Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 222 https://internationalpubls.com Role of Industrial Training in Enhancing the Employability of Hospitality Students : A Review Paper Geetika Joshi 1,2*, Ashish Raina1,Amit Joshi1,2 1School of Hotel Management,Airlines & Tourism,CT University,Punjab,India 2Lovely Professional University,Punjab,India Corresponding author’s email id : geetikajoshi24@gmail.com Article History: Received: 12-12-2024 Revised: 25-01-2025 Accepted: 05-02-2025 Abstract: Industrial Training acts as a bridge between academia and industry . Industrial Training has a special relevance in the curriculum of hospitality students . This paper aims to understand the importance of industrial training ,how it enhances the employability of undergraduate students of hospitality .First of all industrial training gives them a glimpse of industry and actually prepares the students for the industry.Research papers have been extracted from the last 15 years i.e from 2010-2024 on the keywords industrial training ,employability,job preparedness ,hospitality .This paper highlights the significance of internships and how much value they bring it to emplyability .Fifty papers have been reviewed which have been indexed in scopus .On the basis of finding,which is of interest to various stakeholders helps to understand the literature and explore vital areas for future research that would further motivate the researchers to work on theories related to internship related practices,highlighting areas both on interest and concern .Also it has been found that intership has been able to captivate the attention in the recent studies .Future challenge is to safeguard the pedagogical integrity of this experiential learning,otherwise the untrained professionals will be generated .In Industrial Training ,the interns should have the sense of responsibility as if he is the real employee of the hotel and should be treated with dignity and grace so that he should carry the same responsility level and work in organization with dignity and grace . Keywords: hospitality, industrialtraining, employability, job, readiness, undergraduate students Introduction: Indian hotel industry has seen a remarkable growth in recent years due to heavy inflow of tourists in India. Apparently, hotel industry is one highest foreign exchange earning industries in Indian economy. Being a service-oriented industry, it relies heavily on passion driven individuals who are willing to work in an extremely challenging environment. With drastic expansion of hotel industry in these years, a huge demand of quality manpower has aroused. Seeing hotel industry as an exciting career option, there has been a great number of aspirants paving their way to academic institutes offering hotel management courses. Such institutes are playing an important role in supplying the quality workforce against demand of passionate individuals in hospitality industry. However, it has become extremely challenging for these institutes to keep their students up to rising standards of mailto:geetikajoshi24@gmail.com Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 223 https://internationalpubls.com hotel industry. While classroom exposure is simply not enough to develop required competent and trained professionals, there is a compulsory concept of ‘Industrial Training’ that is followed in curriculum of these hotel management courses. Industrial training is an important segment of these courses in which a student perusing hotel management is sent under an industrial training to a hotel for getting exposure in a real world of industry outside the classroom. It is a short term training in hotel industry which last up to 22 to 26 weeks as per the policy of different institutions. In period of industrial training, the trainee works in all core departments of hotel and get insights to all real time situations in a working hotel. Training experience not only prepares the trainee for industry but also imparts knowledge in him that cannot be achieved by just studying books. Generally these training sessions are carried out throughout the year by hotels in summers and winters batches. These trainees help hotels to fill in as extra manpower. As a compensation for their work, trainees usually get their meals and a small amount of stipend. Students aspire to join hotel industry with high expectations about their future and career in hotel industry. Studies have revealed that hotel industry is one of largest recruiters of manpower in India as tourism industry in the country is blooming day by day. However many other studies have pointed out that attrition rate in hotel industry is higher than any other industry as many employees either change their employers after short duration of time or leave industry. There have been other cases in which students perusing hotel management never join hotel industry because of their training experience. Usually there is a difference between a student’s perception about hotel industry before and after their industrial training. These differences of perceptions has a significant impact on a student’s decision to join or leave hotel industry. The main motive of this study is find out the impact of industrial training on career and student satisfaction with reference to undergraduates in Hospitality Programmes in Punjab . Need of the study • Following research work focuses on studying the various expectations that hotel management students have before undergoing industrial training and their actual perceptions after completion of training. It seeks to understand the causes and factors that are attracting or repelling students from joining the tourism and hospitality trade. • This study also features an insight to reasons that brought change in the student’s perception during their training. This study would be helpful to understand whether the purpose of sending the student for the industrial exposure is actually being met or not. Scope of Study • Attrition rate in hospitality industry is one of biggest challenges. • Although attrition rate in the hospitality industry has been a well-researched area but there is not enough research work done on areas that deal with reasons why many students never join hospitality industry after their graduation and also the impact of industrial training on student’s perception and to what extent industrial training influences their decision of joining industry.Whereas all the research work based on attrition rate explore reasons why most of hoteliers leave industry, this Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 224 https://internationalpubls.com study focuses on changing perceptions of hotel management students during their graduation and industrial training. • This study will be a helpful to understand the reasons that why some hotel management students never join hotel industry and their current perceptions about hotel industry. Following study can be utilized as an exclusive insight to the current perceptions and attitudes of the students about the hotel industry. • · A tool for checking how hotel management schools can prepare students before sending them for industrial training. • · A guide to understand various possible reasons responsible for change in perception of students after industrial training. Review of Literature : 1. Vo et al. (2022) conducted an exploratory study to investigate the challenges faced by Hospitality and Tourism Management (H&T) bachelor students during internships in Vietnam. Focusing on hotels, restaurants, travel, and tourism settings, the research aimed to identify obstacles hindering student satisfaction with their internship experiences. The study employed a mixed-mode approach, gathering data from 400 valid responses out of 442 total respondents via direct and online questionnaires. These responses were then analyzed using SPSS to pinpoint industry-specific difficulties encountered by trainees. The findings revealed several key challenges, including communication and professional conduct issues, demanding working hours, the need for improved problem-solving skills, a lack of self-confidence among interns, inadequate supervision, and challenging working environments. Interestingly, physical requirements were not identified as a major concern. The authors conclude that these findings offer valuable insights for multiple stakeholders. Firstly, they provide future student interns with a clearer understanding of potential challenges, enabling better preparation for their placements. Secondly, the study informs H&T training schools about areas where students require additional support and skill development. Finally, the results highlight to industry enterprises the importance of addressing these challenges to create more positive and fruitful internship experiences. Ultimately, this research contributes to attracting and retaining talent within the H&T industry and underscores the effectiveness of university training programs in adequately preparing students for real-world work environments. 2. Zopiatis et al. (2021) conducted a systematic review of the literature on hospitality internships, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of existing research, identify key gaps, and propose a future research agenda. The study employed a rigorous methodology, analyzing sixty-nine articles through a standardized coding scheme and content analysis. This approach allowed for a structured and objective examination of the accumulated knowledge on the topic. The authors sought to synthesize the existing conceptual capital surrounding hospitality internships, providing a critical assessment of the prevailing theories and practices. The findings of this review offer valuable insights for industry stakeholders, contributing to a deeper understanding of the internship landscape. Specifically, the study identifies vital areas for future research, suggesting avenues for extending internship-related theories and enhancing practical applications. Beyond the core analysis, the review Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 225 https://internationalpubls.com also addresses the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on internship practices within the hospitality sector. Zopiatis et al. (2021) explore the challenges and opportunities presented by the pandemic, offering suggestions to navigate this evolving context. This focus on the pandemic's influence adds a timely and relevant dimension to the review, highlighting areas of both interest and concern for researchers and practitioners alike. Ultimately, this systematic review serves as a valuable resource for those seeking to understand and improve hospitality internship programs. 3. Chen et al. (2021) investigated the influence of career intention and enhanced employability, developed through industry internships, on students' career choices within the Hospitality and Tourism sector. The study aimed to understand how these factors affect both the likelihood of students entering the industry and their subsequent retention. Employing a quantitative approach, the researchers analyzed 918 valid questionnaires, using the data to test and support a proposed conceptual model comprising nine hypotheses and five regression models. Their findings highlight a crucial link between internship experiences and career trajectories. The study demonstrates that students' career intentions following an internship significantly influence their perceived enhancement of employability. Furthermore, both career intention and enhanced employability were found to positively impact students' decisions to remain in the hospitality industry. Perhaps most interestingly, the research revealed a moderating effect of enhanced employability on the relationship between career intention and retention. This suggests that while career intention is important, the perceived boost in employability gained through the internship strengthens the likelihood of students staying in the industry. In essence, the study emphasizes the critical role of internships in shaping career paths within hospitality and tourism, demonstrating that positive internship experiences can both increase students' desire to enter the field and improve their chances of long-term retention. 4. Sihombing (2021) explored the influence of individual factors on hospitality students' internship satisfaction, focusing on the mediating role of perceived importance. The study aimed to explain how academic preparedness, positive attitude, and self-initiative contribute to student satisfaction within industrial training (internship) programs. The research focused on students in the 6th and 8th semesters of the Diploma IV Hospitality Administration program at Bali Tourism Polytechnic, representing a key cohort nearing the completion of their studies. This specific population was chosen to provide insights into the internship experiences of students who had likely undertaken at least one internship. The study's findings revealed a positive and significant effect of individual factors on internship satisfaction. This suggests that students who possess strong academic preparation, maintain a positive attitude, and demonstrate self-initiative are more likely to report higher levels of satisfaction with their internship experiences. While the provided information doesn't explicitly detail the mediating role of perceived importance, the study's title suggests this was a key element of the research design. Further exploration of Sihombing's (2021) work would likely delve into how these individual factors influence students' perceptions of the importance of various aspects of the internship, and how these perceptions, in turn, affect overall satisfaction. Understanding these relationships can provide valuable insights for educational institutions and hospitality organizations in designing and implementing more effective internship programs. 5. Kukreti and Dani (2020) investigated the influence of individual factors on internship Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 226 https://internationalpubls.com satisfaction among hotel management graduates. The study aimed to assess the various factors contributing to successful industrial training programs, with a specific focus on the crucial role of individual characteristics. The authors posited that self-initiative, a positive attitude, and strong academic knowledge are essential for successful completion of an industrial training program. To examine the impact of these factors, the researchers surveyed 100 respondents who had recently completed their industrial training at various reputable hotel brands. A structured questionnaire consisting of 12 questions was used to collect data, which was subsequently analyzed using a 5-point Likert scale. This methodology allowed for a quantifiable assessment of the relationship between individual factors and internship satisfaction. The findings of the study revealed a positive relationship between individual factors and internship satisfaction among hospitality undergraduates. This suggests that students who possess higher levels of self-initiative, maintain a positive attitude, and have a solid foundation of academic knowledge are more likely to experience greater satisfaction during their internships. The authors emphasize the practical implications of their research, noting that the results can be valuable for institutes, hotels, and students alike. By understanding the importance of these individual factors, educational institutions can better prepare students for internships, hotels can create more enriching training experiences, and students can approach their internships with a greater understanding of the qualities that contribute to success and satisfaction. 6. Kukreti and Dani (2020) investigated the role of university/institute support and organizational environment in the industrial training satisfaction of hospitality students in Uttarakhand, India. The research aimed to analyze how these two key factors contribute to student satisfaction during their internships. The study specifically focused on the support provided by the university or institute, including the role of supervisors and training and placement coordinators, as well as the overall organizational environment within which the internship takes place. To examine these relationships, the researchers surveyed 106 respondents from major hospitality institutes in Uttarakhand. A structured questionnaire consisting of 18 questions was used to gather data, and the responses were analyzed using a 5-point Likert scale, enabling a quantitative assessment of student perceptions. The findings of the study revealed a positive relationship between university/institute support, particularly the involvement of supervisors and training and placement coordinators, and the industrial training satisfaction of hospitality undergraduates. This suggests that when universities and institutes provide strong support systems, including accessible supervisors and effective training and placement coordination, students experience higher levels of satisfaction with their internships. The study highlights the crucial role of educational institutions in facilitating positive internship experiences, demonstrating that proactive support and guidance can significantly impact student satisfaction. While the provided information doesn't explicitly detail the influence of the organizational environment, the study's title suggests this was also a focus of the research. Further exploration of Kukreti and Dani (2020) would likely reveal insights into how aspects of the organizational environment, such as workplace culture, management practices, and learning opportunities, contribute to internship satisfaction. 7. Seyitoğlu (2019) explored the internship experiences of gastronomy students, focusing on the benefits and challenges they encounter, and how these experiences influence their future career Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 227 https://internationalpubls.com perceptions. The study involved 25 students of gastronomy and culinary arts from a Turkish university's faculty of tourism. Data was collected through semi-structured questionnaires, allowing for a qualitative exploration of students' perspectives. The research revealed three major dimensions of the internship experience. Firstly, students identified several benefits, including learning about the hospitality industry and kitchen environments, gaining vocational skills, and experiencing personal development. Secondly, the study highlighted various challenges faced by interns, encompassing problems related to interactions with employees, difficult working conditions, low or absent salaries, adaptation issues, challenging customers, work accidents and mistakes, and the perceived gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application in the industry. Finally, the research examined students' career perceptions, which ranged from negative and pessimistic to negative but optimistic, and ultimately, positive. A key finding of the study was that the balance between perceived benefits and challenges encountered during the internship is a crucial indicator of gastronomy students' future career choices. Seyitoğlu (2019) emphasizes the novelty of this research, claiming it fills a gap in the literature due to the lack of previous studies specifically addressing the internship experiences of gastronomy students. This study provides valuable insights for educators and industry professionals seeking to improve internship programs and better support the career development of aspiring culinary professionals. 8. Karunaratne et al. (2019) explored students' perceptions of the effectiveness of industrial internship programs, focusing on the experiences gained, the support provided by both the university and the training organization, and the problems encountered during the internship. The study adopted a case study approach, concentrating on students from the Department of Textiles who had undergone training at a selected industrial training provider. The effectiveness of the internship program was considered the dependent variable, while organizational support, the efficiency of pre- placement activities by the university, and the assistance provided by the university's internship unit were treated as independent variables. The sample size comprised 24 respondents out of 67 undergraduates who had completed their industrial internships in the past three years, representing approximately 35% of the total population. The study's findings emphasized the need for collaborative efforts between industry and universities to create comprehensive internship programs. A key recommendation was to extend the internship duration to twelve months, rather than the typical six months, to allow for a balanced approach between general training (lasting three to six months) and specialized training. Furthermore, the researchers stressed the importance of a well- structured training schedule that covers all relevant areas within the organization. This suggests that a more extended and structured internship experience, facilitated by strong university and industry partnerships, can significantly enhance the effectiveness of such programs and lead to more positive student perceptions. 9. Hussien and La Lopa (2018) investigated the determinants of student satisfaction with internship programs in the US hospitality industry. The study aimed to identify the key factors influencing how satisfied hospitality students are with their internship experiences. Data was collected using an online questionnaire distributed to 100 undergraduate hospitality students who had previously participated in an internship program. The researchers employed structural equation Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 228 https://internationalpubls.com modeling (SEM) to analyze the collected data, utilizing AMOS software for this purpose. This sophisticated statistical technique allowed the researchers to examine the complex relationships between various factors and internship satisfaction. While the provided information doesn't detail the specific factors identified, the authors emphasize the practical implications of their findings for both universities and internship host companies. This suggests that the study likely pinpointed actionable areas where both educational institutions and industry organizations can improve their internship programs to enhance student satisfaction. By understanding the key drivers of satisfaction, universities can better prepare students for internships and provide more effective support, while host companies can design more enriching and valuable internship experiences. Ultimately, this research contributes to a better understanding of how to optimize internship programs within the hospitality sector to benefit both students and the industry as a whole. 10. Phonthanukitithaworn et al. (2017) investigated the relationship between industrial laborers' perspectives on skill development and their job satisfaction in Thailand. The study aimed to determine how workers' views on learning and training are associated with their satisfaction levels. A stratified sampling method was employed, selecting 600 laborers from key industrial sectors in Thailand, including automobile, agriculture, electronics, and tourism and hospitality. The sample was stratified by gender (male and female) to account for potential differences in perspectives. The research utilized two models to analyze the data. The findings revealed a significant correlation between both learning and training and job satisfaction among Thai industrial laborers. Specifically, the results indicated that positive perspectives on learning had a greater impact on job satisfaction than positive views on training. This suggests that workers who perceive opportunities for continuous learning and development within their jobs tend to be more satisfied than those who primarily focus on formal training programs. The study highlights the importance of fostering a learning-oriented environment within industrial settings to enhance worker satisfaction. 11. O'Connor and Bodicoat (2017) explored student perceptions of internships and their role in enhancing employability skills. While internships are widely promoted as valuable for graduate employability, the study highlighted a gap in understanding student perspectives. Using data from a pre-1992 university, the research identified two distinct student groups: "engagers" and "disengagers." Engagers valued internship opportunities, recognizing their potential for skill development and career advancement. Conversely, disengagers perceived internships, particularly unpaid ones, as exploitative and worthless, viewing them as a source of cheap labor rather than a genuine learning experience. Interestingly, the study found that few students could differentiate between paid, structured internships, which offer genuine developmental opportunities, and unpaid, exploitative roles. This lack of clarity underscores the need for greater transparency and guidance regarding internship quality. The authors conclude that higher education institutions must be more proactive in promoting the value of paid, structured internships to all students, not just those already inclined to engage with university career services. This proactive approach is crucial to ensure that students understand the potential benefits of quality internships and can make informed decisions about their career development. 12. Tsai et al. (2017) investigated the role of career decision self-efficacy in hospitality Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 229 https://internationalpubls.com undergraduates' internship efficacy and career preparation. The study aimed to understand how students' confidence in their ability to make career decisions influences their performance during internships and their overall career readiness. Using stratified sampling, the researchers recruited graduating university students from Taiwan, collecting 613 valid questionnaires. The findings revealed that students' learning motivation positively and significantly influenced their internship efficacy, meaning that motivated students tended to perform better during their internships. Critically, the study also found that career decision self-efficacy played a complete mediating role between internship efficacy and career preparation. This implies that students who are confident in their career decision-making abilities are not only more effective during their internships but are also better prepared for their future careers because of that confidence. In other words, career decision self-efficacy appears to be a key driver connecting successful internship experiences to enhanced career readiness. The authors conclude by offering practical implications and suggestions for educators and industry professionals based on these findings, likely focusing on strategies to boost students' career decision self-efficacy to improve both internship performance and career preparedness. 13. Seyitoğlu and Çakar (2017) explored tourism undergraduates' perceptions of their education and internship experiences through a metaphorical analysis. The study aimed to understand how students conceptualize these experiences by examining the metaphors they use to describe them. A qualitative methodology was employed, involving 94 senior students from the Faculty of Tourism at Akdeniz University in Antalya, Turkey. Data was collected via a semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed using content analysis. The researchers focused on identifying and categorizing the metaphors used by students to describe their educational journey and internship placements. These metaphors were then grouped into different categories, with relevant excerpts from the student responses used to illustrate the underlying meanings. The study's findings offer valuable insights for both tourism education providers and tourism establishments. By understanding the metaphors students use, educators can gain a deeper understanding of student perceptions and potentially adapt their teaching methods and curriculum to better meet student needs. Similarly, tourism establishments can use these insights to improve internship programs and create more meaningful learning experiences for students. Ultimately, the study highlights the value of using metaphorical analysis to understand student perspectives and enhance tourism education and training. 14. Morsy and Ali (2016) investigated the impact of effective training on employee performance in five-star hotels. The study aimed to explore the criteria for effective training programs and identify their influence on staff skills, performance, productivity, and cost reduction. Data was collected primarily through questionnaires, utilizing both open and closed-ended questions, and supplemented with secondary sources. The results indicated a significant positive impact of effective training on all the measured variables. Specifically, the study found that well-designed training programs led to improvements in hotel staff skills, individual performance, overall employee productivity, and cost reduction within the hotel establishments. The authors emphasize the practical implications of these findings for hotel management and human resource departments. The research highlights the importance of prioritizing training programs, demonstrating their merits for hotel success. For Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 230 https://internationalpubls.com example, the study suggests that effective training positively influences employee morale, productivity, satisfaction, and retention. Furthermore, it contributes to improved service consistency and, ultimately, increased guest satisfaction, reinforcing the value of investing in employee development. 15. Robinson et al. (2016) explored the influence of tourism and hospitality internships on student career aspirations, focusing on student commitment to careers in the sector. The study aimed to address the issue of career commitment by examining the experiences of two cohorts of students who completed an internship program in Australia. The research specifically investigated how industry internships impact students' commitment to tourism and hospitality careers. The study employed a qualitative approach, gathering data from 34 students who participated in internships across two years (2009 and 2010). A key contribution of the research was the identification of two prominent attributes that students associated with their dream jobs and post-graduation career plans: the ability to travel and the opportunity to work independently. The authors highlight the novelty of this finding compared to previous research, suggesting that these factors, particularly the desire for independent work, warrant further investigation. Understanding these career aspirations can help educational institutions and industry organizations design more effective internship programs and career development initiatives that better align with student motivations and ultimately enhance career commitment within the tourism and hospitality sector. 16. Stansbie and Nash (2016) explored the role of internships in the development of hospitality and tourism management students, focusing on customizing internship experiences by emphasis area to increase student satisfaction and motivation. Building on prior research in internship design, the study examined the characteristics of student internships through the lens of a job characteristics model. Employing a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data analysis, the research investigated, within the limitations of a single case university, the specific characteristics needed in various career emphasis areas to contribute to increased intrinsic motivation and student satisfaction. The findings suggest that diversifying student tasks beyond routine operational duties, such as check-in/check-out, is crucial. Introducing cross-training in areas like PBX, housekeeping, laundry, engineering/maintenance, and guest services/concierge can broaden student skills and enhance their experience. Furthermore, for more advanced students, exposure to management decision-making processes, including learning about STAR reports, revenue, and yield management techniques, can contribute significantly to their development and engagement, leading to a more enriching and satisfying internship experience. 17. Ishengoma and Vaaland (2016) investigated whether university-industry linkages (UILs) can stimulate student employability. The study aimed to identify key UIL activities that enhance the likelihood of students gaining employment after graduation. The research focused on understanding how interactions between universities and industry partners can contribute to student employability. The findings revealed a strong perception among students that UIL activities significantly boost their employment prospects. Specifically, student internships within companies were identified as the most impactful activity, followed by joint projects between universities and industry, and the involvement Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 231 https://internationalpubls.com of companies in modernizing university curricula. These results underscore the importance of practical, hands-on experiences and the alignment of academic programs with industry needs. Based on these findings, the authors suggest distinct strategies for foreign and local firms. They recommend the adoption of internship strategies for foreign companies operating in the region and the diffusion of such strategies among local firms as effective vehicles for increasing student employability. This highlights the potential for both multinational and domestic companies to contribute to workforce development through strategic partnerships with universities. 18. Wang et al. (2015) explored coping strategies employed by students during hospitality internships using a mixed-methods approach with an embedded design. The study examined student internship experiences across three distinct time periods, incorporating midterm and final performance evaluations provided by internship managers. Combining qualitative and quantitative data as dyad information, the researchers analyzed student coping mechanisms from a longitudinal perspective. Theoretically, the study revealed longitudinal and performance-based differences in the use of problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies. Furthermore, the research proposed the existence and importance of information-focused coping within the context of hospitality internships. Practically, the authors suggest increased collaboration between schools and hotels to provide pre-internship training, meetings, or workshops for students. They also emphasize the importance of fostering positive social interaction and an encouraging atmosphere to improve employee morale within hotel environments. Finally, the study recommends that hotel managers design activities that promote empowerment and recognize high-performing students through customer recognition and opportunities for self-achievement, contributing to student retention. 19. Seyitoğlu and Yirik (2015) examined internship satisfaction among tourism students and the impact of these internships on professional development and industrial perception. The study aimed to understand how satisfied students are with their internship experiences and how these experiences shape their professional growth and views of the industry. Data was collected from 305 students at Akdeniz University's Faculty of Tourism using a questionnaire. The questionnaire included demographic information and three scaled sections designed to measure internship satisfaction, perceptions of vocational tourism education, and professional development and industrial perception. Mean scores for each scale were calculated and analyzed. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was employed to explore the relationships between these scales. The results indicated that internship satisfaction had a positive and independent impact on both professional development and industrial perspective. Furthermore, the study found that this positive impact was amplified when combined with the students' existing vocational tourism education. This suggests that internships, particularly when coupled with relevant academic training, play a crucial role in shaping students' professional growth and their perceptions of the tourism industry. 20. Chang and Tse (2015) investigated the initial career decisions of hospitality and tourism management (HTM) graduates in Hong Kong. The study aimed to understand the factors influencing these graduates' first job choices after completing their HTM program. The research comprised two studies. Study 1 utilized longitudinal data from graduate exit surveys conducted between 2002 and Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 232 https://internationalpubls.com 2010 to analyze the nature of initial career choices and the program's influence. The findings revealed that over half of the graduates' first jobs were within the HTM sector, and that hospitality electives and industry-specific programs, such as executive-in-residence programs and distinguished speaker series, contributed significantly to this choice. However, the study also found that HTM jobs, compared to jobs in other sectors, offered significantly lower pay. Study 2 supplemented these quantitative findings with qualitative data gathered through interviews with industry executives and alumni. Based on the combined results, the authors provided recommendations for designing improved HTM programs that would inspire more students to pursue careers within the hospitality and tourism industry upon graduation, addressing the pay gap issue and potentially other factors influencing career choice. 21. Binder et al. (2015) investigated the academic value of internships, shifting the focus from career outcomes to the impact on academic performance. While prior research often highlighted the benefits of internships for employment and career prospects, this study examined their influence on academic achievements. The researchers aimed to determine the robustness of these academic benefits across various academic disciplines, student achievement levels, gender, and ethnicity. Using a large longitudinal sample (n > 15,000) encompassing a wide range of subjects and disciplines, the study investigated both main effects and interactions related to student background characteristics. The findings demonstrated stable academic benefits for both advantaged and disadvantaged students, suggesting that internships can positively impact academic outcomes regardless of socioeconomic background. Furthermore, employing ordinal logistic multi-level modeling, the researchers explored the impact of internships on the probability of achieving a higher degree classification for diverse student scenarios. This analysis illustrated the practical significance of these internship effects on academic progress. The authors argue that the observed effects are less likely attributable to student maturation or self-selection bias. Finally, the study discusses these findings within the context of motivational approaches, aiming to integrate both direct and indirect pathways from internship experiences to academic outcomes and, ultimately, career indicators. 22. Wang and Tsai (2014) investigated perceptions of employability in the hospitality industry from the perspectives of both senior hospitality students and industry managers. The study aimed to understand how these two groups perceive the key attributes of employability and the readiness of students for the workforce. Questionnaires were administered to 105 managers in hospitality businesses and 193 senior hospitality students to assess the perceived importance of various employability attributes and students' self-assessed readiness in each competency. The results revealed a shared concern: both students and managers believed that students and recent graduates lacked confidence in their employability. This lack of confidence was particularly pronounced in the area of professional management skills, suggesting a potential gap between academic training and the practical skills required for management roles. Based on these findings, the authors provided suggestions for improving the employability of hospitality graduates in Taiwan. These recommendations likely focus on strategies to enhance professional management skills development within hospitality education programs and potentially bridge the gap between student perceptions and industry expectations. Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 233 https://internationalpubls.com 23. Wang et al. (2014) investigated the relationships between intern anxiety, internship outcomes, and career commitment among hospitality college students. The study aimed to analyze changes in student anxiety levels and determine how anxiety relates to internship outcomes and students' commitment to a hospitality career. A cluster sampling method and questionnaire survey were employed to collect data from third- and fourth-year students in hospitality-related departments. The effective sample sizes were 255 pre-internship and 245 post-internship, allowing for a comparison of anxiety levels before and after the internship experience. The findings indicated that intern anxiety slightly decreased after the internship. While no direct relationship was found between intern anxiety and internship outcomes, both intern anxiety and internship outcomes were found to significantly influence career commitment. This suggests that while anxiety itself may not directly affect internship performance, both pre-internship anxiety and the perceived success of the internship experience contribute to students' decisions about pursuing a career in hospitality. Based on these findings, the paper offers suggestions for designing off-campus internship curricula and improving guidance for students participating in such programs, potentially focusing on strategies to manage anxiety and maximize positive internship outcomes. 24. Fong et al. (2014) investigated how hotel and tourism students select internship employers, employing a segmentation approach. Using a self-administered survey of 273 hotel and tourism management students in Hong Kong, the study utilized cluster analysis to identify four distinct student segments: learning enthusiasts, social support seekers, brand seekers, and school followers. Chi-square tests revealed that school followers generally lacked prior internship experience. The study found that subjective factors, such as friendly colleagues and organizational brand, and objective factors, like competitive remuneration, company brand, consumer experience with the company, and commuting distance, were more influential in internship selection than critical contact factors, such as consumer experience and university affiliation. However, the segmentation analysis demonstrated that these preferences varied significantly across individual students. Learning enthusiasts prioritized objective factors, social support and brand seekers emphasized subjective factors, and school followers tended to choose organizations affiliated with their university. This segmentation approach highlights the diverse motivations driving students' internship choices and underscores the need for tailored strategies by both educational institutions and potential employers to attract and engage different student segments. 25. Hsu (2012) investigated the relationship between internship attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and career planning among hospitality vocational college students in Taiwan. Utilizing the revised theory of planned behavior as a framework, the study explored how these factors influence students' career planning. Structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the collected data. The results indicated that attitude positively influences intention, meaning that students with positive attitudes towards internships are more likely to have career plans. However, subjective norms, or perceived social pressure, had a negative influence on intention, suggesting that students who feel pressured by others may be less likely to plan their careers. Perceived behavioral control, or belief in one's ability to succeed, positively influenced both Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 234 https://internationalpubls.com intention and behavior, indicating that students confident in their abilities are more likely to plan and actively pursue their careers. Finally, intention positively influenced behavior, demonstrating that students with career plans are more likely to engage in career-related activities. Based on these findings, the study offered suggestions for educational institutions and future research, likely focusing on strategies to cultivate positive internship attitudes, address negative subjective norms, and enhance students' perceived behavioral control to promote effective career planning. Methodology Table 1: Review of Literature on the role of Industrial Training in enhancing the employability Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 235 https://internationalpubls.com S. No Paper Title Author Year of Publi- cation Objectives Methodology Findings 1 Challenges for Student Satisfaction of Internship Program in Hospitality and Tourism Industry in Vietnam (Vo et al., 2022) 2022 This ex- ploratory study is to investigate the challeng- es that bach- elor students of Hospitali- ty and Tour- ism Man- agement (H&T) often experience and need to overcome themselves through in- ternship pro- grams at en- terprises in- hotel, restau- rant, travel, and tourism setting in Vietnam Data from 400 valid answers out of 442 re- spondents who have experi- enced their in- ternship pro- grams through direct an- donline ques- tionnaires was analyzed by SPSS to identi- fy theindustry- specific diffi- culties that trainees must overcome inor- der to attain satisfaction with the intern- ship term. The results show the main chal- lenges are communica- tion and con- duct,working hours, prob- lem-solving skills, self- confidence, supervi-sion, and working environment but physical require- ments. The conclusions help not only future stu- dent interns for better preparation but also in- dicate the Hospitality and Tourism Training Schools and industry en- terprises the preparedness for students in psycholo- gy and skills to experi- ence the Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 236 https://internationalpubls.com most satis- factory andfruitful internship, which plays essential role in attracting talents to remain in H&T indus- try and mark the effec- tiveness of university training pro- gram. 2 A systematic review of literature on hospitality internships (Zopiatis et al., 2021) 2021 This study aims to sys- tematically review in- ternship- specific lit- erature, cri- tique and synthesize the existing conceptual capital, iden- tify im- portant gaps, and highlight an agenda for future researc Sixty-nine arti- cles are re- viewed and an- alyzed with the use of a stand- ardized coding scheme and content analy- sis. Findings, of interest to industry stakeholders, aim to en- hance our understand- ing of the relevant lit- erature and identify vital areas for fu- ture research that would further ex- tend intern- ship-related theories and practices. Finally, the impact of the unprece- dented COVID-19 pandemic on Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 237 https://internationalpubls.com internship practices is discussed, with sugges- tions aiming to highlight areas of both interest and concern. 3 To stay or not to stay? The causal effect of in- terns’ career intention on enhanced employabil- ity and re- tention in the hospitality and tourism industry (Chen et al., 2021) 2021 This study examines how the ca- reer inten- tion and en- hanced em- ployability following an industry in- ternship can affect the career choice of students in Hospitali- ty and Tour- ism depart- ments. The results of 918 valid ques- tionnaires were tested and sup- ported pro- posed concep- tual models of 9 hypotheses and 5 regres- sion models. This paper focuses that following an internship, students’ career inten- tion will in- fluence the students’ employabil- ity en- hancement. In addition, students’ career inten- tion and en- hanced em- ployability will positive- ly influence their reten- tion in the hospitality industry and that their intention will be mod- erated by enhanced employabil- ity. Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 238 https://internationalpubls.com 4 The influ- ence of indi- vidual fac- tors on hos- pitality stu- dents’ in- ternship sat- isfaction: The media- tion role of perceived importance (Sihombing, 2021) 2021 This study explains the effect of ac- ademic pre- paredness, positive atti- tude, and self- initiative to- wards satis- faction in students’ industrial training (in- ternship) program. The research population was the 6th and 8th semester stu- dents of Di- ploma IV Hos- pitality Admin- istration of Bali Tourism Poly- technic. Stu- dents of the Diploma IV Hospitality Administration The research findings are (1) individu- al factors bring posi- tive and sig- nificant ef- fect towards internship. 5 Individual Factors and Internship Satisfaction of Hotel Management Graduates (R. Kukreti & Dani, n.d.) 2020 To assess the various fac- tors which contribute to the success of industrial training pro- gram out of which To examine the role of these factors 12 structured question were asked to the 100 respondent who The results and the find- ings of the study would be very use- ful for the Institutes, Hotels and the students who would be Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 239 https://internationalpubls.com the individu- al factor is one of the crucial key area, various individual factors such as Self ini- tiative ,Right have completed their industrial training from various reputed brand hotels ,findings of the survey was pursuing their intern- ship. The Findings of research pa- per stated that there is appositive relationship between the attitude along with Academic knowledge are very es- sential for the success- ful comple- tion of the industrial analysed using likert 5 point scale. individual factors and internship satisfaction of the hospi- tality under- graduates training pro- gram. Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 240 https://internationalpubls.com 6 Analyzing Role of Uni- versi- ty/Institute Support and Organiza- tional Envi- ronment in Industrial Training Sat- isfaction of Hospitality Students: with Refer- ence to Utta- rakhand (Mr. R. Kukreti & Dani, 2020) 2020 The focus of the research was to ana- lyse the role of Universi- ty/Institute support and organiza- tional envi- ronment for internship satisfaction In order to ana- lyse the role of these factors 18 structured question were asked to the 106 respondent from major hospitality in- stitute of Utta- rakhand, the result obtained was analysed using likert 5 point scale Findings of the study revealed that there is a positive rela- tionship be- tween the Universi- ty/Institute Supervisor or Training and place- ment coordi- nator with the industrial training sat- isfaction of hospitality undergradu- ates Findings of the study revealed that there is a positive rela- tionship be- tween the Universi- ty/Institute Supervisor or Training and place- ment coordi- nator with the industrial training sat- Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 241 https://internationalpubls.com isfaction of hospitality undergradu- ates 7 Gastronomy students’ internship experience: benefits, challenges, and future career (Seyitoğlu, 2019) 2019 Gastronomy students’ internship experience: benefits, challenges, and future career The research participants included 25 students of Overall, re- search find- ings gastronomy and the culi- nary arts study- ing in the facul- ty of tourism revealed that the intern- ship experi- ence of gas- tronomy stu- dents in a Turkish university. The data for the re- search was gathered consists of three major dimensions: benefits (learning about the through a semi- structured questionnaire hospitality industry and the kitchen environment, vocational con- Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 242 https://internationalpubls.com tribution, and personal develop- ment), chal- lenges (the problems related to employees, working conditions, and salary, and other issues such as adaptation problems, difficult cus- tomers, work acci- dents and mistakes, and the in- compatibil- ity of theo- retical knowl- edge with the sector), and career perception (negative and Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 243 https://internationalpubls.com pessimistic, negative but optimistic, and posi- tive). 8 Students' Perception on the Effec- tiveness of Industrial Internship Programme (Karunaratne et al., 2019) 2019 This study aims at ex- ploring the followings, - Experience gain by the students dur- ing the in- ternship pro- gramme - The assis- tance and helpfulness provided university - The support provided by the training organization during the industrial internship - Problems and issues encountered by the stu- dents during the intern- ship pro- gramme This study adopts the case study approach and as such study covers the students of the Department of Textiles who are undergoing training at the selected indus- trial training provider. This study recogniz- es effectiveness of the intern- ship pro- gramme as the dependent vari- able and Or- ganization sup- port, efficiency of pre- placement ac- tivities by uni- versity and the assistance and support provid- ed by universi- ty internship unit as the in- dependent vari- ables. Sample As per the findings of this study both industry and universi- ty should work togeth- er to make comprehen- sive intern- ship pro- gramme for students. It is required to have overall training for some period of three to six months and balance for the spe- cialized training. Therefore, it is suggested that intern- ship pro- gramme pe- riod to be the twelve months’ time instead of six months. Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 244 https://internationalpubls.com size used for the study repre- sents 24 re- spondents out of the 67 un- dergraduates who completed industrial in- ternship pro- gramme during the last three years and it represents ap- proximately 35% of the population. To success this intern- ship pro- gramme it is important to have well structured training schedule to cover the whole area in the organ- ization. Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 245 https://internationalpubls.com 9 The deter- minants of student satis- faction with internship programs in the hospitali- ty industry: A case study in the USA (Hussien & La Lopa, 2018) 2018 The purpose of this study is to deter- mine the fac- tors affecting hospitality students’ satisfaction with their internship programs. This study em- ployed an online ques- tionnaire as the data-gathering instrument. A total of 100 un- dergraduate hospitality stu- dents who had participated in an internship program were surveyed. The structural equa- tion modeling (SEM) was employed to analyze the da- ta using AMOS Software. The findings of the cur- rent study provide im- portant prac- tical implica- tions for both univer- sity and in- ternship host companies. Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 246 https://internationalpubls.com 10 Skill devel- opment and job satisfac- tion: Work- ers’ perspec- tives in Thailand’ industrial sector (Phonthanuki- tithaworn et al., 2017) 2017 This re- search paper aims to in- vestigate the association betweenthe industrial laborer’s perspectives on skill de- velopment and their level of job satisfaction. Usingstratified sampling method, 600 laborers in Thailand’s in- dustrial sector namely auto- mo- bile,agriculture, electronic, and tourism and hospitality were utilized as samples classi- fied into gen- derstratum (male and fe- male). Finally, the test re- sultsfrom two models revealed that both learning and training significantly correlated with the lev- el of job sat- isfaction of Thai indus- trial labor- ers. To be more explic- it, perspec- tives on learning pos- itivelyaffect the level of job satisfac- tion in a greater mag- nitude than training. Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 247 https://internationalpubls.com 11 Exploitation or opportuni- ty? Student perceptions of intern- ships in en- hancing em- ployability skills (O’Connor & Bodicoat, 2017) 2017 Internships are now widely pro- moted as a valuable means of enhancing graduate employabil- ity. Howev- er, little is known about student per- ceptions of internships. However, little is known about student percep- tions of intern- ships. Drawing on data from a pre-1992 uni- versity, two types of gradu- ate are identi- fied: engagers and disengag- ers. The engag- ers valued in- ternship oppor- tunities while the disengagers perceived these roles as exploi- tative and worthless. Few were able to distinguish paid, structured internship op- portunities from unpaid, exploitative roles It is con- cluded that higher edu- cation insti- tutes need to be more pro- active in ex- tolling the value of paid internships to all stu- dents and not just those most likely to en- gage with their ser- vices. Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 248 https://internationalpubls.com 12 Career deci- sion self- efficacy plays a cru- cial role in hospitality undergradu- ates’ intern- ship efficacy and career preparation (Tsai et al., 2017) 2017 Career deci- sion self- efficacy plays a cru- cial role in hospitality undergradu- ates’ intern- ship efficacy and career preparation Stratified sam- pling was used to recruit grad- uating The results indicate that students’ learning mo- tivation posi- tively and significantly influenced in ternship effi- cacy, and that career decision self-efficacy exerts a complete mediating effect be tween in- ternship effi- cacy and ca- reer prepara- tion. Practi- cal imple- mentations and sugges- tions are also addressed at the end of the article. university stu- dents from Taiwan as par- ticipants and 613 valid ques- tionnaires were returned. Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 249 https://internationalpubls.com 13 Tourism ed- ucation and internships: a metaphor (Seyitoğlu & Çakar, 2017) 2017 The objec- tive of the present study was to ex- amine tour- ism under graduates’ perceptions of their edu- cation and internship experiences through met- aphorical analysis whilst striv- ing to raise the aware- ness of tour- ism educa- tors towards using meta- phors. A qualitative methodology was used to explore this phenomenon. Participants were senior students (n = 94) from the Faculty of Tourism at Ak- deniz Universi- ty in Antalya, Turkey. The data were col- lected with a semi-structured ques tionnaire and processed using content analysis. Next, meta- phors found in answers were catego- rised into different groups, and relevant ex- cerpts were identified. The results provide in- sights useful to both tour- ism educa- tion provid- ers and tour- ism estab- lishments. analysis 14 Impact of Effective Training on Employee Performance in Hotel Es- tablishments (Morsy & Ali, 2016) 2016 The purpose of this paper is to explore the criteria of effective training in five-star ho- tels and identify the significant impact of effective training on skills of the hotel staff, Questionnaires were the main instruments used in gather- ing data. Open and close ended questions were used. Data was gathered from both primary and secondary sources. The results show that there is a significant impact of effective training on skills of the hotel staff, staff perfor- mance, em- ployee productivity and cost re- duction. The Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 250 https://internationalpubls.com performance of the hotel staff, productivity of the hotel staff and cost reduc- tion. findings of the paper provide in- formation to hotel man- agement and human re- source man- agement to accentuate the im- portance of training pro- grams by highlight its merits to the hotel’s suc- cess. For in- stance, train- ing has shown to have positive results on employee morale, productivity, satisfaction and reten- tion, as well as on service consistency and guest satisfaction Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 251 https://internationalpubls.com 15 Tourism and hospi- tality in- ternships: influences on student career aspi- rations (Robinson et al., 2016) 2016 The aim is to address the issue of stu- dent com- mitment to the careers by reporting on a qualita- tive study of two cohorts of students who com- pleted an internship programme in Australia This research specifically sought to inves- tigate student commitment to T&H careers following an industry intern- ship. This study reports the findings from qualitative re- search under- taken with 34 students who participated in two iterations of an internship in 2009 and 2010. A contribu- tion from this study is the finding that two commonly mentioned attributes that partici- pants related to their dream job and/or post- degree ca- reer-related plans were the ability to travel and to work in an independent manner. Compared to previous re- search, this is a reasona- bly novel finding and therefore one that needs to be explored further. 16 Customizing Internship Experiences by Emphasis Area: The Key to In- creased Sat- isfaction and Motivation in Hospitali- (Stansbie & Nash, 2016) 2016 This article examines the role intern- ships play in the devel- opment of hospitality and tourism management students. Using a combi- nation of quan- titative and qualitative data analysis meth- ods, it is pro- posed, within the limitations of a case uni- versity, the Introduce different tasks as part of students’ work from day-to-day operational duties (check- in/out) to Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 252 https://internationalpubls.com ty and Tour- ism Man- agement Students Building up- on earlier research on internship design, it specifically examines the characteris- tics present in a stu- dent’s in- ternship through the use of a job characteris- tics mode characteristics needed in ca- reer emphasis areas that con- tribute to in- creased levels of intrinsic mo- tivation and student satis- faction gained from participa- tion in an in- ternship expe- rience. more cross- training in PBX (Pri- vate Branch Exchange; telephone operator at a hotel), housekeep- ing (cleaning rooms and inspecting quality), laundry, en- gineering/ maintenance, and guest ser- vic- es/concierge. Advanced standing stu- dents may also be driv- en by in- sights into management decision making, so learning STAR (Smith Trav- el Accomo- dations Re- port) reports, revenue, and yield man- agement techniques will all add to their skills and enrich Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 253 https://internationalpubls.com their devel- opment 17 Can univer- sity-industry linkages stimulate student em- ployability? (Ishengoma & Vaaland, 2016) 2016 The purpose of this paper is to identify important university- industry linkage (UIL) activi- ties that can stimulate the likelihood of employabil- ity among students. The purpose of this paper is to identify im- portant univer- sity-industry linkage (UIL) activities that can stimulate the likelihood of employabil- ity among stu- dents. The results reveal that UIL activi- ties were strongly per- ceived to raise the employabil- ity of stu- dents, in par- ticular stu- dent intern- ships in companies followed by joint projects and the in- volvement of companies in modernizing university curricula. Adoption and diffusion internship strategies are suggested for foreign companies and for local firm, respec- tively, as vehicles for increasing employabil- ity. 18 Coping Strategy in Hospitality (Y. C. Wang et al., 2015) 2015 A mixed method with embedded Both qualita- tive infor- mation and In addition, based on the findings, we Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 254 https://internationalpubls.com Internships: A Mixed design was applied in this study to explore cop- ing strate gies used in hospitality internships. Students shared in- ternship ex- periences for 3 time peri- ods, and managers of the student internship provided midterm and final perfor- mance eval- uations. quantitative data were com- bined as dyad information to ana lyze stu- dent coping from a longitu- dinal perspec- tive. In terms of theoretical im- plications, we found longitu- dinal differ- ences and per- formance dif- ferences in the use of problem- focused and emotion- focused coping. propose the existence and im- portance of information- focused cop- ing in hospi- tality intern- ships. In terms of practi cal implications, schools should coop- erate with hotels to provide stu- dent train- ing, meet- ings, or workshops before in- ternships. In addition, positive so- cial interac- tion and an encouraging atmosphere should be the main concerns to improve em- ployee mo- rale. Moreo- ver, hotel man agers should de- sign activi- ties, such as empower- ment, to re- Method Ap- proach Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 255 https://internationalpubls.com tain high- performing students by enhancing their recog- nition from customers and self- achievement. 19 Internship Satisfaction of Students of Hospitali- ty and Im- pact of In- ternship on the Profes- sional De- velopment and Industri- al Perception (Seyitoğlu & Yirik, 2015) 2015 This study aims to de- termine the internship satisfaction of tourism students and the impact of their intern- ships on their profes- sional devel- opment and industrial perception In line with this purpose, an implementation was conducted on the students of Akdeniz University Faculty of Tourism. This implementation involved a questionnaire form which was filled by 305 faculty students. The findings in- cluded demo- graphic infor- mation; then three scaled questionnaire form which in- tended to de- termine the in- ternship satis- faction, voca- tional tourism education, and professional development and industrial The results showed that internship satisfaction of the stu- dents had a positive im- pact and im- pact by itself on profes- sional devel- opment and industrial perspective, and together with voca- tional tour- ism educa- tion the stu- dents re- ceive, this impact in- creased. Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 256 https://internationalpubls.com perception of the students was analyzed by taking mean scores of the scales of the form; using stepwise re- gression of the multiple re- gression analy- sis, the rela- tions between the scales were shown, and the results were interpreted. Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 257 https://internationalpubls.com 20 Understand- ing the Ini- tial Career Decisions of Hospitality Graduates in Hong Kong: Quantitative and Qualita- tive Evi- dence (Chang & Tse, 2015) 2015 This study aimed to un- derstand the initial career decisions of graduates from a hos- pitality and tourism management (HTM) pro- gram in Hong Kong. In Study 1, we used longitudi- nal data from graduate exit surveys under- taken between 2002 and 2010 to explore the nature of their initial career choices and how the pro- gram had influ- enced them. In Study 2, indus- try executives and alumni were inter- viewed to sup- plement the findings of Study 1. Study 1 Findings:It has been found that more than half the graduates’ first jobs were in HTM and that hospital- ity electives and industry- specific pro- grams (such as an execu- tive-in- residence program and distin- guished speaker se- ries) con- tributed to their choice of such em- ployment. Compared with jobs in other sec- tors, HTM jobs pay sig- nificantly less. Rec- ommenda- tions are provided for designing better HTM programs that will in- spire more Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 258 https://internationalpubls.com students to join the in- dustry on graduation. 21 The academ- ic value of internships: Benefits across disci- plines and student backgrounds (Binder et al., 2015) 2015 While stu- dent benefits from intern- ship experi- ence have been fre- quently doc- umented in research, the Longitudinal sample (n > 15,000) that covers an ex- tensive range of subjects and disci- Findings are there- Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 259 https://internationalpubls.com emphasis has been on in- ternship ef- fects on em- ployment and career indicators. This work is concerned plines for large undergraduate cohorts. Main effects and in- teractions for student back- ground charac- teristics fore dis- cussed against a background of motiva- tional ap- proaches suitable to integrate both direct and indirect with effects on academic outcomes and focuses on the ro- bustness of such effects across aca- demic dis- were investi- gated showing stable academic benefits for ad- vantaged and disadvantaged students. Fur- ther, paths from internship experience to academic outcomes to career indi- cators. Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 260 https://internationalpubls.com ciplines as well as for different achievement levels of students, student gen- der, and eth- nicity using ordinal logistic multi- level model- ling, we ex- plored the im- pact on the probability of attaining a higher degree classification for different student scenar- ios, thus illus- trating the prac- tical significance of these internship ef- fects. Effects are less likely to stem from maturation or self-selectio 22 Employabil- ity of Hospi- tality Gradu- ates: Student and Industry Perspectives (Y.-F. Wang & Tsai, 2014) 2014 This study investigates the percep- tions of sen- ior hospitali- ty students and industry managers of Questionnaires were adminis- tered to manag- ers of hospitali- ty businesses (n = 105) and to senior students (n = 193) in The results showed that from the perspectives of senior students and managers, both students Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 261 https://internationalpubls.com employabil- ity in the in- dustry. order to meas- ure the im- portance of each attribute and student readiness in each compe- tency and gradu- ates lack confidence in their em- ployability, particularly in areas of professional management skills. Final- ly, sugges- tions are provided for facilitating the employ- ability of hospitality graduates in Taiwan. 23 The relation- ships amongst the intern anxie- ty, internship outcomes, and career commitment of hospitality college stu- dents (Y. F. Wang et al., 2014) 2014 This study analysed the changes in student anxi- ety to deter- mine the re- lation- ships among intern anxiety, in- ternship out- comes, and career com- mitment. A cluster sam- pling method and question- naire survey were used to collect data from third- and fourth-year col- lege students from hospitali- ty-related de- partments. The effective sam- ple sizes were 255 (preintern- ship) and 245 (postintern- ship). According to the data, in- tern anxiety slightly de- creased after internship. Intern anxie- ty and in- ternship out- comes were determined to influence career com- mitment sig- nificantly, although no relationship was found between in- tern anxiety and intern- ship out- Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 262 https://internationalpubls.com comes. This paper pro- vides addi- tional sug- gestions for designing an off-campus internship curriculum and improv- ing off- campus in- ternguidance 24 How do ho- tel and tour- ism students select intern- ship em- ployers? A segmenta- tion ap- proach (Fong et al., 2014) 2014 How do ho- tel and tour- ism students select intern- ship em- ployers? A segmenta- tion ap- proach Drawing from a self- administered survey of 273 hotel and tour- ism manage- ment college students in Hong Kong, the study used cluster analysis to generate four clusters of stu- dents, namely learning enthu- siasts, social support seek- ers, brand seekers, and school follow- ers. Chi-square tests showed that school fol- lowers general- ly do not have internship ex- peri ence. This study has shown that subjec- tive factors like friendly colleagues and organi- zational brand, and objective factors like competitive remunera- tion, brand of the organ- ization, ex- perience of the company as a con- sumer, and distance commuting to the work- place are more im- portant than critical con- tact factors Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 263 https://internationalpubls.com like experi- ence of the company as a consumer and working in an organi- zation that is affiliated with the uni- versity when students se- lect their in- ternship em- ployers. However, our segmen- tation ap- proach has shown that these find- ings are not necessarily robust across individual students as some placed more em- phasis on objective factors (learning enthusiasts), some stressed on subjective factors (so- cial support seekers and brand seek- ers), whereas others tend- ed to select Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 264 https://internationalpubls.com organiza- tions affiliat- ed with their university (school fol- lowers) 25 A study of internship attitude, sub- jective norm, perceived behavioral control, and career plan- ning of hos- pitality voca- tional col- lege students (Hsu, 2012) 2012 This re- search used the revised theory of planned be- havior as a conceptual framework to explore its relationship to career planning for hospitality vocational college stu- dents in Taiwan. The analysis conducted by structural equa- tion modeling revealed that attitude has a positive influ- ence on inten- tion; the sub- jective norm has a negative influence on intention; per- ceived behav- ioral control has a positive influence on intention; in- tention has a positive influ- ence on behav- ior; and per- ceived behav- ioral control has a positive influence on behavior. Based on the evidence re- sults, the current study proposes a few sugges- tions for ed- ucational institutions and future research. Research Gap Despite the significant attention paid to various aspects of internships in the hospitality and tourism industry, several gaps remain in the literature concerning the holistic understanding of how industrial training impacts the employability of undergraduate students. The existing studies primarily focus on specific factors such as individual characteristics (e.g., self-initiative, attitude), institutional support, internship satisfaction, and the direct effects of these internships on career intentions and Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 265 https://internationalpubls.com employability. 1.Specific Factors Over Holistic Approach: Many studies, such as those by Sihombing (2021) and Kukreti & Dani (2020), have explored individual factors influencing internship satisfaction. Similarly, research by Kukreti & Dani (2020) and Phonthanukitithaworn et al. (2017) emphasized the role of university support and organizational environment. However, a comprehensive analysis combining these elements to understand their collective impact on employability is lacking. 2. Geographical Limitations: Research by Vo et al. (2022) and Zopiatis et al. (2021) has been conducted in specific regions such as Vietnam and the USA, respectively. There is a paucity of comparative studies across different cultural and economic contexts that might influence the effectiveness of internships in enhancing employability. 3. Longitudinal Effects: Studies like those by Chen et al. (2021) and Hussien & La Lopa (2018) have examined the immediate effects of internships on employability and career intentions. However, there is a gap in understanding the long-term impact of these internships on career progression and retention in the hospitality industry. 4. Integration of Internship Experiences with Academic Curricula: While Tsai et al. (2017) and Seyitoğlu (2019) discuss the benefits and challenges of internships, there is limited research on how the integration of internship experiences into academic curricula can further enhance employability and prepare students for the industry. The study by Seyitoğlu & Çakar (2017) using metaphorical analysis provides insights but does not quantitatively assess the impact. 5 Impact of COVID-19: The study by Zopiatis et al. (2021) highlighted the unprecedented impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on internship practices. However, there is a need for more detailed exploration of how these changes have permanently altered the landscape of industrial training and its effectiveness in different contexts. 6. Perceptions and Actual Outcomes: O’Connor & Bodicoat (2017) highlighted the disparity between student perceptions of internships and their actual outcomes. Further research is needed to bridge this gap by evaluating the real-world effectiveness of internships in enhancing employability skills as perceived by both students and industry employers. 7. Lack of Standardization: Various methodologies and scales have been employed to measure internship outcomes, as seen in studies by Karunaratne et al. (2019) and Wang et al. (2015). A standardized approach to assessing the impact of internships across different institutions and regions could provide more reliable and comparable data. Findings & Discussion The comprehensive review of literature on student satisfaction with industrial training in the hospitality sector, specifically focusing on undergraduates in Punjab, highlights several critical themes and findings. The studies reviewed span various geographical regions, methodologies, and focus areas, yet they collectively provide a nuanced understanding of the factors influencing student satisfaction and the effectiveness of industrial training programs. 1.Challenges and Preparation: Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 266 https://internationalpubls.com Vo et al. (2022) identified key challenges such as communication and conduct, working hours, problem-solving skills, self-confidence, supervision, and the working environment. These challenges suggest the need for better preparatory programs to equip students with the necessary skills and mental readiness. Seyitoğlu (2019) echoed similar sentiments, highlighting the benefits and challenges gastronomy students face, suggesting that overcoming these challenges is crucial for career choices. 2. Role of Individual Factors: Sihombing (2021) and Kukreti & Dani (2020) emphasized the significant impact of individual factors like academic preparedness, positive attitude, and self-initiative on internship satisfaction. This indicates that personal attributes and mindset are pivotal in determining the success and satisfaction of industrial training experiences. 3. Institutional Support and Environment: Karunaratne et al. (2019) and Kukreti & Dani (2020) highlighted the importance of university support and organizational environment. Effective pre-placement activities and ongoing support from both the university and the internship providers were found to be crucial for enhancing student satisfaction. 4. Career Intention and Employability Chen et al. (2021)found that career intention and enhanced employability significantly influence students' decisions to remain in the hospitality industry post-internship. This underscores the role of internships in shaping career trajectories. Tsai et al. (2017) discussed the importance of career decision self-efficacy, suggesting that students' confidence in their career choices enhances their internship efficacy and overall career preparation. 5. Perceived Benefits and Skills Development: Hussien & La Lopa (2018) and Morsy & Ali (2016) demonstrated that effective training programs significantly improve students' skills, performance, and overall job satisfaction. This is crucial for both academic institutions and industry stakeholders to consider when designing and implementing training programs. Phonthanukitithaworn et al. (2017) reinforced the positive correlation between skill development and job satisfaction, emphasizing the need for continuous and effective training programs. 6. Internship Experience and Perceptions: O’Connor & Bodicoat (2017) highlighted the diverse perceptions of internships among students, with some viewing them as exploitative. This suggests a need for higher education institutions to better communicate the value of internships and ensure they are structured and remunerated appropriately. Fong et al. (2014) found that both subjective factors (e.g., friendly colleagues) and objective factors (e.g., remuneration) influence students' choice of internship employers, indicating the multifaceted Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis ISSN: 1074-133X Vol 32 No. ICMASD (2025) 267 https://internationalpubls.com nature of internship satisfaction. Implications for Practice The findings from these studies provide several practical implications for stakeholders in the hospitality education and training sectors: 1. Enhanced Preparation Programs: Universities should implement comprehensive preparatory programs that focus on developing essential skills such as communication, problem-solving, and self-confidence. These programs should also address mental readiness for the workplace environment. 2. Supportive Training Environments:Both universities and industry partners need to collaborate closely to create supportive training environments. This includes effective pre-placement activities, continuous support during internships, and structured feedback mechanisms. 3. Focus on Individual Attributes:Emphasizing the development of positive attitudes, self-initiative, and academic preparedness in students can significantly enhance their internship satisfaction and career readiness. 4. Career Counseling and Self-Efficacy:Career counseling services should be enhanced to help students develop strong career intentions and self-efficacy, which are critical for successful transitions from education to industry. 5. Structured and Fair Internships:Internship programs should be well-structured, fair, and remunerated to avoid perceptions of exploitation. Clear communication about the benefits and expectations of internships can help align student perceptions with program realities. 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