CUBO A Mathematical Journal
Vol.16, No¯ 01, (37–48). March 2014

Existence of Ψ-Bounded Solutions for Linear Matrix
Difference Equations on Z+

G.Suresh Kumar, Ch.Vasavi, T.S.Rao

Koneru Lakshmaiah University,

Department of Mathematics,

Vaddeswaram, Guntur dt., A.P., India.

drgsk006@kluniversity.in

and

M.S.N.Murty

Acharya Nagarjuna University,

Department of Mathematics,

Nagarjuna Nagar-522510, Guntur dt., A.P., India.

drmsn2002@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

This paper deals with obtaining necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of

at least one Ψ-bounded solution for the linear matrix difference equation X(n + 1) =

A(n)X(n)B(n) + F(n), where F(n) is a Ψ-summable matrix valued function on Z+.

Finally, we prove a result relating to the asymptotic behavior of the Ψ-bounded solutions

of this equation on Z+.

RESUMEN

Este art́ıculo se enfoca en obtener condiciones necesarias y suficientes para la existencia

de la menos una solución Ψ-acotada para la ecuación lineal en diferencias matricial

X(n + 1) = A(n)X(n)B(n) + F(n), donde F(n) es una función Ψ-sumable con valores

matriciales en Z+. Finalmente, probamos un resultado relacionado al comportamiento

asintótico de las soluciones Ψ-acotadas de esta ecuación en Z+.

Keywords and Phrases: Difference Equations; Fundamental Matrix; Ψ-bounded; Ψ-summable,

Kronecker product.

2010 AMS Mathematics Subject Classification: 39A10, 39B42.



38 G.Suresh Kumar, Ch.Vasavi, T.S.Rao & M.S.N.Murty CUBO
16, 1 (2014)

1 Introduction

Difference equations serve as a natural description of observed evolution phenomena. The theory

of difference equations is of immense use in the construction of dicrete mathematical models,

which can explain better when compared to continuous models. One of the important fetures of

difference equations is, they appear in the study of discretization methods for differential equations.

Difference equations play an important role in many scientific fields such as numerical analysis,

finite element techniques, control theory, discrete mathematical structures and several problems

of mathematical modelling [1, 2, 14]. Due to the importance and rapid growth of research in this

area, we confine our attention to the linear matrix difference equation

X(n + 1) = A(n)X(n)B(n) + F(n), (1)

where A(n), B(n),and F(n) are m × m matrix-valued functions on Z+ = {1, 2, . . .}. The basic

problem under consideration is the determination of necessary and sufficient conditions for the

existence of a solution with some specified boundedness condition. A Classical result of this type,

for system of differential equations is given by Coppel [6, Theorem 2, Chapter V]. The problem of

Ψ-boundedness of the solutions for systems of ordinary differential equations has been studied in

many papers, [3, 4, 5, 7, 13, 16]. Recently [10, 18, 19], extended the concept of Ψ-boundedness of

the solutions to Lyapunov matrix differential equations.

Recently , Han and Hong [15], Diamandescu [8, 11] extended the concept of Ψ-bounded solu-

tions of system of differential equations to difference equations. The existence and uniqueness of

solutions of matrix difference equation (1) was studied by Murty, Anand and Lakshmi Prasannam

[17].

The aim of present paper is to give a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of

Ψ-bounded solution of the linear matrix difference equation (1) via Ψ-summable sequence. The

introduction of the matrix function Ψ permits to obtain a mixed asymptotic behavior of the com-

ponents of the solutions. Here, Ψ is a matrix-valued function. This paper include the results of

Han and Hong [15] as a particular case when B = I, X and F are column vectors.

2 Preliminaries

In this section we present some basic definitions, notations and results which are useful for later

discussion.

Let Rm be the Euclidean m-space. For u = (u1, u2, u3, . . . , um)
T ∈ Rm, let ‖u‖ =

max{|u1|, |u2|, |u3|, . . . , |um|} be the norm of u. Let R
m×m be the linear space of all m × m real

valued matrices. For a m × m real matrix A = [aij], we define the norm |A| = sup‖u‖≤1 ‖Au‖. It

is well-known that

|A| = max
1≤i≤m

{

m∑

j=1

|aij|}.



CUBO
16, 1 (2014)

Existence of Ψ-Bounded Solutions for Linear Matrix Difference. . . 39

Let Ψk : Z
+ → R − {0} (R − {0} is the set of all nonzero real numbers), k = 1, 2, . . . m, and let

Ψ = diag[Ψ1, Ψ2, . . . , Ψm].

Then the matrix Ψ(n) is an invertible square matrix of order m, for all n ∈ Z+.

Definition 2.1. [12] Let A ∈ Rp×q and B ∈ Rr×s then the Kronecker product of A and B written

A ⊗ B is defined to be the partitioned matrix

A ⊗ B =













a11B a12B . . . a1qB

a21B a22B . . . a2qB

. . . . . .

ap1B ap2B . . . apqB













is an pr × qs matrix and is in Rpr×qs.

Definition 2.2. [12] Let A = [aij] ∈ R
p×q, then the vectorization operator

Vec : Rp×q → Rpq, defined and denote by

 = VecA =



















A.1

A.2

.

.

A.q



















, where A.j =



















a1j

a2j

.

.

apj



















(1 ≤ j ≤ q) .

Lemma 2.3. The vectorization operator Vec : Rm×m → Rm
2

, is a linear and one-to-one operator.

In addition, Vec and Vec−1 are continuous operators.

Proof. The fact that the vectorization operator is linear and one-to-one is immediate. Now,

forA = [aij] ∈ R
m×m, we have

‖Vec(A)‖ = max
1≤i,j≤m

{|aij|} ≤ max
1≤i≤m






m∑

j=1

|aij|





= |A| .

Thus, the vectorization operator is continuous and ‖Vec‖ ≤ 1.

In addition, for A = Im (the identity m × m matrix) we have ‖Vec(Im)‖ = 1 = |Im| and then,

‖Vec‖ = 1.

Obviously, the inverse of the vectorization operator, Vec−1 : Rm
2

→ Rm×m, is defined by

Vec−1(u) =























u1 um+1 . . . um2−m+1

u2 um+2 . . . um2−m+2

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

um u2m . . . um2























.



40 G.Suresh Kumar, Ch.Vasavi, T.S.Rao & M.S.N.Murty CUBO
16, 1 (2014)

Where u = (u1, u2, u3, ....., um2)
T ∈ Rm

2

. We have

∣

∣Vec−1(u)
∣

∣ = max
1≤i≤m






m−1∑

j=0

|umj+i|





≤ m. max

1≤i≤m
{|ui|} = m. ‖u‖.

Thus, Vec−1 is a continuous operator. Also, if we take u = VecA in the above inequality, then the

following inequality holds

|A| ≤ m‖VecA‖,

for every A ∈ Rm×m.

Regarding properties and rules for Kronecker product of matrices we refer to [12].

Now by applying the Vec operator to the linear nonhomogeneous matrix difference equation

(1) and using Kronecker product properties, we have

X̂(n + 1) = G(n)X̂(n) + F̂(n), (2)

where G(n) = BT (n) ⊗ A(n) is a m2 × m2 matrix and F̂(n) = VecF(n) is a column matrix of order

m2. The equation (2) is called the Kronecker product difference equation associated with (1). It

is clear that, if X(n) is a solution of (1) if and only if X̂(n) = VecX(n) is a solution of (2).

The corresponding homogeneous difference equation of (2) is

X̂(n + 1) = G(n)X̂(n). (3)

Definition 2.4. [15] A sequence φ : Z+ → Rm is said to be Ψ- bounded on Z+ if Ψ(n)φ(n) is

bounded on Z+ (i.e., there exists L > 0 such that ‖Ψ(n)φ(n)‖ ≤ L, for all n ∈ Z+).

Extend this definition to matrix functions.

Definition 2.5. A matrix sequence F : Z+ → Rm×m is said to be Ψ-bounded on Z+ if ΨF is

bounded on Z+ (i.e., there exists L > 0 such that |Ψ(n)F(n)| ≤ L, for all n ∈ Z+).

Definition 2.6. [15] A sequence φ : Z+ → Rm is said to be Ψ-summable on Z+ if φ(n) ∈ l1 and

Ψ(n)φ(n) ∈ l1.

(

i.e., lim
p→∞

p∑

n=1

‖Ψ(n)φ(n)‖ < ∞

)

.

Extend this definition to matrix functions.

Definition 2.7. A matrix sequence F : Z+ → Rm×m is called Ψ-summable on Z+ if
∞∑

n=1

Ψ(n)F(n)

is convergent

(

i.e., lim
p→∞

p∑

n=1

|Ψ(n)F(n)| < ∞

)

.

Now we shall assume that A(n) and B(n) are bounded m × m matrices on Z+ and F(n) is a

Ψ-summable matrix function on Z+.



CUBO
16, 1 (2014)

Existence of Ψ-Bounded Solutions for Linear Matrix Difference. . . 41

By a solution of (1), we mean a matrix function W(n) satisfying the equation (1) for all most

all n ∈ Z+.

The following lemmas play a vital role in the proof of main result.

Lemma 2.8. The matrix function F : Z+ → Rm×m is Ψ-summable on Z+ if and only if the vector

function VecF(n) is Im ⊗ Ψ-summable on Z
+.

Proof. From the proof of Lemma 2.3, it follows that

1

m
|A| ≤ ‖VecA‖

Rm
2 ≤ |A| ,

for every A ∈ Rm×m.

Put A = Ψ(n)F(n) in the above inequality, we have

1

m
|Ψ(n)F(n)| ≤ ‖(Im ⊗ Ψ(n)).VecF(n)‖

Rm
2 ≤ |Ψ(n)F(n)| , (4)

n ∈ Z+, for all matrix functions F(n).

Suppose that F(n) is Ψ-summable on Z+. From (4), we get

‖(Im ⊗ Ψ(n)).VecF(n)‖Rm2 ≤ |Ψ(n)F(n)| ,

which implies
∞∑

n=1

‖(Im ⊗ Ψ(n)).VecF(n)‖Rm2 ≤

∞∑

n=1

|Ψ(n)F(n)| .

From comparison test, Definitions 2.6 and 2.7, F̂(n) is Im ⊗ Ψ-summable on Z
+.

Conversely suppose that F̂(n) is Im ⊗ Ψ-summable on Z
+. Again from (4), we get

|Ψ(n)F(n)| ≤ m ‖(Im ⊗ Ψ(n)).VecF(n)‖Rm2 ,

which implies
∞∑

n=1

|Ψ(n)F(n)| ≤ m
∞∑

n=1

‖(Im ⊗ Ψ(n)).VecF(n)‖
Rm

2 .

From comparison test, Definitions 2.6 and 2.7, F(n) is Ψ-summable on Z+. Now the proof is

complete.

Lemma 2.9. The matrix function F(n) is Ψ - bounded on Z+ if and only if the vector function

VecF(n) is Im ⊗ Ψ - bounded on Z
+.

Proof. The proof easily follows from the inequality (4).



42 G.Suresh Kumar, Ch.Vasavi, T.S.Rao & M.S.N.Murty CUBO
16, 1 (2014)

Lemma 2.10. If A(n), B(n) are invertible matrix functions and F(n) is a matrix function on Z+.

Let Y(n) and Z(n) be the fundamental matrices for the matrix difference equations

X(n + 1) = A(n)X(n), n ∈ Z+ (5)

and

X(n + 1) = BT (n)X(n), n ∈ Z+ (6)

respectively. Then the matrix Z(n) ⊗ Y(n) is a fundamental matrix of (3).

Proof. Consider

Z(n + 1) ⊗ Y(n + 1) = BT (n)Z(n) ⊗ A(n)Y(n)

= (BT (n) ⊗ A(n))(Z(n) ⊗ Y(n))

= G(n)(Z(n) ⊗ Y(n)),

for all n ∈ Z+.

On the other hand, the matrix Z(n) ⊗ Y(n) is an invertible matrix for all n ∈ Z+ (because

Z(n) and Y(n) are invertible matrices for all n ∈ Z+).

Let X1 denote the subspace of R
m×m consisting of all matrices which are values of Ψ-bounded

solution of X(n + 1) = A(n)X(n)B(n) on Z+ at n = 1 and let X2 an arbitrary fixed subspace of

R
m×m, supplementary to X1. Let P1, P2 denote the corresponding projections of R

m×m onto X1,

X2 respectively.

Then X1 denote the subspace of R
m

2

consisting of all vectors which are values of Im ⊗ Ψ-

bounded solution of (3) on Z+ at n = 1 and X2 a fixed subspace of R
m

2

, supplementary to X1.

Let Q1, Q2 denote the corresponding projections of R
m

2

onto X1, X2 respectively.

Theorem 2.11. Let Y(n) and Z(n) be the fundamental matrices for the systems (5) and (6). If

X̂(n) =

n−1∑

k=1

(Z(n) ⊗ Y(n))Q1(Z
−1

(k + 1) ⊗ Y−1(k + 1))F̂(k)

−

∞∑

k=1

(Z(n) ⊗ Y(n))Q2(Z
−1(k + 1) ⊗ Y−1(k + 1))F̂(k) (7)

is convergent, then it is a solution of (2) on Z+.

Proof. It is easily seen that X̂(n) is the solution of (2) on Z+.

The following theorems are useful in the proofs of our main results.



CUBO
16, 1 (2014)

Existence of Ψ-Bounded Solutions for Linear Matrix Difference. . . 43

Theorem 2.12. [15] Let {A(n)} be bounded. Then

x(n + 1) = A(n)x(n) + f(n) (8)

has at least one Ψ-bounded solution on Z+ for every Ψ-summable sequence {f(n)} on Z+ if and

only if there is a positive constant K such that

|Ψ(n)Y(n)P1Y
−1

(k + 1)Ψ−1(k)| ≤ K, 1 ≤ k + 1 ≤ n

|Ψ(n)Y(n)P2Y
−1(k + 1)Ψ−1(k)| ≤ K, 1 ≤ n < k + 1.

(9)

Theorem 2.13. [15] Suppose that:

(1) The fundamental matrix Y(n) of x(n + 1) = A(n)x(n) satisfies conditions

(a) lim
n→∞

|Ψ(n)Y(n)P1| = 0,

(b) condition (9) holds, where K is a positive constant, P1 and P2 are suplementary projections.

(2) The sequence f : Z+ → Rm is Ψ-summable on Z+.

Then, every Ψ-bounded solution x(n) of (8) satisfies

lim
n→∞

‖Ψ(n)x(n)‖ = 0.

3 Main result

The main theorems of this paper are proved in this section.

Theorem 3.1. Let A(n) and B(n) be bounded matrices on Z+, then (1) has at least one Ψ-bounded

solution on Z+ for every Ψ-summable matrix function F : Z+ → Rm×m on Z+ if and only if there

exists a positive constant K such that

|(Z(n) ⊗ Ψ(n)Y(n))Q1(Z
−1(k + 1) ⊗ Y−1(k + 1)Ψ−1(k))| ≤ K, 1 ≤ k + 1 ≤ n,

|(Z(n) ⊗ Ψ(n)Y(n))Q2(Z
−1(k + 1) ⊗ Y−1(k + 1)Ψ−1(k))| ≤ K, 1 ≤ n < k + 1.

(10)

Proof. Suppose that the equation (1) has at least one Ψ-bounded solution on Z+ for every Ψ-

summable matrix function F : Z+ → Rm×m.

Let F̂ : Z+ → Rm
2

be Im ⊗ Ψ-summable function on Z
+. From Lemma 2.8, it follows that the

matrix function F(n) = Vec−1F̂(n) is Ψ - summable matrix function on Z+. From the hypothesis,

the system (1) has at least one Ψ - bounded solution X(n) on Z+. From Lemma 2.9, it follows that

the vector valued function X̂(n) = VecX(n) is a Im ⊗ Ψ-bounded solution of (2) on Z
+.

Thus, equation (2) has at least one Im⊗Ψ-bounded solution on Z
+ for every Im⊗Ψ-summable

function F̂ on Z+.



44 G.Suresh Kumar, Ch.Vasavi, T.S.Rao & M.S.N.Murty CUBO
16, 1 (2014)

From Theorem 2.12, there is a positive constant K such that the fundamental matrix T(n) =

Z(n) ⊗ Y(n) of the system (3) satisfies the condition

|(Im ⊗ Ψ(n))T(n)Q1T
−1(k + 1)(Im ⊗ Ψ

−1(k))| ≤ K, 1 ≤ k + 1 ≤ n,

|(Im ⊗ Ψ(n))T(n)Q2T
−1(k + 1)(Im ⊗ Ψ

−1(k))| ≤ K, 1 ≤ n < k + 1.

Putting T(n) = Z(n) ⊗ Y(n) and using Kronecker product properties, (10) holds.

Conversely suppose that (10) holds for some K > 0.

Let F : Z+ → Rm×m be a Ψ-summable matrix function on Z+. From Lemma 2.8, it follows

that the vector valued function F̂(n) = VecF(n) is a Im ⊗ Ψ-summable function on Z
+.

Since A(n), B(n) are bounded, then G(n) = BT (n) ⊗ A(n) is also bounded. Now from

Theorem 2.12, the difference equation (2) has at least one Im ⊗ Ψ - bounded solution on Z
+. Let

x(n) be this solution.

From Lemma 2.9, it follows that the matrix function X(n) = Vec−1x(n) is a Ψ-bounded

solution of the equation (1) on Z+ (because F(n) = Vec−1F̂(n)).

Thus, the matrix difference equation (1) has at least one Ψ-bounded solution on Z+ for every

Ψ-summable matrix function F on Z+.

Theorem 3.2. Suppose that:

(1) The fundamental matrices Y(n) and Z(n) of (5) and (6) satisfies:

(a) lim
n→∞

|(Z(n) ⊗ Ψ(n)Y(n))Q1| = 0;

(b) condition (10) holds, for some K > 0.

(2) The matrix function F : Z+ → Rm×m is Ψ-summable on Z+.

Then, every Ψ-bounded solution X of (1) is such that

lim
n→∞

|Ψ(n)X(n)| = 0.

Proof. Let X(n) be a Ψ-bounded solution of (1). From Lemma 2.9, it follows that the function

X̂(n) = VecX(n) is a Im ⊗ Ψ- bounded solution on Z
+ of the difference equation (2). Also from

Lemma 2.8, the function F̂(n) is Im ⊗ Ψ-summable on Z
+. From the Theorem 2.13, it follows that

lim
n→∞

∥

∥(Im ⊗ Ψ(n)) X̂(n)
∥

∥ = 0.

Now, from the inequality (4) we have

|Ψ(n)X(n)| ≤ m
∥

∥(Im ⊗ Ψ(n)) X̂(n)
∥

∥ , n ∈ Z+

and, then

lim
n→∞

|Ψ(n)X(n)| = 0.



CUBO
16, 1 (2014)

Existence of Ψ-Bounded Solutions for Linear Matrix Difference. . . 45

The following example illustrates the above theorems.

Example 3.1.

Consider the matrix difference equation (1) with

A(n) =

[

n+1
n

0

0 2

]

, B(n) =

[

(

n+2
n+3

)
1

4 0

0 n+3
n+1

]

and F(n) =

[

n
3n

0

0 n
2
2
n−1

3n

]

.

Then,

Y(n) =

[

n 0

0 2n−1

]

and Z(n) =

[

(

3
n+2

)
1

4 0

0
(n+1)(n+2)

6

]

are the fundamental matrices for (5) and (6) respectively. Consider

Ψ(n) =

[

1
n

0

0 21−n

]

, for all n ∈ Z+.

There exist projections

Q1 =

[

I2 O2

O2 O2

]

and Q2 =

[

O2 O2

O2 I2

]

such that conditions in (10) are satisfied with K = 2.

In addition, the hypothesis (1a) and (2) of Theorem 3.2 are satisfied. Because

|(Z(n) ⊗ Ψ(n)Y(n))Q1| =

(

3

n + 2

)
1

4

,

Ψ(n)F(n) =

[

n
2

3n
0

0 n
2

3n

]

,

and
∞∑

n=1

|Ψ(n)F(n)| =

∞∑

n=1

n2

3n
< ∞ (ratio test),

the matrix function F is Ψ-summable on Z+. From Theorems 3.1 and 3.2, the difference equa-

tion has at least one Ψ-bounded solution and every Ψ-bounded solution X of (1) is such that

lim
n→∞

|Ψ(n)X(n)| = 0.

Remark 3.1.

Theorem 3.2 is no longer true if we require that the matrix function F be Ψ-bounded on Z+,

instead of the condition (2) in the above Theorem.

This is shown in the following example.



46 G.Suresh Kumar, Ch.Vasavi, T.S.Rao & M.S.N.Murty CUBO
16, 1 (2014)

Example 3.2.

Consider the matrix difference equation (1) with

A(n) =

[

1
2

0

0 2

]

, B(n) =

[

1 0

0 3

]

and F(n) =

[

1 0

0 3n

]

.

Then,

Y(n) =

[

21−n 0

0 2n−1

]

and Z(n) =

[

1 0

0 3n−1

]

are the fundamental matrices for (5) and (6) respectively. Consider

Ψ(n) =

[

1 0

0 31−n

]

, for all n ∈ Z+.

There exist projections

Q1 =

[

I2 O2

O2 O2

]

and Q2 =

[

O2 O2

O2 I2

]

,

such that conditions in hypothesis (1) are satisfied with K = 2. Also |Ψ(n)F(n)| = 3, for n ∈ Z+.

Therefore, F is Ψ-bounded on Z+. Clearly, the function F is not Ψ-summable on Z+.

The solutions of the equation (1) are

X(n) =

[

21−n(c1 − 2) + 2 (
3
2
)n−1c2

2n−1c3 6
n−1(c4 + 1) − 3

n−1

]

,

where c1, c2, c3 and c4 are arbitrary constants. It is easily seen that, there is no solution X(n) of

(1) for lim
n→∞

|Ψ(n)X(n)| = 0.

Received: October 2012. Accepted: May 2013.

References

[1] Agarwal, R.P. : Difference Equations and Inequalities, Second edition, Marcel Dekker, New

York, 2000.

[2] Agarwal, R.P. and Wong, P.J.Y. : Advanced Topics in Difference Equations, Kluwer, Dor-

drecht, 1997.

[3] Akinyele, O. : On partial stability and boundedness of degree k, Atti. Accad. Naz. Lincei Rend.

Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Natur., (8), 65(1978), 259-264.



CUBO
16, 1 (2014)

Existence of Ψ-Bounded Solutions for Linear Matrix Difference. . . 47

[4] Avramescu, C. : Asupra comportării asimptotice a soluţiilor unor ecuaţii funcţionale, Analele

Universităţii din Timiş oara, Seria Ştiinţe Matematice-Fizice, Vol. VI (1968) 41-55.

[5] Constantin, A. : Asymptotic properties of solutions of differential equations, Analele Univer-

sităţii din Timişoara, Seria Ştiin ţe Matematice, Vol. XXX, fasc. 2-3 (1992) 183-225.

[6] Coppel, W.A. : Stability and asymptotic behavior of differential equations, Heath,

Boston,1963.

[7] Diamandescu, A. : Existence of Ψ - bounded solutions for a system of differential equation,

Electronic Journal of Differential Equations, 63 (2004), 1-6.

[8] Diamandescu, A. : Existence of Ψ - bounded solutions for linear difference equations on Z,

Electronic Journal of Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations, Vol.2008(2008), No.26,

1-13.

[9] Diamandescu, A. : Ψ - bounded solutions for liner differential systems with lebesgue Ψ-

integrable functions on R as right-hand sides, Electronic Journal of Differential Equations,

Vol.2009(2009), No. 05, 1-12.

[10] Diamandescu, A. : On Ψ - bounded solutions of a Lyapunov matrix differential equation,

Electronic Journal of Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations, Vol.2009(2009), No.17,

1-11.

[11] Diamandescu, A. : Existence of Ψ - bounded solutions for nonhomogeneous linear difference

equations, Applied Mathematics E-Notes, Vol.10 (2010), 94-102.

[12] Graham, A. : Kronecker Products and Matrix Calculus ; With Applications, Ellis Horwood

Ltd. England (1981).

[13] Hallam, T. G. : On asymptotic equivalence of the bounded solutions of two systems of differ-

ential equations, Mich. Math. Journal, Vol. 16(1969), 353-363.

[14] Hong, J. and Núñez, C. : The almost periodic type difference equations, Math. Com-

put.Modeling, Vol.28, (1998) 21-31.

[15] Han, Y. and Hong, J. : Existence of Ψ - bounded solutions for linear difference equations,

Applied Mathematics Letters, Vol.20, (2007) 301-305.

[16] Morchalo, J. : On Ψ − Lp-stability of nonlinear systems of differential equations, Analele

Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii “Al. I. Cuza” Iaşi, Tomul XXXVI, s. I - a, Matematică(1990) f. 4,

353-360.

[17] Murty, K.N., Anand, P.V.S. and Lakshmi Prasannam, V. : First order difference systems -

existence and uniqueness, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, Vol.125, No.12

(1997), 3533-3539.



48 G.Suresh Kumar, Ch.Vasavi, T.S.Rao & M.S.N.Murty CUBO
16, 1 (2014)

[18] Murty, M.S.N. and Suresh Kumar, G. : On Ψ-Boundedness and Ψ-stability of matrix

Lyapunov Systems, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing, Vol.26, (2008) 67-84.

[19] Murty, M.S.N. and Suresh Kumar, G. : On Ψ-Bounded solutions for non-homogeneous matrix

Lyapunov systems on R, Electronic Journal of Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations,

Vol.2009(2009), No.62, 1-12.