NUM cana-3594 216 20 https://internationalpubls.com https://internationalpubls.com X cana-3594 217 1 [ [ X cana-3594 217 2 4 4 NUM cana-3594 217 3 ] ] X cana-3594 217 4 black black ADJ cana-3594 217 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 217 6 e. e. PROPN cana-3594 217 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 217 8 yeom yeom PROPN cana-3594 217 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 217 10 s. s. PROPN cana-3594 217 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 217 12 & & CCONJ cana-3594 217 13 fredrikson fredrikson PROPN cana-3594 217 14 , , PUNCT cana-3594 217 15 m. m. NOUN cana-3594 217 16 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 217 17 2020 2020 NUM cana-3594 217 18 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 217 19 . . PUNCT cana-3594 218 1 fliptest flipt ADJ cana-3594 218 2 : : PUNCT cana-3594 218 3 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 218 4 testing testing NOUN cana-3594 218 5 via via ADP cana-3594 218 6 optimal optimal ADJ cana-3594 218 7 transport transport NOUN cana-3594 218 8 . . PUNCT cana-3594 219 1 proceedings proceeding NOUN cana-3594 219 2 of of ADP cana-3594 219 3 the the DET cana-3594 219 4 2020 2020 NUM cana-3594 219 5 conference conference NOUN cana-3594 219 6 on on ADP cana-3594 219 7 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 219 8 , , PUNCT cana-3594 219 9 accountability accountability NOUN cana-3594 219 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 219 11 and and CCONJ cana-3594 219 12 transparency transparency NOUN cana-3594 219 13 , , PUNCT cana-3594 219 14 111–121 111–121 NUM cana-3594 219 15 . . PUNCT cana-3594 220 1 [ [ X cana-3594 220 2 5 5 NUM cana-3594 220 3 ] ] X cana-3594 220 4 kleinberg kleinberg PROPN cana-3594 220 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 220 6 j. j. PROPN cana-3594 220 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 220 8 ludwig ludwig PROPN cana-3594 220 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 220 10 j. j. PROPN cana-3594 220 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 220 12 mullainathan mullainathan PROPN cana-3594 220 13 , , PUNCT cana-3594 220 14 s. s. PROPN cana-3594 220 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 220 16 & & CCONJ cana-3594 220 17 rambachan rambachan PROPN cana-3594 220 18 , , PUNCT cana-3594 220 19 a. a. NOUN cana-3594 220 20 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 220 21 2018 2018 NUM cana-3594 220 22 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 220 23 . . PUNCT cana-3594 221 1 algorithmic algorithmic ADJ cana-3594 221 2 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 221 3 . . PUNCT cana-3594 222 1 aea aea PROPN cana-3594 222 2 papers paper NOUN cana-3594 222 3 and and CCONJ cana-3594 222 4 proceedings proceeding NOUN cana-3594 222 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 222 6 108 108 NUM cana-3594 222 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 222 8 22–27 22–27 NUM cana-3594 222 9 . . PUNCT cana-3594 223 1 [ [ X cana-3594 223 2 6 6 NUM cana-3594 223 3 ] ] X cana-3594 223 4 lipton lipton PROPN cana-3594 223 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 223 6 z. z. PROPN cana-3594 223 7 c. c. PROPN cana-3594 223 8 , , PUNCT cana-3594 223 9 mcauley mcauley PROPN cana-3594 223 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 223 11 j. j. PROPN cana-3594 223 12 , , PUNCT cana-3594 223 13 & & CCONJ cana-3594 223 14 chouldechova chouldechova PROPN cana-3594 223 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 223 16 a. a. NOUN cana-3594 223 17 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 223 18 2018 2018 NUM cana-3594 223 19 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 223 20 . . PUNCT cana-3594 224 1 does do AUX cana-3594 224 2 mitigating mitigate VERB cana-3594 224 3 ml ml NOUN cana-3594 224 4 's 's PART cana-3594 224 5 impact impact NOUN cana-3594 224 6 disparity disparity NOUN cana-3594 224 7 require require VERB cana-3594 224 8 treatment treatment NOUN cana-3594 224 9 disparity disparity NOUN cana-3594 224 10 ? ? PUNCT cana-3594 225 1 advances advance NOUN cana-3594 225 2 in in ADP cana-3594 225 3 neural neural ADJ cana-3594 225 4 information information NOUN cana-3594 225 5 processing processing NOUN cana-3594 225 6 systems system NOUN cana-3594 225 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 225 8 31 31 NUM cana-3594 225 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 225 10 8125–8135 8125–8135 NUM cana-3594 225 11 . . PUNCT cana-3594 226 1 [ [ X cana-3594 226 2 7 7 NUM cana-3594 226 3 ] ] X cana-3594 226 4 dwork dwork NOUN cana-3594 226 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 226 6 c. c. PROPN cana-3594 226 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 226 8 hardt hardt PROPN cana-3594 226 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 226 10 m. m. NOUN cana-3594 226 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 226 12 pitassi pitassi NOUN cana-3594 226 13 , , PUNCT cana-3594 226 14 t. t. PROPN cana-3594 226 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 226 16 reingold reingold ADJ cana-3594 226 17 , , PUNCT cana-3594 226 18 o. o. PROPN cana-3594 226 19 , , PUNCT cana-3594 226 20 & & CCONJ cana-3594 226 21 zemel zemel PROPN cana-3594 226 22 , , PUNCT cana-3594 226 23 r. r. PROPN cana-3594 226 24 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 226 25 2012 2012 NUM cana-3594 226 26 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 226 27 . . PUNCT cana-3594 227 1 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 227 2 through through ADP cana-3594 227 3 awareness awareness NOUN cana-3594 227 4 . . PUNCT cana-3594 228 1 proceedings proceeding NOUN cana-3594 228 2 of of ADP cana-3594 228 3 the the DET cana-3594 228 4 3rd 3rd ADJ cana-3594 228 5 innovations innovation NOUN cana-3594 228 6 in in ADP cana-3594 228 7 theoretical theoretical ADJ cana-3594 228 8 computer computer NOUN cana-3594 228 9 science science NOUN cana-3594 228 10 conference conference NOUN cana-3594 228 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 228 12 214–226 214–226 NUM cana-3594 228 13 . . PUNCT cana-3594 229 1 [ [ X cana-3594 229 2 8 8 NUM cana-3594 229 3 ] ] X cana-3594 229 4 feldman feldman PROPN cana-3594 229 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 229 6 m. m. NOUN cana-3594 229 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 229 8 friedler friedler NOUN cana-3594 229 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 229 10 s. s. PROPN cana-3594 229 11 a. a. PROPN cana-3594 229 12 , , PUNCT cana-3594 229 13 moeller moeller PROPN cana-3594 229 14 , , PUNCT cana-3594 229 15 j. j. PROPN cana-3594 229 16 , , PUNCT cana-3594 229 17 scheidegger scheidegger PROPN cana-3594 229 18 , , PUNCT cana-3594 229 19 c. c. PROPN cana-3594 229 20 , , PUNCT cana-3594 229 21 & & CCONJ cana-3594 229 22 venkatasubramanian venkatasubramanian PROPN cana-3594 229 23 , , PUNCT cana-3594 229 24 s. s. PROPN cana-3594 229 25 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 229 26 2015 2015 NUM cana-3594 229 27 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 229 28 . . PUNCT cana-3594 230 1 certifying certify VERB cana-3594 230 2 and and CCONJ cana-3594 230 3 removing remove VERB cana-3594 230 4 disparate disparate ADJ cana-3594 230 5 impact impact NOUN cana-3594 230 6 . . PUNCT cana-3594 231 1 proceedings proceeding NOUN cana-3594 231 2 of of ADP cana-3594 231 3 the the DET cana-3594 231 4 21st 21st PROPN cana-3594 231 5 acm acm PROPN cana-3594 231 6 sigkdd sigkdd NOUN cana-3594 231 7 international international ADJ cana-3594 231 8 conference conference NOUN cana-3594 231 9 on on ADP cana-3594 231 10 knowledge knowledge NOUN cana-3594 231 11 discovery discovery PROPN cana-3594 231 12 and and CCONJ cana-3594 231 13 data datum NOUN cana-3594 231 14 mining mining NOUN cana-3594 231 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 231 16 259–268 259–268 NUM cana-3594 231 17 . . PUNCT cana-3594 232 1 [ [ X cana-3594 232 2 9 9 NUM cana-3594 232 3 ] ] SYM cana-3594 232 4 zafar zafar PROPN cana-3594 232 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 232 6 m. m. PROPN cana-3594 232 7 b. b. PROPN cana-3594 232 8 , , PUNCT cana-3594 232 9 valera valera PROPN cana-3594 232 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 232 11 i. i. PROPN cana-3594 232 12 , , PUNCT cana-3594 232 13 rodriguez rodriguez PROPN cana-3594 232 14 , , PUNCT cana-3594 232 15 m. m. NOUN cana-3594 232 16 g. g. PROPN cana-3594 232 17 , , PUNCT cana-3594 232 18 & & CCONJ cana-3594 232 19 gummadi gummadi PROPN cana-3594 232 20 , , PUNCT cana-3594 232 21 k. k. PROPN cana-3594 232 22 p. p. PROPN cana-3594 232 23 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 232 24 2017 2017 NUM cana-3594 232 25 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 232 26 . . PUNCT cana-3594 233 1 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 233 2 constraints constraint NOUN cana-3594 233 3 : : PUNCT cana-3594 233 4 mechanisms mechanism NOUN cana-3594 233 5 for for ADP cana-3594 233 6 fair fair ADJ cana-3594 233 7 classification classification NOUN cana-3594 233 8 . . PUNCT cana-3594 234 1 proceedings proceeding NOUN cana-3594 234 2 of of ADP cana-3594 234 3 the the DET cana-3594 234 4 20th 20th ADJ cana-3594 234 5 international international ADJ cana-3594 234 6 conference conference NOUN cana-3594 234 7 on on ADP cana-3594 234 8 artificial artificial ADJ cana-3594 234 9 intelligence intelligence NOUN cana-3594 234 10 and and CCONJ cana-3594 234 11 statistics statistic NOUN cana-3594 234 12 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 234 13 aistats aistat NOUN cana-3594 234 14 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 234 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 234 16 962–970 962–970 NUM cana-3594 234 17 . . PUNCT cana-3594 235 1 [ [ X cana-3594 235 2 10 10 NUM cana-3594 235 3 ] ] X cana-3594 235 4 calders calder NOUN cana-3594 235 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 235 6 t. t. PROPN cana-3594 235 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 235 8 & & CCONJ cana-3594 235 9 verwer verwer PROPN cana-3594 235 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 235 11 s. s. PROPN cana-3594 235 12 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 235 13 2010 2010 NUM cana-3594 235 14 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 235 15 . . PUNCT cana-3594 236 1 three three NUM cana-3594 236 2 naive naive ADJ cana-3594 236 3 bayes bayes NOUN cana-3594 236 4 approaches approach VERB cana-3594 236 5 for for ADP cana-3594 236 6 discrimination discrimination NOUN cana-3594 236 7 - - PUNCT cana-3594 236 8 free free ADJ cana-3594 236 9 classification classification NOUN cana-3594 236 10 . . PUNCT cana-3594 237 1 data datum NOUN cana-3594 237 2 mining mining NOUN cana-3594 237 3 and and CCONJ cana-3594 237 4 knowledge knowledge NOUN cana-3594 237 5 discovery discovery PROPN cana-3594 237 6 , , PUNCT cana-3594 237 7 21(2 21(2 NUM cana-3594 237 8 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 237 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 237 10 277–292 277–292 NUM cana-3594 237 11 . . PUNCT cana-3594 238 1 [ [ X cana-3594 238 2 11 11 NUM cana-3594 238 3 ] ] X cana-3594 238 4 garg garg NOUN cana-3594 238 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 238 6 s. s. PROPN cana-3594 238 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 238 8 perot perot NOUN cana-3594 238 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 238 10 v. v. PROPN cana-3594 238 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 238 12 limtiaco limtiaco PROPN cana-3594 238 13 , , PUNCT cana-3594 238 14 n. n. PROPN cana-3594 238 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 238 16 taly taly PROPN cana-3594 238 17 , , PUNCT cana-3594 238 18 a. a. PROPN cana-3594 238 19 , , PUNCT cana-3594 238 20 chi chi PROPN cana-3594 238 21 , , PUNCT cana-3594 238 22 e. e. PROPN cana-3594 238 23 h. h. PROPN cana-3594 238 24 , , PUNCT cana-3594 238 25 & & CCONJ cana-3594 238 26 beutel beutel PROPN cana-3594 238 27 , , PUNCT cana-3594 238 28 a. a. NOUN cana-3594 238 29 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 238 30 2019 2019 NUM cana-3594 238 31 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 238 32 . . PUNCT cana-3594 239 1 counterfactual counterfactual ADJ cana-3594 239 2 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 239 3 in in ADP cana-3594 239 4 text text NOUN cana-3594 239 5 classification classification NOUN cana-3594 239 6 through through ADP cana-3594 239 7 robustness robustness NOUN cana-3594 239 8 . . PUNCT cana-3594 240 1 proceedings proceeding NOUN cana-3594 240 2 of of ADP cana-3594 240 3 the the DET cana-3594 240 4 2019 2019 NUM cana-3594 240 5 aaai aaai PROPN cana-3594 240 6 / / SYM cana-3594 240 7 acm acm PROPN cana-3594 240 8 conference conference NOUN cana-3594 240 9 on on ADP cana-3594 240 10 ai ai PROPN cana-3594 240 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 240 12 ethics ethic NOUN cana-3594 240 13 , , PUNCT cana-3594 240 14 and and CCONJ cana-3594 240 15 society society NOUN cana-3594 240 16 , , PUNCT cana-3594 240 17 219 219 NUM cana-3594 240 18 – – PUNCT cana-3594 240 19 226 226 NUM cana-3594 240 20 . . PUNCT cana-3594 241 1 [ [ X cana-3594 241 2 12 12 NUM cana-3594 241 3 ] ] X cana-3594 241 4 berk berk PROPN cana-3594 241 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 241 6 r. r. PROPN cana-3594 241 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 241 8 heidari heidari PROPN cana-3594 241 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 241 10 h. h. PROPN cana-3594 241 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 241 12 jabbari jabbari PROPN cana-3594 241 13 , , PUNCT cana-3594 241 14 s. s. PROPN cana-3594 241 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 241 16 kearns kearn NOUN cana-3594 241 17 , , PUNCT cana-3594 241 18 m. m. NOUN cana-3594 241 19 , , PUNCT cana-3594 241 20 & & CCONJ cana-3594 241 21 roth roth PROPN cana-3594 241 22 , , PUNCT cana-3594 241 23 a. a. NOUN cana-3594 241 24 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 241 25 2018 2018 NUM cana-3594 241 26 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 241 27 . . PUNCT cana-3594 242 1 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 242 2 in in ADP cana-3594 242 3 criminal criminal ADJ cana-3594 242 4 justice justice NOUN cana-3594 242 5 risk risk NOUN cana-3594 242 6 assessments assessment NOUN cana-3594 242 7 : : PUNCT cana-3594 242 8 the the DET cana-3594 242 9 state state NOUN cana-3594 242 10 of of ADP cana-3594 242 11 the the DET cana-3594 242 12 art art NOUN cana-3594 242 13 . . PUNCT cana-3594 243 1 sociological sociological ADJ cana-3594 243 2 methods method NOUN cana-3594 243 3 & & CCONJ cana-3594 243 4 research research NOUN cana-3594 243 5 . . PUNCT cana-3594 244 1 [ [ X cana-3594 244 2 13 13 NUM cana-3594 244 3 ] ] SYM cana-3594 244 4 kleinberg kleinberg PROPN cana-3594 244 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 244 6 j. j. PROPN cana-3594 244 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 244 8 mullainathan mullainathan PROPN cana-3594 244 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 244 10 s. s. PROPN cana-3594 244 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 244 12 & & CCONJ cana-3594 244 13 raghavan raghavan PROPN cana-3594 244 14 , , PUNCT cana-3594 244 15 m. m. NOUN cana-3594 244 16 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 244 17 2016 2016 NUM cana-3594 244 18 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 244 19 . . PUNCT cana-3594 245 1 inherent inherent ADJ cana-3594 245 2 trade trade NOUN cana-3594 245 3 - - PUNCT cana-3594 245 4 offs off NOUN cana-3594 245 5 in in ADP cana-3594 245 6 the the DET cana-3594 245 7 fair fair ADJ cana-3594 245 8 determination determination NOUN cana-3594 245 9 of of ADP cana-3594 245 10 risk risk NOUN cana-3594 245 11 scores score NOUN cana-3594 245 12 . . PUNCT cana-3594 246 1 arxiv arxiv PROPN cana-3594 246 2 preprint preprint VERB cana-3594 246 3 arxiv:1609.05807 arxiv:1609.05807 NOUN cana-3594 246 4 . . PUNCT cana-3594 247 1 [ [ X cana-3594 247 2 14 14 NUM cana-3594 247 3 ] ] PUNCT cana-3594 247 4 barocas baroca NOUN cana-3594 247 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 247 6 s. s. PROPN cana-3594 247 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 247 8 & & CCONJ cana-3594 247 9 selbst selbst PROPN cana-3594 247 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 247 11 a. a. PROPN cana-3594 247 12 d. d. PROPN cana-3594 247 13 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 247 14 2016 2016 NUM cana-3594 247 15 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 247 16 . . PUNCT cana-3594 248 1 big big PROPN cana-3594 248 2 data data PROPN cana-3594 248 3 's 's PART cana-3594 248 4 disparate disparate ADJ cana-3594 248 5 impact impact NOUN cana-3594 248 6 . . PUNCT cana-3594 249 1 california california PROPN cana-3594 249 2 law law PROPN cana-3594 249 3 review review PROPN cana-3594 249 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 249 5 104(3 104(3 NUM cana-3594 249 6 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 249 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 249 8 671–732 671–732 NUM cana-3594 249 9 . . PUNCT cana-3594 250 1 [ [ X cana-3594 250 2 15 15 NUM cana-3594 250 3 ] ] X cana-3594 250 4 corbett corbett NOUN cana-3594 250 5 - - PUNCT cana-3594 250 6 davies davy NOUN cana-3594 250 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 250 8 s. s. PROPN cana-3594 250 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 250 10 pierson pierson PROPN cana-3594 250 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 250 12 e. e. PROPN cana-3594 250 13 , , PUNCT cana-3594 250 14 feller feller NOUN cana-3594 250 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 250 16 a. a. NOUN cana-3594 250 17 , , PUNCT cana-3594 250 18 goel goel PROPN cana-3594 250 19 , , PUNCT cana-3594 250 20 s. s. PROPN cana-3594 250 21 , , PUNCT cana-3594 250 22 & & CCONJ cana-3594 250 23 huq huq PROPN cana-3594 250 24 , , PUNCT cana-3594 250 25 a. a. NOUN cana-3594 250 26 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 250 27 2017 2017 NUM cana-3594 250 28 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 250 29 . . PUNCT cana-3594 251 1 algorithmic algorithmic ADJ cana-3594 251 2 decision decision NOUN cana-3594 251 3 making making NOUN cana-3594 251 4 and and CCONJ cana-3594 251 5 the the DET cana-3594 251 6 cost cost NOUN cana-3594 251 7 of of ADP cana-3594 251 8 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 251 9 . . PUNCT cana-3594 252 1 proceedings proceeding NOUN cana-3594 252 2 of of ADP cana-3594 252 3 the the DET cana-3594 252 4 23rd 23rd ADJ cana-3594 252 5 acm acm PROPN cana-3594 252 6 sigkdd sigkdd NOUN cana-3594 252 7 international international ADJ cana-3594 252 8 conference conference NOUN cana-3594 252 9 on on ADP cana-3594 252 10 knowledge knowledge NOUN cana-3594 252 11 discovery discovery PROPN cana-3594 252 12 and and CCONJ cana-3594 252 13 data datum NOUN cana-3594 252 14 mining mining NOUN cana-3594 252 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 252 16 797–806 797–806 PROPN cana-3594 252 17 . . PUNCT cana-3594 253 1 [ [ X cana-3594 253 2 16 16 NUM cana-3594 253 3 ] ] PUNCT cana-3594 253 4 eubanks eubank NOUN cana-3594 253 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 253 6 v. v. PROPN cana-3594 253 7 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 253 8 2018 2018 NUM cana-3594 253 9 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 253 10 . . PUNCT cana-3594 254 1 automating automate VERB cana-3594 254 2 inequality inequality NOUN cana-3594 254 3 : : PUNCT cana-3594 254 4 how how SCONJ cana-3594 254 5 high high ADJ cana-3594 254 6 - - PUNCT cana-3594 254 7 tech tech NOUN cana-3594 254 8 tools tool NOUN cana-3594 254 9 profile profile NOUN cana-3594 254 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 254 11 police police NOUN cana-3594 254 12 , , PUNCT cana-3594 254 13 and and CCONJ cana-3594 254 14 punish punish VERB cana-3594 254 15 the the DET cana-3594 254 16 poor poor ADJ cana-3594 254 17 . . PUNCT cana-3594 255 1 st st PROPN cana-3594 255 2 . . PROPN cana-3594 255 3 martin martin PROPN cana-3594 255 4 's 's PART cana-3594 255 5 press press NOUN cana-3594 255 6 . . PUNCT cana-3594 256 1 [ [ X cana-3594 256 2 17 17 NUM cana-3594 256 3 ] ] X cana-3594 256 4 feldman feldman PROPN cana-3594 256 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 256 6 m. m. NOUN cana-3594 256 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 256 8 friedler friedler NOUN cana-3594 256 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 256 10 s. s. PROPN cana-3594 256 11 a. a. PROPN cana-3594 256 12 , , PUNCT cana-3594 256 13 moeller moeller PROPN cana-3594 256 14 , , PUNCT cana-3594 256 15 j. j. PROPN cana-3594 256 16 , , PUNCT cana-3594 256 17 scheidegger scheidegger PROPN cana-3594 256 18 , , PUNCT cana-3594 256 19 c. c. PROPN cana-3594 256 20 , , PUNCT cana-3594 256 21 & & CCONJ cana-3594 256 22 venkatasubramanian venkatasubramanian PROPN cana-3594 256 23 , , PUNCT cana-3594 256 24 s. s. PROPN cana-3594 256 25 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 256 26 2015 2015 NUM cana-3594 256 27 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 256 28 . . PUNCT cana-3594 257 1 certifying certify VERB cana-3594 257 2 and and CCONJ cana-3594 257 3 removing remove VERB cana-3594 257 4 disparate disparate ADJ cana-3594 257 5 impact impact NOUN cana-3594 257 6 . . PUNCT cana-3594 258 1 proceedings proceeding NOUN cana-3594 258 2 of of ADP cana-3594 258 3 the the DET cana-3594 258 4 21st 21st PROPN cana-3594 258 5 acm acm PROPN cana-3594 258 6 sigkdd sigkdd NOUN cana-3594 258 7 international international ADJ cana-3594 258 8 conference conference NOUN cana-3594 258 9 on on ADP cana-3594 258 10 knowledge knowledge NOUN cana-3594 258 11 discovery discovery PROPN cana-3594 258 12 and and CCONJ cana-3594 258 13 data datum NOUN cana-3594 258 14 mining mining NOUN cana-3594 258 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 258 16 259–268 259–268 NUM cana-3594 258 17 . . PUNCT cana-3594 259 1 [ [ X cana-3594 259 2 18 18 NUM cana-3594 259 3 ] ] X cana-3594 259 4 kleinberg kleinberg PROPN cana-3594 259 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 259 6 j. j. PROPN cana-3594 259 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 259 8 mullainathan mullainathan PROPN cana-3594 259 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 259 10 s. s. PROPN cana-3594 259 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 259 12 & & CCONJ cana-3594 259 13 raghavan raghavan PROPN cana-3594 259 14 , , PUNCT cana-3594 259 15 m. m. NOUN cana-3594 259 16 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 259 17 2017 2017 NUM cana-3594 259 18 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 259 19 . . PUNCT cana-3594 260 1 inherent inherent ADJ cana-3594 260 2 trade trade NOUN cana-3594 260 3 - - PUNCT cana-3594 260 4 offs off NOUN cana-3594 260 5 in in ADP cana-3594 260 6 the the DET cana-3594 260 7 fair fair ADJ cana-3594 260 8 determination determination NOUN cana-3594 260 9 of of ADP cana-3594 260 10 risk risk NOUN cana-3594 260 11 scores score NOUN cana-3594 260 12 . . PUNCT cana-3594 261 1 arxiv arxiv PROPN cana-3594 261 2 preprint preprint VERB cana-3594 261 3 arxiv:1609.05807 arxiv:1609.05807 NOUN cana-3594 261 4 . . PUNCT cana-3594 262 1 [ [ X cana-3594 262 2 19 19 NUM cana-3594 262 3 ] ] SYM cana-3594 262 4 mehrabi mehrabi NOUN cana-3594 262 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 262 6 n. n. NOUN cana-3594 262 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 262 8 morstatter morstatter PROPN cana-3594 262 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 262 10 f. f. PROPN cana-3594 262 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 262 12 saxena saxena PROPN cana-3594 262 13 , , PUNCT cana-3594 262 14 n. n. PROPN cana-3594 262 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 262 16 lerman lerman PROPN cana-3594 262 17 , , PUNCT cana-3594 262 18 k. k. PROPN cana-3594 262 19 , , PUNCT cana-3594 262 20 & & CCONJ cana-3594 262 21 galstyan galstyan PROPN cana-3594 262 22 , , PUNCT cana-3594 262 23 a. a. NOUN cana-3594 262 24 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 262 25 2021 2021 NUM cana-3594 262 26 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 262 27 . . PUNCT cana-3594 263 1 a a DET cana-3594 263 2 survey survey NOUN cana-3594 263 3 on on ADP cana-3594 263 4 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 263 5 and and CCONJ cana-3594 263 6 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 263 7 in in ADP cana-3594 263 8 machine machine NOUN cana-3594 263 9 learning learning NOUN cana-3594 263 10 . . PUNCT cana-3594 264 1 acm acm PROPN cana-3594 264 2 computing computing NOUN cana-3594 264 3 surveys survey NOUN cana-3594 264 4 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 264 5 csur csur NOUN cana-3594 264 6 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 264 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 264 8 54(6 54(6 NOUN cana-3594 264 9 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 264 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 264 11 1–35 1–35 PROPN cana-3594 264 12 . . PUNCT cana-3594 265 1 [ [ X cana-3594 265 2 20 20 NUM cana-3594 265 3 ] ] SYM cana-3594 265 4 mehrabi mehrabi NOUN cana-3594 265 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 265 6 n. n. NOUN cana-3594 265 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 265 8 morstatter morstatter PROPN cana-3594 265 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 265 10 f. f. PROPN cana-3594 265 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 265 12 saxena saxena PROPN cana-3594 265 13 , , PUNCT cana-3594 265 14 n. n. PROPN cana-3594 265 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 265 16 lerman lerman PROPN cana-3594 265 17 , , PUNCT cana-3594 265 18 k. k. PROPN cana-3594 265 19 , , PUNCT cana-3594 265 20 & & CCONJ cana-3594 265 21 galstyan galstyan PROPN cana-3594 265 22 , , PUNCT cana-3594 265 23 a. a. NOUN cana-3594 265 24 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 265 25 2021 2021 NUM cana-3594 265 26 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 265 27 . . PUNCT cana-3594 265 28 bias bias NOUN cana-3594 265 29 and and CCONJ cana-3594 265 30 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 265 31 in in ADP cana-3594 265 32 machine machine NOUN cana-3594 265 33 learning learning NOUN cana-3594 265 34 . . PUNCT cana-3594 266 1 nature nature NOUN cana-3594 266 2 reviews reviews PROPN cana-3594 266 3 physics physics PROPN cana-3594 266 4 , , PUNCT cana-3594 266 5 3(6 3(6 NUM cana-3594 266 6 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 266 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 266 8 422–423 422–423 NUM cana-3594 266 9 . . PUNCT cana-3594 267 1 [ [ X cana-3594 267 2 21 21 NUM cana-3594 267 3 ] ] PUNCT cana-3594 267 4 binns binn NOUN cana-3594 267 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 267 6 r. r. PROPN cana-3594 267 7 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 267 8 2018 2018 NUM cana-3594 267 9 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 267 10 . . PUNCT cana-3594 268 1 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 268 2 in in ADP cana-3594 268 3 machine machine NOUN cana-3594 268 4 learning learning NOUN cana-3594 268 5 : : PUNCT cana-3594 268 6 lessons lesson NOUN cana-3594 268 7 from from ADP cana-3594 268 8 political political ADJ cana-3594 268 9 philosophy philosophy NOUN cana-3594 268 10 . . PUNCT cana-3594 269 1 proceedings proceeding NOUN cana-3594 269 2 of of ADP cana-3594 269 3 the the DET cana-3594 269 4 2018 2018 NUM cana-3594 269 5 conference conference NOUN cana-3594 269 6 on on ADP cana-3594 269 7 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 269 8 , , PUNCT cana-3594 269 9 accountability accountability NOUN cana-3594 269 10 , , PUNCT cana-3594 269 11 and and CCONJ cana-3594 269 12 transparency transparency NOUN cana-3594 269 13 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 269 14 fat fat NOUN cana-3594 269 15 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 269 16 * * PUNCT cana-3594 269 17 , , PUNCT cana-3594 269 18 149–159 149–159 NUM cana-3594 269 19 . . PUNCT cana-3594 270 1 [ [ X cana-3594 270 2 22 22 NUM cana-3594 270 3 ] ] X cana-3594 270 4 dwork dwork PROPN cana-3594 270 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 270 6 c. c. PROPN cana-3594 270 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 270 8 hardt hardt PROPN cana-3594 270 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 270 10 m. m. NOUN cana-3594 270 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 270 12 pitassi pitassi NOUN cana-3594 270 13 , , PUNCT cana-3594 270 14 t. t. PROPN cana-3594 270 15 , , PUNCT cana-3594 270 16 reingold reingold ADJ cana-3594 270 17 , , PUNCT cana-3594 270 18 o. o. PROPN cana-3594 270 19 , , PUNCT cana-3594 270 20 & & CCONJ cana-3594 270 21 zemel zemel PROPN cana-3594 270 22 , , PUNCT cana-3594 270 23 r. r. PROPN cana-3594 270 24 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 270 25 2012 2012 NUM cana-3594 270 26 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 270 27 . . PUNCT cana-3594 271 1 fairness fairness NOUN cana-3594 271 2 through through ADP cana-3594 271 3 awareness awareness NOUN cana-3594 271 4 . . PUNCT cana-3594 272 1 proceedings proceeding NOUN cana-3594 272 2 of of ADP cana-3594 272 3 the the DET cana-3594 272 4 3rd 3rd ADJ cana-3594 272 5 innovations innovation NOUN cana-3594 272 6 in in ADP cana-3594 272 7 theoretical theoretical ADJ cana-3594 272 8 computer computer NOUN cana-3594 272 9 science science NOUN cana-3594 272 10 conference conference NOUN cana-3594 272 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 272 12 214–226 214–226 NUM cana-3594 272 13 . . PUNCT cana-3594 273 1 [ [ X cana-3594 273 2 23 23 NUM cana-3594 273 3 ] ] X cana-3594 273 4 hardt hardt PROPN cana-3594 273 5 , , PUNCT cana-3594 273 6 m. m. NOUN cana-3594 273 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 273 8 price price NOUN cana-3594 273 9 , , PUNCT cana-3594 273 10 e. e. PROPN cana-3594 273 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 273 12 & & CCONJ cana-3594 273 13 srebro srebro PROPN cana-3594 273 14 , , PUNCT cana-3594 273 15 n. n. PROPN cana-3594 273 16 ( ( PUNCT cana-3594 273 17 2016 2016 NUM cana-3594 273 18 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 273 19 . . PUNCT cana-3594 274 1 equality equality NOUN cana-3594 274 2 of of ADP cana-3594 274 3 opportunity opportunity NOUN cana-3594 274 4 in in ADP cana-3594 274 5 supervised supervised ADJ cana-3594 274 6 learning learning NOUN cana-3594 274 7 . . PUNCT cana-3594 275 1 advances advance NOUN cana-3594 275 2 in in ADP cana-3594 275 3 neural neural ADJ cana-3594 275 4 information information NOUN cana-3594 275 5 processing processing NOUN cana-3594 275 6 systems system NOUN cana-3594 275 7 , , PUNCT cana-3594 275 8 29(nips 29(nips NUM cana-3594 275 9 2016 2016 NUM cana-3594 275 10 ) ) PUNCT cana-3594 275 11 , , PUNCT cana-3594 275 12 3315–3323 3315–3323 NUM cana-3594 275 13 . . PUNCT