id	sid	tid	token	lemma	pos
cice-8776	1	1	collins	collins	PROPN
cice-8776	1	2	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	3	2022	2022	NUM
cice-8776	1	4	current	current	ADJ
cice-8776	1	5	issues	issue	NOUN
cice-8776	1	6	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	1	7	comparative	comparative	ADJ
cice-8776	1	8	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	1	9	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	10	cice	cice	PROPN
cice-8776	1	11	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	12	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	13	volume	volume	NOUN
cice-8776	1	14	24	24	NUM
cice-8776	1	15	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	16	issue	issue	NOUN
cice-8776	1	17	1	1	NUM
cice-8776	1	18	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	19	winter	winter	NOUN
cice-8776	1	20	2022	2022	NUM
cice-8776	1	21	book	book	NOUN
cice-8776	1	22	review	review	NOUN
cice-8776	1	23	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	1	24	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	1	25	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	1	26	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-8776	1	27	:	:	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	28	private	private	ADJ
cice-8776	1	29	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
cice-8776	1	30	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-8776	1	31	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	1	32	its	its	PRON
cice-8776	1	33	policy	policy	NOUN
cice-8776	1	34	implications	implication	NOUN
cice-8776	1	35	by	by	ADP
cice-8776	1	36	mark	mark	PROPN
cice-8776	1	37	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	1	38	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	39	comparative	comparative	ADJ
cice-8776	1	40	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	1	41	research	research	NOUN
cice-8776	1	42	centre	centre	NOUN
cice-8776	1	43	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	44	the	the	DET
cice-8776	1	45	university	university	NOUN
cice-8776	1	46	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	1	47	hong	hong	PROPN
cice-8776	1	48	kong	kong	PROPN
cice-8776	1	49	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	50	2021	2021	NUM
cice-8776	1	51	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	52	91	91	NUM
cice-8776	1	53	pp	pp	NOUN
cice-8776	1	54	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	55	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	56	us$16	us$16	ADJ
cice-8776	1	57	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	58	paper	paper	NOUN
cice-8776	1	59	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	60	or	or	CCONJ
cice-8776	1	61	free	free	ADJ
cice-8776	1	62	download	download	NOUN
cice-8776	1	63	isbn	isbn	ADJ
cice-8776	1	64	978	978	NUM
cice-8776	1	65	-	-	SYM
cice-8776	1	66	988	988	NUM
cice-8776	1	67	-	-	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	68	14241	14241	NUM
cice-8776	1	69	-	-	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	70	9	9	NUM
cice-8776	1	71	-	-	SYM
cice-8776	1	72	8	8	NUM
cice-8776	1	73	madison	madison	PROPN
cice-8776	1	74	collins	collins	PROPN
cice-8776	1	75	teachers	teachers	PROPN
cice-8776	1	76	college	college	PROPN
cice-8776	1	77	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	78	columbia	columbia	PROPN
cice-8776	1	79	university	university	PROPN
cice-8776	1	80	mark	mark	PROPN
cice-8776	1	81	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	1	82	’s	’s	PART
cice-8776	1	83	book	book	NOUN
cice-8776	1	84	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	85	2021	2021	NUM
cice-8776	1	86	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	87	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	88	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	1	89	education	education	PROPN
cice-8776	1	90	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	1	91	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-8776	1	92	:	:	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	93	private	private	ADJ
cice-8776	1	94	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
cice-8776	1	95	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-8776	1	96	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	1	97	its	its	PRON
cice-8776	1	98	policy	policy	NOUN
cice-8776	1	99	implications	implication	NOUN
cice-8776	1	100	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	101	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	1	102	the	the	DET
cice-8776	1	103	first	first	ADJ
cice-8776	1	104	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	1	105	its	its	PRON
cice-8776	1	106	kind	kind	NOUN
cice-8776	1	107	providing	provide	VERB
cice-8776	1	108	a	a	DET
cice-8776	1	109	comprehensive	comprehensive	ADJ
cice-8776	1	110	look	look	NOUN
cice-8776	1	111	at	at	ADP
cice-8776	1	112	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-8776	1	113	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	1	114	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-8776	1	115	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	116	which	which	PRON
cice-8776	1	117	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	1	118	most	most	ADV
cice-8776	1	119	commonly	commonly	ADV
cice-8776	1	120	researched	research	VERB
cice-8776	1	121	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	1	122	asia	asia	PROPN
cice-8776	1	123	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	124	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	1	125	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	126	2021	2021	NUM
cice-8776	1	127	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	128	p.	p.	NOUN
cice-8776	1	129	viii	viii	PROPN
cice-8776	1	130	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	1	131	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	2	1	on	on	ADP
cice-8776	2	2	a	a	DET
cice-8776	2	3	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	2	4	where	where	SCONJ
cice-8776	2	5	educational	educational	ADJ
cice-8776	2	6	development	development	NOUN
cice-8776	2	7	has	have	AUX
cice-8776	2	8	taken	take	VERB
cice-8776	2	9	many	many	ADJ
cice-8776	2	10	forms	form	NOUN
cice-8776	2	11	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	2	12	bray	bray	NOUN
cice-8776	2	13	draws	draw	VERB
cice-8776	2	14	attention	attention	NOUN
cice-8776	2	15	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	2	16	the	the	DET
cice-8776	2	17	educational	educational	ADJ
cice-8776	2	18	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
cice-8776	2	19	privileged	privileged	ADJ
cice-8776	2	20	students	student	NOUN
cice-8776	2	21	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	2	22	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-8776	2	23	have	have	VERB
cice-8776	2	24	access	access	NOUN
cice-8776	2	25	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	2	26	through	through	ADP
cice-8776	2	27	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	2	28	-	-	PUNCT
cice-8776	2	29	profit	profit	NOUN
cice-8776	2	30	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-8776	2	31	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	3	1	his	his	PRON
cice-8776	3	2	analysis	analysis	NOUN
cice-8776	3	3	draws	draw	VERB
cice-8776	3	4	on	on	ADP
cice-8776	3	5	the	the	DET
cice-8776	3	6	same	same	ADJ
cice-8776	3	7	aspects	aspect	NOUN
cice-8776	3	8	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	3	9	african	african	ADJ
cice-8776	3	10	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	3	11	that	that	PRON
cice-8776	3	12	pose	pose	VERB
cice-8776	3	13	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cice-8776	3	14	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	3	15	educational	educational	ADJ
cice-8776	3	16	development	development	NOUN
cice-8776	3	17	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	3	18	general	general	ADJ
cice-8776	3	19	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	3	20	such	such	ADJ
cice-8776	3	21	as	as	ADP
cice-8776	3	22	an	an	DET
cice-8776	3	23	unqualified	unqualified	ADJ
cice-8776	3	24	teaching	teaching	NOUN
cice-8776	3	25	force	force	NOUN
cice-8776	3	26	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	3	27	unsatisfactory	unsatisfactory	ADJ
cice-8776	3	28	compensation	compensation	NOUN
cice-8776	3	29	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	3	30	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cice-8776	3	31	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	3	32	international	international	ADJ
cice-8776	3	33	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	3	34	region	region	NOUN
cice-8776	3	35	assessments	assessment	NOUN
cice-8776	3	36	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	3	37	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	3	38	the	the	DET
cice-8776	3	39	rural	rural	ADJ
cice-8776	3	40	/	/	SYM
cice-8776	3	41	urban	urban	ADJ
cice-8776	3	42	divide	divide	NOUN
cice-8776	3	43	among	among	ADP
cice-8776	3	44	student	student	NOUN
cice-8776	3	45	achievement	achievement	NOUN
cice-8776	3	46	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	4	1	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	4	2	’s	’s	PART
cice-8776	4	3	book	book	NOUN
cice-8776	4	4	provides	provide	VERB
cice-8776	4	5	a	a	DET
cice-8776	4	6	warning	warning	NOUN
cice-8776	4	7	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	4	8	the	the	DET
cice-8776	4	9	field	field	NOUN
cice-8776	4	10	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	4	11	international	international	ADJ
cice-8776	4	12	educational	educational	ADJ
cice-8776	4	13	development	development	NOUN
cice-8776	4	14	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	4	15	what	what	PRON
cice-8776	4	16	could	could	AUX
cice-8776	4	17	become	become	VERB
cice-8776	4	18	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	4	19	african	african	ADJ
cice-8776	4	20	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	4	21	with	with	ADP
cice-8776	4	22	increased	increase	VERB
cice-8776	4	23	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	4	24	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	4	25	or	or	CCONJ
cice-8776	4	26	increased	increase	VERB
cice-8776	4	27	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
cice-8776	4	28	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-8776	4	29	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	4	30	provides	provide	VERB
cice-8776	4	31	a	a	DET
cice-8776	4	32	guide	guide	NOUN
cice-8776	4	33	on	on	ADP
cice-8776	4	34	how	how	SCONJ
cice-8776	4	35	to	to	PART
cice-8776	4	36	combat	combat	VERB
cice-8776	4	37	it	it	PRON
cice-8776	4	38	with	with	ADP
cice-8776	4	39	policy	policy	NOUN
cice-8776	4	40	recommendations	recommendation	NOUN
cice-8776	4	41	that	that	PRON
cice-8776	4	42	expand	expand	VERB
cice-8776	4	43	the	the	DET
cice-8776	4	44	best	good	ADJ
cice-8776	4	45	practices	practice	NOUN
cice-8776	4	46	found	find	VERB
cice-8776	4	47	already	already	ADV
cice-8776	4	48	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	4	49	place	place	NOUN
cice-8776	4	50	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	4	51	some	some	DET
cice-8776	4	52	countries	country	NOUN
cice-8776	4	53	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	5	1	researchers	researcher	NOUN
cice-8776	5	2	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	5	3	practitioners	practitioner	NOUN
cice-8776	5	4	can	can	AUX
cice-8776	5	5	gain	gain	VERB
cice-8776	5	6	a	a	DET
cice-8776	5	7	foundational	foundational	ADJ
cice-8776	5	8	awareness	awareness	NOUN
cice-8776	5	9	from	from	ADP
cice-8776	5	10	this	this	DET
cice-8776	5	11	book	book	NOUN
cice-8776	5	12	regarding	regard	VERB
cice-8776	5	13	the	the	DET
cice-8776	5	14	implications	implication	NOUN
cice-8776	5	15	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	5	16	global	global	ADJ
cice-8776	5	17	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	5	18	development	development	NOUN
cice-8776	5	19	standards	standard	NOUN
cice-8776	5	20	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	5	21	the	the	DET
cice-8776	5	22	progression	progression	NOUN
cice-8776	5	23	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	5	24	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	5	25	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	5	26	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	5	27	practice	practice	NOUN
cice-8776	5	28	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	5	29	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-8776	5	30	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	6	1	the	the	DET
cice-8776	6	2	author	author	NOUN
cice-8776	6	3	’s	’s	PART
cice-8776	6	4	vast	vast	ADJ
cice-8776	6	5	scope	scope	NOUN
cice-8776	6	6	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	6	7	all	all	DET
cice-8776	6	8	54	54	NUM
cice-8776	6	9	countries	country	NOUN
cice-8776	6	10	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	6	11	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-8776	6	12	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	6	13	bold	bold	ADJ
cice-8776	6	14	but	but	CCONJ
cice-8776	6	15	unrealized	unrealize	VERB
cice-8776	6	16	as	as	SCONJ
cice-8776	6	17	only	only	ADV
cice-8776	6	18	a	a	DET
cice-8776	6	19	few	few	ADJ
cice-8776	6	20	countries	country	NOUN
cice-8776	6	21	are	be	AUX
cice-8776	6	22	found	find	VERB
cice-8776	6	23	to	to	PART
cice-8776	6	24	have	have	VERB
cice-8776	6	25	significant	significant	ADJ
cice-8776	6	26	data	datum	NOUN
cice-8776	6	27	to	to	PART
cice-8776	6	28	quantify	quantify	VERB
cice-8776	6	29	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	6	30	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	6	31	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	6	32	the	the	DET
cice-8776	6	33	region	region	NOUN
cice-8776	6	34	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	7	1	however	however	ADV
cice-8776	7	2	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	7	3	this	this	DET
cice-8776	7	4	scope	scope	NOUN
cice-8776	7	5	does	do	AUX
cice-8776	7	6	provide	provide	VERB
cice-8776	7	7	comparison	comparison	NOUN
cice-8776	7	8	through	through	ADP
cice-8776	7	9	what	what	PRON
cice-8776	7	10	data	datum	NOUN
cice-8776	7	11	was	be	AUX
cice-8776	7	12	found	find	VERB
cice-8776	7	13	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	8	1	by	by	ADP
cice-8776	8	2	comparing	compare	VERB
cice-8776	8	3	the	the	DET
cice-8776	8	4	quantity	quantity	NOUN
cice-8776	8	5	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	8	6	quality	quality	NOUN
cice-8776	8	7	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	8	8	data	datum	NOUN
cice-8776	8	9	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	8	10	egypt	egypt	PROPN
cice-8776	8	11	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	8	12	that	that	PRON
cice-8776	8	13	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	8	14	burkina	burkina	PROPN
cice-8776	8	15	faso	faso	PROPN
cice-8776	8	16	or	or	CCONJ
cice-8776	8	17	ethiopia	ethiopia	PROPN
cice-8776	8	18	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	8	19	it	it	PRON
cice-8776	8	20	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	8	21	clear	clear	ADJ
cice-8776	8	22	that	that	SCONJ
cice-8776	8	23	some	some	DET
cice-8776	8	24	regions	region	NOUN
cice-8776	8	25	on	on	ADP
cice-8776	8	26	the	the	DET
cice-8776	8	27	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	8	28	are	be	AUX
cice-8776	8	29	ahead	ahead	ADV
cice-8776	8	30	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	8	31	others	other	NOUN
cice-8776	8	32	regarding	regard	VERB
cice-8776	8	33	considerations	consideration	NOUN
cice-8776	8	34	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	8	35	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	8	36	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	8	37	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	9	1	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	9	2	this	this	DET
cice-8776	9	3	point	point	NOUN
cice-8776	9	4	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	9	5	without	without	SCONJ
cice-8776	9	6	any	any	DET
cice-8776	9	7	uniform	uniform	ADJ
cice-8776	9	8	procedure	procedure	NOUN
cice-8776	9	9	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	9	10	data	datum	NOUN
cice-8776	9	11	collection	collection	NOUN
cice-8776	9	12	across	across	ADP
cice-8776	9	13	the	the	DET
cice-8776	9	14	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	9	15	focused	focus	VERB
cice-8776	9	16	on	on	ADP
cice-8776	9	17	private	private	ADJ
cice-8776	9	18	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-8776	9	19	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	9	20	its	its	PRON
cice-8776	9	21	effects	effect	NOUN
cice-8776	9	22	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	9	23	the	the	DET
cice-8776	9	24	data	datum	NOUN
cice-8776	9	25	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	9	26	scattered	scatter	VERB
cice-8776	9	27	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	10	1	this	this	DET
cice-8776	10	2	scattered	scatter	VERB
cice-8776	10	3	data	datum	NOUN
cice-8776	10	4	used	use	VERB
cice-8776	10	5	as	as	ADP
cice-8776	10	6	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cice-8776	10	7	to	to	PART
cice-8776	10	8	support	support	VERB
cice-8776	10	9	the	the	DET
cice-8776	10	10	presence	presence	NOUN
cice-8776	10	11	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	10	12	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	10	13	education	education	PROPN
cice-8776	10	14	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	10	15	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-8776	10	16	describes	describe	VERB
cice-8776	10	17	various	various	ADJ
cice-8776	10	18	cases	case	NOUN
cice-8776	10	19	with	with	ADP
cice-8776	10	20	different	different	ADJ
cice-8776	10	21	populations	population	NOUN
cice-8776	10	22	making	make	VERB
cice-8776	10	23	it	it	PRON
cice-8776	10	24	difficult	difficult	ADJ
cice-8776	10	25	to	to	PART
cice-8776	10	26	compare	compare	VERB
cice-8776	10	27	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	11	1	this	this	DET
cice-8776	11	2	lack	lack	NOUN
cice-8776	11	3	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	11	4	uniform	uniform	ADJ
cice-8776	11	5	data	datum	NOUN
cice-8776	11	6	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	11	7	a	a	DET
cice-8776	11	8	finding	finding	NOUN
cice-8776	11	9	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	11	10	itself	itself	PRON
cice-8776	11	11	as	as	SCONJ
cice-8776	11	12	it	it	PRON
cice-8776	11	13	highlights	highlight	VERB
cice-8776	11	14	a	a	DET
cice-8776	11	15	gap	gap	NOUN
cice-8776	11	16	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	11	17	establishes	establish	VERB
cice-8776	11	18	a	a	DET
cice-8776	11	19	first	first	ADJ
cice-8776	11	20	step	step	NOUN
cice-8776	11	21	toward	toward	ADP
cice-8776	11	22	addressing	address	VERB
cice-8776	11	23	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	11	24	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	11	25	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	11	26	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-8776	11	27	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	12	1	although	although	SCONJ
cice-8776	12	2	the	the	DET
cice-8776	12	3	data	data	NOUN
cice-8776	12	4	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	12	5	not	not	PART
cice-8776	12	6	strong	strong	ADJ
cice-8776	12	7	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	12	8	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	12	9	has	have	AUX
cice-8776	12	10	made	make	VERB
cice-8776	12	11	it	it	PRON
cice-8776	12	12	clear	clear	ADJ
cice-8776	12	13	it	it	PRON
cice-8776	12	14	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	12	15	not	not	PART
cice-8776	12	16	too	too	ADV
cice-8776	12	17	early	early	ADJ
cice-8776	12	18	to	to	PART
cice-8776	12	19	consider	consider	VERB
cice-8776	12	20	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	12	21	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	12	22	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	12	23	its	its	PRON
cice-8776	12	24	effects	effect	NOUN
cice-8776	12	25	on	on	ADP
cice-8776	12	26	the	the	DET
cice-8776	12	27	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	12	28	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	12	29	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-8776	12	30	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	13	1	he	he	PRON
cice-8776	13	2	has	have	AUX
cice-8776	13	3	found	find	VERB
cice-8776	13	4	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
cice-8776	13	5	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	13	6	qualitative	qualitative	ADJ
cice-8776	13	7	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cice-8776	13	8	to	to	PART
cice-8776	13	9	show	show	VERB
cice-8776	13	10	it	it	PRON
cice-8776	13	11	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	13	12	present	present	ADJ
cice-8776	13	13	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	13	14	the	the	DET
cice-8776	13	15	region	region	NOUN
cice-8776	13	16	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	13	17	widening	widen	VERB
cice-8776	13	18	the	the	DET
cice-8776	13	19	gap	gap	NOUN
cice-8776	13	20	between	between	ADP
cice-8776	13	21	public	public	ADJ
cice-8776	13	22	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	13	23	private	private	ADJ
cice-8776	13	24	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	13	25	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	14	1	©	©	PROPN
cice-8776	14	2	2022	2022	NUM
cice-8776	14	3	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	14	4	collins	collin	NOUN
cice-8776	14	5	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	15	1	cc	cc	VERB
cice-8776	15	2	by	by	ADP
cice-8776	15	3	4.0	4.0	NUM
cice-8776	15	4	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	16	1	current	current	ADJ
cice-8776	16	2	issues	issue	NOUN
cice-8776	16	3	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	16	4	comparative	comparative	ADJ
cice-8776	16	5	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	16	6	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	16	7	24(1	24(1	NUM
cice-8776	16	8	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	16	9	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	16	10	135	135	NUM
cice-8776	16	11	-	-	SYM
cice-8776	16	12	139	139	NUM
cice-8776	16	13	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	17	1	https://https://creativecommons.org	https://https://creativecommons.org	PRON
cice-8776	17	2	/	/	SYM
cice-8776	17	3	licenses	license	NOUN
cice-8776	17	4	/	/	SYM
cice-8776	17	5	by/4.0	by/4.0	NOUN
cice-8776	17	6	/	/	SYM
cice-8776	17	7	deed.en	deed.en	ADJ
cice-8776	17	8	collins	collins	PROPN
cice-8776	17	9	current	current	ADJ
cice-8776	17	10	issues	issue	NOUN
cice-8776	17	11	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	17	12	comparative	comparative	ADJ
cice-8776	17	13	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	17	14	136	136	NUM
cice-8776	17	15	supply	supply	NOUN
cice-8776	17	16	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	17	17	demand	demand	NOUN
cice-8776	17	18	:	:	PUNCT
cice-8776	17	19	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cice-8776	17	20	the	the	DET
cice-8776	17	21	development	development	NOUN
cice-8776	17	22	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	17	23	african	african	ADJ
cice-8776	17	24	countries	country	NOUN
cice-8776	17	25	has	have	AUX
cice-8776	17	26	often	often	ADV
cice-8776	17	27	been	be	AUX
cice-8776	17	28	compared	compare	VERB
cice-8776	17	29	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	17	30	that	that	PRON
cice-8776	17	31	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	17	32	asian	asian	ADJ
cice-8776	17	33	countries	country	NOUN
cice-8776	17	34	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	17	35	with	with	ADP
cice-8776	17	36	asia	asia	PROPN
cice-8776	17	37	as	as	ADP
cice-8776	17	38	an	an	DET
cice-8776	17	39	example	example	NOUN
cice-8776	17	40	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	17	41	a	a	DET
cice-8776	17	42	success	success	NOUN
cice-8776	17	43	while	while	SCONJ
cice-8776	17	44	african	african	ADJ
cice-8776	17	45	development	development	NOUN
cice-8776	17	46	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	17	47	viewed	view	VERB
cice-8776	17	48	as	as	ADP
cice-8776	17	49	a	a	DET
cice-8776	17	50	failure	failure	NOUN
cice-8776	17	51	with	with	ADP
cice-8776	17	52	continued	continue	VERB
cice-8776	17	53	poverty	poverty	NOUN
cice-8776	17	54	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	17	55	underdevelopment	underdevelopment	NOUN
cice-8776	17	56	found	find	VERB
cice-8776	17	57	throughout	throughout	ADP
cice-8776	17	58	the	the	DET
cice-8776	17	59	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	17	60	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	17	61	noman	noman	PROPN
cice-8776	17	62	&	&	CCONJ
cice-8776	17	63	stiglitz	stiglitz	PROPN
cice-8776	17	64	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	17	65	2012	2012	NUM
cice-8776	17	66	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	17	67	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	18	1	universal	universal	ADJ
cice-8776	18	2	standards	standard	NOUN
cice-8776	18	3	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	18	4	educational	educational	ADJ
cice-8776	18	5	development	development	NOUN
cice-8776	18	6	such	such	ADJ
cice-8776	18	7	as	as	ADP
cice-8776	18	8	the	the	DET
cice-8776	18	9	fourth	fourth	ADJ
cice-8776	18	10	sustainable	sustainable	ADJ
cice-8776	18	11	development	development	NOUN
cice-8776	18	12	goal	goal	NOUN
cice-8776	18	13	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	18	14	sdg	sdg	NOUN
cice-8776	18	15	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	18	16	presented	present	VERB
cice-8776	18	17	by	by	ADP
cice-8776	18	18	the	the	DET
cice-8776	18	19	united	united	PROPN
cice-8776	18	20	nations	nations	PROPN
cice-8776	18	21	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	18	22	the	the	DET
cice-8776	18	23	predecessor	predecessor	NOUN
cice-8776	18	24	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	18	25	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	18	26	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	18	27	all	all	DET
cice-8776	18	28	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	18	29	efa	efa	PROPN
cice-8776	18	30	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	18	31	initiatives	initiative	NOUN
cice-8776	18	32	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	18	33	create	create	VERB
cice-8776	18	34	an	an	DET
cice-8776	18	35	uneven	uneven	ADJ
cice-8776	18	36	playing	playing	NOUN
cice-8776	18	37	field	field	NOUN
cice-8776	18	38	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	18	39	the	the	DET
cice-8776	18	40	various	various	ADJ
cice-8776	18	41	contexts	contexts	NOUN
cice-8776	18	42	around	around	ADP
cice-8776	18	43	the	the	DET
cice-8776	18	44	world	world	NOUN
cice-8776	18	45	to	to	PART
cice-8776	18	46	achieve	achieve	VERB
cice-8776	18	47	simultaneously	simultaneously	ADV
cice-8776	18	48	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	19	1	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	19	2	argues	argue	VERB
cice-8776	19	3	that	that	SCONJ
cice-8776	19	4	these	these	DET
cice-8776	19	5	goals	goal	NOUN
cice-8776	19	6	have	have	AUX
cice-8776	19	7	led	lead	VERB
cice-8776	19	8	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	19	9	an	an	DET
cice-8776	19	10	acceleration	acceleration	NOUN
cice-8776	19	11	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	19	12	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	19	13	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	19	14	as	as	ADP
cice-8776	19	15	the	the	DET
cice-8776	19	16	result	result	NOUN
cice-8776	19	17	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	19	18	an	an	DET
cice-8776	19	19	increased	increase	VERB
cice-8776	19	20	push	push	NOUN
cice-8776	19	21	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	19	22	universal	universal	ADJ
cice-8776	19	23	access	access	NOUN
cice-8776	19	24	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	19	25	quality	quality	NOUN
cice-8776	19	26	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	19	27	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	20	1	shadow	shadow	PROPN
cice-8776	20	2	education	education	PROPN
cice-8776	20	3	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	20	4	through	through	ADP
cice-8776	20	5	the	the	DET
cice-8776	20	6	private	private	ADJ
cice-8776	20	7	sector	sector	NOUN
cice-8776	20	8	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	20	9	can	can	AUX
cice-8776	20	10	bridge	bridge	VERB
cice-8776	20	11	some	some	PRON
cice-8776	20	12	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	20	13	the	the	DET
cice-8776	20	14	financial	financial	ADJ
cice-8776	20	15	gaps	gap	NOUN
cice-8776	20	16	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	20	17	elevate	elevate	VERB
cice-8776	20	18	the	the	DET
cice-8776	20	19	overbearing	overbearing	ADJ
cice-8776	20	20	responsibilities	responsibility	NOUN
cice-8776	20	21	put	put	VERB
cice-8776	20	22	on	on	ADP
cice-8776	20	23	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cice-8776	20	24	that	that	PRON
cice-8776	20	25	are	be	AUX
cice-8776	20	26	created	create	VERB
cice-8776	20	27	by	by	ADP
cice-8776	20	28	these	these	DET
cice-8776	20	29	global	global	ADJ
cice-8776	20	30	goals	goal	NOUN
cice-8776	20	31	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	21	1	many	many	ADJ
cice-8776	21	2	factors	factor	NOUN
cice-8776	21	3	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	21	4	such	such	ADJ
cice-8776	21	5	as	as	ADP
cice-8776	21	6	the	the	DET
cice-8776	21	7	current	current	ADJ
cice-8776	21	8	stage	stage	NOUN
cice-8776	21	9	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	21	10	african	african	ADJ
cice-8776	21	11	educational	educational	ADJ
cice-8776	21	12	development	development	NOUN
cice-8776	21	13	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	21	14	the	the	DET
cice-8776	21	15	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cice-8776	21	16	across	across	ADP
cice-8776	21	17	the	the	DET
cice-8776	21	18	region	region	NOUN
cice-8776	21	19	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	21	20	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	21	21	influence	influence	NOUN
cice-8776	21	22	from	from	ADP
cice-8776	21	23	international	international	ADJ
cice-8776	21	24	actors	actor	NOUN
cice-8776	21	25	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	21	26	combine	combine	VERB
cice-8776	21	27	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	21	28	contribute	contribute	VERB
cice-8776	21	29	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	21	30	a	a	DET
cice-8776	21	31	supply	supply	NOUN
cice-8776	21	32	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	21	33	demand	demand	NOUN
cice-8776	21	34	situation	situation	NOUN
cice-8776	21	35	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	21	36	favor	favor	NOUN
cice-8776	21	37	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	21	38	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	21	39	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	21	40	as	as	ADP
cice-8776	21	41	a	a	DET
cice-8776	21	42	commercial	commercial	ADJ
cice-8776	21	43	good	good	NOUN
cice-8776	21	44	to	to	PART
cice-8776	21	45	increase	increase	VERB
cice-8776	21	46	the	the	DET
cice-8776	21	47	competitiveness	competitiveness	NOUN
cice-8776	21	48	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	21	49	schooling	schooling	NOUN
cice-8776	21	50	on	on	ADP
cice-8776	21	51	the	the	DET
cice-8776	21	52	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	21	53	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	22	1	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	22	2	highlights	highlight	VERB
cice-8776	22	3	the	the	DET
cice-8776	22	4	commodity	commodity	NOUN
cice-8776	22	5	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	22	6	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	22	7	as	as	ADP
cice-8776	22	8	a	a	DET
cice-8776	22	9	“	"	PUNCT
cice-8776	22	10	positional	positional	ADJ
cice-8776	22	11	good	good	NOUN
cice-8776	22	12	”	"	PUNCT
cice-8776	22	13	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	22	14	bray	bray	NOUN
cice-8776	22	15	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	22	16	2021	2021	NUM
cice-8776	22	17	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	22	18	p.67	p.67	NOUN
cice-8776	22	19	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	22	20	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	23	1	children	child	NOUN
cice-8776	23	2	’s	’s	PART
cice-8776	23	3	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	23	4	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	23	5	an	an	DET
cice-8776	23	6	indication	indication	NOUN
cice-8776	23	7	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	23	8	a	a	DET
cice-8776	23	9	families	family	NOUN
cice-8776	23	10	’	’	PART
cice-8776	23	11	ability	ability	NOUN
cice-8776	23	12	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	23	13	willingness	willingness	NOUN
cice-8776	23	14	to	to	PART
cice-8776	23	15	afford	afford	VERB
cice-8776	23	16	additional	additional	ADJ
cice-8776	23	17	resources	resource	NOUN
cice-8776	23	18	like	like	ADP
cice-8776	23	19	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-8776	23	20	positioning	position	VERB
cice-8776	23	21	them	they	PRON
cice-8776	23	22	above	above	ADP
cice-8776	23	23	other	other	ADJ
cice-8776	23	24	families	family	NOUN
cice-8776	23	25	who	who	PRON
cice-8776	23	26	can	can	AUX
cice-8776	23	27	not	not	PART
cice-8776	23	28	afford	afford	VERB
cice-8776	23	29	this	this	PRON
cice-8776	23	30	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	24	1	the	the	DET
cice-8776	24	2	economic	economic	ADJ
cice-8776	24	3	impact	impact	NOUN
cice-8776	24	4	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	24	5	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	24	6	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	24	7	becomes	become	VERB
cice-8776	24	8	clear	clear	ADJ
cice-8776	24	9	through	through	ADP
cice-8776	24	10	the	the	DET
cice-8776	24	11	incentives	incentive	NOUN
cice-8776	24	12	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	24	13	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cice-8776	24	14	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	24	15	families	family	NOUN
cice-8776	24	16	to	to	PART
cice-8776	24	17	contribute	contribute	VERB
cice-8776	24	18	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	24	19	this	this	DET
cice-8776	24	20	supply	supply	NOUN
cice-8776	24	21	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	24	22	demand	demand	NOUN
cice-8776	24	23	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	25	1	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cice-8776	25	2	feel	feel	VERB
cice-8776	25	3	they	they	PRON
cice-8776	25	4	are	be	AUX
cice-8776	25	5	unable	unable	ADJ
cice-8776	25	6	to	to	PART
cice-8776	25	7	teach	teach	VERB
cice-8776	25	8	the	the	DET
cice-8776	25	9	entirety	entirety	NOUN
cice-8776	25	10	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	25	11	the	the	DET
cice-8776	25	12	curriculum	curriculum	NOUN
cice-8776	25	13	during	during	ADP
cice-8776	25	14	official	official	ADJ
cice-8776	25	15	school	school	NOUN
cice-8776	25	16	hours	hour	NOUN
cice-8776	25	17	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	25	18	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	25	19	at	at	ADP
cice-8776	25	20	the	the	DET
cice-8776	25	21	same	same	ADJ
cice-8776	25	22	time	time	NOUN
cice-8776	25	23	are	be	AUX
cice-8776	25	24	underpaid	underpaid	ADJ
cice-8776	25	25	;	;	PUNCT
cice-8776	25	26	while	while	SCONJ
cice-8776	25	27	parents	parent	NOUN
cice-8776	25	28	want	want	VERB
cice-8776	25	29	their	their	PRON
cice-8776	25	30	children	child	NOUN
cice-8776	25	31	to	to	PART
cice-8776	25	32	get	get	VERB
cice-8776	25	33	the	the	DET
cice-8776	25	34	best	good	ADJ
cice-8776	25	35	quality	quality	NOUN
cice-8776	25	36	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	25	37	they	they	PRON
cice-8776	25	38	can	can	AUX
cice-8776	25	39	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	26	1	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cice-8776	26	2	compiled	compile	VERB
cice-8776	26	3	by	by	ADP
cice-8776	26	4	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	26	5	illuminates	illuminate	VERB
cice-8776	26	6	this	this	DET
cice-8776	26	7	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
cice-8776	26	8	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	26	9	leading	lead	VERB
cice-8776	26	10	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	26	11	an	an	DET
cice-8776	26	12	increase	increase	NOUN
cice-8776	26	13	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	26	14	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-8776	26	15	by	by	ADP
cice-8776	26	16	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cice-8776	26	17	after	after	ADP
cice-8776	26	18	class	class	NOUN
cice-8776	26	19	time	time	NOUN
cice-8776	26	20	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	26	21	exclusively	exclusively	ADV
cice-8776	26	22	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	26	23	students	student	NOUN
cice-8776	26	24	able	able	ADJ
cice-8776	26	25	to	to	PART
cice-8776	26	26	pay	pay	VERB
cice-8776	26	27	extra	extra	ADJ
cice-8776	26	28	money	money	NOUN
cice-8776	26	29	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	26	30	bray	bray	NOUN
cice-8776	26	31	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	26	32	2021	2021	NUM
cice-8776	26	33	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	26	34	p.11	p.11	NOUN
cice-8776	26	35	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	26	36	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	27	1	parents	parent	NOUN
cice-8776	27	2	are	be	AUX
cice-8776	27	3	willing	willing	ADJ
cice-8776	27	4	to	to	PART
cice-8776	27	5	endure	endure	VERB
cice-8776	27	6	these	these	DET
cice-8776	27	7	costs	cost	NOUN
cice-8776	27	8	to	to	PART
cice-8776	27	9	provide	provide	VERB
cice-8776	27	10	proper	proper	ADJ
cice-8776	27	11	preparation	preparation	NOUN
cice-8776	27	12	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	27	13	the	the	DET
cice-8776	27	14	national	national	ADJ
cice-8776	27	15	assessments	assessment	NOUN
cice-8776	27	16	that	that	PRON
cice-8776	27	17	determine	determine	VERB
cice-8776	27	18	students	student	NOUN
cice-8776	27	19	’	'	PUNCT
cice-8776	27	20	success	success	NOUN
cice-8776	27	21	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	27	22	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	27	23	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	27	24	bray	bray	NOUN
cice-8776	27	25	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	27	26	2021	2021	NUM
cice-8776	27	27	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	27	28	p.7	p.7	NOUN
cice-8776	27	29	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	27	30	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	28	1	the	the	DET
cice-8776	28	2	burden	burden	NOUN
cice-8776	28	3	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	28	4	global	global	ADJ
cice-8776	28	5	educational	educational	ADJ
cice-8776	28	6	standards	standard	NOUN
cice-8776	28	7	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	28	8	families	family	NOUN
cice-8776	28	9	’	'	PUNCT
cice-8776	28	10	need	need	VERB
cice-8776	28	11	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	28	12	educated	educate	VERB
cice-8776	28	13	children	child	NOUN
cice-8776	28	14	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	28	15	left	leave	VERB
cice-8776	28	16	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	28	17	the	the	DET
cice-8776	28	18	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cice-8776	28	19	by	by	ADP
cice-8776	28	20	completing	complete	VERB
cice-8776	28	21	the	the	DET
cice-8776	28	22	curriculum	curriculum	NOUN
cice-8776	28	23	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	28	24	providing	provide	VERB
cice-8776	28	25	quality	quality	NOUN
cice-8776	28	26	teaching	teaching	NOUN
cice-8776	28	27	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	28	28	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	28	29	supporting	support	VERB
cice-8776	28	30	individual	individual	ADJ
cice-8776	28	31	students	student	NOUN
cice-8776	28	32	’	'	PUNCT
cice-8776	28	33	educational	educational	ADJ
cice-8776	28	34	needs	need	NOUN
cice-8776	28	35	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	29	1	these	these	DET
cice-8776	29	2	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cice-8776	29	3	are	be	AUX
cice-8776	29	4	often	often	ADV
cice-8776	29	5	witnessed	witness	VERB
cice-8776	29	6	by	by	ADP
cice-8776	29	7	those	those	PRON
cice-8776	29	8	working	work	VERB
cice-8776	29	9	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	29	10	african	african	ADJ
cice-8776	29	11	educational	educational	ADJ
cice-8776	29	12	development	development	NOUN
cice-8776	29	13	contexts	contexts	NOUN
cice-8776	29	14	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	29	15	but	but	CCONJ
cice-8776	29	16	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	29	17	’s	’s	PART
cice-8776	29	18	book	book	NOUN
cice-8776	29	19	identifies	identify	VERB
cice-8776	29	20	these	these	DET
cice-8776	29	21	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cice-8776	29	22	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	29	23	a	a	DET
cice-8776	29	24	unique	unique	ADJ
cice-8776	29	25	way	way	NOUN
cice-8776	29	26	as	as	ADP
cice-8776	29	27	contributing	contribute	VERB
cice-8776	29	28	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	29	29	private	private	ADJ
cice-8776	29	30	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-8776	29	31	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	30	1	this	this	DET
cice-8776	30	2	renewed	renew	VERB
cice-8776	30	3	view	view	NOUN
cice-8776	30	4	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	30	5	these	these	DET
cice-8776	30	6	well	well	ADV
cice-8776	30	7	-	-	PUNCT
cice-8776	30	8	known	know	VERB
cice-8776	30	9	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cice-8776	30	10	facing	face	VERB
cice-8776	30	11	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	30	12	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	30	13	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-8776	30	14	puts	put	VERB
cice-8776	30	15	increased	increased	ADJ
cice-8776	30	16	pressure	pressure	NOUN
cice-8776	30	17	on	on	ADP
cice-8776	30	18	organizations	organization	NOUN
cice-8776	30	19	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	30	20	governments	government	NOUN
cice-8776	30	21	to	to	PART
cice-8776	30	22	address	address	VERB
cice-8776	30	23	the	the	DET
cice-8776	30	24	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cice-8776	30	25	at	at	ADP
cice-8776	30	26	the	the	DET
cice-8776	30	27	source	source	NOUN
cice-8776	30	28	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	31	1	the	the	DET
cice-8776	31	2	data	datum	NOUN
cice-8776	31	3	through	through	ADP
cice-8776	31	4	the	the	DET
cice-8776	31	5	use	use	NOUN
cice-8776	31	6	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	31	7	tables	table	NOUN
cice-8776	31	8	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	31	9	the	the	DET
cice-8776	31	10	data	data	NOUN
cice-8776	31	11	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	31	12	contextualized	contextualize	VERB
cice-8776	31	13	with	with	ADP
cice-8776	31	14	details	detail	NOUN
cice-8776	31	15	such	such	ADJ
cice-8776	31	16	as	as	ADP
cice-8776	31	17	the	the	DET
cice-8776	31	18	source	source	NOUN
cice-8776	31	19	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	31	20	year	year	NOUN
cice-8776	31	21	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	31	22	population	population	NOUN
cice-8776	31	23	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	31	24	etc	etc	X
cice-8776	31	25	.	.	X
cice-8776	32	1	this	this	DET
cice-8776	32	2	presentation	presentation	NOUN
cice-8776	32	3	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	32	4	data	datum	NOUN
cice-8776	32	5	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	32	6	necessary	necessary	ADJ
cice-8776	32	7	given	give	VERB
cice-8776	32	8	the	the	DET
cice-8776	32	9	vast	vast	ADJ
cice-8776	32	10	differences	difference	NOUN
cice-8776	32	11	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	32	12	data	data	NOUN
cice-8776	32	13	collection	collection	NOUN
cice-8776	32	14	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	32	15	analysis	analysis	NOUN
cice-8776	32	16	sourced	source	VERB
cice-8776	32	17	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	32	18	this	this	DET
cice-8776	32	19	study	study	NOUN
cice-8776	32	20	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	33	1	unfortunately	unfortunately	ADV
cice-8776	33	2	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	33	3	this	this	PRON
cice-8776	33	4	also	also	ADV
cice-8776	33	5	makes	make	VERB
cice-8776	33	6	it	it	PRON
cice-8776	33	7	overwhelming	overwhelming	ADJ
cice-8776	33	8	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	33	9	the	the	DET
cice-8776	33	10	reader	reader	NOUN
cice-8776	33	11	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	33	12	difficult	difficult	ADJ
cice-8776	33	13	to	to	PART
cice-8776	33	14	compare	compare	VERB
cice-8776	33	15	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	33	16	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	33	17	hard	hard	ADJ
cice-8776	33	18	to	to	PART
cice-8776	33	19	understand	understand	VERB
cice-8776	33	20	the	the	DET
cice-8776	33	21	meaning	meaning	NOUN
cice-8776	33	22	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	33	23	the	the	DET
cice-8776	33	24	data	datum	NOUN
cice-8776	33	25	as	as	ADP
cice-8776	33	26	evidence	evidence	NOUN
cice-8776	33	27	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	33	28	the	the	DET
cice-8776	33	29	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	33	30	-	-	PUNCT
cice-8776	33	31	wide	wide	ADJ
cice-8776	33	32	analysis	analysis	NOUN
cice-8776	33	33	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	34	1	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	34	2	the	the	DET
cice-8776	34	3	54	54	NUM
cice-8776	34	4	countries	country	NOUN
cice-8776	34	5	included	include	VERB
cice-8776	34	6	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	34	7	this	this	DET
cice-8776	34	8	study	study	NOUN
cice-8776	34	9	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	34	10	only	only	ADV
cice-8776	34	11	25	25	NUM
cice-8776	34	12	countries	country	NOUN
cice-8776	34	13	are	be	AUX
cice-8776	34	14	presented	present	VERB
cice-8776	34	15	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	34	16	table	table	NOUN
cice-8776	34	17	1	1	NUM
cice-8776	34	18	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	34	19	which	which	DET
cice-8776	34	20	highlights	highlight	NOUN
cice-8776	34	21	“	"	PUNCT
cice-8776	34	22	selected	select	VERB
cice-8776	34	23	crossnational	crossnational	ADJ
cice-8776	34	24	indicators	indicator	NOUN
cice-8776	34	25	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	34	26	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	34	27	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	34	28	”	"	PUNCT
cice-8776	34	29	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	34	30	bray	bray	NOUN
cice-8776	34	31	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	34	32	2021	2021	NUM
cice-8776	34	33	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	34	34	p.	p.	NOUN
cice-8776	34	35	13	13	NUM
cice-8776	34	36	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	34	37	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	35	1	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	35	2	these	these	DET
cice-8776	35	3	25	25	NUM
cice-8776	35	4	countries	country	NOUN
cice-8776	35	5	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	35	6	the	the	DET
cice-8776	35	7	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	35	8	education	education	PROPN
cice-8776	35	9	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	35	10	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-8776	35	11	current	current	ADJ
cice-8776	35	12	issues	issue	NOUN
cice-8776	35	13	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	35	14	comparative	comparative	ADJ
cice-8776	35	15	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	35	16	137	137	NUM
cice-8776	35	17	author	author	NOUN
cice-8776	35	18	digs	dig	VERB
cice-8776	35	19	deeper	deeply	ADV
cice-8776	35	20	to	to	PART
cice-8776	35	21	identify	identify	VERB
cice-8776	35	22	differences	difference	NOUN
cice-8776	35	23	within	within	ADP
cice-8776	35	24	groups	group	NOUN
cice-8776	35	25	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	35	26	countries	country	NOUN
cice-8776	35	27	such	such	ADJ
cice-8776	35	28	as	as	ADP
cice-8776	35	29	arabicspeaking	arabicspeake	VERB
cice-8776	35	30	north	north	PROPN
cice-8776	35	31	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-8776	35	32	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	35	33	sub	sub	ADJ
cice-8776	35	34	-	-	ADJ
cice-8776	35	35	saharan	saharan	ADJ
cice-8776	35	36	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-8776	35	37	as	as	ADV
cice-8776	35	38	well	well	ADV
cice-8776	35	39	as	as	ADP
cice-8776	35	40	by	by	ADP
cice-8776	35	41	francophone	francophone	NOUN
cice-8776	35	42	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	35	43	anglophone	anglophone	ADJ
cice-8776	35	44	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	35	45	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	35	46	lusophone	lusophone	PROPN
cice-8776	35	47	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	35	48	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	35	49	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	35	50	2021	2021	NUM
cice-8776	35	51	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	35	52	p.11	p.11	NOUN
cice-8776	35	53	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	35	54	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	36	1	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	36	2	identifies	identify	VERB
cice-8776	36	3	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cice-8776	36	4	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	36	5	gathering	gather	VERB
cice-8776	36	6	data	datum	NOUN
cice-8776	36	7	from	from	ADP
cice-8776	36	8	every	every	DET
cice-8776	36	9	country	country	NOUN
cice-8776	36	10	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	36	11	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-8776	36	12	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	36	13	such	such	ADJ
cice-8776	36	14	as	as	ADP
cice-8776	36	15	restricted	restricted	ADJ
cice-8776	36	16	access	access	NOUN
cice-8776	36	17	or	or	CCONJ
cice-8776	36	18	the	the	DET
cice-8776	36	19	lack	lack	NOUN
cice-8776	36	20	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	36	21	existence	existence	NOUN
cice-8776	36	22	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	36	23	data	datum	NOUN
cice-8776	36	24	on	on	ADP
cice-8776	36	25	this	this	DET
cice-8776	36	26	topic	topic	NOUN
cice-8776	36	27	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	36	28	some	some	DET
cice-8776	36	29	countries	country	NOUN
cice-8776	36	30	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	37	1	with	with	SCONJ
cice-8776	37	2	less	less	ADJ
cice-8776	37	3	than	than	ADP
cice-8776	37	4	half	half	NOUN
cice-8776	37	5	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	37	6	the	the	DET
cice-8776	37	7	countries	country	NOUN
cice-8776	37	8	on	on	ADP
cice-8776	37	9	the	the	DET
cice-8776	37	10	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	37	11	represented	represent	VERB
cice-8776	37	12	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	37	13	making	make	VERB
cice-8776	37	14	generalizations	generalization	NOUN
cice-8776	37	15	about	about	ADP
cice-8776	37	16	the	the	DET
cice-8776	37	17	entire	entire	ADJ
cice-8776	37	18	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	37	19	would	would	AUX
cice-8776	37	20	be	be	AUX
cice-8776	37	21	unfair	unfair	ADJ
cice-8776	37	22	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	37	23	inaccurate	inaccurate	ADJ
cice-8776	37	24	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	38	1	therefore	therefore	ADV
cice-8776	38	2	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	38	3	the	the	DET
cice-8776	38	4	author	author	NOUN
cice-8776	38	5	’s	’s	PART
cice-8776	38	6	approach	approach	NOUN
cice-8776	38	7	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	38	8	presenting	present	VERB
cice-8776	38	9	each	each	DET
cice-8776	38	10	country	country	NOUN
cice-8776	38	11	individually	individually	ADV
cice-8776	38	12	with	with	ADP
cice-8776	38	13	the	the	DET
cice-8776	38	14	data	datum	NOUN
cice-8776	38	15	available	available	ADJ
cice-8776	38	16	through	through	ADP
cice-8776	38	17	tables	table	NOUN
cice-8776	38	18	helps	help	VERB
cice-8776	38	19	to	to	PART
cice-8776	38	20	contextualize	contextualize	VERB
cice-8776	38	21	the	the	DET
cice-8776	38	22	similarities	similarity	NOUN
cice-8776	38	23	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	38	24	differences	difference	NOUN
cice-8776	38	25	across	across	ADP
cice-8776	38	26	the	the	DET
cice-8776	38	27	region	region	NOUN
cice-8776	38	28	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	38	29	but	but	CCONJ
cice-8776	38	30	this	this	PRON
cice-8776	38	31	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	38	32	left	leave	VERB
cice-8776	38	33	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	38	34	the	the	DET
cice-8776	38	35	reader	reader	NOUN
cice-8776	38	36	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	39	1	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	39	2	expands	expand	VERB
cice-8776	39	3	his	his	PRON
cice-8776	39	4	analysis	analysis	NOUN
cice-8776	39	5	into	into	ADP
cice-8776	39	6	various	various	ADJ
cice-8776	39	7	areas	area	NOUN
cice-8776	39	8	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	39	9	such	such	ADJ
cice-8776	39	10	as	as	ADP
cice-8776	39	11	the	the	DET
cice-8776	39	12	business	business	NOUN
cice-8776	39	13	sector	sector	NOUN
cice-8776	39	14	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	39	15	as	as	SCONJ
cice-8776	39	16	some	some	DET
cice-8776	39	17	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-8776	39	18	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	39	19	done	do	VERB
cice-8776	39	20	through	through	ADP
cice-8776	39	21	private	private	ADJ
cice-8776	39	22	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	39	23	-	-	PUNCT
cice-8776	39	24	profit	profit	NOUN
cice-8776	39	25	businesses	business	NOUN
cice-8776	39	26	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	39	27	which	which	PRON
cice-8776	39	28	contribute	contribute	VERB
cice-8776	39	29	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	39	30	the	the	DET
cice-8776	39	31	business	business	NOUN
cice-8776	39	32	sector	sector	NOUN
cice-8776	39	33	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	39	34	development	development	NOUN
cice-8776	39	35	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	39	36	a	a	DET
cice-8776	39	37	country	country	NOUN
cice-8776	39	38	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	40	1	by	by	ADP
cice-8776	40	2	examining	examine	VERB
cice-8776	40	3	various	various	ADJ
cice-8776	40	4	elements	element	NOUN
cice-8776	40	5	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	40	6	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	40	7	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	40	8	such	such	ADJ
cice-8776	40	9	as	as	ADP
cice-8776	40	10	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	40	11	rural	rural	ADJ
cice-8776	40	12	versus	versus	ADP
cice-8776	40	13	urban	urban	ADJ
cice-8776	40	14	settings	setting	NOUN
cice-8776	40	15	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	40	16	the	the	DET
cice-8776	40	17	business	business	NOUN
cice-8776	40	18	climate	climate	NOUN
cice-8776	40	19	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	40	20	various	various	ADJ
cice-8776	40	21	african	african	ADJ
cice-8776	40	22	countries	country	NOUN
cice-8776	40	23	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	40	24	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	40	25	perceptions	perception	NOUN
cice-8776	40	26	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	40	27	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-8776	40	28	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	40	29	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	40	30	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	40	31	truly	truly	ADV
cice-8776	40	32	“	"	PUNCT
cice-8776	40	33	mapping	map	VERB
cice-8776	40	34	the	the	DET
cice-8776	40	35	landscape	landscape	NOUN
cice-8776	40	36	”	"	PUNCT
cice-8776	40	37	as	as	SCONJ
cice-8776	40	38	he	he	PRON
cice-8776	40	39	has	have	AUX
cice-8776	40	40	titled	title	VERB
cice-8776	40	41	the	the	DET
cice-8776	40	42	chapter	chapter	NOUN
cice-8776	40	43	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	40	44	which	which	PRON
cice-8776	40	45	much	much	ADJ
cice-8776	40	46	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	40	47	this	this	DET
cice-8776	40	48	data	data	NOUN
cice-8776	40	49	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	40	50	held	hold	VERB
cice-8776	40	51	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	40	52	2021	2021	NUM
cice-8776	40	53	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	40	54	p.	p.	NOUN
cice-8776	40	55	13	13	NUM
cice-8776	40	56	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	40	57	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	41	1	this	this	DET
cice-8776	41	2	comprehensive	comprehensive	ADJ
cice-8776	41	3	overview	overview	NOUN
cice-8776	41	4	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	41	5	the	the	DET
cice-8776	41	6	data	datum	NOUN
cice-8776	41	7	-what	-what	PROPN
cice-8776	41	8	little	little	ADJ
cice-8776	41	9	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	41	10	availableestablishes	availableestablishe	VERB
cice-8776	41	11	the	the	DET
cice-8776	41	12	foundation	foundation	NOUN
cice-8776	41	13	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	41	14	continued	continued	ADJ
cice-8776	41	15	research	research	NOUN
cice-8776	41	16	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	41	17	the	the	DET
cice-8776	41	18	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	41	19	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	41	20	situation	situation	NOUN
cice-8776	41	21	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	41	22	the	the	DET
cice-8776	41	23	african	african	ADJ
cice-8776	41	24	region	region	NOUN
cice-8776	41	25	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	42	1	therefore	therefore	ADV
cice-8776	42	2	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	42	3	after	after	ADP
cice-8776	42	4	presenting	present	VERB
cice-8776	42	5	the	the	DET
cice-8776	42	6	landscape	landscape	NOUN
cice-8776	42	7	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	42	8	african	african	ADJ
cice-8776	42	9	shadow	shadow	PROPN
cice-8776	42	10	education	education	PROPN
cice-8776	42	11	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	42	12	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	42	13	provides	provide	VERB
cice-8776	42	14	policy	policy	NOUN
cice-8776	42	15	recommendations	recommendation	NOUN
cice-8776	42	16	to	to	PART
cice-8776	42	17	prevent	prevent	VERB
cice-8776	42	18	the	the	DET
cice-8776	42	19	recurrence	recurrence	NOUN
cice-8776	42	20	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	42	21	many	many	ADJ
cice-8776	42	22	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	42	23	the	the	DET
cice-8776	42	24	harmful	harmful	ADJ
cice-8776	42	25	effects	effect	NOUN
cice-8776	42	26	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	42	27	private	private	ADJ
cice-8776	42	28	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-8776	42	29	seen	see	VERB
cice-8776	42	30	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	42	31	other	other	ADJ
cice-8776	42	32	parts	part	NOUN
cice-8776	42	33	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	42	34	the	the	DET
cice-8776	42	35	world	world	NOUN
cice-8776	42	36	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	43	1	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	43	2	’s	’s	PART
cice-8776	43	3	recommendations	recommendation	NOUN
cice-8776	43	4	from	from	ADP
cice-8776	43	5	the	the	DET
cice-8776	43	6	data	datum	NOUN
cice-8776	43	7	presented	present	VERB
cice-8776	43	8	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	43	9	the	the	DET
cice-8776	43	10	book	book	NOUN
cice-8776	43	11	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	43	12	it	it	PRON
cice-8776	43	13	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	43	14	clear	clear	ADJ
cice-8776	43	15	that	that	SCONJ
cice-8776	43	16	there	there	PRON
cice-8776	43	17	is	be	VERB
cice-8776	43	18	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	43	19	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	43	20	happening	happen	VERB
cice-8776	43	21	on	on	ADP
cice-8776	43	22	the	the	DET
cice-8776	43	23	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	43	24	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	43	25	that	that	SCONJ
cice-8776	43	26	only	only	ADV
cice-8776	43	27	some	some	DET
cice-8776	43	28	students	student	NOUN
cice-8776	43	29	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	43	30	teachers	teacher	NOUN
cice-8776	43	31	benefit	benefit	VERB
cice-8776	43	32	from	from	ADP
cice-8776	43	33	these	these	DET
cice-8776	43	34	practices	practice	NOUN
cice-8776	43	35	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	43	36	while	while	SCONJ
cice-8776	43	37	most	most	ADJ
cice-8776	43	38	are	be	AUX
cice-8776	43	39	impacted	impact	VERB
cice-8776	43	40	negatively	negatively	ADV
cice-8776	43	41	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	44	1	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	44	2	outlines	outline	VERB
cice-8776	44	3	what	what	PRON
cice-8776	44	4	steps	step	NOUN
cice-8776	44	5	governments	government	NOUN
cice-8776	44	6	can	can	AUX
cice-8776	44	7	take	take	VERB
cice-8776	44	8	now	now	ADV
cice-8776	44	9	to	to	PART
cice-8776	44	10	prevent	prevent	VERB
cice-8776	44	11	a	a	DET
cice-8776	44	12	total	total	ADJ
cice-8776	44	13	loss	loss	NOUN
cice-8776	44	14	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	44	15	control	control	NOUN
cice-8776	44	16	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	44	17	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	44	18	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	44	19	the	the	DET
cice-8776	44	20	private	private	ADJ
cice-8776	44	21	sector	sector	NOUN
cice-8776	44	22	through	through	ADP
cice-8776	44	23	increased	increase	VERB
cice-8776	44	24	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	44	25	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	44	26	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	45	1	the	the	DET
cice-8776	45	2	recommendations	recommendation	NOUN
cice-8776	45	3	are	be	AUX
cice-8776	45	4	categorized	categorize	VERB
cice-8776	45	5	into	into	ADP
cice-8776	45	6	four	four	NUM
cice-8776	45	7	areas	area	NOUN
cice-8776	45	8	:	:	PUNCT
cice-8776	45	9	securing	secure	VERB
cice-8776	45	10	data	datum	NOUN
cice-8776	45	11	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	45	12	monitoring	monitoring	NOUN
cice-8776	45	13	trends	trend	NOUN
cice-8776	45	14	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	45	15	reforming	reform	VERB
cice-8776	45	16	assessment	assessment	NOUN
cice-8776	45	17	selection	selection	NOUN
cice-8776	45	18	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	45	19	curriculum	curriculum	NOUN
cice-8776	45	20	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	45	21	devising	devise	VERB
cice-8776	45	22	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	45	23	implementing	implement	VERB
cice-8776	45	24	regulations	regulation	NOUN
cice-8776	45	25	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	45	26	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	45	27	developing	develop	VERB
cice-8776	45	28	partnerships	partnership	NOUN
cice-8776	45	29	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	45	30	bray	bray	NOUN
cice-8776	45	31	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	45	32	2021	2021	NUM
cice-8776	45	33	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	45	34	pp	pp	ADJ
cice-8776	45	35	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	46	1	50	50	NUM
cice-8776	46	2	-	-	SYM
cice-8776	46	3	63	63	NUM
cice-8776	46	4	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	46	5	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	47	1	the	the	DET
cice-8776	47	2	first	first	ADJ
cice-8776	47	3	section	section	NOUN
cice-8776	47	4	identifies	identify	VERB
cice-8776	47	5	the	the	DET
cice-8776	47	6	critiques	critique	NOUN
cice-8776	47	7	made	make	VERB
cice-8776	47	8	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	47	9	this	this	DET
cice-8776	47	10	review	review	NOUN
cice-8776	47	11	that	that	SCONJ
cice-8776	47	12	the	the	DET
cice-8776	47	13	author	author	NOUN
cice-8776	47	14	assembled	assemble	VERB
cice-8776	47	15	a	a	DET
cice-8776	47	16	“	"	PUNCT
cice-8776	47	17	jigsaw	jigsaw	NOUN
cice-8776	47	18	puzzle	puzzle	NOUN
cice-8776	47	19	”	"	PUNCT
cice-8776	47	20	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	47	21	data	datum	NOUN
cice-8776	47	22	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	47	23	but	but	CCONJ
cice-8776	47	24	with	with	ADP
cice-8776	47	25	many	many	ADJ
cice-8776	47	26	missing	missing	ADJ
cice-8776	47	27	pieces	piece	NOUN
cice-8776	47	28	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	47	29	see	see	VERB
cice-8776	47	30	also	also	ADV
cice-8776	47	31	bray	bray	VERB
cice-8776	47	32	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	47	33	2010	2010	NUM
cice-8776	47	34	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	47	35	p.3	p.3	NOUN
cice-8776	47	36	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	47	37	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	48	1	he	he	PRON
cice-8776	48	2	notes	note	VERB
cice-8776	48	3	this	this	PRON
cice-8776	48	4	as	as	ADP
cice-8776	48	5	a	a	DET
cice-8776	48	6	commonality	commonality	NOUN
cice-8776	48	7	with	with	ADP
cice-8776	48	8	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	48	9	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	48	10	research	research	NOUN
cice-8776	48	11	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	48	12	general	general	ADJ
cice-8776	48	13	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	48	14	bray	bray	NOUN
cice-8776	48	15	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	48	16	2021	2021	NUM
cice-8776	48	17	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	48	18	p.	p.	NOUN
cice-8776	48	19	50	50	NUM
cice-8776	48	20	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	48	21	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	49	1	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	49	2	addresses	address	VERB
cice-8776	49	3	the	the	DET
cice-8776	49	4	need	need	NOUN
cice-8776	49	5	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	49	6	a	a	DET
cice-8776	49	7	common	common	ADJ
cice-8776	49	8	yardstick	yardstick	NOUN
cice-8776	49	9	to	to	PART
cice-8776	49	10	allow	allow	VERB
cice-8776	49	11	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	49	12	comparison	comparison	NOUN
cice-8776	49	13	across	across	ADP
cice-8776	49	14	countries	country	NOUN
cice-8776	49	15	when	when	SCONJ
cice-8776	49	16	analyzing	analyze	VERB
cice-8776	49	17	the	the	DET
cice-8776	49	18	case	case	NOUN
cice-8776	49	19	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	49	20	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-8776	49	21	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	49	22	regard	regard	NOUN
cice-8776	49	23	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	49	24	shadow	shadow	VERB
cice-8776	49	25	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	49	26	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	50	1	meeting	meet	VERB
cice-8776	50	2	this	this	DET
cice-8776	50	3	need	need	NOUN
cice-8776	50	4	should	should	AUX
cice-8776	50	5	be	be	AUX
cice-8776	50	6	viewed	view	VERB
cice-8776	50	7	as	as	ADP
cice-8776	50	8	furthering	further	VERB
cice-8776	50	9	the	the	DET
cice-8776	50	10	research	research	NOUN
cice-8776	50	11	started	start	VERB
cice-8776	50	12	through	through	ADP
cice-8776	50	13	this	this	DET
cice-8776	50	14	book	book	NOUN
cice-8776	50	15	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	50	16	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	50	17	’s	’s	PART
cice-8776	50	18	other	other	ADJ
cice-8776	50	19	works	work	NOUN
cice-8776	50	20	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	50	21	1999	1999	NUM
cice-8776	50	22	;	;	PUNCT
cice-8776	50	23	2003	2003	NUM
cice-8776	50	24	;	;	PUNCT
cice-8776	50	25	2009	2009	NUM
cice-8776	50	26	;	;	PUNCT
cice-8776	50	27	2010	2010	NUM
cice-8776	50	28	;	;	PUNCT
cice-8776	50	29	2017	2017	NUM
cice-8776	50	30	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	50	31	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	50	32	closing	close	VERB
cice-8776	50	33	the	the	DET
cice-8776	50	34	gap	gap	NOUN
cice-8776	50	35	made	make	VERB
cice-8776	50	36	obvious	obvious	ADJ
cice-8776	50	37	through	through	ADP
cice-8776	50	38	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	50	39	’s	’s	PART
cice-8776	50	40	findings	finding	NOUN
cice-8776	50	41	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	50	42	this	this	DET
cice-8776	50	43	book	book	NOUN
cice-8776	50	44	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	51	1	the	the	DET
cice-8776	51	2	remaining	remain	VERB
cice-8776	51	3	recommendations	recommendation	NOUN
cice-8776	51	4	are	be	AUX
cice-8776	51	5	accurate	accurate	ADJ
cice-8776	51	6	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	51	7	needed	need	VERB
cice-8776	51	8	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	51	9	but	but	CCONJ
cice-8776	51	10	they	they	PRON
cice-8776	51	11	are	be	AUX
cice-8776	51	12	impractical	impractical	ADJ
cice-8776	51	13	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	51	14	the	the	DET
cice-8776	51	15	scope	scope	NOUN
cice-8776	51	16	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	51	17	this	this	DET
cice-8776	51	18	book	book	NOUN
cice-8776	51	19	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	52	1	with	with	ADP
cice-8776	52	2	the	the	DET
cice-8776	52	3	scope	scope	NOUN
cice-8776	52	4	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	52	5	this	this	DET
cice-8776	52	6	analysis	analysis	NOUN
cice-8776	52	7	as	as	ADP
cice-8776	52	8	the	the	DET
cice-8776	52	9	entire	entire	ADJ
cice-8776	52	10	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	52	11	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	52	12	it	it	PRON
cice-8776	52	13	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	52	14	assumed	assume	VERB
cice-8776	52	15	by	by	ADP
cice-8776	52	16	the	the	DET
cice-8776	52	17	reader	reader	NOUN
cice-8776	52	18	these	these	PRON
cice-8776	52	19	are	be	AUX
cice-8776	52	20	policy	policy	NOUN
cice-8776	52	21	recommendations	recommendation	NOUN
cice-8776	52	22	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	52	23	the	the	DET
cice-8776	52	24	entire	entire	ADJ
cice-8776	52	25	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	52	26	as	as	ADV
cice-8776	52	27	well	well	ADV
cice-8776	52	28	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	53	1	how	how	SCONJ
cice-8776	53	2	can	can	AUX
cice-8776	53	3	assessment	assessment	VERB
cice-8776	53	4	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	53	5	curriculum	curriculum	NOUN
cice-8776	53	6	reform	reform	NOUN
cice-8776	53	7	be	be	AUX
cice-8776	53	8	enacted	enact	VERB
cice-8776	53	9	across	across	ADP
cice-8776	53	10	the	the	DET
cice-8776	53	11	african	african	ADJ
cice-8776	53	12	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	53	13	while	while	SCONJ
cice-8776	53	14	maintaining	maintain	VERB
cice-8776	53	15	individuality	individuality	NOUN
cice-8776	53	16	among	among	ADP
cice-8776	53	17	countries	country	NOUN
cice-8776	53	18	?	?	PUNCT
cice-8776	54	1	similarly	similarly	ADV
cice-8776	54	2	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	54	3	how	how	SCONJ
cice-8776	54	4	can	can	AUX
cice-8776	54	5	the	the	DET
cice-8776	54	6	same	same	ADJ
cice-8776	54	7	regulations	regulation	NOUN
cice-8776	54	8	be	be	VERB
cice-8776	54	9	collins	collins	PROPN
cice-8776	54	10	current	current	ADJ
cice-8776	54	11	issues	issue	NOUN
cice-8776	54	12	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	54	13	comparative	comparative	ADJ
cice-8776	54	14	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	54	15	138	138	NUM
cice-8776	54	16	implemented	implement	VERB
cice-8776	54	17	across	across	ADP
cice-8776	54	18	the	the	DET
cice-8776	54	19	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	54	20	while	while	SCONJ
cice-8776	54	21	still	still	ADV
cice-8776	54	22	allowing	allow	VERB
cice-8776	54	23	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	54	24	economic	economic	ADJ
cice-8776	54	25	competition	competition	NOUN
cice-8776	54	26	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	54	27	the	the	DET
cice-8776	54	28	region	region	NOUN
cice-8776	54	29	?	?	PUNCT
cice-8776	55	1	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	55	2	assumes	assume	VERB
cice-8776	55	3	all	all	DET
cice-8776	55	4	the	the	DET
cice-8776	55	5	countries	country	NOUN
cice-8776	55	6	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	55	7	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-8776	55	8	will	will	AUX
cice-8776	55	9	eventually	eventually	ADV
cice-8776	55	10	succumb	succumb	VERB
cice-8776	55	11	to	to	PART
cice-8776	55	12	shadow	shadow	VERB
cice-8776	55	13	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	55	14	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	55	15	so	so	ADV
cice-8776	55	16	therefore	therefore	ADV
cice-8776	55	17	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	55	18	these	these	DET
cice-8776	55	19	recommendations	recommendation	NOUN
cice-8776	55	20	should	should	AUX
cice-8776	55	21	be	be	AUX
cice-8776	55	22	employed	employ	VERB
cice-8776	55	23	across	across	ADP
cice-8776	55	24	the	the	DET
cice-8776	55	25	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	55	26	to	to	PART
cice-8776	55	27	address	address	VERB
cice-8776	55	28	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	55	29	prevent	prevent	VERB
cice-8776	55	30	its	its	PRON
cice-8776	55	31	expansion	expansion	NOUN
cice-8776	55	32	or	or	CCONJ
cice-8776	55	33	presence	presence	NOUN
cice-8776	55	34	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	56	1	the	the	DET
cice-8776	56	2	author	author	NOUN
cice-8776	56	3	should	should	AUX
cice-8776	56	4	have	have	AUX
cice-8776	56	5	spelled	spell	VERB
cice-8776	56	6	out	out	ADP
cice-8776	56	7	specific	specific	ADJ
cice-8776	56	8	recommendations	recommendation	NOUN
cice-8776	56	9	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	56	10	the	the	DET
cice-8776	56	11	various	various	ADJ
cice-8776	56	12	levels	level	NOUN
cice-8776	56	13	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	56	14	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	56	15	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	56	16	present	present	ADJ
cice-8776	56	17	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	56	18	some	some	DET
cice-8776	56	19	countries	country	NOUN
cice-8776	56	20	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	56	21	similarly	similarly	ADV
cice-8776	56	22	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	56	23	how	how	SCONJ
cice-8776	56	24	he	he	PRON
cice-8776	56	25	presented	present	VERB
cice-8776	56	26	data	datum	NOUN
cice-8776	56	27	that	that	PRON
cice-8776	56	28	was	be	AUX
cice-8776	56	29	available	available	ADJ
cice-8776	56	30	through	through	ADP
cice-8776	56	31	tables	table	NOUN
cice-8776	56	32	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	57	1	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	57	2	does	do	AUX
cice-8776	57	3	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	57	4	however	however	ADV
cice-8776	57	5	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	57	6	describe	describe	VERB
cice-8776	57	7	practices	practice	NOUN
cice-8776	57	8	already	already	ADV
cice-8776	57	9	used	use	VERB
cice-8776	57	10	on	on	ADP
cice-8776	57	11	the	the	DET
cice-8776	57	12	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	57	13	by	by	ADP
cice-8776	57	14	some	some	DET
cice-8776	57	15	countries	country	NOUN
cice-8776	57	16	to	to	PART
cice-8776	57	17	combat	combat	VERB
cice-8776	57	18	the	the	DET
cice-8776	57	19	negative	negative	ADJ
cice-8776	57	20	effects	effect	NOUN
cice-8776	57	21	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	57	22	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	57	23	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	57	24	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	57	25	2021	2021	NUM
cice-8776	57	26	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	57	27	p.	p.	NOUN
cice-8776	57	28	59	59	NUM
cice-8776	57	29	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	57	30	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	58	1	by	by	ADP
cice-8776	58	2	highlighting	highlight	VERB
cice-8776	58	3	current	current	ADJ
cice-8776	58	4	best	good	ADJ
cice-8776	58	5	practices	practice	NOUN
cice-8776	58	6	developed	develop	VERB
cice-8776	58	7	by	by	ADP
cice-8776	58	8	those	those	PRON
cice-8776	58	9	on	on	ADP
cice-8776	58	10	the	the	DET
cice-8776	58	11	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	58	12	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	58	13	a	a	DET
cice-8776	58	14	foundation	foundation	NOUN
cice-8776	58	15	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	58	16	further	further	ADJ
cice-8776	58	17	recommendations	recommendation	NOUN
cice-8776	58	18	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	58	19	built	build	VERB
cice-8776	58	20	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	59	1	finally	finally	ADV
cice-8776	59	2	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	59	3	the	the	DET
cice-8776	59	4	recommendation	recommendation	NOUN
cice-8776	59	5	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	59	6	partnerships	partnership	NOUN
cice-8776	59	7	draws	draw	VERB
cice-8776	59	8	the	the	DET
cice-8776	59	9	attention	attention	NOUN
cice-8776	59	10	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	59	11	partners	partner	NOUN
cice-8776	59	12	already	already	ADV
cice-8776	59	13	established	establish	VERB
cice-8776	59	14	on	on	ADP
cice-8776	59	15	the	the	DET
cice-8776	59	16	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	59	17	to	to	PART
cice-8776	59	18	prioritize	prioritize	VERB
cice-8776	59	19	private	private	ADJ
cice-8776	59	20	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-8776	59	21	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	59	22	develop	develop	VERB
cice-8776	59	23	more	more	ADV
cice-8776	59	24	effective	effective	ADJ
cice-8776	59	25	responses	response	NOUN
cice-8776	59	26	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	60	1	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN
cice-8776	60	2	the	the	DET
cice-8776	60	3	book	book	NOUN
cice-8776	60	4	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	60	5	education	education	PROPN
cice-8776	60	6	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	60	7	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-8776	60	8	:	:	PUNCT
cice-8776	61	1	private	private	ADJ
cice-8776	61	2	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
cice-8776	61	3	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-8776	61	4	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	61	5	its	its	PRON
cice-8776	61	6	policy	policy	NOUN
cice-8776	61	7	implications	implication	NOUN
cice-8776	61	8	by	by	ADP
cice-8776	61	9	mark	mark	PROPN
cice-8776	61	10	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	61	11	examines	examine	VERB
cice-8776	61	12	a	a	DET
cice-8776	61	13	new	new	ADJ
cice-8776	61	14	concern	concern	NOUN
cice-8776	61	15	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	61	16	educational	educational	ADJ
cice-8776	61	17	development	development	NOUN
cice-8776	61	18	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	61	19	the	the	DET
cice-8776	61	20	african	african	ADJ
cice-8776	61	21	region	region	NOUN
cice-8776	61	22	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	62	1	his	his	PRON
cice-8776	62	2	recommendations	recommendation	NOUN
cice-8776	62	3	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	62	4	expanded	expand	VERB
cice-8776	62	5	data	datum	NOUN
cice-8776	62	6	collection	collection	NOUN
cice-8776	62	7	specific	specific	ADJ
cice-8776	62	8	to	to	PART
cice-8776	62	9	shadow	shadow	VERB
cice-8776	62	10	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	62	11	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	62	12	consistent	consistent	ADJ
cice-8776	62	13	across	across	ADP
cice-8776	62	14	the	the	DET
cice-8776	62	15	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	62	16	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	62	17	well	well	ADV
cice-8776	62	18	warranted	warrant	VERB
cice-8776	62	19	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	62	20	address	address	VERB
cice-8776	62	21	the	the	DET
cice-8776	62	22	critiques	critique	NOUN
cice-8776	62	23	described	describe	VERB
cice-8776	62	24	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	62	25	this	this	DET
cice-8776	62	26	review	review	NOUN
cice-8776	62	27	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	63	1	the	the	DET
cice-8776	63	2	“	"	PUNCT
cice-8776	63	3	scattered	scatter	VERB
cice-8776	63	4	”	"	PUNCT
cice-8776	63	5	nature	nature	NOUN
cice-8776	63	6	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	63	7	data	datum	NOUN
cice-8776	63	8	on	on	ADP
cice-8776	63	9	shadow	shadow	PROPN
cice-8776	63	10	education	education	PROPN
cice-8776	63	11	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	63	12	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-8776	63	13	calls	call	VERB
cice-8776	63	14	on	on	ADP
cice-8776	63	15	future	future	ADJ
cice-8776	63	16	researchers	researcher	NOUN
cice-8776	63	17	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	63	18	this	this	DET
cice-8776	63	19	topic	topic	NOUN
cice-8776	63	20	to	to	PART
cice-8776	63	21	streamline	streamline	VERB
cice-8776	63	22	approaches	approach	NOUN
cice-8776	63	23	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	63	24	collecting	collect	VERB
cice-8776	63	25	data	datum	NOUN
cice-8776	63	26	across	across	ADP
cice-8776	63	27	the	the	DET
cice-8776	63	28	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	63	29	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	64	1	this	this	DET
cice-8776	64	2	data	data	NOUN
cice-8776	64	3	collection	collection	NOUN
cice-8776	64	4	can	can	AUX
cice-8776	64	5	be	be	AUX
cice-8776	64	6	done	do	VERB
cice-8776	64	7	through	through	ADP
cice-8776	64	8	the	the	DET
cice-8776	64	9	partnerships	partnership	NOUN
cice-8776	64	10	presented	present	VERB
cice-8776	64	11	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	64	12	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	64	13	’s	’s	PART
cice-8776	64	14	recommendations	recommendation	NOUN
cice-8776	64	15	working	work	VERB
cice-8776	64	16	with	with	ADP
cice-8776	64	17	organizations	organization	NOUN
cice-8776	64	18	already	already	ADV
cice-8776	64	19	collecting	collect	VERB
cice-8776	64	20	data	datum	NOUN
cice-8776	64	21	on	on	ADP
cice-8776	64	22	other	other	ADJ
cice-8776	64	23	topics	topic	NOUN
cice-8776	64	24	throughout	throughout	ADP
cice-8776	64	25	the	the	DET
cice-8776	64	26	region	region	NOUN
cice-8776	64	27	;	;	PUNCT
cice-8776	64	28	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	64	29	example	example	NOUN
cice-8776	64	30	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	64	31	national	national	ADJ
cice-8776	64	32	household	household	NOUN
cice-8776	64	33	surveys	survey	NOUN
cice-8776	64	34	could	could	AUX
cice-8776	64	35	include	include	VERB
cice-8776	64	36	questions	question	NOUN
cice-8776	64	37	regarding	regard	VERB
cice-8776	64	38	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	64	39	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	64	40	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	65	1	while	while	SCONJ
cice-8776	65	2	his	his	PRON
cice-8776	65	3	other	other	ADJ
cice-8776	65	4	recommendations	recommendation	NOUN
cice-8776	65	5	are	be	AUX
cice-8776	65	6	useful	useful	ADJ
cice-8776	65	7	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	65	8	they	they	PRON
cice-8776	65	9	should	should	AUX
cice-8776	65	10	be	be	AUX
cice-8776	65	11	contextualized	contextualize	VERB
cice-8776	65	12	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	65	13	each	each	DET
cice-8776	65	14	country	country	NOUN
cice-8776	65	15	on	on	ADP
cice-8776	65	16	the	the	DET
cice-8776	65	17	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	65	18	regarding	regard	VERB
cice-8776	65	19	the	the	DET
cice-8776	65	20	current	current	ADJ
cice-8776	65	21	level	level	NOUN
cice-8776	65	22	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	65	23	private	private	ADJ
cice-8776	65	24	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-8776	65	25	taking	take	VERB
cice-8776	65	26	place	place	NOUN
cice-8776	65	27	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	65	28	the	the	DET
cice-8776	65	29	level	level	NOUN
cice-8776	65	30	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	65	31	development	development	NOUN
cice-8776	65	32	the	the	DET
cice-8776	65	33	country	country	NOUN
cice-8776	65	34	’s	’s	PART
cice-8776	65	35	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	65	36	system	system	NOUN
cice-8776	65	37	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	65	38	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	65	39	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	66	1	this	this	DET
cice-8776	66	2	book	book	NOUN
cice-8776	66	3	begins	begin	VERB
cice-8776	66	4	the	the	DET
cice-8776	66	5	conversations	conversation	NOUN
cice-8776	66	6	surrounding	surround	VERB
cice-8776	66	7	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	66	8	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	66	9	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	66	10	the	the	DET
cice-8776	66	11	african	african	ADJ
cice-8776	66	12	region	region	NOUN
cice-8776	66	13	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	66	14	provides	provide	VERB
cice-8776	66	15	a	a	DET
cice-8776	66	16	foundational	foundational	ADJ
cice-8776	66	17	resource	resource	NOUN
cice-8776	66	18	for	for	SCONJ
cice-8776	66	19	others	other	NOUN
cice-8776	66	20	to	to	PART
cice-8776	66	21	expand	expand	VERB
cice-8776	66	22	through	through	ADP
cice-8776	66	23	its	its	PRON
cice-8776	66	24	accessibility	accessibility	NOUN
cice-8776	66	25	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	66	26	the	the	DET
cice-8776	66	27	public	public	NOUN
cice-8776	66	28	via	via	ADP
cice-8776	66	29	open	open	ADJ
cice-8776	66	30	access	access	NOUN
cice-8776	66	31	online	online	ADJ
cice-8776	66	32	download	download	NOUN
cice-8776	66	33	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	67	1	i	i	PRON
cice-8776	67	2	recommend	recommend	VERB
cice-8776	67	3	this	this	DET
cice-8776	67	4	book	book	NOUN
cice-8776	67	5	as	as	ADP
cice-8776	67	6	an	an	DET
cice-8776	67	7	introduction	introduction	NOUN
cice-8776	67	8	to	to	ADP
cice-8776	67	9	the	the	DET
cice-8776	67	10	current	current	ADJ
cice-8776	67	11	state	state	NOUN
cice-8776	67	12	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	67	13	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
cice-8776	67	14	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	67	15	practices	practice	NOUN
cice-8776	67	16	as	as	SCONJ
cice-8776	67	17	they	they	PRON
cice-8776	67	18	unfold	unfold	VERB
cice-8776	67	19	on	on	ADP
cice-8776	67	20	the	the	DET
cice-8776	67	21	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	67	22	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	67	23	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-8776	67	24	as	as	ADV
cice-8776	67	25	well	well	ADV
cice-8776	67	26	as	as	ADP
cice-8776	67	27	a	a	DET
cice-8776	67	28	warning	warning	NOUN
cice-8776	67	29	to	to	PART
cice-8776	67	30	inform	inform	VERB
cice-8776	67	31	practitioners	practitioner	NOUN
cice-8776	67	32	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	67	33	researchers	researcher	NOUN
cice-8776	67	34	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	67	35	the	the	DET
cice-8776	67	36	implications	implication	NOUN
cice-8776	67	37	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	67	38	global	global	ADJ
cice-8776	67	39	educational	educational	ADJ
cice-8776	67	40	development	development	NOUN
cice-8776	67	41	standards	standard	NOUN
cice-8776	67	42	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	67	43	the	the	DET
cice-8776	67	44	region	region	NOUN
cice-8776	67	45	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	68	1	this	this	DET
cice-8776	68	2	book	book	NOUN
cice-8776	68	3	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	68	4	also	also	ADV
cice-8776	68	5	a	a	DET
cice-8776	68	6	helpful	helpful	ADJ
cice-8776	68	7	database	database	NOUN
cice-8776	68	8	resource	resource	NOUN
cice-8776	68	9	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	68	10	statistics	statistic	NOUN
cice-8776	68	11	regarding	regard	VERB
cice-8776	68	12	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	68	13	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	68	14	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	68	15	different	different	ADJ
cice-8776	68	16	forms	form	NOUN
cice-8776	68	17	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	68	18	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	68	19	different	different	ADJ
cice-8776	68	20	contexts	context	NOUN
cice-8776	68	21	with	with	ADP
cice-8776	68	22	various	various	ADJ
cice-8776	68	23	populations	population	NOUN
cice-8776	68	24	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	68	25	students	student	NOUN
cice-8776	68	26	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	69	1	madison	madison	PROPN
cice-8776	69	2	collins	collins	PROPN
cice-8776	69	3	is	be	AUX
cice-8776	69	4	a	a	DET
cice-8776	69	5	recent	recent	ADJ
cice-8776	69	6	graduate	graduate	NOUN
cice-8776	69	7	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	69	8	the	the	DET
cice-8776	69	9	international	international	ADJ
cice-8776	69	10	educational	educational	ADJ
cice-8776	69	11	development	development	PROPN
cice-8776	69	12	master	master	NOUN
cice-8776	69	13	’s	’s	PART
cice-8776	69	14	program	program	NOUN
cice-8776	69	15	at	at	ADP
cice-8776	69	16	teachers	teachers	PROPN
cice-8776	69	17	college	college	PROPN
cice-8776	69	18	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	69	19	columbia	columbia	PROPN
cice-8776	69	20	university	university	PROPN
cice-8776	69	21	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	70	1	during	during	ADP
cice-8776	70	2	her	her	PRON
cice-8776	70	3	time	time	NOUN
cice-8776	70	4	at	at	ADP
cice-8776	70	5	teachers	teachers	PROPN
cice-8776	70	6	college	college	PROPN
cice-8776	70	7	madison	madison	PROPN
cice-8776	70	8	led	lead	VERB
cice-8776	70	9	the	the	DET
cice-8776	70	10	center	center	NOUN
cice-8776	70	11	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	70	12	african	african	ADJ
cice-8776	70	13	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	70	14	by	by	ADP
cice-8776	70	15	developing	develop	VERB
cice-8776	70	16	events	event	NOUN
cice-8776	70	17	focused	focus	VERB
cice-8776	70	18	on	on	ADP
cice-8776	70	19	human	human	ADJ
cice-8776	70	20	rights	right	NOUN
cice-8776	70	21	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	70	22	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	70	23	developing	develop	VERB
cice-8776	70	24	resources	resource	NOUN
cice-8776	70	25	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	70	26	students	student	NOUN
cice-8776	70	27	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	70	28	expanding	expand	VERB
cice-8776	70	29	the	the	DET
cice-8776	70	30	center	center	NOUN
cice-8776	70	31	’s	’s	PART
cice-8776	70	32	network	network	NOUN
cice-8776	70	33	with	with	ADP
cice-8776	70	34	stakeholders	stakeholder	NOUN
cice-8776	70	35	on	on	ADP
cice-8776	70	36	the	the	DET
cice-8776	70	37	continent	continent	NOUN
cice-8776	70	38	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	71	1	shadow	shadow	PROPN
cice-8776	71	2	education	education	PROPN
cice-8776	71	3	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	71	4	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-8776	71	5	current	current	ADJ
cice-8776	71	6	issues	issue	NOUN
cice-8776	71	7	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	71	8	comparative	comparative	ADJ
cice-8776	71	9	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	71	10	139	139	NUM
cice-8776	71	11	references	reference	NOUN
cice-8776	71	12	bray	bray	NOUN
cice-8776	71	13	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	71	14	m.	m.	NOUN
cice-8776	71	15	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	71	16	1999	1999	NUM
cice-8776	71	17	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	71	18	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	72	1	the	the	DET
cice-8776	72	2	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	72	3	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	72	4	system	system	NOUN
cice-8776	72	5	:	:	PUNCT
cice-8776	72	6	private	private	ADJ
cice-8776	72	7	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-8776	72	8	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	72	9	its	its	PRON
cice-8776	72	10	implications	implication	NOUN
cice-8776	72	11	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	72	12	planners	planner	NOUN
cice-8776	72	13	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	73	1	fundamentals	fundamental	NOUN
cice-8776	73	2	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	73	3	educational	educational	ADJ
cice-8776	73	4	planning	planning	NOUN
cice-8776	73	5	61	61	NUM
cice-8776	73	6	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	74	1	unesco	unesco	PROPN
cice-8776	74	2	international	international	PROPN
cice-8776	74	3	institute	institute	PROPN
cice-8776	74	4	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	74	5	educational	educational	ADJ
cice-8776	74	6	planning	planning	NOUN
cice-8776	74	7	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	74	8	iiep	iiep	NOUN
cice-8776	74	9	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	74	10	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	75	1	http://www.iiep.unesco.org/en/publication/shadow-education-systemprivate-tutoring-and-its-implications-planners	http://www.iiep.unesco.org/en/publication/shadow-education-systemprivate-tutoring-and-its-implications-planners	PROPN
cice-8776	75	2	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	75	3	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	75	4	m.	m.	NOUN
cice-8776	75	5	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	75	6	2003	2003	NUM
cice-8776	75	7	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	75	8	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	76	1	adverse	adverse	ADJ
cice-8776	76	2	effects	effect	NOUN
cice-8776	76	3	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	76	4	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
cice-8776	76	5	private	private	ADJ
cice-8776	76	6	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-8776	76	7	:	:	PUNCT
cice-8776	76	8	dimensions	dimension	NOUN
cice-8776	76	9	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	76	10	implications	implication	NOUN
cice-8776	76	11	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	76	12	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	76	13	government	government	NOUN
cice-8776	76	14	responses	response	NOUN
cice-8776	76	15	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	77	1	series	series	NOUN
cice-8776	77	2	:	:	PUNCT
cice-8776	77	3	‘	'	PUNCT
cice-8776	77	4	ethics	ethic	NOUN
cice-8776	77	5	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	77	6	corruption	corruption	NOUN
cice-8776	77	7	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	77	8	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	77	9	’	'	PUNCT
cice-8776	77	10	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	78	1	unesco	unesco	PROPN
cice-8776	78	2	international	international	PROPN
cice-8776	78	3	institute	institute	PROPN
cice-8776	78	4	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	78	5	educational	educational	ADJ
cice-8776	78	6	planning	planning	NOUN
cice-8776	78	7	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	78	8	iiep	iiep	NOUN
cice-8776	78	9	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	78	10	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	79	1	https://etico.iiep.unesco.org/en/adverse-effects-private-supplementarytutoring-dimensions-implications-and-government-responses	https://etico.iiep.unesco.org/en/adverse-effects-private-supplementarytutoring-dimensions-implications-and-government-response	VERB
cice-8776	79	2	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	79	3	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	79	4	m.	m.	NOUN
cice-8776	79	5	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	79	6	2009	2009	NUM
cice-8776	79	7	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	79	8	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	80	1	confronting	confront	VERB
cice-8776	80	2	the	the	DET
cice-8776	80	3	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	80	4	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	80	5	system	system	NOUN
cice-8776	80	6	:	:	PUNCT
cice-8776	80	7	what	what	DET
cice-8776	80	8	government	government	NOUN
cice-8776	80	9	policies	policy	NOUN
cice-8776	80	10	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	80	11	what	what	PRON
cice-8776	80	12	private	private	ADJ
cice-8776	80	13	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-8776	80	14	?	?	PUNCT
cice-8776	81	1	unesco	unesco	PROPN
cice-8776	81	2	international	international	PROPN
cice-8776	81	3	institute	institute	PROPN
cice-8776	81	4	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	81	5	educational	educational	ADJ
cice-8776	81	6	planning	planning	NOUN
cice-8776	81	7	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	81	8	iiep	iiep	NOUN
cice-8776	81	9	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	81	10	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	82	1	http://www.iiep.unesco.org/en/confronting-shadow-education-system-whatgovernment-policies-what-private-tutoring-12159	http://www.iiep.unesco.org/en/confronting-shadow-education-system-whatgovernment-policies-what-private-tutoring-12159	PROPN
cice-8776	82	2	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	82	3	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	82	4	m.	m.	NOUN
cice-8776	82	5	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	82	6	2010	2010	NUM
cice-8776	82	7	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	82	8	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	83	1	researching	research	VERB
cice-8776	83	2	shadow	shadow	NOUN
cice-8776	83	3	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	83	4	:	:	PUNCT
cice-8776	83	5	methodological	methodological	ADJ
cice-8776	83	6	challenges	challenge	NOUN
cice-8776	83	7	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	83	8	directions	direction	NOUN
cice-8776	83	9	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	84	1	asia	asia	PROPN
cice-8776	84	2	pacific	pacific	PROPN
cice-8776	84	3	education	education	PROPN
cice-8776	84	4	review	review	PROPN
cice-8776	84	5	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	84	6	11(1	11(1	NUM
cice-8776	84	7	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	84	8	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	84	9	3	3	NUM
cice-8776	84	10	-	-	SYM
cice-8776	84	11	13	13	NUM
cice-8776	84	12	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	85	1	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	85	2	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	85	3	m.	m.	NOUN
cice-8776	85	4	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	85	5	2017	2017	NUM
cice-8776	85	6	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	85	7	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	86	1	schooling	schooling	NOUN
cice-8776	86	2	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	86	3	its	its	PRON
cice-8776	86	4	supplements	supplement	NOUN
cice-8776	86	5	:	:	PUNCT
cice-8776	86	6	changing	change	VERB
cice-8776	86	7	global	global	ADJ
cice-8776	86	8	patterns	pattern	NOUN
cice-8776	86	9	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	86	10	implications	implication	NOUN
cice-8776	86	11	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	86	12	comparative	comparative	ADJ
cice-8776	86	13	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	86	14	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	87	1	comparative	comparative	ADJ
cice-8776	87	2	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	87	3	review	review	NOUN
cice-8776	87	4	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	87	5	62(3	62(3	NOUN
cice-8776	87	6	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	87	7	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	87	8	469491	469491	NUM
cice-8776	87	9	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	88	1	https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/692709	https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/692709	PROPN
cice-8776	88	2	bray	bray	PROPN
cice-8776	88	3	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	88	4	m.	m.	NOUN
cice-8776	88	5	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	88	6	2021	2021	NUM
cice-8776	88	7	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	88	8	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	89	1	shadow	shadow	PROPN
cice-8776	89	2	education	education	PROPN
cice-8776	89	3	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	89	4	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-8776	89	5	:	:	PUNCT
cice-8776	89	6	private	private	ADJ
cice-8776	89	7	supplementary	supplementary	ADJ
cice-8776	89	8	tutoring	tutoring	NOUN
cice-8776	89	9	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	89	10	its	its	PRON
cice-8776	89	11	policy	policy	NOUN
cice-8776	89	12	implications	implication	NOUN
cice-8776	89	13	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	90	1	comparative	comparative	ADJ
cice-8776	90	2	education	education	NOUN
cice-8776	90	3	research	research	NOUN
cice-8776	90	4	centre	centre	NOUN
cice-8776	90	5	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	90	6	univ	univ	PROPN
cice-8776	90	7	of	of	ADP
cice-8776	90	8	hong	hong	PROPN
cice-8776	90	9	kong	kong	PROPN
cice-8776	90	10	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	91	1	https://cerc.edu.hku.hk/books/shadow-education-in-africa-privatesupplementary-tutoring-and-its-policy-implications/	https://cerc.edu.hku.hk/books/shadow-education-in-africa-privatesupplementary-tutoring-and-its-policy-implications/	PROPN
cice-8776	91	2	noman	noman	PROPN
cice-8776	91	3	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	91	4	a.	a.	PROPN
cice-8776	91	5	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	91	6	&	&	CCONJ
cice-8776	91	7	stiglitz	stiglitz	PROPN
cice-8776	91	8	,	,	PUNCT
cice-8776	91	9	j.	j.	PROPN
cice-8776	91	10	e.	e.	PROPN
cice-8776	91	11	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	91	12	2012	2012	NUM
cice-8776	91	13	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	91	14	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	92	1	strategies	strategy	NOUN
cice-8776	92	2	for	for	ADP
cice-8776	92	3	african	african	ADJ
cice-8776	92	4	development	development	NOUN
cice-8776	92	5	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	93	1	good	good	ADJ
cice-8776	93	2	growth	growth	NOUN
cice-8776	93	3	and	and	CCONJ
cice-8776	93	4	governance	governance	NOUN
cice-8776	93	5	in	in	ADP
cice-8776	93	6	africa	africa	PROPN
cice-8776	93	7	:	:	PUNCT
cice-8776	93	8	rethinking	rethink	VERB
cice-8776	93	9	development	development	NOUN
cice-8776	93	10	strategies	strategy	NOUN
cice-8776	93	11	(	(	PUNCT
cice-8776	93	12	pp	pp	ADJ
cice-8776	93	13	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	94	1	3	3	NUM
cice-8776	94	2	-	-	SYM
cice-8776	94	3	50	50	NUM
cice-8776	94	4	)	)	PUNCT
cice-8776	94	5	.	.	PUNCT
cice-8776	95	1	oxford	oxford	PROPN
cice-8776	95	2	university	university	PROPN
cice-8776	95	3	press	press	NOUN
cice-8776	95	4	.	.	PUNCT