id	sid	tid	token	lemma	pos
cte-985	1	1	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	1	2	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	1	3	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	1	4	using	use	VERB
cte-985	1	5	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	1	6	smartphone	smartphone	NOUN
cte-985	1	7	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	1	8	for	for	ADP
cte-985	1	9	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	1	10	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	1	11	in	in	ADP
cte-985	1	12	monduli	monduli	PROPN
cte-985	1	13	district	district	PROPN
cte-985	1	14	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	1	15	arusha	arusha	PROPN
cte-985	1	16	region	region	PROPN
cte-985	1	17	cte	cte	PROPN
cte-985	1	18	workshop	workshop	NOUN
cte-985	1	19	proceedings	proceeding	NOUN
cte-985	1	20	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	1	21	2025	2025	NUM
cte-985	1	22	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	PROPN
cte-985	1	23	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	1	24	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	1	25	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	1	26	using	use	VERB
cte-985	1	27	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	1	28	smartphone	smartphone	NOUN
cte-985	1	29	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	1	30	for	for	ADP
cte-985	1	31	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	1	32	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	1	33	in	in	ADP
cte-985	1	34	monduli	monduli	PROPN
cte-985	1	35	district	district	PROPN
cte-985	1	36	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	1	37	arusha	arusha	PROPN
cte-985	1	38	region	region	PROPN
cte-985	1	39	james	james	PROPN
cte-985	1	40	james	james	PROPN
cte-985	1	41	makula1	makula1	PROPN
cte-985	1	42	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	1	43	francis	francis	PROPN
cte-985	1	44	william	william	PROPN
cte-985	1	45	kyambo2,3	kyambo2,3	PROPN
cte-985	1	46	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	1	47	festo	festo	PROPN
cte-985	1	48	beda	beda	PROPN
cte-985	1	49	nguru2	nguru2	PROPN
cte-985	1	50	1institute	1institute	NUM
cte-985	1	51	of	of	ADP
cte-985	1	52	accountancy	accountancy	NOUN
cte-985	1	53	arusha	arusha	PROPN
cte-985	1	54	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	1	55	p.o.box	p.o.box	PROPN
cte-985	1	56	2798	2798	NUM
cte-985	1	57	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	1	58	njiro	njiro	PROPN
cte-985	1	59	hill	hill	PROPN
cte-985	1	60	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	1	61	arusha	arusha	PROPN
cte-985	1	62	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	1	63	tanzania	tanzania	PROPN
cte-985	1	64	2the	2the	PROPN
cte-985	1	65	university	university	NOUN
cte-985	1	66	of	of	ADP
cte-985	1	67	dodoma	dodoma	NOUN
cte-985	1	68	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	1	69	1	1	NUM
cte-985	1	70	benjamin	benjamin	PROPN
cte-985	1	71	mkapa	mkapa	PROPN
cte-985	1	72	rd	rd	PROPN
cte-985	1	73	.	.	PROPN
cte-985	1	74	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	1	75	41218	41218	NUM
cte-985	1	76	iyumbu	iyumbu	NOUN
cte-985	1	77	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	1	78	dodoma	dodoma	PROPN
cte-985	1	79	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	1	80	tanzania	tanzania	PROPN
cte-985	1	81	3tanzania	3tanzania	PROPN
cte-985	1	82	commission	commission	PROPN
cte-985	1	83	for	for	ADP
cte-985	1	84	universities	university	NOUN
cte-985	1	85	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	1	86	suma	suma	PROPN
cte-985	1	87	jkt	jkt	PROPN
cte-985	1	88	house	house	PROPN
cte-985	1	89	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	1	90	1	1	NUM
cte-985	1	91	jkt	jkt	NOUN
cte-985	1	92	str	str	NOUN
cte-985	1	93	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	1	94	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	1	95	41104	41104	NUM
cte-985	1	96	tambukareli	tambukareli	NOUN
cte-985	1	97	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	1	98	p.	p.	PROPN
cte-985	1	99	o.	o.	PROPN
cte-985	1	100	box	box	PROPN
cte-985	1	101	2600	2600	NUM
cte-985	1	102	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	1	103	dodoma	dodoma	NOUN
cte-985	1	104	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	1	105	tanzania	tanzania	PROPN
cte-985	1	106	abstract	abstract	NOUN
cte-985	1	107	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	2	1	this	this	DET
cte-985	2	2	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	2	3	explored	explore	VERB
cte-985	2	4	the	the	DET
cte-985	2	5	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	2	6	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	2	7	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	2	8	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	2	9	face	face	VERB
cte-985	2	10	in	in	ADP
cte-985	2	11	incorporating	incorporate	VERB
cte-985	2	12	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	2	13	smartphone	smartphone	NOUN
cte-985	2	14	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	2	15	into	into	ADP
cte-985	2	16	their	their	PRON
cte-985	2	17	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	2	18	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	2	19	in	in	ADP
cte-985	2	20	monduli	monduli	PROPN
cte-985	2	21	district	district	PROPN
cte-985	2	22	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	2	23	tanzania	tanzania	PROPN
cte-985	2	24	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	3	1	using	use	VERB
cte-985	3	2	a	a	DET
cte-985	3	3	mixed	mixed	ADJ
cte-985	3	4	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	3	5	methods	method	NOUN
cte-985	3	6	approach	approach	NOUN
cte-985	3	7	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	3	8	the	the	DET
cte-985	3	9	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	3	10	combined	combine	VERB
cte-985	3	11	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
cte-985	3	12	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	3	13	from	from	ADP
cte-985	3	14	structured	structured	ADJ
cte-985	3	15	questionnaires	questionnaire	NOUN
cte-985	3	16	with	with	ADP
cte-985	3	17	qualitative	qualitative	ADJ
cte-985	3	18	insights	insight	NOUN
cte-985	3	19	from	from	ADP
cte-985	3	20	face	face	NOUN
cte-985	3	21	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	3	22	to	to	ADP
cte-985	3	23	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	3	24	face	face	NOUN
cte-985	3	25	interviews	interview	NOUN
cte-985	3	26	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	4	1	68	68	NUM
cte-985	4	2	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	4	3	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	4	4	chosen	choose	VERB
cte-985	4	5	through	through	ADP
cte-985	4	6	simple	simple	ADJ
cte-985	4	7	random	random	ADJ
cte-985	4	8	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	4	9	purposive	purposive	ADJ
cte-985	4	10	sampling	sampling	NOUN
cte-985	4	11	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	4	12	participated	participate	VERB
cte-985	4	13	from	from	ADP
cte-985	4	14	ten	ten	NUM
cte-985	4	15	government	government	NOUN
cte-985	4	16	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	4	17	schools	school	NOUN
cte-985	4	18	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	5	1	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
cte-985	5	2	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	5	3	were	be	AUX
cte-985	5	4	analysed	analyse	VERB
cte-985	5	5	using	use	VERB
cte-985	5	6	descriptive	descriptive	ADJ
cte-985	5	7	statistics	statistic	NOUN
cte-985	5	8	in	in	ADP
cte-985	5	9	spss	spss	PROPN
cte-985	5	10	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	5	11	while	while	SCONJ
cte-985	5	12	qualitative	qualitative	ADJ
cte-985	5	13	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	5	14	underwent	undergo	VERB
cte-985	5	15	thematic	thematic	ADJ
cte-985	5	16	analysis	analysis	NOUN
cte-985	5	17	to	to	PART
cte-985	5	18	identify	identify	VERB
cte-985	5	19	significant	significant	ADJ
cte-985	5	20	patterns	pattern	NOUN
cte-985	5	21	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	6	1	results	result	NOUN
cte-985	6	2	show	show	VERB
cte-985	6	3	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	6	4	although	although	SCONJ
cte-985	6	5	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	6	6	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	6	7	have	have	VERB
cte-985	6	8	the	the	DET
cte-985	6	9	potential	potential	NOUN
cte-985	6	10	to	to	PART
cte-985	6	11	support	support	VERB
cte-985	6	12	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	6	13	learning	learning	NOUN
cte-985	6	14	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	6	15	their	their	PRON
cte-985	6	16	adoption	adoption	NOUN
cte-985	6	17	is	be	AUX
cte-985	6	18	limited	limit	VERB
cte-985	6	19	by	by	ADP
cte-985	6	20	several	several	ADJ
cte-985	6	21	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	6	22	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	6	23	including	include	VERB
cte-985	6	24	restricted	restrict	VERB
cte-985	6	25	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	6	26	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	6	27	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	6	28	mean	mean	NOUN
cte-985	6	29	=	=	SYM
cte-985	6	30	1.85	1.85	NUM
cte-985	6	31	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	6	32	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	6	33	high	high	ADJ
cte-985	6	34	data	data	NOUN
cte-985	6	35	costs	cost	NOUN
cte-985	6	36	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	6	37	a	a	DET
cte-985	6	38	lack	lack	NOUN
cte-985	6	39	of	of	ADP
cte-985	6	40	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	6	41	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	6	42	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	6	43	mean	mean	NOUN
cte-985	6	44	=	=	SYM
cte-985	6	45	1.66	1.66	NUM
cte-985	6	46	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	6	47	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	6	48	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	6	49	inconsistent	inconsistent	ADJ
cte-985	6	50	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	6	51	to	to	ADP
cte-985	6	52	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	6	53	programmes	programme	NOUN
cte-985	6	54	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	7	1	interview	interview	NOUN
cte-985	7	2	responses	response	NOUN
cte-985	7	3	highlighted	highlight	VERB
cte-985	7	4	the	the	DET
cte-985	7	5	roles	role	NOUN
cte-985	7	6	of	of	ADP
cte-985	7	7	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	7	8	leadership	leadership	NOUN
cte-985	7	9	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	7	10	peer	peer	NOUN
cte-985	7	11	collaboration	collaboration	NOUN
cte-985	7	12	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	7	13	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	7	14	recognition	recognition	NOUN
cte-985	7	15	in	in	ADP
cte-985	7	16	influencing	influence	VERB
cte-985	7	17	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	7	18	’	'	PUNCT
cte-985	7	19	utilisation	utilisation	NOUN
cte-985	7	20	of	of	ADP
cte-985	7	21	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	7	22	tools	tool	NOUN
cte-985	7	23	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	8	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	8	2	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	8	3	emphasises	emphasise	VERB
cte-985	8	4	the	the	DET
cte-985	8	5	necessity	necessity	NOUN
cte-985	8	6	for	for	ADP
cte-985	8	7	context	context	NOUN
cte-985	8	8	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	8	9	specific	specific	ADJ
cte-985	8	10	interventions	intervention	NOUN
cte-985	8	11	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	8	12	such	such	ADJ
cte-985	8	13	as	as	ADP
cte-985	8	14	enhancing	enhance	VERB
cte-985	8	15	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	8	16	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
cte-985	8	17	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	8	18	providing	provide	VERB
cte-985	8	19	affordable	affordable	ADJ
cte-985	8	20	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	8	21	packages	package	NOUN
cte-985	8	22	for	for	ADP
cte-985	8	23	educators	educator	NOUN
cte-985	8	24	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	8	25	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	8	26	offering	offer	VERB
cte-985	8	27	regular	regular	ADJ
cte-985	8	28	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	8	29	ongoing	ongoing	ADJ
cte-985	8	30	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	8	31	programmes	programme	NOUN
cte-985	8	32	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	9	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	9	2	findings	finding	NOUN
cte-985	9	3	contribute	contribute	VERB
cte-985	9	4	to	to	ADP
cte-985	9	5	both	both	CCONJ
cte-985	9	6	local	local	ADJ
cte-985	9	7	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	9	8	global	global	ADJ
cte-985	9	9	conversations	conversation	NOUN
cte-985	9	10	on	on	ADP
cte-985	9	11	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	9	12	learning	learning	NOUN
cte-985	9	13	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	9	14	providing	provide	VERB
cte-985	9	15	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
cte-985	9	16	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	9	17	practical	practical	ADJ
cte-985	9	18	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	9	19	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	9	20	methodological	methodological	ADJ
cte-985	9	21	insights	insight	NOUN
cte-985	9	22	for	for	ADP
cte-985	9	23	education	education	NOUN
cte-985	9	24	policymakers	policymaker	NOUN
cte-985	9	25	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	9	26	stakeholders	stakeholder	NOUN
cte-985	9	27	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	10	1	keywords	keyword	NOUN
cte-985	10	2	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	10	3	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	10	4	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	10	5	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	10	6	smartphone	smartphone	NOUN
cte-985	10	7	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	10	8	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	10	9	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	10	10	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	10	11	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	10	12	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	10	13	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	10	14	1	1	NUM
cte-985	10	15	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	11	1	introduction	introduction	NOUN
cte-985	11	2	education	education	NOUN
cte-985	11	3	continues	continue	VERB
cte-985	11	4	to	to	PART
cte-985	11	5	evolve	evolve	VERB
cte-985	11	6	as	as	SCONJ
cte-985	11	7	new	new	ADJ
cte-985	11	8	technologies	technology	NOUN
cte-985	11	9	emerge	emerge	VERB
cte-985	11	10	[	[	X
cte-985	11	11	26	26	NUM
cte-985	11	12	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	11	13	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	12	1	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	12	2	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	12	3	are	be	AUX
cte-985	12	4	now	now	ADV
cte-985	12	5	a	a	DET
cte-985	12	6	big	big	ADJ
cte-985	12	7	part	part	NOUN
cte-985	12	8	of	of	ADP
cte-985	12	9	learning	learn	VERB
cte-985	12	10	in	in	ADP
cte-985	12	11	today	today	NOUN
cte-985	12	12	’s	’s	PART
cte-985	12	13	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	12	14	world	world	NOUN
cte-985	12	15	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	13	1	integrating	integrate	VERB
cte-985	13	2	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	13	3	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	13	4	into	into	ADP
cte-985	13	5	education	education	NOUN
cte-985	13	6	underscores	underscore	VERB
cte-985	13	7	the	the	DET
cte-985	13	8	importance	importance	NOUN
cte-985	13	9	of	of	ADP
cte-985	13	10	their	their	PRON
cte-985	13	11	potential	potential	NOUN
cte-985	13	12	to	to	PART
cte-985	13	13	revolutionise	revolutionise	VERB
cte-985	13	14	learning	learn	VERB
cte-985	13	15	[	[	X
cte-985	13	16	24	24	NUM
cte-985	13	17	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	13	18	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	14	1	in	in	ADP
cte-985	14	2	greece	greece	PROPN
cte-985	14	3	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	14	4	the	the	DET
cte-985	14	5	efforts	effort	NOUN
cte-985	14	6	rely	rely	VERB
cte-985	14	7	on	on	ADP
cte-985	14	8	developing	develop	VERB
cte-985	14	9	computational	computational	ADJ
cte-985	14	10	thinking	thinking	NOUN
cte-985	14	11	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	14	12	ct	ct	NOUN
cte-985	14	13	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	14	14	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	14	15	coding	code	VERB
cte-985	14	16	skills	skill	NOUN
cte-985	14	17	among	among	ADP
cte-985	14	18	young	young	ADJ
cte-985	14	19	children	child	NOUN
cte-985	14	20	;	;	PUNCT
cte-985	14	21	as	as	ADP
cte-985	14	22	a	a	DET
cte-985	14	23	result	result	NOUN
cte-985	14	24	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	14	25	appropriate	appropriate	ADJ
cte-985	14	26	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	14	27	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	14	28	are	be	AUX
cte-985	14	29	increasingly	increasingly	ADV
cte-985	14	30	practical	practical	ADJ
cte-985	14	31	in	in	ADP
cte-985	14	32	cultivating	cultivate	VERB
cte-985	14	33	these	these	DET
cte-985	14	34	skills	skill	NOUN
cte-985	14	35	at	at	ADP
cte-985	14	36	preschool	preschool	ADJ
cte-985	14	37	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	14	38	pre	pre	ADJ
cte-985	14	39	-	-	ADJ
cte-985	14	40	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	14	41	levels	level	NOUN
cte-985	14	42	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	15	1	though	though	SCONJ
cte-985	15	2	many	many	ADJ
cte-985	15	3	apps	app	NOUN
cte-985	15	4	claim	claim	VERB
cte-985	15	5	educational	educational	ADJ
cte-985	15	6	value	value	NOUN
cte-985	15	7	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	15	8	only	only	ADV
cte-985	15	9	a	a	DET
cte-985	15	10	limited	limited	ADJ
cte-985	15	11	number	number	NOUN
cte-985	15	12	are	be	AUX
cte-985	15	13	genuinely	genuinely	ADV
cte-985	15	14	designed	design	VERB
cte-985	15	15	to	to	PART
cte-985	15	16	foster	foster	VERB
cte-985	15	17	ct	ct	NUM
cte-985	15	18	fluency	fluency	NOUN
cte-985	15	19	in	in	ADP
cte-985	15	20	early	early	ADJ
cte-985	15	21	learners	learner	NOUN
cte-985	15	22	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	16	1	therefore	therefore	ADV
cte-985	16	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	16	3	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	16	4	should	should	AUX
cte-985	16	5	be	be	AUX
cte-985	16	6	careful	careful	ADJ
cte-985	16	7	when	when	SCONJ
cte-985	16	8	selecting	select	VERB
cte-985	16	9	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	16	10	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	16	11	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	16	12	ensuring	ensure	VERB
cte-985	16	13	they	they	PRON
cte-985	16	14	are	be	AUX
cte-985	16	15	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	16	16	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	16	17	based	base	VERB
cte-985	16	18	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	16	19	developmentally	developmentally	ADV
cte-985	16	20	appropriate	appropriate	ADJ
cte-985	16	21	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	16	22	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	16	23	support	support	NOUN
cte-985	16	24	learning	learn	VERB
cte-985	16	25	goals	goal	NOUN
cte-985	16	26	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	16	27	particularly	particularly	ADV
cte-985	16	28	in	in	ADP
cte-985	16	29	areas	area	NOUN
cte-985	16	30	such	such	ADJ
cte-985	16	31	as	as	ADP
cte-985	16	32	ct	ct	NUM
cte-985	16	33	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	16	34	stem	stem	VERB
cte-985	16	35	[	[	PUNCT
cte-985	16	36	21	21	NUM
cte-985	16	37	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	16	38	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	17	1	�	�	PROPN
cte-985	17	2	0000	0000	NUM
cte-985	17	3	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	17	4	0001	0001	NUM
cte-985	17	5	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	17	6	8436	8436	NUM
cte-985	17	7	-	-	SYM
cte-985	17	8	7659	7659	NUM
cte-985	17	9	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	17	10	j.	j.	PROPN
cte-985	17	11	j.	j.	PROPN
cte-985	17	12	makula	makula	PROPN
cte-985	17	13	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	17	14	;	;	PUNCT
cte-985	17	15	0000	0000	NUM
cte-985	17	16	-	-	SYM
cte-985	17	17	0003	0003	NUM
cte-985	17	18	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	17	19	0950	0950	NUM
cte-985	17	20	-	-	SYM
cte-985	17	21	2237	2237	NUM
cte-985	17	22	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	17	23	f.	f.	PROPN
cte-985	17	24	w.	w.	PROPN
cte-985	17	25	kyambo	kyambo	PROPN
cte-985	17	26	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	17	27	;	;	PUNCT
cte-985	17	28	0000	0000	NUM
cte-985	17	29	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	17	30	0002	0002	NUM
cte-985	17	31	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	17	32	3936	3936	NUM
cte-985	17	33	-	-	SYM
cte-985	17	34	3082	3082	NUM
cte-985	17	35	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	17	36	f.	f.	PROPN
cte-985	17	37	b.	b.	PROPN
cte-985	17	38	nguru	nguru	PROPN
cte-985	17	39	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	17	40	#	#	NOUN
cte-985	17	41	james.makula@iaa.ac.tz	james.makula@iaa.ac.tz	NOUN
cte-985	17	42	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	17	43	j.	j.	PROPN
cte-985	17	44	j.	j.	PROPN
cte-985	17	45	makula	makula	PROPN
cte-985	17	46	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	17	47	;	;	PUNCT
cte-985	17	48	kyambo20001@yahoo.com	kyambo20001@yahoo.com	X
cte-985	17	49	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	17	50	f.	f.	PROPN
cte-985	17	51	w.	w.	PROPN
cte-985	17	52	kyambo	kyambo	PROPN
cte-985	17	53	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	17	54	;	;	PUNCT
cte-985	17	55	festo.nguru@udom.ac.tz	festo.nguru@udom.ac.tz	NUM
cte-985	17	56	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	17	57	f.	f.	PROPN
cte-985	17	58	b.	b.	PROPN
cte-985	17	59	nguru	nguru	PROPN
cte-985	17	60	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	17	61	~	~	PUNCT
cte-985	18	1	https://www.udom.ac.tz/staff/staff_profile?id=vg5wamvnpt0=	https://www.udom.ac.tz/staff/staff_profile?id=vg5wamvnpt0=	PROPN
cte-985	18	2	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	18	3	f.	f.	PROPN
cte-985	18	4	w.	w.	PROPN
cte-985	18	5	kyambo	kyambo	PROPN
cte-985	18	6	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	18	7	cte	cte	NOUN
cte-985	18	8	workshop	workshop	NOUN
cte-985	18	9	proceedings	proceeding	NOUN
cte-985	18	10	©	©	ADP
cte-985	18	11	copyright	copyright	NOUN
cte-985	18	12	for	for	ADP
cte-985	18	13	this	this	DET
cte-985	18	14	article	article	NOUN
cte-985	18	15	by	by	ADP
cte-985	18	16	its	its	PRON
cte-985	18	17	authors	author	NOUN
cte-985	18	18	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	18	19	published	publish	VERB
cte-985	18	20	by	by	ADP
cte-985	18	21	the	the	DET
cte-985	18	22	academy	academy	NOUN
cte-985	18	23	of	of	ADP
cte-985	18	24	cognitive	cognitive	ADJ
cte-985	18	25	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	18	26	natural	natural	ADJ
cte-985	18	27	sciences	science	NOUN
cte-985	18	28	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	19	1	this	this	PRON
cte-985	19	2	is	be	AUX
cte-985	19	3	an	an	DET
cte-985	19	4	open	open	ADJ
cte-985	19	5	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	19	6	article	article	NOUN
cte-985	19	7	distributed	distribute	VERB
cte-985	19	8	under	under	ADP
cte-985	19	9	the	the	DET
cte-985	19	10	terms	term	NOUN
cte-985	19	11	of	of	ADP
cte-985	19	12	the	the	DET
cte-985	19	13	creative	creative	ADJ
cte-985	19	14	commons	common	NOUN
cte-985	19	15	license	license	NOUN
cte-985	19	16	attribution	attribution	NOUN
cte-985	19	17	4.0	4.0	NUM
cte-985	19	18	international	international	NOUN
cte-985	19	19	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	19	20	cc	cc	NOUN
cte-985	19	21	by	by	ADP
cte-985	19	22	4.0	4.0	NUM
cte-985	19	23	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	19	24	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	19	25	which	which	PRON
cte-985	19	26	permits	permit	VERB
cte-985	19	27	unrestricted	unrestricted	ADJ
cte-985	19	28	use	use	NOUN
cte-985	19	29	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	19	30	distribution	distribution	NOUN
cte-985	19	31	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	19	32	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	19	33	reproduction	reproduction	NOUN
cte-985	19	34	in	in	ADP
cte-985	19	35	any	any	DET
cte-985	19	36	medium	medium	NOUN
cte-985	19	37	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	19	38	provided	provide	VERB
cte-985	19	39	the	the	DET
cte-985	19	40	original	original	ADJ
cte-985	19	41	work	work	NOUN
cte-985	19	42	is	be	AUX
cte-985	19	43	properly	properly	ADV
cte-985	19	44	cited	cite	VERB
cte-985	19	45	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	20	1	1	1	NUM
cte-985	20	2	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	ADP
cte-985	20	3	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8436-7659	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8436-7659	NOUN
cte-985	20	4	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0950-2237	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0950-2237	PROPN
cte-985	20	5	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3936-3082	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3936-3082	PROPN
cte-985	20	6	mailto:james.makula@iaa.ac.tz	mailto:james.makula@iaa.ac.tz	PROPN
cte-985	20	7	mailto:kyambo20001@yahoo.com	mailto:kyambo20001@yahoo.com	X
cte-985	20	8	mailto:festo.nguru@udom.ac.tz	mailto:festo.nguru@udom.ac.tz	NUM
cte-985	20	9	https://www.udom.ac.tz/staff/staff_profile?id=vg5wamvnpt0=	https://www.udom.ac.tz/staff/staff_profile?id=vg5wamvnpt0=	NOUN
cte-985	20	10	https://acnsci.org/cte	https://acnsci.org/cte	NOUN
cte-985	20	11	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en	ADJ
cte-985	20	12	https://acnsci.org	https://acnsci.org	PROPN
cte-985	20	13	cte	cte	NOUN
cte-985	20	14	workshop	workshop	NOUN
cte-985	20	15	proceedings	proceeding	NOUN
cte-985	20	16	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	20	17	2025	2025	NUM
cte-985	20	18	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	ADP
cte-985	21	1	further	further	ADJ
cte-985	21	2	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	21	3	in	in	ADP
cte-985	21	4	greece	greece	PROPN
cte-985	21	5	reveals	reveal	VERB
cte-985	21	6	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	21	7	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	21	8	while	while	SCONJ
cte-985	21	9	many	many	ADJ
cte-985	21	10	teacher	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	21	11	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	21	12	institutions	institution	NOUN
cte-985	21	13	provide	provide	VERB
cte-985	21	14	basic	basic	ADJ
cte-985	21	15	technical	technical	ADJ
cte-985	21	16	instruction	instruction	NOUN
cte-985	21	17	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	21	18	there	there	PRON
cte-985	21	19	is	be	VERB
cte-985	21	20	often	often	ADV
cte-985	21	21	a	a	DET
cte-985	21	22	significant	significant	ADJ
cte-985	21	23	gap	gap	NOUN
cte-985	21	24	in	in	ADP
cte-985	21	25	pedagogical	pedagogical	ADJ
cte-985	21	26	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	21	27	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	22	1	many	many	ADJ
cte-985	22	2	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	22	3	may	may	AUX
cte-985	22	4	know	know	VERB
cte-985	22	5	how	how	SCONJ
cte-985	22	6	to	to	PART
cte-985	22	7	operate	operate	VERB
cte-985	22	8	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	22	9	devices	device	NOUN
cte-985	22	10	but	but	CCONJ
cte-985	22	11	often	often	ADV
cte-985	22	12	lack	lack	VERB
cte-985	22	13	the	the	DET
cte-985	22	14	necessary	necessary	ADJ
cte-985	22	15	skills	skill	NOUN
cte-985	22	16	to	to	PART
cte-985	22	17	integrate	integrate	VERB
cte-985	22	18	them	they	PRON
cte-985	22	19	meaningfully	meaningfully	ADV
cte-985	22	20	into	into	ADP
cte-985	22	21	their	their	PRON
cte-985	22	22	teaching	teaching	NOUN
cte-985	22	23	practices	practice	NOUN
cte-985	22	24	[	[	X
cte-985	22	25	9	9	NUM
cte-985	22	26	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	22	27	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	23	1	from	from	ADP
cte-985	23	2	the	the	DET
cte-985	23	3	turkish	turkish	ADJ
cte-985	23	4	context	context	NOUN
cte-985	23	5	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	23	6	the	the	DET
cte-985	23	7	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	23	8	shows	show	VERB
cte-985	23	9	a	a	DET
cte-985	23	10	strong	strong	ADJ
cte-985	23	11	link	link	NOUN
cte-985	23	12	between	between	ADP
cte-985	23	13	academic	academic	ADJ
cte-985	23	14	self	self	NOUN
cte-985	23	15	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	23	16	efficacy	efficacy	NOUN
cte-985	23	17	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	23	18	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	23	19	motivation	motivation	NOUN
cte-985	23	20	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	23	21	classroom	classroom	NOUN
cte-985	23	22	management	management	NOUN
cte-985	23	23	anxiety	anxiety	NOUN
cte-985	23	24	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	23	25	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	23	26	attitudes	attitude	NOUN
cte-985	23	27	toward	toward	ADP
cte-985	23	28	teaching	teaching	NOUN
cte-985	23	29	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	24	1	notably	notably	ADV
cte-985	24	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	24	3	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	24	4	with	with	ADP
cte-985	24	5	positive	positive	ADJ
cte-985	24	6	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	24	7	attitudes	attitude	NOUN
cte-985	24	8	also	also	ADV
cte-985	24	9	reported	report	VERB
cte-985	24	10	higher	high	ADJ
cte-985	24	11	anxiety	anxiety	NOUN
cte-985	24	12	about	about	ADP
cte-985	24	13	managing	manage	VERB
cte-985	24	14	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
cte-985	24	15	[	[	X
cte-985	24	16	10	10	NUM
cte-985	24	17	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	24	18	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	25	1	previous	previous	ADJ
cte-985	25	2	studies	study	NOUN
cte-985	25	3	in	in	ADP
cte-985	25	4	africa	africa	PROPN
cte-985	25	5	have	have	AUX
cte-985	25	6	highlighted	highlight	VERB
cte-985	25	7	infrastructural	infrastructural	ADJ
cte-985	25	8	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	25	9	economic	economic	ADJ
cte-985	25	10	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	25	11	as	as	ADP
cte-985	25	12	key	key	ADJ
cte-985	25	13	barriers	barrier	NOUN
cte-985	25	14	to	to	ADP
cte-985	25	15	adopting	adopt	VERB
cte-985	25	16	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	25	17	learning	learning	NOUN
cte-985	26	1	[	[	X
cte-985	26	2	16	16	NUM
cte-985	26	3	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	26	4	17	17	NUM
cte-985	26	5	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	26	6	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	27	1	in	in	ADP
cte-985	27	2	kenya	kenya	PROPN
cte-985	27	3	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	27	4	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	27	5	shows	show	VERB
cte-985	27	6	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	27	7	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	27	8	’	'	PUNCT
cte-985	27	9	limited	limit	VERB
cte-985	27	10	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	27	11	literacy	literacy	NOUN
cte-985	27	12	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	27	13	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	27	14	constrain	constrain	VERB
cte-985	27	15	effective	effective	ADJ
cte-985	27	16	use	use	NOUN
cte-985	27	17	of	of	ADP
cte-985	27	18	ict	ict	NOUN
cte-985	27	19	tools	tool	NOUN
cte-985	27	20	[	[	X
cte-985	27	21	19	19	NUM
cte-985	27	22	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	27	23	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	28	1	in	in	ADP
cte-985	28	2	tanzania	tanzania	PROPN
cte-985	28	3	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	28	4	however	however	ADV
cte-985	28	5	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	28	6	little	little	ADJ
cte-985	28	7	is	be	AUX
cte-985	28	8	known	know	VERB
cte-985	28	9	about	about	ADP
cte-985	28	10	how	how	SCONJ
cte-985	28	11	these	these	DET
cte-985	28	12	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	28	13	manifest	manifest	VERB
cte-985	28	14	locally	locally	ADV
cte-985	28	15	in	in	ADP
cte-985	28	16	rural	rural	ADJ
cte-985	28	17	districts	district	NOUN
cte-985	28	18	such	such	ADJ
cte-985	28	19	as	as	ADP
cte-985	28	20	monduli	monduli	NOUN
cte-985	28	21	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	29	1	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	29	2	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	29	3	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	29	4	face	face	VERB
cte-985	29	5	significant	significant	ADJ
cte-985	29	6	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	29	7	in	in	ADP
cte-985	29	8	utilising	utilise	VERB
cte-985	29	9	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	29	10	smartphone	smartphone	NOUN
cte-985	29	11	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	29	12	for	for	ADP
cte-985	29	13	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	29	14	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	29	15	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	30	1	while	while	SCONJ
cte-985	30	2	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	30	3	devices	device	NOUN
cte-985	30	4	can	can	AUX
cte-985	30	5	provide	provide	VERB
cte-985	30	6	real	real	ADJ
cte-985	30	7	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	30	8	time	time	NOUN
cte-985	30	9	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	30	10	to	to	ADP
cte-985	30	11	instructional	instructional	ADJ
cte-985	30	12	materials	material	NOUN
cte-985	30	13	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	30	14	pedagogical	pedagogical	ADJ
cte-985	30	15	strategies	strategy	NOUN
cte-985	30	16	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	30	17	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	30	18	interactive	interactive	ADJ
cte-985	30	19	learning	learning	NOUN
cte-985	30	20	tools	tool	NOUN
cte-985	30	21	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	30	22	their	their	PRON
cte-985	30	23	potential	potential	NOUN
cte-985	30	24	remains	remain	VERB
cte-985	30	25	underutilised	underutilise	VERB
cte-985	30	26	[	[	X
cte-985	30	27	23	23	NUM
cte-985	30	28	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	30	29	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	31	1	in	in	ADP
cte-985	31	2	areas	area	NOUN
cte-985	31	3	such	such	ADJ
cte-985	31	4	as	as	ADP
cte-985	31	5	monduli	monduli	PROPN
cte-985	31	6	district	district	PROPN
cte-985	31	7	council	council	PROPN
cte-985	31	8	in	in	ADP
cte-985	31	9	the	the	DET
cte-985	31	10	arusha	arusha	PROPN
cte-985	31	11	region	region	NOUN
cte-985	31	12	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	31	13	geographical	geographical	ADJ
cte-985	31	14	barriers	barrier	NOUN
cte-985	31	15	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	31	16	limited	limited	ADJ
cte-985	31	17	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	31	18	to	to	ADP
cte-985	31	19	resources	resource	NOUN
cte-985	31	20	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	31	21	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	31	22	insufficient	insufficient	ADJ
cte-985	31	23	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	31	24	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
cte-985	31	25	hinder	hinder	NOUN
cte-985	31	26	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	31	27	’	’	PART
cte-985	31	28	ability	ability	NOUN
cte-985	31	29	to	to	PART
cte-985	31	30	engage	engage	VERB
cte-985	31	31	in	in	ADP
cte-985	31	32	continuous	continuous	ADJ
cte-985	31	33	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	31	34	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	31	35	[	[	X
cte-985	31	36	8	8	NUM
cte-985	31	37	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	31	38	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	32	1	despite	despite	SCONJ
cte-985	32	2	the	the	DET
cte-985	32	3	government	government	NOUN
cte-985	32	4	’s	’s	PART
cte-985	32	5	efforts	effort	NOUN
cte-985	32	6	to	to	PART
cte-985	32	7	integrate	integrate	VERB
cte-985	32	8	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	32	9	devices	device	NOUN
cte-985	32	10	into	into	ADP
cte-985	32	11	education	education	NOUN
cte-985	32	12	through	through	ADP
cte-985	32	13	the	the	DET
cte-985	32	14	ict	ict	NOUN
cte-985	32	15	policy	policy	NOUN
cte-985	32	16	for	for	ADP
cte-985	32	17	basic	basic	ADJ
cte-985	32	18	education	education	NOUN
cte-985	32	19	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	32	20	the	the	DET
cte-985	32	21	practical	practical	ADJ
cte-985	32	22	application	application	NOUN
cte-985	32	23	of	of	ADP
cte-985	32	24	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	32	25	smartphone	smartphone	NOUN
cte-985	32	26	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	32	27	remains	remain	VERB
cte-985	32	28	challenging	challenge	VERB
cte-985	32	29	for	for	ADP
cte-985	32	30	many	many	ADJ
cte-985	32	31	educators	educator	NOUN
cte-985	32	32	[	[	X
cte-985	32	33	16	16	NUM
cte-985	32	34	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	32	35	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	33	1	one	one	NUM
cte-985	33	2	key	key	ADJ
cte-985	33	3	challenge	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	33	4	is	be	AUX
cte-985	33	5	the	the	DET
cte-985	33	6	limited	limited	ADJ
cte-985	33	7	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	33	8	literacy	literacy	NOUN
cte-985	33	9	among	among	ADP
cte-985	33	10	some	some	DET
cte-985	33	11	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	33	12	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	34	1	without	without	ADP
cte-985	34	2	proper	proper	ADJ
cte-985	34	3	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	34	4	on	on	ADP
cte-985	34	5	how	how	SCONJ
cte-985	34	6	to	to	PART
cte-985	34	7	use	use	VERB
cte-985	34	8	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	34	9	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	34	10	effectively	effectively	ADV
cte-985	34	11	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	34	12	educators	educator	NOUN
cte-985	34	13	may	may	AUX
cte-985	34	14	struggle	struggle	VERB
cte-985	34	15	to	to	PART
cte-985	34	16	navigate	navigate	VERB
cte-985	34	17	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	34	18	platforms	platform	NOUN
cte-985	34	19	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	34	20	utilise	utilise	VERB
cte-985	34	21	them	they	PRON
cte-985	34	22	for	for	ADP
cte-985	34	23	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	34	24	growth	growth	NOUN
cte-985	34	25	[	[	X
cte-985	34	26	2	2	NUM
cte-985	34	27	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	34	28	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	35	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
cte-985	35	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	35	3	restricted	restrict	VERB
cte-985	35	4	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	35	5	connectivity	connectivity	NOUN
cte-985	35	6	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	35	7	inadequate	inadequate	ADJ
cte-985	35	8	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
cte-985	35	9	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	35	10	especially	especially	ADV
cte-985	35	11	in	in	ADP
cte-985	35	12	rural	rural	ADJ
cte-985	35	13	areas	area	NOUN
cte-985	35	14	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	35	15	further	far	ADV
cte-985	35	16	limit	limit	VERB
cte-985	35	17	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	35	18	to	to	ADP
cte-985	35	19	online	online	ADJ
cte-985	35	20	resources	resource	NOUN
cte-985	35	21	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	35	22	interactive	interactive	ADJ
cte-985	35	23	learning	learning	NOUN
cte-985	35	24	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
cte-985	35	25	[	[	X
cte-985	35	26	18	18	NUM
cte-985	35	27	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	35	28	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	36	1	financial	financial	ADJ
cte-985	36	2	constraints	constraint	NOUN
cte-985	36	3	also	also	ADV
cte-985	36	4	present	present	VERB
cte-985	36	5	a	a	DET
cte-985	36	6	barrier	barrier	NOUN
cte-985	36	7	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	36	8	as	as	SCONJ
cte-985	36	9	some	some	DET
cte-985	36	10	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	36	11	might	might	AUX
cte-985	36	12	be	be	AUX
cte-985	36	13	unable	unable	ADJ
cte-985	36	14	to	to	PART
cte-985	36	15	afford	afford	VERB
cte-985	36	16	smartphones	smartphone	NOUN
cte-985	36	17	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	36	18	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	36	19	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	36	20	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	36	21	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	36	22	subscription	subscription	NOUN
cte-985	36	23	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	36	24	based	base	VERB
cte-985	36	25	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	36	26	[	[	X
cte-985	36	27	22	22	NUM
cte-985	36	28	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	36	29	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	37	1	even	even	ADV
cte-985	37	2	when	when	SCONJ
cte-985	37	3	devices	device	NOUN
cte-985	37	4	are	be	AUX
cte-985	37	5	available	available	ADJ
cte-985	37	6	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	37	7	the	the	DET
cte-985	37	8	expense	expense	NOUN
cte-985	37	9	of	of	ADP
cte-985	37	10	maintaining	maintain	VERB
cte-985	37	11	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	37	12	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	37	13	can	can	AUX
cte-985	37	14	be	be	AUX
cte-985	37	15	a	a	DET
cte-985	37	16	significant	significant	ADJ
cte-985	37	17	obstacle	obstacle	NOUN
cte-985	37	18	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	38	1	furthermore	furthermore	ADV
cte-985	38	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	38	3	the	the	DET
cte-985	38	4	absence	absence	NOUN
cte-985	38	5	of	of	ADP
cte-985	38	6	institutional	institutional	ADJ
cte-985	38	7	support	support	NOUN
cte-985	38	8	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	38	9	guidance	guidance	NOUN
cte-985	38	10	discourages	discourage	VERB
cte-985	38	11	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	38	12	from	from	ADP
cte-985	38	13	using	use	VERB
cte-985	38	14	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	38	15	smartphone	smartphone	NOUN
cte-985	38	16	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	38	17	for	for	ADP
cte-985	38	18	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	38	19	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	38	20	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	39	1	many	many	ADJ
cte-985	39	2	educators	educator	NOUN
cte-985	39	3	lack	lack	VERB
cte-985	39	4	mentorship	mentorship	NOUN
cte-985	39	5	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	39	6	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	39	7	networks	network	NOUN
cte-985	39	8	to	to	PART
cte-985	39	9	help	help	VERB
cte-985	39	10	them	they	PRON
cte-985	39	11	explore	explore	VERB
cte-985	39	12	the	the	DET
cte-985	39	13	potential	potential	NOUN
cte-985	39	14	of	of	ADP
cte-985	39	15	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	39	16	tools	tool	NOUN
cte-985	39	17	in	in	ADP
cte-985	39	18	enhancing	enhance	VERB
cte-985	39	19	their	their	PRON
cte-985	39	20	teaching	teaching	NOUN
cte-985	39	21	practices	practice	NOUN
cte-985	39	22	[	[	X
cte-985	39	23	15	15	NUM
cte-985	39	24	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	39	25	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	40	1	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	40	2	’	’	PART
cte-985	40	3	attitudes	attitude	NOUN
cte-985	40	4	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	40	5	perceptions	perception	NOUN
cte-985	40	6	also	also	ADV
cte-985	40	7	play	play	VERB
cte-985	40	8	a	a	DET
cte-985	40	9	role	role	NOUN
cte-985	40	10	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	41	1	some	some	PRON
cte-985	41	2	may	may	AUX
cte-985	41	3	resist	resist	VERB
cte-985	41	4	adopting	adopt	VERB
cte-985	41	5	new	new	ADJ
cte-985	41	6	technologies	technology	NOUN
cte-985	41	7	due	due	ADP
cte-985	41	8	to	to	ADP
cte-985	41	9	unfamiliarity	unfamiliarity	NOUN
cte-985	41	10	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	41	11	scepticism	scepticism	NOUN
cte-985	41	12	about	about	ADP
cte-985	41	13	their	their	PRON
cte-985	41	14	effectiveness	effectiveness	NOUN
cte-985	41	15	[	[	X
cte-985	41	16	1	1	NUM
cte-985	41	17	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	41	18	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	42	1	additionally	additionally	ADV
cte-985	42	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	42	3	the	the	DET
cte-985	42	4	lack	lack	NOUN
cte-985	42	5	of	of	ADP
cte-985	42	6	locally	locally	ADV
cte-985	42	7	relevant	relevant	ADJ
cte-985	42	8	content	content	NOUN
cte-985	42	9	on	on	ADP
cte-985	42	10	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	42	11	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	42	12	limits	limit	VERB
cte-985	42	13	their	their	PRON
cte-985	42	14	applicability	applicability	NOUN
cte-985	42	15	in	in	ADP
cte-985	42	16	the	the	DET
cte-985	42	17	tanzanian	tanzanian	ADJ
cte-985	42	18	educational	educational	ADJ
cte-985	42	19	context	context	NOUN
cte-985	43	1	[	[	X
cte-985	43	2	20	20	NUM
cte-985	43	3	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	43	4	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	44	1	although	although	SCONJ
cte-985	44	2	prior	prior	ADJ
cte-985	44	3	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	44	4	has	have	AUX
cte-985	44	5	consistently	consistently	ADV
cte-985	44	6	identified	identify	VERB
cte-985	44	7	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	44	8	such	such	ADJ
cte-985	44	9	as	as	ADP
cte-985	44	10	poor	poor	ADJ
cte-985	44	11	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
cte-985	44	12	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	44	13	high	high	ADJ
cte-985	44	14	data	data	NOUN
cte-985	44	15	costs	cost	NOUN
cte-985	44	16	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	44	17	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	44	18	limited	limited	ADJ
cte-985	44	19	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	44	20	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
cte-985	44	21	as	as	ADP
cte-985	44	22	significant	significant	ADJ
cte-985	44	23	barriers	barrier	NOUN
cte-985	44	24	to	to	ADP
cte-985	44	25	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	44	26	learning	learning	NOUN
cte-985	44	27	for	for	ADP
cte-985	44	28	educators	educator	NOUN
cte-985	44	29	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	44	30	these	these	DET
cte-985	44	31	studies	study	NOUN
cte-985	44	32	often	often	ADV
cte-985	44	33	overlook	overlook	VERB
cte-985	44	34	how	how	SCONJ
cte-985	44	35	such	such	ADJ
cte-985	44	36	factors	factor	NOUN
cte-985	44	37	interact	interact	VERB
cte-985	44	38	within	within	ADP
cte-985	44	39	rural	rural	ADJ
cte-985	44	40	tanzanian	tanzanian	ADJ
cte-985	44	41	settings	setting	NOUN
cte-985	44	42	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	45	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
cte-985	45	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	45	3	a	a	DET
cte-985	45	4	limited	limited	ADJ
cte-985	45	5	understanding	understanding	NOUN
cte-985	45	6	of	of	ADP
cte-985	45	7	how	how	SCONJ
cte-985	45	8	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	45	9	perceive	perceive	VERB
cte-985	45	10	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	45	11	experience	experience	VERB
cte-985	45	12	these	these	DET
cte-985	45	13	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	45	14	firsthand	firsthand	ADV
cte-985	45	15	exists	exist	VERB
cte-985	45	16	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	46	1	this	this	DET
cte-985	46	2	gap	gap	NOUN
cte-985	46	3	in	in	ADP
cte-985	46	4	the	the	DET
cte-985	46	5	literature	literature	NOUN
cte-985	46	6	forms	form	VERB
cte-985	46	7	the	the	DET
cte-985	46	8	basis	basis	NOUN
cte-985	46	9	for	for	ADP
cte-985	46	10	the	the	DET
cte-985	46	11	central	central	ADJ
cte-985	46	12	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	46	13	question	question	NOUN
cte-985	46	14	of	of	ADP
cte-985	46	15	this	this	DET
cte-985	46	16	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	46	17	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	46	18	what	what	DET
cte-985	46	19	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	46	20	do	do	VERB
cte-985	46	21	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	46	22	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	46	23	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	46	24	encounter	encounter	VERB
cte-985	46	25	when	when	SCONJ
cte-985	46	26	utilising	utilise	VERB
cte-985	46	27	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	46	28	smartphone	smartphone	NOUN
cte-985	46	29	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	46	30	for	for	ADP
cte-985	46	31	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	46	32	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	46	33	in	in	ADP
cte-985	46	34	monduli	monduli	PROPN
cte-985	46	35	district	district	NOUN
cte-985	46	36	?	?	PUNCT
cte-985	47	1	2	2	X
cte-985	47	2	.	.	X
cte-985	47	3	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
cte-985	47	4	framework	framework	NOUN
cte-985	47	5	the	the	DET
cte-985	47	6	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	47	7	was	be	AUX
cte-985	47	8	guided	guide	VERB
cte-985	47	9	by	by	ADP
cte-985	47	10	the	the	DET
cte-985	47	11	technology	technology	NOUN
cte-985	47	12	acceptance	acceptance	NOUN
cte-985	47	13	model	model	NOUN
cte-985	47	14	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	47	15	tam	tam	PROPN
cte-985	47	16	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	47	17	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	48	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	48	2	tam	tam	NOUN
cte-985	48	3	comprises	comprise	VERB
cte-985	48	4	various	various	ADJ
cte-985	48	5	components	component	NOUN
cte-985	48	6	that	that	PRON
cte-985	48	7	represent	represent	VERB
cte-985	48	8	the	the	DET
cte-985	48	9	process	process	NOUN
cte-985	48	10	of	of	ADP
cte-985	48	11	users	user	NOUN
cte-985	48	12	’	'	PUNCT
cte-985	48	13	acceptance	acceptance	NOUN
cte-985	48	14	of	of	ADP
cte-985	48	15	ict	ict	PROPN
cte-985	48	16	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	49	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	49	2	2	2	NUM
cte-985	49	3	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	PROPN
cte-985	49	4	cte	cte	NOUN
cte-985	49	5	workshop	workshop	NOUN
cte-985	49	6	proceedings	proceeding	NOUN
cte-985	49	7	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	49	8	2025	2025	NUM
cte-985	49	9	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	PRON
cte-985	49	10	process	process	NOUN
cte-985	49	11	includes	include	VERB
cte-985	49	12	behavioural	behavioural	ADJ
cte-985	49	13	intention	intention	NOUN
cte-985	49	14	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	49	15	perceived	perceive	VERB
cte-985	49	16	usefulness	usefulness	NOUN
cte-985	49	17	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	49	18	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	49	19	perceived	perceive	VERB
cte-985	49	20	ease	ease	NOUN
cte-985	49	21	of	of	ADP
cte-985	49	22	use	use	NOUN
cte-985	49	23	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	49	24	figure	figure	NOUN
cte-985	49	25	1	1	NUM
cte-985	49	26	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	49	27	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	50	1	while	while	SCONJ
cte-985	50	2	perceived	perceive	VERB
cte-985	50	3	usefulness	usefulness	NOUN
cte-985	50	4	refers	refer	VERB
cte-985	50	5	to	to	ADP
cte-985	50	6	the	the	DET
cte-985	50	7	degree	degree	NOUN
cte-985	50	8	to	to	PART
cte-985	50	9	which	which	PRON
cte-985	50	10	a	a	DET
cte-985	50	11	person	person	NOUN
cte-985	50	12	believes	believe	VERB
cte-985	50	13	in	in	ADP
cte-985	50	14	the	the	DET
cte-985	50	15	benefit	benefit	NOUN
cte-985	50	16	of	of	ADP
cte-985	50	17	using	use	VERB
cte-985	50	18	a	a	DET
cte-985	50	19	particular	particular	ADJ
cte-985	50	20	technology	technology	NOUN
cte-985	50	21	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	50	22	perceived	perceive	VERB
cte-985	50	23	ease	ease	NOUN
cte-985	50	24	of	of	ADP
cte-985	50	25	use	use	NOUN
cte-985	50	26	refers	refer	VERB
cte-985	50	27	to	to	ADP
cte-985	50	28	the	the	DET
cte-985	50	29	importance	importance	NOUN
cte-985	50	30	of	of	ADP
cte-985	50	31	the	the	DET
cte-985	50	32	technology	technology	NOUN
cte-985	50	33	in	in	ADP
cte-985	50	34	being	be	AUX
cte-985	50	35	user	user	NOUN
cte-985	50	36	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	50	37	friendly	friendly	ADJ
cte-985	50	38	for	for	ADP
cte-985	50	39	the	the	DET
cte-985	50	40	users	user	NOUN
cte-985	50	41	[	[	X
cte-985	50	42	13	13	NUM
cte-985	50	43	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	50	44	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	51	1	generally	generally	ADV
cte-985	51	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	51	3	tam	tam	PROPN
cte-985	51	4	was	be	AUX
cte-985	51	5	developed	develop	VERB
cte-985	51	6	to	to	PART
cte-985	51	7	measure	measure	VERB
cte-985	51	8	the	the	DET
cte-985	51	9	effectiveness	effectiveness	NOUN
cte-985	51	10	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	51	11	success	success	NOUN
cte-985	51	12	of	of	ADP
cte-985	51	13	technology	technology	NOUN
cte-985	51	14	in	in	ADP
cte-985	51	15	helping	help	VERB
cte-985	51	16	users	user	NOUN
cte-985	51	17	understand	understand	VERB
cte-985	51	18	the	the	DET
cte-985	51	19	value	value	NOUN
cte-985	51	20	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	51	21	efficacy	efficacy	NOUN
cte-985	51	22	of	of	ADP
cte-985	51	23	a	a	DET
cte-985	51	24	particular	particular	ADJ
cte-985	51	25	system	system	NOUN
cte-985	51	26	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	52	1	it	it	PRON
cte-985	52	2	is	be	AUX
cte-985	52	3	also	also	ADV
cte-985	52	4	considered	consider	VERB
cte-985	52	5	one	one	NUM
cte-985	52	6	of	of	ADP
cte-985	52	7	the	the	DET
cte-985	52	8	most	most	ADV
cte-985	52	9	influential	influential	ADJ
cte-985	52	10	theories	theory	NOUN
cte-985	52	11	in	in	ADP
cte-985	52	12	contemporary	contemporary	ADJ
cte-985	52	13	information	information	NOUN
cte-985	52	14	systems	system	NOUN
cte-985	52	15	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	52	16	[	[	X
cte-985	52	17	12	12	NUM
cte-985	52	18	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	52	19	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	53	1	however	however	ADV
cte-985	53	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	53	3	the	the	DET
cte-985	53	4	theory	theory	NOUN
cte-985	53	5	has	have	AUX
cte-985	53	6	evolved	evolve	VERB
cte-985	53	7	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	53	8	with	with	ADP
cte-985	53	9	more	more	ADV
cte-985	53	10	specific	specific	ADJ
cte-985	53	11	variables	variable	NOUN
cte-985	53	12	explaining	explain	VERB
cte-985	53	13	how	how	SCONJ
cte-985	53	14	a	a	DET
cte-985	53	15	user	user	NOUN
cte-985	53	16	can	can	AUX
cte-985	53	17	accept	accept	VERB
cte-985	53	18	a	a	DET
cte-985	53	19	technology	technology	NOUN
cte-985	53	20	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	54	1	perceived	perceive	VERB
cte-985	54	2	usefulness	usefulness	NOUN
cte-985	54	3	perceived	perceive	VERB
cte-985	54	4	ease	ease	NOUN
cte-985	54	5	of	of	ADP
cte-985	54	6	use	use	NOUN
cte-985	54	7	external	external	ADJ
cte-985	54	8	variables	variable	NOUN
cte-985	54	9	attitude	attitude	NOUN
cte-985	54	10	toward	toward	ADP
cte-985	54	11	using	use	VERB
cte-985	54	12	behavioral	behavioral	ADJ
cte-985	54	13	intention	intention	NOUN
cte-985	54	14	to	to	PART
cte-985	54	15	use	use	VERB
cte-985	54	16	actual	actual	ADJ
cte-985	54	17	system	system	NOUN
cte-985	54	18	use	use	NOUN
cte-985	54	19	figure	figure	NOUN
cte-985	54	20	1	1	NUM
cte-985	54	21	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	54	22	technology	technology	NOUN
cte-985	54	23	acceptance	acceptance	NOUN
cte-985	54	24	model	model	NOUN
cte-985	54	25	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	54	26	adapted	adapt	VERB
cte-985	54	27	from	from	ADP
cte-985	54	28	[	[	X
cte-985	54	29	25	25	NUM
cte-985	54	30	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	54	31	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	54	32	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	55	1	3	3	X
cte-985	55	2	.	.	X
cte-985	55	3	methods	method	NOUN
cte-985	55	4	3.1	3.1	NUM
cte-985	55	5	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	55	6	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	55	7	approach	approach	NOUN
cte-985	55	8	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	55	9	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	55	10	design	design	NOUN
cte-985	55	11	the	the	DET
cte-985	55	12	current	current	ADJ
cte-985	55	13	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	55	14	employed	employ	VERB
cte-985	55	15	embedded	embed	VERB
cte-985	55	16	procedures	procedure	NOUN
cte-985	55	17	within	within	ADP
cte-985	55	18	a	a	DET
cte-985	55	19	mixed	mixed	ADJ
cte-985	55	20	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	55	21	method	method	NOUN
cte-985	55	22	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	55	23	approach	approach	NOUN
cte-985	55	24	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	55	25	in	in	ADP
cte-985	55	26	which	which	PRON
cte-985	55	27	the	the	DET
cte-985	55	28	researcher	researcher	NOUN
cte-985	55	29	sought	seek	VERB
cte-985	55	30	to	to	PART
cte-985	55	31	collect	collect	VERB
cte-985	55	32	qualitative	qualitative	NOUN
cte-985	55	33	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	55	34	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
cte-985	55	35	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	55	36	simultaneously	simultaneously	ADV
cte-985	55	37	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	55	38	with	with	ADP
cte-985	55	39	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
cte-985	55	40	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	55	41	supporting	support	VERB
cte-985	55	42	the	the	DET
cte-985	55	43	qualitative	qualitative	ADJ
cte-985	55	44	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	55	45	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	56	1	therefore	therefore	ADV
cte-985	56	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	56	3	the	the	DET
cte-985	56	4	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	56	5	employed	employ	VERB
cte-985	56	6	two	two	NUM
cte-985	56	7	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	56	8	methods	method	NOUN
cte-985	56	9	of	of	ADP
cte-985	56	10	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	56	11	collection	collection	NOUN
cte-985	56	12	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	56	13	interviews	interview	NOUN
cte-985	56	14	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	56	15	questionnaires	questionnaire	NOUN
cte-985	56	16	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	57	1	these	these	DET
cte-985	57	2	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	57	3	collection	collection	NOUN
cte-985	57	4	methods	method	NOUN
cte-985	57	5	were	be	AUX
cte-985	57	6	intended	intend	VERB
cte-985	57	7	for	for	ADP
cte-985	57	8	complementary	complementary	ADJ
cte-985	57	9	purposes	purpose	NOUN
cte-985	57	10	[	[	X
cte-985	57	11	4	4	NUM
cte-985	57	12	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	57	13	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	58	1	3.2	3.2	NUM
cte-985	58	2	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	59	1	participants	participant	VERB
cte-985	59	2	the	the	DET
cte-985	59	3	population	population	NOUN
cte-985	59	4	of	of	ADP
cte-985	59	5	this	this	DET
cte-985	59	6	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	59	7	consisted	consist	VERB
cte-985	59	8	of	of	ADP
cte-985	59	9	all	all	DET
cte-985	59	10	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	59	11	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	59	12	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	59	13	in	in	ADP
cte-985	59	14	monduli	monduli	PROPN
cte-985	59	15	district	district	PROPN
cte-985	59	16	council	council	PROPN
cte-985	59	17	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	59	18	focusing	focus	VERB
cte-985	59	19	on	on	ADP
cte-985	59	20	ten	ten	NUM
cte-985	59	21	peripheral	peripheral	ADJ
cte-985	59	22	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	59	23	schools	school	NOUN
cte-985	59	24	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	59	25	enguiki	enguiki	PROPN
cte-985	59	26	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	59	27	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	59	28	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	59	29	laiboni	laiboni	VERB
cte-985	59	30	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	59	31	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	59	32	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	59	33	lengijape	lengijape	NOUN
cte-985	59	34	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	59	35	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	59	36	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	59	37	lepurko	lepurko	PROPN
cte-985	59	38	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	59	39	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	59	40	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	59	41	losikito	losikito	PROPN
cte-985	59	42	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	59	43	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	59	44	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	59	45	mfereji	mfereji	NOUN
cte-985	59	46	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	59	47	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	59	48	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	59	49	monduli	monduli	PROPN
cte-985	59	50	juu	juu	PROPN
cte-985	59	51	primary	primary	PROPN
cte-985	59	52	school	school	PROPN
cte-985	59	53	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	59	54	mswakini	mswakini	PROPN
cte-985	59	55	juu	juu	PROPN
cte-985	59	56	primary	primary	PROPN
cte-985	59	57	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	59	58	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	59	59	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	59	60	mti	mti	PROPN
cte-985	59	61	mmoja	mmoja	PROPN
cte-985	59	62	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	59	63	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	59	64	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	59	65	with	with	ADP
cte-985	59	66	a	a	DET
cte-985	59	67	total	total	NOUN
cte-985	59	68	of	of	ADP
cte-985	59	69	82	82	NUM
cte-985	59	70	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	59	71	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	60	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	60	2	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	60	3	aim	aim	NOUN
cte-985	60	4	of	of	ADP
cte-985	60	5	the	the	DET
cte-985	60	6	pilot	pilot	NOUN
cte-985	60	7	was	be	AUX
cte-985	60	8	to	to	PART
cte-985	60	9	encourage	encourage	VERB
cte-985	60	10	the	the	DET
cte-985	60	11	use	use	NOUN
cte-985	60	12	of	of	ADP
cte-985	60	13	mobile	mobile	NOUN
cte-985	60	14	smartphones	smartphone	NOUN
cte-985	60	15	by	by	ADP
cte-985	60	16	examining	examine	VERB
cte-985	60	17	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	60	18	’	'	PUNCT
cte-985	60	19	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
cte-985	60	20	of	of	ADP
cte-985	60	21	how	how	SCONJ
cte-985	60	22	to	to	PART
cte-985	60	23	use	use	VERB
cte-985	60	24	them	they	PRON
cte-985	60	25	for	for	ADP
cte-985	60	26	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	60	27	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	60	28	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	61	1	specifically	specifically	ADV
cte-985	61	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	61	3	the	the	DET
cte-985	61	4	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	61	5	identified	identify	VERB
cte-985	61	6	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	61	7	in	in	ADP
cte-985	61	8	choosing	choose	VERB
cte-985	61	9	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	61	10	using	use	VERB
cte-985	61	11	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	61	12	smartphone	smartphone	NOUN
cte-985	61	13	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	61	14	for	for	ADP
cte-985	61	15	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	61	16	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	61	17	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	62	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	62	2	sampling	sample	VERB
cte-985	62	3	unit	unit	NOUN
cte-985	62	4	of	of	ADP
cte-985	62	5	this	this	DET
cte-985	62	6	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	62	7	was	be	AUX
cte-985	62	8	purposively	purposively	ADV
cte-985	62	9	selected	select	VERB
cte-985	62	10	based	base	VERB
cte-985	62	11	on	on	ADP
cte-985	62	12	the	the	DET
cte-985	62	13	information	information	NOUN
cte-985	62	14	required	require	VERB
cte-985	62	15	from	from	ADP
cte-985	62	16	respondents	respondent	NOUN
cte-985	62	17	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	63	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	63	2	sample	sample	NOUN
cte-985	63	3	size	size	NOUN
cte-985	63	4	was	be	AUX
cte-985	63	5	calculated	calculate	VERB
cte-985	63	6	using	use	VERB
cte-985	63	7	slovin	slovin	NOUN
cte-985	63	8	’s	’s	PART
cte-985	63	9	formula	formula	NOUN
cte-985	63	10	𝑛	𝑛	NOUN
cte-985	64	1	=	=	PUNCT
cte-985	65	1	𝑁/(1	𝑁/(1	PUNCT
cte-985	66	1	+	+	ADJ
cte-985	66	2	𝑁	𝑁	PROPN
cte-985	66	3	·	·	SYM
cte-985	66	4	𝑒2	𝑒2	NOUN
cte-985	66	5	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	66	6	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	66	7	where	where	SCONJ
cte-985	66	8	n	n	PRON
cte-985	66	9	is	be	AUX
cte-985	66	10	the	the	DET
cte-985	66	11	sample	sample	NOUN
cte-985	66	12	size	size	NOUN
cte-985	66	13	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	66	14	n	n	X
cte-985	66	15	is	be	AUX
cte-985	66	16	the	the	DET
cte-985	66	17	total	total	ADJ
cte-985	66	18	population	population	NOUN
cte-985	66	19	size	size	NOUN
cte-985	66	20	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	66	21	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	66	22	e	e	NOUN
cte-985	66	23	is	be	AUX
cte-985	66	24	the	the	DET
cte-985	66	25	desired	desire	VERB
cte-985	66	26	margin	margin	NOUN
cte-985	66	27	of	of	ADP
cte-985	66	28	error	error	NOUN
cte-985	66	29	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	66	30	commonly	commonly	ADV
cte-985	66	31	0.05	0.05	NUM
cte-985	66	32	for	for	ADP
cte-985	66	33	a	a	DET
cte-985	66	34	95	95	NUM
cte-985	66	35	%	%	NOUN
cte-985	66	36	confidence	confidence	NOUN
cte-985	66	37	level	level	NOUN
cte-985	66	38	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	66	39	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	67	1	for	for	ADP
cte-985	67	2	n	n	NOUN
cte-985	67	3	=	=	SYM
cte-985	67	4	82	82	NUM
cte-985	67	5	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	67	6	e	e	X
cte-985	67	7	=	=	NOUN
cte-985	67	8	0.05	0.05	NUM
cte-985	67	9	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	67	10	n	n	PROPN
cte-985	67	11	≈	≈	PROPN
cte-985	67	12	68	68	NUM
cte-985	67	13	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	67	14	68	68	NUM
cte-985	67	15	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	67	16	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	67	17	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	67	18	were	be	AUX
cte-985	67	19	drawn	draw	VERB
cte-985	67	20	from	from	ADP
cte-985	67	21	selected	select	VERB
cte-985	67	22	government	government	NOUN
cte-985	67	23	schools	school	NOUN
cte-985	67	24	within	within	ADP
cte-985	67	25	monduli	monduli	PROPN
cte-985	67	26	district	district	NOUN
cte-985	67	27	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	67	28	located	locate	VERB
cte-985	67	29	in	in	ADP
cte-985	67	30	the	the	DET
cte-985	67	31	arusha	arusha	PROPN
cte-985	67	32	region	region	NOUN
cte-985	67	33	of	of	ADP
cte-985	67	34	northern	northern	PROPN
cte-985	67	35	tanzania	tanzania	PROPN
cte-985	67	36	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	68	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	68	2	sample	sample	NOUN
cte-985	68	3	size	size	NOUN
cte-985	68	4	was	be	AUX
cte-985	68	5	determined	determine	VERB
cte-985	68	6	based	base	VERB
cte-985	68	7	on	on	ADP
cte-985	68	8	practical	practical	ADJ
cte-985	68	9	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	68	10	ethical	ethical	ADJ
cte-985	68	11	considerations	consideration	NOUN
cte-985	68	12	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	68	13	including	include	VERB
cte-985	68	14	participant	participant	ADJ
cte-985	68	15	accessibility	accessibility	NOUN
cte-985	68	16	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	68	17	resource	resource	NOUN
cte-985	68	18	availability	availability	NOUN
cte-985	68	19	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	68	20	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	68	21	formal	formal	ADJ
cte-985	68	22	permissions	permission	NOUN
cte-985	68	23	from	from	ADP
cte-985	68	24	relevant	relevant	ADJ
cte-985	68	25	educational	educational	ADJ
cte-985	68	26	3	3	NUM
cte-985	68	27	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	PROPN
cte-985	68	28	cte	cte	NOUN
cte-985	68	29	workshop	workshop	NOUN
cte-985	68	30	proceedings	proceeding	NOUN
cte-985	68	31	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	68	32	2025	2025	NUM
cte-985	68	33	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	PROPN
cte-985	68	34	authorities	authority	NOUN
cte-985	68	35	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	69	1	although	although	SCONJ
cte-985	69	2	the	the	DET
cte-985	69	3	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	69	4	does	do	AUX
cte-985	69	5	not	not	PART
cte-985	69	6	aim	aim	VERB
cte-985	69	7	to	to	PART
cte-985	69	8	represent	represent	VERB
cte-985	69	9	all	all	DET
cte-985	69	10	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	69	11	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	69	12	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	69	13	across	across	ADP
cte-985	69	14	tanzania	tanzania	PROPN
cte-985	69	15	statistically	statistically	ADV
cte-985	69	16	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	69	17	the	the	DET
cte-985	69	18	selected	select	VERB
cte-985	69	19	sample	sample	NOUN
cte-985	69	20	offers	offer	VERB
cte-985	69	21	a	a	DET
cte-985	69	22	credible	credible	ADJ
cte-985	69	23	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	69	24	contextually	contextually	ADV
cte-985	69	25	grounded	ground	VERB
cte-985	69	26	basis	basis	NOUN
cte-985	69	27	for	for	ADP
cte-985	69	28	exploring	explore	VERB
cte-985	69	29	the	the	DET
cte-985	69	30	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	69	31	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	69	32	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
cte-985	69	33	associated	associate	VERB
cte-985	69	34	with	with	ADP
cte-985	69	35	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	69	36	learning	learning	NOUN
cte-985	69	37	in	in	ADP
cte-985	69	38	a	a	DET
cte-985	69	39	district	district	NOUN
cte-985	69	40	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	69	41	level	level	NOUN
cte-985	69	42	rural	rural	ADJ
cte-985	69	43	setting	setting	NOUN
cte-985	69	44	[	[	X
cte-985	69	45	5	5	NUM
cte-985	69	46	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	69	47	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	70	1	during	during	ADP
cte-985	70	2	the	the	DET
cte-985	70	3	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
cte-985	70	4	data	data	NOUN
cte-985	70	5	collection	collection	NOUN
cte-985	70	6	phase	phase	NOUN
cte-985	70	7	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	70	8	simple	simple	ADJ
cte-985	70	9	random	random	ADJ
cte-985	70	10	sampling	sampling	NOUN
cte-985	70	11	was	be	AUX
cte-985	70	12	employed	employ	VERB
cte-985	70	13	to	to	PART
cte-985	70	14	select	select	VERB
cte-985	70	15	classroom	classroom	NOUN
cte-985	70	16	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	70	17	who	who	PRON
cte-985	70	18	owned	own	VERB
cte-985	70	19	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	70	20	had	have	VERB
cte-985	70	21	regular	regular	ADJ
cte-985	70	22	smartphone	smartphone	NOUN
cte-985	70	23	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	70	24	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	71	1	a	a	DET
cte-985	71	2	complete	complete	ADJ
cte-985	71	3	list	list	NOUN
cte-985	71	4	of	of	ADP
cte-985	71	5	eligible	eligible	ADJ
cte-985	71	6	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	71	7	was	be	AUX
cte-985	71	8	compiled	compile	VERB
cte-985	71	9	from	from	ADP
cte-985	71	10	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	71	11	records	record	NOUN
cte-985	71	12	obtained	obtain	VERB
cte-985	71	13	through	through	ADP
cte-985	71	14	collaboration	collaboration	NOUN
cte-985	71	15	with	with	ADP
cte-985	71	16	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	71	17	heads	head	NOUN
cte-985	71	18	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	72	1	each	each	DET
cte-985	72	2	teacher	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	72	3	was	be	AUX
cte-985	72	4	assigned	assign	VERB
cte-985	72	5	a	a	DET
cte-985	72	6	unique	unique	ADJ
cte-985	72	7	identification	identification	NOUN
cte-985	72	8	number	number	NOUN
cte-985	72	9	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	72	10	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	72	11	selection	selection	NOUN
cte-985	72	12	was	be	AUX
cte-985	72	13	conducted	conduct	VERB
cte-985	72	14	using	use	VERB
cte-985	72	15	a	a	DET
cte-985	72	16	random	random	ADJ
cte-985	72	17	number	number	NOUN
cte-985	72	18	generator	generator	NOUN
cte-985	72	19	in	in	ADP
cte-985	72	20	microsoft	microsoft	PROPN
cte-985	72	21	excel	excel	PROPN
cte-985	72	22	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	73	1	this	this	DET
cte-985	73	2	procedure	procedure	NOUN
cte-985	73	3	ensured	ensure	VERB
cte-985	73	4	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	73	5	all	all	DET
cte-985	73	6	qualified	qualified	ADJ
cte-985	73	7	participants	participant	NOUN
cte-985	73	8	had	have	VERB
cte-985	73	9	an	an	DET
cte-985	73	10	equal	equal	ADJ
cte-985	73	11	chance	chance	NOUN
cte-985	73	12	of	of	ADP
cte-985	73	13	being	be	AUX
cte-985	73	14	selected	select	VERB
cte-985	73	15	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	73	16	thereby	thereby	ADV
cte-985	73	17	minimising	minimise	VERB
cte-985	73	18	selection	selection	NOUN
cte-985	73	19	bias	bias	NOUN
cte-985	73	20	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	73	21	enhancing	enhance	VERB
cte-985	73	22	the	the	DET
cte-985	73	23	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	73	24	’s	’s	PART
cte-985	73	25	internal	internal	ADJ
cte-985	73	26	validity	validity	NOUN
cte-985	73	27	[	[	X
cte-985	73	28	11	11	NUM
cte-985	73	29	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	73	30	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	74	1	for	for	ADP
cte-985	74	2	the	the	DET
cte-985	74	3	qualitative	qualitative	ADJ
cte-985	74	4	component	component	NOUN
cte-985	74	5	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	74	6	purposive	purposive	ADJ
cte-985	74	7	sampling	sampling	NOUN
cte-985	74	8	was	be	AUX
cte-985	74	9	employed	employ	VERB
cte-985	74	10	to	to	PART
cte-985	74	11	select	select	VERB
cte-985	74	12	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	74	13	interview	interview	VERB
cte-985	74	14	headteachers	headteacher	NOUN
cte-985	74	15	as	as	ADP
cte-985	74	16	key	key	ADJ
cte-985	74	17	informants	informant	NOUN
cte-985	74	18	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	75	1	their	their	PRON
cte-985	75	2	inclusion	inclusion	NOUN
cte-985	75	3	was	be	AUX
cte-985	75	4	based	base	VERB
cte-985	75	5	on	on	ADP
cte-985	75	6	their	their	PRON
cte-985	75	7	formal	formal	ADJ
cte-985	75	8	administrative	administrative	ADJ
cte-985	75	9	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	75	10	instructional	instructional	ADJ
cte-985	75	11	roles	role	NOUN
cte-985	75	12	outlined	outline	VERB
cte-985	75	13	by	by	ADP
cte-985	75	14	the	the	DET
cte-985	75	15	tanzania	tanzania	PROPN
cte-985	75	16	ministry	ministry	PROPN
cte-985	75	17	of	of	ADP
cte-985	75	18	education	education	PROPN
cte-985	75	19	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	75	20	science	science	NOUN
cte-985	75	21	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	75	22	technology	technology	NOUN
cte-985	75	23	in	in	ADP
cte-985	75	24	the	the	DET
cte-985	75	25	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	75	26	management	management	NOUN
cte-985	75	27	guidelines	guideline	NOUN
cte-985	75	28	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	76	1	according	accord	VERB
cte-985	76	2	to	to	ADP
cte-985	76	3	these	these	DET
cte-985	76	4	guidelines	guideline	NOUN
cte-985	76	5	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	76	6	headteachers	headteacher	NOUN
cte-985	76	7	are	be	AUX
cte-985	76	8	responsible	responsible	ADJ
cte-985	76	9	for	for	ADP
cte-985	76	10	overseeing	oversee	VERB
cte-985	76	11	curriculum	curriculum	NOUN
cte-985	76	12	implementation	implementation	NOUN
cte-985	76	13	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	76	14	supporting	support	VERB
cte-985	76	15	teacher	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	76	16	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	76	17	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	76	18	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	76	19	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	76	20	managing	manage	VERB
cte-985	76	21	the	the	DET
cte-985	76	22	use	use	NOUN
cte-985	76	23	of	of	ADP
cte-985	76	24	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	76	25	resources	resource	NOUN
cte-985	76	26	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	76	27	including	include	VERB
cte-985	76	28	ict	ict	NOUN
cte-985	76	29	tools	tool	NOUN
cte-985	76	30	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	77	1	their	their	PRON
cte-985	77	2	strategic	strategic	ADJ
cte-985	77	3	leadership	leadership	NOUN
cte-985	77	4	perspectives	perspective	NOUN
cte-985	77	5	offered	offer	VERB
cte-985	77	6	valuable	valuable	ADJ
cte-985	77	7	insights	insight	NOUN
cte-985	77	8	into	into	ADP
cte-985	77	9	how	how	SCONJ
cte-985	77	10	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	77	11	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	77	12	are	be	AUX
cte-985	77	13	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	77	14	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	77	15	are	be	AUX
cte-985	77	16	not	not	PART
cte-985	77	17	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	77	18	being	be	AUX
cte-985	77	19	incorporated	incorporate	VERB
cte-985	77	20	into	into	ADP
cte-985	77	21	teacher	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	77	22	learning	learning	NOUN
cte-985	77	23	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	77	24	broader	broad	ADJ
cte-985	77	25	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	77	26	management	management	NOUN
cte-985	77	27	practices	practice	NOUN
cte-985	77	28	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	78	1	it	it	PRON
cte-985	78	2	is	be	AUX
cte-985	78	3	important	important	ADJ
cte-985	78	4	to	to	PART
cte-985	78	5	acknowledge	acknowledge	VERB
cte-985	78	6	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	78	7	while	while	SCONJ
cte-985	78	8	the	the	DET
cte-985	78	9	sample	sample	NOUN
cte-985	78	10	selection	selection	NOUN
cte-985	78	11	was	be	AUX
cte-985	78	12	systematic	systematic	ADJ
cte-985	78	13	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	78	14	appropriate	appropriate	ADJ
cte-985	78	15	for	for	ADP
cte-985	78	16	the	the	DET
cte-985	78	17	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	78	18	’s	’s	PART
cte-985	78	19	scope	scope	NOUN
cte-985	78	20	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	78	21	it	it	PRON
cte-985	78	22	may	may	AUX
cte-985	78	23	not	not	PART
cte-985	78	24	fully	fully	ADV
cte-985	78	25	reflect	reflect	VERB
cte-985	78	26	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	78	27	’	'	PUNCT
cte-985	78	28	experiences	experience	NOUN
cte-985	78	29	across	across	ADP
cte-985	78	30	tanzania	tanzania	PROPN
cte-985	78	31	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	79	1	monduli	monduli	PROPN
cte-985	79	2	is	be	AUX
cte-985	79	3	a	a	DET
cte-985	79	4	largely	largely	ADV
cte-985	79	5	rural	rural	ADJ
cte-985	79	6	area	area	NOUN
cte-985	79	7	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	79	8	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	79	9	the	the	DET
cte-985	79	10	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	79	11	encountered	encounter	VERB
cte-985	79	12	there	there	ADV
cte-985	79	13	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	79	14	such	such	ADJ
cte-985	79	15	as	as	ADP
cte-985	79	16	limited	limited	ADJ
cte-985	79	17	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
cte-985	79	18	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	79	19	economic	economic	ADJ
cte-985	79	20	constraints	constraint	NOUN
cte-985	79	21	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	79	22	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	79	23	cultural	cultural	ADJ
cte-985	79	24	factors	factor	NOUN
cte-985	79	25	like	like	ADP
cte-985	79	26	language	language	NOUN
cte-985	79	27	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	79	28	nomadic	nomadic	ADJ
cte-985	79	29	lifestyles	lifestyle	NOUN
cte-985	79	30	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	79	31	may	may	AUX
cte-985	79	32	differ	differ	VERB
cte-985	79	33	from	from	ADP
cte-985	79	34	those	those	PRON
cte-985	79	35	in	in	ADP
cte-985	79	36	urban	urban	ADJ
cte-985	79	37	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	79	38	better	well	ADV
cte-985	79	39	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	79	40	resourced	resource	VERB
cte-985	79	41	regions	region	NOUN
cte-985	79	42	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	80	1	however	however	ADV
cte-985	80	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	80	3	since	since	SCONJ
cte-985	80	4	many	many	ADJ
cte-985	80	5	tanzanian	tanzanian	ADJ
cte-985	80	6	schools	school	NOUN
cte-985	80	7	operate	operate	VERB
cte-985	80	8	in	in	ADP
cte-985	80	9	similar	similar	ADJ
cte-985	80	10	rural	rural	ADJ
cte-985	80	11	conditions	condition	NOUN
cte-985	80	12	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	80	13	the	the	DET
cte-985	80	14	findings	finding	NOUN
cte-985	80	15	from	from	ADP
cte-985	80	16	this	this	DET
cte-985	80	17	district	district	NOUN
cte-985	80	18	still	still	ADV
cte-985	80	19	offer	offer	VERB
cte-985	80	20	relevant	relevant	ADJ
cte-985	80	21	insights	insight	NOUN
cte-985	80	22	for	for	ADP
cte-985	80	23	national	national	ADJ
cte-985	80	24	education	education	NOUN
cte-985	80	25	planning	planning	NOUN
cte-985	80	26	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	80	27	policy	policy	NOUN
cte-985	80	28	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	80	29	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	81	1	3.3	3.3	NUM
cte-985	81	2	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	82	1	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	82	2	instruments	instrument	NOUN
cte-985	82	3	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	82	4	measures	measure	NOUN
cte-985	82	5	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	82	6	were	be	AUX
cte-985	82	7	given	give	VERB
cte-985	82	8	an	an	DET
cte-985	82	9	open	open	ADV
cte-985	82	10	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	82	11	ended	end	VERB
cte-985	82	12	questionnaire	questionnaire	NOUN
cte-985	82	13	to	to	PART
cte-985	82	14	gather	gather	VERB
cte-985	82	15	demographic	demographic	ADJ
cte-985	82	16	information	information	NOUN
cte-985	82	17	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	82	18	background	background	NOUN
cte-985	82	19	details	detail	NOUN
cte-985	82	20	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	83	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	83	2	second	second	ADJ
cte-985	83	3	part	part	NOUN
cte-985	83	4	of	of	ADP
cte-985	83	5	the	the	DET
cte-985	83	6	questionnaire	questionnaire	NOUN
cte-985	83	7	included	include	VERB
cte-985	83	8	closed	closed	ADJ
cte-985	83	9	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	83	10	ended	end	VERB
cte-985	83	11	statements	statement	NOUN
cte-985	83	12	to	to	PART
cte-985	83	13	identify	identify	VERB
cte-985	83	14	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	83	15	’	’	PART
cte-985	83	16	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
cte-985	83	17	gaps	gap	NOUN
cte-985	83	18	in	in	ADP
cte-985	83	19	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	83	20	phone	phone	NOUN
cte-985	83	21	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	83	22	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	84	1	a	a	DET
cte-985	84	2	five	five	NUM
cte-985	84	3	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	84	4	point	point	NOUN
cte-985	84	5	likert	likert	ADJ
cte-985	84	6	scale	scale	NOUN
cte-985	84	7	was	be	AUX
cte-985	84	8	used	use	VERB
cte-985	84	9	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	84	10	1	1	NUM
cte-985	84	11	=	=	NUM
cte-985	84	12	strongly	strongly	ADV
cte-985	84	13	disagree	disagree	VERB
cte-985	84	14	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	84	15	2	2	NUM
cte-985	84	16	=	=	NOUN
cte-985	84	17	disagree	disagree	NOUN
cte-985	84	18	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	85	1	3	3	NUM
cte-985	85	2	=	=	SYM
cte-985	85	3	neutral	neutral	ADJ
cte-985	85	4	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	85	5	4	4	NUM
cte-985	85	6	=	=	NOUN
cte-985	85	7	agree	agree	VERB
cte-985	85	8	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	85	9	5	5	NUM
cte-985	85	10	=	=	PRON
cte-985	85	11	strongly	strongly	ADV
cte-985	85	12	agree	agree	VERB
cte-985	85	13	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	85	14	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	86	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	86	2	questionnaire	questionnaire	NOUN
cte-985	86	3	was	be	AUX
cte-985	86	4	developed	develop	VERB
cte-985	86	5	based	base	VERB
cte-985	86	6	on	on	ADP
cte-985	86	7	established	establish	VERB
cte-985	86	8	instruments	instrument	NOUN
cte-985	86	9	from	from	ADP
cte-985	86	10	similar	similar	ADJ
cte-985	86	11	studies	study	NOUN
cte-985	86	12	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	86	13	adapted	adapt	VERB
cte-985	86	14	to	to	ADP
cte-985	86	15	the	the	DET
cte-985	86	16	tanzanian	tanzanian	ADJ
cte-985	86	17	context	context	NOUN
cte-985	86	18	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	87	1	this	this	DET
cte-985	87	2	method	method	NOUN
cte-985	87	3	was	be	AUX
cte-985	87	4	considered	consider	VERB
cte-985	87	5	suitable	suitable	ADJ
cte-985	87	6	for	for	ADP
cte-985	87	7	gathering	gather	VERB
cte-985	87	8	in	in	ADP
cte-985	87	9	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	87	10	depth	depth	NOUN
cte-985	87	11	information	information	NOUN
cte-985	87	12	regarding	regard	VERB
cte-985	87	13	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	87	14	’	'	PUNCT
cte-985	87	15	experiences	experience	NOUN
cte-985	87	16	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	87	17	opinions	opinion	NOUN
cte-985	87	18	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	87	19	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	87	20	attitudes	attitude	NOUN
cte-985	87	21	[	[	X
cte-985	87	22	4	4	NUM
cte-985	87	23	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	87	24	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	88	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	88	2	interviews	interview	NOUN
cte-985	88	3	helped	help	VERB
cte-985	88	4	to	to	PART
cte-985	88	5	explore	explore	VERB
cte-985	88	6	the	the	DET
cte-985	88	7	effectiveness	effectiveness	NOUN
cte-985	88	8	of	of	ADP
cte-985	88	9	selected	select	VERB
cte-985	88	10	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	88	11	phone	phone	NOUN
cte-985	88	12	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	88	13	as	as	ADP
cte-985	88	14	instructional	instructional	ADJ
cte-985	88	15	tools	tool	NOUN
cte-985	88	16	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	88	17	to	to	PART
cte-985	88	18	identify	identify	VERB
cte-985	88	19	sustainable	sustainable	ADJ
cte-985	88	20	strategies	strategy	NOUN
cte-985	88	21	to	to	PART
cte-985	88	22	enhance	enhance	VERB
cte-985	88	23	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	88	24	’	'	PUNCT
cte-985	88	25	competence	competence	NOUN
cte-985	88	26	in	in	ADP
cte-985	88	27	using	use	VERB
cte-985	88	28	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	88	29	technology	technology	NOUN
cte-985	88	30	for	for	ADP
cte-985	88	31	teaching	teaching	NOUN
cte-985	88	32	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	89	1	interview	interview	NOUN
cte-985	89	2	sessions	session	NOUN
cte-985	89	3	were	be	AUX
cte-985	89	4	conducted	conduct	VERB
cte-985	89	5	after	after	ADP
cte-985	89	6	receiving	receive	VERB
cte-985	89	7	participants	participant	NOUN
cte-985	89	8	’	'	PUNCT
cte-985	89	9	consent	consent	NOUN
cte-985	89	10	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	89	11	were	be	AUX
cte-985	89	12	audio	audio	NOUN
cte-985	89	13	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	89	14	recorded	recorded	ADJ
cte-985	89	15	using	use	VERB
cte-985	89	16	a	a	DET
cte-985	89	17	tape	tape	NOUN
cte-985	89	18	recorder	recorder	NOUN
cte-985	89	19	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	90	1	all	all	DET
cte-985	90	2	recorded	record	VERB
cte-985	90	3	interviews	interview	NOUN
cte-985	90	4	were	be	AUX
cte-985	90	5	later	later	ADV
cte-985	90	6	transcribed	transcribe	VERB
cte-985	90	7	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	90	8	analysed	analyse	VERB
cte-985	90	9	thematically	thematically	ADV
cte-985	90	10	[	[	X
cte-985	90	11	22	22	NUM
cte-985	90	12	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	90	13	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	91	1	3.4	3.4	NUM
cte-985	91	2	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	91	3	validity	validity	NOUN
cte-985	91	4	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	91	5	reliability	reliability	NOUN
cte-985	91	6	the	the	DET
cte-985	91	7	tests	test	NOUN
cte-985	91	8	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	91	9	questionnaires	questionnaire	NOUN
cte-985	91	10	were	be	AUX
cte-985	91	11	thoroughly	thoroughly	ADV
cte-985	91	12	reviewed	review	VERB
cte-985	91	13	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	91	14	refined	refine	VERB
cte-985	91	15	before	before	ADP
cte-985	91	16	being	be	AUX
cte-985	91	17	employed	employ	VERB
cte-985	91	18	in	in	ADP
cte-985	91	19	the	the	DET
cte-985	91	20	field	field	NOUN
cte-985	91	21	to	to	PART
cte-985	91	22	ensure	ensure	VERB
cte-985	91	23	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	91	24	the	the	DET
cte-985	91	25	tools	tool	NOUN
cte-985	91	26	utilised	utilise	VERB
cte-985	91	27	in	in	ADP
cte-985	91	28	this	this	DET
cte-985	91	29	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	91	30	were	be	AUX
cte-985	91	31	both	both	CCONJ
cte-985	91	32	valid	valid	ADJ
cte-985	91	33	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	91	34	reliable	reliable	ADJ
cte-985	91	35	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	92	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	92	2	initial	initial	ADJ
cte-985	92	3	step	step	NOUN
cte-985	92	4	involved	involve	VERB
cte-985	92	5	evaluating	evaluate	VERB
cte-985	92	6	each	each	DET
cte-985	92	7	item	item	NOUN
cte-985	92	8	for	for	ADP
cte-985	92	9	clarity	clarity	NOUN
cte-985	92	10	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	92	11	appropriate	appropriate	ADJ
cte-985	92	12	language	language	NOUN
cte-985	92	13	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	92	14	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	92	15	relevance	relevance	NOUN
cte-985	92	16	to	to	ADP
cte-985	92	17	the	the	DET
cte-985	92	18	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	92	19	’s	’s	PART
cte-985	92	20	aims	aim	NOUN
cte-985	92	21	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	93	1	this	this	DET
cte-985	93	2	process	process	NOUN
cte-985	93	3	helped	helped	AUX
cte-985	93	4	identify	identify	VERB
cte-985	93	5	any	any	DET
cte-985	93	6	confusing	confusing	ADJ
cte-985	93	7	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	93	8	repetitive	repetitive	ADJ
cte-985	93	9	questions	question	NOUN
cte-985	93	10	early	early	ADV
cte-985	93	11	on	on	ADV
cte-985	93	12	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	94	1	subsequently	subsequently	ADV
cte-985	94	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	94	3	the	the	DET
cte-985	94	4	instruments	instrument	NOUN
cte-985	94	5	were	be	AUX
cte-985	94	6	shared	share	VERB
cte-985	94	7	with	with	ADP
cte-985	94	8	4	4	NUM
cte-985	94	9	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	PROPN
cte-985	94	10	cte	cte	NOUN
cte-985	94	11	workshop	workshop	NOUN
cte-985	94	12	proceedings	proceeding	NOUN
cte-985	94	13	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	94	14	2025	2025	NUM
cte-985	94	15	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	PROPN
cte-985	94	16	four	four	NUM
cte-985	94	17	experienced	experienced	ADJ
cte-985	94	18	education	education	NOUN
cte-985	94	19	experts	expert	NOUN
cte-985	94	20	–	–	PUNCT
cte-985	94	21	two	two	NUM
cte-985	94	22	from	from	ADP
cte-985	94	23	the	the	DET
cte-985	94	24	university	university	NOUN
cte-985	94	25	of	of	ADP
cte-985	94	26	dodoma	dodoma	NOUN
cte-985	94	27	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	94	28	two	two	NUM
cte-985	94	29	from	from	ADP
cte-985	94	30	the	the	DET
cte-985	94	31	university	university	NOUN
cte-985	94	32	of	of	ADP
cte-985	94	33	dar	dar	PROPN
cte-985	94	34	es	es	PROPN
cte-985	94	35	salaam	salaam	PROPN
cte-985	94	36	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	95	1	their	their	PRON
cte-985	95	2	insightful	insightful	ADJ
cte-985	95	3	feedback	feedback	NOUN
cte-985	95	4	enhanced	enhance	VERB
cte-985	95	5	the	the	DET
cte-985	95	6	content	content	NOUN
cte-985	95	7	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	95	8	confirmed	confirm	VERB
cte-985	95	9	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	95	10	the	the	DET
cte-985	95	11	questions	question	NOUN
cte-985	95	12	were	be	AUX
cte-985	95	13	appropriate	appropriate	ADJ
cte-985	95	14	within	within	ADP
cte-985	95	15	the	the	DET
cte-985	95	16	context	context	NOUN
cte-985	95	17	of	of	ADP
cte-985	95	18	tanzanian	tanzanian	ADJ
cte-985	95	19	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	95	20	education	education	NOUN
cte-985	95	21	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	96	1	this	this	DET
cte-985	96	2	expert	expert	ADJ
cte-985	96	3	input	input	NOUN
cte-985	96	4	was	be	AUX
cte-985	96	5	crucial	crucial	ADJ
cte-985	96	6	in	in	ADP
cte-985	96	7	reinforcing	reinforce	VERB
cte-985	96	8	the	the	DET
cte-985	96	9	validity	validity	NOUN
cte-985	96	10	of	of	ADP
cte-985	96	11	the	the	DET
cte-985	96	12	tools	tool	NOUN
cte-985	96	13	’	'	PUNCT
cte-985	96	14	content	content	NOUN
cte-985	96	15	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	97	1	to	to	PART
cte-985	97	2	further	far	ADV
cte-985	97	3	evaluate	evaluate	VERB
cte-985	97	4	the	the	DET
cte-985	97	5	effectiveness	effectiveness	NOUN
cte-985	97	6	of	of	ADP
cte-985	97	7	the	the	DET
cte-985	97	8	tools	tool	NOUN
cte-985	97	9	in	in	ADP
cte-985	97	10	practice	practice	NOUN
cte-985	97	11	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	97	12	a	a	DET
cte-985	97	13	pilot	pilot	NOUN
cte-985	97	14	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	97	15	was	be	AUX
cte-985	97	16	conducted	conduct	VERB
cte-985	97	17	in	in	ADP
cte-985	97	18	enguiki	enguiki	ADJ
cte-985	97	19	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	97	20	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	97	21	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	97	22	laiboni	laiboni	VERB
cte-985	97	23	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	97	24	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	97	25	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	98	1	ten	ten	NUM
cte-985	98	2	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	98	3	participated	participate	VERB
cte-985	98	4	in	in	ADP
cte-985	98	5	this	this	DET
cte-985	98	6	small	small	ADJ
cte-985	98	7	trial	trial	NOUN
cte-985	98	8	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	98	9	helping	help	VERB
cte-985	98	10	to	to	PART
cte-985	98	11	assess	assess	VERB
cte-985	98	12	how	how	SCONJ
cte-985	98	13	well	well	ADV
cte-985	98	14	the	the	DET
cte-985	98	15	questions	question	NOUN
cte-985	98	16	were	be	AUX
cte-985	98	17	understood	understand	VERB
cte-985	98	18	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	98	19	whether	whether	SCONJ
cte-985	98	20	any	any	DET
cte-985	98	21	adjustments	adjustment	NOUN
cte-985	98	22	were	be	AUX
cte-985	98	23	necessary	necessary	ADJ
cte-985	98	24	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	99	1	their	their	PRON
cte-985	99	2	involvement	involvement	NOUN
cte-985	99	3	was	be	AUX
cte-985	99	4	vital	vital	ADJ
cte-985	99	5	in	in	ADP
cte-985	99	6	identifying	identify	VERB
cte-985	99	7	areas	area	NOUN
cte-985	99	8	that	that	PRON
cte-985	99	9	required	require	VERB
cte-985	99	10	refinement	refinement	NOUN
cte-985	99	11	before	before	SCONJ
cte-985	99	12	the	the	DET
cte-985	99	13	main	main	ADJ
cte-985	99	14	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	99	15	commenced	commence	VERB
cte-985	99	16	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	100	1	3.5	3.5	NUM
cte-985	100	2	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	101	1	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	101	2	analysis	analysis	NOUN
cte-985	101	3	process	process	NOUN
cte-985	101	4	this	this	DET
cte-985	101	5	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	101	6	adopted	adopt	VERB
cte-985	101	7	a	a	DET
cte-985	101	8	mixed	mix	VERB
cte-985	101	9	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	101	10	methods	method	NOUN
cte-985	101	11	approach	approach	NOUN
cte-985	101	12	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	101	13	integrating	integrate	VERB
cte-985	101	14	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
cte-985	101	15	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	101	16	qualitative	qualitative	ADJ
cte-985	101	17	techniques	technique	NOUN
cte-985	101	18	to	to	PART
cte-985	101	19	understand	understand	VERB
cte-985	101	20	the	the	DET
cte-985	101	21	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	101	22	problem	problem	NOUN
cte-985	101	23	comprehensively	comprehensively	ADV
cte-985	101	24	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	102	1	given	give	VERB
cte-985	102	2	the	the	DET
cte-985	102	3	complexity	complexity	NOUN
cte-985	102	4	of	of	ADP
cte-985	102	5	analysing	analyse	VERB
cte-985	102	6	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	102	7	from	from	ADP
cte-985	102	8	different	different	ADJ
cte-985	102	9	methodologies	methodology	NOUN
cte-985	102	10	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	102	11	careful	careful	ADJ
cte-985	102	12	consideration	consideration	NOUN
cte-985	102	13	was	be	AUX
cte-985	102	14	given	give	VERB
cte-985	102	15	to	to	ADP
cte-985	102	16	selecting	select	VERB
cte-985	102	17	appropriate	appropriate	ADJ
cte-985	102	18	analytical	analytical	ADJ
cte-985	102	19	tools	tool	NOUN
cte-985	102	20	for	for	ADP
cte-985	102	21	each	each	DET
cte-985	102	22	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	102	23	type	type	NOUN
cte-985	102	24	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	103	1	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
cte-985	103	2	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	103	3	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	103	4	derived	derive	VERB
cte-985	103	5	from	from	ADP
cte-985	103	6	closed	closed	ADJ
cte-985	103	7	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	103	8	ended	end	VERB
cte-985	103	9	questionnaires	questionnaire	NOUN
cte-985	103	10	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	103	11	were	be	AUX
cte-985	103	12	analysed	analyse	VERB
cte-985	103	13	using	use	VERB
cte-985	103	14	the	the	DET
cte-985	103	15	statistical	statistical	ADJ
cte-985	103	16	package	package	NOUN
cte-985	103	17	for	for	ADP
cte-985	103	18	social	social	ADJ
cte-985	103	19	sciences	science	NOUN
cte-985	103	20	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	103	21	spss	spss	PROPN
cte-985	103	22	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	103	23	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	103	24	version	version	NOUN
cte-985	103	25	26	26	NUM
cte-985	103	26	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	104	1	descriptive	descriptive	ADJ
cte-985	104	2	statistics	statistic	NOUN
cte-985	104	3	were	be	AUX
cte-985	104	4	used	use	VERB
cte-985	104	5	to	to	PART
cte-985	104	6	summarise	summarise	VERB
cte-985	104	7	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	104	8	interpret	interpret	VERB
cte-985	104	9	the	the	DET
cte-985	104	10	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	104	11	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	104	12	including	include	VERB
cte-985	104	13	means	mean	NOUN
cte-985	104	14	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	104	15	standard	standard	ADJ
cte-985	104	16	deviations	deviation	NOUN
cte-985	104	17	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	104	18	frequencies	frequency	NOUN
cte-985	104	19	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	104	20	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	104	21	percentages	percentage	NOUN
cte-985	104	22	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	105	1	for	for	ADP
cte-985	105	2	qualitative	qualitative	ADJ
cte-985	105	3	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	105	4	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	105	5	thematic	thematic	ADJ
cte-985	105	6	analysis	analysis	NOUN
cte-985	105	7	was	be	AUX
cte-985	105	8	used	use	VERB
cte-985	105	9	to	to	PART
cte-985	105	10	examine	examine	VERB
cte-985	105	11	interview	interview	NOUN
cte-985	105	12	responses	response	NOUN
cte-985	105	13	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	106	1	this	this	PRON
cte-985	106	2	involved	involve	VERB
cte-985	106	3	coding	code	VERB
cte-985	106	4	the	the	DET
cte-985	106	5	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	106	6	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	106	7	identifying	identify	VERB
cte-985	106	8	recurring	recur	VERB
cte-985	106	9	patterns	pattern	NOUN
cte-985	106	10	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	106	11	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	106	12	developing	develop	VERB
cte-985	106	13	key	key	ADJ
cte-985	106	14	themes	theme	NOUN
cte-985	106	15	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	107	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	107	2	findings	finding	NOUN
cte-985	107	3	were	be	AUX
cte-985	107	4	presented	present	VERB
cte-985	107	5	narratively	narratively	ADV
cte-985	107	6	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	107	7	supported	support	VERB
cte-985	107	8	by	by	ADP
cte-985	107	9	relevant	relevant	ADJ
cte-985	107	10	literature	literature	NOUN
cte-985	107	11	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	108	1	to	to	PART
cte-985	108	2	enhance	enhance	VERB
cte-985	108	3	credibility	credibility	NOUN
cte-985	108	4	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	108	5	validation	validation	NOUN
cte-985	108	6	strategies	strategy	NOUN
cte-985	108	7	such	such	ADJ
cte-985	108	8	as	as	ADP
cte-985	108	9	triangulation	triangulation	NOUN
cte-985	108	10	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	108	11	member	member	NOUN
cte-985	108	12	checking	checking	NOUN
cte-985	108	13	were	be	AUX
cte-985	108	14	applied	apply	VERB
cte-985	108	15	[	[	PUNCT
cte-985	108	16	3	3	NUM
cte-985	108	17	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	108	18	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	109	1	this	this	DET
cte-985	109	2	process	process	NOUN
cte-985	109	3	ensured	ensure	VERB
cte-985	109	4	the	the	DET
cte-985	109	5	findings	finding	NOUN
cte-985	109	6	were	be	AUX
cte-985	109	7	accurate	accurate	ADJ
cte-985	109	8	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	109	9	grounded	ground	VERB
cte-985	109	10	in	in	ADP
cte-985	109	11	participants	participant	NOUN
cte-985	109	12	’	'	PUNCT
cte-985	109	13	experiences	experience	NOUN
cte-985	109	14	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	110	1	4	4	X
cte-985	110	2	.	.	NOUN
cte-985	110	3	results	result	NOUN
cte-985	110	4	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	110	5	discussion	discussion	NOUN
cte-985	110	6	this	this	DET
cte-985	110	7	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	110	8	examined	examine	VERB
cte-985	110	9	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	110	10	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	110	11	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	110	12	’	'	PUNCT
cte-985	110	13	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	110	14	in	in	ADP
cte-985	110	15	using	use	VERB
cte-985	110	16	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	110	17	smartphone	smartphone	NOUN
cte-985	110	18	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	110	19	for	for	ADP
cte-985	110	20	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	110	21	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	110	22	within	within	ADP
cte-985	110	23	the	the	DET
cte-985	110	24	monduli	monduli	PROPN
cte-985	110	25	district	district	PROPN
cte-985	110	26	council	council	PROPN
cte-985	110	27	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	111	1	through	through	ADP
cte-985	111	2	a	a	DET
cte-985	111	3	combined	combined	ADJ
cte-985	111	4	analysis	analysis	NOUN
cte-985	111	5	of	of	ADP
cte-985	111	6	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
cte-985	111	7	survey	survey	NOUN
cte-985	111	8	results	result	NOUN
cte-985	111	9	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	111	10	qualitative	qualitative	ADJ
cte-985	111	11	interview	interview	NOUN
cte-985	111	12	narratives	narrative	NOUN
cte-985	111	13	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	111	14	the	the	DET
cte-985	111	15	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	111	16	identified	identify	VERB
cte-985	111	17	four	four	NUM
cte-985	111	18	key	key	ADJ
cte-985	111	19	barriers	barrier	NOUN
cte-985	111	20	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	111	21	inadequate	inadequate	ADJ
cte-985	111	22	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	111	23	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	111	24	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	111	25	high	high	ADJ
cte-985	111	26	data	data	NOUN
cte-985	111	27	costs	cost	NOUN
cte-985	111	28	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	111	29	insufficient	insufficient	ADJ
cte-985	111	30	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	111	31	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	111	32	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	111	33	limited	limited	ADJ
cte-985	111	34	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	111	35	to	to	ADP
cte-985	111	36	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	111	37	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
cte-985	111	38	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	112	1	these	these	PRON
cte-985	112	2	are	be	AUX
cte-985	112	3	now	now	ADV
cte-985	112	4	interpreted	interpret	VERB
cte-985	112	5	through	through	ADP
cte-985	112	6	the	the	DET
cte-985	112	7	lens	lens	NOUN
cte-985	112	8	of	of	ADP
cte-985	112	9	the	the	DET
cte-985	112	10	tam	tam	PROPN
cte-985	112	11	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	112	12	which	which	PRON
cte-985	112	13	provides	provide	VERB
cte-985	112	14	a	a	DET
cte-985	112	15	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
cte-985	112	16	foundation	foundation	NOUN
cte-985	112	17	for	for	ADP
cte-985	112	18	understanding	understand	VERB
cte-985	112	19	low	low	ADJ
cte-985	112	20	adoption	adoption	NOUN
cte-985	112	21	rates	rate	NOUN
cte-985	112	22	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	113	1	4.1	4.1	NUM
cte-985	113	2	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	113	3	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	113	4	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	113	5	as	as	ADP
cte-985	113	6	a	a	DET
cte-985	113	7	barrier	barrier	NOUN
cte-985	113	8	one	one	NUM
cte-985	113	9	of	of	ADP
cte-985	113	10	the	the	DET
cte-985	113	11	most	most	ADV
cte-985	113	12	pressing	pressing	ADJ
cte-985	113	13	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	113	14	is	be	AUX
cte-985	113	15	the	the	DET
cte-985	113	16	lack	lack	NOUN
cte-985	113	17	of	of	ADP
cte-985	113	18	reliable	reliable	ADJ
cte-985	113	19	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	113	20	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	113	21	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	114	1	when	when	SCONJ
cte-985	114	2	asked	ask	VERB
cte-985	114	3	whether	whether	SCONJ
cte-985	114	4	they	they	PRON
cte-985	114	5	have	have	VERB
cte-985	114	6	reliable	reliable	ADJ
cte-985	114	7	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	114	8	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	114	9	to	to	PART
cte-985	114	10	use	use	VERB
cte-985	114	11	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	114	12	smartphone	smartphone	NOUN
cte-985	114	13	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	114	14	for	for	ADP
cte-985	114	15	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	114	16	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	114	17	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	114	18	most	most	ADJ
cte-985	114	19	respondents	respondent	NOUN
cte-985	114	20	strongly	strongly	ADV
cte-985	114	21	disagreed	disagree	VERB
cte-985	114	22	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	114	23	30	30	NUM
cte-985	114	24	respondents	respondent	NOUN
cte-985	114	25	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	114	26	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	114	27	disagreed	disagree	VERB
cte-985	114	28	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	114	29	25	25	NUM
cte-985	114	30	respondents	respondent	NOUN
cte-985	114	31	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	114	32	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	114	33	totalling	total	VERB
cte-985	114	34	80.9	80.9	NUM
cte-985	114	35	%	%	NOUN
cte-985	114	36	of	of	ADP
cte-985	114	37	the	the	DET
cte-985	114	38	participants	participant	NOUN
cte-985	114	39	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	115	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	115	2	mean	mean	ADJ
cte-985	115	3	score	score	NOUN
cte-985	115	4	of	of	ADP
cte-985	115	5	1.85	1.85	NUM
cte-985	115	6	confirms	confirm	NOUN
cte-985	115	7	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	115	8	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	115	9	connectivity	connectivity	NOUN
cte-985	115	10	is	be	AUX
cte-985	115	11	a	a	DET
cte-985	115	12	significant	significant	ADJ
cte-985	115	13	issue	issue	NOUN
cte-985	115	14	for	for	ADP
cte-985	115	15	most	most	ADJ
cte-985	115	16	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	115	17	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	116	1	through	through	ADP
cte-985	116	2	an	an	DET
cte-985	116	3	interview	interview	NOUN
cte-985	116	4	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	116	5	it	it	PRON
cte-985	116	6	was	be	AUX
cte-985	116	7	revealed	reveal	VERB
cte-985	116	8	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	116	9	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	116	10	most	most	ADJ
cte-985	116	11	of	of	ADP
cte-985	116	12	the	the	DET
cte-985	116	13	time	time	NOUN
cte-985	116	14	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	116	15	we	we	PRON
cte-985	116	16	struggle	struggle	VERB
cte-985	116	17	even	even	ADV
cte-985	116	18	to	to	PART
cte-985	116	19	open	open	VERB
cte-985	116	20	a	a	DET
cte-985	116	21	basic	basic	ADJ
cte-985	116	22	teaching	teaching	NOUN
cte-985	116	23	website	website	NOUN
cte-985	116	24	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	117	1	without	without	ADP
cte-985	117	2	reliable	reliable	ADJ
cte-985	117	3	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	117	4	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	117	5	it	it	PRON
cte-985	117	6	is	be	AUX
cte-985	117	7	hard	hard	ADJ
cte-985	117	8	to	to	PART
cte-985	117	9	explore	explore	VERB
cte-985	117	10	apps	app	NOUN
cte-985	117	11	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	117	12	take	take	VERB
cte-985	117	13	online	online	ADJ
cte-985	117	14	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	117	15	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	118	1	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	118	2	respondent	respondent	NOUN
cte-985	118	3	4	4	NUM
cte-985	118	4	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	118	5	14th	14th	ADJ
cte-985	118	6	october	october	PROPN
cte-985	118	7	2023	2023	NUM
cte-985	118	8	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	118	9	this	this	DET
cte-985	118	10	situation	situation	NOUN
cte-985	118	11	diminishes	diminish	VERB
cte-985	118	12	the	the	DET
cte-985	118	13	perceived	perceive	VERB
cte-985	118	14	usefulness	usefulness	NOUN
cte-985	118	15	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	118	16	pu	pu	PROPN
cte-985	118	17	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	118	18	of	of	ADP
cte-985	118	19	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	118	20	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	118	21	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	119	1	when	when	SCONJ
cte-985	119	2	technology	technology	NOUN
cte-985	119	3	is	be	AUX
cte-985	119	4	seen	see	VERB
cte-985	119	5	as	as	ADP
cte-985	119	6	inaccessible	inaccessible	ADJ
cte-985	119	7	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	119	8	unreliable	unreliable	ADJ
cte-985	119	9	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	119	10	its	its	PRON
cte-985	119	11	perceived	perceive	VERB
cte-985	119	12	benefits	benefit	NOUN
cte-985	119	13	become	become	VERB
cte-985	119	14	irrelevant	irrelevant	ADJ
cte-985	119	15	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	120	1	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	120	2	may	may	AUX
cte-985	120	3	believe	believe	VERB
cte-985	120	4	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	120	5	the	the	DET
cte-985	120	6	apps	app	NOUN
cte-985	120	7	could	could	AUX
cte-985	120	8	be	be	AUX
cte-985	120	9	helpful	helpful	ADJ
cte-985	120	10	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	120	11	but	but	CCONJ
cte-985	120	12	conclude	conclude	VERB
cte-985	120	13	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	120	14	such	such	ADJ
cte-985	120	15	tools	tool	NOUN
cte-985	120	16	are	be	AUX
cte-985	120	17	impractical	impractical	ADJ
cte-985	120	18	in	in	ADP
cte-985	120	19	their	their	PRON
cte-985	120	20	context	context	NOUN
cte-985	120	21	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	121	1	this	this	DET
cte-985	121	2	challenge	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	121	3	suggests	suggest	VERB
cte-985	121	4	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	121	5	poor	poor	ADJ
cte-985	121	6	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
cte-985	121	7	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	121	8	limited	limited	ADJ
cte-985	121	9	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	121	10	coverage	coverage	NOUN
cte-985	121	11	severely	severely	ADV
cte-985	121	12	restrict	restrict	VERB
cte-985	121	13	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	121	14	’	'	PUNCT
cte-985	121	15	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	121	16	to	to	ADP
cte-985	121	17	online	online	ADJ
cte-985	121	18	resources	resource	NOUN
cte-985	121	19	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	121	20	5	5	NUM
cte-985	121	21	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	PROPN
cte-985	121	22	cte	cte	NOUN
cte-985	121	23	workshop	workshop	NOUN
cte-985	121	24	proceedings	proceeding	NOUN
cte-985	121	25	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	121	26	2025	2025	NUM
cte-985	121	27	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	VERB
cte-985	121	28	their	their	PRON
cte-985	121	29	ability	ability	NOUN
cte-985	121	30	to	to	PART
cte-985	121	31	engage	engage	VERB
cte-985	121	32	in	in	ADP
cte-985	121	33	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	121	34	learning	learning	NOUN
cte-985	121	35	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	122	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	122	2	limited	limited	ADJ
cte-985	122	3	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	122	4	to	to	ADP
cte-985	122	5	stable	stable	ADJ
cte-985	122	6	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	122	7	limits	limit	NOUN
cte-985	122	8	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	122	9	growth	growth	NOUN
cte-985	122	10	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	122	11	reduces	reduce	VERB
cte-985	122	12	the	the	DET
cte-985	122	13	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
cte-985	122	14	for	for	SCONJ
cte-985	122	15	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	122	16	to	to	PART
cte-985	122	17	adopt	adopt	VERB
cte-985	122	18	innovative	innovative	ADJ
cte-985	122	19	teaching	teaching	NOUN
cte-985	122	20	methods	method	NOUN
cte-985	122	21	facilitated	facilitate	VERB
cte-985	122	22	by	by	ADP
cte-985	122	23	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	122	24	technology	technology	NOUN
cte-985	122	25	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	123	1	this	this	DET
cte-985	123	2	finding	find	VERB
cte-985	123	3	mirrors	mirror	NOUN
cte-985	123	4	that	that	PRON
cte-985	123	5	of	of	ADP
cte-985	123	6	kabasiita	kabasiita	PROPN
cte-985	123	7	et	et	PROPN
cte-985	123	8	al	al	PROPN
cte-985	123	9	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	124	1	[	[	X
cte-985	124	2	7	7	NUM
cte-985	124	3	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	124	4	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	124	5	who	who	PRON
cte-985	124	6	emphasised	emphasise	VERB
cte-985	124	7	the	the	DET
cte-985	124	8	negative	negative	ADJ
cte-985	124	9	impact	impact	NOUN
cte-985	124	10	of	of	ADP
cte-985	124	11	unreliable	unreliable	ADJ
cte-985	124	12	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	124	13	on	on	ADP
cte-985	124	14	ict	ict	PROPN
cte-985	124	15	use	use	NOUN
cte-985	124	16	in	in	ADP
cte-985	124	17	education	education	NOUN
cte-985	124	18	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	125	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	125	2	inability	inability	NOUN
cte-985	125	3	to	to	PART
cte-985	125	4	access	access	VERB
cte-985	125	5	reliable	reliable	ADJ
cte-985	125	6	connections	connection	NOUN
cte-985	125	7	prevents	prevent	VERB
cte-985	125	8	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	125	9	from	from	ADP
cte-985	125	10	downloading	download	VERB
cte-985	125	11	learning	learn	VERB
cte-985	125	12	materials	material	NOUN
cte-985	125	13	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	125	14	participating	participate	VERB
cte-985	125	15	in	in	ADP
cte-985	125	16	webinars	webinar	NOUN
cte-985	125	17	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	125	18	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	125	19	collaborating	collaborate	VERB
cte-985	125	20	with	with	ADP
cte-985	125	21	peers	peer	NOUN
cte-985	125	22	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	126	1	rural	rural	ADJ
cte-985	126	2	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	126	3	are	be	AUX
cte-985	126	4	disproportionately	disproportionately	ADV
cte-985	126	5	affected	affect	VERB
cte-985	126	6	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	126	7	widening	widen	VERB
cte-985	126	8	the	the	DET
cte-985	126	9	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	126	10	divide	divide	NOUN
cte-985	126	11	compared	compare	VERB
cte-985	126	12	to	to	ADP
cte-985	126	13	their	their	PRON
cte-985	126	14	urban	urban	ADJ
cte-985	126	15	counterparts	counterpart	NOUN
cte-985	126	16	with	with	ADP
cte-985	126	17	better	well	ADJ
cte-985	126	18	connectivity	connectivity	NOUN
cte-985	126	19	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	127	1	equitable	equitable	ADJ
cte-985	127	2	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	127	3	will	will	AUX
cte-985	127	4	remain	remain	VERB
cte-985	127	5	out	out	ADP
cte-985	127	6	of	of	ADP
cte-985	127	7	reach	reach	NOUN
cte-985	127	8	without	without	ADP
cte-985	127	9	targeted	target	VERB
cte-985	127	10	interventions	intervention	NOUN
cte-985	127	11	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	127	12	such	such	ADJ
cte-985	127	13	as	as	ADP
cte-985	127	14	community	community	NOUN
cte-985	127	15	wi	wi	PROPN
cte-985	127	16	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	127	17	fi	fi	NOUN
cte-985	127	18	hubs	hub	NOUN
cte-985	127	19	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	127	20	partnerships	partnership	NOUN
cte-985	127	21	with	with	ADP
cte-985	127	22	telecom	telecom	NOUN
cte-985	127	23	providers	provider	NOUN
cte-985	127	24	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	128	1	4.2	4.2	NUM
cte-985	128	2	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	128	3	high	high	ADJ
cte-985	128	4	cost	cost	NOUN
cte-985	128	5	of	of	ADP
cte-985	128	6	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	128	7	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	128	8	the	the	DET
cte-985	128	9	affordability	affordability	NOUN
cte-985	128	10	of	of	ADP
cte-985	128	11	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	128	12	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	128	13	emerged	emerge	VERB
cte-985	128	14	as	as	ADP
cte-985	128	15	another	another	DET
cte-985	128	16	significant	significant	ADJ
cte-985	128	17	obstacle	obstacle	NOUN
cte-985	128	18	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	129	1	when	when	SCONJ
cte-985	129	2	asked	ask	VERB
cte-985	129	3	if	if	SCONJ
cte-985	129	4	the	the	DET
cte-985	129	5	cost	cost	NOUN
cte-985	129	6	of	of	ADP
cte-985	129	7	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	129	8	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	129	9	is	be	AUX
cte-985	129	10	a	a	DET
cte-985	129	11	barrier	barrier	NOUN
cte-985	129	12	to	to	ADP
cte-985	129	13	using	use	VERB
cte-985	129	14	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	129	15	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	129	16	for	for	ADP
cte-985	129	17	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	129	18	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	129	19	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	129	20	38	38	NUM
cte-985	129	21	respondents	respondent	NOUN
cte-985	129	22	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	129	23	55.9	55.9	NUM
cte-985	129	24	%	%	NOUN
cte-985	129	25	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	129	26	agreed	agree	VERB
cte-985	129	27	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	129	28	strongly	strongly	ADV
cte-985	129	29	agreed	agree	VERB
cte-985	129	30	with	with	ADP
cte-985	129	31	this	this	DET
cte-985	129	32	statement	statement	NOUN
cte-985	129	33	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	130	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	130	2	mean	mean	ADJ
cte-985	130	3	score	score	NOUN
cte-985	130	4	of	of	ADP
cte-985	130	5	3.46	3.46	NUM
cte-985	130	6	reflects	reflect	VERB
cte-985	130	7	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	130	8	more	more	ADJ
cte-985	130	9	than	than	ADP
cte-985	130	10	half	half	NOUN
cte-985	130	11	of	of	ADP
cte-985	130	12	the	the	DET
cte-985	130	13	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	130	14	perceive	perceive	ADJ
cte-985	130	15	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	130	16	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	130	17	costs	cost	NOUN
cte-985	130	18	as	as	ADP
cte-985	130	19	a	a	DET
cte-985	130	20	significant	significant	ADJ
cte-985	130	21	impediment	impediment	NOUN
cte-985	130	22	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	131	1	this	this	DET
cte-985	131	2	issue	issue	NOUN
cte-985	131	3	is	be	AUX
cte-985	131	4	particularly	particularly	ADV
cte-985	131	5	concerning	concern	VERB
cte-985	131	6	in	in	ADP
cte-985	131	7	regions	region	NOUN
cte-985	131	8	where	where	SCONJ
cte-985	131	9	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	131	10	services	service	NOUN
cte-985	131	11	are	be	AUX
cte-985	131	12	expensive	expensive	ADJ
cte-985	131	13	relative	relative	ADJ
cte-985	131	14	to	to	ADP
cte-985	131	15	income	income	NOUN
cte-985	131	16	levels	level	NOUN
cte-985	131	17	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	132	1	for	for	ADP
cte-985	132	2	many	many	ADJ
cte-985	132	3	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	132	4	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	132	5	high	high	ADJ
cte-985	132	6	data	data	NOUN
cte-985	132	7	costs	cost	NOUN
cte-985	132	8	discourage	discourage	VERB
cte-985	132	9	the	the	DET
cte-985	132	10	consistent	consistent	ADJ
cte-985	132	11	use	use	NOUN
cte-985	132	12	of	of	ADP
cte-985	132	13	educational	educational	ADJ
cte-985	132	14	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	132	15	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	132	16	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	132	17	limiting	limit	VERB
cte-985	132	18	their	their	PRON
cte-985	132	19	ability	ability	NOUN
cte-985	132	20	to	to	PART
cte-985	132	21	access	access	VERB
cte-985	132	22	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	132	23	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	132	24	materials	material	NOUN
cte-985	132	25	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	132	26	online	online	ADJ
cte-985	132	27	courses	course	NOUN
cte-985	132	28	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	132	29	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	132	30	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
cte-985	132	31	learning	learning	NOUN
cte-985	132	32	platforms	platform	NOUN
cte-985	132	33	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	133	1	addressing	address	VERB
cte-985	133	2	the	the	DET
cte-985	133	3	financial	financial	ADJ
cte-985	133	4	burden	burden	NOUN
cte-985	133	5	associated	associate	VERB
cte-985	133	6	with	with	ADP
cte-985	133	7	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	133	8	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	133	9	is	be	AUX
cte-985	133	10	crucial	crucial	ADJ
cte-985	133	11	for	for	ADP
cte-985	133	12	encouraging	encourage	VERB
cte-985	133	13	the	the	DET
cte-985	133	14	regular	regular	ADJ
cte-985	133	15	use	use	NOUN
cte-985	133	16	of	of	ADP
cte-985	133	17	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	133	18	resources	resource	NOUN
cte-985	133	19	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	134	1	through	through	ADP
cte-985	134	2	an	an	DET
cte-985	134	3	interview	interview	NOUN
cte-985	134	4	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	134	5	it	it	PRON
cte-985	134	6	was	be	AUX
cte-985	134	7	quoted	quote	VERB
cte-985	134	8	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	134	9	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	134	10	sometimes	sometimes	ADV
cte-985	134	11	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	134	12	using	use	VERB
cte-985	134	13	new	new	ADJ
cte-985	134	14	technology	technology	NOUN
cte-985	134	15	feels	feel	VERB
cte-985	134	16	like	like	ADP
cte-985	134	17	extra	extra	ADJ
cte-985	134	18	work	work	NOUN
cte-985	134	19	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	135	1	however	however	ADV
cte-985	135	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	135	3	if	if	SCONJ
cte-985	135	4	the	the	DET
cte-985	135	5	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	135	6	recognised	recognise	VERB
cte-985	135	7	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	135	8	rewarded	reward	VERB
cte-985	135	9	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	135	10	who	who	PRON
cte-985	135	11	use	use	VERB
cte-985	135	12	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	135	13	apps	app	NOUN
cte-985	135	14	effectively	effectively	ADV
cte-985	135	15	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	135	16	more	more	ADJ
cte-985	135	17	of	of	ADP
cte-985	135	18	us	we	PRON
cte-985	135	19	would	would	AUX
cte-985	135	20	be	be	AUX
cte-985	135	21	willing	willing	ADJ
cte-985	135	22	to	to	PART
cte-985	135	23	try	try	VERB
cte-985	135	24	them	they	PRON
cte-985	135	25	out	out	ADP
cte-985	135	26	;	;	PUNCT
cte-985	135	27	moreover	moreover	ADV
cte-985	135	28	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	135	29	incentives	incentive	NOUN
cte-985	135	30	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	135	31	even	even	ADV
cte-985	135	32	small	small	ADJ
cte-985	135	33	ones	one	NOUN
cte-985	135	34	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	135	35	would	would	AUX
cte-985	135	36	motivate	motivate	VERB
cte-985	135	37	us	we	PRON
cte-985	135	38	to	to	PART
cte-985	135	39	invest	invest	VERB
cte-985	135	40	more	more	ADJ
cte-985	135	41	time	time	NOUN
cte-985	135	42	learning	learn	VERB
cte-985	135	43	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	135	44	using	use	VERB
cte-985	135	45	these	these	DET
cte-985	135	46	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	135	47	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	136	1	recognition	recognition	NOUN
cte-985	136	2	for	for	ADP
cte-985	136	3	innovative	innovative	ADJ
cte-985	136	4	teaching	teaching	NOUN
cte-985	136	5	methods	method	NOUN
cte-985	136	6	could	could	AUX
cte-985	136	7	encourage	encourage	VERB
cte-985	136	8	many	many	ADJ
cte-985	136	9	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	136	10	to	to	PART
cte-985	136	11	explore	explore	VERB
cte-985	136	12	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	136	13	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	136	14	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	137	1	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	137	2	respondent	respondent	NOUN
cte-985	137	3	6	6	NUM
cte-985	137	4	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	137	5	14th	14th	ADJ
cte-985	137	6	october	october	PROPN
cte-985	137	7	2023	2023	NUM
cte-985	137	8	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	137	9	in	in	ADP
cte-985	137	10	tam	tam	NOUN
cte-985	137	11	terms	term	NOUN
cte-985	137	12	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	137	13	high	high	ADJ
cte-985	137	14	data	data	NOUN
cte-985	137	15	costs	cost	NOUN
cte-985	137	16	reduce	reduce	VERB
cte-985	137	17	perceived	perceive	VERB
cte-985	137	18	usefulness	usefulness	NOUN
cte-985	137	19	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	137	20	ease	ease	NOUN
cte-985	137	21	of	of	ADP
cte-985	137	22	use	use	NOUN
cte-985	137	23	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	138	1	even	even	ADV
cte-985	138	2	if	if	SCONJ
cte-985	138	3	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	138	4	believe	believe	VERB
cte-985	138	5	apps	app	NOUN
cte-985	138	6	might	might	AUX
cte-985	138	7	be	be	AUX
cte-985	138	8	helpful	helpful	ADJ
cte-985	138	9	to	to	ADP
cte-985	138	10	them	they	PRON
cte-985	138	11	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	138	12	the	the	DET
cte-985	138	13	effort	effort	NOUN
cte-985	138	14	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	138	15	expense	expense	NOUN
cte-985	138	16	required	require	VERB
cte-985	138	17	to	to	PART
cte-985	138	18	use	use	VERB
cte-985	138	19	them	they	PRON
cte-985	138	20	undermines	undermine	VERB
cte-985	138	21	their	their	PRON
cte-985	138	22	willingness	willingness	NOUN
cte-985	138	23	to	to	PART
cte-985	138	24	engage	engage	VERB
cte-985	138	25	with	with	ADP
cte-985	138	26	findings	finding	NOUN
cte-985	138	27	that	that	PRON
cte-985	138	28	align	align	VERB
cte-985	138	29	with	with	ADP
cte-985	138	30	mushimiyimana	mushimiyimana	PROPN
cte-985	138	31	et	et	PROPN
cte-985	138	32	al	al	PROPN
cte-985	138	33	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	139	1	[	[	X
cte-985	139	2	17	17	NUM
cte-985	139	3	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	139	4	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	139	5	who	who	PRON
cte-985	139	6	noted	note	VERB
cte-985	139	7	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	139	8	high	high	ADJ
cte-985	139	9	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	139	10	costs	cost	NOUN
cte-985	139	11	limit	limit	VERB
cte-985	139	12	the	the	DET
cte-985	139	13	adoption	adoption	NOUN
cte-985	139	14	of	of	ADP
cte-985	139	15	technology	technology	NOUN
cte-985	139	16	in	in	ADP
cte-985	139	17	rwanda	rwanda	PROPN
cte-985	139	18	’s	’s	PART
cte-985	139	19	education	education	NOUN
cte-985	139	20	sector	sector	NOUN
cte-985	139	21	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	140	1	reducing	reduce	VERB
cte-985	140	2	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	140	3	costs	cost	NOUN
cte-985	140	4	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	140	5	subsidising	subsidise	VERB
cte-985	140	6	teacher	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	140	7	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	140	8	could	could	AUX
cte-985	140	9	significantly	significantly	ADV
cte-985	140	10	enhance	enhance	VERB
cte-985	140	11	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	140	12	app	app	NOUN
cte-985	140	13	usage	usage	NOUN
cte-985	140	14	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	141	1	this	this	DET
cte-985	141	2	issue	issue	NOUN
cte-985	141	3	reflects	reflect	VERB
cte-985	141	4	a	a	DET
cte-985	141	5	broader	broad	ADJ
cte-985	141	6	economic	economic	ADJ
cte-985	141	7	challenge	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	141	8	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	141	9	while	while	SCONJ
cte-985	141	10	smartphones	smartphone	NOUN
cte-985	141	11	may	may	AUX
cte-985	141	12	be	be	AUX
cte-985	141	13	accessible	accessible	ADJ
cte-985	141	14	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	141	15	ongoing	ongoing	ADJ
cte-985	141	16	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	141	17	costs	cost	NOUN
cte-985	141	18	are	be	AUX
cte-985	141	19	not	not	PART
cte-985	141	20	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	142	1	in	in	ADP
cte-985	142	2	contrast	contrast	NOUN
cte-985	142	3	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	142	4	countries	country	NOUN
cte-985	142	5	like	like	ADP
cte-985	142	6	kenya	kenya	PROPN
cte-985	142	7	have	have	AUX
cte-985	142	8	introduced	introduce	VERB
cte-985	142	9	subsidised	subsidised	ADJ
cte-985	142	10	teacher	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	142	11	data	data	NOUN
cte-985	142	12	plans	plan	NOUN
cte-985	142	13	through	through	ADP
cte-985	142	14	partnerships	partnership	NOUN
cte-985	142	15	with	with	ADP
cte-985	142	16	telecom	telecom	NOUN
cte-985	142	17	providers	provider	NOUN
cte-985	142	18	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	142	19	which	which	PRON
cte-985	142	20	could	could	AUX
cte-985	142	21	be	be	AUX
cte-985	142	22	replicated	replicate	VERB
cte-985	142	23	in	in	ADP
cte-985	142	24	tanzania	tanzania	PROPN
cte-985	142	25	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	143	1	4.3	4.3	NUM
cte-985	143	2	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	143	3	insufficient	insufficient	ADJ
cte-985	143	4	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	143	5	on	on	ADP
cte-985	143	6	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	143	7	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	143	8	another	another	DET
cte-985	143	9	critical	critical	ADJ
cte-985	143	10	barrier	barrier	NOUN
cte-985	143	11	highlighted	highlight	VERB
cte-985	143	12	in	in	ADP
cte-985	143	13	the	the	DET
cte-985	143	14	findings	finding	NOUN
cte-985	143	15	is	be	AUX
cte-985	143	16	the	the	DET
cte-985	143	17	lack	lack	NOUN
cte-985	143	18	of	of	ADP
cte-985	143	19	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	143	20	on	on	ADP
cte-985	143	21	using	use	VERB
cte-985	143	22	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	143	23	smartphone	smartphone	NOUN
cte-985	143	24	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	143	25	effectively	effectively	ADV
cte-985	143	26	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	144	1	a	a	DET
cte-985	144	2	staggering	staggering	ADJ
cte-985	144	3	88.2	88.2	NUM
cte-985	144	4	%	%	NOUN
cte-985	144	5	of	of	ADP
cte-985	144	6	the	the	DET
cte-985	144	7	respondents	respondent	NOUN
cte-985	144	8	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	144	9	comprising	comprise	VERB
cte-985	144	10	35	35	NUM
cte-985	144	11	strongly	strongly	ADV
cte-985	144	12	disagreed	disagree	VERB
cte-985	144	13	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	144	14	25	25	NUM
cte-985	144	15	disagreed	disagree	VERB
cte-985	144	16	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	144	17	reported	report	VERB
cte-985	144	18	not	not	PART
cte-985	144	19	having	having	AUX
cte-985	144	20	received	receive	VERB
cte-985	144	21	sufficient	sufficient	ADJ
cte-985	144	22	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	144	23	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	145	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	145	2	mean	mean	ADJ
cte-985	145	3	score	score	NOUN
cte-985	145	4	of	of	ADP
cte-985	145	5	1.66	1.66	NUM
cte-985	145	6	is	be	AUX
cte-985	145	7	the	the	DET
cte-985	145	8	lowest	low	ADJ
cte-985	145	9	among	among	ADP
cte-985	145	10	all	all	DET
cte-985	145	11	the	the	DET
cte-985	145	12	surveyed	survey	VERB
cte-985	145	13	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	145	14	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	145	15	underscoring	underscore	VERB
cte-985	145	16	the	the	DET
cte-985	145	17	widespread	widespread	ADJ
cte-985	145	18	absence	absence	NOUN
cte-985	145	19	of	of	ADP
cte-985	145	20	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	145	21	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
cte-985	145	22	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	146	1	without	without	ADP
cte-985	146	2	proper	proper	ADJ
cte-985	146	3	guidance	guidance	NOUN
cte-985	146	4	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	146	5	skill	skill	NOUN
cte-985	146	6	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	146	7	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	146	8	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	146	9	are	be	AUX
cte-985	146	10	unlikely	unlikely	ADJ
cte-985	146	11	to	to	PART
cte-985	146	12	explore	explore	VERB
cte-985	146	13	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	146	14	utilise	utilise	VERB
cte-985	146	15	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	146	16	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	146	17	for	for	ADP
cte-985	146	18	their	their	PRON
cte-985	146	19	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	146	20	growth	growth	NOUN
cte-985	146	21	independently	independently	ADV
cte-985	146	22	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	147	1	in	in	ADP
cte-985	147	2	an	an	DET
cte-985	147	3	interview	interview	NOUN
cte-985	147	4	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	147	5	respondents	respondent	NOUN
cte-985	147	6	were	be	AUX
cte-985	147	7	once	once	ADV
cte-985	147	8	quoted	quote	VERB
cte-985	147	9	as	as	ADP
cte-985	147	10	saying	say	VERB
cte-985	147	11	the	the	DET
cte-985	147	12	following	follow	VERB
cte-985	147	13	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	147	14	6	6	NUM
cte-985	147	15	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	PROPN
cte-985	147	16	cte	cte	NOUN
cte-985	147	17	workshop	workshop	NOUN
cte-985	147	18	proceedings	proceeding	NOUN
cte-985	147	19	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	147	20	2025	2025	NUM
cte-985	147	21	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	VERB
cte-985	147	22	when	when	SCONJ
cte-985	147	23	we	we	PRON
cte-985	147	24	exchange	exchange	VERB
cte-985	147	25	ideas	idea	NOUN
cte-985	147	26	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	147	27	show	show	VERB
cte-985	147	28	each	each	DET
cte-985	147	29	other	other	ADJ
cte-985	147	30	how	how	SCONJ
cte-985	147	31	to	to	PART
cte-985	147	32	use	use	VERB
cte-985	147	33	different	different	ADJ
cte-985	147	34	teaching	teaching	NOUN
cte-985	147	35	apps	app	NOUN
cte-985	147	36	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	147	37	it	it	PRON
cte-985	147	38	becomes	become	VERB
cte-985	147	39	easier	easy	ADJ
cte-985	147	40	to	to	PART
cte-985	147	41	adopt	adopt	VERB
cte-985	147	42	them	they	PRON
cte-985	147	43	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	148	1	sometimes	sometimes	ADV
cte-985	148	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	148	3	all	all	PRON
cte-985	148	4	it	it	PRON
cte-985	148	5	takes	take	VERB
cte-985	148	6	is	be	AUX
cte-985	148	7	seeing	see	VERB
cte-985	148	8	how	how	SCONJ
cte-985	148	9	another	another	DET
cte-985	148	10	teacher	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	148	11	uses	use	VERB
cte-985	148	12	an	an	DET
cte-985	148	13	app	app	NOUN
cte-985	148	14	for	for	SCONJ
cte-985	148	15	me	i	PRON
cte-985	148	16	to	to	PART
cte-985	148	17	try	try	VERB
cte-985	148	18	it	it	PRON
cte-985	148	19	out	out	ADP
cte-985	148	20	myself	myself	PRON
cte-985	148	21	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	149	1	group	group	NOUN
cte-985	149	2	discussions	discussion	NOUN
cte-985	149	3	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	149	4	team	team	NOUN
cte-985	149	5	projects	project	NOUN
cte-985	149	6	can	can	AUX
cte-985	149	7	help	help	VERB
cte-985	149	8	us	we	PRON
cte-985	149	9	learn	learn	VERB
cte-985	149	10	how	how	SCONJ
cte-985	149	11	to	to	PART
cte-985	149	12	utilise	utilise	VERB
cte-985	149	13	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	149	14	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	149	15	more	more	ADV
cte-985	149	16	effectively	effectively	ADV
cte-985	149	17	in	in	ADP
cte-985	149	18	our	our	PRON
cte-985	149	19	teaching	teaching	NOUN
cte-985	149	20	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	150	1	also	also	ADV
cte-985	150	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	150	3	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
cte-985	150	4	learning	learning	NOUN
cte-985	150	5	among	among	ADP
cte-985	150	6	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	150	7	is	be	AUX
cte-985	150	8	key	key	ADJ
cte-985	150	9	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	151	1	we	we	PRON
cte-985	151	2	learn	learn	VERB
cte-985	151	3	faster	fast	ADV
cte-985	151	4	when	when	SCONJ
cte-985	151	5	we	we	PRON
cte-985	151	6	work	work	VERB
cte-985	151	7	together	together	ADV
cte-985	151	8	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	152	1	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	152	2	respondent	respondent	NOUN
cte-985	152	3	9	9	NUM
cte-985	152	4	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	152	5	14th	14th	ADJ
cte-985	152	6	october	october	PROPN
cte-985	152	7	2023	2023	NUM
cte-985	152	8	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	152	9	this	this	DET
cte-985	152	10	lack	lack	NOUN
cte-985	152	11	of	of	ADP
cte-985	152	12	exposure	exposure	NOUN
cte-985	152	13	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	152	14	guidance	guidance	NOUN
cte-985	152	15	significantly	significantly	ADV
cte-985	152	16	diminishes	diminish	VERB
cte-985	152	17	perceived	perceive	VERB
cte-985	152	18	ease	ease	NOUN
cte-985	152	19	of	of	ADP
cte-985	152	20	use	use	NOUN
cte-985	152	21	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	152	22	a	a	DET
cte-985	152	23	central	central	ADJ
cte-985	152	24	tam	tam	NOUN
cte-985	152	25	component	component	NOUN
cte-985	152	26	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	153	1	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	153	2	lacking	lack	VERB
cte-985	153	3	basic	basic	ADJ
cte-985	153	4	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	153	5	literacy	literacy	NOUN
cte-985	153	6	see	see	VERB
cte-985	153	7	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	153	8	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	153	9	as	as	ADP
cte-985	153	10	complicated	complicated	ADJ
cte-985	153	11	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	153	12	time	time	NOUN
cte-985	153	13	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	153	14	consuming	consume	VERB
cte-985	153	15	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	153	16	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	153	17	daunting	daunt	VERB
cte-985	153	18	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	154	1	this	this	PRON
cte-985	154	2	indicates	indicate	VERB
cte-985	154	3	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	154	4	formal	formal	ADJ
cte-985	154	5	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	154	6	programmes	programme	NOUN
cte-985	154	7	are	be	AUX
cte-985	154	8	either	either	CCONJ
cte-985	154	9	scarce	scarce	ADJ
cte-985	154	10	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	154	11	inaccessible	inaccessible	ADJ
cte-985	154	12	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	155	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	155	2	findings	finding	NOUN
cte-985	155	3	align	align	VERB
cte-985	155	4	with	with	ADP
cte-985	155	5	the	the	DET
cte-985	155	6	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	155	7	by	by	ADP
cte-985	155	8	hennessy	hennessy	PROPN
cte-985	155	9	et	et	PROPN
cte-985	155	10	al	al	PROPN
cte-985	155	11	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	156	1	[	[	X
cte-985	156	2	6	6	NUM
cte-985	156	3	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	156	4	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	156	5	who	who	PRON
cte-985	156	6	affirmed	affirm	VERB
cte-985	156	7	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	156	8	the	the	DET
cte-985	156	9	absence	absence	NOUN
cte-985	156	10	of	of	ADP
cte-985	156	11	structured	structured	ADJ
cte-985	156	12	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	156	13	programmes	programme	NOUN
cte-985	156	14	limits	limit	VERB
cte-985	156	15	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	156	16	’	'	PUNCT
cte-985	156	17	ability	ability	NOUN
cte-985	156	18	to	to	PART
cte-985	156	19	navigate	navigate	VERB
cte-985	156	20	educational	educational	ADJ
cte-985	156	21	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	156	22	effectively	effectively	ADV
cte-985	156	23	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	156	24	prevents	prevent	VERB
cte-985	156	25	them	they	PRON
cte-985	156	26	from	from	ADP
cte-985	156	27	fully	fully	ADV
cte-985	156	28	leveraging	leverage	VERB
cte-985	156	29	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	156	30	tools	tool	NOUN
cte-985	156	31	in	in	ADP
cte-985	156	32	their	their	PRON
cte-985	156	33	teaching	teaching	NOUN
cte-985	156	34	practices	practice	NOUN
cte-985	156	35	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	157	1	importantly	importantly	ADV
cte-985	157	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	157	3	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
cte-985	157	4	learning	learning	NOUN
cte-985	157	5	is	be	AUX
cte-985	157	6	emerging	emerge	VERB
cte-985	157	7	as	as	ADP
cte-985	157	8	a	a	DET
cte-985	157	9	useful	useful	ADJ
cte-985	157	10	workaround	workaround	NOUN
cte-985	157	11	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	157	12	although	although	SCONJ
cte-985	157	13	not	not	PART
cte-985	157	14	a	a	DET
cte-985	157	15	replacement	replacement	NOUN
cte-985	157	16	for	for	ADP
cte-985	157	17	institutional	institutional	ADJ
cte-985	157	18	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	157	19	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	158	1	4.4	4.4	NUM
cte-985	158	2	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	158	3	limited	limited	ADJ
cte-985	158	4	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	158	5	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
cte-985	158	6	the	the	DET
cte-985	158	7	issue	issue	NOUN
cte-985	158	8	of	of	ADP
cte-985	158	9	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	158	10	scarcity	scarcity	NOUN
cte-985	158	11	was	be	AUX
cte-985	158	12	further	far	ADV
cte-985	158	13	examined	examine	VERB
cte-985	158	14	with	with	ADP
cte-985	158	15	the	the	DET
cte-985	158	16	statement	statement	NOUN
cte-985	158	17	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	158	18	the	the	DET
cte-985	158	19	lack	lack	NOUN
cte-985	158	20	of	of	ADP
cte-985	158	21	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	158	22	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
cte-985	158	23	is	be	AUX
cte-985	158	24	a	a	DET
cte-985	158	25	significant	significant	ADJ
cte-985	158	26	challenge	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	158	27	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	159	1	responses	response	NOUN
cte-985	159	2	to	to	ADP
cte-985	159	3	this	this	DET
cte-985	159	4	statement	statement	NOUN
cte-985	159	5	were	be	AUX
cte-985	159	6	more	more	ADV
cte-985	159	7	varied	varied	ADJ
cte-985	159	8	than	than	ADP
cte-985	159	9	those	those	PRON
cte-985	159	10	to	to	ADP
cte-985	159	11	the	the	DET
cte-985	159	12	others	other	NOUN
cte-985	159	13	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	160	1	while	while	SCONJ
cte-985	160	2	25	25	NUM
cte-985	160	3	respondents	respondent	NOUN
cte-985	160	4	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	160	5	36.8	36.8	NUM
cte-985	160	6	%	%	NOUN
cte-985	160	7	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	160	8	agreed	agree	VERB
cte-985	160	9	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	160	10	strongly	strongly	ADV
cte-985	160	11	agreed	agree	VERB
cte-985	160	12	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	160	13	an	an	DET
cte-985	160	14	equal	equal	ADJ
cte-985	160	15	number	number	NOUN
cte-985	160	16	disagreed	disagree	VERB
cte-985	160	17	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	160	18	strongly	strongly	ADV
cte-985	160	19	disagreed	disagree	VERB
cte-985	160	20	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	161	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	161	2	average	average	ADJ
cte-985	161	3	score	score	NOUN
cte-985	161	4	of	of	ADP
cte-985	161	5	2.93	2.93	NUM
cte-985	161	6	indicates	indicate	VERB
cte-985	161	7	a	a	DET
cte-985	161	8	neutral	neutral	ADJ
cte-985	161	9	stance	stance	NOUN
cte-985	161	10	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	161	11	suggesting	suggest	VERB
cte-985	161	12	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	161	13	some	some	DET
cte-985	161	14	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	161	15	have	have	AUX
cte-985	161	16	limited	limit	VERB
cte-985	161	17	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	161	18	to	to	ADP
cte-985	161	19	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	161	20	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
cte-985	161	21	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	161	22	while	while	SCONJ
cte-985	161	23	others	other	NOUN
cte-985	161	24	may	may	AUX
cte-985	161	25	have	have	AUX
cte-985	161	26	had	have	VERB
cte-985	161	27	occasional	occasional	ADJ
cte-985	161	28	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	161	29	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	162	1	in	in	ADP
cte-985	162	2	an	an	DET
cte-985	162	3	interview	interview	NOUN
cte-985	162	4	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	162	5	it	it	PRON
cte-985	162	6	was	be	AUX
cte-985	162	7	once	once	ADV
cte-985	162	8	said	say	VERB
cte-985	162	9	that	that	PRON
cte-985	162	10	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	162	11	we	we	PRON
cte-985	162	12	rarely	rarely	ADV
cte-985	162	13	have	have	VERB
cte-985	162	14	workshops	workshop	NOUN
cte-985	162	15	focused	focus	VERB
cte-985	162	16	on	on	ADP
cte-985	162	17	using	use	VERB
cte-985	162	18	smartphones	smartphone	NOUN
cte-985	162	19	for	for	ADP
cte-985	162	20	teaching	teach	VERB
cte-985	162	21	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	163	1	if	if	SCONJ
cte-985	163	2	we	we	PRON
cte-985	163	3	had	have	VERB
cte-985	163	4	regular	regular	ADJ
cte-985	163	5	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	163	6	sessions	session	NOUN
cte-985	163	7	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	163	8	many	many	ADJ
cte-985	163	9	of	of	ADP
cte-985	163	10	us	we	PRON
cte-985	163	11	would	would	AUX
cte-985	163	12	become	become	VERB
cte-985	163	13	more	more	ADV
cte-985	163	14	confident	confident	ADJ
cte-985	163	15	using	use	VERB
cte-985	163	16	educational	educational	ADJ
cte-985	163	17	apps	app	NOUN
cte-985	163	18	for	for	ADP
cte-985	163	19	lesson	lesson	NOUN
cte-985	163	20	planning	planning	NOUN
cte-985	163	21	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	163	22	classroom	classroom	NOUN
cte-985	163	23	management	management	NOUN
cte-985	163	24	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	164	1	i	i	PRON
cte-985	164	2	believe	believe	VERB
cte-985	164	3	if	if	SCONJ
cte-985	164	4	we	we	PRON
cte-985	164	5	had	have	VERB
cte-985	164	6	continuous	continuous	ADJ
cte-985	164	7	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	164	8	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	164	9	even	even	ADV
cte-985	164	10	the	the	DET
cte-985	164	11	older	old	ADJ
cte-985	164	12	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	164	13	would	would	AUX
cte-985	164	14	feel	feel	VERB
cte-985	164	15	more	more	ADV
cte-985	164	16	comfortable	comfortable	ADJ
cte-985	164	17	using	use	VERB
cte-985	164	18	smartphones	smartphone	NOUN
cte-985	164	19	in	in	ADP
cte-985	164	20	their	their	PRON
cte-985	164	21	teaching	teaching	NOUN
cte-985	164	22	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	165	1	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	165	2	respondent	respondent	NOUN
cte-985	165	3	3	3	NUM
cte-985	165	4	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	165	5	14th	14th	ADJ
cte-985	165	6	october	october	PROPN
cte-985	165	7	2023	2023	NUM
cte-985	165	8	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	165	9	these	these	DET
cte-985	165	10	reflections	reflection	NOUN
cte-985	165	11	show	show	VERB
cte-985	165	12	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	165	13	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	165	14	without	without	ADP
cte-985	165	15	ongoing	ongoing	ADJ
cte-985	165	16	institutional	institutional	ADJ
cte-985	165	17	support	support	NOUN
cte-985	165	18	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	165	19	attitude	attitude	NOUN
cte-985	165	20	toward	toward	ADP
cte-985	165	21	technology	technology	NOUN
cte-985	165	22	remains	remain	VERB
cte-985	165	23	neutral	neutral	ADJ
cte-985	165	24	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	165	25	negative	negative	ADJ
cte-985	165	26	even	even	ADV
cte-985	165	27	when	when	SCONJ
cte-985	165	28	perceived	perceive	VERB
cte-985	165	29	usefulness	usefulness	NOUN
cte-985	165	30	exists	exist	VERB
cte-985	165	31	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	166	1	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	166	2	might	might	AUX
cte-985	166	3	only	only	ADV
cte-985	166	4	be	be	AUX
cte-985	166	5	willing	willing	ADJ
cte-985	166	6	to	to	PART
cte-985	166	7	try	try	VERB
cte-985	166	8	new	new	ADJ
cte-985	166	9	tools	tool	NOUN
cte-985	166	10	if	if	SCONJ
cte-985	166	11	they	they	PRON
cte-985	166	12	feel	feel	VERB
cte-985	166	13	equipped	equipped	ADJ
cte-985	166	14	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	166	15	supported	support	VERB
cte-985	166	16	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	167	1	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	167	2	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	167	3	initiatives	initiative	NOUN
cte-985	167	4	are	be	AUX
cte-985	167	5	integrated	integrate	VERB
cte-985	167	6	into	into	ADP
cte-985	167	7	ongoing	ongoing	ADJ
cte-985	167	8	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	167	9	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	167	10	frameworks	framework	NOUN
cte-985	167	11	in	in	ADP
cte-985	167	12	countries	country	NOUN
cte-985	167	13	like	like	ADP
cte-985	167	14	south	south	PROPN
cte-985	167	15	africa	africa	PROPN
cte-985	167	16	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	168	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	168	2	findings	finding	NOUN
cte-985	168	3	above	above	ADP
cte-985	168	4	align	align	VERB
cte-985	168	5	with	with	ADP
cte-985	168	6	the	the	DET
cte-985	168	7	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	168	8	by	by	ADP
cte-985	168	9	lohr	lohr	PROPN
cte-985	168	10	et	et	PROPN
cte-985	168	11	al	al	PROPN
cte-985	168	12	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	169	1	[	[	X
cte-985	169	2	14	14	NUM
cte-985	169	3	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	169	4	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	169	5	who	who	PRON
cte-985	169	6	substantiated	substantiate	VERB
cte-985	169	7	that	that	DET
cte-985	169	8	inconsistency	inconsistency	NOUN
cte-985	169	9	in	in	ADP
cte-985	169	10	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	169	11	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	169	12	points	point	NOUN
cte-985	169	13	to	to	ADP
cte-985	169	14	the	the	DET
cte-985	169	15	need	need	NOUN
cte-985	169	16	for	for	ADP
cte-985	169	17	a	a	DET
cte-985	169	18	more	more	ADV
cte-985	169	19	structured	structured	ADJ
cte-985	169	20	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	169	21	inclusive	inclusive	ADJ
cte-985	169	22	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	169	23	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	169	24	framework	framework	NOUN
cte-985	169	25	that	that	PRON
cte-985	169	26	ensures	ensure	VERB
cte-985	169	27	all	all	DET
cte-985	169	28	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	169	29	receive	receive	VERB
cte-985	169	30	adequate	adequate	ADJ
cte-985	169	31	support	support	NOUN
cte-985	169	32	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	169	33	resources	resource	NOUN
cte-985	169	34	to	to	PART
cte-985	169	35	build	build	VERB
cte-985	169	36	their	their	PRON
cte-985	169	37	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	169	38	competencies	competency	NOUN
cte-985	169	39	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	170	1	4.5	4.5	NUM
cte-985	170	2	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	171	1	regional	regional	ADJ
cte-985	171	2	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	171	3	international	international	ADJ
cte-985	171	4	comparisons	comparison	NOUN
cte-985	171	5	the	the	DET
cte-985	171	6	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	171	7	identified	identify	VERB
cte-985	171	8	in	in	ADP
cte-985	171	9	this	this	DET
cte-985	171	10	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	171	11	mirror	mirror	NOUN
cte-985	171	12	patterns	pattern	NOUN
cte-985	171	13	observed	observe	VERB
cte-985	171	14	in	in	ADP
cte-985	171	15	other	other	ADJ
cte-985	171	16	subsaharan	subsaharan	ADJ
cte-985	171	17	african	african	ADJ
cte-985	171	18	countries	country	NOUN
cte-985	171	19	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	172	1	for	for	ADP
cte-985	172	2	example	example	NOUN
cte-985	172	3	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	172	4	in	in	ADP
cte-985	172	5	rwanda	rwanda	PROPN
cte-985	172	6	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	172	7	mushimiyimana	mushimiyimana	PROPN
cte-985	172	8	et	et	PROPN
cte-985	172	9	al	al	PROPN
cte-985	172	10	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	173	1	[	[	X
cte-985	173	2	17	17	NUM
cte-985	173	3	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	173	4	mentioned	mention	VERB
cte-985	173	5	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	173	6	although	although	SCONJ
cte-985	173	7	there	there	PRON
cte-985	173	8	is	be	VERB
cte-985	173	9	general	general	ADJ
cte-985	173	10	openness	openness	NOUN
cte-985	173	11	to	to	ADP
cte-985	173	12	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	173	13	technologies	technology	NOUN
cte-985	173	14	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	173	15	infrastructural	infrastructural	ADJ
cte-985	173	16	limitations	limitation	NOUN
cte-985	173	17	often	often	ADV
cte-985	173	18	hinder	hinder	VERB
cte-985	173	19	practical	practical	ADJ
cte-985	173	20	implementation	implementation	NOUN
cte-985	173	21	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	174	1	likewise	likewise	ADV
cte-985	174	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	174	3	kabasiita	kabasiita	PROPN
cte-985	174	4	et	et	PROPN
cte-985	174	5	al	al	PROPN
cte-985	174	6	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	175	1	[	[	X
cte-985	175	2	7	7	X
cte-985	175	3	]	]	PUNCT
cte-985	175	4	found	find	VERB
cte-985	175	5	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	175	6	rural	rural	ADJ
cte-985	175	7	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	175	8	in	in	ADP
cte-985	175	9	uganda	uganda	PROPN
cte-985	175	10	encounter	encounter	VERB
cte-985	175	11	similar	similar	ADJ
cte-985	175	12	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	175	13	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	175	14	especially	especially	ADV
cte-985	175	15	regarding	regard	VERB
cte-985	175	16	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	175	17	connectivity	connectivity	NOUN
cte-985	175	18	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	175	19	institutional	institutional	ADJ
cte-985	175	20	ict	ict	NOUN
cte-985	175	21	support	support	NOUN
cte-985	175	22	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	176	1	however	however	ADV
cte-985	176	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	176	3	there	there	PRON
cte-985	176	4	are	be	VERB
cte-985	176	5	notable	notable	ADJ
cte-985	176	6	regional	regional	ADJ
cte-985	176	7	differences	difference	NOUN
cte-985	176	8	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	177	1	south	south	PROPN
cte-985	177	2	africa	africa	PROPN
cte-985	177	3	has	have	AUX
cte-985	177	4	taken	take	VERB
cte-985	177	5	more	more	ADJ
cte-985	177	6	systematic	systematic	ADJ
cte-985	177	7	steps	step	NOUN
cte-985	177	8	to	to	PART
cte-985	177	9	integrate	integrate	VERB
cte-985	177	10	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	177	11	skills	skill	NOUN
cte-985	177	12	into	into	ADP
cte-985	177	13	teacher	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	177	14	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	177	15	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	177	16	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	177	17	with	with	ADP
cte-985	177	18	some	some	DET
cte-985	177	19	provinces	province	NOUN
cte-985	177	20	offering	offer	VERB
cte-985	177	21	regular	regular	ADJ
cte-985	177	22	ict	ict	NOUN
cte-985	177	23	workshops	workshop	NOUN
cte-985	177	24	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	177	25	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	177	26	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	177	27	wide	wide	ADJ
cte-985	177	28	wi	wi	PROPN
cte-985	177	29	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	177	30	fi	fi	NOUN
cte-985	177	31	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	177	32	[	[	X
cte-985	177	33	14	14	NUM
cte-985	177	34	]	]	SYM
cte-985	177	35	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	178	1	7	7	NUM
cte-985	178	2	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	PROPN
cte-985	178	3	cte	cte	NOUN
cte-985	178	4	workshop	workshop	NOUN
cte-985	178	5	proceedings	proceeding	NOUN
cte-985	178	6	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	178	7	2025	2025	NUM
cte-985	178	8	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	NOUN
cte-985	178	9	similarly	similarly	ADV
cte-985	178	10	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	178	11	in	in	ADP
cte-985	178	12	kenya	kenya	PROPN
cte-985	178	13	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	178	14	public	public	ADJ
cte-985	178	15	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	178	16	private	private	ADJ
cte-985	178	17	partnerships	partnership	NOUN
cte-985	178	18	have	have	AUX
cte-985	178	19	provided	provide	VERB
cte-985	178	20	subsidised	subsidised	ADJ
cte-985	178	21	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	178	22	bundles	bundle	NOUN
cte-985	178	23	for	for	ADP
cte-985	178	24	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	178	25	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	178	26	helping	help	VERB
cte-985	178	27	to	to	PART
cte-985	178	28	lessen	lessen	VERB
cte-985	178	29	the	the	DET
cte-985	178	30	financial	financial	ADJ
cte-985	178	31	burden	burden	NOUN
cte-985	178	32	linked	link	VERB
cte-985	178	33	to	to	ADP
cte-985	178	34	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	178	35	learning	learning	NOUN
cte-985	178	36	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	179	1	these	these	DET
cte-985	179	2	examples	example	NOUN
cte-985	179	3	present	present	VERB
cte-985	179	4	practical	practical	ADJ
cte-985	179	5	models	model	NOUN
cte-985	179	6	for	for	ADP
cte-985	179	7	tanzania	tanzania	PROPN
cte-985	179	8	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	179	9	particularly	particularly	ADV
cte-985	179	10	in	in	ADP
cte-985	179	11	expanding	expand	VERB
cte-985	179	12	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	179	13	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	179	14	affordability	affordability	NOUN
cte-985	179	15	across	across	ADP
cte-985	179	16	rural	rural	ADJ
cte-985	179	17	districts	district	NOUN
cte-985	179	18	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	180	1	4.6	4.6	NUM
cte-985	180	2	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	181	1	cultural	cultural	ADJ
cte-985	181	2	context	context	NOUN
cte-985	181	3	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	181	4	teacher	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	181	5	practice	practice	VERB
cte-985	181	6	the	the	DET
cte-985	181	7	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	181	8	also	also	ADV
cte-985	181	9	emphasises	emphasise	VERB
cte-985	181	10	the	the	DET
cte-985	181	11	importance	importance	NOUN
cte-985	181	12	of	of	ADP
cte-985	181	13	local	local	ADJ
cte-985	181	14	cultural	cultural	ADJ
cte-985	181	15	factors	factor	NOUN
cte-985	181	16	in	in	ADP
cte-985	181	17	influencing	influence	VERB
cte-985	181	18	the	the	DET
cte-985	181	19	adoption	adoption	NOUN
cte-985	181	20	of	of	ADP
cte-985	181	21	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	181	22	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	181	23	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	182	1	in	in	ADP
cte-985	182	2	rural	rural	ADJ
cte-985	182	3	districts	district	NOUN
cte-985	182	4	like	like	ADP
cte-985	182	5	monduli	monduli	NOUN
cte-985	182	6	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	182	7	many	many	ADJ
cte-985	182	8	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	182	9	come	come	VERB
cte-985	182	10	from	from	ADP
cte-985	182	11	pastoralist	pastoralist	ADJ
cte-985	182	12	communities	community	NOUN
cte-985	182	13	such	such	ADJ
cte-985	182	14	as	as	ADP
cte-985	182	15	the	the	DET
cte-985	182	16	maasai	maasai	NOUN
cte-985	182	17	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	182	18	where	where	SCONJ
cte-985	182	19	traditional	traditional	ADJ
cte-985	182	20	norms	norm	NOUN
cte-985	182	21	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	182	22	generational	generational	ADJ
cte-985	182	23	gaps	gap	NOUN
cte-985	182	24	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	182	25	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	182	26	language	language	NOUN
cte-985	182	27	barriers	barrier	NOUN
cte-985	182	28	may	may	AUX
cte-985	182	29	affect	affect	VERB
cte-985	182	30	technology	technology	NOUN
cte-985	182	31	use	use	NOUN
cte-985	182	32	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	183	1	educational	educational	ADJ
cte-985	183	2	tools	tool	NOUN
cte-985	183	3	presented	present	VERB
cte-985	183	4	only	only	ADV
cte-985	183	5	in	in	ADP
cte-985	183	6	english	english	PROPN
cte-985	183	7	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	183	8	swahili	swahili	NOUN
cte-985	183	9	might	might	AUX
cte-985	183	10	not	not	PART
cte-985	183	11	always	always	ADV
cte-985	183	12	be	be	AUX
cte-985	183	13	accessible	accessible	ADJ
cte-985	183	14	to	to	ADP
cte-985	183	15	all	all	DET
cte-985	183	16	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	183	17	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	183	18	especially	especially	ADV
cte-985	183	19	where	where	SCONJ
cte-985	183	20	local	local	ADJ
cte-985	183	21	languages	language	NOUN
cte-985	183	22	are	be	AUX
cte-985	183	23	predominant	predominant	ADJ
cte-985	183	24	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	184	1	cultural	cultural	ADJ
cte-985	184	2	emphasis	emphasis	NOUN
cte-985	184	3	on	on	ADP
cte-985	184	4	communal	communal	ADJ
cte-985	184	5	learning	learn	VERB
cte-985	184	6	further	far	ADV
cte-985	184	7	influences	influence	VERB
cte-985	184	8	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	184	9	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	184	10	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
cte-985	184	11	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	185	1	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	185	2	often	often	ADV
cte-985	185	3	cite	cite	VERB
cte-985	185	4	peer	peer	NOUN
cte-985	185	5	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	185	6	to	to	ADP
cte-985	185	7	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	185	8	peer	peer	NOUN
cte-985	185	9	learning	learning	NOUN
cte-985	185	10	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	185	11	shared	share	VERB
cte-985	185	12	experiences	experience	NOUN
cte-985	185	13	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	185	14	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	185	15	collective	collective	ADJ
cte-985	185	16	responsibility	responsibility	NOUN
cte-985	185	17	as	as	ADP
cte-985	185	18	preferred	preferred	ADJ
cte-985	185	19	ways	way	NOUN
cte-985	185	20	of	of	ADP
cte-985	185	21	acquiring	acquire	VERB
cte-985	185	22	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	185	23	skills	skill	NOUN
cte-985	185	24	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	186	1	for	for	ADP
cte-985	186	2	many	many	ADJ
cte-985	186	3	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	186	4	learning	learn	VERB
cte-985	186	5	from	from	ADP
cte-985	186	6	colleagues	colleague	NOUN
cte-985	186	7	is	be	AUX
cte-985	186	8	more	more	ADV
cte-985	186	9	effective	effective	ADJ
cte-985	186	10	than	than	ADP
cte-985	186	11	attending	attend	VERB
cte-985	186	12	infrequent	infrequent	ADJ
cte-985	186	13	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	186	14	formal	formal	ADJ
cte-985	186	15	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	186	16	sessions	session	NOUN
cte-985	186	17	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	187	1	furthermore	furthermore	ADV
cte-985	187	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	187	3	respect	respect	NOUN
cte-985	187	4	for	for	ADP
cte-985	187	5	hierarchical	hierarchical	ADJ
cte-985	187	6	roles	role	NOUN
cte-985	187	7	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	187	8	especially	especially	ADV
cte-985	187	9	those	those	PRON
cte-985	187	10	of	of	ADP
cte-985	187	11	headteachers	headteacher	NOUN
cte-985	187	12	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	187	13	can	can	AUX
cte-985	187	14	affect	affect	VERB
cte-985	187	15	the	the	DET
cte-985	187	16	acceptance	acceptance	NOUN
cte-985	187	17	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	187	18	success	success	NOUN
cte-985	187	19	of	of	ADP
cte-985	187	20	technology	technology	NOUN
cte-985	187	21	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	187	22	driven	drive	VERB
cte-985	187	23	initiatives	initiative	NOUN
cte-985	187	24	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	188	1	5	5	X
cte-985	188	2	.	.	X
cte-985	188	3	implications	implication	NOUN
cte-985	188	4	of	of	ADP
cte-985	188	5	the	the	DET
cte-985	188	6	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	188	7	this	this	DET
cte-985	188	8	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	188	9	offers	offer	VERB
cte-985	188	10	valuable	valuable	ADJ
cte-985	188	11	insights	insight	NOUN
cte-985	188	12	beyond	beyond	ADP
cte-985	188	13	its	its	PRON
cte-985	188	14	immediate	immediate	ADJ
cte-985	188	15	findings	finding	NOUN
cte-985	188	16	(	(	PUNCT
cte-985	188	17	table	table	NOUN
cte-985	188	18	1	1	NUM
cte-985	188	19	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	188	20	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	189	1	theoretically	theoretically	ADV
cte-985	189	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	189	3	the	the	DET
cte-985	189	4	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	189	5	contributes	contribute	VERB
cte-985	189	6	to	to	ADP
cte-985	189	7	our	our	PRON
cte-985	189	8	understanding	understanding	NOUN
cte-985	189	9	of	of	ADP
cte-985	189	10	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	189	11	learning	learning	NOUN
cte-985	189	12	by	by	ADP
cte-985	189	13	focusing	focus	VERB
cte-985	189	14	on	on	ADP
cte-985	189	15	a	a	DET
cte-985	189	16	rural	rural	ADJ
cte-985	189	17	tanzanian	tanzanian	NOUN
cte-985	189	18	setting	setting	NOUN
cte-985	189	19	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	189	20	which	which	PRON
cte-985	189	21	is	be	AUX
cte-985	189	22	often	often	ADV
cte-985	189	23	neglected	neglect	VERB
cte-985	189	24	in	in	ADP
cte-985	189	25	global	global	ADJ
cte-985	189	26	discussions	discussion	NOUN
cte-985	189	27	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	190	1	it	it	PRON
cte-985	190	2	also	also	ADV
cte-985	190	3	helps	help	VERB
cte-985	190	4	broaden	broaden	VERB
cte-985	190	5	existing	exist	VERB
cte-985	190	6	theories	theory	NOUN
cte-985	190	7	of	of	ADP
cte-985	190	8	teacher	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	190	9	learning	learn	VERB
cte-985	190	10	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	190	11	technology	technology	NOUN
cte-985	190	12	use	use	NOUN
cte-985	190	13	by	by	ADP
cte-985	190	14	demonstrating	demonstrate	VERB
cte-985	190	15	how	how	SCONJ
cte-985	190	16	these	these	DET
cte-985	190	17	experiences	experience	NOUN
cte-985	190	18	are	be	AUX
cte-985	190	19	influenced	influence	VERB
cte-985	190	20	by	by	ADP
cte-985	190	21	real	real	ADJ
cte-985	190	22	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	190	23	world	world	NOUN
cte-985	190	24	factors	factor	NOUN
cte-985	190	25	such	such	ADJ
cte-985	190	26	as	as	ADP
cte-985	190	27	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	190	28	leadership	leadership	NOUN
cte-985	190	29	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	190	30	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	190	31	to	to	ADP
cte-985	190	32	resources	resource	NOUN
cte-985	190	33	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	191	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	191	2	findings	finding	NOUN
cte-985	191	3	are	be	AUX
cte-985	191	4	particularly	particularly	ADV
cte-985	191	5	useful	useful	ADJ
cte-985	191	6	for	for	SCONJ
cte-985	191	7	education	education	NOUN
cte-985	191	8	stakeholders	stakeholder	NOUN
cte-985	191	9	like	like	ADP
cte-985	191	10	policymakers	policymaker	NOUN
cte-985	191	11	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	191	12	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	191	13	leaders	leader	NOUN
cte-985	191	14	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	191	15	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	191	16	teacher	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	191	17	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	191	18	institutions	institution	NOUN
cte-985	191	19	to	to	PART
cte-985	191	20	enhance	enhance	VERB
cte-985	191	21	basic	basic	ADJ
cte-985	191	22	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
cte-985	191	23	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	191	24	make	make	VERB
cte-985	191	25	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	191	26	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	191	27	more	more	ADV
cte-985	191	28	affordable	affordable	ADJ
cte-985	191	29	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	191	30	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	191	31	provide	provide	VERB
cte-985	191	32	practical	practical	ADJ
cte-985	191	33	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	191	34	for	for	ADP
cte-985	191	35	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	191	36	interested	interested	ADJ
cte-985	191	37	in	in	ADP
cte-985	191	38	smartphone	smartphone	NOUN
cte-985	191	39	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	191	40	for	for	ADP
cte-985	191	41	their	their	PRON
cte-985	191	42	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	191	43	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	191	44	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	192	1	on	on	ADP
cte-985	192	2	a	a	DET
cte-985	192	3	methodological	methodological	ADJ
cte-985	192	4	level	level	NOUN
cte-985	192	5	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	192	6	the	the	DET
cte-985	192	7	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	192	8	highlights	highlight	VERB
cte-985	192	9	the	the	DET
cte-985	192	10	importance	importance	NOUN
cte-985	192	11	of	of	ADP
cte-985	192	12	combining	combine	VERB
cte-985	192	13	both	both	CCONJ
cte-985	192	14	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
cte-985	192	15	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	192	16	qualitative	qualitative	ADJ
cte-985	192	17	approaches	approach	NOUN
cte-985	192	18	to	to	PART
cte-985	192	19	gain	gain	VERB
cte-985	192	20	a	a	DET
cte-985	192	21	more	more	ADV
cte-985	192	22	comprehensive	comprehensive	ADJ
cte-985	192	23	understanding	understanding	NOUN
cte-985	192	24	of	of	ADP
cte-985	192	25	the	the	DET
cte-985	192	26	issue	issue	NOUN
cte-985	192	27	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	193	1	random	random	ADJ
cte-985	193	2	sampling	sampling	NOUN
cte-985	193	3	ensured	ensure	VERB
cte-985	193	4	a	a	DET
cte-985	193	5	fair	fair	ADJ
cte-985	193	6	selection	selection	NOUN
cte-985	193	7	of	of	ADP
cte-985	193	8	classroom	classroom	NOUN
cte-985	193	9	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	193	10	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	193	11	while	while	SCONJ
cte-985	193	12	purposive	purposive	ADJ
cte-985	193	13	sampling	sampling	NOUN
cte-985	193	14	of	of	ADP
cte-985	193	15	headteachers	headteacher	NOUN
cte-985	193	16	enabled	enable	VERB
cte-985	193	17	the	the	DET
cte-985	193	18	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	193	19	to	to	PART
cte-985	193	20	gather	gather	VERB
cte-985	193	21	deeper	deep	ADJ
cte-985	193	22	insights	insight	NOUN
cte-985	193	23	from	from	ADP
cte-985	193	24	those	those	PRON
cte-985	193	25	in	in	ADP
cte-985	193	26	leadership	leadership	NOUN
cte-985	193	27	roles	role	NOUN
cte-985	193	28	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	194	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	194	2	thorough	thorough	ADJ
cte-985	194	3	process	process	NOUN
cte-985	194	4	of	of	ADP
cte-985	194	5	reviewing	review	VERB
cte-985	194	6	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	194	7	piloting	pilot	VERB
cte-985	194	8	the	the	DET
cte-985	194	9	tools	tool	NOUN
cte-985	194	10	underscores	underscore	VERB
cte-985	194	11	the	the	DET
cte-985	194	12	importance	importance	NOUN
cte-985	194	13	of	of	ADP
cte-985	194	14	refining	refine	VERB
cte-985	194	15	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	194	16	instruments	instrument	NOUN
cte-985	194	17	to	to	PART
cte-985	194	18	ensure	ensure	VERB
cte-985	194	19	they	they	PRON
cte-985	194	20	are	be	AUX
cte-985	194	21	easy	easy	ADJ
cte-985	194	22	to	to	PART
cte-985	194	23	understand	understand	VERB
cte-985	194	24	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	194	25	relevant	relevant	ADJ
cte-985	194	26	to	to	ADP
cte-985	194	27	the	the	DET
cte-985	194	28	local	local	ADJ
cte-985	194	29	context	context	NOUN
cte-985	194	30	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	195	1	table	table	NOUN
cte-985	195	2	1	1	NUM
cte-985	195	3	summary	summary	NOUN
cte-985	195	4	of	of	ADP
cte-985	195	5	key	key	ADJ
cte-985	195	6	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	195	7	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	195	8	mean	mean	ADJ
cte-985	195	9	scores	score	NOUN
cte-985	195	10	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	196	1	challenge	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	196	2	mean	mean	VERB
cte-985	196	3	score	score	NOUN
cte-985	196	4	%	%	NOUN
cte-985	196	5	agreeing	agree	VERB
cte-985	196	6	lack	lack	NOUN
cte-985	196	7	of	of	ADP
cte-985	196	8	reliable	reliable	ADJ
cte-985	196	9	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	196	10	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	196	11	1.85	1.85	NUM
cte-985	196	12	80.9	80.9	NUM
cte-985	196	13	%	%	NOUN
cte-985	196	14	high	high	ADJ
cte-985	196	15	cost	cost	NOUN
cte-985	196	16	of	of	ADP
cte-985	196	17	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	196	18	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	196	19	3.46	3.46	NUM
cte-985	196	20	55.9	55.9	NUM
cte-985	196	21	%	%	NOUN
cte-985	196	22	insufficient	insufficient	ADJ
cte-985	196	23	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	196	24	on	on	ADP
cte-985	196	25	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	196	26	apps	app	NOUN
cte-985	196	27	1.66	1.66	NUM
cte-985	196	28	88.2	88.2	NUM
cte-985	196	29	%	%	NOUN
cte-985	196	30	limited	limited	ADJ
cte-985	196	31	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	196	32	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
cte-985	196	33	2.93	2.93	NUM
cte-985	196	34	36.8	36.8	NUM
cte-985	196	35	%	%	NOUN
cte-985	196	36	6	6	NUM
cte-985	196	37	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	196	38	limitations	limitation	NOUN
cte-985	196	39	of	of	ADP
cte-985	196	40	the	the	DET
cte-985	196	41	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	196	42	while	while	SCONJ
cte-985	196	43	this	this	DET
cte-985	196	44	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	196	45	provides	provide	VERB
cte-985	196	46	important	important	ADJ
cte-985	196	47	insights	insight	NOUN
cte-985	196	48	into	into	ADP
cte-985	196	49	using	use	VERB
cte-985	196	50	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	196	51	smartphone	smartphone	NOUN
cte-985	196	52	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	196	53	for	for	ADP
cte-985	196	54	teacher	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	196	55	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	196	56	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	196	57	in	in	ADP
cte-985	196	58	monduli	monduli	PROPN
cte-985	196	59	district	district	PROPN
cte-985	196	60	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	196	61	it	it	PRON
cte-985	196	62	is	be	AUX
cte-985	196	63	not	not	PART
cte-985	196	64	without	without	ADP
cte-985	196	65	limitations	limitation	NOUN
cte-985	196	66	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	197	1	first	first	ADV
cte-985	197	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	197	3	the	the	DET
cte-985	197	4	sample	sample	NOUN
cte-985	197	5	size	size	NOUN
cte-985	197	6	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	197	7	though	though	SCONJ
cte-985	197	8	contextually	contextually	ADV
cte-985	197	9	appropriate	appropriate	ADJ
cte-985	197	10	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	197	11	was	be	AUX
cte-985	197	12	relatively	relatively	ADV
cte-985	197	13	8	8	NUM
cte-985	197	14	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	PROPN
cte-985	197	15	cte	cte	NOUN
cte-985	197	16	workshop	workshop	NOUN
cte-985	197	17	proceedings	proceeding	NOUN
cte-985	197	18	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	197	19	2025	2025	NUM
cte-985	197	20	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	NOUN
cte-985	197	21	small	small	ADJ
cte-985	197	22	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	197	23	limited	limit	VERB
cte-985	197	24	to	to	ADP
cte-985	197	25	a	a	DET
cte-985	197	26	single	single	ADJ
cte-985	197	27	district	district	NOUN
cte-985	197	28	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	197	29	which	which	PRON
cte-985	197	30	may	may	AUX
cte-985	197	31	affect	affect	VERB
cte-985	197	32	the	the	DET
cte-985	197	33	generalisability	generalisability	NOUN
cte-985	197	34	of	of	ADP
cte-985	197	35	the	the	DET
cte-985	197	36	findings	finding	NOUN
cte-985	197	37	to	to	ADP
cte-985	197	38	other	other	ADJ
cte-985	197	39	regions	region	NOUN
cte-985	197	40	in	in	ADP
cte-985	197	41	tanzania	tanzania	PROPN
cte-985	197	42	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	197	43	sub	sub	ADJ
cte-985	197	44	-	-	ADJ
cte-985	197	45	saharan	saharan	ADJ
cte-985	197	46	africa	africa	PROPN
cte-985	197	47	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	198	1	second	second	ADV
cte-985	198	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	198	3	the	the	DET
cte-985	198	4	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	198	5	relied	rely	VERB
cte-985	198	6	on	on	ADP
cte-985	198	7	self	self	NOUN
cte-985	198	8	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	198	9	reported	report	VERB
cte-985	198	10	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	198	11	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	198	12	which	which	PRON
cte-985	198	13	can	can	AUX
cte-985	198	14	sometimes	sometimes	ADV
cte-985	198	15	be	be	AUX
cte-985	198	16	influenced	influence	VERB
cte-985	198	17	by	by	ADP
cte-985	198	18	social	social	ADJ
cte-985	198	19	desirability	desirability	NOUN
cte-985	198	20	bias	bias	NOUN
cte-985	198	21	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	199	1	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	199	2	may	may	AUX
cte-985	199	3	have	have	AUX
cte-985	199	4	felt	feel	VERB
cte-985	199	5	obliged	oblige	VERB
cte-985	199	6	to	to	PART
cte-985	199	7	give	give	VERB
cte-985	199	8	responses	response	NOUN
cte-985	199	9	they	they	PRON
cte-985	199	10	believed	believe	VERB
cte-985	199	11	were	be	AUX
cte-985	199	12	expected	expect	VERB
cte-985	199	13	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	199	14	especially	especially	ADV
cte-985	199	15	when	when	SCONJ
cte-985	199	16	discussing	discuss	VERB
cte-985	199	17	their	their	PRON
cte-985	199	18	use	use	NOUN
cte-985	199	19	of	of	ADP
cte-985	199	20	technology	technology	NOUN
cte-985	199	21	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	200	1	additionally	additionally	ADV
cte-985	200	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	200	3	network	network	NOUN
cte-985	200	4	issues	issue	NOUN
cte-985	200	5	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	200	6	limited	limited	ADJ
cte-985	200	7	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	200	8	familiarity	familiarity	NOUN
cte-985	200	9	among	among	ADP
cte-985	200	10	some	some	DET
cte-985	200	11	participants	participant	NOUN
cte-985	200	12	could	could	AUX
cte-985	200	13	have	have	AUX
cte-985	200	14	affected	affect	VERB
cte-985	200	15	how	how	SCONJ
cte-985	200	16	openly	openly	ADV
cte-985	200	17	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	200	18	accurately	accurately	ADV
cte-985	200	19	they	they	PRON
cte-985	200	20	interacted	interact	VERB
cte-985	200	21	with	with	ADP
cte-985	200	22	the	the	DET
cte-985	200	23	tools	tool	NOUN
cte-985	200	24	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	200	25	responded	respond	VERB
cte-985	200	26	to	to	ADP
cte-985	200	27	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	200	28	learning	learning	NOUN
cte-985	200	29	questions	question	NOUN
cte-985	200	30	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	201	1	lastly	lastly	ADV
cte-985	201	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	201	3	while	while	SCONJ
cte-985	201	4	valuable	valuable	ADJ
cte-985	201	5	for	for	ADP
cte-985	201	6	capturing	capture	VERB
cte-985	201	7	a	a	DET
cte-985	201	8	broad	broad	ADJ
cte-985	201	9	range	range	NOUN
cte-985	201	10	of	of	ADP
cte-985	201	11	insights	insight	NOUN
cte-985	201	12	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	201	13	the	the	DET
cte-985	201	14	mixed	mix	VERB
cte-985	201	15	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	201	16	methods	method	NOUN
cte-985	201	17	design	design	NOUN
cte-985	201	18	required	require	VERB
cte-985	201	19	balancing	balancing	NOUN
cte-985	201	20	time	time	NOUN
cte-985	201	21	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	201	22	resources	resource	NOUN
cte-985	201	23	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	201	24	particularly	particularly	ADV
cte-985	201	25	during	during	ADP
cte-985	201	26	data	data	NOUN
cte-985	201	27	collection	collection	NOUN
cte-985	201	28	in	in	ADP
cte-985	201	29	rural	rural	ADJ
cte-985	201	30	schools	school	NOUN
cte-985	201	31	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	202	1	these	these	DET
cte-985	202	2	constraints	constraint	NOUN
cte-985	202	3	may	may	AUX
cte-985	202	4	have	have	AUX
cte-985	202	5	restricted	restrict	VERB
cte-985	202	6	the	the	DET
cte-985	202	7	depth	depth	NOUN
cte-985	202	8	of	of	ADP
cte-985	202	9	qualitative	qualitative	ADJ
cte-985	202	10	engagement	engagement	NOUN
cte-985	202	11	with	with	ADP
cte-985	202	12	some	some	DET
cte-985	202	13	participants	participant	NOUN
cte-985	202	14	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	203	1	despite	despite	SCONJ
cte-985	203	2	these	these	DET
cte-985	203	3	limitations	limitation	NOUN
cte-985	203	4	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	203	5	the	the	DET
cte-985	203	6	findings	finding	NOUN
cte-985	203	7	still	still	ADV
cte-985	203	8	provide	provide	VERB
cte-985	203	9	meaningful	meaningful	ADJ
cte-985	203	10	contributions	contribution	NOUN
cte-985	203	11	that	that	PRON
cte-985	203	12	can	can	AUX
cte-985	203	13	inform	inform	VERB
cte-985	203	14	future	future	ADJ
cte-985	203	15	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	203	16	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	203	17	interventions	intervention	NOUN
cte-985	203	18	in	in	ADP
cte-985	203	19	similar	similar	ADJ
cte-985	203	20	contexts	contexts	NOUN
cte-985	203	21	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	204	1	7	7	X
cte-985	204	2	.	.	X
cte-985	204	3	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN
cte-985	204	4	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	204	5	smartphone	smartphone	NOUN
cte-985	204	6	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	204	7	can	can	AUX
cte-985	204	8	potentially	potentially	ADV
cte-985	204	9	enhance	enhance	VERB
cte-985	204	10	teacher	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	204	11	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	204	12	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	204	13	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	204	14	especially	especially	ADV
cte-985	204	15	by	by	ADP
cte-985	204	16	improving	improve	VERB
cte-985	204	17	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	204	18	to	to	ADP
cte-985	204	19	learning	learn	VERB
cte-985	204	20	resources	resource	NOUN
cte-985	204	21	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	204	22	supporting	support	VERB
cte-985	204	23	modern	modern	ADJ
cte-985	204	24	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	204	25	innovative	innovative	ADJ
cte-985	204	26	instructional	instructional	ADJ
cte-985	204	27	methods	method	NOUN
cte-985	204	28	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	205	1	however	however	ADV
cte-985	205	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	205	3	findings	finding	NOUN
cte-985	205	4	from	from	ADP
cte-985	205	5	this	this	DET
cte-985	205	6	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	205	7	highlight	highlight	VERB
cte-985	205	8	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	205	9	this	this	DET
cte-985	205	10	potential	potential	NOUN
cte-985	205	11	largely	largely	ADV
cte-985	205	12	remains	remain	VERB
cte-985	205	13	untapped	untapped	ADJ
cte-985	205	14	in	in	ADP
cte-985	205	15	many	many	ADJ
cte-985	205	16	rural	rural	ADJ
cte-985	205	17	parts	part	NOUN
cte-985	205	18	of	of	ADP
cte-985	205	19	tanzania	tanzania	PROPN
cte-985	205	20	–	–	PUNCT
cte-985	205	21	particularly	particularly	ADV
cte-985	205	22	in	in	ADP
cte-985	205	23	the	the	DET
cte-985	205	24	monduli	monduli	PROPN
cte-985	205	25	district	district	PROPN
cte-985	205	26	council	council	PROPN
cte-985	205	27	–	–	PUNCT
cte-985	205	28	due	due	ADP
cte-985	205	29	to	to	ADP
cte-985	205	30	a	a	DET
cte-985	205	31	range	range	NOUN
cte-985	205	32	of	of	ADP
cte-985	205	33	deeply	deeply	ADV
cte-985	205	34	rooted	rooted	ADJ
cte-985	205	35	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	205	36	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	206	1	one	one	NUM
cte-985	206	2	of	of	ADP
cte-985	206	3	the	the	DET
cte-985	206	4	most	most	ADV
cte-985	206	5	significant	significant	ADJ
cte-985	206	6	barriers	barrier	NOUN
cte-985	206	7	is	be	AUX
cte-985	206	8	the	the	DET
cte-985	206	9	lack	lack	NOUN
cte-985	206	10	of	of	ADP
cte-985	206	11	reliable	reliable	ADJ
cte-985	206	12	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	206	13	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	206	14	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	207	1	many	many	ADJ
cte-985	207	2	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	207	3	reported	report	VERB
cte-985	207	4	difficulties	difficulty	NOUN
cte-985	207	5	securing	secure	VERB
cte-985	207	6	stable	stable	ADJ
cte-985	207	7	connections	connection	NOUN
cte-985	207	8	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	207	9	preventing	prevent	VERB
cte-985	207	10	them	they	PRON
cte-985	207	11	from	from	ADP
cte-985	207	12	accessing	access	VERB
cte-985	207	13	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	207	14	content	content	NOUN
cte-985	207	15	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	207	16	participating	participate	VERB
cte-985	207	17	in	in	ADP
cte-985	207	18	virtual	virtual	ADJ
cte-985	207	19	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	207	20	sessions	session	NOUN
cte-985	207	21	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	208	1	closely	closely	ADV
cte-985	208	2	related	relate	VERB
cte-985	208	3	to	to	ADP
cte-985	208	4	this	this	PRON
cte-985	208	5	is	be	AUX
cte-985	208	6	the	the	DET
cte-985	208	7	high	high	ADJ
cte-985	208	8	cost	cost	NOUN
cte-985	208	9	of	of	ADP
cte-985	208	10	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	208	11	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	208	12	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	208	13	which	which	PRON
cte-985	208	14	further	far	ADV
cte-985	208	15	discourages	discourage	VERB
cte-985	208	16	regular	regular	ADJ
cte-985	208	17	use	use	NOUN
cte-985	208	18	of	of	ADP
cte-985	208	19	educational	educational	ADJ
cte-985	208	20	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	208	21	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	209	1	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	209	2	expenses	expense	NOUN
cte-985	209	3	often	often	ADV
cte-985	209	4	compete	compete	VERB
cte-985	209	5	with	with	ADP
cte-985	209	6	basic	basic	ADJ
cte-985	209	7	living	living	NOUN
cte-985	209	8	costs	cost	NOUN
cte-985	209	9	in	in	ADP
cte-985	209	10	low	low	ADJ
cte-985	209	11	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	209	12	income	income	NOUN
cte-985	209	13	rural	rural	ADJ
cte-985	209	14	areas	area	NOUN
cte-985	209	15	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	209	16	creating	create	VERB
cte-985	209	17	a	a	DET
cte-985	209	18	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	209	19	divide	divide	NOUN
cte-985	209	20	that	that	PRON
cte-985	209	21	excludes	exclude	VERB
cte-985	209	22	many	many	ADJ
cte-985	209	23	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	209	24	from	from	ADP
cte-985	209	25	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	209	26	learning	learning	NOUN
cte-985	209	27	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
cte-985	209	28	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	210	1	equally	equally	ADV
cte-985	210	2	urgent	urgent	ADJ
cte-985	210	3	is	be	AUX
cte-985	210	4	the	the	DET
cte-985	210	5	issue	issue	NOUN
cte-985	210	6	of	of	ADP
cte-985	210	7	insufficient	insufficient	ADJ
cte-985	210	8	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	210	9	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	211	1	many	many	ADJ
cte-985	211	2	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	211	3	in	in	ADP
cte-985	211	4	the	the	DET
cte-985	211	5	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	211	6	stated	state	VERB
cte-985	211	7	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	211	8	they	they	PRON
cte-985	211	9	had	have	AUX
cte-985	211	10	never	never	ADV
cte-985	211	11	received	receive	VERB
cte-985	211	12	adequate	adequate	ADJ
cte-985	211	13	instruction	instruction	NOUN
cte-985	211	14	on	on	ADP
cte-985	211	15	using	use	VERB
cte-985	211	16	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	211	17	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	211	18	for	for	ADP
cte-985	211	19	professional	professional	ADJ
cte-985	211	20	development	development	NOUN
cte-985	211	21	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	212	1	when	when	SCONJ
cte-985	212	2	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	212	3	was	be	AUX
cte-985	212	4	provided	provide	VERB
cte-985	212	5	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	212	6	it	it	PRON
cte-985	212	7	was	be	AUX
cte-985	212	8	often	often	ADV
cte-985	212	9	sporadic	sporadic	ADJ
cte-985	212	10	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	212	11	not	not	PART
cte-985	212	12	enough	enough	ADJ
cte-985	212	13	to	to	PART
cte-985	212	14	build	build	VERB
cte-985	212	15	confidence	confidence	NOUN
cte-985	212	16	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	212	17	practical	practical	ADJ
cte-985	212	18	skills	skill	NOUN
cte-985	212	19	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	213	1	many	many	ADJ
cte-985	213	2	educators	educator	NOUN
cte-985	213	3	expressed	express	VERB
cte-985	213	4	a	a	DET
cte-985	213	5	willingness	willingness	NOUN
cte-985	213	6	to	to	PART
cte-985	213	7	learn	learn	VERB
cte-985	213	8	but	but	CCONJ
cte-985	213	9	stressed	stress	VERB
cte-985	213	10	the	the	DET
cte-985	213	11	importance	importance	NOUN
cte-985	213	12	of	of	ADP
cte-985	213	13	peer	peer	NOUN
cte-985	213	14	collaboration	collaboration	NOUN
cte-985	213	15	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	213	16	institutional	institutional	ADJ
cte-985	213	17	support	support	NOUN
cte-985	213	18	as	as	ADP
cte-985	213	19	vital	vital	ADJ
cte-985	213	20	factors	factor	NOUN
cte-985	213	21	for	for	ADP
cte-985	213	22	sustainable	sustainable	ADJ
cte-985	213	23	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	213	24	engagement	engagement	NOUN
cte-985	213	25	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	214	1	rooted	root	VERB
cte-985	214	2	in	in	ADP
cte-985	214	3	the	the	DET
cte-985	214	4	tam	tam	NOUN
cte-985	214	5	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	214	6	this	this	DET
cte-985	214	7	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	214	8	offers	offer	VERB
cte-985	214	9	a	a	DET
cte-985	214	10	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
cte-985	214	11	explanation	explanation	NOUN
cte-985	214	12	of	of	ADP
cte-985	214	13	how	how	SCONJ
cte-985	214	14	these	these	DET
cte-985	214	15	barriers	barrier	NOUN
cte-985	214	16	influence	influence	NOUN
cte-985	214	17	teacher	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	214	18	behaviour	behaviour	NOUN
cte-985	214	19	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	215	1	tam	tam	PROPN
cte-985	215	2	suggests	suggest	VERB
cte-985	215	3	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	215	4	individuals	individual	NOUN
cte-985	215	5	’	’	PART
cte-985	215	6	adoption	adoption	NOUN
cte-985	215	7	of	of	ADP
cte-985	215	8	technology	technology	NOUN
cte-985	215	9	is	be	AUX
cte-985	215	10	motivated	motivate	VERB
cte-985	215	11	by	by	ADP
cte-985	215	12	perceived	perceive	VERB
cte-985	215	13	ease	ease	NOUN
cte-985	215	14	of	of	ADP
cte-985	215	15	use	use	NOUN
cte-985	215	16	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	215	17	usefulness	usefulness	NOUN
cte-985	215	18	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	216	1	this	this	DET
cte-985	216	2	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	216	3	implies	imply	VERB
cte-985	216	4	that	that	SCONJ
cte-985	216	5	when	when	SCONJ
cte-985	216	6	external	external	ADJ
cte-985	216	7	obstacles	obstacle	NOUN
cte-985	216	8	such	such	ADJ
cte-985	216	9	as	as	ADP
cte-985	216	10	unaffordable	unaffordable	ADJ
cte-985	216	11	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	216	12	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	216	13	poor	poor	ADJ
cte-985	216	14	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
cte-985	216	15	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	216	16	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	216	17	a	a	DET
cte-985	216	18	lack	lack	NOUN
cte-985	216	19	of	of	ADP
cte-985	216	20	support	support	NOUN
cte-985	216	21	diminish	diminish	VERB
cte-985	216	22	these	these	DET
cte-985	216	23	perceptions	perception	NOUN
cte-985	216	24	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	216	25	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	216	26	are	be	AUX
cte-985	216	27	less	less	ADV
cte-985	216	28	inclined	inclined	ADJ
cte-985	216	29	to	to	PART
cte-985	216	30	incorporate	incorporate	VERB
cte-985	216	31	digital	digital	ADJ
cte-985	216	32	tools	tool	NOUN
cte-985	216	33	into	into	ADP
cte-985	216	34	their	their	PRON
cte-985	216	35	practice	practice	NOUN
cte-985	216	36	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	217	1	while	while	SCONJ
cte-985	217	2	earlier	early	ADJ
cte-985	217	3	studies	study	NOUN
cte-985	217	4	have	have	AUX
cte-985	217	5	discussed	discuss	VERB
cte-985	217	6	similar	similar	ADJ
cte-985	217	7	obstacles	obstacle	NOUN
cte-985	217	8	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	217	9	this	this	DET
cte-985	217	10	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	217	11	strengthens	strengthen	VERB
cte-985	217	12	the	the	DET
cte-985	217	13	existing	exist	VERB
cte-985	217	14	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cte-985	217	15	by	by	ADP
cte-985	217	16	adopting	adopt	VERB
cte-985	217	17	a	a	DET
cte-985	217	18	mixed	mixed	ADJ
cte-985	217	19	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	217	20	methods	method	NOUN
cte-985	217	21	approach	approach	NOUN
cte-985	217	22	that	that	PRON
cte-985	217	23	combines	combine	VERB
cte-985	217	24	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
cte-985	217	25	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	217	26	with	with	ADP
cte-985	217	27	qualitative	qualitative	ADJ
cte-985	217	28	insights	insight	NOUN
cte-985	217	29	from	from	ADP
cte-985	217	30	teacher	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	217	31	interviews	interview	NOUN
cte-985	217	32	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	218	1	this	this	DET
cte-985	218	2	methodological	methodological	ADJ
cte-985	218	3	integration	integration	NOUN
cte-985	218	4	provides	provide	VERB
cte-985	218	5	a	a	DET
cte-985	218	6	richer	rich	ADJ
cte-985	218	7	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	218	8	more	more	ADV
cte-985	218	9	nuanced	nuanced	ADJ
cte-985	218	10	understanding	understanding	NOUN
cte-985	218	11	of	of	ADP
cte-985	218	12	how	how	SCONJ
cte-985	218	13	structural	structural	ADJ
cte-985	218	14	barriers	barrier	NOUN
cte-985	218	15	intersect	intersect	ADJ
cte-985	218	16	with	with	ADP
cte-985	218	17	teacher	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	218	18	attitudes	attitude	NOUN
cte-985	218	19	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	218	20	experiences	experience	NOUN
cte-985	218	21	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	218	22	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	218	23	motivations	motivation	NOUN
cte-985	218	24	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	219	1	importantly	importantly	ADV
cte-985	219	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	219	3	it	it	PRON
cte-985	219	4	captures	capture	VERB
cte-985	219	5	the	the	DET
cte-985	219	6	lived	lived	ADJ
cte-985	219	7	realities	reality	NOUN
cte-985	219	8	of	of	ADP
cte-985	219	9	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	219	10	working	work	VERB
cte-985	219	11	in	in	ADP
cte-985	219	12	under	under	ADV
cte-985	219	13	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	219	14	resourced	resource	VERB
cte-985	219	15	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	219	16	rural	rural	ADJ
cte-985	219	17	environments	environment	NOUN
cte-985	219	18	–	–	PUNCT
cte-985	219	19	voices	voice	NOUN
cte-985	219	20	often	often	ADV
cte-985	219	21	underrepresented	underrepresente	VERB
cte-985	219	22	in	in	ADP
cte-985	219	23	the	the	DET
cte-985	219	24	broader	broad	ADJ
cte-985	219	25	discourse	discourse	NOUN
cte-985	219	26	on	on	ADP
cte-985	219	27	educational	educational	ADJ
cte-985	219	28	technology	technology	NOUN
cte-985	219	29	in	in	ADP
cte-985	219	30	africa	africa	PROPN
cte-985	219	31	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	220	1	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	220	2	availability	availability	NOUN
cte-985	220	3	statement	statement	NOUN
cte-985	220	4	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	220	5	the	the	DET
cte-985	220	6	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	220	7	supporting	support	VERB
cte-985	220	8	this	this	DET
cte-985	220	9	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	220	10	’s	’s	PART
cte-985	220	11	findings	finding	NOUN
cte-985	220	12	are	be	AUX
cte-985	220	13	not	not	PART
cte-985	220	14	publicly	publicly	ADV
cte-985	220	15	available	available	ADJ
cte-985	220	16	due	due	ADP
cte-985	220	17	to	to	ADP
cte-985	220	18	ethical	ethical	ADJ
cte-985	220	19	considerations	consideration	NOUN
cte-985	220	20	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	220	21	participant	participant	ADJ
cte-985	220	22	confidentiality	confidentiality	NOUN
cte-985	220	23	agreements	agreement	NOUN
cte-985	220	24	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	221	1	however	however	ADV
cte-985	221	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	221	3	the	the	DET
cte-985	221	4	author	author	NOUN
cte-985	221	5	may	may	AUX
cte-985	221	6	make	make	VERB
cte-985	221	7	anonymised	anonymised	ADJ
cte-985	221	8	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	221	9	excerpts	excerpt	NOUN
cte-985	221	10	available	available	ADJ
cte-985	221	11	upon	upon	SCONJ
cte-985	221	12	reasonable	reasonable	ADJ
cte-985	221	13	request	request	NOUN
cte-985	221	14	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	221	15	with	with	ADP
cte-985	221	16	permission	permission	NOUN
cte-985	221	17	from	from	ADP
cte-985	221	18	the	the	DET
cte-985	221	19	relevant	relevant	ADJ
cte-985	221	20	institutional	institutional	ADJ
cte-985	221	21	review	review	NOUN
cte-985	221	22	board	board	NOUN
cte-985	221	23	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	221	24	participating	participate	VERB
cte-985	221	25	schools	school	NOUN
cte-985	221	26	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	222	1	researchers	researcher	NOUN
cte-985	222	2	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	222	3	stakeholders	stakeholder	NOUN
cte-985	222	4	interested	interested	ADJ
cte-985	222	5	in	in	ADP
cte-985	222	6	accessing	access	VERB
cte-985	222	7	the	the	DET
cte-985	222	8	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	222	9	for	for	ADP
cte-985	222	10	academic	academic	ADJ
cte-985	222	11	or	or	CCONJ
cte-985	222	12	policy	policy	NOUN
cte-985	222	13	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	222	14	related	relate	VERB
cte-985	222	15	purposes	purpose	NOUN
cte-985	222	16	are	be	AUX
cte-985	222	17	encouraged	encourage	VERB
cte-985	222	18	to	to	PART
cte-985	222	19	contact	contact	VERB
cte-985	222	20	the	the	DET
cte-985	222	21	corresponding	corresponding	ADJ
cte-985	222	22	author	author	NOUN
cte-985	222	23	directly	directly	ADV
cte-985	222	24	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	223	1	9	9	NUM
cte-985	223	2	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	PRON
cte-985	223	3	cte	cte	NOUN
cte-985	223	4	workshop	workshop	NOUN
cte-985	223	5	proceedings	proceeding	NOUN
cte-985	223	6	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	223	7	2025	2025	NUM
cte-985	223	8	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	PRON
cte-985	223	9	acknowledgments	acknowledgment	NOUN
cte-985	223	10	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	223	11	james	james	PROPN
cte-985	223	12	james	james	PROPN
cte-985	223	13	makula	makula	PROPN
cte-985	223	14	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	223	15	this	this	DET
cte-985	223	16	paper	paper	NOUN
cte-985	223	17	is	be	AUX
cte-985	223	18	partly	partly	ADV
cte-985	223	19	based	base	VERB
cte-985	223	20	on	on	ADP
cte-985	223	21	the	the	DET
cte-985	223	22	build	build	VERB
cte-985	223	23	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	223	24	up	up	ADP
cte-985	223	25	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	223	26	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	223	27	collected	collect	VERB
cte-985	223	28	for	for	ADP
cte-985	223	29	a	a	DET
cte-985	223	30	phd	phd	NOUN
cte-985	223	31	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	223	32	in	in	ADP
cte-985	223	33	2025	2025	NUM
cte-985	223	34	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	224	1	thanks	thank	NOUN
cte-985	224	2	to	to	ADP
cte-985	224	3	my	my	PRON
cte-985	224	4	employer	employer	NOUN
cte-985	224	5	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	224	6	the	the	DET
cte-985	224	7	institute	institute	PROPN
cte-985	224	8	of	of	ADP
cte-985	224	9	accountancy	accountancy	PROPN
cte-985	224	10	arusha	arusha	PROPN
cte-985	224	11	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	224	12	for	for	ADP
cte-985	224	13	financial	financial	ADJ
cte-985	224	14	support	support	NOUN
cte-985	224	15	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	225	1	the	the	DET
cte-985	225	2	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	225	3	also	also	ADV
cte-985	225	4	would	would	AUX
cte-985	225	5	not	not	PART
cte-985	225	6	have	have	AUX
cte-985	225	7	been	be	AUX
cte-985	225	8	possible	possible	ADJ
cte-985	225	9	without	without	ADP
cte-985	225	10	support	support	NOUN
cte-985	225	11	from	from	ADP
cte-985	225	12	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	225	13	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	225	14	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	225	15	in	in	ADP
cte-985	225	16	the	the	DET
cte-985	225	17	monduli	monduli	PROPN
cte-985	225	18	district	district	NOUN
cte-985	225	19	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	226	1	references	reference	NOUN
cte-985	226	2	[	[	X
cte-985	226	3	1	1	NUM
cte-985	226	4	]	]	X
cte-985	226	5	akram	akram	PROPN
cte-985	226	6	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	226	7	h.	h.	PROPN
cte-985	226	8	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	226	9	abdelrady	abdelrady	PROPN
cte-985	226	10	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	226	11	a.h	a.h	PROPN
cte-985	226	12	.	.	PROPN
cte-985	226	13	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	226	14	al	al	PROPN
cte-985	226	15	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	226	16	adwan	adwan	PROPN
cte-985	226	17	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	226	18	a.s	a.s	PROPN
cte-985	226	19	.	.	PROPN
cte-985	226	20	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	226	21	ramzan	ramzan	PROPN
cte-985	226	22	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	226	23	m.	m.	NOUN
cte-985	226	24	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	226	25	2022	2022	NUM
cte-985	226	26	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	227	1	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	227	2	’	’	PART
cte-985	227	3	perceptions	perception	NOUN
cte-985	227	4	of	of	ADP
cte-985	227	5	technology	technology	NOUN
cte-985	227	6	integration	integration	NOUN
cte-985	227	7	in	in	ADP
cte-985	227	8	teaching	teach	VERB
cte-985	227	9	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	227	10	learning	learn	VERB
cte-985	227	11	practices	practice	NOUN
cte-985	227	12	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	227	13	a	a	DET
cte-985	227	14	systematic	systematic	ADJ
cte-985	227	15	review	review	NOUN
cte-985	227	16	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	228	1	frontiers	frontier	NOUN
cte-985	228	2	in	in	ADP
cte-985	228	3	psychology	psychology	NOUN
cte-985	228	4	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	228	5	13	13	NUM
cte-985	228	6	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	228	7	p.920317	p.920317	X
cte-985	228	8	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	228	9	available	available	ADJ
cte-985	228	10	from	from	ADP
cte-985	228	11	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	228	12	https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.920317	https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.920317	PROPN
cte-985	228	13	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	229	1	[	[	X
cte-985	229	2	2	2	NUM
cte-985	229	3	]	]	X
cte-985	229	4	buabeng	buabeng	NOUN
cte-985	229	5	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	229	6	andoh	andoh	PROPN
cte-985	229	7	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	229	8	c.	c.	NOUN
cte-985	229	9	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	229	10	2019	2019	NUM
cte-985	229	11	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	230	1	factors	factor	NOUN
cte-985	230	2	that	that	PRON
cte-985	230	3	influence	influence	NOUN
cte-985	230	4	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	230	5	’	'	PUNCT
cte-985	230	6	pedagogical	pedagogical	ADJ
cte-985	230	7	use	use	NOUN
cte-985	230	8	of	of	ADP
cte-985	230	9	ict	ict	NOUN
cte-985	230	10	in	in	ADP
cte-985	230	11	secondary	secondary	ADJ
cte-985	230	12	schools	school	NOUN
cte-985	230	13	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	230	14	a	a	DET
cte-985	230	15	case	case	NOUN
cte-985	230	16	of	of	ADP
cte-985	230	17	ghana	ghana	PROPN
cte-985	230	18	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	231	1	contemporary	contemporary	ADJ
cte-985	231	2	educational	educational	ADJ
cte-985	231	3	technology	technology	NOUN
cte-985	231	4	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	231	5	10(3	10(3	NUM
cte-985	231	6	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	231	7	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	231	8	pp.272–288	pp.272–288	PROPN
cte-985	231	9	.	.	PROPN
cte-985	231	10	available	available	ADJ
cte-985	231	11	from	from	ADP
cte-985	231	12	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	231	13	https://doi.org/10.30935/cet.590099	https://doi.org/10.30935/cet.590099	PROPN
cte-985	231	14	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	232	1	[	[	X
cte-985	232	2	3	3	NUM
cte-985	232	3	]	]	X
cte-985	232	4	creswell	creswell	PROPN
cte-985	232	5	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	232	6	j.w	j.w	PROPN
cte-985	232	7	.	.	PROPN
cte-985	232	8	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	232	9	plano	plano	PROPN
cte-985	232	10	clark	clark	PROPN
cte-985	232	11	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	232	12	v.l	v.l	PROPN
cte-985	232	13	.	.	PROPN
cte-985	232	14	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	232	15	2017	2017	NUM
cte-985	232	16	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	233	1	designing	design	VERB
cte-985	233	2	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	233	3	conducting	conduct	VERB
cte-985	233	4	mixed	mixed	ADJ
cte-985	233	5	methods	method	NOUN
cte-985	233	6	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	233	7	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	234	1	3rd	3rd	ADJ
cte-985	234	2	ed	ed	NOUN
cte-985	234	3	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	235	1	sage	sage	NOUN
cte-985	235	2	publications	publication	NOUN
cte-985	235	3	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	236	1	[	[	X
cte-985	236	2	4	4	NUM
cte-985	236	3	]	]	X
cte-985	236	4	dawadi	dawadi	NOUN
cte-985	236	5	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	236	6	s.	s.	PROPN
cte-985	236	7	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	236	8	shrestha	shrestha	PROPN
cte-985	236	9	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	236	10	s.	s.	PROPN
cte-985	236	11	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	236	12	giri	giri	PROPN
cte-985	236	13	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	236	14	r.a	r.a	PROPN
cte-985	236	15	.	.	PROPN
cte-985	236	16	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	236	17	2021	2021	NUM
cte-985	236	18	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	237	1	mixed	mix	VERB
cte-985	237	2	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	237	3	methods	method	NOUN
cte-985	237	4	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	237	5	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	237	6	a	a	DET
cte-985	237	7	discussion	discussion	NOUN
cte-985	237	8	on	on	ADP
cte-985	237	9	its	its	PRON
cte-985	237	10	types	type	NOUN
cte-985	237	11	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	237	12	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cte-985	237	13	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	237	14	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	237	15	criticisms	criticism	NOUN
cte-985	237	16	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	238	1	journal	journal	NOUN
cte-985	238	2	of	of	ADP
cte-985	238	3	practical	practical	ADJ
cte-985	238	4	studies	study	NOUN
cte-985	238	5	in	in	ADP
cte-985	238	6	education	education	NOUN
cte-985	238	7	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	238	8	2(2	2(2	NUM
cte-985	238	9	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	238	10	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	238	11	pp.25–36	pp.25–36	NOUN
cte-985	238	12	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	239	1	available	available	ADJ
cte-985	239	2	from	from	ADP
cte-985	239	3	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	239	4	https://doi.org/10.46809/jpse.v2i2	https://doi.org/10.46809/jpse.v2i2	NUM
cte-985	239	5	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	240	1	20	20	NUM
cte-985	240	2	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	241	1	[	[	X
cte-985	241	2	5	5	NUM
cte-985	241	3	]	]	SYM
cte-985	241	4	fraenkel	fraenkel	NOUN
cte-985	241	5	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	241	6	j.r	j.r	PROPN
cte-985	241	7	.	.	PROPN
cte-985	241	8	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	241	9	wallen	wallen	PROPN
cte-985	241	10	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	241	11	n.e	n.e	PROPN
cte-985	241	12	.	.	PROPN
cte-985	241	13	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	241	14	hyun	hyun	PROPN
cte-985	241	15	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	241	16	h.h	h.h	PROPN
cte-985	241	17	.	.	PROPN
cte-985	241	18	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	241	19	2012	2012	NUM
cte-985	241	20	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	242	1	how	how	SCONJ
cte-985	242	2	to	to	PART
cte-985	242	3	design	design	VERB
cte-985	242	4	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	242	5	evaluate	evaluate	VERB
cte-985	242	6	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	242	7	in	in	ADP
cte-985	242	8	education	education	NOUN
cte-985	242	9	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	243	1	8th	8th	ADJ
cte-985	243	2	ed	ed	NOUN
cte-985	243	3	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	244	1	new	new	PROPN
cte-985	244	2	york	york	PROPN
cte-985	244	3	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	244	4	mcgraw	mcgraw	PROPN
cte-985	244	5	hill	hill	PROPN
cte-985	244	6	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	245	1	available	available	ADJ
cte-985	245	2	from	from	ADP
cte-985	245	3	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	245	4	https://saochhengpheng.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/	https://saochhengpheng.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/	NOUN
cte-985	245	5	03	03	NUM
cte-985	245	6	/	/	SYM
cte-985	245	7	jack_fraenkel_norman_wallen_helen_hyun	jack_fraenkel_norman_wallen_helen_hyun	NOUN
cte-985	245	8	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	245	9	how_to_design_and_evaluate	how_to_design_and_evaluate	NOUN
cte-985	245	10	_	_	NOUN
cte-985	245	11	research_in_education_8th_edition_-mcgraw	research_in_education_8th_edition_-mcgraw	NOUN
cte-985	245	12	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	245	13	hill_humanities_social_sciences	hill_humanities_social_science	NOUN
cte-985	245	14	_	_	NOUN
cte-985	245	15	languages2011.pdf	languages2011.pdf	NOUN
cte-985	245	16	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	246	1	[	[	X
cte-985	246	2	6	6	NUM
cte-985	246	3	]	]	X
cte-985	246	4	hennessy	hennessy	PROPN
cte-985	246	5	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	246	6	s.	s.	PROPN
cte-985	246	7	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	246	8	d’angelo	d’angelo	PROPN
cte-985	246	9	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	246	10	s.	s.	PROPN
cte-985	246	11	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	246	12	mcintyre	mcintyre	PROPN
cte-985	246	13	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	246	14	n.	n.	PROPN
cte-985	246	15	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	246	16	koomar	koomar	PROPN
cte-985	246	17	,	,	PUNCT
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cte-985	267	3	]	]	X
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cte-985	267	9	.	.	PUNCT
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cte-985	273	8	:	:	PUNCT
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cte-985	273	23	of	of	ADP
cte-985	273	24	technology	technology	NOUN
cte-985	273	25	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	273	26	utaut	utaut	NOUN
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cte-985	273	28	.	.	PUNCT
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cte-985	274	4	)	)	PUNCT
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cte-985	274	10	:	:	PUNCT
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cte-985	278	7	,	,	PUNCT
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cte-985	293	8	)	)	PUNCT
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cte-985	300	8	)	)	PUNCT
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cte-985	302	9	)	)	PUNCT
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cte-985	317	5	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	318	1	[	[	X
cte-985	318	2	25	25	NUM
cte-985	318	3	]	]	X
cte-985	318	4	roberts	roberts	PROPN
cte-985	318	5	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	318	6	l.n	l.n	PROPN
cte-985	318	7	.	.	PROPN
cte-985	318	8	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	318	9	2021	2021	NUM
cte-985	318	10	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	319	1	primary	primary	ADJ
cte-985	319	2	school	school	NOUN
cte-985	319	3	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	319	4	’	'	PUNCT
cte-985	319	5	perceived	perceive	VERB
cte-985	319	6	factors	factor	NOUN
cte-985	319	7	affecting	affect	VERB
cte-985	319	8	the	the	DET
cte-985	319	9	integration	integration	NOUN
cte-985	319	10	of	of	ADP
cte-985	319	11	ict	ict	NOUN
cte-985	319	12	in	in	ADP
cte-985	319	13	an	an	DET
cte-985	319	14	educational	educational	ADJ
cte-985	319	15	district	district	NOUN
cte-985	319	16	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	320	1	in	in	ADP
cte-985	320	2	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	320	3	l.n	l.n	PROPN
cte-985	320	4	.	.	PROPN
cte-985	320	5	roberts	roberts	PROPN
cte-985	320	6	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	320	7	ed	ed	NOUN
cte-985	320	8	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	321	1	redesigning	redesign	VERB
cte-985	321	2	teaching	teaching	NOUN
cte-985	321	3	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	321	4	leadership	leadership	NOUN
cte-985	321	5	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	321	6	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	321	7	indigenous	indigenous	ADJ
cte-985	321	8	education	education	NOUN
cte-985	321	9	in	in	ADP
cte-985	321	10	the	the	DET
cte-985	321	11	21st	21st	ADJ
cte-985	321	12	century	century	NOUN
cte-985	321	13	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	322	1	hershey	hershey	PROPN
cte-985	322	2	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	322	3	pa	pa	PROPN
cte-985	322	4	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	322	5	igi	igi	PROPN
cte-985	322	6	global	global	ADJ
cte-985	322	7	scientific	scientific	ADJ
cte-985	322	8	publishing	publishing	NOUN
cte-985	322	9	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	322	10	pp.91–112	pp.91–112	PROPN
cte-985	322	11	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	322	12	available	available	ADJ
cte-985	322	13	from	from	ADP
cte-985	322	14	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	322	15	https://doi.org/10	https://doi.org/10	PROPN
cte-985	322	16	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	323	1	4018/978	4018/978	NUM
cte-985	323	2	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	323	3	1	1	NUM
cte-985	323	4	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	323	5	7998	7998	NUM
cte-985	323	6	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	323	7	5557	5557	NUM
cte-985	323	8	-	-	PUNCT
cte-985	323	9	6.ch005	6.ch005	NOUN
cte-985	323	10	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	324	1	[	[	X
cte-985	324	2	26	26	NUM
cte-985	324	3	]	]	SYM
cte-985	324	4	traxler	traxler	NOUN
cte-985	324	5	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	324	6	j.	j.	PROPN
cte-985	324	7	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	324	8	2009	2009	NUM
cte-985	324	9	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	325	1	learning	learn	VERB
cte-985	325	2	in	in	ADP
cte-985	325	3	a	a	DET
cte-985	325	4	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	325	5	age	age	NOUN
cte-985	325	6	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	326	1	international	international	ADJ
cte-985	326	2	journal	journal	PROPN
cte-985	326	3	of	of	ADP
cte-985	326	4	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	326	5	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	326	6	blended	blended	ADJ
cte-985	326	7	learning	learning	NOUN
cte-985	326	8	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	326	9	1(1	1(1	NUM
cte-985	326	10	)	)	PUNCT
cte-985	326	11	,	,	PUNCT
cte-985	326	12	pp.1–12	pp.1–12	NOUN
cte-985	326	13	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	326	14	available	available	ADJ
cte-985	326	15	from	from	ADP
cte-985	326	16	:	:	PUNCT
cte-985	326	17	https://doi.org/10.4018/jmbl	https://doi.org/10.4018/jmbl	NUM
cte-985	326	18	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	327	1	2009010101	2009010101	NUM
cte-985	327	2	.	.	PUNCT
cte-985	328	1	12	12	NUM
cte-985	328	2	https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2024.2379831	https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2024.2379831	NOUN
cte-985	328	3	https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2024.2379831	https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2024.2379831	PUNCT
cte-985	329	1	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.985	ADP
cte-985	329	2	https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2024.2379831	https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2024.2379831	ADV
cte-985	329	3	https://doi.org/10.37284/eajis.7.1.2426	https://doi.org/10.37284/eajis.7.1.2426	PROPN
cte-985	329	4	https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v12-i3/19609	https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v12-i3/19609	NUM
cte-985	329	5	https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5557-6.ch005	https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5557-6.ch005	NOUN
cte-985	329	6	https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5557-6.ch005	https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5557-6.ch005	VERB
cte-985	329	7	https://doi.org/10.4018/jmbl.2009010101	https://doi.org/10.4018/jmbl.2009010101	PRON
cte-985	329	8	https://doi.org/10.4018/jmbl.2009010101	https://doi.org/10.4018/jmbl.2009010101	ADJ
cte-985	329	9	1	1	NUM
cte-985	329	10	introduction	introduction	NOUN
cte-985	329	11	2	2	NUM
cte-985	329	12	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
cte-985	329	13	framework	framework	NOUN
cte-985	329	14	3	3	NUM
cte-985	329	15	methods	method	NOUN
cte-985	329	16	3.1	3.1	NUM
cte-985	329	17	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	329	18	approach	approach	NOUN
cte-985	329	19	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	329	20	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	329	21	design	design	NOUN
cte-985	329	22	3.2	3.2	NUM
cte-985	329	23	participants	participant	NOUN
cte-985	329	24	3.3	3.3	NUM
cte-985	329	25	research	research	NOUN
cte-985	329	26	instruments	instrument	NOUN
cte-985	329	27	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	329	28	measures	measure	NOUN
cte-985	329	29	3.4	3.4	NUM
cte-985	329	30	validity	validity	NOUN
cte-985	329	31	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	329	32	reliability	reliability	NOUN
cte-985	329	33	3.5	3.5	NUM
cte-985	329	34	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	329	35	analysis	analysis	NOUN
cte-985	329	36	process	process	NOUN
cte-985	329	37	4	4	NUM
cte-985	329	38	results	result	NOUN
cte-985	329	39	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	329	40	discussion	discussion	NOUN
cte-985	329	41	4.1	4.1	NUM
cte-985	329	42	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	329	43	access	access	NOUN
cte-985	329	44	as	as	ADP
cte-985	329	45	a	a	DET
cte-985	329	46	barrier	barrier	NOUN
cte-985	329	47	4.2	4.2	NUM
cte-985	329	48	high	high	ADJ
cte-985	329	49	cost	cost	NOUN
cte-985	329	50	of	of	ADP
cte-985	329	51	internet	internet	NOUN
cte-985	329	52	data	datum	NOUN
cte-985	329	53	4.3	4.3	NUM
cte-985	329	54	insufficient	insufficient	ADJ
cte-985	329	55	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	329	56	on	on	ADP
cte-985	329	57	mobile	mobile	ADJ
cte-985	329	58	applications	application	NOUN
cte-985	329	59	4.4	4.4	NUM
cte-985	329	60	limited	limited	ADJ
cte-985	329	61	training	training	NOUN
cte-985	329	62	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
cte-985	329	63	4.5	4.5	NUM
cte-985	329	64	regional	regional	ADJ
cte-985	329	65	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	329	66	international	international	ADJ
cte-985	329	67	comparisons	comparison	NOUN
cte-985	329	68	4.6	4.6	NUM
cte-985	329	69	cultural	cultural	ADJ
cte-985	329	70	context	context	NOUN
cte-985	329	71	and	and	CCONJ
cte-985	329	72	teacher	teacher	NOUN
cte-985	329	73	practice	practice	NOUN
cte-985	329	74	5	5	NUM
cte-985	329	75	implications	implication	NOUN
cte-985	329	76	of	of	ADP
cte-985	329	77	the	the	DET
cte-985	329	78	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	329	79	6	6	NUM
cte-985	329	80	limitations	limitation	NOUN
cte-985	329	81	of	of	ADP
cte-985	329	82	the	the	DET
cte-985	329	83	study	study	NOUN
cte-985	329	84	7	7	NUM
cte-985	329	85	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN