id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentence	flesch	summary	cache	txt
ca-4712	Yıldız, Emrah	Nested (In)Securities: Commodity and Currency Circuits in an Iran under Sanctions	2020		.htm	text/html	2394	102	40	Sanctions have thus in effect formed a regional and trans-border “sphere of exchange” with attendant special-purpose moneys (Bohannan 1959)—commodities with intrinsic value that can serve as media of exchange in a specific context. SANCTIONS, CURRENCIES, AND COMMODITIES In international relations scholarship on global governance, the employment of sanctions—defined as unilateral or collective action taken against a state considered in violation of international law—has been celebrated as a diplomatic technology designed to compel the targeted country to conform to global norms (Cortright and Lopez 2000). ABSTRACT This essay uses a conversation with an Iranian interlocutor to explore the political economy of Iranian sanctions and the creative improvisations they produce on dynamic economic grounds—characterized by an increasingly soft and devaluing national currency, the Iranian rial.	cache/ca-4712.htm	txt/ca-4712.txt