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FEEDING POTENTIAL OF RED PALM WEEVIL, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus ON 
DIFFERENT DATE PALM, Phoenix dactylifera VARIETIES UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS   

 

 

Hakim Ali Sahito1+ 
Waheed Ali Kubar2 
Tasneem Kousar3 
Nisar Ahmed Mallah4 
Faheem Ahmed Jatoi5 
Wali Muhammad  
Mangrio6  

Bilawal uddin 
Ghumro7 

1,2,3,4,5,6,7Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Shah Abdul Latif 
University, Khairpur Mir’s, Sindh 

 
 

 
 (+ Corresponding author) 

 ABSTRACT 
 
Article History 
Received: 9 June 2017 
Revised: 20 July 2017 
Accepted: 1 August 2017 
Published: 8 August 2017 
 
 

Keywords 
Aseel 
Fasly 
Karbalian 
Feeding 
R. ferrugineus 
Date palm. 

 
The date palm, Phoenix dactylifera is one of the main cash crops of Sindh particularly of 
upper Sindh, district Khairpur. It is main source of nutrients such as; carbohydrates, 
vitamins etc. It is cultivated on 100,000 acres only in district Khairpur with total 
production of 293,000 tons, this production is much less as compared to other countries 
main cause of this low yield is the attack of date palm weevil. About, 3 species of insect 
pests have been recorded in Pakistan. The feeding behavior of RPW on three verities of 
date palm, Aseel, Fasly and Karbalian showed that Aseel was most susceptible, weekly 
observation showed that the given stem piece of Aseel was completely eaten from inside 
by RPW, while the stem piece of two other varieties partially damaged. Present study 
revealed that (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) weevils fed voraciously on Aseel in comparison 
to two other varieties those have eaten 7.58 mean % of given stem of Aseel while 6.54 of 
Fasly and 7.06 of Karbalian. Thus, the present study indicated that feeding behavior 
takes an important role towards control strategy due to lack knowledge of feeding 
behavior it is imperative to manage this pest. 
 

Contribution/Originality: This study uses new estimation methodology of biological parameters b/c this study 

is one of very few studies which have been investigated from the region, Khairpur, Sindh – Pakistan on this 

vigorous pest of date palm orchards which would be helpful to manage the pest. 

 

1. INTRODUCTION 

It is consider that in cultivated plants date palm is one of the oldest plant [1, 2] which is a resourceful tree; 

each part of the tree is used for multipurpose like; feed and food stuff, home and kitchen material protections, and 

wood industry. In various countries this tree is highly regarded as national heritage. Due to its emirate characters 

this tree can survive in any environmental conditions, so that in recent past its production has been increased 

remarkably. There is need of more concern, awareness and proper guide line is required for better marketing [3]. 

In last few decades, the production of dates has been increased in 1963 up to 1.8 million tons, 2.6 million tons in 

1983 and 6.7 million tons recorded in 2003, with annual growth of 6.8 %. Pakistan was in top five countries in 2001 

along with Iraq, Iran, Egypt and Saudi Arabia these countries contributed 90% of total production of world. This 

clearly indicated that dates were produced by same nature of countries in the same region [4]. Baluchistan is the 

largest province in Pakistan which producing much dates followed by Sindh province. In 2010-2011, Sindh province 

was leading by production of dates due to climatic changes in weather in Balochistan. There are 150 different 

Current Research in Agricultural Sciences 
2017 Vol.4 , No. 4, pp. 84-90 
ISSN(e): 2312-6418 
ISSN(p): 2313-3716 
DOI: 10.18488/journal.68.2017.44.84.90 
© 2017 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

 
 
 

 
 

 
 

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varieties of dates produced in the middle of Pakistan. Major date varieties of Pakistan are Kupro, Zahidi, Maazwati, 

Fasli, Dhakki, Begum Jangi, Dagh, Goakna, Kharuba, Tota, Karwan, Khudrawi and Mozawati Gulistan, Jowansur, 

Lango, Hillav, Sabzo, Kharbalian, Karbala and Aseel etc. some of these varieties are  like to those cultivated in Arab 

countries, Iraq and Iran [5]. 

The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an economically 

important, tissue-boring pest of date palm in many parts of the world. The insect was first described in India as a 

serious pest of coconut palm [6]. Being a main source of a big population of upper Sindh that directly/ indirectly 

depends on the production of dates for their lively hood, and because of its nutritional value and also one of the 

main source of foreign exchange there was a great need to do some work on the pest problem, which is causing 

severe damage to our one of most economically important crop [3, 5, 7]. [8, 9] who successfully reared the weevil 

on the sugarcane stem, while Rananavare, et al. [10] standardized a mass rearing method for this pest from which 

50 generations were obtained subsequently. Presently, here we tried to do work on two major aspects of Red Palm 

Weevil, biology and feeding behavior in the laboratory under the controlled condition, as to get some basic 

information about time period of the life cycle (study the different larval stages, which are actually the most 

destructive stages) on three main varieties, Aseel, Fasly and Karbalian (commonly grown in Khairpur and other 

parts of upper Sindh), and its feeding behavior on these varieties, which are directly co-related to the damage. This 

type of study will ultimately lead us to the control of this destructive pest. Couple of research institutes is working 

on the growth; production etc. of different varieties of date palm grown in Sindh but completely ignored this serious 

problem, the date palm weevil, which is directly affecting the yield / hectare in Pakistan in general and especially in 

Sindh.  

 

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 

2.1. Collection of Insects 

The different life stages of adult red palm weevil male and female (♂:♀) larvae and pupae were collected from 

infested date palm trees from local area of district Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan during, 2015-16. The collection was 

brought at Entomology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur to conduct the 

biological research parameters. All the life stages preferably from infested trees of date palm of some commonly 

grown varieties, but for the research study under the laboratory conditions only selection was made on most 

popularly consumed three varieties like; Aseel, Fasly and Karbalian. The collection of adult and larvae was made by 

hand picking from tree trunk of date palm orchards. Those specimens were kept separately as variety wise in 

different glass jars (2x4") kept at laboratory conditions at constant temperature of 25±2oC and relative humidity 

60-65%. These glass jars were also labeled with the variety wise. The incubator instrument for temperature control 

was used for incubation purpose at lab conditions.  

After collection from field the adult male and female (♂:♀) brought into laboratory for proper identification 

and rearing. The male had a patch of brown hairs on half of rostrum, while female was without patch of brown 

hairs. The males were relatively shorter in size than female. After identification of each pair (male and female) kept 

in separate glass jars and food was provided them with stem piece of date palm tree of all three varieties, Aseel, 

Fasly and Karbalian which measured (6 cm size long) and weight was 50 grams to each larval instars like; first to 

seventh. The given pieces were changed on weekly basis before the food providing such a size and weight of 

infested stem piece was measured by Electronic weigh balance. The mating and egg laying took place in these glass 

jars. The cap of glass jars was covered with muslin cloth for ventilation purpose. After crossing three successive 

generations in the laboratory, were reared on three different varieties of date palm successfully and further 

observations were started for an authentification. And monitored the comparative feeding behavior of all larval 

instars for observing that how much damage of each instars can cause and which stage / instar is most dangerous 

for the date palm tree. This whole process was continued for three successive generations and data was collected 



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and analyzed to observe the percentage of damage and monitor the varietal susceptibility of date palm against this 

pest. 

  

2.2. Statistical Analysis 

Finally, the data was inserted in MS, excel spread sheet and latter on imported for analysis of variance for 

testing the significant results with the help of SXW software, 8.1, version (USA). 

 

3. RESULTS 

3.1. Field Observations of Date Palm Orchards 

The collection of different life stages of Red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus were made and reared under 

the laboratory conditions for proper identification. During the survey of different orchards the attack of date palm 

tree was observed very difficult because this pest concealed the holes after oviposition. Hatched larvae bored into 

the stem, and the whole development took place inside the tree trunk that’s why, they were and are being called as 

concealed tissue borer insect pest. The presence of larvae was only detected by the occurrence of tunnels in the 

trunk, at the base of leaf petioles and through the presence of frass and plant sap on the ground around the tree, 

which ooze from those tunnels. When the red palm weevil completely destroyed the one date palm tree, then moved 

to other tree, and the whole process started again; male start again to attack on new tree and produce a pheromone 

which cause female to aggregate that tree once again. 

 

3.2. Different Basic Larval Instars Damage on Three Date Palm Varieties 

We have observed the feeding behavior of all larval stages on three varieties, Aseel, Fasly and Karbalian for 

three successive generations. The first stage regarding data of feeding pattern of three successive generations 

showed significantly different (P<0.05). The first larval instars were injurious and caused serious damage to date 

palm tree. But the most destructive was variety Aseel which consumed the maximum amount of food with the 

overall mean 1.25±0.09%, while lowest consumption was by Fasly 1.01±0.02%. The data of feeding pattern of three 

successive generations showed significant (P<0.001) difference of the second larval instars, were injurious and 

caused serious damage to date palm tree.  

 

Table-1. The damage caused by different larval instars (3 generations) on three date palm varieties 

First larval stage 

Name of 
varieties 

Generation I  
damage in gm 

Generation II  
damage in gm 

Generation III  
damage in gm 

Mean+SE 

Aseel 1.28 1.31 1.15 1.25±0.09 
Fasly 1.02 0.99 1.02 1.01±0.02 
Karbalian 1.19 1.22 1.12 1.18±0.05 

Second larval stage 

Aseel 2.73 2.68 2.51 2.64±0.12 

Fasly 1.66 1.70 1.69 1.68±0.02 
Karbalian 2.48 2.41 2.43 2.44±0.04 

Third larval stage 
Aseel 4.58 4.64 4.62 4.61±0.03 
Fasly 3.22 3.34 3.11 3.16±0.03 
Karbalian 3.71 3.67 3.64 3.67±0.04 

Fourth larval stage 

Aseel 7.35 7.24 7.15 7.25±0.10 

Fasly 5.88 5.82 5.81 5.58±0.04 
Karbalian 6.78 6.73 6.71 6.76±0.04 

                        Each value is a mean of 4 replications which are significantly different p<0.05. 

 



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But the most destructive variety was Aseel that consumed the maximum amount of food that was 2.64±0.12%, 

while lowest consumption was by Fasly 1.68±0.02%. The data of feeding pattern of three successive generations 

showed significantly different (P<0.001) on the third larval stages which were also injurious. But the most 

destructive variety found was Aseel that consumed the maximum amount of food which was 4.61±0.03%, while 

lowest consumption was by Fasly which was 3.16±0.03%. The data of feeding pattern of three successive 

generations showed significantly different (P<0.001) to the fourth larval instars which were also found the injurious 

and caused serious damage to date palm tree. But the most destructive variety was Aseel that consumed the 

maximum amount of food 7.25±0.10%, while lowest consumption was by Fasly 5.58±0.04% in all three generations 

(Table -1), respectively. 

 

3.3. Different Major Larval Stages Harm to Date Palm Varieties 

It was also observed the feeding behavior of fifth larval instars on three varieties namely; Aseel, Fasly and 

Karbalian for three successive generations. The data of feeding pattern of three successive generations showed 

significantly different (P<0.001) to the fifth larval instars which was injurious. But the most destructive variety 

found was Aseel that was consumed the maximum amount of food with overall mean 10.19±0.11%, while lowest 

consumption was by Fasly 9.23±0.05%. Besides, the further data on sixth larval instars was also found significantly 

different (P<0.001). But the most destructive variety was Aseel which consumed the maximum amount of food up 

to 12.88±0.03%, while lowest consumption was by Fasly 11.58±0.06%. Thus; the data was also showed significantly 

different (P<.001) to the seventh larval instars which was observed also much injurious and caused serious damage 

to date palm tree. But the most destructive variety was Aseel that consumed the maximum amount of food up to 

14.23±0.10%, while lowest consumption by variety Fasly 13.27±0.13% in all three generations (Table -2 and Fig. 

1). 

 

Table-2. The damage caused by different larval instars (3 generations) on three date palm varieties 

Fifth larval stage 

Name of 
Varieties 

Generation I  
damage in gm 

Generation II  
damage in gm 

Generation III  
damage in gm 

Mean+SE 

Aseel 10.32 10.11 10.14 10.19±0.11 

Fasly 9.21 9.29 9.19 9.23±0.05 
Karbalian 9.62 9.51 9.53 9.55±0.06 

Sixth larval stage 

Aseel 12.92 12.87 12.86 12.88±0.03 

Fasly 11.65 11.57 11.53 11.58±0.06 
Karbalian 11.87 11.91 11.94 11.91±0.04 

Seventh larval stage 

Aseel 14.34 14.14 14.22 14.23±0.10 

Fasly 13.14 13.27 13.39 13.27±0.13 
Karbalian 13.96 13.91 13.88 13.92±0.04 

                      Each value is a mean of 4 replications which are significantly different p<0.05. 

 



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Fig-1. Showing all life stages of Red palm Weevil (photo: Kubar and Sahito through digital camera) 

                  

4. DISCUSSION 

Date palm fields of local areas of district Khairpur were surveyed as to monitor the presence / absence of R. 

feerugineus which is causing sever infestation to date palm tree trunk and found noticeable infestation to the many 

varieties. Present study was based on the component to observe the feeding behavior on these three varieties as to 

get the knowledge that which variety is more susceptible to Red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) 

(Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Among all three varieties Aseel was most commonly grown in this region because of 

good fruit quality; this is the variety which people export to Asian countries. We recorded seven larval instars on all 

three date palm varieties, the same number was recorded by many researchers like; Jaya, et al. [11]; Faghih [12];  

Rahalkar, et al. [8];  Butani [13] but some researchers like Shahina, et al. [14] reported nine, Abe, et al. [15] 

reported 12, Nirula [16] reported 3, and Salama, et al. [17] reported 5 larval instars, on different diets. We 

recorded the shortest pupal period on Aseel (14-21 days) while it was same on (18-30 days) Fasly and Karbalian. 

Other researchers also had same findings on different diets which included both artificial and natural diet, Shahina, 

et al. [14] reported 20-30 days, Kranz, et al. [18] reported 14-21 days, [19, 20] reported 21 days with the a 

dangerous pest was mass reared on sugarcane and artificial diets, and its mating behavior and  [21, 22] reported 

18-33 days. While; our results were not comparable with Leefmans [23] who reported 13-15 days and Esteban-

Duran, et al. [24] reported 19-45 days. During present study of feeding behavior, it was observed that the Aseel 

variety was most susceptible among all three varieties the consumption of food by Red Palm Weevil was high on 

Aseel than Karbalian and Fasly might be of high sugar content and soft trunk fiber. During the survey of different 

palm fields in District Khairpur we have found that the trunks of some of severely infested trees were broken. 

Abraham, et al. [25] had same kind of findings. According to Gunawardena and Bandarage [26] the male of Red 

Palm Weevil produced a pheromone which cause the weevil to aggregate on damaged tree we have also found the 

adult male and female in the tree crown, upper barks of the trunk and at the base of petioles, from where they can 

bore into the trunk of young palm and the decaying tissue of dying palms.  

 

5. CONCLUSION 

It is concluded that the feeding behavior of red palm weevil showed that Aseel is most favorable food for it, and 

it caused severe damage to tree trunk, made it almost hollow. We assume that because of soft trunk fibers and more 

sugar content R. feerugineus fed voraciously on it and causing tree sever damage. Further, we recommended that the 

basic and preliminary kind of work towards the control of red palm weevil. But we presuppose that dates, being a 



Current Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2017, 4(4): 84-90 

 

 
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one of cash crop of district Khairpur, Sindh - Pakistan need a more attention to do more work on other varieties 

grown in Sindh in relation to weevil infestation and do some work on biological control.  

 
Funding: This study received no specific financial support. 
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 
Contributors/Acknowledgement: All authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the 
study. 

 

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https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=Ecological%20and%20biological%20studies%20on%20the%20red%20palm%20weevil%20Rhynchophorus%20ferrugineus%20(Olivier)
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=Ecological%20and%20biological%20studies%20on%20the%20red%20palm%20weevil%20Rhynchophorus%20ferrugineus%20(Olivier)
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=The%20mating%20behavior%20of%20the%20red%20palm%20weevil,%20rhynchophorus%20ferrugineus%20oliv.%20(Coleoptera:%20Curculionidae)
http://dx.doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.v10i1.5128
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https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=Longevity,%20fecundity,%20and%20fertility%20of%20the%20red%20palm%20weevil,%20rynchophorus%20ferrugineus%20olivier%20(Coleoptera:%20Curculionidae)%20on%20natural%20and%20artificial%20diets
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https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=Date%20palmsnuitkever%20(Rhynchophorus%20Ferrugineus%20Olivier)
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=An%20integrated%20management%20approach%20for%20red%20palm%20weevil,%20Rhynchophorus%20ferrugineus%20Oliv.,%20a%20key%20pest%20of%20date%20palm%20in%20the%20Middle%20East
http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol3iss1pp77-83
http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol3iss1pp77-83
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=4-Methyl-5-nonanol%20ferrugineol)as%20an%20aggregation%20pheromone%20of%20the%20coconut%20pest,%20rhynchophorusferrugineus%20F.(Coleoptera:%20Curculionidae):%20synthesis%20and%20use%20in%20apreliminary%20field%20assay
http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v23i2.5842

