id	sid	tid	token	lemma	pos
concept-139	1	1	the	the	DET
concept-139	1	2	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	1	3	in	in	ADP
concept-139	1	4	the	the	DET
concept-139	1	5	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	1	6	classroom	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	1	7	1	1	NUM
concept-139	1	8	the	the	DET
concept-139	1	9	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	1	10	in	in	ADP
concept-139	1	11	the	the	DET
concept-139	1	12	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	1	13	classroom	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	1	14	:	:	PUNCT
concept-139	1	15	making	make	VERB
concept-139	1	16	a	a	DET
concept-139	1	17	useful	useful	ADJ
concept-139	1	18	tool	tool	NOUN
concept-139	1	19	out	out	ADP
concept-139	1	20	of	of	ADP
concept-139	1	21	an	an	DET
concept-139	1	22	ineffective	ineffective	ADJ
concept-139	1	23	crutch	crutch	NOUN
concept-139	1	24	erin	erin	PROPN
concept-139	1	25	mccauliff	mccauliff	PROPN
concept-139	1	26	department	department	PROPN
concept-139	1	27	of	of	ADP
concept-139	1	28	education	education	PROPN
concept-139	1	29	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	1	30	human	human	ADJ
concept-139	1	31	services	services	PROPN
concept-139	1	32	villanova	villanova	PROPN
concept-139	1	33	university	university	PROPN
concept-139	1	34	edited	edit	VERB
concept-139	1	35	by	by	ADP
concept-139	1	36	klaus	klaus	PROPN
concept-139	1	37	volpert	volpert	PROPN
concept-139	1	38	in	in	ADP
concept-139	1	39	the	the	DET
concept-139	1	40	early	early	ADJ
concept-139	1	41	1980	1980	NUM
concept-139	1	42	’s	’s	PART
concept-139	1	43	the	the	DET
concept-139	1	44	hand	hand	NOUN
concept-139	1	45	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	1	46	held	hold	VERB
concept-139	1	47	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	1	48	began	begin	VERB
concept-139	1	49	to	to	PART
concept-139	1	50	appear	appear	VERB
concept-139	1	51	in	in	ADP
concept-139	1	52	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	1	53	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	1	54	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	1	55	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	1	56	with	with	ADP
concept-139	1	57	its	its	PRON
concept-139	1	58	introduction	introduction	NOUN
concept-139	1	59	came	come	VERB
concept-139	1	60	controversy	controversy	NOUN
concept-139	1	61	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	2	1	would	would	AUX
concept-139	2	2	the	the	DET
concept-139	2	3	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	2	4	of	of	ADP
concept-139	2	5	the	the	DET
concept-139	2	6	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	2	7	take	take	VERB
concept-139	2	8	away	away	ADV
concept-139	2	9	from	from	ADP
concept-139	2	10	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	2	11	’	'	PUNCT
concept-139	2	12	ability	ability	NOUN
concept-139	2	13	to	to	PART
concept-139	2	14	think	think	VERB
concept-139	2	15	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	2	16	reason	reason	NOUN
concept-139	2	17	through	through	ADP
concept-139	2	18	problems	problem	NOUN
concept-139	2	19	?	?	PUNCT
concept-139	3	1	the	the	DET
concept-139	3	2	purpose	purpose	NOUN
concept-139	3	3	of	of	ADP
concept-139	3	4	this	this	DET
concept-139	3	5	paper	paper	NOUN
concept-139	3	6	is	be	AUX
concept-139	3	7	to	to	PART
concept-139	3	8	review	review	VERB
concept-139	3	9	research	research	NOUN
concept-139	3	10	that	that	PRON
concept-139	3	11	addresses	address	VERB
concept-139	3	12	both	both	CCONJ
concept-139	3	13	the	the	DET
concept-139	3	14	positive	positive	ADJ
concept-139	3	15	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	3	16	negative	negative	ADJ
concept-139	3	17	effects	effect	NOUN
concept-139	3	18	of	of	ADP
concept-139	3	19	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	3	20	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	3	21	in	in	ADP
concept-139	3	22	the	the	DET
concept-139	3	23	primary	primary	ADJ
concept-139	3	24	grades	grade	NOUN
concept-139	3	25	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	4	1	the	the	DET
concept-139	4	2	author	author	NOUN
concept-139	4	3	will	will	AUX
concept-139	4	4	specifically	specifically	ADV
concept-139	4	5	address	address	VERB
concept-139	4	6	research	research	NOUN
concept-139	4	7	findings	finding	NOUN
concept-139	4	8	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	4	9	both	both	DET
concept-139	4	10	support	support	NOUN
concept-139	4	11	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	4	12	challenge	challenge	VERB
concept-139	4	13	the	the	DET
concept-139	4	14	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	4	15	of	of	ADP
concept-139	4	16	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	4	17	in	in	ADP
concept-139	4	18	primary	primary	ADJ
concept-139	4	19	grades	grade	NOUN
concept-139	4	20	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	5	1	it	it	PRON
concept-139	5	2	is	be	AUX
concept-139	5	3	important	important	ADJ
concept-139	5	4	to	to	PART
concept-139	5	5	note	note	VERB
concept-139	5	6	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	5	7	most	most	ADJ
concept-139	5	8	research	research	NOUN
concept-139	5	9	that	that	PRON
concept-139	5	10	supports	support	VERB
concept-139	5	11	the	the	DET
concept-139	5	12	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	5	13	of	of	ADP
concept-139	5	14	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	5	15	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	5	16	but	but	CCONJ
concept-139	5	17	also	also	ADV
concept-139	5	18	cautions	caution	VERB
concept-139	5	19	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	5	20	responsibility	responsibility	NOUN
concept-139	5	21	must	must	AUX
concept-139	5	22	lie	lie	VERB
concept-139	5	23	with	with	ADP
concept-139	5	24	the	the	DET
concept-139	5	25	teacher	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	5	26	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	6	1	one	one	NUM
concept-139	6	2	study	study	NOUN
concept-139	6	3	showed	show	VERB
concept-139	6	4	a	a	DET
concept-139	6	5	direct	direct	ADJ
concept-139	6	6	correlation	correlation	NOUN
concept-139	6	7	between	between	ADP
concept-139	6	8	teacher	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	6	9	training	training	NOUN
concept-139	6	10	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	6	11	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	6	12	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	6	13	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	7	1	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	7	2	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	7	3	who	who	PRON
concept-139	7	4	had	have	AUX
concept-139	7	5	received	receive	VERB
concept-139	7	6	no	no	DET
concept-139	7	7	training	training	NOUN
concept-139	7	8	in	in	ADP
concept-139	7	9	the	the	DET
concept-139	7	10	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	7	11	of	of	ADP
concept-139	7	12	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	7	13	were	be	AUX
concept-139	7	14	evenly	evenly	ADV
concept-139	7	15	divided	divide	VERB
concept-139	7	16	between	between	ADP
concept-139	7	17	whether	whether	SCONJ
concept-139	7	18	their	their	PRON
concept-139	7	19	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	7	20	used	use	VERB
concept-139	7	21	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	7	22	or	or	CCONJ
concept-139	7	23	did	do	VERB
concept-139	7	24	not	not	PART
concept-139	7	25	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	8	1	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	8	2	who	who	PRON
concept-139	8	3	had	have	VERB
concept-139	8	4	more	more	ADJ
concept-139	8	5	training	training	NOUN
concept-139	8	6	were	be	AUX
concept-139	8	7	likely	likely	ADJ
concept-139	8	8	to	to	PART
concept-139	8	9	have	have	VERB
concept-139	8	10	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	8	11	use	use	VERB
concept-139	8	12	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	8	13	in	in	ADP
concept-139	8	14	their	their	PRON
concept-139	8	15	classroom	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	8	16	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	8	17	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	9	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	9	2	porter	porter	NOUN
concept-139	9	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	9	4	1990	1990	NUM
concept-139	9	5	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	9	6	this	this	DET
concept-139	9	7	paper	paper	NOUN
concept-139	9	8	will	will	AUX
concept-139	9	9	also	also	ADV
concept-139	9	10	address	address	VERB
concept-139	9	11	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	9	12	’	'	PUNCT
concept-139	9	13	attitudes	attitude	NOUN
concept-139	9	14	toward	toward	ADP
concept-139	9	15	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	9	16	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	9	17	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	9	18	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	9	19	will	will	AUX
concept-139	9	20	conclude	conclude	VERB
concept-139	9	21	with	with	ADP
concept-139	9	22	a	a	DET
concept-139	9	23	summary	summary	NOUN
concept-139	9	24	of	of	ADP
concept-139	9	25	how	how	SCONJ
concept-139	9	26	the	the	DET
concept-139	9	27	existence	existence	NOUN
concept-139	9	28	of	of	ADP
concept-139	9	29	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	9	30	in	in	ADP
concept-139	9	31	the	the	DET
concept-139	9	32	primary	primary	ADJ
concept-139	9	33	grades	grade	NOUN
concept-139	9	34	demands	demand	VERB
concept-139	9	35	curriculum	curriculum	NOUN
concept-139	9	36	modification	modification	NOUN
concept-139	9	37	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	9	38	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	9	39	consequently	consequently	ADV
concept-139	9	40	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	9	41	a	a	DET
concept-139	9	42	reformation	reformation	NOUN
concept-139	9	43	in	in	ADP
concept-139	9	44	teacher	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	9	45	education	education	NOUN
concept-139	9	46	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	10	1	in	in	ADP
concept-139	10	2	1966	1966	NUM
concept-139	10	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	10	4	a	a	DET
concept-139	10	5	development	development	NOUN
concept-139	10	6	team	team	NOUN
concept-139	10	7	at	at	ADP
concept-139	10	8	texas	texas	PROPN
concept-139	10	9	instruments	instruments	PROPN
concept-139	10	10	invented	invent	VERB
concept-139	10	11	a	a	DET
concept-139	10	12	miniature	miniature	ADJ
concept-139	10	13	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	10	14	that	that	PRON
concept-139	10	15	would	would	AUX
concept-139	10	16	change	change	VERB
concept-139	10	17	the	the	DET
concept-139	10	18	lives	life	NOUN
concept-139	10	19	of	of	ADP
concept-139	10	20	many	many	ADJ
concept-139	10	21	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	11	1	one	one	PRON
concept-139	11	2	could	could	AUX
concept-139	11	3	use	use	VERB
concept-139	11	4	the	the	DET
concept-139	11	5	device	device	NOUN
concept-139	11	6	to	to	PART
concept-139	11	7	perform	perform	VERB
concept-139	11	8	simple	simple	ADJ
concept-139	11	9	mathematical	mathematical	ADJ
concept-139	11	10	computations	computation	NOUN
concept-139	11	11	more	more	ADV
concept-139	11	12	quickly	quickly	ADV
concept-139	11	13	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	11	14	more	more	ADV
concept-139	11	15	precisely	precisely	ADV
concept-139	11	16	than	than	ADP
concept-139	11	17	with	with	ADP
concept-139	11	18	paper	paper	NOUN
concept-139	11	19	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	11	20	pencil	pencil	NOUN
concept-139	11	21	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	12	1	this	this	DET
concept-139	12	2	tool	tool	NOUN
concept-139	12	3	expanded	expand	VERB
concept-139	12	4	the	the	DET
concept-139	12	5	mathematical	mathematical	ADJ
concept-139	12	6	capabilities	capability	NOUN
concept-139	12	7	of	of	ADP
concept-139	12	8	everyone	everyone	PRON
concept-139	12	9	from	from	ADP
concept-139	12	10	high	high	ADJ
concept-139	12	11	school	school	NOUN
concept-139	12	12	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	12	13	to	to	ADP
concept-139	12	14	businesspersons	businessperson	NOUN
concept-139	12	15	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	13	1	public	public	ADJ
concept-139	13	2	interest	interest	NOUN
concept-139	13	3	in	in	ADP
concept-139	13	4	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	13	5	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	13	6	in	in	ADP
concept-139	13	7	schools	school	NOUN
concept-139	13	8	has	have	AUX
concept-139	13	9	grown	grow	VERB
concept-139	13	10	over	over	ADP
concept-139	13	11	the	the	DET
concept-139	13	12	past	past	ADJ
concept-139	13	13	twenty	twenty	NUM
concept-139	13	14	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	13	15	five	five	NUM
concept-139	13	16	years	year	NOUN
concept-139	13	17	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	13	18	as	as	SCONJ
concept-139	13	19	they	they	PRON
concept-139	13	20	have	have	AUX
concept-139	13	21	become	become	VERB
concept-139	13	22	more	more	ADV
concept-139	13	23	affordable	affordable	ADJ
concept-139	13	24	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	14	1	2	2	NUM
concept-139	14	2	until	until	SCONJ
concept-139	14	3	the	the	DET
concept-139	14	4	hand	hand	NOUN
concept-139	14	5	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	14	6	held	hold	VERB
concept-139	14	7	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	14	8	appeared	appear	VERB
concept-139	14	9	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	14	10	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	14	11	school	school	NOUN
concept-139	14	12	mathematics	mathematics	PROPN
concept-139	14	13	curricula	curricula	PROPN
concept-139	14	14	stressed	stress	VERB
concept-139	14	15	paper	paper	NOUN
concept-139	14	16	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	14	17	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	14	18	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	14	19	pencil	pencil	NOUN
concept-139	14	20	calculations	calculation	NOUN
concept-139	14	21	out	out	ADP
concept-139	14	22	of	of	ADP
concept-139	14	23	necessity	necessity	NOUN
concept-139	14	24	—	—	PUNCT
concept-139	14	25	it	it	PRON
concept-139	14	26	was	be	AUX
concept-139	14	27	the	the	DET
concept-139	14	28	fastest	fast	ADJ
concept-139	14	29	way	way	NOUN
concept-139	14	30	to	to	PART
concept-139	14	31	find	find	VERB
concept-139	14	32	the	the	DET
concept-139	14	33	answer	answer	NOUN
concept-139	14	34	to	to	ADP
concept-139	14	35	the	the	DET
concept-139	14	36	problem	problem	NOUN
concept-139	14	37	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	15	1	today	today	NOUN
concept-139	15	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	15	3	however	however	ADV
concept-139	15	4	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	15	5	the	the	DET
concept-139	15	6	device	device	NOUN
concept-139	15	7	can	can	AUX
concept-139	15	8	quickly	quickly	ADV
concept-139	15	9	do	do	VERB
concept-139	15	10	computations	computation	NOUN
concept-139	15	11	that	that	PRON
concept-139	15	12	used	use	VERB
concept-139	15	13	to	to	PART
concept-139	15	14	take	take	VERB
concept-139	15	15	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	15	16	many	many	ADJ
concept-139	15	17	hours	hour	NOUN
concept-139	15	18	of	of	ADP
concept-139	15	19	instruction	instruction	NOUN
concept-139	15	20	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	15	21	practice	practice	NOUN
concept-139	15	22	to	to	PART
concept-139	15	23	master	master	VERB
concept-139	15	24	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	16	1	this	this	PRON
concept-139	16	2	poses	pose	VERB
concept-139	16	3	an	an	DET
concept-139	16	4	important	important	ADJ
concept-139	16	5	question	question	NOUN
concept-139	16	6	:	:	PUNCT
concept-139	16	7	how	how	SCONJ
concept-139	16	8	will	will	AUX
concept-139	16	9	the	the	DET
concept-139	16	10	incorporation	incorporation	NOUN
concept-139	16	11	of	of	ADP
concept-139	16	12	this	this	DET
concept-139	16	13	technological	technological	ADJ
concept-139	16	14	advance	advance	NOUN
concept-139	16	15	influence	influence	NOUN
concept-139	16	16	the	the	DET
concept-139	16	17	development	development	NOUN
concept-139	16	18	of	of	ADP
concept-139	16	19	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	16	20	’	'	PUNCT
concept-139	16	21	basic	basic	ADJ
concept-139	16	22	reasoning	reasoning	NOUN
concept-139	16	23	skills	skill	NOUN
concept-139	16	24	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	16	25	specifically	specifically	ADV
concept-139	16	26	in	in	ADP
concept-139	16	27	the	the	DET
concept-139	16	28	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	16	29	class	class	NOUN
concept-139	16	30	room	room	NOUN
concept-139	16	31	?	?	PUNCT
concept-139	17	1	the	the	DET
concept-139	17	2	national	national	PROPN
concept-139	17	3	council	council	PROPN
concept-139	17	4	of	of	ADP
concept-139	17	5	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	17	6	of	of	ADP
concept-139	17	7	mathematics	mathematics	PROPN
concept-139	17	8	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	17	9	nctm	nctm	ADV
concept-139	17	10	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	17	11	made	make	VERB
concept-139	17	12	the	the	DET
concept-139	17	13	following	follow	VERB
concept-139	17	14	statement	statement	NOUN
concept-139	17	15	in	in	ADP
concept-139	17	16	2000	2000	NUM
concept-139	17	17	:	:	PUNCT
concept-139	17	18	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	17	19	technology	technology	NOUN
concept-139	17	20	should	should	AUX
concept-139	17	21	not	not	PART
concept-139	17	22	be	be	AUX
concept-139	17	23	used	use	VERB
concept-139	17	24	as	as	ADP
concept-139	17	25	a	a	DET
concept-139	17	26	replacement	replacement	NOUN
concept-139	17	27	for	for	ADP
concept-139	17	28	basic	basic	ADJ
concept-139	17	29	understandings	understanding	NOUN
concept-139	17	30	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	17	31	intuitions	intuition	NOUN
concept-139	17	32	;	;	PUNCT
concept-139	17	33	rather	rather	ADV
concept-139	17	34	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	17	35	it	it	PRON
concept-139	17	36	can	can	AUX
concept-139	17	37	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	17	38	should	should	AUX
concept-139	17	39	be	be	AUX
concept-139	17	40	used	use	VERB
concept-139	17	41	to	to	PART
concept-139	17	42	foster	foster	VERB
concept-139	17	43	those	those	DET
concept-139	17	44	understandings	understanding	NOUN
concept-139	17	45	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	17	46	intuitions	intuition	NOUN
concept-139	17	47	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	17	48	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	18	1	this	this	DET
concept-139	18	2	belief	belief	NOUN
concept-139	18	3	has	have	AUX
concept-139	18	4	not	not	PART
concept-139	18	5	wavered	waver	VERB
concept-139	18	6	much	much	ADV
concept-139	18	7	since	since	SCONJ
concept-139	18	8	1974	1974	NUM
concept-139	18	9	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	18	10	when	when	SCONJ
concept-139	18	11	the	the	DET
concept-139	18	12	nctm	nctm	NOUN
concept-139	18	13	issued	issue	VERB
concept-139	18	14	a	a	DET
concept-139	18	15	sweeping	sweeping	ADJ
concept-139	18	16	statement	statement	NOUN
concept-139	18	17	urging	urge	VERB
concept-139	18	18	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	18	19	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	18	20	appear	appear	VERB
concept-139	18	21	in	in	ADP
concept-139	18	22	school	school	NOUN
concept-139	18	23	at	at	ADP
concept-139	18	24	all	all	DET
concept-139	18	25	grade	grade	NOUN
concept-139	18	26	levels	level	NOUN
concept-139	18	27	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	19	1	they	they	PRON
concept-139	19	2	expected	expect	VERB
concept-139	19	3	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	19	4	the	the	DET
concept-139	19	5	tool	tool	NOUN
concept-139	19	6	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	19	7	would	would	AUX
concept-139	19	8	aid	aid	VERB
concept-139	19	9	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
concept-139	19	10	instruction	instruction	NOUN
concept-139	19	11	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	19	12	support	support	NOUN
concept-139	19	13	concept	concept	NOUN
concept-139	19	14	development	development	NOUN
concept-139	19	15	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	19	16	reduce	reduce	VERB
concept-139	19	17	demand	demand	NOUN
concept-139	19	18	for	for	ADP
concept-139	19	19	memorization	memorization	NOUN
concept-139	19	20	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	19	21	enlarge	enlarge	VERB
concept-139	19	22	the	the	DET
concept-139	19	23	scope	scope	NOUN
concept-139	19	24	of	of	ADP
concept-139	19	25	problem	problem	NOUN
concept-139	19	26	solving	solving	NOUN
concept-139	19	27	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	19	28	provide	provide	VERB
concept-139	19	29	motivation	motivation	NOUN
concept-139	19	30	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	19	31	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	19	32	encourage	encourage	VERB
concept-139	19	33	discovery	discovery	NOUN
concept-139	19	34	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	19	35	exploration	exploration	NOUN
concept-139	19	36	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	19	37	creativity	creativity	NOUN
concept-139	19	38	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	19	39	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	20	1	yet	yet	ADV
concept-139	20	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	20	3	twelve	twelve	NUM
concept-139	20	4	years	year	NOUN
concept-139	20	5	later	later	ADV
concept-139	20	6	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	20	7	the	the	DET
concept-139	20	8	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	20	9	had	have	AUX
concept-139	20	10	been	be	AUX
concept-139	20	11	unsuccessful	unsuccessful	ADJ
concept-139	20	12	in	in	ADP
concept-139	20	13	redirecting	redirect	VERB
concept-139	20	14	the	the	DET
concept-139	20	15	curriculum	curriculum	NOUN
concept-139	20	16	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	20	17	had	have	AUX
concept-139	20	18	failed	fail	VERB
concept-139	20	19	to	to	PART
concept-139	20	20	enter	enter	VERB
concept-139	20	21	most	most	ADJ
concept-139	20	22	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	20	23	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	21	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	21	2	hembree	hembree	NOUN
concept-139	21	3	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	21	4	dessart	dessart	NOUN
concept-139	21	5	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	21	6	1986	1986	NUM
concept-139	21	7	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	21	8	today	today	NOUN
concept-139	21	9	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	21	10	the	the	DET
concept-139	21	11	national	national	PROPN
concept-139	21	12	council	council	PROPN
concept-139	21	13	of	of	ADP
concept-139	21	14	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	21	15	of	of	ADP
concept-139	21	16	mathematics	mathematics	PROPN
concept-139	21	17	takes	take	VERB
concept-139	21	18	the	the	DET
concept-139	21	19	position	position	NOUN
concept-139	21	20	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	21	21	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	21	22	can	can	AUX
concept-139	21	23	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	21	24	should	should	AUX
concept-139	21	25	be	be	AUX
concept-139	21	26	used	use	VERB
concept-139	21	27	in	in	ADP
concept-139	21	28	all	all	DET
concept-139	21	29	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	21	30	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	21	31	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	21	32	as	as	ADV
concept-139	21	33	long	long	ADV
concept-139	21	34	as	as	SCONJ
concept-139	21	35	they	they	PRON
concept-139	21	36	are	be	AUX
concept-139	21	37	implemented	implement	VERB
concept-139	21	38	properly	properly	ADV
concept-139	21	39	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	22	1	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	22	2	appropriate	appropriate	ADJ
concept-139	22	3	instruction	instruction	NOUN
concept-139	22	4	that	that	PRON
concept-139	22	5	includes	include	VERB
concept-139	22	6	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	22	7	can	can	AUX
concept-139	22	8	extend	extend	VERB
concept-139	22	9	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	22	10	’	’	PART
concept-139	22	11	understanding	understanding	NOUN
concept-139	22	12	of	of	ADP
concept-139	22	13	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	22	14	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	22	15	will	will	AUX
concept-139	22	16	allow	allow	VERB
concept-139	22	17	all	all	DET
concept-139	22	18	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	22	19	access	access	NOUN
concept-139	22	20	to	to	ADP
concept-139	22	21	rich	rich	ADJ
concept-139	22	22	problem	problem	NOUN
concept-139	22	23	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	22	24	solving	solve	VERB
concept-139	22	25	experiences	experience	NOUN
concept-139	22	26	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	22	27	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	23	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	23	2	nctm	nctm	ADJ
concept-139	23	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	23	4	2000	2000	NUM
concept-139	23	5	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	23	6	this	this	DET
concept-139	23	7	qualification	qualification	NOUN
concept-139	23	8	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	23	9	appropriate	appropriate	ADJ
concept-139	23	10	instruction	instruction	NOUN
concept-139	23	11	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	23	12	is	be	AUX
concept-139	23	13	the	the	DET
concept-139	23	14	reason	reason	NOUN
concept-139	23	15	for	for	ADP
concept-139	23	16	concern	concern	NOUN
concept-139	23	17	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	24	1	in	in	ADP
concept-139	24	2	order	order	NOUN
concept-139	24	3	for	for	SCONJ
concept-139	24	4	this	this	DET
concept-139	24	5	technology	technology	NOUN
concept-139	24	6	to	to	PART
concept-139	24	7	have	have	VERB
concept-139	24	8	a	a	DET
concept-139	24	9	positive	positive	ADJ
concept-139	24	10	impact	impact	NOUN
concept-139	24	11	on	on	ADP
concept-139	24	12	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	24	13	’	'	PUNCT
concept-139	24	14	learning	learning	NOUN
concept-139	24	15	of	of	ADP
concept-139	24	16	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	24	17	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	24	18	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	24	19	must	must	AUX
concept-139	24	20	be	be	AUX
concept-139	24	21	educated	educate	VERB
concept-139	24	22	as	as	ADP
concept-139	24	23	to	to	ADP
concept-139	24	24	how	how	SCONJ
concept-139	24	25	to	to	PART
concept-139	24	26	put	put	VERB
concept-139	24	27	the	the	DET
concept-139	24	28	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	24	29	into	into	ADP
concept-139	24	30	practice	practice	NOUN
concept-139	24	31	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	25	1	the	the	DET
concept-139	25	2	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	25	3	should	should	AUX
concept-139	25	4	be	be	AUX
concept-139	25	5	used	use	VERB
concept-139	25	6	as	as	ADP
concept-139	25	7	a	a	DET
concept-139	25	8	supplement	supplement	NOUN
concept-139	25	9	to	to	ADP
concept-139	25	10	learning	learn	VERB
concept-139	25	11	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	25	12	not	not	PART
concept-139	25	13	as	as	ADP
concept-139	25	14	a	a	DET
concept-139	25	15	replacement	replacement	NOUN
concept-139	25	16	for	for	ADP
concept-139	25	17	learning	learn	VERB
concept-139	25	18	computational	computational	ADJ
concept-139	25	19	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
concept-139	25	20	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	26	1	professional	professional	ADJ
concept-139	26	2	mandates	mandate	NOUN
concept-139	26	3	before	before	ADP
concept-139	26	4	addressing	address	VERB
concept-139	26	5	the	the	DET
concept-139	26	6	research	research	NOUN
concept-139	26	7	findings	finding	NOUN
concept-139	26	8	on	on	ADP
concept-139	26	9	the	the	DET
concept-139	26	10	positive	positive	ADJ
concept-139	26	11	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	26	12	negative	negative	ADJ
concept-139	26	13	effects	effect	NOUN
concept-139	26	14	of	of	ADP
concept-139	26	15	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	26	16	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	26	17	in	in	ADP
concept-139	26	18	the	the	DET
concept-139	26	19	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	26	20	classroom	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	26	21	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	26	22	it	it	PRON
concept-139	26	23	is	be	AUX
concept-139	26	24	necessary	necessary	ADJ
concept-139	26	25	to	to	PART
concept-139	26	26	state	state	VERB
concept-139	26	27	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	26	28	professional	professional	ADJ
concept-139	26	29	mandates	mandate	NOUN
concept-139	26	30	exist	exist	VERB
concept-139	26	31	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	27	1	the	the	DET
concept-139	27	2	national	national	PROPN
concept-139	27	3	council	council	PROPN
concept-139	27	4	of	of	ADP
concept-139	27	5	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	27	6	of	of	ADP
concept-139	27	7	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	27	8	published	publish	VERB
concept-139	27	9	a	a	DET
concept-139	27	10	position	position	NOUN
concept-139	27	11	statement	statement	NOUN
concept-139	27	12	that	that	PRON
concept-139	27	13	speaks	speak	VERB
concept-139	27	14	to	to	ADP
concept-139	27	15	the	the	DET
concept-139	27	16	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	27	17	of	of	ADP
concept-139	27	18	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	27	19	in	in	ADP
concept-139	27	20	the	the	DET
concept-139	27	21	education	education	NOUN
concept-139	27	22	of	of	ADP
concept-139	27	23	the	the	DET
concept-139	27	24	nation	nation	NOUN
concept-139	27	25	’s	’s	PART
concept-139	27	26	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	27	27	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	28	1	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	28	2	the	the	DET
concept-139	28	3	nctm	nctm	NOUN
concept-139	28	4	recommends	recommend	VERB
concept-139	28	5	the	the	DET
concept-139	28	6	integration	integration	NOUN
concept-139	28	7	of	of	ADP
concept-139	28	8	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	28	9	into	into	ADP
concept-139	28	10	the	the	DET
concept-139	28	11	school	school	NOUN
concept-139	28	12	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	28	13	program	program	NOUN
concept-139	28	14	at	at	ADP
concept-139	28	15	all	all	DET
concept-139	28	16	grade	grade	NOUN
concept-139	28	17	levels	level	NOUN
concept-139	28	18	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	28	19	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	29	1	the	the	DET
concept-139	29	2	committee	committee	NOUN
concept-139	29	3	goes	go	VERB
concept-139	29	4	on	on	ADP
concept-139	29	5	to	to	PART
concept-139	29	6	explain	explain	VERB
concept-139	29	7	the	the	DET
concept-139	29	8	rationale	rationale	NOUN
concept-139	29	9	behind	behind	ADP
concept-139	29	10	their	their	PRON
concept-139	29	11	position	position	NOUN
concept-139	29	12	:	:	PUNCT
concept-139	29	13	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	29	14	research	research	NOUN
concept-139	29	15	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	29	16	experience	experience	NOUN
concept-139	29	17	support	support	VERB
concept-139	29	18	the	the	DET
concept-139	29	19	potential	potential	NOUN
concept-139	29	20	for	for	ADP
concept-139	29	21	appropriate	appropriate	ADJ
concept-139	29	22	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	29	23	to	to	PART
concept-139	29	24	enhance	enhance	VERB
concept-139	29	25	the	the	DET
concept-139	29	26	learning	learning	NOUN
concept-139	29	27	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	29	28	teaching	teaching	NOUN
concept-139	29	29	of	of	ADP
concept-139	29	30	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	29	31	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	30	1	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	30	2	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	30	3	has	have	AUX
concept-139	30	4	been	be	AUX
concept-139	30	5	shown	show	VERB
concept-139	30	6	to	to	PART
concept-139	30	7	enhance	enhance	VERB
concept-139	30	8	cognitive	cognitive	ADJ
concept-139	30	9	gains	gain	NOUN
concept-139	30	10	in	in	ADP
concept-139	30	11	areas	area	NOUN
concept-139	30	12	that	that	PRON
concept-139	30	13	include	include	VERB
concept-139	30	14	number	number	NOUN
concept-139	30	15	sense	sense	NOUN
concept-139	30	16	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	30	17	conceptual	conceptual	ADJ
concept-139	30	18	development	development	NOUN
concept-139	30	19	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	30	20	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	30	21	visualization	visualization	NOUN
concept-139	30	22	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	30	23	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	31	1	3	3	NUM
concept-139	31	2	the	the	DET
concept-139	31	3	committee	committee	NOUN
concept-139	31	4	recommends	recommend	VERB
concept-139	31	5	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	31	6	all	all	DET
concept-139	31	7	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	31	8	should	should	AUX
concept-139	31	9	have	have	VERB
concept-139	31	10	access	access	NOUN
concept-139	31	11	to	to	ADP
concept-139	31	12	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	31	13	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	32	1	they	they	PRON
concept-139	32	2	state	state	VERB
concept-139	32	3	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	32	4	all	all	DET
concept-139	32	5	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	32	6	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	32	7	should	should	AUX
concept-139	32	8	promote	promote	VERB
concept-139	32	9	the	the	DET
concept-139	32	10	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	32	11	of	of	ADP
concept-139	32	12	this	this	DET
concept-139	32	13	technology	technology	NOUN
concept-139	32	14	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	32	15	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	32	16	they	they	PRON
concept-139	32	17	should	should	AUX
concept-139	32	18	keep	keep	VERB
concept-139	32	19	up	up	ADP
concept-139	32	20	with	with	ADP
concept-139	32	21	new	new	ADJ
concept-139	32	22	skills	skill	NOUN
concept-139	32	23	by	by	ADP
concept-139	32	24	participating	participate	VERB
concept-139	32	25	in	in	ADP
concept-139	32	26	professional	professional	ADJ
concept-139	32	27	development	development	NOUN
concept-139	32	28	activities	activity	NOUN
concept-139	32	29	that	that	PRON
concept-139	32	30	are	be	AUX
concept-139	32	31	encouraged	encourage	VERB
concept-139	32	32	by	by	ADP
concept-139	32	33	the	the	DET
concept-139	32	34	school	school	NOUN
concept-139	32	35	district	district	NOUN
concept-139	32	36	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	33	1	in	in	ADP
concept-139	33	2	her	her	PRON
concept-139	33	3	doctoral	doctoral	ADJ
concept-139	33	4	dissertation	dissertation	NOUN
concept-139	33	5	in	in	ADP
concept-139	33	6	1990	1990	NUM
concept-139	33	7	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	33	8	porter	porter	NOUN
concept-139	33	9	quoted	quote	VERB
concept-139	33	10	a	a	DET
concept-139	33	11	reys	rey	NOUN
concept-139	33	12	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	33	13	reys	reys	PROPN
concept-139	33	14	study	study	PROPN
concept-139	33	15	from	from	ADP
concept-139	33	16	1987	1987	NUM
concept-139	33	17	that	that	PRON
concept-139	33	18	concluded	conclude	VERB
concept-139	33	19	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	33	20	every	every	DET
concept-139	33	21	school	school	NOUN
concept-139	33	22	should	should	AUX
concept-139	33	23	have	have	VERB
concept-139	33	24	a	a	DET
concept-139	33	25	clear	clear	ADJ
concept-139	33	26	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	33	27	policy	policy	NOUN
concept-139	33	28	;	;	PUNCT
concept-139	33	29	otherwise	otherwise	ADV
concept-139	33	30	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	33	31	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	33	32	in	in	ADP
concept-139	33	33	the	the	DET
concept-139	33	34	same	same	ADJ
concept-139	33	35	school	school	NOUN
concept-139	33	36	at	at	ADP
concept-139	33	37	the	the	DET
concept-139	33	38	same	same	ADJ
concept-139	33	39	grade	grade	NOUN
concept-139	33	40	level	level	NOUN
concept-139	33	41	may	may	AUX
concept-139	33	42	employ	employ	VERB
concept-139	33	43	different	different	ADJ
concept-139	33	44	rules	rule	NOUN
concept-139	33	45	for	for	ADP
concept-139	33	46	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	33	47	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	33	48	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	33	49	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	34	1	some	some	DET
concept-139	34	2	states	state	NOUN
concept-139	34	3	also	also	ADV
concept-139	34	4	have	have	VERB
concept-139	34	5	mandates	mandate	NOUN
concept-139	34	6	that	that	PRON
concept-139	34	7	support	support	VERB
concept-139	34	8	the	the	DET
concept-139	34	9	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	34	10	of	of	ADP
concept-139	34	11	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	34	12	in	in	ADP
concept-139	34	13	at	at	ADP
concept-139	34	14	all	all	DET
concept-139	34	15	grade	grade	NOUN
concept-139	34	16	levels	level	NOUN
concept-139	34	17	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	35	1	with	with	ADP
concept-139	35	2	such	such	ADJ
concept-139	35	3	directives	directive	NOUN
concept-139	35	4	come	come	VERB
concept-139	35	5	a	a	DET
concept-139	35	6	responsibility	responsibility	NOUN
concept-139	35	7	for	for	ADP
concept-139	35	8	all	all	DET
concept-139	35	9	school	school	NOUN
concept-139	35	10	districts	district	NOUN
concept-139	35	11	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	35	12	administrators	administrator	NOUN
concept-139	35	13	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	35	14	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	35	15	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	35	16	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	36	1	the	the	DET
concept-139	36	2	next	next	ADJ
concept-139	36	3	two	two	NUM
concept-139	36	4	sections	section	NOUN
concept-139	36	5	will	will	AUX
concept-139	36	6	address	address	VERB
concept-139	36	7	research	research	NOUN
concept-139	36	8	that	that	PRON
concept-139	36	9	has	have	AUX
concept-139	36	10	highlighted	highlight	VERB
concept-139	36	11	both	both	CCONJ
concept-139	36	12	the	the	DET
concept-139	36	13	positive	positive	ADJ
concept-139	36	14	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	36	15	negative	negative	ADJ
concept-139	36	16	effects	effect	NOUN
concept-139	36	17	of	of	ADP
concept-139	36	18	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	36	19	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	36	20	in	in	ADP
concept-139	36	21	the	the	DET
concept-139	36	22	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	36	23	grades	grade	NOUN
concept-139	36	24	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	37	1	positive	positive	ADJ
concept-139	37	2	effects	effect	NOUN
concept-139	37	3	research	research	NOUN
concept-139	37	4	highlights	highlight	NOUN
concept-139	37	5	both	both	DET
concept-139	37	6	advantages	advantage	NOUN
concept-139	37	7	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	37	8	disadvantages	disadvantage	NOUN
concept-139	37	9	of	of	ADP
concept-139	37	10	utilizing	utilize	VERB
concept-139	37	11	the	the	DET
concept-139	37	12	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	37	13	in	in	ADP
concept-139	37	14	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	37	15	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	37	16	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	38	1	however	however	ADV
concept-139	38	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	38	3	most	most	ADJ
concept-139	38	4	studies	study	NOUN
concept-139	38	5	show	show	VERB
concept-139	38	6	no	no	DET
concept-139	38	7	definite	definite	ADJ
concept-139	38	8	harmful	harmful	ADJ
concept-139	38	9	effects	effect	NOUN
concept-139	38	10	from	from	ADP
concept-139	38	11	recommending	recommend	VERB
concept-139	38	12	a	a	DET
concept-139	38	13	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	38	14	for	for	ADP
concept-139	38	15	computation	computation	NOUN
concept-139	38	16	at	at	ADP
concept-139	38	17	an	an	DET
concept-139	38	18	early	early	ADJ
concept-139	38	19	age	age	NOUN
concept-139	38	20	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	39	1	it	it	PRON
concept-139	39	2	seems	seem	VERB
concept-139	39	3	clear	clear	ADJ
concept-139	39	4	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	39	5	if	if	SCONJ
concept-139	39	6	the	the	DET
concept-139	39	7	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	39	8	is	be	AUX
concept-139	39	9	used	use	VERB
concept-139	39	10	properly	properly	ADV
concept-139	39	11	to	to	PART
concept-139	39	12	enhance	enhance	VERB
concept-139	39	13	a	a	DET
concept-139	39	14	curriculum	curriculum	NOUN
concept-139	39	15	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	39	16	the	the	DET
concept-139	39	17	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	39	18	will	will	AUX
concept-139	39	19	reap	reap	VERB
concept-139	39	20	many	many	ADJ
concept-139	39	21	benefits	benefit	NOUN
concept-139	39	22	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	40	1	first	first	ADV
concept-139	40	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	40	3	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	40	4	can	can	AUX
concept-139	40	5	spend	spend	VERB
concept-139	40	6	more	more	ADJ
concept-139	40	7	time	time	NOUN
concept-139	40	8	solving	solve	VERB
concept-139	40	9	problems	problem	NOUN
concept-139	40	10	conceptually	conceptually	ADV
concept-139	40	11	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	41	1	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	41	2	for	for	ADP
concept-139	41	3	example	example	NOUN
concept-139	41	4	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	41	5	a	a	DET
concept-139	41	6	simple	simple	ADJ
concept-139	41	7	four	four	NUM
concept-139	41	8	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	41	9	function	function	NOUN
concept-139	41	10	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	41	11	will	will	AUX
concept-139	41	12	allow	allow	VERB
concept-139	41	13	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	41	14	to	to	PART
concept-139	41	15	use	use	VERB
concept-139	41	16	whatever	whatever	DET
concept-139	41	17	operation	operation	NOUN
concept-139	41	18	is	be	AUX
concept-139	41	19	appropriate	appropriate	ADJ
concept-139	41	20	in	in	ADP
concept-139	41	21	a	a	DET
concept-139	41	22	problem	problem	NOUN
concept-139	41	23	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	41	24	regardless	regardless	ADV
concept-139	41	25	of	of	ADP
concept-139	41	26	whether	whether	SCONJ
concept-139	41	27	they	they	PRON
concept-139	41	28	are	be	AUX
concept-139	41	29	confident	confident	ADJ
concept-139	41	30	of	of	ADP
concept-139	41	31	their	their	PRON
concept-139	41	32	own	own	ADJ
concept-139	41	33	skill	skill	NOUN
concept-139	41	34	at	at	ADP
concept-139	41	35	carrying	carry	VERB
concept-139	41	36	out	out	ADP
concept-139	41	37	that	that	DET
concept-139	41	38	operation	operation	NOUN
concept-139	41	39	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	41	40	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	42	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	42	2	hembree	hembree	NOUN
concept-139	42	3	&	&	CCONJ
concept-139	42	4	dessart	dessart	PROPN
concept-139	42	5	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	42	6	1986	1986	NUM
concept-139	42	7	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	42	8	here	here	ADV
concept-139	42	9	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	42	10	the	the	DET
concept-139	42	11	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	42	12	experience	experience	VERB
concept-139	42	13	a	a	DET
concept-139	42	14	computational	computational	ADJ
concept-139	42	15	advantage	advantage	NOUN
concept-139	42	16	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	42	17	become	become	VERB
concept-139	42	18	more	more	ADV
concept-139	42	19	secure	secure	ADJ
concept-139	42	20	in	in	ADP
concept-139	42	21	their	their	PRON
concept-139	42	22	abilities	ability	NOUN
concept-139	42	23	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	43	1	computation	computation	NOUN
concept-139	43	2	is	be	AUX
concept-139	43	3	important	important	ADJ
concept-139	43	4	specifically	specifically	ADV
concept-139	43	5	because	because	SCONJ
concept-139	43	6	it	it	PRON
concept-139	43	7	is	be	AUX
concept-139	43	8	necessary	necessary	ADJ
concept-139	43	9	to	to	PART
concept-139	43	10	solve	solve	VERB
concept-139	43	11	many	many	ADJ
concept-139	43	12	mathematical	mathematical	ADJ
concept-139	43	13	problems	problem	NOUN
concept-139	43	14	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	44	1	the	the	DET
concept-139	44	2	particular	particular	ADJ
concept-139	44	3	method	method	NOUN
concept-139	44	4	used	use	VERB
concept-139	44	5	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	44	6	however	however	ADV
concept-139	44	7	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	44	8	whether	whether	SCONJ
concept-139	44	9	it	it	PRON
concept-139	44	10	involves	involve	VERB
concept-139	44	11	mental	mental	ADJ
concept-139	44	12	math	math	NOUN
concept-139	44	13	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	44	14	paper	paper	NOUN
concept-139	44	15	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	44	16	pencil	pencil	NOUN
concept-139	44	17	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	44	18	or	or	CCONJ
concept-139	44	19	a	a	DET
concept-139	44	20	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	44	21	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	44	22	is	be	AUX
concept-139	44	23	just	just	ADV
concept-139	44	24	one	one	NUM
concept-139	44	25	part	part	NOUN
concept-139	44	26	of	of	ADP
concept-139	44	27	the	the	DET
concept-139	44	28	computation	computation	NOUN
concept-139	44	29	process	process	NOUN
concept-139	44	30	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	45	1	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	45	2	must	must	AUX
concept-139	45	3	also	also	ADV
concept-139	45	4	know	know	VERB
concept-139	45	5	what	what	PRON
concept-139	45	6	kind	kind	NOUN
concept-139	45	7	of	of	ADP
concept-139	45	8	computation	computation	NOUN
concept-139	45	9	to	to	PART
concept-139	45	10	perform	perform	VERB
concept-139	45	11	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	45	12	be	be	AUX
concept-139	45	13	able	able	ADJ
concept-139	45	14	to	to	PART
concept-139	45	15	identify	identify	VERB
concept-139	45	16	the	the	DET
concept-139	45	17	appropriate	appropriate	ADJ
concept-139	45	18	numbers	number	NOUN
concept-139	45	19	to	to	PART
concept-139	45	20	use	use	VERB
concept-139	45	21	in	in	ADP
concept-139	45	22	computations	computation	NOUN
concept-139	45	23	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	46	1	hembree	hembree	NOUN
concept-139	46	2	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	46	3	dessart	dessart	PROPN
concept-139	46	4	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	46	5	1986	1986	NUM
concept-139	46	6	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	46	7	assert	assert	VERB
concept-139	46	8	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	46	9	real	real	ADJ
concept-139	46	10	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	46	11	means	mean	VERB
concept-139	46	12	knowing	know	VERB
concept-139	46	13	a	a	DET
concept-139	46	14	variety	variety	NOUN
concept-139	46	15	of	of	ADP
concept-139	46	16	strategies	strategy	NOUN
concept-139	46	17	for	for	ADP
concept-139	46	18	solving	solve	VERB
concept-139	46	19	problems	problem	NOUN
concept-139	46	20	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	46	21	having	have	VERB
concept-139	46	22	the	the	DET
concept-139	46	23	ability	ability	NOUN
concept-139	46	24	to	to	PART
concept-139	46	25	apply	apply	VERB
concept-139	46	26	them	they	PRON
concept-139	46	27	appropriately	appropriately	ADV
concept-139	46	28	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	46	29	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	47	1	using	use	VERB
concept-139	47	2	a	a	DET
concept-139	47	3	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	47	4	enables	enable	VERB
concept-139	47	5	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	47	6	to	to	PART
concept-139	47	7	think	think	VERB
concept-139	47	8	more	more	ADV
concept-139	47	9	abstractly	abstractly	ADV
concept-139	47	10	:	:	PUNCT
concept-139	47	11	it	it	PRON
concept-139	47	12	allows	allow	VERB
concept-139	47	13	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	47	14	to	to	PART
concept-139	47	15	solve	solve	VERB
concept-139	47	16	problems	problem	NOUN
concept-139	47	17	whose	whose	DET
concept-139	47	18	solutions	solution	NOUN
concept-139	47	19	are	be	AUX
concept-139	47	20	within	within	ADP
concept-139	47	21	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
concept-139	47	22	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	47	23	but	but	CCONJ
concept-139	47	24	not	not	PART
concept-139	47	25	computational	computational	ADJ
concept-139	47	26	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	47	27	grasp	grasp	NOUN
concept-139	47	28	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	48	1	furthermore	furthermore	ADV
concept-139	48	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	48	3	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	48	4	the	the	DET
concept-139	48	5	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	48	6	of	of	ADP
concept-139	48	7	realistic	realistic	ADJ
concept-139	48	8	data	datum	NOUN
concept-139	48	9	is	be	AUX
concept-139	48	10	motivational	motivational	ADJ
concept-139	48	11	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	48	12	helps	help	VERB
concept-139	48	13	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	48	14	see	see	VERB
concept-139	48	15	connections	connection	NOUN
concept-139	48	16	between	between	ADP
concept-139	48	17	school	school	NOUN
concept-139	48	18	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	48	19	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	48	20	the	the	DET
concept-139	48	21	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	48	22	used	use	VERB
concept-139	48	23	in	in	ADP
concept-139	48	24	the	the	DET
concept-139	48	25	real	real	ADJ
concept-139	48	26	world	world	NOUN
concept-139	48	27	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	48	28	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	49	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	49	2	charles	charle	NOUN
concept-139	49	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	49	4	1999	1999	NUM
concept-139	49	5	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	49	6	hembree	hembree	NOUN
concept-139	49	7	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	49	8	dessart	dessart	NOUN
concept-139	49	9	’s	’s	PART
concept-139	49	10	research	research	NOUN
concept-139	49	11	in	in	ADP
concept-139	49	12	1986	1986	NUM
concept-139	49	13	reported	report	VERB
concept-139	49	14	the	the	DET
concept-139	49	15	findings	finding	NOUN
concept-139	49	16	of	of	ADP
concept-139	49	17	a	a	DET
concept-139	49	18	metaanalysis	metaanalysis	NOUN
concept-139	49	19	of	of	ADP
concept-139	49	20	the	the	DET
concept-139	49	21	effects	effect	NOUN
concept-139	49	22	of	of	ADP
concept-139	49	23	pre	pre	ADJ
concept-139	49	24	-	-	ADJ
concept-139	49	25	college	college	ADJ
concept-139	49	26	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	49	27	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	49	28	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	50	1	they	they	PRON
concept-139	50	2	analyzed	analyze	VERB
concept-139	50	3	the	the	DET
concept-139	50	4	results	result	NOUN
concept-139	50	5	of	of	ADP
concept-139	50	6	seventy	seventy	NUM
concept-139	50	7	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	50	8	nine	nine	NUM
concept-139	50	9	research	research	NOUN
concept-139	50	10	reports	report	NOUN
concept-139	50	11	that	that	PRON
concept-139	50	12	focused	focus	VERB
concept-139	50	13	on	on	ADP
concept-139	50	14	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	50	15	’	'	PUNCT
concept-139	50	16	achievement	achievement	NOUN
concept-139	50	17	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	50	18	attitude	attitude	NOUN
concept-139	50	19	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	51	1	each	each	DET
concept-139	51	2	study	study	NOUN
concept-139	51	3	involved	involve	VERB
concept-139	51	4	one	one	NUM
concept-139	51	5	group	group	NOUN
concept-139	51	6	of	of	ADP
concept-139	51	7	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	51	8	using	use	VERB
concept-139	51	9	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	51	10	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	51	11	another	another	DET
concept-139	51	12	group	group	NOUN
concept-139	51	13	4	4	NUM
concept-139	51	14	having	have	VERB
concept-139	51	15	no	no	DET
concept-139	51	16	access	access	NOUN
concept-139	51	17	to	to	ADP
concept-139	51	18	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	51	19	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	52	1	from	from	ADP
concept-139	52	2	their	their	PRON
concept-139	52	3	analysis	analysis	NOUN
concept-139	52	4	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	52	5	hembree	hembree	NOUN
concept-139	52	6	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	52	7	dessart	dessart	NOUN
concept-139	52	8	concluded	conclude	VERB
concept-139	52	9	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	52	10	the	the	DET
concept-139	52	11	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	52	12	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	52	13	did	do	AUX
concept-139	52	14	not	not	PART
concept-139	52	15	delay	delay	VERB
concept-139	52	16	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	52	17	’	'	PUNCT
concept-139	52	18	acquisition	acquisition	NOUN
concept-139	52	19	of	of	ADP
concept-139	52	20	conceptual	conceptual	ADJ
concept-139	52	21	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
concept-139	52	22	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	52	23	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	52	24	it	it	PRON
concept-139	52	25	significantly	significantly	ADV
concept-139	52	26	improved	improve	VERB
concept-139	52	27	their	their	PRON
concept-139	52	28	attitude	attitude	NOUN
concept-139	52	29	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	52	30	self	self	NOUN
concept-139	52	31	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	52	32	concept	concept	NOUN
concept-139	52	33	concerning	concern	VERB
concept-139	52	34	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	52	35	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	52	36	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	53	1	in	in	ADP
concept-139	53	2	this	this	DET
concept-139	53	3	study	study	NOUN
concept-139	53	4	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	53	5	results	result	NOUN
concept-139	53	6	show	show	VERB
concept-139	53	7	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	53	8	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	53	9	for	for	ADP
concept-139	53	10	problem	problem	NOUN
concept-139	53	11	solving	solve	VERB
concept-139	53	12	with	with	ADP
concept-139	53	13	the	the	DET
concept-139	53	14	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	53	15	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	53	16	the	the	DET
concept-139	53	17	effects	effect	NOUN
concept-139	53	18	for	for	ADP
concept-139	53	19	lowand	lowand	ADJ
concept-139	53	20	high	high	ADJ
concept-139	53	21	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	53	22	ability	ability	NOUN
concept-139	53	23	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	53	24	were	be	AUX
concept-139	53	25	higher	high	ADJ
concept-139	53	26	than	than	ADP
concept-139	53	27	the	the	DET
concept-139	53	28	effect	effect	NOUN
concept-139	53	29	for	for	ADP
concept-139	53	30	average	average	ADJ
concept-139	53	31	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	53	32	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	54	1	the	the	DET
concept-139	54	2	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	54	3	created	create	VERB
concept-139	54	4	not	not	PART
concept-139	54	5	only	only	ADV
concept-139	54	6	a	a	DET
concept-139	54	7	computational	computational	ADJ
concept-139	54	8	advantage	advantage	NOUN
concept-139	54	9	but	but	CCONJ
concept-139	54	10	also	also	ADV
concept-139	54	11	a	a	DET
concept-139	54	12	benefit	benefit	NOUN
concept-139	54	13	in	in	ADP
concept-139	54	14	the	the	DET
concept-139	54	15	selection	selection	NOUN
concept-139	54	16	of	of	ADP
concept-139	54	17	proper	proper	ADJ
concept-139	54	18	approaches	approach	NOUN
concept-139	54	19	to	to	ADP
concept-139	54	20	a	a	DET
concept-139	54	21	solution	solution	NOUN
concept-139	54	22	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	54	23	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	55	1	it	it	PRON
concept-139	55	2	was	be	AUX
concept-139	55	3	also	also	ADV
concept-139	55	4	found	find	VERB
concept-139	55	5	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	55	6	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	55	7	in	in	ADP
concept-139	55	8	grades	grade	NOUN
concept-139	55	9	k-12	k-12	PROPN
concept-139	55	10	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	55	11	except	except	SCONJ
concept-139	55	12	grade	grade	NOUN
concept-139	55	13	4	4	NUM
concept-139	55	14	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	55	15	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	55	16	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	55	17	who	who	PRON
concept-139	55	18	use	use	VERB
concept-139	55	19	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	55	20	in	in	ADP
concept-139	55	21	concert	concert	NOUN
concept-139	55	22	with	with	ADP
concept-139	55	23	traditional	traditional	ADJ
concept-139	55	24	instruction	instruction	NOUN
concept-139	55	25	maintain	maintain	VERB
concept-139	55	26	their	their	PRON
concept-139	55	27	paper	paper	NOUN
concept-139	55	28	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	55	29	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	55	30	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	55	31	pencil	pencil	NOUN
concept-139	55	32	skills	skill	NOUN
concept-139	55	33	without	without	ADP
concept-139	55	34	apparent	apparent	ADJ
concept-139	55	35	harm	harm	NOUN
concept-139	55	36	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	55	37	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	56	1	hembree	hembree	NOUN
concept-139	56	2	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	56	3	dessart	dessart	NOUN
concept-139	56	4	found	find	VERB
concept-139	56	5	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	56	6	the	the	DET
concept-139	56	7	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	56	8	of	of	ADP
concept-139	56	9	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	56	10	in	in	ADP
concept-139	56	11	testing	testing	NOUN
concept-139	56	12	produces	produce	VERB
concept-139	56	13	much	much	ADV
concept-139	56	14	higher	high	ADJ
concept-139	56	15	achievement	achievement	NOUN
concept-139	56	16	scores	score	NOUN
concept-139	56	17	than	than	ADP
concept-139	56	18	paper	paper	NOUN
concept-139	56	19	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	56	20	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	56	21	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	56	22	pencil	pencil	NOUN
concept-139	56	23	efforts	effort	NOUN
concept-139	56	24	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	56	25	both	both	PRON
concept-139	56	26	in	in	ADP
concept-139	56	27	basic	basic	ADJ
concept-139	56	28	operations	operation	NOUN
concept-139	56	29	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	56	30	in	in	ADP
concept-139	56	31	problem	problem	NOUN
concept-139	56	32	solving	solve	VERB
concept-139	56	33	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	57	1	this	this	PRON
concept-139	57	2	was	be	AUX
concept-139	57	3	true	true	ADJ
concept-139	57	4	across	across	ADP
concept-139	57	5	all	all	DET
concept-139	57	6	grades	grade	NOUN
concept-139	57	7	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	57	8	abilities	ability	NOUN
concept-139	57	9	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	58	1	in	in	ADP
concept-139	58	2	general	general	ADJ
concept-139	58	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	58	4	these	these	DET
concept-139	58	5	researchers	researcher	NOUN
concept-139	58	6	found	find	VERB
concept-139	58	7	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	58	8	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	58	9	using	use	VERB
concept-139	58	10	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	58	11	possessed	possess	VERB
concept-139	58	12	a	a	DET
concept-139	58	13	better	well	ADJ
concept-139	58	14	attitude	attitude	NOUN
concept-139	58	15	toward	toward	ADP
concept-139	58	16	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	58	17	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	58	18	more	more	ADJ
concept-139	58	19	confidence	confidence	NOUN
concept-139	58	20	than	than	SCONJ
concept-139	58	21	non	non	ADJ
concept-139	58	22	-	-	NOUN
concept-139	58	23	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	58	24	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	58	25	did	do	VERB
concept-139	58	26	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	59	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	59	2	1986	1986	NUM
concept-139	59	3	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	59	4	in	in	ADP
concept-139	59	5	fact	fact	NOUN
concept-139	59	6	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	59	7	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	59	8	the	the	DET
concept-139	59	9	role	role	NOUN
concept-139	59	10	of	of	ADP
concept-139	59	11	the	the	DET
concept-139	59	12	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	59	13	as	as	ADP
concept-139	59	14	a	a	DET
concept-139	59	15	positive	positive	ADJ
concept-139	59	16	motivator	motivator	NOUN
concept-139	59	17	for	for	ADP
concept-139	59	18	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	59	19	has	have	AUX
concept-139	59	20	been	be	AUX
concept-139	59	21	documented	document	VERB
concept-139	59	22	in	in	ADP
concept-139	59	23	many	many	ADJ
concept-139	59	24	studies	study	NOUN
concept-139	59	25	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	60	1	several	several	ADJ
concept-139	60	2	studies	study	NOUN
concept-139	60	3	have	have	AUX
concept-139	60	4	reported	report	VERB
concept-139	60	5	increased	increase	VERB
concept-139	60	6	confidence	confidence	NOUN
concept-139	60	7	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	60	8	improved	improved	ADJ
concept-139	60	9	attitudes	attitude	NOUN
concept-139	60	10	toward	toward	ADP
concept-139	60	11	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	60	12	as	as	ADV
concept-139	60	13	well	well	ADV
concept-139	60	14	as	as	ADP
concept-139	60	15	a	a	DET
concept-139	60	16	greater	great	ADJ
concept-139	60	17	persistence	persistence	NOUN
concept-139	60	18	in	in	ADP
concept-139	60	19	problem	problem	NOUN
concept-139	60	20	solving	solve	VERB
concept-139	60	21	when	when	SCONJ
concept-139	60	22	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	60	23	are	be	AUX
concept-139	60	24	used	use	VERB
concept-139	60	25	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	60	26	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	61	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	61	2	porter	porter	NOUN
concept-139	61	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	61	4	1990	1990	NUM
concept-139	61	5	;	;	PUNCT
concept-139	61	6	driscoll	driscoll	NOUN
concept-139	61	7	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	61	8	1981	1981	NUM
concept-139	61	9	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	62	1	so	so	ADV
concept-139	62	2	not	not	PART
concept-139	62	3	only	only	ADV
concept-139	62	4	will	will	AUX
concept-139	62	5	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	62	6	be	be	AUX
concept-139	62	7	able	able	ADJ
concept-139	62	8	to	to	PART
concept-139	62	9	develop	develop	VERB
concept-139	62	10	conceptual	conceptual	ADJ
concept-139	62	11	thinking	thinking	NOUN
concept-139	62	12	skills	skill	NOUN
concept-139	62	13	with	with	ADP
concept-139	62	14	the	the	DET
concept-139	62	15	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	62	16	of	of	ADP
concept-139	62	17	a	a	DET
concept-139	62	18	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	62	19	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	62	20	but	but	CCONJ
concept-139	62	21	they	they	PRON
concept-139	62	22	will	will	AUX
concept-139	62	23	also	also	ADV
concept-139	62	24	gain	gain	VERB
concept-139	62	25	confidence	confidence	NOUN
concept-139	62	26	in	in	ADP
concept-139	62	27	their	their	PRON
concept-139	62	28	mathematical	mathematical	ADJ
concept-139	62	29	abilities	ability	NOUN
concept-139	62	30	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	63	1	in	in	ADP
concept-139	63	2	1997	1997	NUM
concept-139	63	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	63	4	smith	smith	PROPN
concept-139	63	5	conducted	conduct	VERB
concept-139	63	6	a	a	DET
concept-139	63	7	meta	meta	ADJ
concept-139	63	8	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	63	9	analysis	analysis	NOUN
concept-139	63	10	that	that	PRON
concept-139	63	11	extended	extend	VERB
concept-139	63	12	the	the	DET
concept-139	63	13	results	result	NOUN
concept-139	63	14	of	of	ADP
concept-139	63	15	hembree	hembree	NOUN
concept-139	63	16	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	63	17	dessart	dessart	NOUN
concept-139	63	18	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	64	1	smith	smith	PROPN
concept-139	64	2	analyzed	analyze	VERB
concept-139	64	3	twenty	twenty	NUM
concept-139	64	4	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	64	5	four	four	NUM
concept-139	64	6	research	research	NOUN
concept-139	64	7	studies	study	NOUN
concept-139	64	8	conducted	conduct	VERB
concept-139	64	9	from	from	ADP
concept-139	64	10	1984	1984	NUM
concept-139	64	11	through	through	ADP
concept-139	64	12	1995	1995	NUM
concept-139	64	13	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	64	14	asking	ask	VERB
concept-139	64	15	questions	question	NOUN
concept-139	64	16	about	about	ADP
concept-139	64	17	attitude	attitude	NOUN
concept-139	64	18	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	64	19	achievement	achievement	NOUN
concept-139	64	20	due	due	ADP
concept-139	64	21	to	to	ADP
concept-139	64	22	student	student	NOUN
concept-139	64	23	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	64	24	of	of	ADP
concept-139	64	25	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	64	26	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	65	1	as	as	ADP
concept-139	65	2	in	in	ADP
concept-139	65	3	the	the	DET
concept-139	65	4	hembree	hembree	NOUN
concept-139	65	5	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	65	6	dessart	dessart	PROPN
concept-139	65	7	study	study	PROPN
concept-139	65	8	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	65	9	test	test	NOUN
concept-139	65	10	results	result	NOUN
concept-139	65	11	of	of	ADP
concept-139	65	12	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	65	13	using	use	VERB
concept-139	65	14	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	65	15	were	be	AUX
concept-139	65	16	compared	compare	VERB
concept-139	65	17	to	to	ADP
concept-139	65	18	those	those	PRON
concept-139	65	19	of	of	ADP
concept-139	65	20	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	65	21	not	not	PART
concept-139	65	22	using	use	VERB
concept-139	65	23	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	65	24	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	66	1	smith	smith	PROPN
concept-139	66	2	’s	’s	PART
concept-139	66	3	study	study	NOUN
concept-139	66	4	showed	show	VERB
concept-139	66	5	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	66	6	the	the	DET
concept-139	66	7	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	66	8	had	have	VERB
concept-139	66	9	a	a	DET
concept-139	66	10	positive	positive	ADJ
concept-139	66	11	effect	effect	NOUN
concept-139	66	12	on	on	ADP
concept-139	66	13	increasing	increase	VERB
concept-139	66	14	conceptual	conceptual	ADJ
concept-139	66	15	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
concept-139	66	16	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	67	1	this	this	DET
concept-139	67	2	effect	effect	NOUN
concept-139	67	3	was	be	AUX
concept-139	67	4	evident	evident	ADJ
concept-139	67	5	through	through	ADP
concept-139	67	6	all	all	DET
concept-139	67	7	grades	grade	NOUN
concept-139	67	8	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	67	9	statistically	statistically	ADV
concept-139	67	10	significant	significant	ADJ
concept-139	67	11	for	for	ADP
concept-139	67	12	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	67	13	in	in	ADP
concept-139	67	14	third	third	ADJ
concept-139	67	15	grade	grade	NOUN
concept-139	67	16	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	68	1	smith	smith	PROPN
concept-139	68	2	also	also	ADV
concept-139	68	3	found	find	VERB
concept-139	68	4	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	68	5	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	68	6	usage	usage	NOUN
concept-139	68	7	had	have	VERB
concept-139	68	8	a	a	DET
concept-139	68	9	positive	positive	ADJ
concept-139	68	10	effect	effect	NOUN
concept-139	68	11	on	on	ADP
concept-139	68	12	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	68	13	in	in	ADP
concept-139	68	14	both	both	DET
concept-139	68	15	problem	problem	NOUN
concept-139	68	16	solving	solving	NOUN
concept-139	68	17	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	68	18	computation	computation	NOUN
concept-139	68	19	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	68	20	did	do	AUX
concept-139	68	21	not	not	PART
concept-139	68	22	hinder	hinder	VERB
concept-139	68	23	the	the	DET
concept-139	68	24	development	development	NOUN
concept-139	68	25	of	of	ADP
concept-139	68	26	pencil	pencil	NOUN
concept-139	68	27	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	68	28	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	68	29	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	68	30	paper	paper	NOUN
concept-139	68	31	skills	skill	NOUN
concept-139	68	32	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	69	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	69	2	deridder	deridder	PROPN
concept-139	69	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	69	4	dessart	dessart	PROPN
concept-139	69	5	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	69	6	ellington	ellington	PROPN
concept-139	69	7	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	69	8	1999	1999	NUM
concept-139	69	9	;	;	PUNCT
concept-139	69	10	smith	smith	PROPN
concept-139	69	11	1997	1997	NUM
concept-139	69	12	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	69	13	dockweiler	dockweiler	PROPN
concept-139	69	14	&	&	CCONJ
concept-139	69	15	shielack	shielack	PROPN
concept-139	69	16	found	find	VERB
concept-139	69	17	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	69	18	conceptual	conceptual	ADJ
concept-139	69	19	development	development	NOUN
concept-139	69	20	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	69	21	was	be	AUX
concept-139	69	22	fostered	foster	VERB
concept-139	69	23	by	by	ADP
concept-139	69	24	the	the	DET
concept-139	69	25	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	69	26	’s	’s	PART
concept-139	69	27	quick	quick	ADJ
concept-139	69	28	capability	capability	NOUN
concept-139	69	29	to	to	PART
concept-139	69	30	display	display	VERB
concept-139	69	31	numbers	number	NOUN
concept-139	69	32	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	70	1	this	this	PRON
concept-139	70	2	is	be	AUX
concept-139	70	3	directly	directly	ADV
concept-139	70	4	to	to	ADP
concept-139	70	5	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	70	6	’	'	PUNCT
concept-139	70	7	concrete	concrete	ADJ
concept-139	70	8	experiences	experience	NOUN
concept-139	70	9	with	with	ADP
concept-139	70	10	the	the	DET
concept-139	70	11	numbers	number	NOUN
concept-139	70	12	by	by	ADP
concept-139	70	13	using	use	VERB
concept-139	70	14	the	the	DET
concept-139	70	15	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	70	16	to	to	PART
concept-139	70	17	reinforce	reinforce	VERB
concept-139	70	18	the	the	DET
concept-139	70	19	patterns	pattern	NOUN
concept-139	70	20	generated	generate	VERB
concept-139	70	21	in	in	ADP
concept-139	70	22	base	base	NOUN
concept-139	70	23	ten	ten	NUM
concept-139	70	24	materials	material	NOUN
concept-139	70	25	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	71	1	a	a	DET
concept-139	71	2	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	71	3	provides	provide	VERB
concept-139	71	4	support	support	NOUN
concept-139	71	5	for	for	ADP
concept-139	71	6	recording	record	VERB
concept-139	71	7	the	the	DET
concept-139	71	8	connections	connection	NOUN
concept-139	71	9	between	between	ADP
concept-139	71	10	the	the	DET
concept-139	71	11	concrete	concrete	ADJ
concept-139	71	12	material	material	NOUN
concept-139	71	13	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	71	14	their	their	PRON
concept-139	71	15	symbolic	symbolic	ADJ
concept-139	71	16	representation	representation	NOUN
concept-139	71	17	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	72	1	for	for	ADP
concept-139	72	2	example	example	NOUN
concept-139	72	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	72	4	many	many	ADJ
concept-139	72	5	young	young	ADJ
concept-139	72	6	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	72	7	have	have	VERB
concept-139	72	8	difficulty	difficulty	NOUN
concept-139	72	9	counting	count	VERB
concept-139	72	10	with	with	ADP
concept-139	72	11	the	the	DET
concept-139	72	12	combination	combination	NOUN
concept-139	72	13	of	of	ADP
concept-139	72	14	hundreds	hundred	NOUN
concept-139	72	15	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	72	16	tens	ten	NOUN
concept-139	72	17	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	72	18	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	72	19	ones	one	NOUN
concept-139	72	20	represented	represent	VERB
concept-139	72	21	by	by	ADP
concept-139	72	22	the	the	DET
concept-139	72	23	5	5	NUM
concept-139	72	24	pieces	piece	NOUN
concept-139	72	25	in	in	ADP
concept-139	72	26	the	the	DET
concept-139	72	27	base	base	NOUN
concept-139	72	28	ten	ten	NUM
concept-139	72	29	materials	material	NOUN
concept-139	72	30	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	73	1	with	with	ADP
concept-139	73	2	the	the	DET
concept-139	73	3	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	73	4	of	of	ADP
concept-139	73	5	the	the	DET
concept-139	73	6	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	73	7	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	73	8	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	73	9	can	can	AUX
concept-139	73	10	explore	explore	VERB
concept-139	73	11	the	the	DET
concept-139	73	12	relationships	relationship	NOUN
concept-139	73	13	between	between	ADP
concept-139	73	14	these	these	DET
concept-139	73	15	place	place	NOUN
concept-139	73	16	values	value	NOUN
concept-139	73	17	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	73	18	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	74	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	74	2	1992	1992	NUM
concept-139	74	3	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	74	4	the	the	DET
concept-139	74	5	proper	proper	ADJ
concept-139	74	6	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	74	7	of	of	ADP
concept-139	74	8	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	74	9	will	will	AUX
concept-139	74	10	also	also	ADV
concept-139	74	11	enhance	enhance	VERB
concept-139	74	12	number	number	NOUN
concept-139	74	13	sense	sense	NOUN
concept-139	74	14	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	74	15	conceptual	conceptual	ADJ
concept-139	74	16	development	development	NOUN
concept-139	74	17	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	74	18	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	74	19	visualization	visualization	NOUN
concept-139	74	20	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	75	1	number	number	NOUN
concept-139	75	2	sense	sense	NOUN
concept-139	75	3	is	be	AUX
concept-139	75	4	a	a	DET
concept-139	75	5	foundation	foundation	NOUN
concept-139	75	6	for	for	ADP
concept-139	75	7	early	early	ADJ
concept-139	75	8	success	success	NOUN
concept-139	75	9	with	with	ADP
concept-139	75	10	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	75	11	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	76	1	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	76	2	can	can	AUX
concept-139	76	3	help	help	VERB
concept-139	76	4	to	to	PART
concept-139	76	5	develop	develop	VERB
concept-139	76	6	the	the	DET
concept-139	76	7	conceptual	conceptual	ADJ
concept-139	76	8	understandings	understanding	NOUN
concept-139	76	9	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	76	10	abilities	ability	NOUN
concept-139	76	11	that	that	PRON
concept-139	76	12	underlie	underlie	VERB
concept-139	76	13	strong	strong	ADJ
concept-139	76	14	number	number	NOUN
concept-139	76	15	sense	sense	NOUN
concept-139	76	16	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	77	1	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	77	2	are	be	AUX
concept-139	77	3	particularly	particularly	ADV
concept-139	77	4	powerful	powerful	ADJ
concept-139	77	5	in	in	ADP
concept-139	77	6	enabling	enable	VERB
concept-139	77	7	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	77	8	to	to	PART
concept-139	77	9	make	make	VERB
concept-139	77	10	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	77	11	test	test	NOUN
concept-139	77	12	conjectures	conjecture	VERB
concept-139	77	13	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	77	14	generalizations	generalization	NOUN
concept-139	77	15	related	relate	VERB
concept-139	77	16	to	to	ADP
concept-139	77	17	numbers	number	NOUN
concept-139	77	18	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	77	19	operations	operation	NOUN
concept-139	77	20	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	78	1	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	78	2	making	make	VERB
concept-139	78	3	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	78	4	testing	testing	NOUN
concept-139	78	5	conjectures	conjecture	VERB
concept-139	78	6	about	about	ADP
concept-139	78	7	counting	count	VERB
concept-139	78	8	patterns	pattern	NOUN
concept-139	78	9	helps	help	VERB
concept-139	78	10	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	78	11	understand	understand	VERB
concept-139	78	12	number	number	NOUN
concept-139	78	13	relationships	relationship	NOUN
concept-139	78	14	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	78	15	develops	develop	VERB
concept-139	78	16	flexibility	flexibility	NOUN
concept-139	78	17	with	with	ADP
concept-139	78	18	numbers	number	NOUN
concept-139	78	19	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	78	20	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	78	21	promotes	promote	VERB
concept-139	78	22	the	the	DET
concept-139	78	23	development	development	NOUN
concept-139	78	24	of	of	ADP
concept-139	78	25	mental	mental	ADJ
concept-139	78	26	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	78	27	paper	paper	NOUN
concept-139	78	28	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	78	29	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	78	30	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	78	31	pencil	pencil	NOUN
concept-139	78	32	computational	computational	ADJ
concept-139	78	33	strategies	strategy	NOUN
concept-139	78	34	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	79	1	for	for	ADP
concept-139	79	2	example	example	NOUN
concept-139	79	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	79	4	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	79	5	can	can	AUX
concept-139	79	6	use	use	VERB
concept-139	79	7	a	a	DET
concept-139	79	8	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	79	9	to	to	PART
concept-139	79	10	skip	skip	VERB
concept-139	79	11	count	count	NOUN
concept-139	79	12	by	by	ADP
concept-139	79	13	5	5	NUM
concept-139	79	14	’s	’s	PART
concept-139	79	15	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	79	16	press	press	NOUN
concept-139	79	17	0	0	NUM
concept-139	80	1	+	+	CCONJ
concept-139	80	2	5	5	NUM
concept-139	80	3	=	=	NOUN
concept-139	80	4	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	80	5	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	80	6	so	so	ADV
concept-139	80	7	on	on	ADV
concept-139	80	8	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	80	9	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	81	1	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	81	2	can	can	AUX
concept-139	81	3	try	try	VERB
concept-139	81	4	the	the	DET
concept-139	81	5	same	same	ADJ
concept-139	81	6	process	process	NOUN
concept-139	81	7	with	with	ADP
concept-139	81	8	other	other	ADJ
concept-139	81	9	numbers	number	NOUN
concept-139	81	10	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	81	11	try	try	VERB
concept-139	81	12	to	to	PART
concept-139	81	13	figure	figure	VERB
concept-139	81	14	out	out	ADP
concept-139	81	15	what	what	PRON
concept-139	81	16	patterns	pattern	NOUN
concept-139	81	17	emerge	emerge	VERB
concept-139	81	18	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	81	19	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	81	20	make	make	VERB
concept-139	81	21	predictions	prediction	NOUN
concept-139	81	22	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	82	1	the	the	DET
concept-139	82	2	counting	counting	NOUN
concept-139	82	3	capability	capability	NOUN
concept-139	82	4	of	of	ADP
concept-139	82	5	the	the	DET
concept-139	82	6	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	82	7	allows	allow	VERB
concept-139	82	8	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	82	9	to	to	PART
concept-139	82	10	focus	focus	VERB
concept-139	82	11	on	on	ADP
concept-139	82	12	patterns	pattern	NOUN
concept-139	82	13	that	that	PRON
concept-139	82	14	result	result	VERB
concept-139	82	15	from	from	ADP
concept-139	82	16	adding	add	VERB
concept-139	82	17	the	the	DET
concept-139	82	18	same	same	ADJ
concept-139	82	19	number	number	NOUN
concept-139	82	20	repeatedly	repeatedly	ADV
concept-139	82	21	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	82	22	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	83	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	83	2	charles	charle	NOUN
concept-139	83	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	83	4	1999	1999	NUM
concept-139	83	5	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	83	6	this	this	DET
concept-139	83	7	type	type	NOUN
concept-139	83	8	of	of	ADP
concept-139	83	9	activity	activity	NOUN
concept-139	83	10	can	can	AUX
concept-139	83	11	aid	aid	VERB
concept-139	83	12	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	83	13	in	in	ADP
concept-139	83	14	future	future	ADJ
concept-139	83	15	studying	studying	NOUN
concept-139	83	16	of	of	ADP
concept-139	83	17	multiplication	multiplication	NOUN
concept-139	83	18	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	83	19	division	division	NOUN
concept-139	83	20	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	84	1	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	84	2	in	in	ADP
concept-139	84	3	upper	upper	ADJ
concept-139	84	4	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	84	5	grades	grade	NOUN
concept-139	84	6	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	84	7	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	84	8	can	can	AUX
concept-139	84	9	use	use	VERB
concept-139	84	10	the	the	DET
concept-139	84	11	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	84	12	to	to	PART
concept-139	84	13	explore	explore	VERB
concept-139	84	14	the	the	DET
concept-139	84	15	relationships	relationship	NOUN
concept-139	84	16	among	among	ADP
concept-139	84	17	various	various	ADJ
concept-139	84	18	representations	representation	NOUN
concept-139	84	19	of	of	ADP
concept-139	84	20	rational	rational	ADJ
concept-139	84	21	numbers	number	NOUN
concept-139	84	22	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	84	23	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	85	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	85	2	reys	reys	PROPN
concept-139	85	3	&	&	CCONJ
concept-139	85	4	arbaugh	arbaugh	PROPN
concept-139	85	5	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	85	6	2001	2001	NUM
concept-139	85	7	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	85	8	negative	negative	ADJ
concept-139	85	9	effects	effect	NOUN
concept-139	85	10	unfortunately	unfortunately	ADV
concept-139	85	11	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	85	12	most	most	ADJ
concept-139	85	13	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	85	14	do	do	AUX
concept-139	85	15	not	not	PART
concept-139	85	16	know	know	VERB
concept-139	85	17	how	how	SCONJ
concept-139	85	18	to	to	PART
concept-139	85	19	implement	implement	VERB
concept-139	85	20	the	the	DET
concept-139	85	21	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	85	22	properly	properly	ADV
concept-139	85	23	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	85	24	hence	hence	ADV
concept-139	85	25	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	85	26	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	85	27	are	be	AUX
concept-139	85	28	often	often	ADV
concept-139	85	29	at	at	ADP
concept-139	85	30	a	a	DET
concept-139	85	31	disadvantage	disadvantage	NOUN
concept-139	85	32	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	86	1	first	first	ADV
concept-139	86	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	86	3	if	if	SCONJ
concept-139	86	4	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	86	5	do	do	AUX
concept-139	86	6	not	not	PART
concept-139	86	7	understand	understand	VERB
concept-139	86	8	the	the	DET
concept-139	86	9	basic	basic	ADJ
concept-139	86	10	skills	skill	NOUN
concept-139	86	11	necessary	necessary	ADJ
concept-139	86	12	to	to	PART
concept-139	86	13	move	move	VERB
concept-139	86	14	on	on	ADP
concept-139	86	15	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	86	16	they	they	PRON
concept-139	86	17	may	may	AUX
concept-139	86	18	not	not	PART
concept-139	86	19	have	have	VERB
concept-139	86	20	success	success	NOUN
concept-139	86	21	in	in	ADP
concept-139	86	22	future	future	ADJ
concept-139	86	23	classes	class	NOUN
concept-139	86	24	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	87	1	if	if	SCONJ
concept-139	87	2	the	the	DET
concept-139	87	3	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	87	4	are	be	AUX
concept-139	87	5	taught	teach	VERB
concept-139	87	6	to	to	PART
concept-139	87	7	rely	rely	VERB
concept-139	87	8	on	on	ADP
concept-139	87	9	the	the	DET
concept-139	87	10	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	87	11	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	87	12	even	even	ADV
concept-139	87	13	to	to	PART
concept-139	87	14	only	only	ADV
concept-139	87	15	check	check	VERB
concept-139	87	16	answers	answer	NOUN
concept-139	87	17	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	87	18	their	their	PRON
concept-139	87	19	confidence	confidence	NOUN
concept-139	87	20	will	will	AUX
concept-139	87	21	suffer	suffer	VERB
concept-139	87	22	when	when	SCONJ
concept-139	87	23	the	the	DET
concept-139	87	24	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	87	25	is	be	AUX
concept-139	87	26	taken	take	VERB
concept-139	87	27	away	away	ADV
concept-139	87	28	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	88	1	if	if	SCONJ
concept-139	88	2	one	one	PRON
concept-139	88	3	provides	provide	VERB
concept-139	88	4	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	88	5	at	at	ADP
concept-139	88	6	an	an	DET
concept-139	88	7	early	early	ADJ
concept-139	88	8	age	age	NOUN
concept-139	88	9	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	88	10	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	88	11	may	may	AUX
concept-139	88	12	not	not	PART
concept-139	88	13	learn	learn	VERB
concept-139	88	14	computational	computational	ADJ
concept-139	88	15	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
concept-139	88	16	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	89	1	secondly	secondly	ADV
concept-139	89	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	89	3	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	89	4	also	also	ADV
concept-139	89	5	provide	provide	VERB
concept-139	89	6	an	an	DET
concept-139	89	7	illusion	illusion	NOUN
concept-139	89	8	of	of	ADP
concept-139	89	9	progress	progress	NOUN
concept-139	89	10	;	;	PUNCT
concept-139	89	11	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	89	12	may	may	AUX
concept-139	89	13	experience	experience	VERB
concept-139	89	14	a	a	DET
concept-139	89	15	false	false	ADJ
concept-139	89	16	sense	sense	NOUN
concept-139	89	17	of	of	ADP
concept-139	89	18	confidence	confidence	NOUN
concept-139	89	19	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	89	20	consequently	consequently	ADV
concept-139	89	21	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	89	22	their	their	PRON
concept-139	89	23	motivation	motivation	NOUN
concept-139	89	24	decreases	decrease	VERB
concept-139	89	25	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	90	1	as	as	SCONJ
concept-139	90	2	mentioned	mention	VERB
concept-139	90	3	earlier	early	ADV
concept-139	90	4	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	90	5	hembree	hembree	NOUN
concept-139	90	6	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	90	7	dessart	dessart	NOUN
concept-139	90	8	found	find	VERB
concept-139	90	9	positive	positive	ADJ
concept-139	90	10	results	result	NOUN
concept-139	90	11	for	for	ADP
concept-139	90	12	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	90	13	usage	usage	NOUN
concept-139	90	14	in	in	ADP
concept-139	90	15	all	all	DET
concept-139	90	16	grades	grade	NOUN
concept-139	90	17	except	except	SCONJ
concept-139	90	18	grade	grade	NOUN
concept-139	90	19	four	four	NUM
concept-139	90	20	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	90	21	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	90	22	where	where	SCONJ
concept-139	90	23	paper	paper	NOUN
concept-139	90	24	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	90	25	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	90	26	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	90	27	pencil	pencil	NOUN
concept-139	90	28	skills	skill	NOUN
concept-139	90	29	were	be	AUX
concept-139	90	30	hampered	hamper	VERB
concept-139	90	31	by	by	ADP
concept-139	90	32	the	the	DET
concept-139	90	33	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	90	34	treatment	treatment	NOUN
concept-139	90	35	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	91	1	throughout	throughout	ADP
concept-139	91	2	the	the	DET
concept-139	91	3	analysis	analysis	NOUN
concept-139	91	4	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	91	5	it	it	PRON
concept-139	91	6	had	have	AUX
concept-139	91	7	appeared	appear	VERB
concept-139	91	8	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	91	9	the	the	DET
concept-139	91	10	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	91	11	usage	usage	NOUN
concept-139	91	12	served	serve	VERB
concept-139	91	13	the	the	DET
concept-139	91	14	low	low	ADJ
concept-139	91	15	or	or	CCONJ
concept-139	91	16	high	high	ADJ
concept-139	91	17	ability	ability	NOUN
concept-139	91	18	student	student	NOUN
concept-139	91	19	less	less	ADV
concept-139	91	20	well	well	ADV
concept-139	91	21	than	than	ADP
concept-139	91	22	the	the	DET
concept-139	91	23	average	average	ADJ
concept-139	91	24	student	student	NOUN
concept-139	91	25	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	92	1	sustained	sustained	ADJ
concept-139	92	2	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	92	3	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	92	4	by	by	ADP
concept-139	92	5	average	average	ADJ
concept-139	92	6	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	92	7	in	in	ADP
concept-139	92	8	grade	grade	NOUN
concept-139	92	9	4	4	NUM
concept-139	92	10	appears	appear	VERB
concept-139	92	11	counterproductive	counterproductive	ADJ
concept-139	92	12	with	with	ADP
concept-139	92	13	regard	regard	NOUN
concept-139	92	14	to	to	ADP
concept-139	92	15	basic	basic	ADJ
concept-139	92	16	skills	skill	NOUN
concept-139	92	17	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	92	18	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	93	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	93	2	1986	1986	NUM
concept-139	93	3	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	93	4	6	6	NUM
concept-139	93	5	danielle	danielle	PROPN
concept-139	93	6	mcnamara	mcnamara	PROPN
concept-139	93	7	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	93	8	at	at	ADP
concept-139	93	9	the	the	DET
concept-139	93	10	university	university	PROPN
concept-139	93	11	of	of	ADP
concept-139	93	12	colorado	colorado	PROPN
concept-139	93	13	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	93	14	examined	examine	VERB
concept-139	93	15	a	a	DET
concept-139	93	16	specific	specific	ADJ
concept-139	93	17	laboratory	laboratory	NOUN
concept-139	93	18	finding	finding	NOUN
concept-139	93	19	called	call	VERB
concept-139	93	20	the	the	DET
concept-139	93	21	generation	generation	NOUN
concept-139	93	22	effect	effect	NOUN
concept-139	93	23	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	93	24	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	93	25	applied	apply	VERB
concept-139	93	26	it	it	PRON
concept-139	93	27	to	to	ADP
concept-139	93	28	the	the	DET
concept-139	93	29	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	93	30	classroom	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	93	31	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	94	1	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	94	2	the	the	DET
concept-139	94	3	generation	generation	NOUN
concept-139	94	4	effect	effect	NOUN
concept-139	94	5	refers	refer	VERB
concept-139	94	6	to	to	ADP
concept-139	94	7	the	the	DET
concept-139	94	8	finding	finding	NOUN
concept-139	94	9	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	94	10	having	have	VERB
concept-139	94	11	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	94	12	generate	generate	VERB
concept-139	94	13	tobe	tobe	NOUN
concept-139	94	14	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	94	15	learned	learn	VERB
concept-139	94	16	information	information	NOUN
concept-139	94	17	themselves	themselves	PRON
concept-139	94	18	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	94	19	rather	rather	ADV
concept-139	94	20	than	than	ADP
concept-139	94	21	simply	simply	ADV
concept-139	94	22	copying	copy	VERB
concept-139	94	23	or	or	CCONJ
concept-139	94	24	reading	read	VERB
concept-139	94	25	the	the	DET
concept-139	94	26	information	information	NOUN
concept-139	94	27	enhances	enhance	VERB
concept-139	94	28	both	both	DET
concept-139	94	29	short	short	ADJ
concept-139	94	30	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	94	31	term	term	NOUN
concept-139	94	32	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	94	33	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
concept-139	94	34	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	94	35	slamecka	slamecka	PROPN
concept-139	94	36	&	&	CCONJ
concept-139	94	37	graf	graf	PROPN
concept-139	94	38	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	94	39	1978	1978	NUM
concept-139	94	40	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	94	41	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	94	42	long	long	ADJ
concept-139	94	43	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	94	44	term	term	NOUN
concept-139	94	45	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	94	46	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
concept-139	94	47	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	94	48	crutcher	crutcher	PROPN
concept-139	94	49	&	&	CCONJ
concept-139	94	50	healy	healy	PROPN
concept-139	94	51	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	94	52	1989	1989	NUM
concept-139	94	53	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	94	54	retention	retention	NOUN
concept-139	94	55	of	of	ADP
concept-139	94	56	information	information	NOUN
concept-139	94	57	in	in	ADP
concept-139	94	58	various	various	ADJ
concept-139	94	59	situations	situation	NOUN
concept-139	94	60	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	95	1	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	95	2	school	school	NOUN
concept-139	95	3	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	95	4	learned	learn	VERB
concept-139	95	5	simple	simple	ADJ
concept-139	95	6	multiplication	multiplication	NOUN
concept-139	95	7	by	by	ADP
concept-139	95	8	generating	generate	VERB
concept-139	95	9	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	95	10	i.e.	i.e.	X
concept-139	95	11	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	95	12	computing	compute	VERB
concept-139	95	13	the	the	DET
concept-139	95	14	answers	answer	NOUN
concept-139	95	15	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	95	16	or	or	CCONJ
concept-139	95	17	reading	read	VERB
concept-139	95	18	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	95	19	i.e.	i.e.	X
concept-139	95	20	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	95	21	reading	read	VERB
concept-139	95	22	the	the	DET
concept-139	95	23	answers	answer	NOUN
concept-139	95	24	from	from	ADP
concept-139	95	25	a	a	DET
concept-139	95	26	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	95	27	display	display	NOUN
concept-139	95	28	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	95	29	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	96	1	the	the	DET
concept-139	96	2	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	96	3	were	be	AUX
concept-139	96	4	given	give	VERB
concept-139	96	5	a	a	DET
concept-139	96	6	pretest	pretest	NOUN
concept-139	96	7	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	96	8	read	read	VERB
concept-139	96	9	or	or	CCONJ
concept-139	96	10	generate	generate	VERB
concept-139	96	11	training	training	NOUN
concept-139	96	12	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	96	13	posttest	posttest	ADJ
concept-139	96	14	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	96	15	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	96	16	a	a	DET
concept-139	96	17	retention	retention	NOUN
concept-139	96	18	test	test	NOUN
concept-139	96	19	after	after	ADP
concept-139	96	20	2	2	NUM
concept-139	96	21	weeks	week	NOUN
concept-139	96	22	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	97	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	97	2	the	the	DET
concept-139	97	3	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	97	4	did	do	AUX
concept-139	97	5	not	not	PART
concept-139	97	6	use	use	VERB
concept-139	97	7	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	97	8	on	on	ADP
concept-139	97	9	these	these	DET
concept-139	97	10	tests	test	NOUN
concept-139	97	11	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	97	12	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	98	1	read	read	VERB
concept-139	98	2	training	training	NOUN
concept-139	98	3	involved	involve	VERB
concept-139	98	4	approximately	approximately	ADV
concept-139	98	5	half	half	DET
concept-139	98	6	as	as	ADV
concept-139	98	7	much	much	ADJ
concept-139	98	8	training	training	NOUN
concept-139	98	9	time	time	NOUN
concept-139	98	10	compared	compare	VERB
concept-139	98	11	with	with	ADP
concept-139	98	12	generate	generate	NOUN
concept-139	98	13	training	training	NOUN
concept-139	98	14	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	98	15	was	be	AUX
concept-139	98	16	moderately	moderately	ADV
concept-139	98	17	effective	effective	ADJ
concept-139	98	18	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	99	1	in	in	ADP
concept-139	99	2	terms	term	NOUN
concept-139	99	3	of	of	ADP
concept-139	99	4	test	test	NOUN
concept-139	99	5	time	time	NOUN
concept-139	99	6	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	99	7	read	read	VERB
concept-139	99	8	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	99	9	showed	show	VERB
concept-139	99	10	a	a	DET
concept-139	99	11	loss	loss	NOUN
concept-139	99	12	of	of	ADP
concept-139	99	13	efficiency	efficiency	NOUN
concept-139	99	14	after	after	ADP
concept-139	99	15	the	the	DET
concept-139	99	16	2	2	NUM
concept-139	99	17	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	99	18	week	week	NOUN
concept-139	99	19	delay	delay	NOUN
concept-139	99	20	compared	compare	VERB
concept-139	99	21	with	with	ADP
concept-139	99	22	the	the	DET
concept-139	99	23	generate	generate	NOUN
concept-139	99	24	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	99	25	who	who	PRON
concept-139	99	26	showed	show	VERB
concept-139	99	27	no	no	DET
concept-139	99	28	loss	loss	NOUN
concept-139	99	29	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	99	30	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	100	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	100	2	1995	1995	NUM
concept-139	100	3	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	100	4	earlier	early	ADV
concept-139	100	5	in	in	ADP
concept-139	100	6	1995	1995	NUM
concept-139	100	7	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	100	8	mcnamara	mcnamara	PROPN
concept-139	100	9	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	100	10	alice	alice	PROPN
concept-139	100	11	healy	healy	PROPN
concept-139	100	12	conducted	conduct	VERB
concept-139	100	13	a	a	DET
concept-139	100	14	similar	similar	ADJ
concept-139	100	15	study	study	NOUN
concept-139	100	16	of	of	ADP
concept-139	100	17	adults	adult	NOUN
concept-139	100	18	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	101	1	while	while	SCONJ
concept-139	101	2	the	the	DET
concept-139	101	3	findings	finding	NOUN
concept-139	101	4	of	of	ADP
concept-139	101	5	this	this	DET
concept-139	101	6	study	study	NOUN
concept-139	101	7	implied	imply	VERB
concept-139	101	8	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	101	9	the	the	DET
concept-139	101	10	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	101	11	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	101	12	would	would	AUX
concept-139	101	13	be	be	AUX
concept-139	101	14	ineffective	ineffective	ADJ
concept-139	101	15	for	for	ADP
concept-139	101	16	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	101	17	at	at	ADP
concept-139	101	18	this	this	DET
concept-139	101	19	specific	specific	ADJ
concept-139	101	20	skill	skill	NOUN
concept-139	101	21	level	level	NOUN
concept-139	101	22	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	101	23	the	the	DET
concept-139	101	24	second	second	ADJ
concept-139	101	25	study	study	NOUN
concept-139	101	26	did	do	AUX
concept-139	101	27	not	not	PART
concept-139	101	28	positively	positively	ADV
concept-139	101	29	support	support	VERB
concept-139	101	30	one	one	NUM
concept-139	101	31	learning	learning	NOUN
concept-139	101	32	method	method	NOUN
concept-139	101	33	over	over	ADP
concept-139	101	34	the	the	DET
concept-139	101	35	other	other	ADJ
concept-139	101	36	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	102	1	however	however	ADV
concept-139	102	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	102	3	the	the	DET
concept-139	102	4	study	study	NOUN
concept-139	102	5	did	do	AUX
concept-139	102	6	imply	imply	VERB
concept-139	102	7	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	102	8	allowing	allow	VERB
concept-139	102	9	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	102	10	school	school	NOUN
concept-139	102	11	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	102	12	to	to	PART
concept-139	102	13	use	use	VERB
concept-139	102	14	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	102	15	to	to	PART
concept-139	102	16	solve	solve	VERB
concept-139	102	17	addition	addition	NOUN
concept-139	102	18	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	102	19	multiplication	multiplication	NOUN
concept-139	102	20	problems	problem	NOUN
concept-139	102	21	before	before	SCONJ
concept-139	102	22	basic	basic	ADJ
concept-139	102	23	skills	skill	NOUN
concept-139	102	24	were	be	AUX
concept-139	102	25	acquired	acquire	VERB
concept-139	102	26	would	would	AUX
concept-139	102	27	be	be	AUX
concept-139	102	28	detrimental	detrimental	ADJ
concept-139	102	29	to	to	ADP
concept-139	102	30	the	the	DET
concept-139	102	31	learning	learning	NOUN
concept-139	102	32	process	process	NOUN
concept-139	102	33	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	103	1	this	this	PRON
concept-139	103	2	means	mean	VERB
concept-139	103	3	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	103	4	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	103	5	should	should	AUX
concept-139	103	6	not	not	PART
concept-139	103	7	use	use	VERB
concept-139	103	8	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	103	9	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	103	10	but	but	CCONJ
concept-139	103	11	should	should	AUX
concept-139	103	12	perform	perform	VERB
concept-139	103	13	the	the	DET
concept-139	103	14	operations	operation	NOUN
concept-139	103	15	mentally	mentally	ADV
concept-139	103	16	when	when	SCONJ
concept-139	103	17	learning	learn	VERB
concept-139	103	18	new	new	ADJ
concept-139	103	19	types	type	NOUN
concept-139	103	20	of	of	ADP
concept-139	103	21	problems	problem	NOUN
concept-139	103	22	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	104	1	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	104	2	one	one	NUM
concept-139	104	3	goal	goal	NOUN
concept-139	104	4	of	of	ADP
concept-139	104	5	the	the	DET
concept-139	104	6	experiment	experiment	NOUN
concept-139	104	7	was	be	AUX
concept-139	104	8	to	to	PART
concept-139	104	9	examine	examine	VERB
concept-139	104	10	how	how	SCONJ
concept-139	104	11	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	104	12	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	104	13	school	school	NOUN
concept-139	104	14	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	104	15	age	age	NOUN
concept-139	104	16	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	104	17	learn	learn	VERB
concept-139	104	18	new	new	ADJ
concept-139	104	19	multiplication	multiplication	NOUN
concept-139	104	20	facts	fact	NOUN
concept-139	104	21	best	well	ADV
concept-139	104	22	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	104	23	reading	read	VERB
concept-139	104	24	the	the	DET
concept-139	104	25	answer	answer	NOUN
concept-139	104	26	from	from	ADP
concept-139	104	27	a	a	DET
concept-139	104	28	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	104	29	display	display	NOUN
concept-139	104	30	versus	versus	ADP
concept-139	104	31	generating	generate	VERB
concept-139	104	32	the	the	DET
concept-139	104	33	answer	answer	NOUN
concept-139	104	34	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	104	35	thus	thus	ADV
concept-139	104	36	solving	solve	VERB
concept-139	104	37	the	the	DET
concept-139	104	38	problem	problem	NOUN
concept-139	104	39	mentally	mentally	ADV
concept-139	104	40	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	105	1	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	105	2	in	in	ADP
concept-139	105	3	both	both	DET
concept-139	105	4	conditions	condition	NOUN
concept-139	105	5	used	use	VERB
concept-139	105	6	a	a	DET
concept-139	105	7	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	105	8	;	;	PUNCT
concept-139	105	9	however	however	ADV
concept-139	105	10	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	105	11	the	the	DET
concept-139	105	12	principal	principal	ADJ
concept-139	105	13	difference	difference	NOUN
concept-139	105	14	between	between	ADP
concept-139	105	15	the	the	DET
concept-139	105	16	read	read	NOUN
concept-139	105	17	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	105	18	generate	generate	VERB
concept-139	105	19	conditions	condition	NOUN
concept-139	105	20	was	be	AUX
concept-139	105	21	the	the	DET
concept-139	105	22	point	point	NOUN
concept-139	105	23	at	at	ADP
concept-139	105	24	which	which	PRON
concept-139	105	25	the	the	DET
concept-139	105	26	answer	answer	NOUN
concept-139	105	27	was	be	AUX
concept-139	105	28	displayed	display	VERB
concept-139	105	29	on	on	ADP
concept-139	105	30	the	the	DET
concept-139	105	31	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	105	32	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	106	1	in	in	ADP
concept-139	106	2	the	the	DET
concept-139	106	3	read	read	NOUN
concept-139	106	4	condition	condition	NOUN
concept-139	106	5	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	106	6	it	it	PRON
concept-139	106	7	was	be	AUX
concept-139	106	8	before	before	ADP
concept-139	106	9	writing	write	VERB
concept-139	106	10	down	down	ADP
concept-139	106	11	an	an	DET
concept-139	106	12	answer	answer	NOUN
concept-139	106	13	to	to	ADP
concept-139	106	14	a	a	DET
concept-139	106	15	problem	problem	NOUN
concept-139	106	16	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	106	17	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	106	18	in	in	ADP
concept-139	106	19	the	the	DET
concept-139	106	20	generate	generate	NOUN
concept-139	106	21	condition	condition	NOUN
concept-139	106	22	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	106	23	it	it	PRON
concept-139	106	24	was	be	AUX
concept-139	106	25	afterward	afterward	ADV
concept-139	106	26	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	106	27	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	107	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	107	2	1995	1995	NUM
concept-139	107	3	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	107	4	the	the	DET
concept-139	107	5	following	follow	VERB
concept-139	107	6	is	be	AUX
concept-139	107	7	a	a	DET
concept-139	107	8	table	table	NOUN
concept-139	107	9	showing	show	VERB
concept-139	107	10	overall	overall	ADJ
concept-139	107	11	results	result	NOUN
concept-139	107	12	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	108	1	figure	figure	VERB
concept-139	108	2	i	i	PRON
concept-139	108	3	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	108	4	mcnamara	mcnamara	PROPN
concept-139	108	5	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	108	6	1995	1995	NUM
concept-139	108	7	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	108	8	7	7	NUM
concept-139	108	9	mcnamara	mcnamara	PROPN
concept-139	108	10	concluded	conclude	VERB
concept-139	108	11	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	108	12	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	108	13	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	108	14	were	be	AUX
concept-139	108	15	neither	neither	CCONJ
concept-139	108	16	good	good	ADJ
concept-139	108	17	nor	nor	CCONJ
concept-139	108	18	bad	bad	ADJ
concept-139	108	19	for	for	ADP
concept-139	108	20	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	108	21	aged	aged	ADJ
concept-139	108	22	schoolchildren	schoolchildren	NOUN
concept-139	108	23	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	108	24	but	but	CCONJ
concept-139	108	25	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	108	26	their	their	PRON
concept-139	108	27	value	value	NOUN
concept-139	108	28	depended	depend	VERB
concept-139	108	29	on	on	ADP
concept-139	108	30	the	the	DET
concept-139	108	31	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	108	32	to	to	PART
concept-139	108	33	which	which	PRON
concept-139	108	34	they	they	PRON
concept-139	108	35	are	be	AUX
concept-139	108	36	applied	apply	VERB
concept-139	108	37	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	108	38	the	the	DET
concept-139	108	39	stage	stage	NOUN
concept-139	108	40	of	of	ADP
concept-139	108	41	development	development	NOUN
concept-139	108	42	of	of	ADP
concept-139	108	43	the	the	DET
concept-139	108	44	basic	basic	ADJ
concept-139	108	45	arithmetic	arithmetic	ADJ
concept-139	108	46	skills	skill	NOUN
concept-139	108	47	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	108	48	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	108	49	the	the	DET
concept-139	108	50	cost	cost	NOUN
concept-139	108	51	of	of	ADP
concept-139	108	52	using	use	VERB
concept-139	108	53	them	they	PRON
concept-139	108	54	relative	relative	ADJ
concept-139	108	55	to	to	ADP
concept-139	108	56	the	the	DET
concept-139	108	57	possible	possible	ADJ
concept-139	108	58	benefits	benefit	NOUN
concept-139	108	59	in	in	ADP
concept-139	108	60	a	a	DET
concept-139	108	61	realistic	realistic	ADJ
concept-139	108	62	classroom	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	108	63	setting	set	VERB
concept-139	108	64	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	108	65	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	109	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	109	2	1995	1995	NUM
concept-139	109	3	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	109	4	international	international	ADJ
concept-139	109	5	approaches	approach	NOUN
concept-139	109	6	australia	australia	PROPN
concept-139	109	7	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	109	8	the	the	DET
concept-139	109	9	australian	australian	ADJ
concept-139	109	10	association	association	NOUN
concept-139	109	11	of	of	ADP
concept-139	109	12	mathematical	mathematical	ADJ
concept-139	109	13	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	109	14	has	have	VERB
concept-139	109	15	a	a	DET
concept-139	109	16	policy	policy	NOUN
concept-139	109	17	on	on	ADP
concept-139	109	18	school	school	NOUN
concept-139	109	19	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	109	20	’	'	PUNCT
concept-139	109	21	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	109	22	of	of	ADP
concept-139	109	23	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	109	24	:	:	PUNCT
concept-139	109	25	it	it	PRON
concept-139	109	26	suggests	suggest	VERB
concept-139	109	27	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	109	28	scientific	scientific	ADJ
concept-139	109	29	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	109	30	should	should	AUX
concept-139	109	31	be	be	AUX
concept-139	109	32	used	use	VERB
concept-139	109	33	by	by	ADP
concept-139	109	34	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	109	35	in	in	ADP
concept-139	109	36	their	their	PRON
concept-139	109	37	early	early	ADJ
concept-139	109	38	secondary	secondary	ADJ
concept-139	109	39	schooling	schooling	NOUN
concept-139	109	40	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	110	1	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	110	2	the	the	DET
concept-139	110	3	national	national	ADJ
concept-139	110	4	statement	statement	NOUN
concept-139	110	5	of	of	ADP
concept-139	110	6	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	110	7	for	for	ADP
concept-139	110	8	australian	australian	ADJ
concept-139	110	9	schools	school	NOUN
concept-139	110	10	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	110	11	australian	australian	ADJ
concept-139	110	12	education	education	NOUN
concept-139	110	13	council	council	NOUN
concept-139	110	14	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	110	15	1990	1990	NUM
concept-139	110	16	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	110	17	recommends	recommend	VERB
concept-139	110	18	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	110	19	all	all	DET
concept-139	110	20	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	110	21	use	use	VERB
concept-139	110	22	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	110	23	at	at	ADP
concept-139	110	24	all	all	DET
concept-139	110	25	levels	level	NOUN
concept-139	110	26	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	110	27	k-12	k-12	PROPN
concept-139	110	28	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	110	29	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	110	30	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	110	31	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	110	32	be	be	AUX
concept-139	110	33	used	use	VERB
concept-139	110	34	both	both	CCONJ
concept-139	110	35	as	as	ADP
concept-139	110	36	instructional	instructional	ADJ
concept-139	110	37	aids	aid	NOUN
concept-139	110	38	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	110	39	as	as	ADP
concept-139	110	40	learning	learn	VERB
concept-139	110	41	tools	tool	NOUN
concept-139	110	42	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	111	1	however	however	ADV
concept-139	111	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	111	3	research	research	NOUN
concept-139	111	4	has	have	AUX
concept-139	111	5	shown	show	VERB
concept-139	111	6	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	111	7	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	111	8	despite	despite	SCONJ
concept-139	111	9	overwhelming	overwhelming	ADJ
concept-139	111	10	support	support	NOUN
concept-139	111	11	for	for	ADP
concept-139	111	12	the	the	DET
concept-139	111	13	early	early	ADJ
concept-139	111	14	introduction	introduction	NOUN
concept-139	111	15	of	of	ADP
concept-139	111	16	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	111	17	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	111	18	a	a	DET
concept-139	111	19	majority	majority	NOUN
concept-139	111	20	of	of	ADP
concept-139	111	21	infant	infant	NOUN
concept-139	111	22	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	111	23	rarely	rarely	ADV
concept-139	111	24	or	or	CCONJ
concept-139	111	25	never	never	ADV
concept-139	111	26	use	use	VERB
concept-139	111	27	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	111	28	in	in	ADP
concept-139	111	29	their	their	PRON
concept-139	111	30	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	111	31	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	111	32	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	112	1	the	the	DET
concept-139	112	2	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	112	3	in	in	ADP
concept-139	112	4	primary	primary	ADJ
concept-139	112	5	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	112	6	project	project	NOUN
concept-139	112	7	was	be	AUX
concept-139	112	8	based	base	VERB
concept-139	112	9	on	on	ADP
concept-139	112	10	the	the	DET
concept-139	112	11	premise	premise	NOUN
concept-139	112	12	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	112	13	the	the	DET
concept-139	112	14	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	112	15	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	112	16	as	as	ADV
concept-139	112	17	well	well	ADV
concept-139	112	18	as	as	ADP
concept-139	112	19	acting	act	VERB
concept-139	112	20	as	as	ADP
concept-139	112	21	a	a	DET
concept-139	112	22	computational	computational	ADJ
concept-139	112	23	device	device	NOUN
concept-139	112	24	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	112	25	is	be	AUX
concept-139	112	26	a	a	DET
concept-139	112	27	highly	highly	ADV
concept-139	112	28	adaptable	adaptable	ADJ
concept-139	112	29	teaching	teaching	NOUN
concept-139	112	30	aid	aid	NOUN
concept-139	112	31	that	that	PRON
concept-139	112	32	has	have	VERB
concept-139	112	33	the	the	DET
concept-139	112	34	potential	potential	NOUN
concept-139	112	35	to	to	PART
concept-139	112	36	radically	radically	ADV
concept-139	112	37	transform	transform	VERB
concept-139	112	38	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	112	39	teaching	teaching	NOUN
concept-139	112	40	by	by	ADP
concept-139	112	41	allowing	allow	VERB
concept-139	112	42	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	112	43	to	to	PART
concept-139	112	44	experiment	experiment	VERB
concept-139	112	45	with	with	ADP
concept-139	112	46	numbers	number	NOUN
concept-139	112	47	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	112	48	construct	construct	VERB
concept-139	112	49	their	their	PRON
concept-139	112	50	own	own	ADJ
concept-139	112	51	meanings	meaning	NOUN
concept-139	112	52	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	112	53	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	112	54	groves	grove	NOUN
concept-139	112	55	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	112	56	1997	1997	NUM
concept-139	112	57	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	112	58	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	113	1	a	a	DET
concept-139	113	2	four	four	NUM
concept-139	113	3	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	113	4	year	year	NOUN
concept-139	113	5	research	research	NOUN
concept-139	113	6	project	project	NOUN
concept-139	113	7	investigated	investigate	VERB
concept-139	113	8	the	the	DET
concept-139	113	9	effects	effect	NOUN
concept-139	113	10	of	of	ADP
concept-139	113	11	the	the	DET
concept-139	113	12	introduction	introduction	NOUN
concept-139	113	13	of	of	ADP
concept-139	113	14	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	113	15	on	on	ADP
concept-139	113	16	the	the	DET
concept-139	113	17	learning	learning	NOUN
concept-139	113	18	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	113	19	teaching	teaching	NOUN
concept-139	113	20	of	of	ADP
concept-139	113	21	primary	primary	ADJ
concept-139	113	22	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	113	23	in	in	ADP
concept-139	113	24	six	six	NUM
concept-139	113	25	melbourne	melbourne	PROPN
concept-139	113	26	schools	school	NOUN
concept-139	113	27	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	114	1	classroom	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	114	2	observations	observation	NOUN
concept-139	114	3	confirmed	confirm	VERB
concept-139	114	4	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	114	5	the	the	DET
concept-139	114	6	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	114	7	of	of	ADP
concept-139	114	8	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	114	9	provided	provide	VERB
concept-139	114	10	a	a	DET
concept-139	114	11	rich	rich	ADJ
concept-139	114	12	mathematical	mathematical	ADJ
concept-139	114	13	environment	environment	NOUN
concept-139	114	14	for	for	SCONJ
concept-139	114	15	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	114	16	to	to	PART
concept-139	114	17	explore	explore	VERB
concept-139	114	18	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	114	19	promoted	promote	VERB
concept-139	114	20	the	the	DET
concept-139	114	21	development	development	NOUN
concept-139	114	22	of	of	ADP
concept-139	114	23	number	number	NOUN
concept-139	114	24	sense	sense	NOUN
concept-139	114	25	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	115	1	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	115	2	despite	despite	SCONJ
concept-139	115	3	fears	fear	NOUN
concept-139	115	4	expressed	express	VERB
concept-139	115	5	by	by	ADP
concept-139	115	6	some	some	DET
concept-139	115	7	parents	parent	NOUN
concept-139	115	8	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	115	9	there	there	PRON
concept-139	115	10	was	be	VERB
concept-139	115	11	no	no	DET
concept-139	115	12	evidence	evidence	NOUN
concept-139	115	13	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	115	14	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	115	15	became	become	VERB
concept-139	115	16	reliant	reliant	ADJ
concept-139	115	17	on	on	ADP
concept-139	115	18	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	115	19	at	at	ADP
concept-139	115	20	the	the	DET
concept-139	115	21	expense	expense	NOUN
concept-139	115	22	of	of	ADP
concept-139	115	23	their	their	PRON
concept-139	115	24	ability	ability	NOUN
concept-139	115	25	to	to	PART
concept-139	115	26	use	use	VERB
concept-139	115	27	other	other	ADJ
concept-139	115	28	forms	form	NOUN
concept-139	115	29	of	of	ADP
concept-139	115	30	computation	computation	NOUN
concept-139	115	31	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	116	1	extensive	extensive	ADJ
concept-139	116	2	written	write	VERB
concept-139	116	3	testing	testing	NOUN
concept-139	116	4	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	116	5	interview	interview	NOUN
concept-139	116	6	showed	show	VERB
concept-139	116	7	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	116	8	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	116	9	with	with	ADP
concept-139	116	10	long	long	ADJ
concept-139	116	11	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	116	12	term	term	NOUN
concept-139	116	13	experience	experience	NOUN
concept-139	116	14	of	of	ADP
concept-139	116	15	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	116	16	performed	perform	VERB
concept-139	116	17	better	well	ADJ
concept-139	116	18	8	8	NUM
concept-139	116	19	overall	overall	NOUN
concept-139	116	20	on	on	ADP
concept-139	116	21	a	a	DET
concept-139	116	22	wide	wide	ADJ
concept-139	116	23	range	range	NOUN
concept-139	116	24	of	of	ADP
concept-139	116	25	items	item	NOUN
concept-139	116	26	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	116	27	with	with	SCONJ
concept-139	116	28	no	no	DET
concept-139	116	29	detrimental	detrimental	ADJ
concept-139	116	30	effects	effect	NOUN
concept-139	116	31	observed	observe	VERB
concept-139	116	32	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	116	33	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	117	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	117	2	groves	grove	NOUN
concept-139	117	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	117	4	1997	1997	NUM
concept-139	117	5	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	117	6	japan	japan	PROPN
concept-139	117	7	the	the	DET
concept-139	117	8	current	current	ADJ
concept-139	117	9	course	course	NOUN
concept-139	117	10	of	of	ADP
concept-139	117	11	study	study	NOUN
concept-139	117	12	in	in	ADP
concept-139	117	13	japan	japan	PROPN
concept-139	117	14	does	do	AUX
concept-139	117	15	not	not	PART
concept-139	117	16	permit	permit	VERB
concept-139	117	17	the	the	DET
concept-139	117	18	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	117	19	of	of	ADP
concept-139	117	20	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	117	21	until	until	ADP
concept-139	117	22	after	after	ADP
concept-139	117	23	grade	grade	NOUN
concept-139	117	24	4	4	NUM
concept-139	117	25	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	118	1	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	118	2	moreover	moreover	ADV
concept-139	118	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	118	4	japanese	japanese	ADJ
concept-139	118	5	primary	primary	ADJ
concept-139	118	6	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	118	7	generally	generally	ADV
concept-139	118	8	agree	agree	VERB
concept-139	118	9	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	118	10	the	the	DET
concept-139	118	11	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	118	12	is	be	AUX
concept-139	118	13	not	not	PART
concept-139	118	14	appropriate	appropriate	ADJ
concept-139	118	15	in	in	ADP
concept-139	118	16	grades	grade	NOUN
concept-139	118	17	1	1	NUM
concept-139	118	18	-	-	SYM
concept-139	118	19	3	3	NUM
concept-139	118	20	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	118	21	reys	rey	NOUN
concept-139	118	22	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	118	23	1996	1996	NUM
concept-139	118	24	;	;	PUNCT
concept-139	118	25	senuma	senuma	PROPN
concept-139	118	26	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	118	27	1994	1994	NUM
concept-139	118	28	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	118	29	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	119	1	although	although	SCONJ
concept-139	119	2	a	a	DET
concept-139	119	3	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	119	4	might	might	AUX
concept-139	119	5	be	be	AUX
concept-139	119	6	visible	visible	ADJ
concept-139	119	7	on	on	ADP
concept-139	119	8	a	a	DET
concept-139	119	9	teacher	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	119	10	’s	’s	PART
concept-139	119	11	desk	desk	NOUN
concept-139	119	12	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	119	13	it	it	PRON
concept-139	119	14	would	would	AUX
concept-139	119	15	be	be	AUX
concept-139	119	16	for	for	ADP
concept-139	119	17	the	the	DET
concept-139	119	18	teacher	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	119	19	’s	’s	PART
concept-139	119	20	personal	personal	ADJ
concept-139	119	21	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	119	22	rather	rather	ADV
concept-139	119	23	than	than	ADP
concept-139	119	24	for	for	ADP
concept-139	119	25	instruction	instruction	NOUN
concept-139	119	26	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	120	1	japanese	japanese	ADJ
concept-139	120	2	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	120	3	are	be	AUX
concept-139	120	4	currently	currently	ADV
concept-139	120	5	debating	debate	VERB
concept-139	120	6	whether	whether	SCONJ
concept-139	120	7	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	120	8	should	should	AUX
concept-139	120	9	continue	continue	VERB
concept-139	120	10	to	to	PART
concept-139	120	11	learn	learn	VERB
concept-139	120	12	about	about	ADP
concept-139	120	13	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	120	14	use	use	VERB
concept-139	120	15	the	the	DET
concept-139	120	16	abacus	abacus	NOUN
concept-139	120	17	for	for	ADP
concept-139	120	18	calculation	calculation	NOUN
concept-139	120	19	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	120	20	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	121	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	121	2	reys	rey	NOUN
concept-139	121	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	121	4	reys	rey	NOUN
concept-139	121	5	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	121	6	&	&	CCONJ
concept-139	121	7	koyama	koyama	PROPN
concept-139	121	8	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	121	9	1996	1996	NUM
concept-139	121	10	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	121	11	in	in	ADP
concept-139	121	12	2000	2000	NUM
concept-139	121	13	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	121	14	james	james	PROPN
concept-139	121	15	tarr	tarr	PROPN
concept-139	121	16	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	121	17	others	other	NOUN
concept-139	121	18	produced	produce	VERB
concept-139	121	19	a	a	DET
concept-139	121	20	study	study	NOUN
concept-139	121	21	that	that	PRON
concept-139	121	22	determined	determine	VERB
concept-139	121	23	trends	trend	NOUN
concept-139	121	24	in	in	ADP
concept-139	121	25	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	121	26	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	121	27	among	among	ADP
concept-139	121	28	13	13	NUM
concept-139	121	29	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	121	30	year	year	NOUN
concept-139	121	31	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	121	32	olds	old	NOUN
concept-139	121	33	in	in	ADP
concept-139	121	34	japan	japan	PROPN
concept-139	121	35	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	121	36	the	the	DET
concept-139	121	37	united	united	PROPN
concept-139	121	38	states	states	PROPN
concept-139	121	39	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	121	40	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	121	41	portugal	portugal	PROPN
concept-139	121	42	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	122	1	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	122	2	data	datum	NOUN
concept-139	122	3	from	from	ADP
concept-139	122	4	both	both	DET
concept-139	122	5	student	student	NOUN
concept-139	122	6	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	122	7	teacher	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	122	8	surveys	survey	NOUN
concept-139	122	9	confirm	confirm	VERB
concept-139	122	10	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	122	11	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	122	12	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	122	13	in	in	ADP
concept-139	122	14	eighth	eighth	ADJ
concept-139	122	15	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	122	16	grade	grade	NOUN
concept-139	122	17	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	122	18	varies	vary	VERB
concept-139	122	19	substantially	substantially	ADV
concept-139	122	20	across	across	ADP
concept-139	122	21	nations	nation	NOUN
concept-139	122	22	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	123	1	perhaps	perhaps	ADV
concept-139	123	2	most	most	ADV
concept-139	123	3	intriguing	intriguing	ADJ
concept-139	123	4	is	be	AUX
concept-139	123	5	the	the	DET
concept-139	123	6	virtual	virtual	ADJ
concept-139	123	7	absence	absence	NOUN
concept-139	123	8	of	of	ADP
concept-139	123	9	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	123	10	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	123	11	in	in	ADP
concept-139	123	12	japanese	japanese	ADJ
concept-139	123	13	eighth	eighth	ADJ
concept-139	123	14	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	123	15	grade	grade	NOUN
concept-139	123	16	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	123	17	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	123	18	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	123	19	particularly	particularly	ADV
concept-139	123	20	given	give	VERB
concept-139	123	21	japan	japan	PROPN
concept-139	123	22	’s	’s	PART
concept-139	123	23	technologically	technologically	ADV
concept-139	123	24	advanced	advanced	ADJ
concept-139	123	25	society	society	NOUN
concept-139	123	26	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	123	27	its	its	PRON
concept-139	123	28	tradition	tradition	NOUN
concept-139	123	29	of	of	ADP
concept-139	123	30	excellence	excellence	NOUN
concept-139	123	31	in	in	ADP
concept-139	123	32	mathematics	mathematics	PROPN
concept-139	123	33	education	education	NOUN
concept-139	123	34	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	123	35	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	124	1	the	the	DET
concept-139	124	2	study	study	NOUN
concept-139	124	3	shows	show	VERB
concept-139	124	4	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	124	5	only	only	ADV
concept-139	124	6	0.37	0.37	NUM
concept-139	124	7	percent	percent	NOUN
concept-139	124	8	of	of	ADP
concept-139	124	9	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	124	10	in	in	ADP
concept-139	124	11	japan	japan	PROPN
concept-139	124	12	used	use	VERB
concept-139	124	13	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	124	14	during	during	ADP
concept-139	124	15	mathematics	mathematics	NOUN
concept-139	124	16	lessons	lesson	NOUN
concept-139	124	17	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	124	18	while	while	SCONJ
concept-139	124	19	43.03	43.03	NUM
concept-139	124	20	percent	percent	NOUN
concept-139	124	21	of	of	ADP
concept-139	124	22	the	the	DET
concept-139	124	23	us	us	PROPN
concept-139	124	24	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	124	25	used	use	VERB
concept-139	124	26	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	124	27	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	125	1	figure	figure	NOUN
concept-139	125	2	ii	ii	PROPN
concept-139	125	3	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	125	4	tarr	tarr	PROPN
concept-139	125	5	et	et	PROPN
concept-139	125	6	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	126	1	al	al	PROPN
concept-139	126	2	.	.	PROPN
concept-139	126	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	126	4	2000	2000	NUM
concept-139	126	5	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	126	6	curriculum	curriculum	NOUN
concept-139	126	7	change	change	VERB
concept-139	126	8	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	126	9	it	it	PRON
concept-139	126	10	no	no	ADV
concept-139	126	11	longer	long	ADV
concept-139	126	12	seems	seem	VERB
concept-139	126	13	a	a	DET
concept-139	126	14	question	question	NOUN
concept-139	126	15	of	of	ADP
concept-139	126	16	whether	whether	SCONJ
concept-139	126	17	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	126	18	should	should	AUX
concept-139	126	19	be	be	AUX
concept-139	126	20	used	use	VERB
concept-139	126	21	along	along	ADP
concept-139	126	22	with	with	ADP
concept-139	126	23	basic	basic	ADJ
concept-139	126	24	skills	skill	NOUN
concept-139	126	25	instruction	instruction	NOUN
concept-139	126	26	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	126	27	but	but	CCONJ
concept-139	126	28	how	how	SCONJ
concept-139	126	29	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	126	30	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	127	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	127	2	hembree	hembree	NOUN
concept-139	127	3	&	&	CCONJ
concept-139	127	4	dessart	dessart	PROPN
concept-139	127	5	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	127	6	1986	1986	NUM
concept-139	127	7	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	127	8	in	in	ADP
concept-139	127	9	1990	1990	NUM
concept-139	127	10	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	127	11	porter	porter	NOUN
concept-139	127	12	reminded	remind	VERB
concept-139	127	13	us	we	PRON
concept-139	127	14	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	127	15	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	127	16	not	not	PART
concept-139	127	17	only	only	ADV
concept-139	127	18	have	have	AUX
concept-139	127	19	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	127	20	failed	fail	VERB
concept-139	127	21	to	to	PART
concept-139	127	22	enter	enter	VERB
concept-139	127	23	most	most	ADJ
concept-139	127	24	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	127	25	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	127	26	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	127	27	but	but	CCONJ
concept-139	127	28	they	they	PRON
concept-139	127	29	have	have	AUX
concept-139	127	30	also	also	ADV
concept-139	127	31	failed	fail	VERB
concept-139	127	32	to	to	PART
concept-139	127	33	redirect	redirect	VERB
concept-139	127	34	the	the	DET
concept-139	127	35	curriculum	curriculum	NOUN
concept-139	127	36	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	127	37	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	128	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	128	2	porter	porter	NOUN
concept-139	128	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	128	4	1990	1990	NUM
concept-139	128	5	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	128	6	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	128	7	the	the	DET
concept-139	128	8	goal	goal	NOUN
concept-139	128	9	is	be	AUX
concept-139	128	10	not	not	PART
concept-139	128	11	to	to	PART
concept-139	128	12	produce	produce	VERB
concept-139	128	13	a	a	DET
concept-139	128	14	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	128	15	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	128	16	driven	drive	VERB
concept-139	128	17	curriculum	curriculum	NOUN
concept-139	128	18	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	128	19	but	but	CCONJ
concept-139	128	20	one	one	NUM
concept-139	128	21	that	that	PRON
concept-139	128	22	integrates	integrate	VERB
concept-139	128	23	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	128	24	in	in	ADP
concept-139	128	25	a	a	DET
concept-139	128	26	meaningful	meaningful	ADJ
concept-139	128	27	way	way	NOUN
concept-139	128	28	while	while	SCONJ
concept-139	128	29	promoting	promote	VERB
concept-139	128	30	mental	mental	ADJ
concept-139	128	31	computation	computation	NOUN
concept-139	128	32	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	128	33	estimation	estimation	NOUN
concept-139	128	34	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	128	35	problem	problem	NOUN
concept-139	128	36	solving	solving	NOUN
concept-139	128	37	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	128	38	critical	critical	ADJ
concept-139	128	39	thinking	thinking	NOUN
concept-139	128	40	skills	skill	NOUN
concept-139	128	41	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	128	42	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	129	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	129	2	reys	reys	PROPN
concept-139	129	3	&	&	CCONJ
concept-139	129	4	reys	reys	PROPN
concept-139	129	5	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	129	6	1998	1998	NUM
concept-139	129	7	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	129	8	9	9	NUM
concept-139	129	9	in	in	ADP
concept-139	129	10	order	order	NOUN
concept-139	129	11	for	for	SCONJ
concept-139	129	12	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	129	13	to	to	PART
concept-139	129	14	be	be	AUX
concept-139	129	15	a	a	DET
concept-139	129	16	presence	presence	NOUN
concept-139	129	17	in	in	ADP
concept-139	129	18	the	the	DET
concept-139	129	19	classroom	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	129	20	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	129	21	certain	certain	ADJ
concept-139	129	22	changes	change	NOUN
concept-139	129	23	must	must	AUX
concept-139	129	24	take	take	VERB
concept-139	129	25	place	place	NOUN
concept-139	129	26	in	in	ADP
concept-139	129	27	the	the	DET
concept-139	129	28	curriculum	curriculum	NOUN
concept-139	129	29	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	130	1	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	130	2	can	can	AUX
concept-139	130	3	encourage	encourage	VERB
concept-139	130	4	the	the	DET
concept-139	130	5	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	130	6	of	of	ADP
concept-139	130	7	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	130	8	in	in	ADP
concept-139	130	9	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	130	10	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	130	11	while	while	SCONJ
concept-139	130	12	promoting	promote	VERB
concept-139	130	13	a	a	DET
concept-139	130	14	positive	positive	ADJ
concept-139	130	15	attitude	attitude	NOUN
concept-139	130	16	towards	towards	ADP
concept-139	130	17	their	their	PRON
concept-139	130	18	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	130	19	among	among	ADP
concept-139	130	20	parents	parent	NOUN
concept-139	130	21	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	130	22	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	130	23	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	131	1	this	this	PRON
concept-139	131	2	may	may	AUX
concept-139	131	3	involve	involve	VERB
concept-139	131	4	the	the	DET
concept-139	131	5	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	131	6	of	of	ADP
concept-139	131	7	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	131	8	in	in	ADP
concept-139	131	9	estimation	estimation	NOUN
concept-139	131	10	activities	activity	NOUN
concept-139	131	11	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	131	12	problem	problem	NOUN
concept-139	131	13	solving	solving	NOUN
concept-139	131	14	experiences	experience	NOUN
concept-139	131	15	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	131	16	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	131	17	composition	composition	NOUN
concept-139	131	18	of	of	ADP
concept-139	131	19	word	word	NOUN
concept-139	131	20	problems	problem	NOUN
concept-139	131	21	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	132	1	however	however	ADV
concept-139	132	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	132	3	programs	program	NOUN
concept-139	132	4	must	must	AUX
concept-139	132	5	be	be	AUX
concept-139	132	6	in	in	ADP
concept-139	132	7	place	place	NOUN
concept-139	132	8	to	to	PART
concept-139	132	9	educate	educate	VERB
concept-139	132	10	parents	parent	NOUN
concept-139	132	11	on	on	ADP
concept-139	132	12	the	the	DET
concept-139	132	13	role	role	NOUN
concept-139	132	14	of	of	ADP
concept-139	132	15	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	132	16	in	in	ADP
concept-139	132	17	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	132	18	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	132	19	teaching	teaching	NOUN
concept-139	132	20	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	133	1	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	133	2	contrary	contrary	ADJ
concept-139	133	3	to	to	ADP
concept-139	133	4	the	the	DET
concept-139	133	5	fears	fear	NOUN
concept-139	133	6	of	of	ADP
concept-139	133	7	many	many	ADJ
concept-139	133	8	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	133	9	the	the	DET
concept-139	133	10	availability	availability	NOUN
concept-139	133	11	of	of	ADP
concept-139	133	12	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	133	13	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	133	14	computers	computer	NOUN
concept-139	133	15	has	have	AUX
concept-139	133	16	expanded	expand	VERB
concept-139	133	17	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	133	18	’	'	PUNCT
concept-139	133	19	capability	capability	NOUN
concept-139	133	20	of	of	ADP
concept-139	133	21	performing	perform	VERB
concept-139	133	22	calculations	calculation	NOUN
concept-139	133	23	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	134	1	however	however	ADV
concept-139	134	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	134	3	there	there	PRON
concept-139	134	4	is	be	VERB
concept-139	134	5	no	no	DET
concept-139	134	6	evidence	evidence	NOUN
concept-139	134	7	to	to	PART
concept-139	134	8	suggest	suggest	VERB
concept-139	134	9	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	134	10	the	the	DET
concept-139	134	11	availability	availability	NOUN
concept-139	134	12	of	of	ADP
concept-139	134	13	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	134	14	makes	make	VERB
concept-139	134	15	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	134	16	dependent	dependent	ADJ
concept-139	134	17	on	on	ADP
concept-139	134	18	them	they	PRON
concept-139	134	19	for	for	ADP
concept-139	134	20	simple	simple	ADJ
concept-139	134	21	calculations	calculation	NOUN
concept-139	134	22	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	135	1	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	135	2	should	should	AUX
concept-139	135	3	be	be	AUX
concept-139	135	4	able	able	ADJ
concept-139	135	5	to	to	PART
concept-139	135	6	decide	decide	VERB
concept-139	135	7	when	when	SCONJ
concept-139	135	8	they	they	PRON
concept-139	135	9	need	need	VERB
concept-139	135	10	to	to	PART
concept-139	135	11	calculate	calculate	VERB
concept-139	135	12	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	135	13	whether	whether	SCONJ
concept-139	135	14	they	they	PRON
concept-139	135	15	require	require	VERB
concept-139	135	16	an	an	DET
concept-139	135	17	exact	exact	ADJ
concept-139	135	18	or	or	CCONJ
concept-139	135	19	approximate	approximate	ADJ
concept-139	135	20	answer	answer	NOUN
concept-139	135	21	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	135	22	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	136	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	136	2	dresdeck	dresdeck	NOUN
concept-139	136	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	136	4	1995	1995	NUM
concept-139	136	5	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	136	6	dresdeck	dresdeck	NOUN
concept-139	136	7	asserts	assert	VERB
concept-139	136	8	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	136	9	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	136	10	it	it	PRON
concept-139	136	11	is	be	AUX
concept-139	136	12	important	important	ADJ
concept-139	136	13	to	to	PART
concept-139	136	14	keep	keep	VERB
concept-139	136	15	classroom	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	136	16	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	136	17	readily	readily	ADV
concept-139	136	18	accessible	accessible	ADJ
concept-139	136	19	to	to	ADP
concept-139	136	20	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	136	21	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	137	1	their	their	PRON
concept-139	137	2	physical	physical	ADJ
concept-139	137	3	proximity	proximity	NOUN
concept-139	137	4	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	137	5	availability	availability	NOUN
concept-139	137	6	help	help	NOUN
concept-139	137	7	to	to	PART
concept-139	137	8	promote	promote	VERB
concept-139	137	9	their	their	PRON
concept-139	137	10	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	137	11	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	137	12	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	138	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	138	2	1995	1995	NUM
concept-139	138	3	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	138	4	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	138	5	the	the	DET
concept-139	138	6	nctm	nctm	ADJ
concept-139	138	7	encourages	encourage	VERB
concept-139	138	8	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	138	9	to	to	PART
concept-139	138	10	provide	provide	VERB
concept-139	138	11	experiences	experience	NOUN
concept-139	138	12	that	that	PRON
concept-139	138	13	build	build	VERB
concept-139	138	14	the	the	DET
concept-139	138	15	underlying	underlying	ADJ
concept-139	138	16	concepts	concept	NOUN
concept-139	138	17	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	138	18	argue	argue	VERB
concept-139	138	19	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	138	20	only	only	ADV
concept-139	138	21	after	after	SCONJ
concept-139	138	22	these	these	DET
concept-139	138	23	ideas	idea	NOUN
concept-139	138	24	are	be	AUX
concept-139	138	25	carefully	carefully	ADV
concept-139	138	26	linked	link	VERB
concept-139	138	27	to	to	ADP
concept-139	138	28	paper	paper	NOUN
concept-139	138	29	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	138	30	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	138	31	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	138	32	pencil	pencil	NOUN
concept-139	138	33	procedures	procedure	NOUN
concept-139	138	34	is	be	AUX
concept-139	138	35	it	it	PRON
concept-139	138	36	appropriate	appropriate	ADJ
concept-139	138	37	to	to	PART
concept-139	138	38	devote	devote	VERB
concept-139	138	39	time	time	NOUN
concept-139	138	40	to	to	ADP
concept-139	138	41	developing	develop	VERB
concept-139	138	42	proficiency	proficiency	NOUN
concept-139	138	43	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	138	44	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	139	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	139	2	1989	1989	NUM
concept-139	139	3	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	139	4	meanwhile	meanwhile	ADV
concept-139	139	5	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	139	6	local	local	ADJ
concept-139	139	7	school	school	NOUN
concept-139	139	8	district	district	NOUN
concept-139	139	9	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	139	10	state	state	NOUN
concept-139	139	11	curriculum	curriculum	NOUN
concept-139	139	12	guidelines	guideline	NOUN
concept-139	139	13	may	may	AUX
concept-139	139	14	be	be	AUX
concept-139	139	15	sending	send	VERB
concept-139	139	16	a	a	DET
concept-139	139	17	different	different	ADJ
concept-139	139	18	message	message	NOUN
concept-139	139	19	to	to	ADP
concept-139	139	20	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	139	21	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	139	22	requiring	require	VERB
concept-139	139	23	them	they	PRON
concept-139	139	24	to	to	PART
concept-139	139	25	introduce	introduce	VERB
concept-139	139	26	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	139	27	develop	develop	VERB
concept-139	139	28	a	a	DET
concept-139	139	29	mastery	mastery	NOUN
concept-139	139	30	of	of	ADP
concept-139	139	31	standard	standard	ADJ
concept-139	139	32	computation	computation	NOUN
concept-139	139	33	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
concept-139	139	34	by	by	ADP
concept-139	139	35	a	a	DET
concept-139	139	36	certain	certain	ADJ
concept-139	139	37	grade	grade	NOUN
concept-139	139	38	level	level	NOUN
concept-139	139	39	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	140	1	unlike	unlike	ADP
concept-139	140	2	many	many	ADJ
concept-139	140	3	industrialized	industrialize	VERB
concept-139	140	4	countries	country	NOUN
concept-139	140	5	that	that	PRON
concept-139	140	6	have	have	VERB
concept-139	140	7	a	a	DET
concept-139	140	8	clearly	clearly	ADV
concept-139	140	9	defined	define	VERB
concept-139	140	10	national	national	ADJ
concept-139	140	11	curriculum	curriculum	NOUN
concept-139	140	12	specifying	specify	VERB
concept-139	140	13	the	the	DET
concept-139	140	14	content	content	NOUN
concept-139	140	15	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	140	16	placement	placement	NOUN
concept-139	140	17	of	of	ADP
concept-139	140	18	various	various	ADJ
concept-139	140	19	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	140	20	topics	topic	NOUN
concept-139	140	21	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	140	22	the	the	DET
concept-139	140	23	us	us	PROPN
concept-139	140	24	educational	educational	ADJ
concept-139	140	25	policy	policy	NOUN
concept-139	140	26	of	of	ADP
concept-139	140	27	control	control	NOUN
concept-139	140	28	has	have	AUX
concept-139	140	29	contributed	contribute	VERB
concept-139	140	30	to	to	ADP
concept-139	140	31	uncertainty	uncertainty	NOUN
concept-139	140	32	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	140	33	bewilderment	bewilderment	NOUN
concept-139	140	34	among	among	ADP
concept-139	140	35	some	some	DET
concept-139	140	36	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	140	37	about	about	ADP
concept-139	140	38	the	the	DET
concept-139	140	39	relative	relative	ADJ
concept-139	140	40	emphasis	emphasis	NOUN
concept-139	140	41	of	of	ADP
concept-139	140	42	computation	computation	NOUN
concept-139	140	43	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	141	1	ultimately	ultimately	ADV
concept-139	141	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	141	3	without	without	ADP
concept-139	141	4	clear	clear	ADJ
concept-139	141	5	direction	direction	NOUN
concept-139	141	6	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	141	7	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	141	8	make	make	VERB
concept-139	141	9	their	their	PRON
concept-139	141	10	own	own	ADJ
concept-139	141	11	decisions	decision	NOUN
concept-139	141	12	based	base	VERB
concept-139	141	13	on	on	ADP
concept-139	141	14	the	the	DET
concept-139	141	15	mixed	mixed	ADJ
concept-139	141	16	messages	message	NOUN
concept-139	141	17	received	receive	VERB
concept-139	141	18	from	from	ADP
concept-139	141	19	the	the	DET
concept-139	141	20	collective	collective	ADJ
concept-139	141	21	forces	force	NOUN
concept-139	141	22	of	of	ADP
concept-139	141	23	parents	parent	NOUN
concept-139	141	24	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	141	25	fellow	fellow	ADJ
concept-139	141	26	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	141	27	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	141	28	standardized	standardized	ADJ
concept-139	141	29	assessments	assessment	NOUN
concept-139	141	30	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	141	31	curriculum	curriculum	NOUN
concept-139	141	32	materials	material	NOUN
concept-139	141	33	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	141	34	backgrounds	background	VERB
concept-139	141	35	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	141	36	their	their	PRON
concept-139	141	37	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	141	38	bring	bring	VERB
concept-139	141	39	to	to	ADP
concept-139	141	40	the	the	DET
concept-139	141	41	learning	learning	NOUN
concept-139	141	42	environment	environment	NOUN
concept-139	141	43	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	141	44	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	141	45	their	their	PRON
concept-139	141	46	own	own	ADJ
concept-139	141	47	beliefs	belief	NOUN
concept-139	141	48	about	about	ADP
concept-139	141	49	how	how	SCONJ
concept-139	141	50	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	141	51	learn	learn	VERB
concept-139	141	52	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	142	1	this	this	DET
concept-139	142	2	situation	situation	NOUN
concept-139	142	3	creates	create	VERB
concept-139	142	4	significantly	significantly	ADV
concept-139	142	5	different	different	ADJ
concept-139	142	6	approaches	approach	NOUN
concept-139	142	7	to	to	ADP
concept-139	142	8	computation	computation	NOUN
concept-139	142	9	within	within	ADP
concept-139	142	10	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	142	11	across	across	ADP
concept-139	142	12	schools	school	NOUN
concept-139	142	13	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	142	14	districts	district	NOUN
concept-139	142	15	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	142	16	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	142	17	states	state	NOUN
concept-139	142	18	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	143	1	reys	rey	NOUN
concept-139	143	2	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	143	3	reys	reys	PROPN
concept-139	143	4	proposed	propose	VERB
concept-139	143	5	a	a	DET
concept-139	143	6	sequence	sequence	NOUN
concept-139	143	7	of	of	ADP
concept-139	143	8	computation	computation	NOUN
concept-139	143	9	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	143	10	curricular	curricular	ADJ
concept-139	143	11	emphasis	emphasis	NOUN
concept-139	143	12	:	:	PUNCT
concept-139	143	13	figure	figure	NOUN
concept-139	143	14	iii	iii	PROPN
concept-139	143	15	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	143	16	reys	reys	PROPN
concept-139	143	17	&	&	CCONJ
concept-139	143	18	reys	reys	PROPN
concept-139	143	19	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	143	20	1998	1998	NUM
concept-139	143	21	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	143	22	computational	computational	ADJ
concept-139	143	23	tool	tool	NOUN
concept-139	143	24	primary	primary	NOUN
concept-139	143	25	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	143	26	gr	gr	PROPN
concept-139	143	27	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	143	28	k-2	k-2	PROPN
concept-139	143	29	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	143	30	intermediate	intermediate	ADJ
concept-139	143	31	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	143	32	gr	gr	NOUN
concept-139	143	33	.	.	NOUN
concept-139	143	34	3	3	NUM
concept-139	143	35	-	-	SYM
concept-139	143	36	5	5	NUM
concept-139	143	37	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	143	38	middle	middle	ADJ
concept-139	143	39	grades	grade	NOUN
concept-139	143	40	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	143	41	gr	gr	NOUN
concept-139	143	42	.	.	NOUN
concept-139	143	43	6	6	NUM
concept-139	143	44	-	-	SYM
concept-139	143	45	8)	8)	NUM
concept-139	143	46	mental	mental	ADJ
concept-139	143	47	computation	computation	NOUN
concept-139	143	48	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	143	49	invented	invent	VERB
concept-139	143	50	thinking	think	VERB
concept-139	143	51	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	143	52	are	be	AUX
concept-139	143	53	encouraged	encourage	VERB
concept-139	143	54	to	to	PART
concept-139	143	55	develop	develop	VERB
concept-139	143	56	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	143	57	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	143	58	are	be	AUX
concept-139	143	59	encouraged	encourage	VERB
concept-139	143	60	to	to	PART
concept-139	143	61	use	use	VERB
concept-139	143	62	mental	mental	ADJ
concept-139	143	63	computation	computation	NOUN
concept-139	143	64	when	when	SCONJ
concept-139	143	65	efficient	efficient	ADJ
concept-139	143	66	for	for	ADP
concept-139	143	67	whole	whole	ADJ
concept-139	143	68	number	number	NOUN
concept-139	143	69	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	143	70	fraction	fraction	NOUN
concept-139	143	71	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	143	72	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	143	73	decimal	decimal	VERB
concept-139	143	74	10	10	NUM
concept-139	143	75	strategies	strategy	NOUN
concept-139	143	76	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	143	77	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	143	78	invented	invent	VERB
concept-139	143	79	computational	computational	ADJ
concept-139	143	80	strategies	strategy	NOUN
concept-139	143	81	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	143	82	to	to	PART
concept-139	143	83	record	record	NOUN
concept-139	143	84	work	work	NOUN
concept-139	143	85	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	143	86	as	as	SCONJ
concept-139	143	87	needed	need	VERB
concept-139	143	88	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	144	1	computation	computation	NOUN
concept-139	144	2	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	145	1	written	write	VERB
concept-139	145	2	computation	computation	NOUN
concept-139	145	3	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	145	4	efficient	efficient	ADJ
concept-139	145	5	paper	paper	NOUN
concept-139	145	6	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	145	7	andpencil	andpencil	NOUN
concept-139	145	8	strategies	strategy	NOUN
concept-139	145	9	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	145	10	invented	invent	VERB
concept-139	145	11	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	145	12	standard	standard	ADJ
concept-139	145	13	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	145	14	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	145	15	develop	develop	VERB
concept-139	145	16	efficient	efficient	ADJ
concept-139	145	17	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
concept-139	145	18	for	for	ADP
concept-139	145	19	whole	whole	ADJ
concept-139	145	20	number	number	NOUN
concept-139	145	21	computation	computation	NOUN
concept-139	145	22	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	146	1	standard	standard	ADJ
concept-139	146	2	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
concept-139	146	3	are	be	AUX
concept-139	146	4	introduced	introduce	VERB
concept-139	146	5	as	as	ADP
concept-139	146	6	one	one	NUM
concept-139	146	7	method	method	NOUN
concept-139	146	8	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	147	1	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	147	2	develop	develop	VERB
concept-139	147	3	efficient	efficient	ADJ
concept-139	147	4	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
concept-139	147	5	for	for	ADP
concept-139	147	6	fraction	fraction	NOUN
concept-139	147	7	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	147	8	decimal	decimal	ADJ
concept-139	147	9	computation	computation	NOUN
concept-139	147	10	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	148	1	standard	standard	ADJ
concept-139	148	2	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
concept-139	148	3	are	be	AUX
concept-139	148	4	introduced	introduce	VERB
concept-139	148	5	as	as	ADP
concept-139	148	6	one	one	NUM
concept-139	148	7	method	method	NOUN
concept-139	148	8	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	149	1	estimation	estimation	NOUN
concept-139	149	2	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	149	3	are	be	AUX
concept-139	149	4	encouraged	encourage	VERB
concept-139	149	5	to	to	PART
concept-139	149	6	make	make	VERB
concept-139	149	7	sense	sense	NOUN
concept-139	149	8	of	of	ADP
concept-139	149	9	data	datum	NOUN
concept-139	149	10	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	149	11	answers	answer	NOUN
concept-139	149	12	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	149	13	to	to	PART
concept-139	149	14	develop	develop	VERB
concept-139	149	15	strategies	strategy	NOUN
concept-139	149	16	for	for	ADP
concept-139	149	17	estimating	estimate	VERB
concept-139	149	18	in	in	ADP
concept-139	149	19	measurement	measurement	NOUN
concept-139	149	20	settings	setting	NOUN
concept-139	149	21	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	150	1	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	150	2	develop	develop	VERB
concept-139	150	3	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	150	4	share	share	VERB
concept-139	150	5	a	a	DET
concept-139	150	6	vareity	vareity	NOUN
concept-139	150	7	of	of	ADP
concept-139	150	8	strategies	strategy	NOUN
concept-139	150	9	to	to	PART
concept-139	150	10	produce	produce	VERB
concept-139	150	11	computational	computational	ADJ
concept-139	150	12	estimates	estimate	NOUN
concept-139	150	13	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	150	14	to	to	PART
concept-139	150	15	judge	judge	VERB
concept-139	150	16	the	the	DET
concept-139	150	17	reasonableness	reasonableness	NOUN
concept-139	150	18	of	of	ADP
concept-139	150	19	answers	answer	NOUN
concept-139	150	20	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	151	1	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	151	2	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	151	3	use	use	VERB
concept-139	151	4	a	a	DET
concept-139	151	5	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	151	6	to	to	PART
concept-139	151	7	explore	explore	VERB
concept-139	151	8	patterns	pattern	NOUN
concept-139	151	9	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	151	10	relationships	relationship	NOUN
concept-139	151	11	with	with	ADP
concept-139	151	12	numbers	number	NOUN
concept-139	151	13	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	151	14	operations	operation	NOUN
concept-139	151	15	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	151	16	as	as	ADP
concept-139	151	17	an	an	DET
concept-139	151	18	efficient	efficient	ADJ
concept-139	151	19	tool	tool	NOUN
concept-139	151	20	to	to	PART
concept-139	151	21	do	do	AUX
concept-139	151	22	complex	complex	ADJ
concept-139	151	23	computations	computation	NOUN
concept-139	151	24	associated	associate	VERB
concept-139	151	25	with	with	ADP
concept-139	151	26	solving	solve	VERB
concept-139	151	27	problems	problem	NOUN
concept-139	151	28	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	152	1	11	11	NUM
concept-139	152	2	note	note	NOUN
concept-139	152	3	:	:	PUNCT
concept-139	152	4	examples	example	NOUN
concept-139	152	5	of	of	ADP
concept-139	152	6	computational	computational	ADJ
concept-139	152	7	problems	problem	NOUN
concept-139	152	8	that	that	PRON
concept-139	152	9	are	be	AUX
concept-139	152	10	typically	typically	ADV
concept-139	152	11	encountered	encounter	VERB
concept-139	152	12	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	152	13	that	that	PRON
concept-139	152	14	need	need	VERB
concept-139	152	15	to	to	PART
concept-139	152	16	be	be	AUX
concept-139	152	17	the	the	DET
concept-139	152	18	focus	focus	NOUN
concept-139	152	19	at	at	ADP
concept-139	152	20	this	this	DET
concept-139	152	21	level	level	NOUN
concept-139	152	22	are	be	AUX
concept-139	152	23	included	include	VERB
concept-139	152	24	for	for	ADP
concept-139	152	25	illustrative	illustrative	ADJ
concept-139	152	26	purposes	purpose	NOUN
concept-139	152	27	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	153	1	the	the	DET
concept-139	153	2	role	role	NOUN
concept-139	153	3	of	of	ADP
concept-139	153	4	the	the	DET
concept-139	153	5	teacher	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	153	6	though	though	ADV
concept-139	153	7	seldom	seldom	ADV
concept-139	153	8	heard	hear	VERB
concept-139	153	9	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	153	10	the	the	DET
concept-139	153	11	views	view	NOUN
concept-139	153	12	of	of	ADP
concept-139	153	13	primary	primary	ADJ
concept-139	153	14	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	153	15	are	be	AUX
concept-139	153	16	important	important	ADJ
concept-139	153	17	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	154	1	these	these	DET
concept-139	154	2	educators	educator	NOUN
concept-139	154	3	influence	influence	VERB
concept-139	154	4	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	154	5	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	154	6	in	in	ADP
concept-139	154	7	the	the	DET
concept-139	154	8	classroom	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	154	9	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	155	1	rousham	rousham	PROPN
concept-139	155	2	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	155	3	rowland	rowland	PROPN
concept-139	155	4	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	155	5	1996	1996	NUM
concept-139	155	6	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	155	7	suggest	suggest	VERB
concept-139	155	8	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	155	9	the	the	DET
concept-139	155	10	potential	potential	NOUN
concept-139	155	11	of	of	ADP
concept-139	155	12	the	the	DET
concept-139	155	13	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	155	14	in	in	ADP
concept-139	155	15	primary	primary	ADJ
concept-139	155	16	schools	school	NOUN
concept-139	155	17	is	be	AUX
concept-139	155	18	largely	largely	ADV
concept-139	155	19	unrealized	unrealized	ADJ
concept-139	155	20	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	156	1	they	they	PRON
concept-139	156	2	report	report	VERB
concept-139	156	3	variable	variable	ADJ
concept-139	156	4	enthusiasm	enthusiasm	NOUN
concept-139	156	5	from	from	ADP
concept-139	156	6	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	156	7	about	about	ADP
concept-139	156	8	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	156	9	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	156	10	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	156	11	say	say	VERB
concept-139	156	12	the	the	DET
concept-139	156	13	quality	quality	NOUN
concept-139	156	14	of	of	ADP
concept-139	156	15	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	156	16	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	156	17	is	be	AUX
concept-139	156	18	generally	generally	ADV
concept-139	156	19	disappointing	disappointing	ADJ
concept-139	156	20	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	157	1	in	in	ADP
concept-139	157	2	an	an	DET
concept-139	157	3	early	early	ADJ
concept-139	157	4	evaluation	evaluation	NOUN
concept-139	157	5	of	of	ADP
concept-139	157	6	the	the	DET
concept-139	157	7	national	national	ADJ
concept-139	157	8	numeracy	numeracy	NOUN
concept-139	157	9	strategy	strategy	NOUN
concept-139	157	10	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	157	11	many	many	ADJ
concept-139	157	12	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	157	13	were	be	AUX
concept-139	157	14	said	say	VERB
concept-139	157	15	to	to	PART
concept-139	157	16	lack	lack	VERB
concept-139	157	17	confidence	confidence	NOUN
concept-139	157	18	in	in	ADP
concept-139	157	19	using	use	VERB
concept-139	157	20	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	157	21	as	as	ADP
concept-139	157	22	a	a	DET
concept-139	157	23	teaching	teaching	NOUN
concept-139	157	24	aid	aid	NOUN
concept-139	157	25	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	158	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	158	2	houssart	houssart	NOUN
concept-139	158	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	158	4	1997	1997	NUM
concept-139	158	5	;	;	PUNCT
concept-139	158	6	ofsted	ofste	VERB
concept-139	158	7	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	158	8	2000	2000	NUM
concept-139	158	9	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	158	10	in	in	ADP
concept-139	158	11	1997	1997	NUM
concept-139	158	12	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	158	13	jenny	jenny	PROPN
concept-139	158	14	houssart	houssart	PROPN
concept-139	158	15	carried	carry	VERB
concept-139	158	16	out	out	ADP
concept-139	158	17	interviews	interview	NOUN
concept-139	158	18	with	with	ADP
concept-139	158	19	twenty	twenty	NUM
concept-139	158	20	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	158	21	six	six	NUM
concept-139	158	22	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	158	23	from	from	ADP
concept-139	158	24	a	a	DET
concept-139	158	25	wide	wide	ADJ
concept-139	158	26	range	range	NOUN
concept-139	158	27	of	of	ADP
concept-139	158	28	primary	primary	ADJ
concept-139	158	29	schools	school	NOUN
concept-139	158	30	in	in	ADP
concept-139	158	31	england	england	PROPN
concept-139	158	32	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	159	1	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	159	2	the	the	DET
concept-139	159	3	main	main	ADJ
concept-139	159	4	purpose	purpose	NOUN
concept-139	159	5	of	of	ADP
concept-139	159	6	the	the	DET
concept-139	159	7	interviews	interview	NOUN
concept-139	159	8	was	be	AUX
concept-139	159	9	to	to	PART
concept-139	159	10	see	see	VERB
concept-139	159	11	which	which	DET
concept-139	159	12	issues	issue	NOUN
concept-139	159	13	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	159	14	chose	choose	VERB
concept-139	159	15	to	to	PART
concept-139	159	16	raise	raise	VERB
concept-139	159	17	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	159	18	in	in	ADP
concept-139	159	19	how	how	SCONJ
concept-139	159	20	much	much	ADJ
concept-139	159	21	detail	detail	NOUN
concept-139	159	22	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	160	1	the	the	DET
concept-139	160	2	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	160	3	were	be	AUX
concept-139	160	4	shown	show	VERB
concept-139	160	5	separate	separate	ADJ
concept-139	160	6	classroom	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	160	7	tasks	task	NOUN
concept-139	160	8	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	160	9	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	160	10	then	then	ADV
concept-139	160	11	asked	ask	VERB
concept-139	160	12	to	to	PART
concept-139	160	13	respond	respond	VERB
concept-139	160	14	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	161	1	one	one	NUM
concept-139	161	2	such	such	ADJ
concept-139	161	3	task	task	NOUN
concept-139	161	4	included	include	VERB
concept-139	161	5	a	a	DET
concept-139	161	6	fairly	fairly	ADV
concept-139	161	7	prominent	prominent	ADJ
concept-139	161	8	picture	picture	NOUN
concept-139	161	9	of	of	ADP
concept-139	161	10	a	a	DET
concept-139	161	11	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	161	12	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	161	13	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	162	1	in	in	ADP
concept-139	162	2	response	response	NOUN
concept-139	162	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	162	4	one	one	NUM
concept-139	162	5	teacher	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	162	6	stated	state	VERB
concept-139	162	7	outright	outright	ADV
concept-139	162	8	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	162	9	she	she	PRON
concept-139	162	10	did	do	AUX
concept-139	162	11	not	not	PART
concept-139	162	12	allow	allow	VERB
concept-139	162	13	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	162	14	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	162	15	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	162	16	another	another	PRON
concept-139	162	17	expressed	express	VERB
concept-139	162	18	clear	clear	ADJ
concept-139	162	19	reservations	reservation	NOUN
concept-139	162	20	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	162	21	which	which	PRON
concept-139	162	22	he	he	PRON
concept-139	162	23	linked	link	VERB
concept-139	162	24	to	to	ADP
concept-139	162	25	his	his	PRON
concept-139	162	26	view	view	NOUN
concept-139	162	27	of	of	ADP
concept-139	162	28	the	the	DET
concept-139	162	29	importance	importance	NOUN
concept-139	162	30	of	of	ADP
concept-139	162	31	mental	mental	ADJ
concept-139	162	32	arithmetic	arithmetic	NOUN
concept-139	162	33	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	163	1	only	only	ADV
concept-139	163	2	one	one	NUM
concept-139	163	3	teacher	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	163	4	was	be	AUX
concept-139	163	5	openly	openly	ADV
concept-139	163	6	positive	positive	ADJ
concept-139	163	7	about	about	ADP
concept-139	163	8	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	163	9	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	163	10	;	;	PUNCT
concept-139	163	11	others	other	NOUN
concept-139	163	12	were	be	AUX
concept-139	163	13	apparently	apparently	ADV
concept-139	163	14	low	low	ADJ
concept-139	163	15	users	user	NOUN
concept-139	163	16	by	by	ADP
concept-139	163	17	default	default	NOUN
concept-139	163	18	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	164	1	one	one	NUM
concept-139	164	2	interesting	interesting	ADJ
concept-139	164	3	reason	reason	NOUN
concept-139	164	4	that	that	PRON
concept-139	164	5	arose	arise	VERB
concept-139	164	6	for	for	ADP
concept-139	164	7	the	the	DET
concept-139	164	8	absence	absence	NOUN
concept-139	164	9	of	of	ADP
concept-139	164	10	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	164	11	in	in	ADP
concept-139	164	12	the	the	DET
concept-139	164	13	classroom	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	164	14	was	be	AUX
concept-139	164	15	the	the	DET
concept-139	164	16	lack	lack	NOUN
concept-139	164	17	of	of	ADP
concept-139	164	18	awareness	awareness	NOUN
concept-139	164	19	of	of	ADP
concept-139	164	20	the	the	DET
concept-139	164	21	teaching	teaching	NOUN
concept-139	164	22	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	164	23	learning	learn	VERB
concept-139	164	24	potential	potential	NOUN
concept-139	164	25	of	of	ADP
concept-139	164	26	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	164	27	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	165	1	only	only	ADV
concept-139	165	2	one	one	NUM
concept-139	165	3	teacher	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	165	4	believed	believe	VERB
concept-139	165	5	the	the	DET
concept-139	165	6	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	165	7	was	be	AUX
concept-139	165	8	a	a	DET
concept-139	165	9	tool	tool	NOUN
concept-139	165	10	for	for	ADP
concept-139	165	11	exploring	explore	VERB
concept-139	165	12	number	number	NOUN
concept-139	165	13	operations	operation	NOUN
concept-139	165	14	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	166	1	for	for	ADP
concept-139	166	2	the	the	DET
concept-139	166	3	others	other	NOUN
concept-139	166	4	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	166	5	checking	check	VERB
concept-139	166	6	seemed	seem	VERB
concept-139	166	7	to	to	PART
concept-139	166	8	be	be	AUX
concept-139	166	9	the	the	DET
concept-139	166	10	main	main	ADJ
concept-139	166	11	role	role	NOUN
concept-139	166	12	for	for	ADP
concept-139	166	13	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	166	14	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	166	15	with	with	ADP
concept-139	166	16	some	some	DET
concept-139	166	17	attention	attention	NOUN
concept-139	166	18	also	also	ADV
concept-139	166	19	paid	pay	VERB
concept-139	166	20	to	to	PART
concept-139	166	21	calculator	calculator	VERB
concept-139	166	22	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	166	23	for	for	ADP
concept-139	166	24	its	its	PRON
concept-139	166	25	own	own	ADJ
concept-139	166	26	sake	sake	NOUN
concept-139	166	27	in	in	ADP
concept-139	166	28	order	order	NOUN
concept-139	166	29	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	166	30	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	166	31	knew	know	VERB
concept-139	166	32	how	how	SCONJ
concept-139	166	33	to	to	PART
concept-139	166	34	use	use	VERB
concept-139	166	35	them	they	PRON
concept-139	166	36	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	167	1	this	this	DET
concept-139	167	2	small	small	ADJ
concept-139	167	3	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	167	4	scale	scale	NOUN
concept-139	167	5	study	study	NOUN
concept-139	167	6	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	167	7	therefore	therefore	ADV
concept-139	167	8	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	167	9	suggests	suggest	VERB
concept-139	167	10	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	167	11	for	for	SCONJ
concept-139	167	12	a	a	DET
concept-139	167	13	majority	majority	NOUN
concept-139	167	14	of	of	ADP
concept-139	167	15	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	167	16	interviewed	interview	VERB
concept-139	167	17	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	167	18	low	low	ADJ
concept-139	167	19	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	167	20	of	of	ADP
concept-139	167	21	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	167	22	exists	exist	VERB
concept-139	167	23	alongside	alongside	ADP
concept-139	167	24	a	a	DET
concept-139	167	25	limited	limited	ADJ
concept-139	167	26	view	view	NOUN
concept-139	167	27	of	of	ADP
concept-139	167	28	the	the	DET
concept-139	167	29	potential	potential	NOUN
concept-139	167	30	of	of	ADP
concept-139	167	31	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	167	32	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	168	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	168	2	houssart	houssart	NOUN
concept-139	168	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	168	4	2000	2000	NUM
concept-139	168	5	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	168	6	although	although	SCONJ
concept-139	168	7	this	this	DET
concept-139	168	8	particular	particular	ADJ
concept-139	168	9	study	study	NOUN
concept-139	168	10	was	be	AUX
concept-139	168	11	conducted	conduct	VERB
concept-139	168	12	abroad	abroad	ADV
concept-139	168	13	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	168	14	it	it	PRON
concept-139	168	15	is	be	AUX
concept-139	168	16	quite	quite	ADV
concept-139	168	17	possible	possible	ADJ
concept-139	168	18	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	168	19	many	many	ADJ
concept-139	168	20	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	168	21	in	in	ADP
concept-139	168	22	the	the	DET
concept-139	168	23	united	united	PROPN
concept-139	168	24	states	states	PROPN
concept-139	168	25	are	be	AUX
concept-139	168	26	in	in	ADP
concept-139	168	27	the	the	DET
concept-139	168	28	same	same	ADJ
concept-139	168	29	position	position	NOUN
concept-139	168	30	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	169	1	in	in	ADP
concept-139	169	2	her	her	PRON
concept-139	169	3	1990	1990	NUM
concept-139	169	4	dissertation	dissertation	NOUN
concept-139	169	5	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	169	6	priscilla	priscilla	PROPN
concept-139	169	7	porter	porter	PROPN
concept-139	169	8	reported	report	VERB
concept-139	169	9	on	on	ADP
concept-139	169	10	teacher	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	169	11	attitude	attitude	NOUN
concept-139	169	12	in	in	ADP
concept-139	169	13	the	the	DET
concept-139	169	14	irvine	irvine	PROPN
concept-139	169	15	unified	unify	VERB
concept-139	169	16	school	school	NOUN
concept-139	169	17	district	district	NOUN
concept-139	169	18	in	in	ADP
concept-139	169	19	california	california	PROPN
concept-139	169	20	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	170	1	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	170	2	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	170	3	are	be	AUX
concept-139	170	4	mainly	mainly	ADV
concept-139	170	5	concerned	concerned	ADJ
concept-139	170	6	about	about	ADP
concept-139	170	7	how	how	SCONJ
concept-139	170	8	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	170	9	will	will	AUX
concept-139	170	10	affect	affect	VERB
concept-139	170	11	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	170	12	’	'	PUNCT
concept-139	170	13	computational	computational	ADJ
concept-139	170	14	skills	skill	NOUN
concept-139	170	15	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	170	16	reys	rey	NOUN
concept-139	170	17	et	et	PROPN
concept-139	170	18	al	al	PROPN
concept-139	170	19	.	.	PROPN
concept-139	170	20	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	170	21	1980	1980	NUM
concept-139	170	22	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	170	23	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	171	1	the	the	DET
concept-139	171	2	teacher	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	171	3	factor	factor	NOUN
concept-139	171	4	remains	remain	VERB
concept-139	171	5	the	the	DET
concept-139	171	6	most	most	ADV
concept-139	171	7	important	important	ADJ
concept-139	171	8	aspect	aspect	NOUN
concept-139	171	9	of	of	ADP
concept-139	171	10	effective	effective	ADJ
concept-139	171	11	instruction	instruction	NOUN
concept-139	171	12	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	171	13	vannatta	vannatta	NOUN
concept-139	171	14	&	&	CCONJ
concept-139	171	15	hutton	hutton	PROPN
concept-139	171	16	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	171	17	1980	1980	NUM
concept-139	171	18	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	171	19	a	a	DET
concept-139	171	20	successful	successful	ADJ
concept-139	171	21	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	171	22	program	program	NOUN
concept-139	171	23	must	must	AUX
concept-139	171	24	include	include	VERB
concept-139	171	25	effective	effective	ADJ
concept-139	171	26	teaching	teaching	NOUN
concept-139	171	27	materials	material	NOUN
concept-139	171	28	correlated	correlate	VERB
concept-139	171	29	with	with	ADP
concept-139	171	30	the	the	DET
concept-139	171	31	ongoing	ongoing	ADJ
concept-139	171	32	mathematical	mathematical	ADJ
concept-139	171	33	program	program	NOUN
concept-139	171	34	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	172	1	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	172	2	mention	mention	VERB
concept-139	172	3	a	a	DET
concept-139	172	4	need	need	NOUN
concept-139	172	5	for	for	SCONJ
concept-139	172	6	workshops	workshop	NOUN
concept-139	172	7	to	to	PART
concept-139	172	8	develop	develop	VERB
concept-139	172	9	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	172	10	improve	improve	VERB
concept-139	172	11	competence	competence	NOUN
concept-139	172	12	in	in	ADP
concept-139	172	13	the	the	DET
concept-139	172	14	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	172	15	of	of	ADP
concept-139	172	16	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	172	17	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	173	1	in	in	ADP
concept-139	173	2	1987	1987	NUM
concept-139	173	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	173	4	williams	williams	PROPN
concept-139	173	5	12	12	NUM
concept-139	173	6	suggested	suggest	VERB
concept-139	173	7	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	173	8	an	an	DET
concept-139	173	9	extensive	extensive	ADJ
concept-139	173	10	training	training	NOUN
concept-139	173	11	program	program	NOUN
concept-139	173	12	was	be	AUX
concept-139	173	13	needed	need	VERB
concept-139	173	14	for	for	SCONJ
concept-139	173	15	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	173	16	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	173	17	to	to	PART
concept-139	173	18	be	be	AUX
concept-139	173	19	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	173	20	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	173	21	literate	literate	ADJ
concept-139	173	22	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	173	23	to	to	PART
concept-139	173	24	be	be	AUX
concept-139	173	25	able	able	ADJ
concept-139	173	26	to	to	PART
concept-139	173	27	teach	teach	VERB
concept-139	173	28	students	student	NOUN
concept-139	173	29	to	to	PART
concept-139	173	30	use	use	VERB
concept-139	173	31	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	173	32	effectively	effectively	ADV
concept-139	173	33	to	to	PART
concept-139	173	34	learn	learn	VERB
concept-139	173	35	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	173	36	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	173	37	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	174	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	174	2	porter	porter	NOUN
concept-139	174	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	174	4	1990	1990	NUM
concept-139	174	5	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	174	6	without	without	ADP
concept-139	174	7	teacher	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	174	8	commitment	commitment	NOUN
concept-139	174	9	to	to	ADP
concept-139	174	10	the	the	DET
concept-139	174	11	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	174	12	of	of	ADP
concept-139	174	13	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	174	14	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	174	15	the	the	DET
concept-139	174	16	policies	policy	NOUN
concept-139	174	17	of	of	ADP
concept-139	174	18	professional	professional	ADJ
concept-139	174	19	organizations	organization	NOUN
concept-139	174	20	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	174	21	state	state	NOUN
concept-139	174	22	curriculum	curriculum	NOUN
concept-139	174	23	departments	department	NOUN
concept-139	174	24	toward	toward	ADP
concept-139	174	25	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	174	26	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	174	27	will	will	AUX
concept-139	174	28	go	go	VERB
concept-139	174	29	unheard	unheard	ADJ
concept-139	174	30	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	174	31	the	the	DET
concept-139	174	32	advantages	advantage	NOUN
concept-139	174	33	for	for	ADP
concept-139	174	34	using	use	VERB
concept-139	174	35	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	174	36	suggested	suggest	VERB
concept-139	174	37	by	by	ADP
concept-139	174	38	research	research	NOUN
concept-139	174	39	will	will	AUX
concept-139	174	40	never	never	ADV
concept-139	174	41	occur	occur	VERB
concept-139	174	42	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	175	1	it	it	PRON
concept-139	175	2	is	be	AUX
concept-139	175	3	imperative	imperative	ADJ
concept-139	175	4	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	175	5	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	175	6	be	be	AUX
concept-139	175	7	educated	educate	VERB
concept-139	175	8	in	in	ADP
concept-139	175	9	the	the	DET
concept-139	175	10	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	175	11	of	of	ADP
concept-139	175	12	this	this	DET
concept-139	175	13	technology	technology	NOUN
concept-139	175	14	so	so	SCONJ
concept-139	175	15	that	that	SCONJ
concept-139	175	16	it	it	PRON
concept-139	175	17	may	may	AUX
concept-139	175	18	be	be	AUX
concept-139	175	19	used	use	VERB
concept-139	175	20	in	in	ADP
concept-139	175	21	the	the	DET
concept-139	175	22	most	most	ADV
concept-139	175	23	appropriate	appropriate	ADJ
concept-139	175	24	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	175	25	effective	effective	ADJ
concept-139	175	26	manner	manner	NOUN
concept-139	175	27	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	176	1	references	reference	NOUN
concept-139	176	2	charles	charles	PROPN
concept-139	176	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	176	4	randall	randall	PROPN
concept-139	176	5	i.	i.	PROPN
concept-139	176	6	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	176	7	1999	1999	NUM
concept-139	176	8	may	may	PROPN
concept-139	176	9	/	/	SYM
concept-139	176	10	june	june	PROPN
concept-139	176	11	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	176	12	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	177	1	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	177	2	at	at	ADP
concept-139	177	3	the	the	DET
concept-139	177	4	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	177	5	school	school	NOUN
concept-139	177	6	level	level	NOUN
concept-139	177	7	?	?	PUNCT
concept-139	178	1	yes	yes	INTJ
concept-139	178	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	178	3	it	it	PRON
concept-139	178	4	just	just	ADV
concept-139	178	5	makes	make	VERB
concept-139	178	6	sense	sense	NOUN
concept-139	178	7	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	179	1	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	179	2	education	education	NOUN
concept-139	179	3	dialogues	dialogue	NOUN
concept-139	179	4	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	180	1	8	8	X
concept-139	180	2	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	180	3	colman	colman	PROPN
concept-139	180	4	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	181	1	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	181	2	2003	2003	NUM
concept-139	181	3	march	march	NOUN
concept-139	181	4	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	181	5	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	182	1	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	182	2	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	183	1	youth	youth	NOUN
concept-139	183	2	studies	studies	PROPN
concept-139	183	3	australia	australia	PROPN
concept-139	183	4	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	183	5	22	22	NUM
concept-139	183	6	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	183	7	7	7	NUM
concept-139	183	8	.	.	X
concept-139	183	9	dessart	dessart	PROPN
concept-139	183	10	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	183	11	d.	d.	PROPN
concept-139	183	12	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	183	13	deridder	deridder	PROPN
concept-139	183	14	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	183	15	c.	c.	PROPN
concept-139	183	16	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	183	17	&	&	CCONJ
concept-139	183	18	ellington	ellington	PROPN
concept-139	183	19	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	183	20	a.	a.	PROPN
concept-139	183	21	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	183	22	1999	1999	NUM
concept-139	183	23	may	may	PROPN
concept-139	183	24	/	/	SYM
concept-139	183	25	june	june	PROPN
concept-139	183	26	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	183	27	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	184	1	the	the	DET
concept-139	184	2	research	research	NOUN
concept-139	184	3	backs	back	VERB
concept-139	184	4	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	184	5	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	185	1	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	185	2	education	education	NOUN
concept-139	185	3	dialogues	dialogue	NOUN
concept-139	185	4	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	185	5	2	2	NUM
concept-139	185	6	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	185	7	8	8	NUM
concept-139	185	8	.	.	X
concept-139	186	1	dresdeck	dresdeck	PROPN
concept-139	186	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	186	3	c.	c.	PROPN
concept-139	186	4	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	186	5	1995	1995	NUM
concept-139	186	6	january	january	PROPN
concept-139	186	7	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	186	8	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	187	1	promoting	promote	VERB
concept-139	187	2	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	187	3	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	187	4	in	in	ADP
concept-139	187	5	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	187	6	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	187	7	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	188	1	teaching	teach	VERB
concept-139	188	2	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	188	3	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	188	4	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	188	5	1	1	NUM
concept-139	188	6	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	188	7	300(6	300(6	NUM
concept-139	188	8	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	188	9	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	189	1	groves	grove	NOUN
concept-139	189	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	189	3	s.	s.	PROPN
concept-139	189	4	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	189	5	1997	1997	NUM
concept-139	189	6	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	189	7	the	the	DET
concept-139	189	8	effect	effect	NOUN
concept-139	189	9	of	of	ADP
concept-139	189	10	long	long	ADJ
concept-139	189	11	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	189	12	term	term	NOUN
concept-139	189	13	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	189	14	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	189	15	on	on	ADP
concept-139	189	16	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	189	17	’s	’s	PART
concept-139	189	18	understanding	understanding	NOUN
concept-139	189	19	of	of	ADP
concept-139	189	20	number	number	NOUN
concept-139	189	21	:	:	PUNCT
concept-139	189	22	results	result	NOUN
concept-139	189	23	from	from	ADP
concept-139	189	24	the	the	DET
concept-139	189	25	“	"	PUNCT
concept-139	189	26	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	189	27	in	in	ADP
concept-139	189	28	primary	primary	ADJ
concept-139	189	29	mathematics	mathematics	NOUN
concept-139	189	30	project	project	NOUN
concept-139	189	31	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	189	32	”	"	PUNCT
concept-139	190	1	proceedings	proceeding	NOUN
concept-139	190	2	of	of	ADP
concept-139	190	3	the	the	DET
concept-139	190	4	16th	16th	ADJ
concept-139	190	5	biennial	biennial	ADJ
concept-139	190	6	conference	conference	NOUN
concept-139	190	7	of	of	ADP
concept-139	190	8	the	the	DET
concept-139	190	9	australian	australian	ADJ
concept-139	190	10	association	association	NOUN
concept-139	190	11	of	of	ADP
concept-139	190	12	mathematics	mathematics	PROPN
concept-139	190	13	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	190	14	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	190	15	158	158	NUM
concept-139	190	16	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	191	1	hembree	hembree	PROPN
concept-139	191	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	191	3	r.	r.	PROPN
concept-139	191	4	&	&	CCONJ
concept-139	191	5	dessart	dessart	PROPN
concept-139	191	6	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	191	7	d.	d.	PROPN
concept-139	191	8	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	191	9	1986	1986	NUM
concept-139	191	10	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	191	11	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	192	1	effects	effect	NOUN
concept-139	192	2	of	of	ADP
concept-139	192	3	hand	hand	NOUN
concept-139	192	4	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	192	5	held	hold	VERB
concept-139	192	6	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	192	7	in	in	ADP
concept-139	192	8	pre	pre	ADJ
concept-139	192	9	-	-	ADJ
concept-139	192	10	college	college	ADJ
concept-139	192	11	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	192	12	education	education	NOUN
concept-139	192	13	:	:	PUNCT
concept-139	192	14	a	a	DET
concept-139	192	15	meta	meta	ADJ
concept-139	192	16	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	192	17	analysis	analysis	NOUN
concept-139	192	18	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	193	1	journal	journal	PROPN
concept-139	193	2	for	for	ADP
concept-139	193	3	research	research	NOUN
concept-139	193	4	in	in	ADP
concept-139	193	5	mathematics	mathematics	PROPN
concept-139	193	6	education	education	NOUN
concept-139	193	7	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	193	8	17(2	17(2	NUM
concept-139	193	9	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	193	10	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	193	11	83	83	NUM
concept-139	193	12	-	-	SYM
concept-139	193	13	89	89	NUM
concept-139	193	14	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	194	1	houssart	houssart	PROPN
concept-139	194	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	194	3	j.	j.	PROPN
concept-139	194	4	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	194	5	1997	1997	NUM
concept-139	194	6	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	194	7	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	195	1	i	i	PRON
concept-139	195	2	have	have	AUX
concept-139	195	3	n’t	not	PART
concept-139	195	4	used	use	VERB
concept-139	195	5	them	they	PRON
concept-139	195	6	yet	yet	ADV
concept-139	195	7	:	:	PUNCT
concept-139	195	8	primary	primary	ADJ
concept-139	195	9	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	195	10	talk	talk	VERB
concept-139	195	11	about	about	ADP
concept-139	195	12	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	195	13	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	196	1	micromath	micromath	NOUN
concept-139	196	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	196	3	14	14	NUM
concept-139	196	4	-	-	SYM
concept-139	196	5	17	17	NUM
concept-139	196	6	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	197	1	lehman	lehman	PROPN
concept-139	197	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	197	3	j.	j.	PROPN
concept-139	197	4	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	197	5	1994	1994	NUM
concept-139	197	6	april	april	PROPN
concept-139	197	7	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	197	8	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	198	1	technology	technology	NOUN
concept-139	198	2	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	198	3	in	in	ADP
concept-139	198	4	the	the	DET
concept-139	198	5	teaching	teaching	NOUN
concept-139	198	6	of	of	ADP
concept-139	198	7	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	198	8	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	198	9	science	science	NOUN
concept-139	198	10	in	in	ADP
concept-139	198	11	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	198	12	schools	school	NOUN
concept-139	198	13	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	199	1	school	school	NOUN
concept-139	199	2	science	science	NOUN
concept-139	199	3	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	199	4	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	199	5	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	199	6	94	94	NUM
concept-139	199	7	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	199	8	194	194	NUM
concept-139	199	9	-	-	SYM
concept-139	199	10	201	201	NUM
concept-139	199	11	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	200	1	mcnamara	mcnamara	PROPN
concept-139	200	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	200	3	danielle	danielle	PROPN
concept-139	200	4	s.	s.	PROPN
concept-139	200	5	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	200	6	1995	1995	NUM
concept-139	200	7	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	200	8	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	201	1	effects	effect	NOUN
concept-139	201	2	of	of	ADP
concept-139	201	3	prior	prior	ADJ
concept-139	201	4	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
concept-139	201	5	on	on	ADP
concept-139	201	6	the	the	DET
concept-139	201	7	generation	generation	NOUN
concept-139	201	8	advantage	advantage	NOUN
concept-139	201	9	:	:	PUNCT
concept-139	201	10	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	201	11	versus	versus	ADP
concept-139	201	12	calculation	calculation	NOUN
concept-139	201	13	to	to	PART
concept-139	201	14	learn	learn	VERB
concept-139	201	15	simple	simple	ADJ
concept-139	201	16	multiplication	multiplication	NOUN
concept-139	201	17	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	202	1	journal	journal	NOUN
concept-139	202	2	of	of	ADP
concept-139	202	3	educational	educational	ADJ
concept-139	202	4	psychology	psychology	NOUN
concept-139	202	5	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	202	6	87	87	NUM
concept-139	202	7	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	202	8	307	307	NUM
concept-139	202	9	-	-	SYM
concept-139	202	10	318	318	NUM
concept-139	202	11	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	203	1	national	national	PROPN
concept-139	203	2	council	council	PROPN
concept-139	203	3	of	of	ADP
concept-139	203	4	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	203	5	of	of	ADP
concept-139	203	6	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	203	7	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	203	8	nctm	nctm	ADJ
concept-139	203	9	standards	standard	NOUN
concept-139	203	10	2000	2000	NUM
concept-139	203	11	:	:	PUNCT
concept-139	203	12	principles	principle	NOUN
concept-139	203	13	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	203	14	standards	standard	NOUN
concept-139	203	15	for	for	ADP
concept-139	203	16	school	school	NOUN
concept-139	203	17	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	203	18	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	203	19	april	april	PROPN
concept-139	203	20	2000	2000	NUM
concept-139	203	21	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	204	1	13	13	NUM
concept-139	204	2	porter	porter	NOUN
concept-139	204	3	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	204	4	priscilla	priscilla	PROPN
concept-139	204	5	h.	h.	PROPN
concept-139	204	6	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	204	7	1990	1990	NUM
concept-139	204	8	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	204	9	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	205	1	perceptions	perception	NOUN
concept-139	205	2	of	of	ADP
concept-139	205	3	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	205	4	school	school	NOUN
concept-139	205	5	teachers	teacher	NOUN
concept-139	205	6	toward	toward	ADP
concept-139	205	7	the	the	DET
concept-139	205	8	status	status	NOUN
concept-139	205	9	of	of	ADP
concept-139	205	10	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	205	11	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	205	12	in	in	ADP
concept-139	205	13	the	the	DET
concept-139	205	14	irvine	irvine	PROPN
concept-139	205	15	unified	unify	VERB
concept-139	205	16	school	school	NOUN
concept-139	205	17	district	district	NOUN
concept-139	205	18	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	206	1	reys	reys	PROPN
concept-139	206	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	206	3	b.	b.	PROPN
concept-139	206	4	&	&	CCONJ
concept-139	206	5	arbaugh	arbaugh	PROPN
concept-139	206	6	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	206	7	f.	f.	PROPN
concept-139	206	8	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	206	9	2001	2001	NUM
concept-139	206	10	october	october	PROPN
concept-139	206	11	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	206	12	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	207	1	clearing	clear	VERB
concept-139	207	2	up	up	ADP
concept-139	207	3	the	the	DET
concept-139	207	4	confusion	confusion	NOUN
concept-139	207	5	over	over	ADP
concept-139	207	6	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	207	7	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	207	8	in	in	ADP
concept-139	207	9	grades	grade	NOUN
concept-139	207	10	k-5	k-5	PROPN
concept-139	207	11	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	208	1	teaching	teach	VERB
concept-139	208	2	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	208	3	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	208	4	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	208	5	8(2	8(2	NUM
concept-139	208	6	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	208	7	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	208	8	90	90	NUM
concept-139	208	9	-	-	SYM
concept-139	208	10	94	94	NUM
concept-139	208	11	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	209	1	reys	reys	PROPN
concept-139	209	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	209	3	b.	b.	PROPN
concept-139	209	4	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	209	5	reys	reys	PROPN
concept-139	209	6	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	209	7	r.	r.	PROPN
concept-139	209	8	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	209	9	koyama	koyama	PROPN
concept-139	209	10	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	209	11	m.	m.	NOUN
concept-139	209	12	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	209	13	1996	1996	NUM
concept-139	209	14	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	209	15	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	210	1	the	the	DET
concept-139	210	2	development	development	NOUN
concept-139	210	3	of	of	ADP
concept-139	210	4	computation	computation	NOUN
concept-139	210	5	in	in	ADP
concept-139	210	6	three	three	NUM
concept-139	210	7	japanese	japanese	ADJ
concept-139	210	8	primary	primary	ADJ
concept-139	210	9	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	210	10	grade	grade	NOUN
concept-139	210	11	textbooks	textbook	NOUN
concept-139	210	12	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	211	1	the	the	DET
concept-139	211	2	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	211	3	school	school	PROPN
concept-139	211	4	journal	journal	NOUN
concept-139	211	5	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	211	6	96(4	96(4	NOUN
concept-139	211	7	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	211	8	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	212	1	reys	reys	PROPN
concept-139	212	2	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	212	3	b.	b.	PROPN
concept-139	212	4	&	&	CCONJ
concept-139	212	5	reys	reys	PROPN
concept-139	212	6	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	212	7	r.	r.	PROPN
concept-139	212	8	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	212	9	1998	1998	NUM
concept-139	212	10	december	december	PROPN
concept-139	212	11	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	212	12	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	213	1	computation	computation	NOUN
concept-139	213	2	in	in	ADP
concept-139	213	3	the	the	DET
concept-139	213	4	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	213	5	curriculum	curriculum	NOUN
concept-139	213	6	:	:	PUNCT
concept-139	213	7	shifting	shift	VERB
concept-139	213	8	the	the	DET
concept-139	213	9	emphasis	emphasis	NOUN
concept-139	213	10	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	214	1	teaching	teach	VERB
concept-139	214	2	children	child	NOUN
concept-139	214	3	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	214	4	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	214	5	236	236	NUM
concept-139	214	6	-	-	SYM
concept-139	214	7	241	241	NUM
concept-139	214	8	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	214	9	schielack	schielack	PROPN
concept-139	214	10	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	214	11	j.	j.	PROPN
concept-139	214	12	&	&	CCONJ
concept-139	214	13	dockweiler	dockweiler	PROPN
concept-139	214	14	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	214	15	c.	c.	PROPN
concept-139	214	16	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	214	17	1992	1992	NUM
concept-139	214	18	november	november	PROPN
concept-139	214	19	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	214	20	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	215	1	elementary	elementary	ADJ
concept-139	215	2	mathematics	mathematics	PROPN
concept-139	215	3	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	215	4	calculators	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	215	5	:	:	PUNCT
concept-139	215	6	let	let	VERB
concept-139	215	7	’s	’s	NOUN
concept-139	215	8	think	think	VERB
concept-139	215	9	about	about	ADP
concept-139	215	10	it	it	PRON
concept-139	215	11	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	216	1	school	school	NOUN
concept-139	216	2	science	science	NOUN
concept-139	216	3	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	216	4	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	216	5	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	216	6	92	92	NUM
concept-139	216	7	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	216	8	392	392	NUM
concept-139	216	9	-	-	SYM
concept-139	216	10	394	394	NUM
concept-139	216	11	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	216	12	tarr	tarr	PROPN
concept-139	216	13	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	216	14	j.	j.	PROPN
concept-139	216	15	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	216	16	mittag	mittag	ADJ
concept-139	216	17	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	216	18	k	k	PROPN
concept-139	216	19	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	216	20	uekawa	uekawa	PROPN
concept-139	216	21	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	216	22	k.	k.	PROPN
concept-139	216	23	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	216	24	lennex	lennex	ADV
concept-139	216	25	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	216	26	l.	l.	PROPN
concept-139	216	27	(	(	PUNCT
concept-139	216	28	2000	2000	NUM
concept-139	216	29	march	march	NOUN
concept-139	216	30	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	216	31	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	217	1	a	a	DET
concept-139	217	2	comparison	comparison	NOUN
concept-139	217	3	of	of	ADP
concept-139	217	4	calculator	calculator	NOUN
concept-139	217	5	use	use	NOUN
concept-139	217	6	in	in	ADP
concept-139	217	7	eighth	eighth	ADJ
concept-139	217	8	-	-	PUNCT
concept-139	217	9	grade	grade	NOUN
concept-139	217	10	mathematics	mathematics	NOUN
concept-139	217	11	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
concept-139	217	12	in	in	ADP
concept-139	217	13	the	the	DET
concept-139	217	14	united	united	PROPN
concept-139	217	15	states	states	PROPN
concept-139	217	16	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	217	17	japan	japan	PROPN
concept-139	217	18	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	217	19	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	217	20	portugal	portugal	PROPN
concept-139	217	21	:	:	PUNCT
concept-139	217	22	results	result	VERB
concept-139	217	23	from	from	ADP
concept-139	217	24	the	the	DET
concept-139	217	25	third	third	ADJ
concept-139	217	26	international	international	ADJ
concept-139	217	27	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	217	28	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	217	29	science	science	NOUN
concept-139	217	30	study	study	NOUN
concept-139	217	31	.	.	PUNCT
concept-139	218	1	school	school	NOUN
concept-139	218	2	science	science	NOUN
concept-139	218	3	and	and	CCONJ
concept-139	218	4	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
concept-139	218	5	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	218	6	100(3	100(3	NUM
concept-139	218	7	)	)	PUNCT
concept-139	218	8	,	,	PUNCT
concept-139	218	9	139	139	NUM
concept-139	218	10	-	-	SYM
concept-139	218	11	150	150	NUM
concept-139	218	12	.	.	PUNCT