




































 

 

 
15 

© 2018 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

EFFECT OF SUBSTRATES ON NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONAL 
PROPERTIES OF PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS   

 

 

 Mbassi Josiane 
E. G.1+ 

 Mobou Estelle 
Y.2 

 Ngome Francis 
A.3 

 Sado Kamdem S. 
L.4 

1,3Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), P.O. Box 2123 
Messa Yaounde, Cameroon.  

 
2Department of Biochemestry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde I, 
Yaounde, P.O. Box 812, Cameroon. 

 
4Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde I, 
Yaounde, P.O. Box 812, Cameroon.  

 
 

 
(+ Corresponding author) 

 ABSTRACT 
 
Article History 
Received: 27 April 2018 
Revised: 8 May 2018 
Accepted: 15 May 2018 
Published: 31 May 2018  
 

Keywords 
White-rot fungi 
Nutritional properties 
Biological productivity 
Efficiency 
Substrates 
Yield. 

 
Pleurotus species, commonly known as oyster mushrooms, are edible fungi cultivated 
worldwide. Pleurotus genus is one of most extensively studied white-rot fungi due to its 
exceptional ligninolytic properties. These mushrooms have the ability to colonize and 
degrade a wide variety of lingo-cellulosic wastes with relatively short cycle. The objective 
of this study was to review published research works on the effect of substrates on 
nutritional composition and functional property of Pleurotus ostreatus. A literature search 
was done on the internet and university libraries in this area. It was found that different 
substrates used in cultivating mushrooms do have effect on the functional, organoleptic 
and nutritional properties of mushrooms. This review presents a practical checklist of 
effect of substrates on quality of Pleurotus ostreatus that may help different users.  
 

Contribution/Originality: This study is one of very few studies which have investigated the effect of type of 

substrate on nutritional composition and functional property of Pleurotus ostreatus. 

 

1. INTRODUCTION 

Pleurotus species, commonly known as oyster mushrooms, are edible fungi cultivated worldwide especially in 

South East Asia, India, Europe and Africa [1]. China produces 64 % of all edible  mushrooms  in  the  world  and  

85%  of  all  oyster mushrooms all over the world (Pleurotus  spp.) is also produced in  China [2]. Oyster  

mushrooms  is  the  third  largest [3] commercially  produced  mushroom  in  the  world;  however, Sánchez [4] 

reported that  P. ostreatus  is the second largest next to Agaricus bisporus in the world market. It consists of a number 

of different species including Pleurotus ostreatus, P.  sajor-caju, P.cystidiosus, P.  cornucopiae, P.  pulmonarius,  P.  

tuberregium, P. sapidus, P. citrinopileatus and P. flabellatus, which have been cultivated in temperate and subtropical 

regions of  the  world.   

Oysters are naturally found on rotten wood material.  The growing  and  consumption   interest   of  oyster  

mushroom  is increasing  largely  due  to  its  taste,  medicinal  and  nutritional properties [5]. P. ostreatus  demands 

few environmental controls, and their fruiting  bodies  are  not  often  attacked  by  diseases  and  pests,  and they  

can  be  cultivated in  a  simple  and  cheap  way.  All this makes P.  ostreatus  cultivation  an  excellent  alternative  

for production  of  mushrooms  when  compared  to  other mushrooms. Therefore, it is better for unskilled farmers 

Current Research in Agricultural Sciences 
2018 Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 15-22 
ISSN(e): 2312-6418 
ISSN(p): 2313-3716 
DOI: 10.18488/journal.68.2018.51.15.22 
© 2018 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

 
 
 

 
 

 
 

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6893-6065
https://orcid.org/orcid-search/quick-search?searchQuery=Mobou%20Estelle%20Y.
https://orcid.org/orcid-search/quick-search?searchQuery=Ngome%20Francis%20A.
https://orcid.org/orcid-search/quick-search?searchQuery=Sado%20Kamdem%20S.%20L.
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Current Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2018, 5(1): 15-22 

 

 
16 

© 2018 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

than other mushrooms. Mushroom cultivation provides an alternative employment and it contributes to food 

security to rural disadvantaged groups [6]. These mushrooms have the ability to  colonize  and  degrade  a wide 

variety of lignocellulosic wastes with relatively short cycle [7-15].  

Agro-industrial waste is produced in huge amounts, and it becomes an interesting substrate, due its commercial 

exploitation as well as associated environmental problems [16, 17]. Many studies have been conducted to test the 

ability of Pleurotus to grow on different agro wastes, such as cassava peels, cotton seed hulls, coffee husks, wheat 

straw, barely straw, saw dust and sinar straw [4, 18, 19] tomato tuff [20] fruit pulp and peel, coffee pulp, sugarcane 

residues [21-23]. These by-products are left to rot in the field or are disposed of through burning.  These residues 

associated with mycelium also have a great potential for use as fodder animal and as fertilizer in agriculture [24, 

25]. The objective of this study was to review published research works on the effect of substrates on nutritional 

composition and functional property of Pleurotus ostreatus. 

 

2. MICRO NUTRIENTS CONTENT OF PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS 

The fructifications of mushrooms are characterized by a high level of well assimilable mineral constituents 

whose level depends amongs other things, on the species and the age of the mushroom, the diameter of the pilei and 

the substrate [26, 27]. The distribution of these substances in the fructification varies and their content is usually 

greater in the pileus than in the stipe [28]. The pilei of Pleurotus osteatus have greater contents of copper, iron, 

potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc, and the stipes of sodium [29] (Table 1). 

 

2.1. Phosphorus 

Phosphorus and calcium are minerals more represented in the body. In fact, 80% of phosphorus are associated 

with calcium to form bones and teeth. The rest of 20% is in the blood and soft tissues. This mineral could be 

assimilated by the body trough nutrition. In a study; Victor and Olatomiwa [30] showed that Phosphorus was the 

most abundant mineral element in the cultivated mushroom samples. The value ranges between 51.97 mg/100g to 

56.77mg/100g. Ogundele, et al. [31] reported in a study that phosphorus have a value range to (10.36  and  10.09 

mg/100  g) for mushroom  harvested  from  hardwood (Anogeissus  leiocarpus)  sawdust  and  softwood (Daniellia  

oliveri)  sawdust  respectively. Tamiris, et al. [32] also reported that in  P. ostreatoroseus  mushrooms  the  

macrominerals  K  and  P were  significant  while  Mg  and  Ca  were  determined  in minor  amounts. 

 

2.2. Potassium 

In an earlier study, phosphorus and potassium were reported as the most abundant mineral elements in P. 

sajor-caju fruit bodies cultivated on corncobs. It was also reported potassium as the most concentrated mineral 

element in various species of edible mushrooms Oyetayo [33]; Manzi, et al. [8]. Ogundele, et al. [31] reported  in 

a  study that potassium  have  the highest value (22.81 mg/100 g and 21.90 mg/100 g) for mushroom  harvested  

from  hardwood (Anogeissus  leiocarpus)  sawdust  and  softwood (Daniellia  oliveri)  sawdust  respectively. This result 

was similar to the report of Alananbeh et al., in Ananbeh and Almomany [20] who reported  that highest  value  for  

potassium was obtained  from  Pleurotus  ostreatus harvested from  four  different  substrates.  Potassium was 

reported  to  be  essential  for  several  enzymatic reactions  in  food,  and  the  quantity  in Pleurotus  ostreatus makes  

it  good  food  for people  suffering  from  hypertension  and  heart diseases. 

 

2.3. Calcium 

Ogundele, et al. [31] have reported that calcium  have a value range to 3.51  and  3.42  mg/100  g for 

mushroom  harvested  from  hardwood (Anogeissus  leiocarpus)  sawdust  and  softwood (Daniellia  oliveri)  sawdust  

respectively. Victor and Olatomiwa [30] reported that Pleurotus ostreatus harvested from Pycnanthus Ongoleubis, 

Ceiba Pentandra and Cananium sp. of Wood type recorded 8.87; 5.37 and 6.85 mg/100g respectively. 



Current Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2018, 5(1): 15-22 

 

 
17 

© 2018 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

2.4. Sodium 

For mushroom harvested  from  hardwood (Anogeissus  leiocarpus)  sawdust  and  softwood (Daniellia  oliveri)  

sawdust  respectively, Ogundele, et al. [31] show that sodium  have a value range to 3.51  and  3.00  mg/100  g. 

Comparatively, Pleurotus  ostreatus harvested  from cupuaçu exocarp supplemented with rice bran recorded 30.85 

g/kg. 

 

2.6. Magnesium 

According to Victor and Olatomiwa [30] the least mineral values were recorded from Magnesium. About 1.25  

mg/100g  was  obtained  from  the  Pleurotus ostreatus harvested from hardwood (Anogeissus leiocarpus)  sawdust  

while  1.04  mg/100g  was obtained  from  softwood  (Daniellia oliveri) sawdust. However, Debu, et al. [34] 

reported that the highest and the lowest (13.31) milligram percentage of magnesium was observed on Swietenia 

mahagoni and ficus carica sawdust substrates respectively. 

 

2.7. Zinc 

Pleurotus ostreatus harvested from hardwood  (Anogeissus  leiocarpus)  sawdust recorded 0.96 mg/100 g of zinc as 

well  as softwood  (Daniellia  oliveri) sawdust Ogundele, et al. [31]. Oyetayo [33] also reported that in  P. 

ostreatoroseus  mushrooms, among  the  trace  elements,  Zn  and  Fe had the highest concentrations and Na, Mn and 

Cu were present  in  small  quantities .   

 
Table-1. Micro nutrients content of Pleurotus ostreatus harvested from different sawdust substrates 

Sawdust 
Substrate (%) 

Calcium 
(mg/100g) 

Sodium 
% 

Potassium 
% 

Phosphorus 
% 

Magnesium 
% 

Zinc 
% 

References  

Pycnanthus 
Ongoleubis 

8.87 4.39 11.34 56.77 3.57  

[30] Ceiba 
Pentandra 

5.37 4.03 9.42 51.97 1.69  

Cananium sp. 6.85 4.11 10.33 53.24 2.22  
Softwood sawdust 3.42 3.00 21.90 10.09 1.04 0.95 

[31] 
Hardwood sawdust 3.51 3.51 22.81 10.36 1.25 0.96 
cupuaçu 
exocarp 
supplemented with 
rice bran. g/kg 

0.21 30.85 24.19 
10.39 
 

1.46  [32] 

Fig tree 27.33  1.18 0.88 13.31  

[34] 

Rain Tree 30.69  1.26 0.77 18.02  
Mahogany tree 31.98  1.27 0.79 19.85  
Ipil ipil tree 31.92  1.28 0.85 14.35  
Eucalyptus tree 31.47  1.16 0.87 17.26  
Mixture of sawdust 31.25  1.13 0.91 15.23  

  Source: [30-32, 34] 

 

3. MACRO NUTRIENT CONTENT OF PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS   

The chemical composition of mushrooms determines their nutritional values. It differs according to species but 

also depend among others thing include included substratum. In fact, mushrooms can supply nutritive constituents 

important in the human nutrition; such as dietary fibre; protein, carbohydrate etc… 

 

3.1. Protein Content 

Protein content mushrooms is constituted of more than half of total nitrogen and depends on several factors 

among which the composition of substrate. This content varies between 0,8 and 3,5 g/100g of fresh matter [35] or 

between 19,0 and 39,0 g/100g dry matter Coskuner and Ozdemir [36]. Victor and Olatomiwa [30] reported that 

the protein composition of the Pleurotus samples produced on Pycnanthus Ongoleubis, Ceiba pentandra, Cananium sp. 



Current Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2018, 5(1): 15-22 

 

 
18 

© 2018 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

sawdusts ranges between 20.03 to 20.11%. These results are in the same line as Bonatti, et al. [24] who produced 

Pleurotus ostreatus on cotton waste. Comparatively, Ogundele, et al. [31] showed that the protein  content of  the 

mushroom harvested from  the  hardwood  sawdust  (Anogeissus leiocarpus)  was  higher  (26.67%  db)  than  that 

harvested  from  softwood sawdust (17.68% db). On the other hand, Pleurotus cultivated on rice bran, Pineapple 

crown, cupuaçu exocarp, pineapple peel, açai seed and sawdust substrates presented 17.37%, 16.14%, 12.42%, 7.99%, 

7.85%, 5.44%, of protein contents respectively [33]. On cottonseed waste, the results of crude protein obtained 

were 25.91%, which are in the range reported by Rashad, et al. [37]. Akindahunsi and Oyetayo [38] also reported 

28.52% of crude protein for fresh P. ostreatus. 

 

3.2. Crude Fibre Content 

Studies carried out by different authors showed that crude fibre content depends on the substrate on which 

Pleurotus is produced. Specifically, they obtained 18.50%, 17.51%, 12,79% 10.66%, and 9.59% respectively cultivated 

on cottonseed wastes [24] cupuaçu exocarp supplemented with rice bran [33] Pycnanthus ongoleubi and Ceiba 

pentandra [30] softwood sawdust (Daniellia oliveri %) and hardwood sawdust (Anogeissus leiocarpus) [31]. From 

these results, we can notice that the highest crude fibre content is obtained with Pleurotus cultivated on cottonseed 

wastes and the lowest on hardwood.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       

 

3.3. Fat Content 

Oyster mushroom has been reported to have low fat [8, 39]. This is confirmed with the report of Victor and 

Olatomiwa [30] whose obtain fat content (2.31% to 3.09%) cultivated on Ceiba pentandra and Pycnanthus ongoleubis 

respectively. The crude fat content of mushroom from hardwood sawdust (Anogeissus leiocarpus) were lower 1.72 % 

db compare to mushroom harvested from softwood sawdust (Daniellia oliveri) (1.81%) [31]. With rice bran 

substrate, fat contents was 3.8% [32]. To conclude, Pleurotus cultivated on hardwood sawdust (Anogeissus leiocarpus) 

had the lowest fat content (1.72%) 

 

3.4. Carbohydrate Content 

On a dry basis, constitutive of the fungus, the carbohydrate content was higher in Pleurotus ostreatus grown on 

acai seeds (85.69%), cupuaçu exocarp (71.09%) and pineapple skin. (67.96%). This content is relatively lower in 

Pleurotus grown on cotton waste (48.35%), on Pycnanthus ongoleubis (45.75%) and on Ceiba pentandra and 

Cananium sp (41.87% and 44.56% respectively) [30]. These latter results are similar to the report by Ragunathan 

and Swaminathan [22] that the carbohydrate content of Pleurotus ostreatus is between 40.60 and 53.30%. Also, the 

carbohydrate content of sawdust fungi (Anogeissus leiocarpus) was 41.57% lower than that of softwood sawdust 

(Daniellia oliveri) (52.04% db) [31].  

 

3.5. Amino Acid Composition 

The most abundant amino acids reported by Victor and Olatomiwa [30] are glutamic acid, arginine, aspartic 

acid, threonine, leucine and alanine. Chirinang and Intarapichet [39] previously reported that these amino acids 

were more abundant in P. ostreatus and P. sajor-caju. However, glutamic acid (9.01 g / 100 g at 10.3 g / 100 g) was 

more abundant in P. ostreatus grown on a woody substrate. These results are consistent with the work of Mendez, et 

al. [40] who worked on the same types of substrate. Bender [41] reports that P. ostreatoroseus contains eight 

essential amino acids. In P. ostreatoroseus DPUA 1720, the most abundant were valine, lysine and leucine ranging 

from 1.134 to 1.304 g / 100 g. The content of glutamate and aspartate (non-essential amino acids) was 3.592 and 

2.061 g / 100 g. However, the amino acid concentration of Flammulina velutipes and P. ostreatus grown in wheat, 

cotton, and soybean was lower [42, 43]. 

 



Current Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2018, 5(1): 15-22 

 

 
19 

© 2018 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

Table-2. Macro nutrients content of Pleurotus ostreatus harvested from differents  substrates 

Substrate (%) Protein Carbohydrate Fat Amino acid Crude fibre References 

Pycnanthus 
Ongoleubis 

20.11 45.74 3.09 42.30 17.51 

[30] Ceiba 
Pentandra 

20.03 
 

41.8 2.31 40.56 17.35 

Cananium sp. 20.06 45.74 2.76 35.97 17.42 

Softwood sawdust 17.68 52.04 1.81  10.66 
[31] 

Hardwood sawdust 26.67 41.57 1.72  11.05 
Cupuaçu 
exocarp supplemented with rice 
bran. 

23.53 46.98 3.08 20.27  12.79 [32] 

Cotton seed waste 25.91 42.14 2.18  10.41 [44] 

sawdust 
substrates 

Fig tree 25.35 40.19 4.46  18.96 

[34] 

Rain Tree 26.24 41.26 4.25  19.25 

Mahogany tree 26.73 42.36 3.75  17.13 

Ipil 
ipil tree 

27.30 40.23 3.67  20.30 

Eucalyptus tree 26.83 40.23 3.43  20.53 
mixture of all 
sawdust 

26.46 39.67 3.47  17.37 

       Source: [30-32, 34, 44] 

 

4. FUNCTIONAL PROPERTY  

4.1. Moisture Content  

Water is one of the main components of mushroom. Chang and Miles [45] had reported that the moisture 

content of dried mushrooms range from 9 - 13%. These results are confirmed by Victor and Olatomiwa [30] who 

obtain moisture content of dried Pleurotus ostreatus ranges from 9.00% to 10.72%. The moisture content of Pleurotus 

ostreatus harvested from hardwood  sawdust (Anogeissus leiocarpus) [32] was higher  (8.93%  db)  than  that  

harvested  from softwood  sawdust  (Daniellia  oliveri)  (7.88%  db) Ogundele, et al. [31]. On cottonseed waste the 

moisture content was 8.45%, which is in the range of report of Manzi, et al. [8] for the fruiting bodies of fresh 

P.ostreatus cultivated on different lignocellulosic agro-wastes. Similar results were also reported by Patil, et al. [46].  

 

4.2. Ash Content 

According to Ogundele, et al. [31] there was no significant difference at p < 0.05 in values of ash content of 

mushroom harvested from the substrates. Although, in an early studies, Tamiris, et al. [32] observe significant 

difference in values of ash content:  9.14,  4.53,  3.96  and  3.45%  in  rice  bran,  cupuaçu exocarp,  pineapple  crown  

and  pineapple  peel, respectively.  

 
Table-3. Macro nutrient content of Pleurotus ostreatus harvested from differents  substrates 

Substrate (%) ASH MOISTURE References  

Pycnanthus ongoleubis 4.75 9.25 

[30] Ceiba pentandra 8.19 10.72 

Cananium sp. 6.76 2.22 

Softwood sawdust 9.59 7.88 
[31] 

Hardwood sawdust 9.83 8.93 
Cupuaçu exocarp supplemented with rice bran. 6.49 7.15 [32] 

cottonseed waste 10.91 ± 1.22 8.45 ± 1.65 [44] 

sawdust 
substrates 

Fig tree 11.0 89.47 

[34] 

Rain Tree 9.0 90.13 
Mahogany tree 10.0 89.97 
Ipil  
ipil tree 

8.5 90.13 

Eucalyptus tree 9.0 90.17 
mixture of all sawdust 13.0 90.20 

          Source: [30-32, 44] 



Current Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2018, 5(1): 15-22 

 

 
20 

© 2018 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

5. CONCLUSION 

This study observed that there is  variation  in  proximate  composition  of  the Pleurotus  ostreatus grown  and  

harvested  from different  substrates, which could   be  attributed  to  the nutritional  composition  of  the  substrate  

where these  were  cultivated.      

 

Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, 
or not-for-profit sectors. 
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 
Contributors/Acknowledgement: All authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the 
study. 

 

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