id	sid	tid	token	lemma	pos
cice-12047	1	1	current	current	ADJ
cice-12047	1	2	issues	issue	NOUN
cice-12047	1	3	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	1	4	comparative	comparative	ADJ
cice-12047	1	5	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	1	6	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	1	7	cice	cice	PROPN
cice-12047	1	8	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	1	9	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	1	10	volume	volume	NOUN
cice-12047	1	11	26	26	NUM
cice-12047	1	12	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	1	13	issue	issue	NOUN
cice-12047	1	14	1	1	NUM
cice-12047	1	15	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	1	16	winter	winter	NOUN
cice-12047	1	17	2024	2024	NUM
cice-12047	1	18	book	book	NOUN
cice-12047	1	19	review	review	NOUN
cice-12047	1	20	:	:	PUNCT
cice-12047	1	21	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-12047	1	22	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	1	23	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	1	24	the	the	DET
cice-12047	1	25	middle	middle	PROPN
cice-12047	1	26	east	east	PROPN
cice-12047	1	27	:	:	PUNCT
cice-12047	1	28	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	1	29	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
cice-12047	1	30	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	1	31	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	1	32	its	its	PRON
cice-12047	1	33	policy	policy	NOUN
cice-12047	1	34	implications	implication	NOUN
cice-12047	1	35	kin	kin	PROPN
cice-12047	1	36	cheung	cheung	PROPN
cice-12047	1	37	adrian	adrian	PROPN
cice-12047	1	38	yan	yan	PROPN
cice-12047	2	1	the	the	DET
cice-12047	2	2	education	education	PROPN
cice-12047	2	3	university	university	PROPN
cice-12047	2	4	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	2	5	hong	hong	PROPN
cice-12047	2	6	kong	kong	PROPN
cice-12047	2	7	shadow	shadow	PROPN
cice-12047	2	8	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	2	9	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	2	10	the	the	DET
cice-12047	2	11	middle	middle	PROPN
cice-12047	2	12	east	east	PROPN
cice-12047	2	13	:	:	PUNCT
cice-12047	2	14	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	2	15	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
cice-12047	2	16	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	2	17	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	2	18	its	its	PRON
cice-12047	2	19	policy	policy	NOUN
cice-12047	2	20	implications	implication	NOUN
cice-12047	2	21	by	by	ADP
cice-12047	2	22	mark	mark	PROPN
cice-12047	2	23	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-12047	2	24	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	2	25	anas	anas	PROPN
cice-12047	2	26	hajar	hajar	PROPN
cice-12047	2	27	explores	explore	VERB
cice-12047	2	28	the	the	DET
cice-12047	2	29	extent	extent	NOUN
cice-12047	2	30	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	2	31	nature	nature	NOUN
cice-12047	2	32	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	2	33	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	2	34	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
cice-12047	2	35	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	2	36	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	2	37	twelve	twelve	NUM
cice-12047	2	38	arabic	arabic	ADV
cice-12047	2	39	-	-	PUNCT
cice-12047	2	40	speaking	speak	VERB
cice-12047	2	41	countries	country	NOUN
cice-12047	2	42	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	3	1	six	six	NUM
cice-12047	3	2	are	be	AUX
cice-12047	3	3	high	high	ADJ
cice-12047	3	4	-	-	PUNCT
cice-12047	3	5	income	income	NOUN
cice-12047	3	6	members	member	NOUN
cice-12047	3	7	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	3	8	the	the	DET
cice-12047	3	9	gulf	gulf	PROPN
cice-12047	3	10	cooperation	cooperation	PROPN
cice-12047	3	11	council	council	PROPN
cice-12047	3	12	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	3	13	gcc	gcc	NOUN
cice-12047	3	14	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	3	15	countries	country	NOUN
cice-12047	3	16	:	:	PUNCT
cice-12047	3	17	bahrain	bahrain	PROPN
cice-12047	3	18	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	3	19	kuwait	kuwait	PROPN
cice-12047	3	20	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	3	21	oman	oman	PROPN
cice-12047	3	22	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	3	23	qatar	qatar	PROPN
cice-12047	3	24	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	3	25	saudi	saudi	PROPN
cice-12047	3	26	arabia	arabia	PROPN
cice-12047	3	27	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	3	28	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	3	29	the	the	DET
cice-12047	3	30	united	united	PROPN
cice-12047	3	31	arab	arab	PROPN
cice-12047	3	32	emirates	emirates	PROPN
cice-12047	3	33	;	;	PUNCT
cice-12047	3	34	the	the	DET
cice-12047	3	35	other	other	ADJ
cice-12047	3	36	six	six	NUM
cice-12047	3	37	are	be	AUX
cice-12047	3	38	lower	low	ADJ
cice-12047	3	39	income	income	NOUN
cice-12047	3	40	:	:	PUNCT
cice-12047	3	41	iraq	iraq	PROPN
cice-12047	3	42	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	3	43	jordan	jordan	PROPN
cice-12047	3	44	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	3	45	lebanon	lebanon	PROPN
cice-12047	3	46	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	3	47	palestine	palestine	PROPN
cice-12047	3	48	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	3	49	syria	syria	PROPN
cice-12047	3	50	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	3	51	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	3	52	yemen	yemen	PROPN
cice-12047	3	53	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	4	1	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	4	2	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
cice-12047	4	3	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	4	4	is	be	AUX
cice-12047	4	5	often	often	ADV
cice-12047	4	6	referred	refer	VERB
cice-12047	4	7	to	to	ADP
cice-12047	4	8	as	as	ADP
cice-12047	4	9	“	"	PUNCT
cice-12047	4	10	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-12047	4	11	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	4	12	”	"	PUNCT
cice-12047	4	13	because	because	SCONJ
cice-12047	4	14	it	it	PRON
cice-12047	4	15	mimics	mimic	VERB
cice-12047	4	16	the	the	DET
cice-12047	4	17	structure	structure	NOUN
cice-12047	4	18	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	4	19	formal	formal	ADJ
cice-12047	4	20	schooling	schooling	NOUN
cice-12047	4	21	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	5	1	this	this	DET
cice-12047	5	2	book	book	NOUN
cice-12047	5	3	is	be	AUX
cice-12047	5	4	a	a	DET
cice-12047	5	5	welcome	welcome	ADJ
cice-12047	5	6	addition	addition	NOUN
cice-12047	5	7	to	to	ADP
cice-12047	5	8	the	the	DET
cice-12047	5	9	existing	exist	VERB
cice-12047	5	10	literature	literature	NOUN
cice-12047	5	11	on	on	ADP
cice-12047	5	12	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-12047	5	13	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	5	14	that	that	PRON
cice-12047	5	15	has	have	AUX
cice-12047	5	16	predominantly	predominantly	ADV
cice-12047	5	17	focused	focus	VERB
cice-12047	5	18	on	on	ADP
cice-12047	5	19	post	post	ADJ
cice-12047	5	20	-	-	ADJ
cice-12047	5	21	soviet	soviet	ADJ
cice-12047	5	22	states	state	NOUN
cice-12047	5	23	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	5	24	silova	silova	X
cice-12047	5	25	et	et	PROPN
cice-12047	5	26	al	al	PROPN
cice-12047	5	27	.	.	PROPN
cice-12047	5	28	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	5	29	2006	2006	NUM
cice-12047	5	30	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	5	31	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	5	32	the	the	DET
cice-12047	5	33	mediterranean	mediterranean	PROPN
cice-12047	5	34	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	5	35	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-12047	5	36	et	et	PROPN
cice-12047	5	37	al	al	PROPN
cice-12047	5	38	.	.	PROPN
cice-12047	5	39	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	5	40	2013	2013	NUM
cice-12047	5	41	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	5	42	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	5	43	east	east	PROPN
cice-12047	5	44	asia	asia	PROPN
cice-12047	5	45	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	5	46	zhang	zhang	PROPN
cice-12047	5	47	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	5	48	yamato	yamato	PROPN
cice-12047	5	49	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	5	50	2018	2018	NUM
cice-12047	5	51	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	5	52	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	5	53	south	south	PROPN
cice-12047	5	54	asia	asia	PROPN
cice-12047	5	55	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	5	56	joshi	joshi	PROPN
cice-12047	5	57	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	5	58	2021	2021	NUM
cice-12047	5	59	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	5	60	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	5	61	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	5	62	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-12047	5	63	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	5	64	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-12047	5	65	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	5	66	2021	2021	NUM
cice-12047	5	67	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	5	68	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	6	1	researchers	researcher	NOUN
cice-12047	6	2	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	6	3	policymakers	policymaker	NOUN
cice-12047	6	4	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	6	5	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	6	6	educational	educational	ADJ
cice-12047	6	7	practitioners	practitioner	NOUN
cice-12047	6	8	interested	interested	ADJ
cice-12047	6	9	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	6	10	the	the	DET
cice-12047	6	11	field	field	NOUN
cice-12047	6	12	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	6	13	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	6	14	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
cice-12047	6	15	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	6	16	will	will	AUX
cice-12047	6	17	find	find	VERB
cice-12047	6	18	this	this	DET
cice-12047	6	19	book	book	NOUN
cice-12047	6	20	useful	useful	ADJ
cice-12047	6	21	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	6	22	further	further	ADJ
cice-12047	6	23	understanding	understand	VERB
cice-12047	6	24	the	the	DET
cice-12047	6	25	development	development	NOUN
cice-12047	6	26	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	6	27	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-12047	6	28	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	6	29	as	as	ADP
cice-12047	6	30	a	a	DET
cice-12047	6	31	global	global	ADJ
cice-12047	6	32	phenomenon	phenomenon	NOUN
cice-12047	6	33	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	7	1	this	this	DET
cice-12047	7	2	book	book	NOUN
cice-12047	7	3	comprises	comprise	VERB
cice-12047	7	4	seven	seven	NUM
cice-12047	7	5	chapters	chapter	NOUN
cice-12047	7	6	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	8	1	it	it	PRON
cice-12047	8	2	commences	commence	VERB
cice-12047	8	3	with	with	ADP
cice-12047	8	4	a	a	DET
cice-12047	8	5	brief	brief	ADJ
cice-12047	8	6	chapter	chapter	NOUN
cice-12047	8	7	1	1	NUM
cice-12047	8	8	that	that	PRON
cice-12047	8	9	sets	set	VERB
cice-12047	8	10	the	the	DET
cice-12047	8	11	framework	framework	NOUN
cice-12047	8	12	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	8	13	outlines	outline	VERB
cice-12047	8	14	the	the	DET
cice-12047	8	15	remaining	remain	VERB
cice-12047	8	16	sections	section	NOUN
cice-12047	8	17	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	9	1	chapter	chapter	NOUN
cice-12047	9	2	2	2	NUM
cice-12047	9	3	defines	define	VERB
cice-12047	9	4	the	the	DET
cice-12047	9	5	scope	scope	NOUN
cice-12047	9	6	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	9	7	the	the	DET
cice-12047	9	8	study	study	NOUN
cice-12047	9	9	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	9	10	presents	present	VERB
cice-12047	9	11	global	global	ADJ
cice-12047	9	12	perspectives	perspective	NOUN
cice-12047	9	13	on	on	ADP
cice-12047	9	14	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-12047	9	15	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	9	16	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	10	1	these	these	DET
cice-12047	10	2	perspectives	perspective	NOUN
cice-12047	10	3	cover	cover	VERB
cice-12047	10	4	the	the	DET
cice-12047	10	5	major	major	ADJ
cice-12047	10	6	providers	provider	NOUN
cice-12047	10	7	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	10	8	modes	mode	NOUN
cice-12047	10	9	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	10	10	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	10	11	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
cice-12047	10	12	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	10	13	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	10	14	the	the	DET
cice-12047	10	15	geographical	geographical	ADJ
cice-12047	10	16	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	10	17	cultural	cultural	ADJ
cice-12047	10	18	variations	variation	NOUN
cice-12047	10	19	that	that	PRON
cice-12047	10	20	emerged	emerge	VERB
cice-12047	10	21	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	10	22	the	the	DET
cice-12047	10	23	second	second	ADJ
cice-12047	10	24	half	half	NOUN
cice-12047	10	25	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	10	26	the	the	DET
cice-12047	10	27	20th	20th	ADJ
cice-12047	10	28	century	century	NOUN
cice-12047	10	29	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	10	30	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	10	31	the	the	DET
cice-12047	10	32	benefits	benefit	NOUN
cice-12047	10	33	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	10	34	detriments	detriment	NOUN
cice-12047	10	35	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	10	36	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	10	37	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	10	38	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	11	1	what	what	PRON
cice-12047	11	2	emerges	emerge	VERB
cice-12047	11	3	from	from	ADP
cice-12047	11	4	the	the	DET
cice-12047	11	5	literature	literature	NOUN
cice-12047	11	6	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	11	7	as	as	SCONJ
cice-12047	11	8	the	the	DET
cice-12047	11	9	authors	author	NOUN
cice-12047	11	10	argue	argue	VERB
cice-12047	11	11	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	11	12	is	be	AUX
cice-12047	11	13	that	that	SCONJ
cice-12047	11	14	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	11	15	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	11	16	may	may	AUX
cice-12047	11	17	help	help	VERB
cice-12047	11	18	slow	slow	VERB
cice-12047	11	19	learners	learner	NOUN
cice-12047	11	20	catch	catch	VERB
cice-12047	11	21	up	up	ADP
cice-12047	11	22	with	with	ADP
cice-12047	11	23	academic	academic	ADJ
cice-12047	11	24	studies	study	NOUN
cice-12047	11	25	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	11	26	further	far	ADV
cice-12047	11	27	motivate	motivate	VERB
cice-12047	11	28	high	high	ADJ
cice-12047	11	29	achievers	achiever	NOUN
cice-12047	11	30	to	to	PART
cice-12047	11	31	perform	perform	VERB
cice-12047	11	32	well	well	ADV
cice-12047	11	33	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	11	34	national	national	ADJ
cice-12047	11	35	examinations	examination	NOUN
cice-12047	11	36	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	12	1	nevertheless	nevertheless	ADV
cice-12047	12	2	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	12	3	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	12	4	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	12	5	may	may	AUX
cice-12047	12	6	maintain	maintain	VERB
cice-12047	12	7	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	12	8	exacerbate	exacerbate	VERB
cice-12047	12	9	social	social	ADJ
cice-12047	12	10	inequalities	inequality	NOUN
cice-12047	12	11	because	because	SCONJ
cice-12047	12	12	upperand	upperand	ADJ
cice-12047	12	13	middle	middle	ADJ
cice-12047	12	14	-	-	PUNCT
cice-12047	12	15	class	class	NOUN
cice-12047	12	16	families	family	NOUN
cice-12047	12	17	can	can	AUX
cice-12047	12	18	afford	afford	VERB
cice-12047	12	19	better	well	ADJ
cice-12047	12	20	-	-	PUNCT
cice-12047	12	21	quality	quality	NOUN
cice-12047	12	22	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	12	23	than	than	ADP
cice-12047	12	24	working	work	VERB
cice-12047	12	25	-	-	PUNCT
cice-12047	12	26	class	class	NOUN
cice-12047	12	27	families	family	NOUN
cice-12047	12	28	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	13	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
cice-12047	13	2	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	13	3	ethical	ethical	ADJ
cice-12047	13	4	issues	issue	NOUN
cice-12047	13	5	tend	tend	VERB
cice-12047	13	6	to	to	PART
cice-12047	13	7	arise	arise	VERB
cice-12047	13	8	when	when	SCONJ
cice-12047	13	9	active	active	ADJ
cice-12047	13	10	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cice-12047	13	11	are	be	AUX
cice-12047	13	12	one	one	NUM
cice-12047	13	13	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	13	14	the	the	DET
cice-12047	13	15	major	major	ADJ
cice-12047	13	16	providers	provider	NOUN
cice-12047	13	17	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	13	18	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	13	19	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	13	20	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	14	1	some	some	DET
cice-12047	14	2	schoolteachers	schoolteacher	NOUN
cice-12047	14	3	may	may	AUX
cice-12047	14	4	be	be	AUX
cice-12047	14	5	tempted	tempt	VERB
cice-12047	14	6	to	to	PART
cice-12047	14	7	neglect	neglect	VERB
cice-12047	14	8	their	their	PRON
cice-12047	14	9	regular	regular	ADJ
cice-12047	14	10	classes	class	NOUN
cice-12047	14	11	to	to	PART
cice-12047	14	12	meet	meet	VERB
cice-12047	14	13	the	the	DET
cice-12047	14	14	demand	demand	NOUN
cice-12047	14	15	for	for	ADP
cice-12047	14	16	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	14	17	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	14	18	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	15	1	chapter	chapter	NOUN
cice-12047	15	2	3	3	NUM
cice-12047	15	3	directs	direct	VERB
cice-12047	15	4	readers	reader	NOUN
cice-12047	15	5	’	’	PART
cice-12047	15	6	attention	attention	NOUN
cice-12047	15	7	to	to	ADP
cice-12047	15	8	the	the	DET
cice-12047	15	9	middle	middle	PROPN
cice-12047	15	10	east	east	PROPN
cice-12047	15	11	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	16	1	despite	despite	SCONJ
cice-12047	16	2	some	some	DET
cice-12047	16	3	commonalities	commonality	NOUN
cice-12047	16	4	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	16	5	the	the	DET
cice-12047	16	6	12	12	NUM
cice-12047	16	7	countries	country	NOUN
cice-12047	16	8	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	16	9	such	such	ADJ
cice-12047	16	10	as	as	ADP
cice-12047	16	11	having	have	VERB
cice-12047	16	12	islam	islam	PROPN
cice-12047	16	13	as	as	ADP
cice-12047	16	14	the	the	DET
cice-12047	16	15	dominant	dominant	ADJ
cice-12047	16	16	religion	religion	NOUN
cice-12047	16	17	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	16	18	arabic	arabic	ADJ
cice-12047	16	19	as	as	ADP
cice-12047	16	20	a	a	DET
cice-12047	16	21	core	core	NOUN
cice-12047	16	22	subject	subject	NOUN
cice-12047	16	23	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	16	24	the	the	DET
cice-12047	16	25	authors	author	NOUN
cice-12047	16	26	argue	argue	VERB
cice-12047	16	27	that	that	SCONJ
cice-12047	16	28	there	there	PRON
cice-12047	16	29	are	be	VERB
cice-12047	16	30	significant	significant	ADJ
cice-12047	16	31	social	social	ADJ
cice-12047	16	32	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	16	33	economic	economic	ADJ
cice-12047	16	34	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	16	35	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	16	36	political	political	ADJ
cice-12047	16	37	diversities	diversity	NOUN
cice-12047	16	38	within	within	ADP
cice-12047	16	39	the	the	DET
cice-12047	16	40	region	region	NOUN
cice-12047	16	41	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	17	1	these	these	DET
cice-12047	17	2	diversities	diversity	NOUN
cice-12047	17	3	manifest	manifest	VERB
cice-12047	17	4	themselves	themselves	PRON
cice-12047	17	5	along	along	ADP
cice-12047	17	6	the	the	DET
cice-12047	17	7	lines	line	NOUN
cice-12047	17	8	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	17	9	political	political	ADJ
cice-12047	17	10	systems	system	NOUN
cice-12047	17	11	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	17	12	demographic	demographic	ADJ
cice-12047	17	13	features	feature	NOUN
cice-12047	17	14	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	17	15	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	17	16	social	social	ADJ
cice-12047	17	17	stability	stability	NOUN
cice-12047	17	18	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	17	19	which	which	PRON
cice-12047	17	20	profoundly	profoundly	ADV
cice-12047	17	21	shape	shape	VERB
cice-12047	17	22	the	the	DET
cice-12047	17	23	overall	overall	ADJ
cice-12047	17	24	role	role	NOUN
cice-12047	17	25	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	17	26	the	the	DET
cice-12047	17	27	state	state	NOUN
cice-12047	17	28	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	17	29	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	17	30	as	as	ADV
cice-12047	17	31	well	well	ADV
cice-12047	17	32	as	as	ADP
cice-12047	17	33	the	the	DET
cice-12047	17	34	scale	scale	NOUN
cice-12047	17	35	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	17	36	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	17	37	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	17	38	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	18	1	for	for	ADP
cice-12047	18	2	instance	instance	NOUN
cice-12047	18	3	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	18	4	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	18	5	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	18	6	was	be	AUX
cice-12047	18	7	frowned	frown	VERB
cice-12047	18	8	upon	upon	SCONJ
cice-12047	18	9	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	18	10	saudi	saudi	PROPN
cice-12047	18	11	arabia	arabia	PROPN
cice-12047	18	12	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	18	13	however	however	ADV
cice-12047	18	14	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	18	15	its	its	PRON
cice-12047	18	16	government	government	NOUN
cice-12047	18	17	allowed	allow	VERB
cice-12047	18	18	public	public	ADJ
cice-12047	18	19	schools	school	NOUN
cice-12047	18	20	to	to	PART
cice-12047	18	21	provide	provide	VERB
cice-12047	18	22	remunerated	remunerate	VERB
cice-12047	18	23	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
cice-12047	18	24	services	service	NOUN
cice-12047	18	25	for	for	ADP
cice-12047	18	26	students	student	NOUN
cice-12047	18	27	seeking	seek	VERB
cice-12047	18	28	remedial	remedial	ADJ
cice-12047	18	29	support	support	NOUN
cice-12047	18	30	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	19	1	for	for	ADP
cice-12047	19	2	dubai	dubai	NOUN
cice-12047	19	3	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	19	4	owing	owe	VERB
cice-12047	19	5	to	to	ADP
cice-12047	19	6	its	its	PRON
cice-12047	19	7	high	high	ADJ
cice-12047	19	8	percentage	percentage	NOUN
cice-12047	19	9	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	19	10	91	91	NUM
cice-12047	19	11	percent	percent	NOUN
cice-12047	19	12	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	19	13	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	19	14	non	non	ADJ
cice-12047	19	15	-	-	ADJ
cice-12047	19	16	national	national	ADJ
cice-12047	19	17	©	©	PROPN
cice-12047	19	18	2024	2024	NUM
cice-12047	19	19	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	19	20	yan	yan	PROPN
cice-12047	19	21	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	19	22	cc	cc	VERB
cice-12047	19	23	by	by	ADP
cice-12047	19	24	4.0	4.0	NUM
cice-12047	19	25	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	20	1	current	current	ADJ
cice-12047	20	2	issues	issue	NOUN
cice-12047	20	3	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	20	4	comparative	comparative	ADJ
cice-12047	20	5	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	20	6	26(1	26(1	NUM
cice-12047	20	7	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	20	8	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	20	9	108	108	NUM
cice-12047	20	10	-	-	SYM
cice-12047	20	11	111	111	NUM
cice-12047	20	12	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	21	1	https://https://creativecommons.org	https://https://creativecommons.org	PRON
cice-12047	21	2	/	/	SYM
cice-12047	21	3	licenses	license	NOUN
cice-12047	21	4	/	/	SYM
cice-12047	21	5	by/4.0	by/4.0	NOUN
cice-12047	21	6	/	/	SYM
cice-12047	21	7	deed.en	deed.en	ADJ
cice-12047	21	8	book	book	NOUN
cice-12047	21	9	review	review	NOUN
cice-12047	21	10	:	:	PUNCT
cice-12047	21	11	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-12047	21	12	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	21	13	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	21	14	the	the	DET
cice-12047	21	15	middle	middle	PROPN
cice-12047	21	16	east	east	PROPN
cice-12047	21	17	:	:	PUNCT
cice-12047	21	18	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	21	19	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
cice-12047	21	20	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	21	21	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	21	22	its	its	PRON
cice-12047	21	23	policy	policy	NOUN
cice-12047	21	24	implications	implication	NOUN
cice-12047	21	25	current	current	ADJ
cice-12047	21	26	issues	issue	NOUN
cice-12047	21	27	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	21	28	comparative	comparative	ADJ
cice-12047	21	29	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	21	30	109	109	NUM
cice-12047	21	31	residents	resident	NOUN
cice-12047	21	32	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	21	33	the	the	DET
cice-12047	21	34	government	government	NOUN
cice-12047	21	35	has	have	AUX
cice-12047	21	36	historically	historically	ADV
cice-12047	21	37	played	play	VERB
cice-12047	21	38	a	a	DET
cice-12047	21	39	minimal	minimal	ADJ
cice-12047	21	40	role	role	NOUN
cice-12047	21	41	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	21	42	the	the	DET
cice-12047	21	43	provision	provision	NOUN
cice-12047	21	44	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	21	45	public	public	ADJ
cice-12047	21	46	schooling	schooling	NOUN
cice-12047	21	47	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	21	48	adopted	adopt	VERB
cice-12047	21	49	a	a	DET
cice-12047	21	50	laissez	laissez	NOUN
cice-12047	21	51	-	-	PUNCT
cice-12047	21	52	faire	faire	NOUN
cice-12047	21	53	approach	approach	NOUN
cice-12047	21	54	to	to	ADP
cice-12047	21	55	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	21	56	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	21	57	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	22	1	meanwhile	meanwhile	ADV
cice-12047	22	2	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	22	3	for	for	ADP
cice-12047	22	4	countries	country	NOUN
cice-12047	22	5	like	like	ADP
cice-12047	22	6	syria	syria	PROPN
cice-12047	22	7	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	22	8	yemen	yemen	PROPN
cice-12047	22	9	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	22	10	protracted	protract	VERB
cice-12047	22	11	internal	internal	ADJ
cice-12047	22	12	conflicts	conflict	NOUN
cice-12047	22	13	have	have	AUX
cice-12047	22	14	weakened	weaken	VERB
cice-12047	22	15	their	their	PRON
cice-12047	22	16	governments	government	NOUN
cice-12047	22	17	’	’	PART
cice-12047	22	18	ability	ability	NOUN
cice-12047	22	19	to	to	PART
cice-12047	22	20	provide	provide	VERB
cice-12047	22	21	public	public	ADJ
cice-12047	22	22	schooling	schooling	NOUN
cice-12047	22	23	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	23	1	with	with	ADP
cice-12047	23	2	many	many	ADJ
cice-12047	23	3	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cice-12047	23	4	leaving	leave	VERB
cice-12047	23	5	their	their	PRON
cice-12047	23	6	posts	post	NOUN
cice-12047	23	7	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	23	8	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	23	9	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	23	10	has	have	AUX
cice-12047	23	11	emerged	emerge	VERB
cice-12047	23	12	as	as	ADP
cice-12047	23	13	the	the	DET
cice-12047	23	14	major	major	ADJ
cice-12047	23	15	alternative	alternative	NOUN
cice-12047	23	16	to	to	ADP
cice-12047	23	17	mainstream	mainstream	NOUN
cice-12047	23	18	schooling	schooling	NOUN
cice-12047	23	19	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	24	1	these	these	DET
cice-12047	24	2	manifestations	manifestation	NOUN
cice-12047	24	3	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	24	4	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	24	5	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	24	6	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	24	7	arabic	arabic	ADJ
cice-12047	24	8	-	-	PUNCT
cice-12047	24	9	speaking	speak	VERB
cice-12047	24	10	countries	country	NOUN
cice-12047	24	11	suggest	suggest	VERB
cice-12047	24	12	very	very	ADV
cice-12047	24	13	distinct	distinct	ADJ
cice-12047	24	14	contexts	context	NOUN
cice-12047	24	15	under	under	ADP
cice-12047	24	16	which	which	PRON
cice-12047	24	17	mainstream	mainstream	NOUN
cice-12047	24	18	schooling	schooling	NOUN
cice-12047	24	19	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	24	20	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	24	21	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	24	22	are	be	AUX
cice-12047	24	23	operating	operate	VERB
cice-12047	24	24	compared	compare	VERB
cice-12047	24	25	to	to	ADP
cice-12047	24	26	those	those	PRON
cice-12047	24	27	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	24	28	other	other	ADJ
cice-12047	24	29	parts	part	NOUN
cice-12047	24	30	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	24	31	the	the	DET
cice-12047	24	32	world	world	NOUN
cice-12047	24	33	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	25	1	chapter	chapter	NOUN
cice-12047	25	2	4	4	NUM
cice-12047	25	3	presents	present	VERB
cice-12047	25	4	the	the	DET
cice-12047	25	5	scale	scale	NOUN
cice-12047	25	6	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	25	7	nature	nature	NOUN
cice-12047	25	8	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	25	9	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-12047	25	10	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	25	11	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	25	12	the	the	DET
cice-12047	25	13	12	12	NUM
cice-12047	25	14	countries	country	NOUN
cice-12047	25	15	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	26	1	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-12047	26	2	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	26	3	hajar	hajar	PROPN
cice-12047	26	4	argue	argue	VERB
cice-12047	26	5	that	that	SCONJ
cice-12047	26	6	the	the	DET
cice-12047	26	7	scale	scale	NOUN
cice-12047	26	8	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	26	9	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-12047	26	10	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	26	11	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	26	12	the	the	DET
cice-12047	26	13	middle	middle	PROPN
cice-12047	26	14	east	east	PROPN
cice-12047	26	15	has	have	AUX
cice-12047	26	16	expanded	expand	VERB
cice-12047	26	17	considerably	considerably	ADV
cice-12047	26	18	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	26	19	recent	recent	ADJ
cice-12047	26	20	decades	decade	NOUN
cice-12047	26	21	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	27	1	notwithstanding	notwithstanding	ADP
cice-12047	27	2	variations	variation	NOUN
cice-12047	27	3	across	across	ADP
cice-12047	27	4	the	the	DET
cice-12047	27	5	national	national	ADJ
cice-12047	27	6	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	27	7	systems	system	NOUN
cice-12047	27	8	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	27	9	the	the	DET
cice-12047	27	10	region	region	NOUN
cice-12047	27	11	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	27	12	the	the	DET
cice-12047	27	13	modes	mode	NOUN
cice-12047	27	14	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	27	15	delivering	deliver	VERB
cice-12047	27	16	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	27	17	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	27	18	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	27	19	drivers	driver	NOUN
cice-12047	27	20	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	27	21	its	its	PRON
cice-12047	27	22	supply	supply	NOUN
cice-12047	27	23	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	27	24	demand	demand	NOUN
cice-12047	27	25	have	have	AUX
cice-12047	27	26	exhibited	exhibit	VERB
cice-12047	27	27	similar	similar	ADJ
cice-12047	27	28	patterns	pattern	NOUN
cice-12047	27	29	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	27	30	other	other	ADJ
cice-12047	27	31	parts	part	NOUN
cice-12047	27	32	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	27	33	the	the	DET
cice-12047	27	34	world	world	NOUN
cice-12047	27	35	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	28	1	these	these	DET
cice-12047	28	2	patterns	pattern	NOUN
cice-12047	28	3	include	include	VERB
cice-12047	28	4	an	an	DET
cice-12047	28	5	overwhelming	overwhelming	ADJ
cice-12047	28	6	majority	majority	NOUN
cice-12047	28	7	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	28	8	primary	primary	ADJ
cice-12047	28	9	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	28	10	secondary	secondary	ADJ
cice-12047	28	11	school	school	NOUN
cice-12047	28	12	students	student	NOUN
cice-12047	28	13	receiving	receive	VERB
cice-12047	28	14	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	28	15	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	28	16	greater	great	ADJ
cice-12047	28	17	demands	demand	NOUN
cice-12047	28	18	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	28	19	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
cice-12047	28	20	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	28	21	science	science	NOUN
cice-12047	28	22	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	28	23	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	28	24	english	english	ADJ
cice-12047	28	25	language	language	NOUN
cice-12047	28	26	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	28	27	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	28	28	larger	large	ADJ
cice-12047	28	29	concentrations	concentration	NOUN
cice-12047	28	30	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	28	31	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	28	32	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	28	33	services	service	NOUN
cice-12047	28	34	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	28	35	urban	urban	ADJ
cice-12047	28	36	over	over	ADP
cice-12047	28	37	rural	rural	ADJ
cice-12047	28	38	areas	area	NOUN
cice-12047	28	39	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	29	1	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	29	2	chapter	chapter	NOUN
cice-12047	29	3	5	5	NUM
cice-12047	29	4	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	29	5	the	the	DET
cice-12047	29	6	authors	author	NOUN
cice-12047	29	7	raise	raise	VERB
cice-12047	29	8	concerns	concern	NOUN
cice-12047	29	9	about	about	ADP
cice-12047	29	10	the	the	DET
cice-12047	29	11	expanding	expand	VERB
cice-12047	29	12	scale	scale	NOUN
cice-12047	29	13	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	29	14	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-12047	29	15	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	29	16	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	29	17	the	the	DET
cice-12047	29	18	middle	middle	PROPN
cice-12047	29	19	east	east	PROPN
cice-12047	29	20	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	30	1	the	the	DET
cice-12047	30	2	negative	negative	ADJ
cice-12047	30	3	impact	impact	NOUN
cice-12047	30	4	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	30	5	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-12047	30	6	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	30	7	is	be	AUX
cice-12047	30	8	most	most	ADV
cice-12047	30	9	noticeable	noticeable	ADJ
cice-12047	30	10	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	30	11	the	the	DET
cice-12047	30	12	backwash	backwash	NOUN
cice-12047	30	13	effect	effect	NOUN
cice-12047	30	14	on	on	ADP
cice-12047	30	15	schooling	schooling	NOUN
cice-12047	30	16	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	30	17	as	as	SCONJ
cice-12047	30	18	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-12047	30	19	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	30	20	hajar	hajar	PROPN
cice-12047	30	21	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	30	22	2023	2023	NUM
cice-12047	30	23	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	30	24	argue	argue	VERB
cice-12047	30	25	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	30	26	“	"	PUNCT
cice-12047	30	27	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	30	28	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	30	29	is	be	AUX
cice-12047	30	30	not	not	PART
cice-12047	30	31	simply	simply	ADV
cice-12047	30	32	a	a	DET
cice-12047	30	33	neutral	neutral	ADJ
cice-12047	30	34	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-12047	30	35	;	;	PUNCT
cice-12047	30	36	rather	rather	ADV
cice-12047	30	37	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	30	38	it	it	PRON
cice-12047	30	39	has	have	VERB
cice-12047	30	40	a	a	DET
cice-12047	30	41	backwash	backwash	NOUN
cice-12047	30	42	on	on	ADP
cice-12047	30	43	the	the	DET
cice-12047	30	44	system	system	NOUN
cice-12047	30	45	that	that	PRON
cice-12047	30	46	it	it	PRON
cice-12047	30	47	imitates	imitate	VERB
cice-12047	30	48	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	31	1	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	31	2	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	31	3	may	may	AUX
cice-12047	31	4	subtract	subtract	VERB
cice-12047	31	5	as	as	ADV
cice-12047	31	6	well	well	ADV
cice-12047	31	7	as	as	ADP
cice-12047	31	8	supplement	supplement	NOUN
cice-12047	31	9	”	"	PUNCT
cice-12047	31	10	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	31	11	p.	p.	NOUN
cice-12047	31	12	57	57	NUM
cice-12047	31	13	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	31	14	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	32	1	this	this	DET
cice-12047	32	2	effect	effect	NOUN
cice-12047	32	3	may	may	AUX
cice-12047	32	4	foster	foster	VERB
cice-12047	32	5	students	student	NOUN
cice-12047	32	6	’	’	PART
cice-12047	32	7	dependency	dependency	NOUN
cice-12047	32	8	on	on	ADP
cice-12047	32	9	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	32	10	to	to	PART
cice-12047	32	11	pass	pass	VERB
cice-12047	32	12	matriculation	matriculation	NOUN
cice-12047	32	13	examinations	examination	NOUN
cice-12047	32	14	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	32	15	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	32	16	on	on	ADP
cice-12047	32	17	a	a	DET
cice-12047	32	18	societal	societal	ADJ
cice-12047	32	19	level	level	NOUN
cice-12047	32	20	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	32	21	damage	damage	VERB
cice-12047	32	22	the	the	DET
cice-12047	32	23	mandate	mandate	NOUN
cice-12047	32	24	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	32	25	fee	fee	NOUN
cice-12047	32	26	-	-	PUNCT
cice-12047	32	27	free	free	ADJ
cice-12047	32	28	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	32	29	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	32	30	reduce	reduce	VERB
cice-12047	32	31	the	the	DET
cice-12047	32	32	social	social	ADJ
cice-12047	32	33	value	value	NOUN
cice-12047	32	34	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	32	35	meritocracy	meritocracy	NOUN
cice-12047	32	36	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	33	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
cice-12047	33	2	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	33	3	owing	owe	VERB
cice-12047	33	4	to	to	ADP
cice-12047	33	5	its	its	PRON
cice-12047	33	6	commercial	commercial	ADJ
cice-12047	33	7	nature	nature	NOUN
cice-12047	33	8	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	33	9	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	33	10	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	33	11	raises	raise	VERB
cice-12047	33	12	ethical	ethical	ADJ
cice-12047	33	13	issues	issue	NOUN
cice-12047	33	14	among	among	ADP
cice-12047	33	15	serving	serve	VERB
cice-12047	33	16	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cice-12047	33	17	who	who	PRON
cice-12047	33	18	are	be	AUX
cice-12047	33	19	also	also	ADV
cice-12047	33	20	involved	involve	VERB
cice-12047	33	21	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	33	22	the	the	DET
cice-12047	33	23	business	business	NOUN
cice-12047	33	24	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	33	25	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-12047	33	26	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	33	27	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	34	1	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	34	2	the	the	DET
cice-12047	34	3	worst	bad	ADJ
cice-12047	34	4	case	case	NOUN
cice-12047	34	5	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	34	6	one	one	NUM
cice-12047	34	7	-	-	PUNCT
cice-12047	34	8	to	to	ADP
cice-12047	34	9	-	-	PUNCT
cice-12047	34	10	one	one	NUM
cice-12047	34	11	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	34	12	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	34	13	may	may	AUX
cice-12047	34	14	bring	bring	VERB
cice-12047	34	15	risks	risk	NOUN
cice-12047	34	16	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	34	17	sexual	sexual	ADJ
cice-12047	34	18	misdemeanors	misdemeanor	NOUN
cice-12047	34	19	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	35	1	chapter	chapter	NOUN
cice-12047	35	2	6	6	NUM
cice-12047	35	3	states	state	VERB
cice-12047	35	4	the	the	DET
cice-12047	35	5	policy	policy	NOUN
cice-12047	35	6	implications	implication	NOUN
cice-12047	35	7	for	for	ADP
cice-12047	35	8	regulating	regulate	VERB
cice-12047	35	9	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	35	10	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	35	11	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	36	1	these	these	PRON
cice-12047	36	2	include	include	VERB
cice-12047	36	3	regulating	regulate	VERB
cice-12047	36	4	the	the	DET
cice-12047	36	5	provision	provision	NOUN
cice-12047	36	6	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	36	7	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	36	8	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	36	9	by	by	ADP
cice-12047	36	10	active	active	ADJ
cice-12047	36	11	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cice-12047	36	12	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	36	13	the	the	DET
cice-12047	36	14	operation	operation	NOUN
cice-12047	36	15	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	36	16	tutorial	tutorial	NOUN
cice-12047	36	17	centers	center	NOUN
cice-12047	36	18	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	37	1	on	on	ADP
cice-12047	37	2	top	top	NOUN
cice-12047	37	3	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	37	4	that	that	PRON
cice-12047	37	5	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	37	6	the	the	DET
cice-12047	37	7	authors	author	NOUN
cice-12047	37	8	emphasize	emphasize	VERB
cice-12047	37	9	the	the	DET
cice-12047	37	10	need	need	NOUN
cice-12047	37	11	to	to	PART
cice-12047	37	12	include	include	VERB
cice-12047	37	13	all	all	DET
cice-12047	37	14	stakeholders	stakeholder	NOUN
cice-12047	37	15	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	37	16	such	such	ADJ
cice-12047	37	17	as	as	ADP
cice-12047	37	18	branches	branch	NOUN
cice-12047	37	19	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	37	20	government	government	NOUN
cice-12047	37	21	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	37	22	schools	school	NOUN
cice-12047	37	23	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	37	24	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cice-12047	37	25	’	'	PUNCT
cice-12047	37	26	unions	union	NOUN
cice-12047	37	27	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	37	28	parents	parent	NOUN
cice-12047	37	29	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	37	30	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	37	31	media	medium	NOUN
cice-12047	37	32	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	37	33	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	37	34	reducing	reduce	VERB
cice-12047	37	35	the	the	DET
cice-12047	37	36	necessity	necessity	NOUN
cice-12047	37	37	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	37	38	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	37	39	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	37	40	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	38	1	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	38	2	chapter	chapter	NOUN
cice-12047	38	3	7	7	NUM
cice-12047	38	4	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	38	5	the	the	DET
cice-12047	38	6	authors	author	NOUN
cice-12047	38	7	conclude	conclude	VERB
cice-12047	38	8	that	that	DET
cice-12047	38	9	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-12047	38	10	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	38	11	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	38	12	the	the	DET
cice-12047	38	13	middle	middle	PROPN
cice-12047	38	14	east	east	PROPN
cice-12047	38	15	largely	largely	ADV
cice-12047	38	16	resembles	resemble	VERB
cice-12047	38	17	the	the	DET
cice-12047	38	18	trends	trend	NOUN
cice-12047	38	19	exemplified	exemplify	VERB
cice-12047	38	20	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	38	21	the	the	DET
cice-12047	38	22	global	global	ADJ
cice-12047	38	23	picture	picture	NOUN
cice-12047	38	24	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	38	25	terms	term	NOUN
cice-12047	38	26	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	38	27	its	its	PRON
cice-12047	38	28	scale	scale	NOUN
cice-12047	38	29	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	38	30	nature	nature	NOUN
cice-12047	38	31	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	39	1	the	the	DET
cice-12047	39	2	authors	author	NOUN
cice-12047	39	3	suggest	suggest	VERB
cice-12047	39	4	that	that	SCONJ
cice-12047	39	5	shadow	shadow	PROPN
cice-12047	39	6	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	39	7	is	be	AUX
cice-12047	39	8	likely	likely	ADJ
cice-12047	39	9	to	to	PART
cice-12047	39	10	be	be	AUX
cice-12047	39	11	an	an	DET
cice-12047	39	12	enduring	endure	VERB
cice-12047	39	13	phenomenon	phenomenon	NOUN
cice-12047	39	14	because	because	SCONJ
cice-12047	39	15	it	it	PRON
cice-12047	39	16	pertains	pertain	VERB
cice-12047	39	17	to	to	ADP
cice-12047	39	18	social	social	ADJ
cice-12047	39	19	competition	competition	NOUN
cice-12047	39	20	;	;	PUNCT
cice-12047	39	21	one	one	NUM
cice-12047	39	22	possible	possible	ADJ
cice-12047	39	23	way	way	NOUN
cice-12047	39	24	to	to	PART
cice-12047	39	25	regulate	regulate	VERB
cice-12047	39	26	the	the	DET
cice-12047	39	27	phenomenon	phenomenon	NOUN
cice-12047	39	28	is	be	AUX
cice-12047	39	29	through	through	ADP
cice-12047	39	30	the	the	DET
cice-12047	39	31	collaboration	collaboration	NOUN
cice-12047	39	32	between	between	ADP
cice-12047	39	33	state	state	NOUN
cice-12047	39	34	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	39	35	non	non	ADJ
cice-12047	39	36	-	-	ADJ
cice-12047	39	37	state	state	ADJ
cice-12047	39	38	actors	actor	NOUN
cice-12047	39	39	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	40	1	this	this	DET
cice-12047	40	2	book	book	NOUN
cice-12047	40	3	represents	represent	VERB
cice-12047	40	4	one	one	NUM
cice-12047	40	5	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	40	6	the	the	DET
cice-12047	40	7	very	very	ADV
cice-12047	40	8	few	few	ADJ
cice-12047	40	9	attempts	attempt	NOUN
cice-12047	40	10	to	to	PART
cice-12047	40	11	systematically	systematically	ADV
cice-12047	40	12	investigate	investigate	VERB
cice-12047	40	13	the	the	DET
cice-12047	40	14	development	development	NOUN
cice-12047	40	15	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	40	16	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-12047	40	17	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	40	18	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	40	19	the	the	DET
cice-12047	40	20	middle	middle	PROPN
cice-12047	40	21	east	east	PROPN
cice-12047	40	22	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	41	1	it	it	PRON
cice-12047	41	2	contributes	contribute	VERB
cice-12047	41	3	to	to	ADP
cice-12047	41	4	the	the	DET
cice-12047	41	5	existing	exist	VERB
cice-12047	41	6	literature	literature	NOUN
cice-12047	41	7	on	on	ADP
cice-12047	41	8	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	41	9	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
cice-12047	41	10	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	41	11	by	by	ADP
cice-12047	41	12	furthering	further	VERB
cice-12047	41	13	the	the	DET
cice-12047	41	14	agenda	agenda	NOUN
cice-12047	41	15	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	41	16	strengthening	strengthen	VERB
cice-12047	41	17	the	the	DET
cice-12047	41	18	collaboration	collaboration	NOUN
cice-12047	41	19	between	between	ADP
cice-12047	41	20	state	state	NOUN
cice-12047	41	21	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	41	22	non	non	ADJ
cice-12047	41	23	-	-	ADJ
cice-12047	41	24	state	state	ADJ
cice-12047	41	25	actors	actor	NOUN
cice-12047	41	26	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	42	1	this	this	DET
cice-12047	42	2	agenda	agenda	NOUN
cice-12047	42	3	pertains	pertain	VERB
cice-12047	42	4	to	to	ADP
cice-12047	42	5	the	the	DET
cice-12047	42	6	2021/22	2021/22	NUM
cice-12047	42	7	edition	edition	NOUN
cice-12047	42	8	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	42	9	the	the	DET
cice-12047	42	10	global	global	ADJ
cice-12047	42	11	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	42	12	monitoring	monitoring	NOUN
cice-12047	42	13	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	42	14	gem	gem	NOUN
cice-12047	42	15	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	42	16	report	report	NOUN
cice-12047	42	17	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	42	18	united	united	PROPN
cice-12047	42	19	nations	nations	PROPN
cice-12047	42	20	educational	educational	ADJ
cice-12047	42	21	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	42	22	scientific	scientific	ADJ
cice-12047	42	23	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	42	24	cultural	cultural	ADJ
cice-12047	42	25	organization	organization	NOUN
cice-12047	42	26	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	42	27	unesco	unesco	PROPN
cice-12047	42	28	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	42	29	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	42	30	2021	2021	NUM
cice-12047	42	31	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	42	32	that	that	PRON
cice-12047	42	33	highlights	highlight	VERB
cice-12047	42	34	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	42	35	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
cice-12047	42	36	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	42	37	as	as	ADP
cice-12047	42	38	a	a	DET
cice-12047	42	39	typical	typical	ADJ
cice-12047	42	40	educational	educational	ADJ
cice-12047	42	41	phenomenon	phenomenon	NOUN
cice-12047	42	42	that	that	PRON
cice-12047	42	43	can	can	AUX
cice-12047	42	44	not	not	PART
cice-12047	42	45	be	be	AUX
cice-12047	42	46	tackled	tackle	VERB
cice-12047	42	47	by	by	ADP
cice-12047	42	48	yan	yan	PROPN
cice-12047	42	49	current	current	ADJ
cice-12047	42	50	issues	issue	NOUN
cice-12047	42	51	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	42	52	comparative	comparative	ADJ
cice-12047	42	53	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	42	54	110	110	NUM
cice-12047	42	55	governments	government	NOUN
cice-12047	42	56	alone	alone	ADJ
cice-12047	42	57	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	42	58	thus	thus	ADV
cice-12047	42	59	proposes	propose	VERB
cice-12047	42	60	the	the	DET
cice-12047	42	61	inclusion	inclusion	NOUN
cice-12047	42	62	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	42	63	other	other	ADJ
cice-12047	42	64	non	non	ADJ
cice-12047	42	65	-	-	ADJ
cice-12047	42	66	state	state	ADJ
cice-12047	42	67	actors	actor	NOUN
cice-12047	42	68	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	42	69	achieving	achieve	VERB
cice-12047	42	70	the	the	DET
cice-12047	42	71	fourth	fourth	ADJ
cice-12047	42	72	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	42	73	united	united	PROPN
cice-12047	42	74	nations	nations	PROPN
cice-12047	42	75	’	'	PUNCT
cice-12047	43	1	sustainable	sustainable	ADJ
cice-12047	43	2	development	development	NOUN
cice-12047	43	3	goals	goal	NOUN
cice-12047	43	4	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	43	5	sdg4	sdg4	PROPN
cice-12047	43	6	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	43	7	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	44	1	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	44	2	this	this	DET
cice-12047	44	3	regard	regard	NOUN
cice-12047	44	4	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	44	5	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-12047	44	6	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	44	7	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	44	8	the	the	DET
cice-12047	44	9	middle	middle	PROPN
cice-12047	44	10	east	east	PROPN
cice-12047	44	11	carries	carry	VERB
cice-12047	44	12	the	the	DET
cice-12047	44	13	same	same	ADJ
cice-12047	44	14	spirit	spirit	NOUN
cice-12047	44	15	by	by	ADP
cice-12047	44	16	shedding	shed	VERB
cice-12047	44	17	light	light	NOUN
cice-12047	44	18	on	on	ADP
cice-12047	44	19	the	the	DET
cice-12047	44	20	complexity	complexity	NOUN
cice-12047	44	21	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	44	22	the	the	DET
cice-12047	44	23	phenomenon	phenomenon	NOUN
cice-12047	44	24	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	44	25	proposing	propose	VERB
cice-12047	44	26	a	a	DET
cice-12047	44	27	more	more	ADV
cice-12047	44	28	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
cice-12047	44	29	approach	approach	NOUN
cice-12047	44	30	to	to	ADP
cice-12047	44	31	regulating	regulate	VERB
cice-12047	44	32	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	44	33	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	44	34	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	45	1	the	the	DET
cice-12047	45	2	rigor	rigor	NOUN
cice-12047	45	3	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	45	4	this	this	DET
cice-12047	45	5	book	book	NOUN
cice-12047	45	6	is	be	AUX
cice-12047	45	7	limited	limit	VERB
cice-12047	45	8	by	by	ADP
cice-12047	45	9	the	the	DET
cice-12047	45	10	fragmentary	fragmentary	ADJ
cice-12047	45	11	data	datum	NOUN
cice-12047	45	12	presented	present	VERB
cice-12047	45	13	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	46	1	as	as	SCONJ
cice-12047	46	2	noted	note	VERB
cice-12047	46	3	by	by	ADP
cice-12047	46	4	the	the	DET
cice-12047	46	5	authors	author	NOUN
cice-12047	46	6	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	46	7	chapter	chapter	NOUN
cice-12047	46	8	4	4	NUM
cice-12047	46	9	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	46	10	there	there	PRON
cice-12047	46	11	is	be	VERB
cice-12047	46	12	a	a	DET
cice-12047	46	13	lack	lack	NOUN
cice-12047	46	14	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	46	15	comparable	comparable	ADJ
cice-12047	46	16	data	datum	NOUN
cice-12047	46	17	among	among	ADP
cice-12047	46	18	the	the	DET
cice-12047	46	19	12	12	NUM
cice-12047	46	20	selected	select	VERB
cice-12047	46	21	countries	country	NOUN
cice-12047	46	22	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	47	1	for	for	ADP
cice-12047	47	2	instance	instance	NOUN
cice-12047	47	3	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	47	4	the	the	DET
cice-12047	47	5	enrolment	enrolment	NOUN
cice-12047	47	6	rate	rate	NOUN
cice-12047	47	7	data	datum	NOUN
cice-12047	47	8	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	47	9	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	47	10	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	47	11	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	47	12	the	the	DET
cice-12047	47	13	2010s	2010	NOUN
cice-12047	47	14	were	be	AUX
cice-12047	47	15	largely	largely	ADV
cice-12047	47	16	drawn	draw	VERB
cice-12047	47	17	from	from	ADP
cice-12047	47	18	the	the	DET
cice-12047	47	19	2015	2015	NUM
cice-12047	47	20	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	47	21	2019	2019	NUM
cice-12047	47	22	trends	trend	NOUN
cice-12047	47	23	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	47	24	international	international	ADJ
cice-12047	47	25	mathematics	mathematic	NOUN
cice-12047	47	26	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	47	27	science	science	NOUN
cice-12047	47	28	study	study	NOUN
cice-12047	47	29	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	47	30	timss	timss	PROPN
cice-12047	47	31	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	47	32	whereas	whereas	SCONJ
cice-12047	47	33	those	those	PRON
cice-12047	47	34	before	before	ADP
cice-12047	47	35	the	the	DET
cice-12047	47	36	2010s	2010s	NUM
cice-12047	47	37	were	be	AUX
cice-12047	47	38	mostly	mostly	ADV
cice-12047	47	39	based	base	VERB
cice-12047	47	40	on	on	ADP
cice-12047	47	41	individual	individual	ADJ
cice-12047	47	42	national	national	ADJ
cice-12047	47	43	studies	study	NOUN
cice-12047	47	44	from	from	ADP
cice-12047	47	45	the	the	DET
cice-12047	47	46	1990s	1990s	NUM
cice-12047	47	47	to	to	ADP
cice-12047	47	48	early	early	ADJ
cice-12047	47	49	2010s	2010s	NUM
cice-12047	47	50	that	that	PRON
cice-12047	47	51	varied	varied	ADJ
cice-12047	47	52	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	47	53	terms	term	NOUN
cice-12047	47	54	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	47	55	sample	sample	NOUN
cice-12047	47	56	sizes	size	NOUN
cice-12047	47	57	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	47	58	stages	stage	NOUN
cice-12047	47	59	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	47	60	schooling	schooling	NOUN
cice-12047	47	61	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	47	62	gender	gender	NOUN
cice-12047	47	63	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	47	64	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	47	65	school	school	NOUN
cice-12047	47	66	subjects	subject	NOUN
cice-12047	47	67	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	48	1	this	this	PRON
cice-12047	48	2	was	be	AUX
cice-12047	48	3	because	because	SCONJ
cice-12047	48	4	data	datum	NOUN
cice-12047	48	5	on	on	ADP
cice-12047	48	6	this	this	DET
cice-12047	48	7	topic	topic	NOUN
cice-12047	48	8	was	be	AUX
cice-12047	48	9	not	not	PART
cice-12047	48	10	collected	collect	VERB
cice-12047	48	11	before	before	ADP
cice-12047	48	12	the	the	DET
cice-12047	48	13	2015	2015	NUM
cice-12047	48	14	timss	timss	NOUN
cice-12047	48	15	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	49	1	this	this	DET
cice-12047	49	2	methodological	methodological	ADJ
cice-12047	49	3	note	note	NOUN
cice-12047	49	4	is	be	AUX
cice-12047	49	5	telling	tell	VERB
cice-12047	49	6	because	because	SCONJ
cice-12047	49	7	it	it	PRON
cice-12047	49	8	testifies	testify	VERB
cice-12047	49	9	to	to	ADP
cice-12047	49	10	the	the	DET
cice-12047	49	11	under	under	ADV
cice-12047	49	12	-	-	PUNCT
cice-12047	49	13	researched	research	VERB
cice-12047	49	14	nature	nature	NOUN
cice-12047	49	15	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	49	16	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-12047	49	17	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	49	18	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	49	19	this	this	DET
cice-12047	49	20	region	region	NOUN
cice-12047	49	21	vis	vis	X
cice-12047	49	22	-	-	PUNCT
cice-12047	49	23	à	à	X
cice-12047	49	24	-	-	PUNCT
cice-12047	49	25	vis	vis	X
cice-12047	49	26	the	the	DET
cice-12047	49	27	existing	exist	VERB
cice-12047	49	28	literature	literature	NOUN
cice-12047	49	29	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	49	30	other	other	ADJ
cice-12047	49	31	parts	part	NOUN
cice-12047	49	32	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	49	33	the	the	DET
cice-12047	49	34	world	world	NOUN
cice-12047	49	35	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	49	36	such	such	ADJ
cice-12047	49	37	as	as	ADP
cice-12047	49	38	nordic	nordic	ADJ
cice-12047	49	39	countries	country	NOUN
cice-12047	49	40	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	49	41	asia	asia	PROPN
cice-12047	49	42	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	49	43	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	49	44	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-12047	49	45	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	50	1	while	while	SCONJ
cice-12047	50	2	the	the	DET
cice-12047	50	3	authors	author	NOUN
cice-12047	50	4	have	have	AUX
cice-12047	50	5	drawn	draw	VERB
cice-12047	50	6	on	on	ADP
cice-12047	50	7	other	other	ADJ
cice-12047	50	8	sources	source	NOUN
cice-12047	50	9	to	to	PART
cice-12047	50	10	substantiate	substantiate	VERB
cice-12047	50	11	their	their	PRON
cice-12047	50	12	analyses	analysis	NOUN
cice-12047	50	13	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	50	14	such	such	ADJ
cice-12047	50	15	as	as	ADP
cice-12047	50	16	questionnaire	questionnaire	NOUN
cice-12047	50	17	results	result	NOUN
cice-12047	50	18	obtained	obtain	VERB
cice-12047	50	19	through	through	ADP
cice-12047	50	20	unesco	unesco	PROPN
cice-12047	50	21	’s	’s	PART
cice-12047	50	22	regional	regional	ADJ
cice-12047	50	23	centre	centre	NOUN
cice-12047	50	24	for	for	ADP
cice-12047	50	25	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	50	26	planning	planning	NOUN
cice-12047	50	27	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	50	28	rcep	rcep	PROPN
cice-12047	50	29	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	50	30	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	50	31	relevant	relevant	ADJ
cice-12047	50	32	media	medium	NOUN
cice-12047	50	33	commentaries	commentary	NOUN
cice-12047	50	34	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	50	35	elaboration	elaboration	NOUN
cice-12047	50	36	on	on	ADP
cice-12047	50	37	the	the	DET
cice-12047	50	38	treatment	treatment	NOUN
cice-12047	50	39	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	50	40	such	such	ADJ
cice-12047	50	41	fragmentary	fragmentary	ADJ
cice-12047	50	42	data	datum	NOUN
cice-12047	50	43	to	to	PART
cice-12047	50	44	increase	increase	VERB
cice-12047	50	45	its	its	PRON
cice-12047	50	46	rigor	rigor	NOUN
cice-12047	50	47	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	50	48	comparability	comparability	NOUN
cice-12047	50	49	across	across	ADP
cice-12047	50	50	the	the	DET
cice-12047	50	51	selected	select	VERB
cice-12047	50	52	nations	nation	NOUN
cice-12047	50	53	would	would	AUX
cice-12047	50	54	strengthen	strengthen	VERB
cice-12047	50	55	the	the	DET
cice-12047	50	56	book	book	NOUN
cice-12047	50	57	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	51	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
cice-12047	51	2	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	51	3	some	some	DET
cice-12047	51	4	aspects	aspect	NOUN
cice-12047	51	5	associated	associate	VERB
cice-12047	51	6	with	with	ADP
cice-12047	51	7	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-12047	51	8	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	51	9	are	be	AUX
cice-12047	51	10	not	not	PART
cice-12047	51	11	adequately	adequately	ADV
cice-12047	51	12	addressed	address	VERB
cice-12047	51	13	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	52	1	these	these	PRON
cice-12047	52	2	include	include	VERB
cice-12047	52	3	the	the	DET
cice-12047	52	4	increasing	increase	VERB
cice-12047	52	5	prevalence	prevalence	NOUN
cice-12047	52	6	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	52	7	internet	internet	NOUN
cice-12047	52	8	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	52	9	after	after	ADP
cice-12047	52	10	the	the	DET
cice-12047	52	11	outbreak	outbreak	NOUN
cice-12047	52	12	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	52	13	the	the	DET
cice-12047	52	14	corona	corona	PROPN
cice-12047	52	15	virus	virus	NOUN
cice-12047	52	16	disease	disease	NOUN
cice-12047	52	17	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	52	18	2019	2019	NUM
cice-12047	52	19	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	52	20	covid-19	covid-19	PROPN
cice-12047	52	21	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	52	22	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	52	23	the	the	DET
cice-12047	52	24	role	role	NOUN
cice-12047	52	25	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	52	26	islamic	islamic	ADJ
cice-12047	52	27	culture	culture	NOUN
cice-12047	52	28	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	52	29	shaping	shape	VERB
cice-12047	52	30	gender	gender	NOUN
cice-12047	52	31	norms	norm	NOUN
cice-12047	52	32	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	52	33	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	52	34	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	53	1	further	further	ADJ
cice-12047	53	2	research	research	NOUN
cice-12047	53	3	on	on	ADP
cice-12047	53	4	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-12047	53	5	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	53	6	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	53	7	this	this	DET
cice-12047	53	8	region	region	NOUN
cice-12047	53	9	needs	need	VERB
cice-12047	53	10	to	to	PART
cice-12047	53	11	address	address	VERB
cice-12047	53	12	these	these	DET
cice-12047	53	13	aspects	aspect	NOUN
cice-12047	53	14	to	to	PART
cice-12047	53	15	generate	generate	VERB
cice-12047	53	16	a	a	DET
cice-12047	53	17	more	more	ADV
cice-12047	53	18	nuanced	nuanced	ADJ
cice-12047	53	19	picture	picture	NOUN
cice-12047	53	20	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	53	21	the	the	DET
cice-12047	53	22	provision	provision	NOUN
cice-12047	53	23	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	53	24	reception	reception	NOUN
cice-12047	53	25	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	53	26	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	53	27	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	53	28	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	54	1	kin	kin	PROPN
cice-12047	54	2	cheung	cheung	PROPN
cice-12047	54	3	adrian	adrian	PROPN
cice-12047	54	4	yan	yan	PROPN
cice-12047	54	5	is	be	AUX
cice-12047	54	6	a	a	DET
cice-12047	54	7	post	post	ADJ
cice-12047	54	8	-	-	ADJ
cice-12047	54	9	doctoral	doctoral	ADJ
cice-12047	54	10	fellow	fellow	NOUN
cice-12047	54	11	at	at	ADP
cice-12047	54	12	the	the	DET
cice-12047	54	13	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	54	14	university	university	PROPN
cice-12047	54	15	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	54	16	hong	hong	PROPN
cice-12047	54	17	kong	kong	PROPN
cice-12047	54	18	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	55	1	he	he	PRON
cice-12047	55	2	obtained	obtain	VERB
cice-12047	55	3	his	his	PRON
cice-12047	55	4	phd	phd	NOUN
cice-12047	55	5	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	55	6	2023	2023	NUM
cice-12047	55	7	at	at	ADP
cice-12047	55	8	the	the	DET
cice-12047	55	9	institute	institute	NOUN
cice-12047	55	10	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	55	11	education	education	PROPN
cice-12047	55	12	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	55	13	university	university	NOUN
cice-12047	55	14	college	college	PROPN
cice-12047	55	15	london	london	PROPN
cice-12047	55	16	’s	’s	PART
cice-12047	55	17	faculty	faculty	NOUN
cice-12047	55	18	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	55	19	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	55	20	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	55	21	society	society	NOUN
cice-12047	55	22	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	56	1	his	his	PRON
cice-12047	56	2	research	research	NOUN
cice-12047	56	3	interests	interest	NOUN
cice-12047	56	4	include	include	VERB
cice-12047	56	5	comparative	comparative	ADJ
cice-12047	56	6	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	56	7	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	56	8	citizenship	citizenship	NOUN
cice-12047	56	9	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	56	10	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	56	11	sociology	sociology	NOUN
cice-12047	56	12	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	56	13	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	56	14	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	56	15	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	56	16	career	career	NOUN
cice-12047	56	17	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	56	18	life	life	NOUN
cice-12047	56	19	development	development	NOUN
cice-12047	56	20	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	57	1	references	reference	NOUN
cice-12047	57	2	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-12047	57	3	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	57	4	m.	m.	NOUN
cice-12047	57	5	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	57	6	2021	2021	NUM
cice-12047	57	7	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	57	8	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	58	1	shadow	shadow	PROPN
cice-12047	58	2	education	education	PROPN
cice-12047	58	3	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	58	4	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-12047	58	5	:	:	PUNCT
cice-12047	58	6	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	58	7	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
cice-12047	58	8	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	58	9	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	58	10	its	its	PRON
cice-12047	58	11	policy	policy	NOUN
cice-12047	58	12	implications	implication	NOUN
cice-12047	58	13	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	59	1	comparative	comparative	ADJ
cice-12047	59	2	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	59	3	research	research	NOUN
cice-12047	59	4	centre	centre	NOUN
cice-12047	59	5	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	59	6	the	the	DET
cice-12047	59	7	university	university	NOUN
cice-12047	59	8	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	59	9	hong	hong	PROPN
cice-12047	59	10	kong	kong	PROPN
cice-12047	59	11	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	60	1	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-12047	60	2	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	60	3	m.	m.	NOUN
cice-12047	60	4	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	60	5	mazawi	mazawi	ADJ
cice-12047	60	6	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	60	7	a.	a.	PROPN
cice-12047	60	8	e.	e.	PROPN
cice-12047	60	9	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	60	10	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	60	11	sultana	sultana	NOUN
cice-12047	60	12	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	60	13	r.	r.	PROPN
cice-12047	60	14	g.	g.	PROPN
cice-12047	60	15	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	60	16	eds	eds	PROPN
cice-12047	60	17	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	60	18	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	60	19	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	60	20	2013	2013	NUM
cice-12047	60	21	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	60	22	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	61	1	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	61	2	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	61	3	across	across	ADP
cice-12047	61	4	the	the	DET
cice-12047	61	5	mediterranean	mediterranean	PROPN
cice-12047	61	6	:	:	PUNCT
cice-12047	61	7	power	power	NOUN
cice-12047	61	8	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
cice-12047	61	9	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	61	10	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	61	11	implications	implication	NOUN
cice-12047	61	12	for	for	ADP
cice-12047	61	13	learning	learning	NOUN
cice-12047	61	14	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	61	15	equity	equity	NOUN
cice-12047	61	16	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	62	1	sense	sense	NOUN
cice-12047	62	2	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	63	1	joshi	joshi	PROPN
cice-12047	63	2	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	63	3	p.	p.	NOUN
cice-12047	63	4	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	63	5	2021	2021	NUM
cice-12047	63	6	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	63	7	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	64	1	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	64	2	schooling	schooling	NOUN
cice-12047	64	3	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	64	4	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	64	5	at	at	ADP
cice-12047	64	6	scale	scale	NOUN
cice-12047	64	7	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	64	8	south	south	PROPN
cice-12047	64	9	asia	asia	PROPN
cice-12047	64	10	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	65	1	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	65	2	p.	p.	PROPN
cice-12047	65	3	m.	m.	NOUN
cice-12047	65	4	sarangapani	sarangapani	PROPN
cice-12047	65	5	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	65	6	p.	p.	PROPN
cice-12047	65	7	rekha	rekha	PROPN
cice-12047	65	8	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	65	9	eds	ed	NOUN
cice-12047	65	10	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	65	11	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	65	12	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	65	13	handbook	handbook	NOUN
cice-12047	65	14	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	65	15	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	65	16	systems	system	NOUN
cice-12047	65	17	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	65	18	south	south	PROPN
cice-12047	65	19	asia	asia	PROPN
cice-12047	65	20	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	65	21	pp	pp	ADJ
cice-12047	65	22	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	65	23	1127	1127	NUM
cice-12047	65	24	-	-	SYM
cice-12047	65	25	1146	1146	NUM
cice-12047	65	26	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	65	27	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	66	1	springer	springer	NOUN
cice-12047	66	2	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	67	1	silova	silova	PROPN
cice-12047	67	2	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	67	3	i.	i.	PROPN
cice-12047	67	4	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	67	5	budiene	budiene	NOUN
cice-12047	67	6	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	67	7	v.	v.	ADV
cice-12047	67	8	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	67	9	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	67	10	bray	bray	NOUN
cice-12047	67	11	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	67	12	m.	m.	NOUN
cice-12047	67	13	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	67	14	eds	ed	NOUN
cice-12047	67	15	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	67	16	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	67	17	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	67	18	2006	2006	NUM
cice-12047	67	19	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	67	20	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	68	1	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	68	2	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	68	3	a	a	DET
cice-12047	68	4	hidden	hide	VERB
cice-12047	68	5	marketplace	marketplace	NOUN
cice-12047	68	6	:	:	PUNCT
cice-12047	68	7	monitoring	monitoring	NOUN
cice-12047	68	8	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	68	9	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	68	10	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	68	11	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	69	1	open	open	ADJ
cice-12047	69	2	society	society	PROPN
cice-12047	69	3	institute	institute	PROPN
cice-12047	69	4	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	70	1	book	book	PROPN
cice-12047	70	2	review	review	PROPN
cice-12047	70	3	:	:	PUNCT
cice-12047	70	4	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-12047	70	5	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	70	6	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	70	7	the	the	DET
cice-12047	70	8	middle	middle	PROPN
cice-12047	70	9	east	east	PROPN
cice-12047	70	10	:	:	PUNCT
cice-12047	70	11	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	70	12	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
cice-12047	70	13	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	70	14	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	70	15	its	its	PRON
cice-12047	70	16	policy	policy	NOUN
cice-12047	70	17	implications	implication	NOUN
cice-12047	70	18	current	current	ADJ
cice-12047	70	19	issues	issue	NOUN
cice-12047	70	20	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	70	21	comparative	comparative	ADJ
cice-12047	70	22	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	70	23	111	111	NUM
cice-12047	70	24	united	united	PROPN
cice-12047	70	25	nations	nations	PROPN
cice-12047	70	26	educational	educational	ADJ
cice-12047	70	27	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	70	28	scientific	scientific	ADJ
cice-12047	70	29	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	70	30	cultural	cultural	ADJ
cice-12047	70	31	organization	organization	NOUN
cice-12047	70	32	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	70	33	unesco	unesco	PROPN
cice-12047	70	34	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	70	35	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	71	1	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	71	2	2021	2021	NUM
cice-12047	71	3	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	71	4	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	72	1	global	global	ADJ
cice-12047	72	2	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	72	3	monitoring	monitoring	NOUN
cice-12047	72	4	report	report	NOUN
cice-12047	72	5	:	:	PUNCT
cice-12047	72	6	non	non	ADJ
cice-12047	72	7	-	-	ADJ
cice-12047	72	8	state	state	ADJ
cice-12047	72	9	actors	actor	NOUN
cice-12047	72	10	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	72	11	education	education	NOUN
cice-12047	72	12	:	:	PUNCT
cice-12047	72	13	who	who	PRON
cice-12047	72	14	chooses	choose	VERB
cice-12047	72	15	?	?	PUNCT
cice-12047	73	1	who	who	PRON
cice-12047	73	2	loses	lose	VERB
cice-12047	73	3	?	?	PUNCT
cice-12047	74	1	unesco	unesco	PROPN
cice-12047	74	2	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	75	1	zhang	zhang	PROPN
cice-12047	75	2	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	75	3	w.	w.	PROPN
cice-12047	75	4	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	75	5	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	75	6	yamato	yamato	PROPN
cice-12047	75	7	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	75	8	y.	y.	PROPN
cice-12047	75	9	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	75	10	2018	2018	NUM
cice-12047	75	11	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	75	12	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	76	1	shadow	shadow	PROPN
cice-12047	76	2	education	education	PROPN
cice-12047	76	3	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	76	4	east	east	PROPN
cice-12047	76	5	asia	asia	PROPN
cice-12047	76	6	:	:	PUNCT
cice-12047	76	7	entrenched	entrenched	ADJ
cice-12047	76	8	but	but	CCONJ
cice-12047	76	9	evolving	evolve	VERB
cice-12047	76	10	private	private	ADJ
cice-12047	76	11	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
cice-12047	76	12	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-12047	76	13	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	77	1	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	77	2	k.j	k.j	PROPN
cice-12047	77	3	.	.	PROPN
cice-12047	77	4	kennedy	kennedy	PROPN
cice-12047	77	5	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	77	6	j.	j.	PROPN
cice-12047	77	7	c	c	PROPN
cice-12047	77	8	-	-	PUNCT
cice-12047	77	9	k.	k.	PROPN
cice-12047	77	10	lee	lee	PROPN
cice-12047	77	11	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	77	12	eds	eds	PROPN
cice-12047	77	13	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	77	14	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	77	15	,	,	PUNCT
cice-12047	77	16	routledge	routledge	PROPN
cice-12047	77	17	international	international	PROPN
cice-12047	77	18	handbook	handbook	NOUN
cice-12047	77	19	of	of	ADP
cice-12047	77	20	schools	school	NOUN
cice-12047	77	21	and	and	CCONJ
cice-12047	77	22	schooling	schooling	NOUN
cice-12047	77	23	in	in	ADP
cice-12047	77	24	asia	asia	PROPN
cice-12047	77	25	(	(	PUNCT
cice-12047	77	26	pp	pp	ADJ
cice-12047	77	27	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	78	1	323	323	NUM
cice-12047	78	2	-	-	SYM
cice-12047	78	3	332	332	NUM
cice-12047	78	4	)	)	PUNCT
cice-12047	78	5	.	.	PUNCT
cice-12047	79	1	routledge	routledge	PROPN
cice-12047	79	2	.	.	PUNCT