Microsoft Word - 01 Berru-Layout.docx COUNS-EDU ¨The International Journal of Counseling and Education Vol.6, No.1, 2021, pp. 1-10 | p-ISSN: 2548-348X- e-ISSN: 2548-3498 http://journal.konselor.or.id/index.php/counsedu DOI: 10.23916/0020200528830 Received on 03/14/2021; Revised on 04/21/2021; Accepted on 05/20/2021; Published on: 06/30/2021 1 The impact of social media access and anxiety among Indonesian society during covid-19 outbreak Ifdil Ifdil1, Berru Amalianita2*), Rima Pratiwi Fadli2, Nilma Zola2, Yola Eka Putri2 1Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia 2Indonesian Institute for Caunseling Education and Theraphy, Indonesia *)Corresponding author, +e-mail: berru@konselor.org Abstract The first cases of COVID-19 was reported in Indonesia on 2 March 2020. All caused global panic, fears, anxiety around the coronavirus have been especially amplified by social media. During coroan virus outbreak, disinformation and false reports have bombarded social media and stoked unfounded anxiety among Indonesian society. This research, therefore, aims to analyze the impact social media and anxiety level during COVID-19 outbreak in Indonesia. The procedure of this research is Indonesian citizens old were invited to participant online survey thought Survey Monkey platform. There are 1543 participant form aged 17 to 60 Year and form several province and region in Indonesia. The instrumen useing the DASS was to modify patients’ anxiety. Data analyzed using JASP (Jeffrey's Amazing Statistics Program). The research showed that respondents anxiety in the very haviness category with the highest anxiety when the duration of social media access more than 6 hours in a day. The anxiety base of aspect in watching/reading have a higher, then Imagine and listening when access social media about corona virus among Indonesia society. Social media use is complex reading or watching lots of news about coronavirus has led to anxiety. Keywords: Social media, anxiety, Indonesian society, covid-19 outbreak How to Cite: Ifdil, I., Amalianita, B., Fadli, R., Zola, N., & Putri, Y. (2021). The impact of social media access and anxiety among indonesia society during covid-19 outbreak. COUNS-EDU: The International Journal of Counseling and Education, 6(1). 1-10 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.23916/0020200528830 This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ©2021 by author. Introduction A novel coronavirus (CoV) is a new strain of coronavirus (Rota et al., 2003; Wu et al., 2020) . A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak began in Wuhan, China, has been named corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – ‘CO’ stands for corona, ‘VI’ for virus, and ‘D’ for disease (Acter et al., 2020; Zu et al., 2020). Formerly, this disease was referred to as ‘2019 novel coronavirus’ or ‘2019-nCoV’. The COVID-19 virus is a new virus linked to the same family of viruses as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and some types of common cold (Peeri et al., 2020). The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the 2019- nCoV outbreak to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) (Zheng, 2020). The coronavirus COVID-19 is affecting 213 countries and territories around the world until 15 May 2020. Five countries in the world with the most cases of Covid-19 are the United States, Spain, Russia, UK, and Italy. Indonesia became a country 34 with positive cases of COVID-19 in the world and a country with the most deaths cases in Southeast Asia (Organization, 2020). The first cases of COVID-19 was reported in Indonesia on 2 March 2020 in a number of two cases. The Ministry of Health the Republic Indonesia (Kemenkes) has declared the number of positive cases of COVID -19 on May 15, 2020, there were 16496 cases with 1076 deaths spreadout around Indonesia area (Tosepu et al., 2020). COUNS-EDU ¨ Vol.6, No.1, 2021 Available online: http://journal.konselor.or.id/index.php/counsedu Ifdil, I, et al. The impact of social media access and anxiety among Indonesian ... | 2 Indonesian Counselor Association (IKI) | DOI: 10.23916/0020200528830 This condition has a substantial psychological impact on individuals, the community, and medical personnel (Jin et al., 2020). The research included 1210 respondents from 194 cities in China the result show 53.8% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as moderate or severe; 16.5% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms; 28.8% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms; and 8.1% reported moderate to severe stress levels (Wang et al., 2020). The development of the Covid-19 outbreak in Indonesia and the world dominated media coverage. It bases much information on social media about Corona Virus (COVID-19) which can affect mental health (Brennen, Simon, Howard, & Nielsen, 2020). Social media use is complex. It is a source of entertainment, of connection, of information. It is also a reflection of what is on our minds. Forbes.com recently reported that in 1 day (February 28, 2020), 6.7 million people mentioned coronavirus on social media (Wiederhold, 2020). Less than 2 weeks later, on March 11, analytics company Sprinklr reported a record nearly 20 million mentions of coronavirus-related terms. The pandemic is most definitely what is on our minds (Wiederhold, 2020). Following the development of the corona virus is important for vigilance. However, being exposed to information, both trusted and not, can also make someone anxious (Gao et al., 2020). Constant updates about coronavirus, especially those concerning confirmed cases and the number of deaths to date, can be extremely overwhelming and feel relentless. Moreover, rumors and speculation can add fuel to anxiety (Baines & Elliott, 2020). The exposure to media during a public crisis is partly responsible for the rise in mental health problems . Due to the uncertainty surrounding COVID-19 and the rapid development of news around the globe, social media users are bombarded with information on an almost constant basis (Wiederhold, 2020). The World Health Organization calls this an ‘infodemic’ and stresses the important task of dispelling rumors and misinformation (Baines & Elliott, 2020; Cinelli et al., 2020) . Misinformation in a pandemic can negatively affect human health. Misinformation is false or inaccurate information deliberately intended to deceive (Bursztyn, Rao, Roth, & Yanagizawa-Drott, 2020; Sharma et al., 2020). In the context of the current pandemic, it can greatly affect all aspects of life, especifically people’s mental health, since searching for COVID-19 updates on the Internet has jumped 50% – 70% across all generations (Da Silva, 2020).Research on 4,872 adults from 31 different regions of China showed that 82% of respondents reported being frequently exposed to information about the pandemic through social media. Nearly half of respondents (48%) made the cut off for depression and nearly a quarter (23%) met criteria for anxiety. Around 19% of respondents met criteria for both disorders (Gao, et al., 2020). In Indonesian society the average time spent to access social media is 3 hours 26 minutes. The total active users of social media are 160 million or 59% of the total population of Indonesia. 99% of social media users surf via mobile (van der Wal, Arjadi, Nauta, Burger, & Bockting, 2020). Many Indonesians access information about covid 19 through social media. The anxiety of the Indonesian people is exacerbated by the misinformation of social media. This research examines the impact of social media and anxiety among indonesian society during COVID-19. Method Study conducted to determine the impact using sosial media and anxiety among society during COVID-19 outbreak in Indonesia. This research uses snowball sampling technique. The instrument used in the study was the DASS semi-structured questionnaire changed by patients’ anxiety. The procedure of this research is Indonesian citizens old were invited to participant online survey thought Survey Monkey platform. Links from instruments are sent via WhatsApp, e-mails, and other social media to the contact of the investigator. Research samples are requested to send surveys to many people. These links are sent to people separately from the first, and next contact points. Participants who have received and clicked on the link will be automatically directed to the information about the study and informed consent. After participants agree to complete the survey, participants are asked to fill in demographic details. Then, a series of sequential questions related to anxiety during the covid-19 pandemic must be answered by survey participants. Data was collected from various regions in Indonesia. Then demographic aspects collected in this study are in the form of gender, age, internet access longtime, ethnicity, domicile, region, and the number COUNS-EDU ¨ The International Journal of Counseling and Education Vol.6, No.1, 2021 The impact of social media access and anxiety among Indonesian ... | 3 Indonesian Counselor Association (IKI) | DOI: 10.23916/0020200528830 of social media accounts. Anxiety aspects measured in this study comprised listening aspects, imagine aspects, watching / reading aspects. There are 1543 participant form aged 17 to 60 Year and form several province and region in Indonesia were involved in the current research. After participants completed answer questionnaires than data was analyzed using JASP (Jeffrey’s Amazing Statistics Program). Result and Disscussion Table 1. Show that 1543 respondent anxiety forms 1001 in very haviness, 327 in Heaviness, 232 in Moderate, 1 in normal and 1 in wispy . In very haviness respondent with social media access> 6 hours in a day experienced the highest anxiety with a frequency of 327 at a percentage of 32.7%. Then respondents anxiety in Haviness when respondents access 3-4 hours in a day on social media with a frequency of 102 at 31.16%. And respondents anxiety in moderate when access to social media 3-4 hours with a frequency of 68 at a percentage of 31.34%. These results indicate that the COVID-19 outbreak caused anxiety conditions for the dominant Indonesian community in access to social media more than 6 hours. Tabel 1. Anxiety Base on Social Media Access Frequencies for Access Anxiety Access Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Heaviness 1-2 Hour 51 17.172 17.172 17.172 3-4 Hour 80 26.936 26.936 44.108 5- 6 Hour 46 15.488 15.488 59.596 > 6 Hour 120 40.404 40.404 100.000 Missing 0 0.000 Total 297 100.000 Moderate 1-2 Hour 17 7.522 7.522 7.522 3-4 Hour 64 28.319 28.319 35.841 5- 6 Hour 78 34.513 34.513 70.354 > 6 Hour 67 29.646 29.646 100.000 Missing 0 0.000 Total 226 100.000 Very Heaviness 1-2 Hour 184 18.057 18.057 18.057 3-4 Hour 328 32.188 32.188 50.245 5- 6 Hour 220 21.590 21.590 71.835 > 6 Hour 287 28.165 28.165 100.000 Missing 0 0.000 Total 1019 100.000 Wispy 1-2 Hour 0 0.000 0.000 0.000 3-4 Hour 1 100.000 100.000 100.000 5- 6 Hour 0 0.000 0.000 100.000 > 6 Hour 0 0.000 0.000 100.000 Missing 0 0.000 Total 1 100.000 The Figures show that respondents anxiety in the very haviness category with the highest anxiety when the duration of social media access> 6 hours in a day. Then in the Haviness category with a duration of 3-4 hours in a day. As well as in the Moderate category with a duration of 3-4 Hours in a day. Resopondent anxiety is very heavy when accessing social media about COVID-19 with a duration of > 6 hours in a day. Then the anxiety of respondents in the category of heavy and moderate with social media duration 3-4 hours in a day. These results indicate that the longer the duration of respondents accessing social media regarding COVID-19 has an increasingly severe anxiety. COUNS-EDU ¨ Vol.6, No.1, 2021 Available online: http://journal.konselor.or.id/index.php/counsedu Ifdil, I, et al. The impact of social media access and anxiety among Indonesian ... | 4 Indonesian Counselor Association (IKI) | DOI: 10.23916/0020200528830 Figure 1. Anxiety Based on Category Figure 2. Listening Aspect Figure 3. Imagine Aspect Figure 4. Watching/ Reading Aspect Social Media have played a large role in informing the public of health issues as well as shaping the public perception of those issues. In recent years, the numbers of people using social media, such as Facebook or Twitter, has increased, and the use of social media as an informational source for health can influence people's cognition or behavior related to health issues, including risk perceptions and preventive behaviors (Choi, Yoo, Noh, & Park, 2017; W.-Y. Lin, Zhang, Song, & Omori, 2016). The anxiety that occurs in certain areas is caused by “infodemik” (Gao et al., 2020), as well as negative and incorrect circulating in the community. In addition, anxiety in the midst of society is increasing due to the constant news dramatized by the media (Hoffman, 2020). Constant updates about coronavirus, especially those concerning confirmed cases and the number of deaths to date, can be extremely overwhelming and feel relentless. Moreover, rumors and speculation can add fuel to anxiety, which is why obtaining good quality information is so important (Nielsen, Fletcher, Newman, Brennen, & Howard, 2020). There are several aspects of respondents in accessing social media, by imagining, listening, watching/reading. Figure 4 shows that the respondents' anxiety is very heaviness that watching/reading have a higher anxiety with a percentage of 69.54%, then Imagine with 63.64%, and the lowest is listening with 55.02%. Tabel 3. Show that the anxiety level of Indonesian society higher when acess media sosial in watching/ reading rather then when imagine and listening information about COIVD-19. In watching/reading mean 12.9, imagine mean 13.6 listening mean 11,8. And in median 12,11,13. COUNS-EDU ¨ The International Journal of Counseling and Education Vol.6, No.1, 2021 The impact of social media access and anxiety among Indonesian ... | 5 Indonesian Counselor Association (IKI) | DOI: 10.23916/0020200528830 Tabel 2. Frequency Anxiety by Aspects of The Use Social Media Aspect Category Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Imagine Heaviness 260 16.850 16.85 16.850 Moderate 297 19.248 19.52 36.099 Very Heaviness 982 63.642 63.64 99.741 Wispy 4 0.259 0.26 100.000 Missing 0 0.000 Total 1543 100.000 Listening Heaviness 344 22.294 22.29 22.294 Moderate 349 22.618 22.62 44.913 Very Heaviness 849 55.023 55.02 99.935 Wispy 1 0.065 0.065 100.000 Missing 0 0.000 Total 1543 100.000 Watching/ Reading Heaviness 235 15.230 15.23 15.230 Moderate 233 15.100 15.10 30.331 Very Heaviness 1073 69.540 69.54 99.870 Wispy 2 0.130 0.130 100.000 Missing 0 0.000 Total 1543 100.000 Tabel 3. Comparison Anxiety by Aspect Anxiety Imagine Listening Watching/ Reading Valid 1543 1543 1543 Missing 0 0 0 Mean 12.9 11.8 13.6 Median 12 11 13 Std. Deviation 4.647 3.797 4.874 Variance 21.6 14.4 23.7 Minimum 6. 6. 6. Maximum 28. 28. 28. Figure 4. Show the anxiety base of aspect in watching/reading have a higher , then Imagine and listening. These results indicate that the COVID-19 outbreak caused anxiety conditions for the dominant Indonesian community is when they watching/ reading information about COVID-19 on social media. Figure 5. Anxiety by the Aspect Figure 6. Listening Aspect COUNS-EDU ¨ Vol.6, No.1, 2021 Available online: http://journal.konselor.or.id/index.php/counsedu Ifdil, I, et al. The impact of social media access and anxiety among Indonesian ... | 6 Indonesian Counselor Association (IKI) | DOI: 10.23916/0020200528830 Figure 7. Watching/Reading Aspect Figure 8. Watching/Reading Aspect Base the result that responden in very heaviness anxiety when they aceess social media more than 6 hour in a day because during COVID-19 outbreak, disinformation and false reports about the COVID-19 have bombarded social media and stoked unfounded fears among many netizens. many citizens expressed their negative feelings, such as fear, worry, nervous, anxiety (Stankovska, Memedi, & Dimitrovski, 2020). During disease outbreaks, community anxiety can rise following the increased media reporting. The World Health Organization dubbed the new coronavirus “a massive ‘infodemic,’” referring to ”an overabundance of information—some accurate and some not. all caused global panic, fears around the coronavirus have been especially amplified by social media. It has allowed disinformation to spread and flourish at unprecedented speeds, creating an environment of heightened uncertainty that has fueled anxiety and racism in person and online. In Indonesia The Ministry of Communication and Information (Menkominfo) detected more than 1,125 hoax news or incorrect information that was spread amid the Corona virus pandemic (COVID-19). The hoax is spread across 1209 digital platforms, such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and YouTube. Frightening information about COVID-19 also makes people worried (Jackson et al., 2020; C.-Y. Lin, 2020; Nicomedes & Avila, 2020; Roy et al., 2020; Sorokowski et al., 2020). The condition has an impact on one's immunity in the middle of the Corona pandemic (D’Antiga, 2020; X. Li, Geng, Peng, Meng, & Lu, 2020). Anxiety and fear affect brain regions (Bremner, 2004; Moulédous, Roullet, & Guiard, 2018; Nitschke, Heller, & Miller, 2000). These anxiety and fear affect brain regions, including the amygdala (Fox & Shackman, 2019; K.-X. Li et al., 2019; Shackman & Fox, 2016), ventromedial hypothalamus (Jiang et al., 2018), hippocampus (Çalışkan & Stork, 2019; Rigoli, Ewbank, Dalgleish, & Calder, 2016; Robertson et al., 2017; Villasana, Weber, Akinyeke, & Raber, 2016), nucleus accumbens (Burkhouse et al., 2019; Günther et al., 2018; Yamada et al., 2020), BNST (terminal stria nucleus nucleus) (Donner et al., 2020; Mazzone et al., 2018; Yamauchi et al., 2018), inframlimbic cortex (between various parts of the prefrontal cortex) (Berg, Eckardt, & Masseck, 2019; Koppensteiner et al., 2019), and insular cortex (Gogolla, 2017; T.-Y. Shi et al., 2018; T. Shi, Feng, Wei, & Zhou, 2020; Yeung et al., 2019). This brain region is a neural network that mediates learning (Chen et al., 2019; Daniel-Robert, Schneider, & Maurice, 2020; Lindström, Haaker, & Olsson, 2018) and emotional behavior (Pessoa, 2018). It plays a major role in mediating fear and other emotions (Cai, Wang, Paulucci-Holthauzen, & Pan, 2018). Common symptoms of anxiety include sleep problems (Peterman et al., 2016), panic attactk, anxiety, tension, nervousness (Bandelow, Michaelis, & Wedekind, 2017). Reserach finding respondents' anxiety is very heaviness when watching/reading information about COVID-19. Social media use is complex reading or watching lots of news about coronavirus has led to anxiety (Council, 2020). Information processing mode can also influence individuals' risk perceptions. When people access information regarding public health-risk issues, their risk perception is shaped and/or changed by how they process risk-related information (Choi, et al., 2017). Indoensian society are the most anxious about the Coronavirus are those who are consuming the most news from social media,. The more anxious COUNS-EDU ¨ The International Journal of Counseling and Education Vol.6, No.1, 2021 The impact of social media access and anxiety among Indonesian ... | 7 Indonesian Counselor Association (IKI) | DOI: 10.23916/0020200528830 feel, the more indonesian society should distance from the media. And if responden are extremely fearful, stop watching and reading alltogether. Strategis to reducing anxiety is minimize watching, reading, imagine, or listening to news about COVID-19 that causes to feel anxious or distressed; seek information only from trusted sources and mainly so that you can take practical steps to prepare your plans and protect yourself and loved ones. Seek information updates at specific times during the day, once or twice. The sudden and near-constant stream of news reports about an outbreak can cause anyone to feel worried. Get the facts; not rumours and misinformation. Gather information at regular intervals from the WHO website and local health authority platforms in order to help you distinguish facts from rumours (Pulido, Villarejo-Carballido, Redondo-Sama, & Gómez, 2020; Zarocostas, 2020). Share simple facts about what is going on and give clear information about how to reduce risk of infection in words older people with/without cognitive impairment can understand. Repeat the information whenever necessary. Instructions need to be communicated in a clear, concise, respectful and patient way. It may also be helpful for information to be displayed in writing or Figures. Engage family members and other support networks in providing information and helping people to practise prevention measures (Tavoschi et al., 2020). Conclusions The findings of the research showed that the anxiety level of Indonesian society higher when access social media more than 6 hour. the longer the duration of respondents accessing social media regarding COVID-19 has an increasingly severe anxiety. aspects of respondents in accessing social media, by imagining, listening, watching / reading. Figure 4 shows that the respondents' anxiety is very heaviness that watching/reading have a higher anxiety with a percentage of 69.54%, then Imagine with 63.64%, and the lowest is listening with 55.02%. These findings implicate the Indonesian society need pay more attention to minimize watching, reading or listening to news about COVID-19 that causes to feel anxious and seek information only from trusted sources. Stay informed by sticking to trusted sources of information such as government. Implicated the government attention to mental health among general populationwhile combating with COVID-19. 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