Crossroads 5/2014, pp. 36-49 Anita Mackiewicz The University of Bialystok Translation strategies across time: a comparison of two Polish renderings of Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery Abstract. The aim of this article is to compare two Polish renderings of Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery: the oldest one by Rozalia Bersteinowa (1911/1912), and one of the most recent ones, by Paweł Beręsewicz (2013). This article attempts to both identify the specific strategies and techniques employed by the two translators and to illustrate how approaches to translation have changed over the years. Keywords: translation, English, Polish, adaptation, foreignisation, Anne of Green Gables, Lucy Maud Montgomery, Rozalia Bersteinowa, Paweł Beręsewicz. Attitudes towards translation and translation strategies change with time. By looking at two Polish renderings of Anne of Green Gables – the oldest one (Bersteinowa 1911/1912) and one of the most recent ones (Beręsewicz 2013) – this article attempts to both identify the specific strategies and techniques employed by the two translators and to illustrate how approaches to translation have changed over the years. The novel, its author and translators Anne of Green Gables is a heart-warming story of a ginger-haired heroine known all over the world to both youngsters and adults. After its publication in 1908 in Canada, the book quickly became a worldwide bestseller, translated into 20 languages and sold in 50 million copies (IS1). It was frequently adapted for movies, TV series, and musicals. The number of its renderings speaks for the popularity of the novel: only in Poland at least 12 different translators have made an attempt to convey the emotions, humour and universal values of the book to the Polish readers. Lucy Maud Montgomery (1874-1942), who created the famous character, was born in Prince Edward Island and decided that it was the perfect setting for her first novel. She was raised by her grandparents and for a short time worked as a teacher. She was married to Revered Ewan MacDonald and had two children. Montgomery wrote eight books about Anne: Anne of Green Gables (1908), Anne of Avonlea (1909), Anne of the Island (1915), Anne of Windy Poplars (1936), Anne’s House of Dreams (1917), Anne of Ingleside (1939), Rainbow Valley (1919), Rilla of Ingleside (1920), for which she was awarded many times. Thanks to the success of her works, Prince Edward Island gained popularity as a destination for people who look for Anne-related attractions (IS2). Among the Polish translators of the book are Rozalia Bersteinowa and Paweł Beręsewicz: the authors of the first and one of the last Polish translations of the novel, respectively. Bersteinowa’s rendering comes from 1911 or 1912, and not much else is known about her. Paweł Beręsewicz is a contemporary translator who graduated from Warsaw University where he studied English philology. In addition to being a translator, lexicographer and a part-time teacher, he also writes short stories and novels for children. He cooperates with such editing houses as Skrzat and Literatura. Among his books are: Co tam u Ciumków?, Czy wojna jest dla dziewczyn?, Jak zakochałem Kaśkę Kwiatek, Kiedy chodziłem z Julką Maj, Tajemnica człowieka z blizną, Warszawa. Spacery z Ciumkami, Wielka wyprawa Ciumków, Wszystkie lajki Marczuka. Beręsewicz’s books have been honoured and awarded. He has received the Kornel Makuszyński Literary Award (twice), the Warsaw Literary Award, the 3 rd prize in the II Astrid Lindgren Award, a Nomination in the Book of the Year Competition: Polish Section IBBY (four times). His translations include not only Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery, but also The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain, The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett and The Changeover by Margaret Mahy (IS3). The sections which follow will focus on selected aspects of the two Polish renderings of the book, comparing the strategies employed by the two translators. Adaptation vs. foreignisation: proper names and cultural reality in translation The two translations of the book vary significantly, beginning with the titles of most chapters to individual words and phrases. They are about 100 years distant in time, which is enough for both the language, cultural reality and translation strategies to have changed. The most influential factor, however, which makes the two renderings so distant is the choice of two completely different translation strategies: adaptation and foreignisation. Adaptation is understood as a translation method whose goal is to replace certain elements characteristic of one society and its culture with elements known by another society and its culture (Delisle, Lee-Jahnke, Cormier 2006: 22). This strategy facilitates understanding a target language text thanks to the elimination of foreignness, i.e. elements which do not occur in the readers’ native culture. Rozalia Bersteinowa’s version of Anne of Green Gables is the perfect example of this method. The translator makes the reality presented in the novel more similar to that of Poland, adjusting it to the realities familiar to her and her readers. Foreignisation, in contrast, focuses on preserving the individuality of a given culture (Skibińska 2000: 162), familiarizing readers with countries they are not acquainted with (Lewicki 2000: 193). It brings in strangeness, saving as many elements of a foreign language and culture as possible. Anne of Green Gables in Beręsewicz’s translation is an example of the application of this specific technique – the translator made his rendering characteristic by its faithfulness to the original. A comparison of the two renderings of the novel demonstrates how the application of each of the strategies affects the translated text. First of all, let us take a look at the translator’s attitude towards proper names. Both translators decided to transfer the names of the main characters of the novel, but they did it for different reasons. Bersteinowa, who lived in a century when education was not so advanced, was cognizant of the fact that a great number of her readers did not know the English language and Canadian culture. This may have been one of the reasons why she tried to adjust the book to Polish culture; a young girl named Ania is easier to identify with than a girl with the foreign name Anne (especially when you are not really sure how to pronounce it). Beręsewicz, on the other hand, is known for his disapproval of translating names. He is of the opinion that in the era of television and the Internet people are sufficiently acquainted with the foreign culture to make it possible for a translator not to do so. However, despite this conviction, he did translate the names of the main characters of the novel. His decision was most probably motivated by the fact that Anne of Green Gables is a very popular novel, and has already anchored in the minds and hearts of Polish society. Leaving the names of the main characters as they are in the original version was likely to make many readers skeptical towards this idea. Therefore, he met his readers half way and in certain fragments saved both versions of the names, i.e. English Anne and Polish Ania. The renderings of the following fragment illustrate the strategies employed by the two translators: Lucy Maud Montgomery: -Yes, this is Anne Shirley, said Marilla. -Spelled with an E, gasped Anne (…) (p.108) Bersteinowa uses 2 diminutive forms of the character’s name – Ania and Andzia – suggesting that Anne hated the latter: -Tak, to Ania Shirley - potwierdziła Maryla -Ania, nie Andzia - szepnęła dziewczynka (...) (p.95) Beręsewicz uses both the Polish and the English version of her name, Anne’s comment referring to the spelling of the English version: -Tak, to jest Ania. Anne Shirley - przytaknęła Maryla. -Przez "e" na końcu - wykrztusiła Ania (...) (p. 106) As for the remaining names, Marilla and Matthew are translated as Maryla and Mateusz respectively. Beręsewicz explained later that he found the name Matthew very difficult to inflect and fit into Polish syntax, and decided that its Polish equivalent would be more convenient to use. To be consistent with the treatment of the names of the main characters, he translated them all. As far as the names of the other characters are concerned, Bersteinowa uses their Polish equivalents while Beręsewicz leaves them in the original. Thus, in Bersteinowa’s version Rachel Lynde becomes Małgorzata Linde, Charlie is Karolek, Jane becomes Janka, Josie is Józia and Josephine – Józefina. Anne of Green Gables is fraught with real and fictional names of places. The eponymous Green Gables is called Zielone Wzgórze in both renderings. The rest of the names, however, differ in the two translations. Beręsewicz is consistent in his strategy and leaves most of the place names in the original form. If he decides to translate certain names, usually the longer ones, his translation is as faithful to the original as possible. Bersteinowa, on the contrary, tries to eliminate the foreignness to a complete minimum and translates every place name in the novel, very often adding something from herself and making the translation distant from its original form and meaning (especially in the case of the names invented by Anne herself). Thus, Lynde’s Hollow is called dolina Linde’ów in Bersteinowa’s version and Lyndowa Dolinka in Beręsewicz’s. Barry’s house – Orchard Slope in the earliest translation is Sosnowe Wzgórze and Sadowy Stok (which is a calque of Orchard Slope) in the latest one. White Sands has been translated literally by Bersteinowa as Białe Piaski, while Beręsewicz retains its original form. In the novel there are also names coined by Anne. There is a scene where she is delighted by the geranium and decides to name it Bonny. Beręsewicz transfers the original name into the Polish version but Bersteinowa translates it as Jutrzenka (‘dawn’ or ‘a morning star’). Then, there is a place used by girls as a playhouse, which they call Idlewild. Bersteinowa calls it Zacisze Słowika (‘nightingale’s refuge’), while Beręsewicz uses a name which is closer to the original – Leśna Samotnia (‘a refuge in the forest’). Another example of Beręsewicz’s accuracy in translation is Willowmere: he translates it as Wierzbowe Oczko (lit. ‘a willow’s eye’), while Bersteinowa uses an entirely different name – Jasnooka (‘bright-eyed’). Both translators render Snow Queen as Królowa Śniegu and Lake of Shining Waters as Jezioro Lśniących Wód, thus using direct Polish equivalents of the two names. Moreover, the novel contains names of various associations. Here the differences in translation are caused not so much by the choice of specific strategies, but rather by the temporal distance that separates the two renderings. In effect, the Sewing Circle is called Szwalnia dla Dziewcząt by Bersteinowa. The noun szwalnia, common in her times, is now mostly associated with sewing industry rather than an activity of individuals. That is why Beręsewicz decides to name it kółko krawieckie, which is both a literal translation of the English name and a current Polish equivalent of the expression. Another example is Church Aid Society. In Bersteinowa’s version it appears under the name Parafialny Związek Pomocy, while Beręsewicz translates it as Kościelne Towarzystwo Dobroczynne. In this case, Bersteinowa is closer to the original; Beręsewicz uses a word (dobroczynność) which is a Polish counterpart of charity, which sounds more modern. The application of two different strategies is particularly visible in fragments concerning cultural reality, such religion, education and food. As for religion, it is worth mentioning that Protestantism forbids taking the Lord’s name in vain and people from Avonlea obey this law and never use it directly. They, for example, say Thanks be to goodness for that. Beręsewicz respects that and in his rendering it goes like I niech będzie chwała. Bersteinowa’s translates it as Dzięki Ci, Boże (‘Thank God’), which is a very common phrase in Polish, but it ignores the importance of this unwritten law in Avonlean community. Further we observe the same pattern - Merciful goodness! is translated as Łaska i zmiłowanie by Beręsewicz and Na litość Boską! (‘For God’s sake’) by Bersteinowa. Another important cultural area, i.e. education, also shows how an adoption of a specific method can affect translation. Starting with the name of the teachers’ school and ending with a graduation outfit, the two renderings are completely different. Lucy Maud Montgomery refers to the school for teachers as Queen’s. So does Beręsewicz in his rendering. Bersteinowa, on the other hand, uses the noun akademia (‘academy’). What’s more, the traditional English graduating outfit is described by the author as a gown and mortar board. Beręsewicz translates gown as toga and mortal board as kwadratowa czapka – he knows that Polish readers are already familiar with this custom, not only thanks to television, but also because many Polish universities have adopted it. Bersteinowa omits the fragment entirely and does not mention it at all. Every country and almost every region has its characteristic food. Lucy Maud Montgomery also weaves many delicacies into the plot. Table 1 below presents how the two translators dealt with their names. Table 1. Names of foods in the original and the two translations Lucy Maud Montgomery Rozalia Bersteinowa Paweł Beręsewicz fruit cake placek z owocami keks pound cake ciastka z kremem biszkopt doughnuts orzechy w cukrze pączki preserves konfitury konfitury pie pieróg zapiekanka chocolate sweeties pastylki czekoladowe czekoladowe cukierki peppermints pastylki miętowe miętówki Beręsewicz’s translation is not only up-to-date, but also more precise and accurate. Pound cake is a traditional cake made from a pound of four different ingredients. It has no cream in it, so his biszkopt is a closer equivalent than Bersteinowa’s ciastka z kremem (‘cream cakes’). As for doughnuts, Bersteinowa seems to have been misled by the nut part, which is why she translated the word as orzechy w cukrze (‘nuts in sugar’). In Avonlean society, many orphans were working and helping at farms. They were usually treated as inferior to other people, as illustrated in the following fragment: ‘Well, you’d better go and give that cake to the pigs,’ said Marilla. ‘It isn’t fit for any human to eat, not even Jerry Boute.’ (p. 22) Beręsewicz translates the fragment faithfully: - No dobrze, idź teraz i zanieś to ciasto świniom – powiedziała Maryla. – Dla ludzi się nie nadaje. Nawet dla Jerry’ego Buote’a. (p. 212) In Bersteinowa’s rendering, however, the entire fragment is omitted. It is possible that she considered it too direct, too radical to be included in a book for children. Another interesting aspect of the two translations is the treatment of units of measure. When Anne says that she is an inch taller than Diana, Bersteinowa translates it as troszeczkę wyższa, which means a bit taller. Beręsewicz, in contrast, uses the Polish equivalent of inch - cal. Style and vocabulary As already mentioned, the two translations are about 100 years distant in time, which is why the style and vocabulary used by the two translators are often remarkably different. The easiest way to notice the difference between the two renderings is to take a quick look at translation of the chapters’ titles. Only 6 out of 38 titles are translated in the same way; the remaining ones are different. Table 2 below summarises the differences. Table 2. Titles of chapters in the two translations Lucy Maud Montgomery Rozalia Bersteinowa Paweł Beręsewicz Mrs Rachel Linde is Surprised Zdumienie pani Małgorzaty Linde Pani Rachel Linde jest zdziwiona Matthew Cuthbert is Surprised Zdumienie Mateusza Mateusz Cuthbert jest zdziwiony Marilla Cuthbert is Surprised Zdumienie Maryli Cuthbert Maryla Cuthbert jest zdziwiona Morning at Green Gables Poranek na Zielonym Wzgórzu Poranek w Zielonym Wzgórzu Anne’s History Historia Ani Historia Ani Marilla Makes Up Her Mind Co postanowiła Maryla Maryla podejmuje decyzję Anne Says Her Prayers Modlitwa Ani Ania odmawia pacierz Anne’s Bringing-Up Is Begun Zaczyna się wychowanie Ani Wychowanie Ani rozpoczęte Mrs Rachel Lynde is Properly Horrified Oburzenie pani Linde Pani Rachel Lynde jest wprost przerażona Anne’s Apology Wyznanie winy Przeprosiny Ani Anne’s Impressions of Sunday-School Wrażenia Ani w szkole niedzielnej Ania idzie do szkółki niedzielnej A Solemn Vow and Promise Uroczysta przysięga i obietnica Uroczysta przysięga i obietnica The Delights of Anticipation Rozkosze oczekiwania Rozkosze czekania Anne’s Confession Przyznanie się do winy Wyznanie Ani A Tempest in the School Teapot Burza w szkolnej szklance wody Burza w szkolnej szklance wody Diana is Invited to Tea with Tragic Result Tragiczne skutki podwieczorku Podwieczorek ze skutkiem tragicznym A New Interest in Life Nowy cel w życiu Życie odzyskuje blask Anne to the Rescue Ania w roli zbawcy Ania przybywa na ratunek A Concert a Catastrophe and a Confession Koncert, katastrofa i wyznanie Koncert, katastrofa i wyznanie A Good Imagination Gone Wrong Bezdroża wyobraźni Zgubne skutki wyobraźni A New Departure in Flavorings Nowe zastosowanie kropli walerianowych Przełom w dziedzinie dodatków smakowych Anne Is Invited Out to Tea Odwiedziny Ani u pastorstwa Ania idzie z wizytą Anne Comes to Grief in an Affair of Honor Ofiara Ani dla sprawy honorowej Sprawa honoru Miss Stacy and Her Pupils Get Up a Concert Wychowankowie panny Stacy urządzają koncert Panna Stacy i jej uczniowie organizują koncert Matthew Insists on Puffed Sleeves Mateusz rzecznikiem bufiastych rękawów Mateusz a sprawa bufiastych rękawów The Story Club Is Formed Klub powieściowy Klub literacki Vanity and Vexation of Spirit Próżność ukarana Próżność i cierpienia duszy An Unfortunate Lily Maid Niefortunne przedstawienie Nieszczęsna Pani Nenufarów An Epoch in Anne’s Life Epoka w życiu Ani Epoka w życiu Ani The Queens Class Is Organized Utworzenie kompletu seminarzystów Zajęcia dla kandydatów do Queen’s Where the Brook and River Meet Zwierzenia Na progu dorosłego życia The Pass List Is Out Ogłoszenie listy przyjętych Lista przyjętych The Hotel Concert Koncert w hotelu Koncert w hotelu A Queen’s Girl Seminarzystka Uczennica Queen’s The Winter at Queen’s Zima w seminarium Zima w Akademii The Glory and the Dream Sława i marzenie Sen i chwała The Reaper Whose Name Is Death Żniwiarz, którego imię jest śmierć Żniwiarz imieniem Śmierć The Bend in the Road Zakręt na drodze Na zakręcie In Beręsewicz’s version the titles are very close to the original. He makes almost no changes in the structure of the titles, while Bersteinowa changes most of those which have the structure of sentences into noun phrases. For example, Anne Is Invited Out to Tea becomes Odwiedziny Ani u pastorstwa (‘Anne’s visit at the pastor and his wife’s’). She keeps the sense of the original, shortens the title if possible and often adds something from herself, revealing more about the content of a given chapter than the original. For example, in the case of Anne Is Invited Out to Tea, the reader already learns from the title that Anne is going to visit the pastor and his wife. Another difference is the translation of the titular Green Gables. In particular, Morning at Green Gables is translated by Bersteinowa as Poranek na Zielonym Wzgórzu. The preposition at used in the original suggests a place. Bersteinowa’s use of na suggest that house is on the top of the hill. Beręsewicz translates the title as Poranek w Zielonym Wzgórzu, which implies being inside the house. There are many words and expressions in Bersteinowa’s version which have become outmoded. Table 3 below presents some of them. Table 3. Selected vocabulary items in the two translations Lucy Maud Montgomery Rozalia Bersteinowa Paweł Beręsewicz supper wieczerza kolacja buggy kabriolet bryczka sorrel klacz kasztanka your place posiadłość farma ottoman ottoman kanapa skin płeć cera curtains portiery zasłonki tapestry makaty gobeliny turnip brukiew rzepa east gable facjatka piętro/poddasze picture rycina obrazek fever febra szkarlatyna grippe influencja grypa Beręsewicz’s vocabulary is more modern than Bersteinowa’s. The translation of the following fragment of Diana speaking to Anne is a good example: I’m awfully glad you’ve come to live at Green Gables. It will be jolly to have somebody to play with. (p. 110) Bersteinowa’s rendering is: Cieszę się ogromnie, że będziesz mieszkała na Zielonym Wzgórzu. Przyjemnie będzie mieć towarzyszkę zabaw. (p. 96) In the same fragment translated by Beręsewicz, the language is visibly modernized and sounds more natural from the perspective of modern readers: Strasznie się cieszę, że zamieszkałaś w Zielonym Wzgórzu. Wreszcie będę miała się z kim bawić. (p.108) In Bersteinowa’a version I’m sorry I was late becomes Żałuję, żem się spóźnił, which contains the rather archaic form żem, while Beręsewicz translates it as Przepraszam za spóźnienie (‘I’m sorry for being late’). Likewise, looking after twins is referred to as piastować bliźnięta in the oldest version and as opiekować się bliźniętami in the more recent one, where the archaic verb piastować is replaced with its more modern equivalent opiekować się. When Anne says I’m glad or I wonder, Bersteinowa translates it as Jestem temu bardzo rada and Ciekawam, and Beręsewicz as Bardzo się cieszę and Ciekawe, czy. Beręsewicz also uses colloquialisms, e.g. he renders troubles that appear with Anne’s upbringing as kompletny bigos while Bersteinowa uses the neutral term kłopot. Nothing affects the style more than the vocabulary used. Bersteinowa’s selection of words make her style definitely more romantic, slushy, and feminine, as illustrated by her translation of the fragment when Anne is imagining her room: Lucy Maud Montgomery: The floor is covered with a white velvet carpet with pink roses all over it and there are pink silk curtains at the windows. (p.78) Rozalia Bersteinowa: Podłoga pokryta jest dywanem z białego aksamitu, osypanym pąsowymi różami. U okien wiszą pąsowe jedwabne portiery. (p. 69-70) Paweł Beręsewicz: Na podłodze jest biały aksamitny dywan w różyczki, a w oknach różowe jedwabne zasłonki. (p.77) She uses the literary adjective pąsowy where Beręsewicz uses the neutral term różowy (pink). The noun portiery is also a more literary choice than the ordinary noun zasłonki used by Beręsewicz to translate curtains. Bersteinowa’s style is also rich in diminutive forms and maudlin expressions. For example, when Anne discovers a lane, Bersteinowa translates the word as maleńka ścieżyna (‘a tiny path’), where both the adjective and the noun are in diminutive forms. Beręsewicz translates it as dróżka (‘a little path’), a noun which also conveys the meaning o f smallness, but is less literary and archaic than ścieżyna. Marilla said once about Anne: She’s a real bright little thing. In Bersteinowa’s version it is more emphatic: To taki jasny promyczek, takie miłe stworzenie (‘She is such a bright ray, such a nice thing’). Beręsewicz uses an idiom żywe srebro (‘quicksilver’) to describe her personality: To żywe srebro, nie dziewczyna. (lit. ‘She is quicksilver, not a girl’). Anne of Green Gables is, among other features, a humoristic novel. Unfortunately, the romantic womanish style represented by Bersteinowa does not always reflect this quality. In the translation of the sentence: Mrs. Rachel swept out and away—if a fat woman who always waddled COULD be said to sweep away—and Marilla with a very solemn face betook herself to the east gable (p.85) she omits the humorous comment, and, instead of that, writes that Mrs. Rachel moved slowly and with dignity: I pani Małgorzata z wielką godnością i szacunkiem do swej okrągłej figury podniosła się i powoli ruszyła w drogę, Maryla zaś, przybrawszy bardzo surowy wyraz twarzy, udała się do pokoiku na facjatce (p.75-76). Paweł Beręsewicz compares her walking style to that of a duck, thus retaining the humour: To powiedziawszy, pani Rachel wymaszerowała z kuchni – jeżeli kaczy chód grubej kobiety można nazwać marszem – a Maryla, z bardzo zasępioną miną, udała się do pokoiku na poddaszu. (p.84) The author’s sense of humour is also visible in the way she plays with words and their meanings. Wordplay is generally difficult to translate, but Beręsewicz manages to do it retaining the sense of the original and its humour. The following fragment illustrates it quite well: ‘Will you swear to be my best friend forever and ever?’ demanded Anne eagerly. Diana looked shocked. ‘Why it’s dreadfully wicked to swear,’ she said rebuckingly. ‘Oh no, not my kind of swearing. There are two kinds, you know.’ ‘I never heard of but one kind,’ said Diana doubtfully. ‘There really is another. Oh, it isn’t wicked at all. It just means vowing and promising solemnly.’ ( p.110) Here, Montgomery uses the word swear, which Bersteinowa translates as przysięga (‘vow’) and obietnica (‘promise’): - Czy przysięgniesz, że będziesz moją przyjaciółką na wieczne czasy? – spytała prędko Ania. Diana spojrzała przerażona. - Ależ to bardzo brzydko przysięgać – rzekła z wyrzutem. - Cóż znowu! Nie jest brzydko przysięgać, tak jak ja myślę. Są dwa rodzaje przysięgi. - Ja słyszałam tylko o jednym – rzekła Diana z powątpiewaniem. - A właśnie, że jest i drugi. Wcale nie brzydki! Jest to po prostu uroczysta obietnica. (p.96-98) It is not clear from the Polish version why one should be preferred over the other and why it is wrong to swear. Beręsewicz finds a word in Polish which is ambiguous and justifies Diana’s indignation. The word he uses, ślub, may mean a vow, solemn promise and a marriage: - A co byś powiedziała, gdybyśmy złożyły śluby wieczystej przyjaźni, co? – ochoczo zaproponowała Ania. Diana wyglądała na wstrząśniętą. - Po co? – powiedziała z wyrzutem. - Przecież jesteśmy za małe na śluby. - Nie, to nie o takie śluby chodzi – tłumaczyła Ania. – Są ich dwa rodzaje. - Ja słyszałam tylko o jednym. - Naprawdę jest jeszcze drugi. I wiek nie ma znaczenia. Po prostu chodzi o przysięgę i uroczystą obietnicę. (p.108) Bersteinowa’s style is more romantic, fraught with maudlin expressions. Beręsewicz has adjusted the novel’s language to the contemporary reader. In many ways, he is also closer in style to Lucy Maud Montgomery. In his rendering, the main character is described in an ironic and humorous way, as in the original. Bersteinowa made Anne more romantic and delicate, losing some of the humour and wit of the original version. What is also worth mentioning is the translators’ treatment of quotations from literary works, which are frequent in the novel. Bersteinowa tends to omit the quotations or translates them as if they were part of the novel. Beręsewicz is very faithful to the original in this case. He respects all the references made by the author, often making footnotes to clarify the context for the reader. His footnotes make many fragments more understandable, simultaneously educating the reader in an indirect way. If Bersteinowa decides to make a footnote, it usually concerns very simple, basic facts, like clarifying who Caesar was. For example, in Bersteinowa’s version references to Hamlet are completely ignored, as in the following fragment: I heard him to say ‘sweets to the sweet’. Bersteinowa translates it as: wyraźnie słyszałam jak wyrzekł: ‘Piękno dla piękna!’ (‘beauty to beauty’). Beręsewicz uses a quote from a Polish translation of Hamlet by Barańczak and makes a footnote explaining the source of the quotation: (…) i słyszałam, jak powiedział: ‘niech wonne kwiaty otoczą ten kwiat.’ He also identifies an allusion to Shakespeare’s comedy As You Like It in the following sentence: There was a tang in the very air that inspired the hearts of small maidens tripping, unlike snails, swiftly and willingly to school (…), as well as an allusion to William Wordsworth’s poem in the title of Chapter 36 The Glory and the Dream and to Henry W. Longfellow’s poem in the title of Chapter 37 The Reaper Whose Name is Death. He provides quotations from established Polish translations of these fragments. Bersteinowa ignores references to folk songs as well. Anne mentions the song My Home on the Hill which Beręsewicz renders literally as Mój domek na wzgórzu. Bersteinowa, however, does not mention it at all. Conclusion The two translations discussed in the present study are significantly different mostly because of the temporal distance which separates them. They differ in style and the vocabulary used, but most importantly, they make use of different translation strategies – adaptation (Bersteinowa) and foreignisation (Beręsewicz). Rozalia Bersteinowa attempts to make the reality presented in the novel similar to the Polish reality of her time: she uses Polish equivalents of English proper names; she translates names of different types of food and even some customs. What is more, parts of the text are often omitted in her rendering, especially Montgomery’s quotations from literary works. Also, the language she uses has become a little archaic – many words and expressions have become outmoded. Paweł Beręsewicz represents an entirely different approach – one which is consistent with the current translation standards. He leaves most of the characters’ names in the original, and attempts to preserve the cultural reality and humour of the book. He does not omit any fragments of the original text. The language he uses is modern, but he stays faithful to the original in the meanings he expresses. An analysis of the two translations illustrates how the art of translation has changes over the years. Omissions of large fragments of the original text are no longer acceptable and foreignisation is now preferred over domestication. References Delisle, J., H. Lee-Jahnke, M.C. Cormier (eds.). 2006. Terminologia Tłumaczenia. Poznań, Wyd. Naukowe UAM. Lewicki, R. 2000. “Między adaptacją a egzotyzacją” In: M. Ogonowska (ed.). Przekładając Nieprzekładalne, Gdańsk, Wyd. Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, 191-200. Montgomery, L.M. 1908. Anne of Green Gables at: http://www.planetebook.com/ebooks/Anne-of-Green-Gables.pdf (April -June 2014) Montgomery, L.M. 1956. Ania z Zielonego Wzgórza, Warszawa, Wyd. Nasza Księgarnia. Montgomery, L.M. 2013. Ania z Zielonego Wzgórza, Kraków, Wyd. Skrzat. Skibińska, E. 2000. “Nazwy własne we francuskim przekładzie ‘Prawieku i innych czasów’ Olgi Tokarczuk” In: M. Ogonowska (ed.). Przekładając Nieprzekładalne, Gdańsk, Wyd. Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, 157-169. Internet sources: IS1: http://childliterature.net/childlit/realistic/anne.html (May 2013) IS1: http://childrensbooks.about.com/od/authorsillustrato/a/Anne-Of-Green-Gables-Books- Author-Prince-Edward-Island.htm (May 2013) IS3: http://www.pawelberesewicz.neostrada.pl (May 2013) http://www.planetebook.com/ebooks/Anne-of-Green-Gables.pdf http://childliterature.net/childlit/realistic/anne.html http://childrensbooks.about.com/od/authorsillustrato/a/Anne-Of-Green-Gables-Books-Author-Prince-Edward-Island.htm http://childrensbooks.about.com/od/authorsillustrato/a/Anne-Of-Green-Gables-Books-Author-Prince-Edward-Island.htm http://www.pawelberesewicz.neostrada.pl/