Editorial on the special issue “Geographies of Demographic Change: Theories and Narratives” Editorial on the special issue “Geographies of Demographic Change: Theories and Narratives” Birgit Leick, Birgit Glorius 1 Introduction to the special issue Demographic challenges and their various effects on European countries and re- gions have long been debated among policymakers, practitioners and scholars (see, for example, Bloom/Canning 2008; Börsch-Supan 2008, 2013; Steinführer/ Haase 2007; Ferry/Vironen 2011; Kröhnert et al. 2011; Swiaczny 2010). Despite a broad body of mainly empirical literature which exists both in research and practice of the social sciences and population studies, far less attention has been paid to the conceptual approaches underlying these debates. Notably, our observations show that the conceptual underpinnings and narrative elements associated with common terms such as “demographic change” or “demographic decline” are typically not touched upon in mainstream debates. Consequently, this special issue of “Compar- ative Population Studies” is motivated by the idea of framing a broader understand- ing of these phenomena by critically refl ecting the all too often taken-for-granted views, theories and concepts that are used for studying demographic change, as well as their implications from a multi-scalar, multi-actor and multidisciplinary per- spective. Taking the normative dimension of discourses on demographic change into account, this issue particularly intends to move beyond positivist theorising or practical perspectives by focusing on the socio-temporal and socio-spatial contexts of demographic processes and challenges, i.e., the “geographies of demographic change”. By “geographies of demographic change”, we mean different and context- specifi c confi gurations of regional demographic change. In this issue, they will be approached from a European perspective. Such contexts include, for example, ur- ban versus rural areas, or federally organised states in Germany versus centrally organised countries in Northern Europe. The scope of the present special issue also addresses social change that accompanies demographic processes, including mar- ginalisation and peripheralisation as two conceptual approaches. The contributions gathered in this special issue, including this editorial, thus in- tend to stimulate an interdisciplinary discourse on demographic change, focusing on different socio-temporal and socio-spatial contexts for demographic change. Al- together, these papers highlight the need to pay specifi c attention to the disciplinary origins and variety of the main terms used to denote demographic change and its Comparative Population Studies Vol. 41, 3-4 (2016): 207-224 (Date of release: 29.05.2017) Federal Institute for Population Research 2017 URL: www.comparativepopulationstudies.de DOI: 10.12765/CPoS-2017-05en URN: urn:nbn:de:bib-cpos-2017-05en5 • Birgit Leick, Birgit Glorius208 effect. They also stress the sometimes confl ictual and normative character of the connotations connected to the different debates. To do so, the dominating scholarly approaches and the prevailing paradigms underlying these approaches are critically examined by discussing their openness towards, and refl ections of, the variety and idiosyncrasies of different socio-spatial and socio-economic confi gurations. It is our aim to enhance the existing scholarly knowledge on the narratives, discourses and conceptualisations of demographic change and related phenomena, and elaborate how public debates are both intertwined with, and refl ected in, specifi c policies and governance mechanisms. This will be achieved by bringing together academic expertise from different disciplines and fi elds such as economic geography, social and cultural geography, sociology, and political science. Looking at one of the most controversially discussed topics of the past years, the European migration crisis (which unfolded at the time the fi eld work for the articles in this special issue was carried out), the need for putting greater effort into contex- tualising demographic processes becomes strikingly visible. In the public debate, one can detect the transformative power of the demographic discourses associated with this crisis. Some of the urgent questions arising in the context of these immi- gration fl ows, for example housing and education, labour market participation, etc. within Germany, are completely separated from other discourses, which are linked to migration or demographic challenges as well. For instance, the issue of sustain- able development perspectives for peripheralised regions, the quantitative and qualitative development of the labour force for ageing populations, or the effects of European integration and migration policies on the mobility of qualifi ed migrants in Europe are some of the questions that are being left unexamined. Instead, the main discourse on the recent migration challenges in the EU focuses on the humanitarian aspects, which is easily understandable given the shock-like, sudden infl ux of over one million people into countries such as Germany. Demographic processes such as contemporary external migration movements also challenge the ongoing dis- courses about demographic change. In the light of recent migration, issues of social and cultural change, the general adaptability of the social system towards a fast- changing composition of society and context-sensitivity clearly gain importance. This editorial fi rst maps the main debates on demographic challenges from a Eu- ropean perspective, and then critically analyses the mainstream paradigms under- lying these contemporary debates. This is followed by a brief survey of conceptual approaches that might be helpful when it comes to conceptualising demographic change (for instance: agency, context, self-refl exivity and normative power). It is argued that such alternative views on demographic processes are fruitful to amend the existing explanations and to better understand how demographic change shapes specifi c socio-spatial and socio-temporal settings. The editorial fi nally intro- duces the articles included in this special issue which discuss these alternative con- ceptual elements such as peripheralisation (Leibert/Golinski 2017), globalisation pe- ripheries (Matuschewski et al. 2017), and resource peripheries (Carson et al. 2016). The articles also propose discursive or narrative approaches in order to improve our understanding of demographic change, either as narratives and representa- tions in speech that produce and reproduce problems and stigmata associated with Geographies of Demographic Change: Theories and Narratives • 209 demographic change (Meyer et al. 2016; Bartl/Sackmann 2016), or as discourses which instead refl ect the entrepreneurial opportunities linked to demographic chal- lenges (Christmann 2017). Most contributions contain empirical cases that focus on rural-peripheral Eastern Germany, where population ageing and decline, coupled with youth emigration, have long since weakened socio-economic development perspectives. Analysing the dynamics of population decline, peripheralisation pro- cesses and concomitant discourses in Eastern Germany may lead to an enhanced understanding and may function as representative example for demographic devel- opments to come – also in other parts of Europe. The respective case studies are thus relevant for a reassessment of demographic discourses in a European perspec- tive. Another case is Sweden’s North, where low population density complicates local development in the Nordic periphery (Carson et al. 2016). 2 The geographies of demographic change: what is achieved? 2.1 Mapping the debates The demographic development of European societies has long been debated among policymakers, practitioners and scholars alike. Population decline, popula- tion ageing, youth migration and, to a lesser extent, the movement of elderly peo- ple are all central themes that have been addressed from different perspectives. This has resulted in a body of literature that seeks to formulate solutions to urgent practical problems which are associated with these demographic challenges. From a regional development perspective, both the conceptual approaches and the prac- tice of policymaking have been oscillating around the pivotal question of how the competitiveness of regions, industries and companies, and the provision of basic services (education, health service, public transport, and retail trade) can be sus- tained in socio-spatial contexts that are burdened by persistent outmigration, rapid population ageing and quantitative population decline as the three inter-related dimensions of the contemporary demographic challenges. All of these processes interactively result in various complex, and partly unpredictable, challenges at dif- ferent spatial scales, involving private industries and companies, state-governed organisations and civil society. The changing population size and structure might even endanger the long-term economic viability of some types of regions, such as remote rural regions and peripheral places where infrastructures will never keep pace with urbanised agglomerations that tend to benefi t from migration. In addition, such demographic processes will ultimately modify the conditions for local policy- making and planning because policies that might have been adequate for periods of population (and economic) growth must be renewed in response to changing settings in terms of population decline and ageing. Despite a broad strand of mainly empirical and applied research, several ques- tions with respect to these observations are, to date, still largely under-explored. First, although various theories and concepts implicitly address demography and population change, the explanatory power of demographic change as a conceptual • Birgit Leick, Birgit Glorius210 perspective for describing and understanding the recent transformation of socie- ties, economies and regions is still an unresolved issue. Second, many of the ap- proaches that explicitly model demographic key indicators (for instance, economic models) do not specifi cally refl ect upon the way in which demographic challenges are narrated and dealt with, or how such a conceptual engagement can contrib- ute to a broader perspective on demographic change. Exceptions include van de Kaa (1996) who summarises the state-of-the-art knowledge on fertility in population studies from a narrative perspective. Against the backdrop of the multi-layered chal- lenges and opportunities attached to phenomena such as population ageing, popu- lation shrinking, migration, etc., our knowledge is limited with respect to how and to what extent academic debates that challenge mainstream paradigms of (economic) growth and go beyond practical problem-analysis or problem-solving can enrich the contemporary debate across various disciplines. 2.2 Similar concepts, different foci The study of demographic processes and challenges from a European perspective is marked by a co-existence of various disciplinary approaches in the wider fi eld of the social sciences (such as economics, business administration, human and ap- plied geography, political science, demography studies, and sociology) and beyond (population statistics, policy development), which all address similar phenomena, but have different foci. Depending on the disciplinary origins, there is no all-embrac- ing defi nition upon which the geographies of demographic change might be based. Moreover, the terminology used to denote demographic processes is, to a large extent, rooted in both past and ongoing public discussions, policy and academic debates, and media articles, which, in turn, have moulded not only the debate but also the terms used. This interaction, in turn, has resulted in a bundle of partly over- lapping or contradictory terms and defi nitions used to refer to demographic chal- lenges, but without making the origins of the terms and/or related debates explicit. It is therefore worthwhile to describe the core of some of the most prominent terms in order to reveal their specifi c meanings and connotations, but also their “blind spots”, which are left open, particularly from a cross-disciplinary perspective. “Demographic change” is the most prominent term, which is often used to de- scribe different and related changes in fertility and mortality or lifestyles, and the resulting phenomena such as population ageing and decline. Migration is another factor that affects these key indicators, not only in quantitative terms but also with regard to the structure and heterogeneity of a population. The fi eld of policy devel- opment in particular uses the term “demographic change” to describe processes of population shrinking and ageing. This, however, only refl ects a partial understand- ing of the demographic developments and challenges in the past and nowadays, neglecting growing intra-societal differentiation and heterogeneity due to inward or outward migration patterns or singularisation. “Demographic decline” or alternatively “population decline” mainly refer to the long-term trend of a decreasing population, which is caused by changing mortal- ity, fertility, or migration patterns, and their interaction. These terms are frequently Geographies of Demographic Change: Theories and Narratives • 211 used both in scientifi c and public debates on demographic processes. Referring to “decline” clearly adds a normative component to what is understood by them, as it is associated with the negative character of these processes. By contrast, the term “demographic transition” describes the causes and effects of the transformation of societies, originating from dropping fertility and mortal- ity rates, a process that is associated with changing regimes of production and consumption throughout history. These processes accompanied the so-called “fi rst demographic transition” from an agrarian to an industrialised society (Coale 1975; Thompson 1929). The “second demographic transition” occured when modern so- cieties changed to post-modern societies (see Lesthaeghe 1995; van de Kaa 1994, 2001), with this transition process being of primary importance for the phenomena addressed in this special issue. The fourth term, “population change”, captures the statistical side of these three main defi nitions used in most debates in the social sciences and beyond. “Popula- tion change” in a statistical sense is the mere description and interpretation of fertil- ity, mortality, and migration indicators. The term is neutral as it describes popula- tion development in general, but its usage in the public debate often overlaps with the term “demographic change”, which makes it diffi cult to separate the two related notions clearly, particularly from an applied perspective on demographic phenom- ena and challenges. Consequently, debating such demographic challenges based upon various and partly overlapping or even confl icting defi nitions, terms and meanings risks pro- ducing and reproducing isolated knowledge that lacks inter-connectedness. Thus, it becomes diffi cult to identify the connections between the different research ap- proaches and traditions and the sources of synergies for establishing multidisci- plinary conceptions of similar topics. The parallel, yet unconnected use of these notions and terms hinders some of the necessary clarity about the core phenomena that are dealt with, which certainly limits the potential of cross-fertilisation between scholarship, public policy management and planning practice and thus prevents knowledge expansion through a change in perspective. The boundaries between the thematic cores of the most important disciplines and research traditions in the social sciences and population studies, which deal with demographic processes and challenges from a European perspective, are equally blurred. In economics, the academic debate predominantly focuses on theories of eco- nomic growth and specifi c economic sectors in which demography infl uences eco- nomic outcomes (or vice versa), for instance, educational and health systems, or the age-retirement provisions of economies (Börsch-Supan et al. 2015; Kuhn et al. 2014). The economic debate has converged around two different topics: population growth in terms of over-population and its economic consequences in develop- ing nations in a Malthusian tradition (Birdsall et al. 2001; Bloom et al. 2003) versus population decline or ageing and migration, and how it affects the competitiveness of industrialised economies (Kelley/Schmidt 2005; Oliveira Martins et al. 2005; Poot 2008). While the fi rst issue received more attention in the past, the latter stream of research has gained popularity in recent years (Bloom et al. 2010). From an eco- • Birgit Leick, Birgit Glorius212 nomic perspective, demographic change is modelled as an exogenous factor that affects the demand of private households and labour markets (Franz 2004; Lüh- rmann 2005) and implies changes in private markets as well as in the provision of public goods and services (general welfare, health and education), as highlighted by Börsch-Supan et al. (2015), Kuhn et al. (2014), Bengtsson/Scott (2011), Meier/Werd- ing (2010) or Misoulis (2008). Other contributions discuss its long-term impact on human capital and skills (Poot 2008; see, also, Green 2003; Brown/Danson 2003). Some of the literature specifi cally investigates how population decline and ageing infl uence entrepreneurial activities and innovation (Bönte et al. 2007; Harhoff 2008). By contrast, business researchers have approached demographic change from a “hands on” perspective to address different issues with practical relevance for business leaders and researchers (see, for instance, Pompe 2012; Reidl 2007). The purchasing power of elderly consumers and the market opportunities for business organisations with the so-called “silver agers” (Kohlbacher et al. 2014; Kohlbacher/ Herstatt 2008; Kunisch et al. 2011; Suprinovic/Kay 2009), the new requirements of human resources policies within business organisations and public administration (Streb et al. 2008; Thun et al. 2007; Verworn et al. 2009), and the management and leadership topics for ageing societies (Tulik 2014; Kuebler et al. 2009) are some of the relevant debates. In the fi eld of regional science and human geography, studying the effects of demographic change on specifi c segments of local economies (retail trade and real estate markets) or on the provision of public goods and services (Maretzke 2014; Leick 2013; Matuschewski/Leick 2012; Neu 2009; Sackmann et al. 2008) are the most important issues addressed. With respect to context, this research explores demographic change for rural regions (BMVBS/BBSR 2009), urban settlements (Martinez-Fernandez et al. 2012; Nuissl/Rink 2005) or regions affected by economic- political transformation (Kurek 2011; Steinführer/Haase 2007). This strand of mostly empirical literature, however, lacks a critical refl ection of the underlying concep- tual understanding of demographic change (exceptions include Steinführer et al. [2014] and Leibert/Golinski [2017] in this special issue). Local development is thus reduced or “essentialised” in terms of demography without suffi ciently incorporat- ing the complexity of demographic processes, and research results are translated into policy recommendations, implicitly hypothesising that demographic processes are irreversible (see, for example, ARL 2016; Gans et al. 2006). This approach to policymaking and regional planning, however, has become more contested recently, owing to its essentialist view on regional or social prob- lems, which are all too often perceived as a result of demographic change. Barlösi- us/Neu (2007) criticise this as the “demographisation of society” (see, also, Leibert/ Golinski 2017 in this issue). As a matter of fact, interpreting cultural, economic or so- cial phenomena as the sole outcome of demographic processes such as population ageing and decline hides the fact that regional development paths and local options for taking action are, to a large extent, place-specifi c, individual, and path-depend- ent, and should thus be seen in context. Regional development studies that take on a historical perspective and discuss the spatial and temporal contingencies of local- regional processes are rare, yet stress the need for contextualised understandings Geographies of Demographic Change: Theories and Narratives • 213 of the external factors infl uencing local development (see, for example, Hassink 2005 who contextualises historical industrial cycles and changing local economies). Demography studies and sociology focus on demographic key indicators such as fertility and mortality trends to describe and contextualise the inter-relationship of social change and population developments (Barbi et al. 2008; Baudisch 2008; Klüsener/Goldstein 2016). This research tradition actively contributes to the build- ing of a theory in line with general modernisation or social-demographic transition theories by considering and explaining the changing fertility behaviour of societies (Kirk 1996; Sobotka et al. 2011). However, heterogenisation or diversity as another important facet of demographic change is rarely addressed and, if so, often reduced to the issue of individualisation and how it affects fertility (Ehrhardt/Kohli 2011). Mi- gration and its effects on societal development are typically handled within an iso- lated framework of migration and integration. For example, fertility patterns of im- migrant women (Andersson 2004) or immigrant ageing and the provision of social care (Cangiano 2014) are studied without being connected to the broader context of demographic change. Vice versa, the existing literature on demographic change quite often lacks sensitivity towards place, space and time as important contextual factors for understanding the processes of demographic change. In the political sciences, demographic change is addressed in a twofold way. Political economists approach the economic consequences of population changes from a systemic perspective, for example by discussing and analysing their infl u- ence on housing markets (Malmberg 2012). The recently emerging fi eld of political demography addresses political change as a consequence of population dynamics (Goldstone et al. 2012; Sánchez-Gassen 2013). What both research strands have in common is that they focus on the political effects of demographic change using de- mographic data and concepts in an essentialist manner. In a similar vein, the practi- cal side of policy advice concerning demographic change and related phenomena within societies (such as decline and ageing of the population) also relies on main- stream concepts about demographic processes and challenges without critically questioning the underlying paradigms (Wilkoszewski 2006). 3 Conceptualising the geographies of demographic change: Problems and missing links In light of these observations, this special issue collects contributions that establish a broader understanding of the “geographies of demographic change” and aims to pay more and closer attention to conceptualising the socio-spatial and socio- temporal confi gurations. From the authors’ point of view, it is important to do so because these confi gurations are produced by the patterns of demographic devel- opments on multiple scales, but are also reproduced in the debates and policy re- sponses addressing these developments. Thus, this collection of articles intends to pick up the loose ends which have been left unexamined by various sub-disciplines and to elaborate upon the cross-disciplinary interfaces. Moreover, it seems neces- sary to add new elements to the research agenda, which reveal how demographic • Birgit Leick, Birgit Glorius214 discourses are constructed at the level of society, the economy and the region, how narratives about demographic change are built, communicated and legitimated, and why discourses are held in specifi c ways. 3.1 Unresolved issues and conceptual problems Most debates about demographic change in research and practice are based upon a practical approach, using empirical data, statistical indicators, fi eld observations, and case studies to derive policy recommendations. Indeed, the bulk of the schol- arly knowledge that has been generated focuses on quantitative problem analy- sis, pilot projects or “best practice” templates for policymaking. This positivist ap- proach to the “geographies of demographic change” hides the discursive power associated with its interpretation of “change” in terms of “decline”, at least from a European perspective, and may therefore disguise alternative concepts which are more context-sensitive and take on a neutral position against analysis and appraisal of these phenomena. In addition, many theories and approaches rely on dominant paradigms such as “economic growth” and “economic competitiveness”, which, however, fail to provide appropriate explanations of the greater challenges of demographic change (see Matuschewski et al. 2017 in this issue). In this respect, a general problem with most economic approaches (exceptions include endogenous growth theories, see Aghion/Howitt 1998) is that demographic change is often considered as an exoge- nous factor which infl uences economic growth prospects or quantitative economic development on various scales. However, the inherent complexity of phenomena such as population ageing, population decline or demographic heterogeneity (as measured by [net] migration fl ows and differences in fertility behaviour over time) makes it diffi cult to predict their effects on regional growth and competitiveness (Poot 2008). Alternative ideas about the interfaces between economy and demog- raphy are still at an early stage; for example, quality of life, well-being or minimum standards for the provision of public goods and services are discussed as points of reference for conceptualising this link. In geographical and regional research, this paradigm partially overlaps with other, more context-specifi c discourses about conditions of rurality or peripherality (Danson/De Souza 2012), urbanisation (García Docampo 2014; Storper/Manville 2006), centralisation and decentralisation (Besley/ Coate 2003), and the system transformation of economies (such as the post-social- ist transformation, see Grabher/Stark 1997; Stark/Bruszt 1998). Hence, theoretical approaches to describe the geographies of demographic change need to refer to both different and to related debates, but implicitly hypothesise that socio-spatial entities and economies are supposed to follow a somewhat pre-determined eco- nomic growth path. Consequently, the assumption of economic growth in terms of increases or sta- bility in income and employment over time remains unchallenged, cutting across most demographic discourses as a normative paradigm and conceptualising demo- graphic change as a problematic context for long-term economic growth prospects. Indeed, this stance fails to capture the complexity of its systemic character. Alter- Geographies of Demographic Change: Theories and Narratives • 215 native topics emerging in the recent discussions on the systemic transformations of economies and societies are associated with a sustainability approach (Hansen/ Coenen 2015; Schulz 2014) and endogenous, network-based local development (Amin 1999; Huggins/Thomson 2014). From a normative, public policy perspective, integrating these new research topics is still in its infancy. More generally, this spe- cial issue attempts to discuss the dominant normative paradigms underlying these debates critically, taking into account the overlapping topics and challenges. 3.2 Missing elements and alternative conceptualisations Against this background, this editorial argues that the wider fi eld of the social sci- ences lacks a broad academic discussion that considers the narratives and discours- es that are built in practice, policymaking and research to refer to the changes that lie ahead for societies, economies and regions. Thus, the conceptual work resulting from scholarly engagement with the phenomenon of demographic change remains somewhat fragmented. The present special issue thus offers some building blocks which may complement the prevailing understanding of these phenomena because they pay specifi c attention to the conceptual and narrative perspectives underlying the “geographies of demographic change”. Regarding conceptualisation, the following questions are asked: • Which conceptual approaches describing demographic change and its ef- fects on societies and economies are used in what fi elds or disciplines within the social sciences? • How are these concepts connected with the way that demographic change is represented in contemporary debates? • How and to what extent is the systemic character of demographic change considered or stressed? • What might be the potential gains of such theoretical explanations? How can (so far) underrepresented conceptual ideas about demographic change en- rich the existing academic, public and political discussion in a European con- text? The special issue also discusses discourses and narratives associated with de- mographic change such as the following issues: • Which narratives describe the geographies of demographic change? • Why is demographic change predominantly negatively connoted in the Eu- ropean context, for instance, with “decline”, “withdrawal” or “adaptation”, instead of more positively connoted terms such as “renewal” or “resilience”? • What do alternative – and perhaps more optimistic – interpretations of demo- graphic change (for instance, demographic resilience) look like? • What impact does the one-sidedness of negative connotations associated with demographic change produce in the public and scholarly discourse have? • Birgit Leick, Birgit Glorius216 The special issue refl ects upon the role of agency, claiming that it is necessary to describe and analyse in greater depth the role that individual actors involved at different levels (civil society, private enterprises and industry, the state and its representatives, such as governments or municipalities, etc.) play in the process of socio-spatial change caused by or accompanying demographic processes. Such actors can be important facilitators of endogenous development due to their re- source endowments (human capital, knowledge, and skills) or because they can act as gatekeepers between different communities and contextual settings. How- ever, individual agency may also reproduce existing narratives about demographic change, such as the growth paradigm. This might be the case when ignorance on the part of key actors towards complex future changes and adherence to past ways of handling processes of change persist even if and when change becomes visible. From a social psychology perspective, such behaviour can be interpreted as an ir- rational reaction to crisis (Folkman/Lazarus 1990; Furnham 2005). Notwithstanding this, the contradictions in the actions and behaviour of such agents have not been fully acknowledged as an important element to describe the “geographies of demo- graphic change”. Therefore, an agency-centric perspective is important to better understand demographic processes on different levels. From a policy perspective, policymakers should pay particular attention to the different, and often paradoxi- cal, roles of agents who steer, accompany and communicate demographic change processes. To avoid such fallacies, context and self-refl exivity are crucial lenses through which to observe demographic change from a multi-level, multi-actor and multi- scalar perspective as a context-specifi c phenomenon. This makes it necessary to refl ect upon the paradigms underlying existing descriptions and explanations. Such paradigms include the concept of economic growth and the recent post-growth de- bates (Ferguson 2015; Schulz 2014), the rural-urban divide (Hoggart 1990), and the dominating rationalist, engineering-based planning approaches (Albrechts 2004: 745). Most importantly, criticism of these paradigms should include the extent to which they address the systemic character of demographic change. At the local level, the specifi c conditions associated with demographic change may overlap with problems caused by rural or peripheral contexts, thereby reinforcing negative prospects for sustainable local development. Consequently, regions and actors em- bedded in such regions are “locked in” (Hassink 2010), and new approaches to local problem-solving are needed to move ahead in such cases. Normative power also plays an important role for conceptualising demographic change. In fact, policymaking generally seems to ignore the dynamics of demo- graphic change whilst keeping a focus on growth strategies through job creation and the assignment of new housing or production sites. With some exceptions, most policies addressing demographic change are reactive, rather than proactively working with specifi c constellations such as a certain population size or structure. For the case of Germany, strategies to counteract or mitigate demographic change at the local level tend to neglect or even overlook the necessity of context- and place-specifi c governance schemes which could strengthen local resources (includ- ing networks and social capital) and enlarge the scope of core actors (such as civil Geographies of Demographic Change: Theories and Narratives • 217 society, private companies, ageing residents, etc.). Even though there have been numerous model projects on the national and the European levels on how to cope with demographic change, many municipalities widely neglect the effects of demo- graphic changes and pursue a strategy of “muddling through”, rather than actively implementing middle- and long-term multilevel governance strategies of adaptation (see, for instance, Jonda 2012; König 2014). 4 What lies ahead? Towards establishing a conceptual understanding of the “geographies of demographic change” The papers in this special issue aim to establish a broader understanding of what we call the “geographies of demographic change”. Matuschewski et al.Matuschewski et al. (2017) start this discussion by criticising the growth-oriented regional development theories and policies which are most typically referred to in the social sciences and econom- ics. In their paper, the authors search for alternative conceptual frameworks to de- scribe regional development theories for regions affected by demographic change, frameworks which go beyond the growth paradigm. To this aim, Matuschewski et al. (2017) use Scholz’ (2007) idea of “globalisation peripheries” for a better under- standing of the demographic-economic vicious circle of many particularly rural- peripheral contexts. “Globalisation peripheries” allude to the interconnectedness of demographic and economic processes, which they consider to be a neglected facet in the conceptual approaches used for describing demographic change. The East German region of Altenburger Land serves as a case in which this overlap of demographic and economic factors does not comply with a growth-based regional development trajectory. In a similar vein, the prevalent regional planning approaches for rural-periph- eral places can be criticised because of the lack of refl ection on their conceptual underpinnings. All too often, socio-cultural processes are simply equated with demographic change. For instance, selective outmigration is often called the “de- mographisation” of local development of rural-peripheral regions. In their paper, Leibert and Golinski (2017) introduce “peripheralisation” as an alternative, and more sophisticated, perspective on regional development, which better contextualises the multi-layered problems and challenges for rural-peripheral, demographically changing regions. According to the authors, peripheralisation is a missing link that helps connect the overlapping discourses on demographic change, rurality and pe- ripherality. Leibert and Golinski (2017) also conclude that peripheralisation is a use- ful point of departure for planning approaches to overcome defi cits and fl aws in the 1 See, for example, the demographic strategy of the German Federal Government (https:// www.bundesregierung.de/Webs/Breg/DE/Themen/Demografi estrategie/_node.html), the pro- gramme focus “Health, Demographic Change and Wellbeing” within the EU Framework Pro- gramme for Research and Innovation HORIZON 2020 (http://ec.europa.eu/programmes/hori- zon2020/en/h2020-section/health-demographic-change-and-wellbeing,) or the demographic change regions network (http://dcrn.eu/). • Birgit Leick, Birgit Glorius218 policymaking for such regions. The paper points out that public intervention poli- cies to adapt to peripheralisation on the one hand and private commitment through civic action on the other hand are two distinct instruments suited for policymaking based upon the peripheralisation hypothesis. Both Matuschewski et al. (2017) and Leibert and Golinski (2017) offer new in- terpretations of the mainstream growth-based concepts for demographic change, which are still the uncontested and primary targets of many economic policy pro- grammes. In doing so, they challenge the assumption that demographic processes are irreversible. Meyer et al. (2017) introduce another argument to this discussion by approaching demographic change from a discursive perspective that focuses on “stigmatisation”. In their paper, the authors show how stigmata and stigmatisa- tion in demographically declining, peripheral regions are produced and reproduced through the discourses and narrations of local adolescents. Meyer et al. (2017) thus provide a conceptualisation of the precarious, crisis-ridden context of rural-periph- eral, declining places from a social psychological perspective, which embeds demo- graphic change in a social geographical understanding. Their empirical case study of the Altenburger Land emphasises this argument. Indeed, examining the discourses on demographic change and its importance can be helpful to disentangle the demographic and social roots of these debates or the positions which actors take. Bartl and Sackmann (2017) provide an interest- ing case study of media discourses and representations in speech about school closures due to local population decline and ageing, highlighting how local prac- tices are refl ected in mainstream media coverage and the representations derived therefrom. A central fi nding of this contribution is that the social stratifi cations of the local population, which are signifi cantly and adversely affected by outmigration, ageing, etc., are, indeed, re-produced through the discourses of local policymakers and the media. In the next paper, Christmann (2017) moves away from discourses of stigmati- sation, i.e., a narrative that views demographic change as a problematical context. Instead, social innovation is proposed as a trigger of local-regional development in peripheralised contexts. Agency then becomes central to resolving “negative” discourses and inspires local stakeholders to launch counter-discourses that stress the chances and opportunities associated with demographic challenges, rather than the problems and stigmata. Another important mechanism to produce such “posi- tive narratives” is pro-active local communication and media coverage, which the author stresses based upon an empirical case study from East Germany. Hence, contextualising local-regional development processes and the impact of demographic change on specifi c contexts by considering historical path-dependen- cies, the place-specifi c social stratifi cation and local institutions is crucial for under- standing the complexity of the various confi gurations. Rural-peripheral Nordic re- gions offer a context in which demographic change had been embedded in specifi c mitigating strategies for a long time (Persson 2003). Carson et al. (2016) propose demographic resilience as a conceptual lens for describing and analysing context- specifi c inter-related phenomena such as rurality, peripherality, and the association of demographic and societal change. By comparing regions in rural Sweden and Geographies of Demographic Change: Theories and Narratives • 219 Australia, the authors give examples of how such peripheral regions could be trans- formed into “resource peripheries” to enhance local economic development. References Albrechts, Louis 2004: Strategic (spatial) planning reexamined. In: Environment and Planning B 31,5: 743-758 [doi: 10.1068/b3065]. Aghion, Philippe; Howitt, Peter 1998: Endogenous growth theory. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Amin, Ash 1999: An institutionalist perspective on regional economic development. 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(Eds.): Handbuch Politikberatung. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozial- wissenschaften: 496-508. Associate Professor Dr. Birgit Leick (). Østfold University College, Faculty of Business, Languages, and Social Sciences. Norway. E-mail: birgit.leick@hiof.no URL: http://www.hiof.no/om-hogskolen/enheter/avdeling-for-okonomi_-sprak-og- samfunnsfag/om-avdelingen/ansatte Prof. Dr. Birgit Glorius. University of Technology Chemnitz, Chair of Human Geography and Eastern European Studies. Chemnitz. Germany. E-mail: birgit.glorius@phil.tu-chemnitz.de URL: https://www.tu-chemnitz.de/phil/europastudien/geographie/Mitarbeiter/inhab.php Published by Prof. Dr. Norbert F. 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