




































jonal vol. 5 No. 4  new2.cdr


SOCIAL VICES: AN INHIBITOR TO SUSTAINABLE YOUTH'S 
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL INCLUSION IN NIGERIA

By
1 2Osuji Anthony O. &NwachukwuAthanasius

1&2
Department of social sciences, Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri Nigeria

&
3

Uzoma Kelechi P.
3Rhema University, Nigeria

Abstract
s the Nigerian population continues to increase, so too does the number of youth. The Apopulation of youth (18-35 years) in Nigeria is 52.2 million. Despite the prospects presented 
by this number, young people in Nigeria are largely excluded from governance, leaving them 

helpless to confront their continued exclusion. This is evidenced by the lower percentage of youth 
holding political and leadership positions in the country. The purpose of this study was to examine 
the relationship between youth economic inclusion and social vices in Nigeria. Using a quantitative 
approach, 100 adolescents aged 18 to 35 selected from 20 states across the nation participated in 
the study. The data collected were analysed using Spearman's correlation coefficient and the result 
showed a significant positive association between youth economic inclusion and social vices in 
Nigeria (rs/N(100)=0.65, p<0.001) and that there was a significant positive correlation between 
young people's socio-economic inclusion and the reduction of social vices. It was recommended 
that the government should ensure youth participation in governance and the need for adequate 
skill acquisition centre to help equip the youths.

Keywords: Economic Inclusion, Financial Inclusion, Social Inclusion.

Introduction 
The world today has the greatest number of young people in history, with half of the world's 
population being under the age of 35. It is interesting to note that 90 per cent of these young people 
who are reaching billions live in the developing world. This underscores the importance of 
engaging young people in personal and societal development in response to pressing global 
challenges (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2013). 
Nigeria is a country where a large percentage of her population are young, energetic and hard-
working youth. As Nigeria's population continues to increase, so too does the number of youth 
continue to grow in what has been termed the youth spurt. While the rise in the youth population 
places a strain on education systems and labour markets, it also has economic value, provided these 
youths are meaningfully engaged. 

Therefore, it is incumbent on any government to use the teeming population of youth to create a 
demographic dividend (a declining dependency ratio) and use such dividend for higher productivity 
and a growing workforce. More specifically, the youth (18-35 years) population in Nigeria is 52.2 
million (i.e. about 28% of the total population) with a female to male ratio of 52.8:48.2 (National 
Bureau of Statistics (NBS), 2018. Allahmagani (2005) report shows that almost 70 per cent of 
Nigerian population are youth and children. It is worth noting that youth in Nigeria especially 
young people often feel that traditional political discourse, spheres and mechanisms do not 
represent them. Although calls for equity and social justice, environmental protection and cultural 
diversity resonate with young people, they participate little in decision-making or in discussions on 

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Coou Journal of Arts and Humanities (CJAH) Vol. 5 No. 4, 2023 



key socio-economic and political issues. Nonetheless, a number of prominent youth movements 
have emerged at the global level in the past few years, representing a wake-up call regarding their 
need to be heard and play an active part in developing the societies in which they live (ECLAC, 
2014a). The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) released a report in 2016 that revealed devastating 
unemployment rates in Nigeria. The report notes that: In the first quarter of 2016, the labour force 
(i.e. those within the working-age population who are willing, able and actively looking for work) 
increased from 76.9 million in the fourth quarter of 2015 to 78.4 million which corresponds to a 
1.99% increase in the number of people in employment. This means that between January 1st and 
March 31st, 2016, another 1,528,647 persons were employed within 15-64 years, i. H. able to work, 
willing to work and active.

Youth Conceptualisation
Youth is generally conceptualised as a period of vitality, strength and vigour in the life of a person. 
The stages of human growth are childhood, teenage, youth, adulthood and old age (Mukherjee, 
1978). The Federal Ministry of Youth and Sports categorizes youths as people aged between 18 and 
35 years while the African Union defines youth as people aged 15 to 34 years and Africa is reported 
to have a youth population of between 300 and 345 million youth by 2015 (Abubakar, 2011). On his 
part, Alanana (2006) stated that, youth as a concept has no precise definition. In nearly all traditional 
African societies, those who fall between 40 and 50 years of age are still considered youths. This is in 
contrast, to Europe and America where at age of 18, a child is granted freedom and independence.

It is worth noting that ageing societies in the West know that young people are key to growth. 
According to young entrepreneurs like Sam Immanuel, founder and CEO of Semicolon Africa, a 
training ground for young techpreneurs in the Lagos Yabacon Valley, Nigeria's army of young job 
seekers could easily be transformed into an army of job creators. A growing youth population can 
lead to a large active labour force, it can also lead to catastrophe with a rise in crime rates, a rise in 
dependency rates and worrying widespread poverty. It is all the more important for the government 
to actively involve youth in order to create an integrated and inclusive society (NBS, 2018). This 
goes hand in hand with the exclusion of young people, e.g. lower voter turnout, a loss of several per 
cent of GDP, violence, extremism, crime and instability. Most youth efforts treat youth not as 
partners or agents of governance, but as mere recipients of the dividends of governance. In contrast, 
Galstyan (2019) suggests that young people are not interested in politics because politics does not 
represent the issues that matter to them.

Literature Review
Social Inclusion
The term social inclusion is “the process of improving the terms for individuals”. Inclusion may be 
used to refer specifically to the integration of traditionally marginalized, under-represented and/or 
at-risk subgroups in broader populations (Zohdy, 2017). According to the United Nations (2016), 
social inclusion is defined as “the process of improving the terms of participation in society, 
particularly for people who are disadvantaged on the basis of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, 
origin, religion, or economic or other status, through enhanced opportunities, access to resources, 
voice and respect for groups to take part in the society and the process of improving the ability, 
opportunity, and dignity of people, disadvantaged on the basis of their identity, to take part in the 
society.

Economic Inclusion
Economic inclusion is a key enabler in development. It supports people's economic empowerment 
and helps them to better manage their business and their lives. It is more than just access to finance. 

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Coou Journal of Arts and Humanities (CJAH) Vol. 5 No. 4, 2023 



Every financial product lives in an ecosystem where inequalities influence whether different groups 
of people – including women – can benefit from it. People may end up with very different 
opportunities, even if they have the same access to finance. Our approach to Economic inclusion 
seeks to transform these underlying inequalities. We aim to generate both sustainable impact in the 
lives of people and in the financial performance of the service provider. To do so, we place equal 
emphasis on grounding our clients' financial services and investments in a sound business case with 
an in-depth understanding of the specific needs and preferences of different customer segments. Our 
customer-centric approach allows us to find solutions that address these specific needs and 
preferences through financial, non-financial and digital services. In the words of Sida (2010), youth 
political or economic participation refers to the involvement of young people in political and 
economic activities, civic life, active citizenship, and policy making. This could take several forms, 
including serving on a local government council, voting in an election, or participating in the budget 
process of a local government.

Financial Inclusion
Young people, regardless of their socio-economic, demographic or geographical situations, face 
some degree of difficulty or uncertainty as they transition to adulthood. However, the situation that 
youth experience in developing countries - some 87 per cent of the global youth population - is one 
of the most difficult in many respects, and the picture is particularly grave for adolescent girls and 
young women. Youth are disproportionately affected by high unemployment rates. The AIDS 
epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa has already orphaned a generation of youth, and it is expected that 
15 to 25 per cent of children in a dozen sub-Saharan African countries will have been orphaned by 
AIDS by 2020. This generation faces a very difficult transition from childhood to adulthood as they 
become, in the majority of cases, heads of household at a much younger age than other less 
vulnerable youth. The number of young people will peak in the next 20 years. 

This unprecedented demographic growth could be seen as an opportunity but, given the baseline in 
terms of poverty and lack of opportunities for youth, it could represent a major threat to the future of 
these youth if their needs are not addressed. The failure to acquire marketable skills or capabilities 
for lifelong learning may consign them to persistent, deepening poverty. New approaches that 
support vulnerable youth to proactively realise their full economic potential are gaining attention. 
Access to financial and social assets is a key contributing factor to help youth make their own 
economic decisions and escape poverty. Providing young people with financial services - whether a 
safe place to save or an appropriately structured loan for investment in an enterprise or education.

Credible Governance
Credible governance submits that governance “involves the dynamics of transforming societal 
needs into concrete programmes”. Governance means the development of governing styles in which 
boundaries between public and private sectors have become blurred and the needs of society 
increasingly met (Udeh, 2017).According to Adegbami and Adepoju (2017), governance refers to 
acquiring political power so as to direct a state's economic power towards development. It is 
concerned about utilizing a state's resources for the development of that state. Hence, the concept 
“good governance” involves public officers managing public resources judiciously and in a “good” 
way. To the UNDP (2002), good governance involves maintaining transparency, accountability, 
probity and upholding the rule of law in the exercise of power. Udeh (2017) adds that good 
governance connotes an array of activities such as improved service delivery, citizens' participation 
in decision making, democracy, the rule of law, independence of the judiciary, electoral integrity, 
freedom of the press, and equality before the law and inclusion of the maligned groups in the 
political process. Udeh further argues that good governance also guarantees gender equality as well 

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Coou Journal of Arts and Humanities (CJAH) Vol. 5 No. 4, 2023 



as accountable and transparent governance. 

Prospects of the Nigerian Youth
Without highly educated, highly literate, intellectually, brilliant and self-confident youth, a nation is 
toying with its future and undermining its existential capacity (Gaskiya, 2016). Youths aged 35 
years and below are estimated to constitute about 70 % of the population of Nigeria. This is a huge 
advantage for a nation that is seriously and furiously pursuing national development, one that is 
determined not only to build an advanced human civilization, but that it is also ambitious of leading 
the way in the march towards further humanising the human condition globally. The youth are assets 
to a nation not liabilities. They are usually the athletes that bring medals home, soldiers and security 
agents that ensure peace and security, the vital energy in the democratic process, and the future 
entrepreneurs and employment labour. The youths if well-educated, trained and motivated, can 
utilize their mental, technical and visionary power to develop the Nigerian economy. It is an 
established fact that our past-independence leaders were youth and there were able to manage 
Nigeria successfully. There were able to fight and win a civil war and kept Nigeria as a country 
between 1967 and 1970. This happened at a time when youths have less educational opportunities 
and training. Today's youth in Nigeria are more educated and exposed therefore, can do more than 
the past leaders if given opportunity and training to serve their fatherland (Alanana, 2006).

Youths and Political Development
While discussing the role of youths in contemporary political participation and development, there 
are certain underpinning assumptions (Suleiman, 2006). Firstly, we are assuming a political system 
that is endowed with a significant proportion of its youthful population who are highly informed and 
conscientised. Secondly, we are also assuming an organized youth with clearly defined objectives 
and a variety of legitimate methods to make input in the political process. Thirdly, we are assuming a 
political system with sufficient public space that allows for unfettered citizens participation and 
robust engagement in the governance process. Meanwhile, the degree of these variables in the 
Nigerian political system is at best measured and sometimes highly debatable, it has been observed 
generally that over twelve years of democratic experiment has created opportunity for actors in the 
civil society, or what social entrepreneurial scholars now call 'citizens sector' to take on their role in 
the political participation process (Bornstein, 2005). 

In a recent research on government – civil society partnership in Nigeria, it was observed that: “Civil 
society groups are reaching out and trying to work with various government agencies and 
parastatals in efforts to build their capacity for service delivery and be accountable to citizen” 
(Chukwuma, 2005). Given this opportunity, the Nigerian youths is currently faced with the task of 
redefining its role in the democratization process. The mission statement of the National Youth 
Policy is treated here as a point of departure in articulating the role expectation of Nigerian youth in 
the political participation process. The document stated as follows: The present administration, 
having given due consideration to the significance of the youths in socio-political, economic and 
sustainable development, has found it most desirable, necessary and urgent to initiate this National 
Youths Development Policy so that there will be a purposeful, focused, well-articulated and well-
directed effort aimed at tapping the energy and resourcefulness of the youths and harnessing them 
for vitality, growth and development of the country well into the 21st century (National Youths 
Political Reform Conference, 2005).

In the light of the foregoing, the crucial issue of creating an enabling environment for the youths to 
bring their productive capacity and resourcefulness to bear on the political and developmental 
process should be accorded priority attention. Given the right climate therefore, the following are 

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Coou Journal of Arts and Humanities (CJAH) Vol. 5 No. 4, 2023 



considered as the role-expectation of Nigerian youths in the political and developmental process 
(Suleiman, 2006).

Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored on the social learning theory of Bandura which was made prominent in the 
work of Bandura (1977, 1986). The social learning theory posits that individuals gain knowledge 
through observation of the actions and inactions of others and witnessing the consequences as they 
happen to others. According to Leff and Posner (2009), the social learning theory suggest that 
children and youths learn to exhibit aggressive behaviours because they observe others acting 
aggressively and can see how these behaviours are reinforced over time. The original conception of 
the theory as stated by Bandura (1977) holds that young adults imitate adults' aggressive actions that 
they witness in contrived social settings as a result of the reinforcement of the aggressive behaviour. 

In relation to this study, the specific ages between 18 and 35 years are categorised as the youthful age 
group. This creates ample room for the youths to gain knowledge and insight into the actions they 
witness either in the schools or at the home. The social learning theory emphasizes the fact that 
youths in Nigeria witness the consequences of their exclusion from social, economic and financial 
affairs of the country and this makes them to turn to social vices in order to feel among in the society. 
The broad issue of credible governance emanates from the social values instilled in the youths. As 
such, the interplay of the social learning theory and the negative effects of their cognitive learning 
pave way for a cycle of never-ending social vices which comes in many forms. Therefore, this study 
argues that when the positive aspect of the social learning theory is instilled in the youths, it creates 
room for a life-long positive values and retrogressive rate of social vices in Nigeria.

Empirical Literature
Nigeria is a country that has a large percentage of its population as youth who are energetic and 
industrious. Allahmagani (2005)reported that nearly 70 per cent of Nigeria's population are youth 
and children. Youth in Nigeria include citizens aged between 18 and 35 years (Nigerian Youth Policy, 
NYP, 2009). The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), 2016 released are port which revealed critical 
figures regarding the rate of unemployment in Nigeria. The report indicated that: In Q12016, the 
labour force population (i.e. those within the working age population willing, able and actively 
looking for work) increased to 78.4 million from 76.9 million in Q4 2015, representing an increase in 
the labour by 1.99 %. This means an additional 1,528,647 economically active persons within 15– 
64years, that is, were able, willing and actively looking for work between January 1 and March 31, 
2016.

Research also suggests that the new millennium has witnessed a withdrawal of citizens from 
democratic participation across a range of democracies. Viewed in isolation, statistics on the 
Nigerian economy paint a bleak picture. Having emerged from the 2017 recession, Nigeria is 
growing at an anemic 1.5 to 1.9 per cent per year—against population growth of 2.6 per cent. The 
economic and political engagement of young people has been generally lower in comparison to the 
general population (Pontes, Henn & Griffiths, 2019). Badmus (2018) avers that Nigerian youth are 
ready to be actively involved in economic development and politics, especially as the world is 
beginning to beam their light on youth activities in Nigeria, while Olufowobi (2018) opines that all 
that is needed to improve youth participation in social-economic development and politics in an 
enabling environment. Obi and Nweke (2010) asserted that sustainable development in its actual 
meaning denotes the actions and initiatives taken to improve the socio – economic conditions of the 
people. 

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Coou Journal of Arts and Humanities (CJAH) Vol. 5 No. 4, 2023 



The picture would be clearer if conceptualised by bridging the problem of population increase with 
bad leadership and unequal access to limited resources available to Nigerians. Increase in population 
has been identified by several scholars as a major problem to the impoverishment state of Nigerian 
youth. To this end, measures to improve the social and economic status of Nigerian youths have been 
taken through policies to addressing existing inequity; thus introducing various youth empowerment 
programmes. Nnachi, Nwigwe and Nkoma., (2013); Idaka (2013), Odoh and Innocent (2014) had 
earlier indicated that about 60% of Nigerian population consisted of youths and children and that it 
has been recognised globally that the involvement of youths is the key to achieving sustainable 
growth and development. In the same vein, Koripamo-Agary, (2010) and United Nations (2015) 
asserted that the issue of youth empowerment is a global phenomenon and it is the greatest challenge 
in this dispensation so much so that discussions and debates on it are on-going as old convictions and 
ideologies have failed to yield the desired results

Methodology
To examine the youth economic inclusion, quantitative data was gathered for this study. The study 
adopted an online survey design in its data gathering process from a convenience sampling of youth. 
The sample (n=100) comprised more male (52.9%) than female participants, and the majority (68.3) 
of theparticipantswerebetween18yearsand30yearsofage. An overwhelming majority (70%) 
reportedly have their university/higher education qualification, while slightly more than half of the 
participants (51.2%) are unemployed. A well-structured questionnaire was used to gather the needed 
data. The statistical analyses involved spearman correlation coefficient using SPSS statistical tool 
and adopted a significance level of p<0.05.

Results and Discussion  
Table 1: Youth Inclusion and Social Vices  
Correlations  
Youth Economic Inclusion        Social Vices  
Spearman’s rho     Youth      Corr.  Coefficient                1.000                             .650*  

                                  Eco Dev   Sig. (2-tailed)                                                        0.001  

                                                      
N                                   100  

                               
100

 

  SocialCorr.  Coefficient                                     
                 

.650*
                              

1.000
 VicesSig. (2-tailed)             

                                                
0.001

 
 
                                                       

N                                   100                                   100
 *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed)

 

 
 

Table 2: Youth Inclusion and Economic growth

 Correlations

 Youth Economic Inclusion      

   

Economic Growth

 Spearman’s rho     Youth      Corr.  Coefficient  

             

1.000              

        

.465*

 

                                  

Eco Dev   Sig. (2-tailed)                   

                            

0.000

 

                                                      

N                               

    

100               

          

100

 

 
                                  

Eco             Corr.  Coefficient           

         

.465*

                      

1.000

 
                                  

Growth      Sig.  (2-tailed)                                                         0.000            

 
 
                                                                

N                       

            

100

                           

100

 
*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed)

 

 

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Coou Journal of Arts and Humanities (CJAH) Vol. 5 No. 4, 2023 



The result supports the finding that there is a relationship between youth social/economic inclusion 
and good governance in Nigeria. To ensure that good governance is engendered, youth inclusion in 
governance will improve transparency and accountability in the system, promote economic and 
political development, curb corruption, and provide the impetus to combat multidimensional 
poverty in Nigeria. Furthermore, the study presented in this paper supports the argument that youth 
social and economic inclusion will reduce social vices in Nigeria. The findings of this study are 
consistent with the view of several other authors. According to Tekindal (2017), youth political and 
social participation can positively impact a society, and even an organization. Arches & Fleming 
(2006) also opine that political participation will grant youth the skills to become active citizens and 
contribute meaningfully to governance and development. Of course, when socially included, youth 
have the potential to bring about entrepreneurship, innovation, and advancement, which is 
particularly needed in economic development. This is the main tenet of the social learning theory of 
Bandura (1986). Therefore, the consistency of the findings with the social learning proves that social 
inclusion will reinforce positive behaviours which will have a long term developmental effect on the 
environment.

Conclusion and Recommendations
The study found out that social vices are an inhibitor to sustainable youth social and economic 
inclusion in Nigeria and thus has a positive correlation with good governance in Nigeria. The study 
revealed that the majority of Nigeria youths are unemployed even though a larger percentage of 
them have attained post-secondary school certificate. It is therefore important that attention be paid 
to youth involvement in economic inclusion, because as this study indicates, their involvement will 
promote good governance, especially in the areas of transparency, accountability and development. 
In light of these findings, the study hereby recommends that the Nigeria should: 
1. Reaffirm her commitment to the Not Too Young legislation. More specifically, the 

government should establish Leadership and Democratic Institutes (LDI) in all states of the 
Federation to educate youth in the art of governance and prepare them for leadership. When 
young people realise that their opinion counts and that the government cares about their 
political future, they are encouraged to become more actively involved in politics. 

2. In addition, under the aegis of the Ministry of Youth and Sports, the government should 
harness the technological skills of youth by establishing an Online Leadership Orientation 
Agency (OLOA), which will use various social networking sites to offer free leadership 
courses, webinars and guidance on the arts of governance and promoting social inclusion 
among young people.

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